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Basque (native name: euskara) is the language spoken by the Basque people who inhabit the Pyrenees in North-Central Spain and the adjoining region of South-Western France.
It is spoken by approximately a quarter of the Basques, with its stronghold in the contiguous area from central Biscay through Guipuscoa, northern Navarre and parts of Labourd to sparsely populated Lower Navarre and Soule. Until reintroduced into the education system, it had not been spoken in most of Álava, in western Biscay, or in the southern half of Navarre in the recent past. Out of a total of nearly 2,800,000 Basques, it is estimated that some 632,000 are Basque language speakers, of which approximately 566,000 live in the Spanish Basque country, with the rest residing in the French part.
The Basque language has been standardized and updated by the end of the 20th century by means of its Batua version. This standard is mainly used in the Spanish Basque country, and to a lesser extent in the Northern Basque Country due to the limited availability of schools teaching in Basque or as a subject. Nevertheless, there are six main Basque dialects, comprising Bizkaian, Gipuzkoan, and Upper Navarrese (in Spain), and Lower Navarrese, Lapurdian, and Zuberoan (in France). However, the dialect boundaries are not congruent with political boundaries.
The Basques occupy a Spanish autonomous community known as the Basque Country (Euskadi), which has significant cultural and political autonomy, the Northern Basque Country in the French department of the Pyrennées Atlantiques, and the autonomous community of Navarre in Spain, which together make up the historical Basque Country (Euskal Herria). The Standard Basque name for the language is euskara. In dialectal forms it is known as euskara, euskera, eskuara, or üskara.
Latin inscriptions in Aquitania preserve a number of words with cognates in proto-Basque, for instance the personal names Nescato and Cison (neskato and gizon mean "young girl" and "man" respectively in modern Basque). This proposed language is called "Aquitanian" and was presumably spoken before the Romans brought Latin to the western Pyrenees. Roman neglect of this hinterland allowed Aquitanian Basque to survive while the Iberian and Tartessian languages died out. Basque did come to acquire some Latin vocabulary, both before and after the Latin of the area developed into Gascon (a branch of Occitan) in the northeast, Aragonese in the southeast, and Castilian in the southwest.
In June 2006, Montserrat Rius at the site of Iruña-Veleia claimed to find an epigraphic set with a series of 270 Basque inscriptions and drawings from the third century. Some of the words and phrases found were "urdin" (blue), "zuri" (white), "gori" (red), "edan" (drink) "ian" (eat), "lo" (sleep), "iesus iose ata ta mirian ama" (Jesus [with] the father Joseph and the mother Mary), and "geure ata zutan" (Our father in you). These words are remarkably similar to modern Basque. However the whole finding has come under serious question, even to the point of tarnishing Rius's scholarly pedigree.
The impossibility of linking Basque with its Indo-European neighbours in Europe has inspired many scholars to search for its possible relatives elsewhere. Besides many pseudoscientific comparisons, the appearance of long-range linguistics gave rise to several attempts at connecting Basque with geographically very distant language families.
Many hypotheses on the origin of Basque are controversial, and the suggested evidence is not generally accepted by most linguists. Some of these hypothetical connections are as follows:
The region in which Basque is spoken is smaller than what is known as the Basque Country, or Euskal Herria in Basque. Basque toponyms show that Basque was spoken further along the Pyrenees than today. An example is the Aran Valley (now a Gascon-speaking part of Catalonia), since haran itself is the Basque word for "valley". However, the growing influence of Latin began to drive Basque out from less-mountainous areas of this region.
The Reconquista temporarily counteracted this tendency when the Christian lords called on northern peoples — Basques, Asturians, and "Franks" — to colonize the new conquests. The Basque language became the main everyday language, while other languages like Castilian, Gascon, French, or Latin were preferred for the administration and high education.
Basque experienced a rapid decline in Alava and Navarre during the 1800s. However, after Basque nationalism took the language as an identity sign, and with the establishment of autonomous governments, it has made a modest comeback. Basque-language schools have taken the language to areas like Encartaciones and the Navarrese Ribera where it may have disappeared natively spoken in the Middle Ages.
Historically, Latin or Romance languages have been the official languages in this region. However, Basque was explicitly recognized in some areas. For instance, the local charter of the Basque-colonized Ojacastro valley (now in La Rioja) allowed the inhabitants to use Basque in legal processes in the 13th and 14th centuries.
Today Basque holds co-official language status in the Basque regions of Spain: the full autonomous community of the Basque Country and some parts of Navarre. Basque has no official standing in the Northern Basque Country of France and French citizens are barred from officially using Basque in a French court of law. Interestingly, the use of Basque by Spanish nationals in French courts is allowed (with translation), as Basque is officially recognised on the other side of the border.
The positions of the various existing governments differ with regard to the promotion of Basque in areas where Basque usage is common. The language has official status in those territories that are within the Basque Autonomous Community, where it is spoken and promoted heavily, but only partially in Navarre, which is divided by law into three distinct language areas: Basque-speaking, non-Basque-speaking, and mixed (this law is strongly rejected by the Basque nationalists of Navarre). The law is called the "Ley del Vascuence", since vascuence (from Latin vasconice loqui, "to talk in the Vascon way") is the traditional name for the Basque language in Spanish (though euskera and vasco are also used).
There are eight Basque dialects, comprising Biscayan, Guipuzcoan, Northern High Navarrese, Southern High Navarrese, Labourdin (including Baztanese), Western Low Navarrese (including Aezcoan), Eastern Low Navarrese (including Salazarese), and Souletin (including the extinct Roncalese). However, the dialect boundaries are not congruent with political boundaries. One of the first scientific studies of Basque dialects, regarding the auxiliary verb forms, was made by Louis-Lucien Bonaparte, a nephew of Napoleon.
In 2005 the daily Berria published a new map of dialects, moderninzed by Koldo Zuazo, Basque Philology Professor at the University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU). In this new map, the distinguished dialects are Western, Central, Navarrese, Navarrese-Lapurdian, and Zuberoan.
The most-widely-used standardized dialect is Batua ("unified" in Basque), which is the language taught in most schools and used by media and in official papers. Batua is based largely on the Gipuzkoan regional dialect, where it is the most used, although it allows use of Northern and Navarrese vocabulary and grammar. It is also referred to as Standard Basque.
Azkue's gipuzkera osotua, promoted in 1935, was the first attempt to create a standard Basque language. It did not succeed.
In the 1940s, a group (Jakintza Baitha, "Wisdom House") gathered around the academian Federico Krutwig, who preferred to base the standard on the Labourdin of Joannes Leyçarraga's Protestant Bible and the first printed books in Basque. However they did not receive official or popular support.
In 1944, Pierre Laffite published his Navarro-Labourdin Littéraire, based on Classical Lapurdian, which has become the de facto standard form of Lapurdian. It is taught in some schools of Lapurdi and used on radio, in church, and by the newspaper Herria.
The most distinct dialects, Biscayan and Zuberoan, also are standardized.
The Romance languages Gascon, Aragonese, and Castilian have marked Basque influence in them, as a result of substratum, language contact, and bilingualism. A notable example is that of the Pyrenean and Iberian Romance words for "left (side)" (izquierdo, esquerdo, esquerre, quer, esquer) derived from Basque ezker to avoid the ominous connotations of Latin sinister.
In the case of Castilian (Spanish) and Gascon, the following Basque substrate influences are found.
However, there are alternate explanations based on internal developments. In the 16th Century, Basque sailors mixed many Basque words with a European Atlantic pidgin in their contacts with Iceland. Another Basque pidgin arose from contact between Basque whalers and Aboriginal inhabitants in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Strait of Belle Isle.
Several travelling professional groups of Castile used Basque words in their jargon: examples are the gacería, the mingaña, and the Galician fala dos arxinas.
A small part of the Gypsies living in the Basque Country spoke Erromintxela, which mixes Romany vocabulary with Basque syntax and morphology (it is comparable with the Caló of Spanish-speaking Gitanos).
Basque is an ergative-absolutive language. The subject of an intransitive verb is in the absolutive case (which is unmarked), and the same case is used for the direct object of a transitive verb. The subject of the transitive verb (that is, the agent) is marked differently, with the ergative case (shown by the suffix -k). This also triggers main and auxiliary verbal agreement.
The auxiliary verb, which accompanies most main verbs, agrees not only with the subject, but with any direct object and the indirect object present. Among European languages, this polypersonal system (multiple verb agreement) is only found in Basque, some Caucasian languages, and Hungarian. The ergative-absolutive alignment is also unique among European languages, but not rare worldwide.
Consider the phrase:
Martin-ek is the agent (transitive subject), so it is marked with the ergative case ending -k (with an epenthetic -e-). Egunkariak has an -ak ending which marks plural object (plural absolutive, direct object case). The verb is erosten dizkit, in which erosten is a kind of gerund ("buying") and the auxiliary dizkit means "he/she (does) them for me". This dizkit can be split like this:
The phrase "you buy the newspapers for me" would translate as:
The auxiliary verb is composed as di-zki-da-zue and means 'you pl. (do) them for me'
In spoken Basque, the auxiliary verb is often dropped when redundant: "Zuek niri egunkariak erosten ", you pl. buying the newspapers for me. Whenever it is not dropped, the pronouns are almost always dropped: "egunkariak erosten dizkidazue", the newspapers buying be-them-for-me-you(plural). The pronouns are used only to show emphasis: "egunkariak zuek erosten dizkidazue", it is you (pl.) who buy the newspapers for me; or "egunkariak niri erosten dizkidazue", it is me for whom you buy the newspapers for.
Modern Basque dialects allow for the conjugation of about fifteen verbs, called synthetic verbs, some only in literary contexts. These can be put in the present and past tenses in the indicative and subjunctive moods, in three tenses in the conditional and potential moods, and in one tense in the imperative. Colloquial Basque, however, only uses indicative present, indicative past, and imperative. Each verb that can be taken intransitively has a nor (absolutive) paradigm and possibly a nor-nori (absolutive-dative) paradigm, as in the sentence Aititeri txapela erori zaio ("The hat fell from grandfather['s head]"). Each verb that can be taken transitively uses those two paradigms for passive-voice contexts in which no agent is mentioned, and also has a nor-nork (absolutive-ergative) paradigm and possibly a nor-nori-nork (absolutive-dative-ergative) paradigm. The last would entail the dizkidazue example above. In each paradigm, each constituent noun can take on any of eight persons, five singular and three plural, with the exception of nor-nori-nork in which the absolutive can only be third person singular or plural. (This draws on a language universal: *"Yesterday the boss presented the committee me" sounds at least odd, if not incorrect.) The most ubiquitous auxiliary, izan, can be used in any of these paradigms, depending on the nature of the main verb.
There are more persons in the singular (5) than in the plural (3) for synthetic verbs because of the two familiar persons—informal masculine and feminine second person singular. The pronoun hi is used for both of them, but where the masculine form of the verb uses a -k, the feminine uses an -n. This is a property not found in Indo-European languages. The entire paradigm of the verb is further augmented by inflecting for "listener" (the allocutive) even if the verb contains no second person constituent. If the situation is one in which the familiar masculine may be used, the form is augmented and modified accordingly; likewise for the familiar feminine. (Gizon bat etorri da, "a man has come"; gizon bat etorri duk, "a man has come [you are a male close friend]", gizon bat etorri dun, "a man has come [you are a female close friend]", gizon bat etorri duzu, "a man has come [I talk to you]") Notice that this nearly multiplies the number of possible forms by three. Still, the restriction on contexts in which these forms may be used is strong since all participants in the conversation must be friends of the same sex, and not too far apart in age. Some dialects dispense with the familiar forms entirely. Note, however, that the formal second person singular conjugates in parallel to the other plural forms, perhaps indicating that it used to be the second person plural, started being used as a singular formal, and then the modern second person plural was formulated as an innovation.
All the other verbs in Basque are called periphrastic, behaving much like a participle would in English. These have only three forms total, called aspects: perfect (various suffixes), habitual (suffix -t[z]en), and future/potential (suffix. -ko/-go). Verbs of Latinate origin in Basque, as well as many other verbs, have a suffix -tu in the perfect, adapted from the Latin -tus suffix. The synthetic verbs also have periphrastic forms, for use in perfect tenses and in simple tenses in which they are deponent.
Within a verb phrase, the periphrastic comes first, followed by the auxiliary.
A Basque noun-phrase is inflected in 17 different ways for case, multiplied by 4 ways for its definiteness and number. These first 68 forms are further modified based on other parts of the sentence, which in turn are inflected for the noun again. It's been estimated that, with two levels of recursion, a Basque noun may have 458,683 inflected forms.
Basic syntactic construction is Subject-Objects-Verb (unlike Spanish, French or English where Subject-Verb-Objects construction is more common). The order of the phrases within a sentence can be changed with thematic purposes, whereas the order of the words within a phrase is usually rigid. As a matter of fact, Basque phrase order is topic-focus, meaning that in neutral sentences (such as sentences to inform someone of a fact or event) the topic is stated first, then the focus. In such sentences, the verb phrase comes at the end. In brief, the focus directly precedes the verb phrase. This rule is also applied in questions, for instance, What is this? can be translated as Zer da hau? or Hau zer da?, but in both cases the question tag zer immediately precedes the verb da. This rule is so important in Basque that, even in grammatical descriptions of Basque in other languages, the Basque word galdegai (focus) is used.
In negative sentences, the order changes. Since the negative particle ez must always directly precede the auxiliary, the topic most often comes beforehand, and the rest of the sentence follows. This includes the periphrastic, if there is one: Aitak frantsesa ikasten du, "Father is learning French," in the negative becomes Aitak ez du frantsesa ikasten, in which ikasten ("learning") is separated from its auxiliary and placed at the end.
| Labio-
| Lamino-
| Apico-
| Post-
|ñ, -in-/ɲ/
|tt, -it-/c/
|dd, -id-/ɟ/
|ll, -il-/ʎ/
|r-, -rr-, -r /r/
Basque has a distinction between laminal and apical articulation for the alveolar fricatives and affricates. In the laminal consonants the friction occurs across the blade of the tongue, while in apical ones, it occurs at the tip (apex).
The laminal alveolar fricative (s̻) is made with the tongue tip pointing toward the lower teeth; its affricate counterpart is [ʦ̻]. These are written with an orthographic z (z, tz). The voiceless apicoalveolar fricative (/s̺/) is written s; the tip of the tongue points toward the upper teeth. The corresponding affricate (/ʦ̺/) is ts. In the westernmost parts of the Basque country, only the apical s and the alveolar affricate tz are used.
Basque also features postalveolar sibilants (/ʃ/, written x, and /ʧ/, written tx), sounding like English sh and ch.
There are two palatal stops, voiced and unvoiced, as well as a palatal nasal and a palatal lateral (the palatal stops are not present in all dialects). These and the postalveolar sounds are typical of diminutives, which are used frequently in child language and motherese (mainly to show affection rather than size). For example, tanta "drop" vs. ttantta /canca/ "droplet". A few common words, such as txakur /ʧakur/ "dog", use palatal sounds even though in current usage they have lost the diminutive sense; the corresponding non-palatal forms now acquiring an augmentative or pejorative sense: zakur "big dog". Many dialects of Basque exhibit a derived palatalization effect in which coronal onset consonants are changed into the palatal counterpart after the high front vowel /i/. For example, the /n/ in egin "to act" becomes palatal when the suffix -a is added: /egina/ = [egiɲa] "the action".
The sound represented by j has a variety of realizations according to the regional dialect: (the last one is typical of the Spanish Basque Country).
The vowel system is the same as Spanish for most speakers. It consists of five pure vowels, . Speakers of the Zuberoan dialect also have a sixth, front rounded vowel (represented in writing by ü but pronounced /ø/, much like a German ö), as well as a set of contrasting nasalized vowels, indicating a strong influence from French.
Basque features great dialectal variation in stress, from a weak pitch-accent in the central dialects to a marked stress in some outer dialects, with varying patterns of stress placement. Stress is in general not distinctive (and for historical comparisons not very useful); there are, however, a few instances where stress is phonemic, serving to distinguish between a few pairs of stress-marked words and between some grammatical forms (mainly plurals from other forms). E.g., basóà ("the forest", absolutive case) vs. básoà ("the glass", absolutive case; an adoption from Spanish vaso); basóàk ("the forest", ergative case) vs. básoàk ("the glass", ergative case) vs. básoak ("the forests" or "the glasses", absolutive case). Given its great deal of variation among dialects, stress is not marked in the standard orthography and Euskaltzaindia (the Academy of the Basque Language) only provides general recommendations for a standard placement of stress, basically to place a high-pitched weak stress (weaker than that of Spanish, let alone that of English) on the second syllable of a syntagma, and a low-pitched even-weaker stress on its last syllable, except in plural forms where stress is moved to the first syllable. This scheme provides Basque with a distinct musicality which sets its sound apart from the prosodical patterns of Spanish (which tends to stress the second-to-last syllable). Euskaldun berriak ("new Basque-speakers", i.e. second-language Basque-speakers) with Spanish as their first language tend to carry the prosodical patterns of Spanish into their pronunciation of Basque, giving rise to a pronunciation that is considered substandard; e.g., pronouncing nire ama ("my mum") as nire áma (- - ´ -), instead of as niré amà (- ´ - `).
Basque is written using the Latin alphabet. The universal special letter is ñ; sometimes ç and ü are also used. Basque does not use Cc, Qq, Vv, Ww, Yy except for loanwords; nevertheless, the adopted Basque alphabet (established by Euskaltzaindia) does include them.
The phonetically meaningful digraphs dd, ll, rr, ts, tt, tx, tz are treated as double letters.
All letters and digraphs represent unique phonemes. The main exception is when l or n are preceded by i, that in most dialects palatalizes their sound into ll and ñ, even if these are not written. Hence, ikurriña can also be written ikurrina without changing the sound, while the proper name Ainhoa requires the mute h to break the palatalization of the n.
H is mute in most regions, but in the Northeast is pronounced in many places, the main reason for its existence in the Basque alphabet. Its acceptance was a matter of contention during the standardization since the speakers of the most extended dialects had to learn where to place these silent h's.
In Sabino Arana's (1865-1903) orthography, ll and rr were replaced with ĺ and ŕ, respectively.
A typically Basque style of lettering is sometimes used for inscriptions. It derives from the work of stone and wood carvers and is characterized by thick serifs.
Basque millers traditionally employed a separate number system of unknown origin. In this system the symbols are either arranged along a vertical line or horizontally. On the vertical line the single digits and fractions are usually off to one side, usually at the top. When used horizontally, the smallest units are usually on the right and the largest on the left.
The system is, as is the Basque system of counting in general, vigesimal. Although the system is in theory capable of indicating numbers above 100, most recorded examples do not go above 100 in general. Interestingly, fractions are relatively common, especially 1/2.
The exact systems used vary from area to area but generally follow the same principle with 5 usually being a diagonal line or a curve off the vertical line (a V shape is used when writing a 5 horizontally). Units of ten are usually a horizontal line through the vertical. The twenties are based on a circle with intersecting lines.
This system is not in general use anymore but is occasionally employed for decorative purposes.
|zero, or huts
|hogeita bat
|hogeita bi
|hogeita hiru
|hogeita hamar
|(literal meaning split: hogei-ta-hamar = twenty-and-ten = 20+10)
|hogeita hamaika
|(hogei-ta-hamaika = twenty-and-eleven = 20+11)
|(ber-hogei = two times-twenty = 2×20)
|berrogeita hamar
|(ber-hogei-ta-hamar = two times-twenty-and-ten = 2×20+10)
|(hirur-hogei = three times-twenty = 3×20)
|hirurogeita hamar
|(hirur-hogei-ta-hamar = three times-twenty-and-ten = 3×20+10)
|(laur-hogei = four times-twenty = 4×20)
|laurogeita hamar
|(laur-hogei-ta-hamar = four times-twenty-and-ten = 4×20+10)
|bi mila
|milioi bat
|number _____
|_____ zenbaki (train, bus, etc.)
The blacksmith slave
Captive in the rainforests of the West
they brought you to Rome, slave,
they gave you the blacksmith work
and you make chains.
The red iron that you carry out the oven
can be adapted as you want,
you can make swords
in order that your people could break the chains,
but you, this slave,
you make chains, more chains.
:Joseba Sarrionandia
Esklabu erremintaria
Sartaldeko oihanetan gatibaturik
erromara ekarri zinduten, esklabua,
erremintari ofizioa eman zizuten
eta kateak egiten dituzu.
Labetik ateratzen duzun burdin goria
nahieran molda zenezake,
ezpatak egin ditzakezu
zure herritarrek kateak hauts deitzaten,
baina zuk, esklabu horrek,
kateak egiten dituzu, kate gehiago.
:Joseba Sarrionandia


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20 individual high resolution wood floor plank textures, complete with bump maps.
The individual map resolutions are approximately 5500×800 pixels, but vary slightly from plank to plank.
Click the "More Images" button above to see the individual textures.
These textures are great for using with the free floor generator script and multi-texture plugin by CG Source.
The textures were photographed from the following real wood floors:
Manufacturer: Ted Todd
Range : Residence
Type : Linen
Species : European Oak
Length : up to 3000mm
Width : 300mm

subset: commoncrawl


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You can probably tell we plan to go pretty fast in our '63 Nova hardtop project by the extensive rollcage you see in this story's lead image. When you last read about our latest street/strip project we were fitting our Flex-a-lite fan and radiator combo between the 'rails; in this installment we completely upgrade the chassis with a Chris Alston's Chassisworks kit (PN 7021), as well as some of their optional upgrades in order to keep us safe if something tragic happens during dragstrip runs. But safety wasn't the only reason to put an 8.50 quarter-mile–certified rollcage in the stock-but-worn X-body, chassis flex from hard launching a little old car was also a concern. You may remember in the first story in this build ("Master Blaster," Dec. '12 issue, page 36) we stripped the '63 to bare metal in search of cancer or any detrimental body damage. Well, we didn't find any major exterior damage, so we were pleased, but what we didn't see with the soda blast was the superthin '60s sheetmetal that had our bodyman cursing the car every time he'd put a grinder to agitate an area for Bondo work. The slightest pressure and the abrasive disc would punch through, meaning the car was even more of a "potato chip" than we thought. We decided to install a 'cage that would not only protect us in a crash, but also ensure that our fire-breathing small-block we have planned won't twist the six-cylinder two-door. Another thing we considered about the lean and blasted body panels was the weight we were saving by not having four coats of paint and primer. The goal with this street-legal project car is to build it is as light as possible, while being safe and structurally sound. Thanks to a chassis parts supplier with decades of experience and a skilled fabricator with the knowledge of the NHRA rulebook, our vision for this car is a step closer to becoming reality.
We contacted Casey Steinman at Overkill Fabrications in Upland, California, for the installation of the Chassisworks 'cage kit (as well as few other upgrades) to prepare the car for the SBC/TH400 powertrain. On the to-do list for the primered hardtop included deleting the back seat and designing and NHRA-legal bulkhead that keeps flames, smoke, and fumes away from the driver; fastening the Harwood fiberglass cowl-induction hood (PN 5750) and trunk lid (PN1067) down using Dzus fasteners, and installing a pair of subframe connectors from Chevy 2 Only (PN 2000). Since the early Novas have a subframe (making the body more of a structural part of the car when uncaged), the guys at Chevy 2 Only designed some mild steel connectors that make the Nova have a fully connected chassis. This also gave Steinman something to tie the whole 'cage into the stock frame, essentially.
In keeping with the lighter-faster-stronger theme, we opted for Chris Alston's chrome-moly 'cage kit instead of mild steel for a few reasons; the weight savings (see sidebar Bar Thickness and Diameter), and it also will allow us to upgrade to an SFI cert that will allow the car to run as quick as 7.50 in the quarter-mile. While we plan on competing in a street-legal NMCA class, we envision this car becoming an even quicker animal. Coincidentally, some may say this 'cage is "overkill", but we built it with even higher speeds in mind. In other words, this car is only destined for the street for so long. That's why we also ordered Chris Alston's Funny Car addition (PN 7227). If you want to see Alston's ultimate drag race 'cage for a door car, check out the sidebar on Editor Henry D's third-gen Z28, Project True 10.5, that he plans to run over 200 mph.
So, you want to go fast without dying? Read this article to find out what we did to make our Nova project structurally sound.
1. Bar Thickness and Diameter: When it comes to rollcages, the bar diameters and thickness vary depending on the material you choose. For mild steel 'cages, fabricators use 13/4-inch diameter, 0.134-inch wall tubing (on right), which is the heavier option. Chrome-moly 'cages use a lighter 15/8-inch diameter, 0.083-inch wall tube (on left), but are more expensive and cost more to install. Other sizes are also used in further upgrades, such as Funny Car hoops and gussets, and typically measure 11/4 in chrome-moly. The idea is to increase the overall rigidity of the 'cage in critical areas. One thing to consider when choosing material is how soft it is; chrome-moly is more rigid, but mild steel is considered a soft metal.
Cage Styles
2. Here is an example of a basic Chassisworks steel four-point rollbar kit (PN 7000). This will allow you to run no quicker than 11.49 in the quarter-mile.
3. The eight-point kit (PN 7001) is also a mild steel 'cage kit with the added bars SFI requires to run 10.00 in the quarter-mile. Both the 7000 and 7001 can be MIG welded in.
4. While there are many variations to the rollcage kits Chassisworks offers, this is an example of a rollcage that can be certified to run up to 8.50 in the quarter-mile. The one pictured is available in mild steel (PN 7003) and chrome-moly (PN 7021). All of these kits come via UPS in boxes filled with metal raw bars and need to be fitted.
5. Fitting the main hoop and some of the crucial bars in the 8.50 cert design is the first step to the 'cage installation process.
6. Here, Steinman welds in the steel floor plates that come with the Alston 'cage into place. Keep in mind these only connect to the sheetmetal floor to the main hoop behind the seat and don't tie into the frame; however, it's not required to do so per NHRA guidelines.
7. As you can see, without the subframe connectors, the early Novas have a leaf-spring mount that looks largely unsupported. These tubular connectors enforce this critical suspension attachment point, while connecting the frame.
8. The bars that extend to the rear actually line up over the frame and didn't need to be triangulated like the main hoop in this build.
9. This shot shows the Chevy 2 Only subframe connectors and driveshaft hoop/crossmember we had welded in by Overkill.
10. We opted for crossbraces in the doors. This was done with the intention to make this car legal for quicker dragstrip times.
11. To further strengthen the cage, Steinman also made some kickers that extend from the front floor plate to the factory Nova frame. Triangulation like this works by simple physics: It dissipates impact into a larger surface.
12. Another added option we went with was a crossbar behind the main hoop—convenient for if and when we decide to upgrade.
13. This junction behind shows all the bars join the main hoop; this will be behind the driver seat.
14. With the 'cage all TIG welded and tied into the upgraded frame, we painted the bars satin black with Dupli-Color engine paint. The final step will be getting a literal seal of approval from an NHRA tech that we'll have to show off at a later date. Look for the following article in this build where we put a shiny coat of DuPont's Redline Red on the Hellion's exterior, then it's time for that fire-breather we wrote about earlier.


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A further 16 superbly equipped conference rooms (20 to 250m² in size) and a foyer with around 900m² of exhibition space are available. The Maritim Hotel Ulm and the adjoining congress centre are perfect for major events and conventions as well as private and corporate celebrations.
The Maritim Hotel Ulm, a striking building set on the verdant banks of the Danube, is close to the picturesque old town and Ulm Minster, which has the tallest church tower in the world. It is just a few minutes' drive from the main train station and exhibition centre. In combination with the adjoining Ulm Congress Centre, the hotel is ideally situated for private and business functions alike.
The hotel has 287 elegantly furnished rooms (mostly 30m² in size), including a 162m² suite and ten 60m² suites. The Panorama restaurant on the 16th floor of the hotel offers breathtaking views of Ulm and Neu-Ulm and is one of two top-class restaurants at the hotel.


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Commercial Food Blenders
Shop at Mission Restaurant Supply and save on commercial food blenders! Our versatile selection of food blenders online can do it all, including chopping delicate ingredients to pureeing and blending thanks to high-power motors and durable construction. Culinary schools, restaurants, and even residential users trust the commercial food blenders from Mission Restaurant Supply to deliver the right results with each use. Get the quality, top performance and great prices you are looking for with food blenders at Mission Restaurant Supply!


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Sister Fran, left, and Josephine Cabrera, second right, discuss how to help a young woman who was ready to test for her GED on Tuesday afternoon.
DENNY SIMMONS / Courier & Press "The number you have dialed is not in service," Sister Fran Wilhelm mimicked. The sister was running into many dead-ends as she tried to find help for a client at Centro Latino in Owensboro, Ky. "It's just hilarious."
Jerrod Oyervides, 2, keeps himself entertained as he and his family wait for help at Centro Latino in Owensboro, Ky., on Tuesday afternoon.
Anna Oyervides, 1, is all smiles as Sister Fran Wilhelm says her goodbyes Tuesday afternoon.
Photographs by DENNY SIMMONS / Courier & Press "We're addicted to jigsaw puzzles," Sister Fran said, explaining the items that took up nearly half of the dining room table Tuesday afternoon.
DENNY SIMMONS / Courier & Press Brenda Oyervides is greeted by Sister Fran at the entrance to Centro Latino in Owensboro, Ky., on Tuesday afternoon. Oyervides was afraid her utilities would be cut off, leaving her and her two young children, Anna, 1, and Jerrod, 2, without heat.$RETURN$$RETURN$
DENNY SIMMONS / Courier & Press Sister Fran Wilhelm spends much of her day on the telephone in her attempt to help the area Hispanics in Owensboro, Ky., at the outreach she founded, Centrol Latino.
DENNY SIMMONS / Courier & Press Brenda Oyervides, left, waits with her two children, Anna, 1, center, and Jerrod, 2, as Sister Fran Wilhelm works the telephones to help her find a way to keep her utilities on.$RETURN$$RETURN$
DENNY SIMMONS / Courier & Press As an Ursuline nun, Sister Fran Wilhelm is both a teacher and social worker. "Wherever we went and whatever we did, we intended to teach people with whom we came in contact," she said of her order. "We do a lot of social work know."$RETURN$$RETURN$
DENNY SIMMONS / Courier & Press After working the telephones for nearly an hour, Sister Fran Wilhelm, right, sends Brenda Oyervides, left, her son, Jerrod, 2, center, and daughter, Anna, 1, on their way after helping them figure out a utility bill problem at Centro Latino, the outreach Sister Fran founded in 1993.$RETURN$$RETURN$
DENNY SIMMONS / Courier & Press Sister Fran dines alone at her home which also serves as Centro Latino in Owensboro, Ky., on this Tuesday afternoon. The Ursuline nun fried a couple of pre-boiled hot dogs on her aged stove — "finally about played out" — to go with her "vegetable medley." "It's a wonderful medley of vegetables. A layer of squash in the skillet. Its supposed to be both green and yellow, but they didn't have any yellow squash; and then a layer of green and yellow peppers; and then a layer of purple onions; and then a layer of tomatoes. You cook it just the least that you have to and its delicious. The combination of the flavors is just marvelous."$RETURN$$RETURN$


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Together with Our Employees
* Followings are systems in place at Clarion Co., Ltd.
■ Basic Policies on Recruiting
■ The Kind of People We Want, Respect for Diverse Personal Values
■ Employment of People with Disabilities
■ Male and Female New Graduate Recruitment Ratios
■ Equal Opportunity and Treatment in Employment
Female employees with experience of bearing child can achieve their life-work balance taking advantage of Child Care Leave and Short Working Hours System, and are working with feeling of achievement.
The proportion of female employees at the Headquarters is low at 12%, but through active recruiting efforts ratio of female in the new graduate recruitment in 2014 increased to 42.9%. We do not have any discrimination in recruitment by gender pursuant to the Basic Policies.
Female employees are finding a wider range of opportunities of work in our R&D, purchasing and sales departments.
Human Resources Administration System
■ Basic Policy on Human Resources Administration
■ H.R. Administration
◆ Salary System
◆ Appraisal System
◆ In-House Recruitment System and FA System
Human Resource Development
■ Basic Policy on H.R. Development
Personnel who have communication, leadership and negotiating skills that enable them to execute their duties effectively in international operations, actual experience including of cross-cultural understanding, as well as results demonstrated in various situations in global business
■ Education and Training System
● Status of Education Administration System (Apr. 2013 – Mar. 2014)
■ Career Development Support System
This is a system whereby each new employee (a mentee) is allocated with a senior staff member from the same department as his/her mentor. This encourages each new recruit to become independent and to build up internal network within the company at an earlier stage of employment.
Work-Life Balance
■ Support for Childcare and Nursing
Furthermore, in response to the Law for Measures to Development of the Next Generation, we laid out action plans and promote awareness raising at education and training sessions for each segment. We are proceeding with further improvement of the system in view of diversification.
■ Initiatives to Improve Full Consumption of Paid Holidays
Safety in the Working Environment
■ Health and Safety Committee
■ Prevention of Industrial Accidents
■ Mental and Physical Health
All employees over 35 years of age, when higher risk for disease starts, can now go through one-day visit regular health check, which gives more accurate diagnosis. The examination results are verified by industrial physicians and work health professionals and necessary guidance is given to those for whom observations have been made.
2. Mental Health
For better mental health, Clarion has "telephone consultation" and "personal consultation" systems. Within the latter system, the industrial physicians and the work health professionals. Designated psychiatrist doctors and industry mental health coordinators give personal care to those in need. Additionally, we provided mental health lectures every year. In fiscal 2013, we carried out mental health care education via e-learning for all employees. We learned about mental health care and how to deal with stress.


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With its dual-layer fabric that traps your body heat whilst letting your skin breathe, this Under Armour Women's Coldgear Compression Mock Long Sleeve Top in dark pink is the perfect addition to your outdoor workout. With an extra tight fit that boost performance and gives you the feeling of having a second skin, this innovative top also has a grippy bottom hem that prevents the top from riding up and smooth, flatlock stitching that helps to eliminate chafing. - E.D
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Officials consider Manchester's economic futureBy Patrick McArdle
STAFF WRITER | January 28,2013Vyto Starinskas / Staff Photo
Officials meet for a talk in the Manchester Town offices earlier this month.MANCHESTER — With the new roundabout all but finished, a poolhouse replacement project under way, a visitors center recently opened, and other projects improving the look of Manchester, community leaders are expecting good things in the town's future.
"When a town shows a very strong interest in investing in itself, its infrastructure, that's a message to me that says, 'That's where I want to make my investment.' ... I don't want to build a nice new building and then have a torn up sidewalk in front of me that you can't walk on, a street that's ratty (and) full of potholes. ... Unfortunately for a while, we were kind of getting there," said William Drunsic, a business owner and planning board member.
Drunsic said he believed the roundabout project, which replaced what was once called "Malfunction Junction" and included other infrastructure improvements, has caused a renewed interest in Manchester from both potential investors and residents.
Lee Krohn, Manchester's planning director and zoning administrator, said there was a lot of positive momentum in the town which he saw manifested in ways like a business that bought the property it had been renting for three decades and the sale of another commercial property recently for $2.6 million.
"I can tell you there's a lot of interest in investment and reinvestment in this community. We wouldn't have that if people didn't have confidence in the future of this community and where it's going," he said.
The Vermont Council on Rural Development is planning one of its "community visits" in Manchester this year. Council officials said one reason for the visit is Manchester's positive recent momentum.
Town Manager John O'Keefe said the town is already working on ways to bring new businesses to town, including a promotion, in cooperation with the Manchester and the Mountain Area Chamber of Commerce, to urge visitors with existing businesses to move to Manchester.
O'Keefe said he has been at the Stratton Ski Resort on a Sunday afternoon and heard the whole lodge buzzing with people complaining about their long commute home. He believes some of those businesses could be attracted to Manchester and its "quality of life" benefits.
Krohn and Pauline Moore, Manchester's economic development director, recently met with the owners of newer businesses. Moore said when asked why they wanted to come to Manchester, the answer was invariably quality of life and good schools.
Ivan Beattie, chairman of the Manchester Select Board, said he believes the town has a "magical draw" but said he's aware of criticisms that it's too reliant on the outlet stores.
"We typically seem to have our eggs in one basket but the good news is we have a basket. It hasn't necessarily been the same basket all these years," he said.
The outlet stores have been stable but Beattie said he doesn't believe it will last forever.
There are several challenges to attracting new businesses. Moore said she knew houses were expensive and it was hard to attract younger people to the town.
"We have to decide who we are. We can't do everything so maybe we say, 'We want the people who are going to come back with their children' when the children are ready to go to high school and they've got a career," she said.
Vermont also has a reputation for having high taxes and a complicated regulatory process, although O'Keefe and Krohn said many investors who did their due diligence found those ideas had been exaggerated.
Beattie said whatever the next steps would be, residents would probably see fewer physical changes in the near future.
"People are inspired right now by the projects we've done and how well they've been accomplished so there is a certain momentum there that people want to continue but there's a couple of good reasons to let the dust settle for a little bit," he said.
@rutlandherald.comMORE IN Southern VermontBENNINGTON — Ask author and Bennington College graduate Charlotte Silver if the title of... Full StoryPresident Calvin Coolidge was remembered in all sorts of ways Saturday on the 143rd anniversary... Full StoryPresident Calvin Coolidge was remembered in all sorts of ways Saturday on the 143rd anniversary... Full Story
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- RICHARD'S POOR ALMANACK: On this day 1739, 'Richard Palmer' identified in prison at York Castle as the notorious outlaw DICK TURPIN; IN 1836, Battle of the Alamo begins near San Antonio de Bexar, Texas; 1896, the Tootsie Roll invented by LEO HIRSCHFELD.
- RICHARD'S POOR ALMANACK: On this day in 1472, Orkney, Shetland islands put up as collateral by Norway to Scotland in lieu of dowry for MARGARET OF DENMARK on her marriage with JAMES III, king of Scotland; 1962, JOHN GLENN first American to orbit Earth.
- TOMORROW'S HEADLINES TODAY: City mayoral candidates debate campaign issues; Hartford, Conn., woman still missing; Neal Goswami reports attempts to legislate suicide; local woman loses 100 pounds through TOPS program.
- RICHARD'S POOR ALMANACK: On this day in 1878, JOHN TUNSTALL murdered near Lincoln, New Mexico, by the outlaw JESSE EVANS; in 1930, ELM FARM OLLIE first cow to fly in aircraft, first to be milked airborne; 1955, nuke test WASP; '79, snow in Sahara.
- TOMORROW'S HEADLINES TODAY: Rutland Herald News Editor Alan J. Keays and staff writer Gordon Dritschilo discuss stories planned for the February 18, 2015, edition of the newspaper: Winter budgets maxed, legal marijuana, Springfield bank job, USPS slowdown
- RICHARD'S POOR ALMANACK: On this day in 1249 AD, ANDRE of LONGJUMEAU is dispatched by LOUIS IX of France to meet the KHAGAN, ruler of the Mongol Empire; in 1804, during 1st Barbary War, STEPHEN DECATUR scuttles the pirate-held USS Philadelphia in Tripoli.


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From Little Rock East bound I-40 take exit 280, take a left off the ramp, we are on the right across from the Pilot station. From Memphis West bound I-40, take exit 280 and turn right off the exit ramp, we are across from the Pilot station.
Our highly-trained staff are professionals in trailer sales, repairs, and customizations. We invite you to visit a TrailersPlus store today for all your trailer and accessory needs.
Find a trailer that fits your needs or contact us to customize an Interstate trailer.


text: Eco-Green Sustainable Landscapes "Raindrops keep falling on my head" is the opening line of a popular song, but you can bet Burt Bacharach would be singing a different tune if those raindrops were falling inside his home. A ceiling leak can be more than a little annoying. If left unchecked, water will pour down from the ceiling and make a terrible mess. More


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Moderators: Tonyblack, Jason, Toothy
CrysaniaMajere wrote:BaldJean wrote:"The City of Dreaming Books" by Walter Moers. Moers is to Germany what Pratchett is to the UK; a highly comic author in the fantasy genre, but with lots of fans outside of fantasy literature. His imagination is endless. He also illustrates his own books (he started as a comic book author, and there was a movie made after one of his most popular combic book cgaracters, "Das kleine Arschloch" "The Little Asshole"), and the illustrations are great.
There is even a TV-program based on one of his characters, "Käptn't Blaubär" ("Captain Bluebear").
This book is an ideal start into his crazy world. I am not sure all of Moers' books have been translated into English, but this one has.
Here a review of "The City of Dreaming Books" from Amazon:
After reading the first few pages, I fully intended to give this book a poor rating. The audacity, to write a book about excellent writing, without Moers writing also being of highest caliber. How presumptuous, how arrogant. The writing was merely poorly crafted children's fare, perhaps excusable only because the book is translated. It had an interesting, wonderful idea, of pursuing a world based on reading and books, but it would have been far more interesting and relatable if it had been about humans, rather than this silly dinosaur.
I repent. Most completely. I was wrong in every way. This is one of the finest fantasy novels I've ever read. Moers actually takes a talking dinosaur and makes him interesting and a complete character, to say nothing of the other species and humans in this world. Moers doesn't rely on creatures others have constructed, but in every step forms his own creations.
The character development in this novel is astounding, and so much deeper than what you find in most modern novels. This is a novel for adults with depth (and definitely not for children). It is not only extraordinarily well written throughout, but I now see those first few pages were exactly the right build-up, and the old-fashioned style (Dear Reader) fit exactly the theme and points Moers wanted to convey.
I was supposed to do a lot of other tasks, and read other books. I couldn't stop reading this one. To say the unexpected happened is to say far too little, for Moers grabbed me by the collar and pulled me along his story so that I was continuously out of breath and at wit's end trying to guess what would happen next. Every word in this is honed. I am only sorry that it took me a while to realize that most names were purposeful, and often anagrams of actual writers. It takes true brilliance to create an engaging story that is at the same moment a profound commentary on the modern literature industry.
City of Dreaming Books is a multifaceted universe like nothing else you've ever read. There is no comparison. It is a book created for those of us who love books. It is the book that you have been waiting for. It is the last book you need to read- or the last book you'll read purely for itself, for, in every book you read after this, there will be the memory of the perfection you once found here.
Wow that's interesting !! I will have to find out if it has been translated into italian, I really hope so, what is the German title? Die Stadt der Traumen Buch? No, it doesn't sound right, I'll search
for it , it looks really interesting to me ^_^
Tris wrote:Only ONE??? I realize that no one has posted since 2010, but I'll post anyway hoping that someone reads this.
The Thief by Megan Whalen Turner
MongoGutman wrote:The King of Elfland's Daughter - Dunsany
A seminal work - I rate it as good as LoTR. Written in normal prose but with language so sweet it reads like a poem.
Tonyblack wrote:Tris wrote:Only ONE??? I realize that no one has posted since 2010, but I'll post anyway hoping that someone reads this.
The Thief by Megan Whalen Turner
Welcome to the site, Tris!
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WWE Championship
The Miz(c) vs John Cena
This match is a lock as far as I'm concerned, if the Miz doesn't beat Jerry Lawler I shall smash my TV. Cena is bound to win the Raw Elimination Chamber also after he was eliminated by the Miz in the rumble.
Predicted Winner: John Cena. Vince will want to end Mania on a happy note and what better way to send
Well I guess the title says it all, in no way is there any chance of John Cena turning heel in the next year at least.
I'm sick of going on to different websites and seeing guys talking up and creating scenarios where Superman turns heel. Cena is too much of a cash cow for Vince McMahon that there is no chance in hell he would turn him heel.
Look at the facts Cena is
Greatest WWE Superstar
As much as I personally despise the character I have to give it to John Cena. Cena has held the WWE Championship 7 times and the World Heavyweight Championship twice. Cena held the title for a grand total of 1052 days in the last decade, one reign alone lasted 380 days. Cena also held the United States Championship 3 times, the Tag Team Championship 7 times


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ST. LOUIS -- Saint Louis University students from multiple health care disciplines are working together to offer free blood pressure screenings and prostate cancer education to African-American men at 15 local barbershops through April 2.
A student screens a barbershop customer for elevated blood pressure.
The weekly barbershop tour, which takes place Thursdays, Fridays and Saturdays continues a simple yet innovative health initiative: target high-risk populations by taking the information and screenings directly to them.
The service project is part of a unique interprofessional education (IPE) class that prepares SLU students to work in a multidisciplinary environment with other health care professionals. The students visiting barbershops are majoring in nursing, investigative medical sciences and athletic training.
At the barbershops, students work together measuring blood pressure and counseling participants on diet modifications, such as lowering sodium intake, the importance of exercise for health and the need to keep in touch with their primary health care provider.
Last year SLU students screened about 285 men for high blood pressure. They found that more than 73 percent had high blood pressure readings, which can lead to stroke and cardiovascular diseases. When a blood pressure reading was above normal, students advised the participants to see their doctor or referred them to local, low-cost health care providers if they didn't already have one.
This year, students are also collaborating with The Empowerment Network , a group of local prostate cancer survivors, to educate individuals on the risks of developing prostate cancer.
Hypertension and prostate cancer are two serious conditions that disproportionately affect African-American men. According to the American Heart Association, uncontrolled hypertension accounts for as many as one in four African-American deaths. African-American men also have the highest rate of prostate cancer in the world and the lowest rate of survival, according to the American Cancer Society.
While the free screenings provide a great opportunity for students to gain clinical experience, it's the lesson in teamwork that is most valuable, according to Sheila Leander, assistant professor of nursing.
"One of the biggest challenges in health care is that most practitioners are educated in silos with no understanding of what other professionals do," Leander said. "Once they enter the professional arena, they are expected to be part of an interprofessional team."
Given SLU's emphasis on holistic learning, it is no surprise the University is one of the nation's leaders in interprofessional education. In 2006, the School of Nursing and the Doisy College of Health Sciences became the first in the country to embed IPE into their undergraduate core curriculum, SLU's School of Medicine was one of the first medical schools to require an integrated course in IPE.
Through lectures, simulated experiences and clinical activities such as the barbershop tour, SLU students gain a better understanding of the roles and responsibilities of other professionals. This team approach is critical in providing the best possible care for patients.
"The important aspect here is our students are learning how to be part of an effective team by working with real people. They're learning how to provide patient-centered care, as part of a team," Leander said.
For more information about SLU's IPE program, click here.


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petsupplies.com > Clearance Pet Supplies > Dog > Item # 401787
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Total Pet Health Ear ScopeUse this professional Total Pet Health Lighted Ear Scope with Two Tips to check pets' ears for problems, such as matted hair, ear mites and infections that could affect hearing.Product Features:
Item Specifications:Size:Ear Scope measures: 6 3/4" LSmall/Medium tip: 4 mmLarge tip: 6.3 mmSafety:Safe for use with all companion animals: dog, cat, rabbit, ferret, guinea pig, chinchilla, etc. Keep this product out of reach of children. See the Instructions tab for more product details.Care:Keep your Ear Scope in a safe place and out of reach of children. Be sure that it is turned off an extra half-turn for longer battery life. Store in a cool place or refrigerate. Since batteries can leak over time, remove the batteries for long-term storage.
ON-OFF: The handle of your Ear Scope is a detachable penlight. The screw joint at the middle of the penlight is the on-off switch. Tightening the screw joint turns on the light. Loosening the joint turns it off. Do not overtighten.Separate Penlight Use:The penlight is designed to separate from the Ear Scope at the friction point (see diagram) for two reasons: (1) to give you a separate, professional-quality penlight and (2) to focus the light beam when attached to the Ear Scope head. To detach: Gently wiggle the penlight while pulling it from the friction joint hole. Uses two AAA alkaline batteries. To replace: Wiggle and pull the penlight to separate it from the Ear Scope head. Unscrew the penlight screw joint and remove the two batteries. Insert fresh batteries with positive (+) side pointing forward, then tighten the screw joint. Uses a standard #222 miniature bulb found in many chain drugstores, hardware stores, and supermarkets. To replace: If the bulb looks smoky and needs replacement, press the bulb backwards through the front hole using a pencil eraser or similar implement, then insert the bulb — lens first — into the front half of the penlight and push forward until fully seated and the glass end of the bulb is nearly flush with the penlight nose. A small screwdriver or rod helps guide it straight down the casing. Refocusing:For a brighter light beam through the tip, refocus after you detach the penlight or change the bulb. To do this, turn on the penlight, loosely insert the penlight into the friction joint hole, and while holding the head, rotate the penlight clockwise to get the strongest beam of light through the viewing tip. To check: Hold the viewing tip one inch from a light-colored surface and observe the circle of light. Refirm the joint by pressing the penlight and head together.
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Tuesday, July 07, 2015
4 comments
I'm just blogging to keep track of a few things. My weight is up a little and I've been very inconsistent with my eating and my workouts.
Today is Day 1 of what I hope is a 12 week jump start for me and my husband.
2.4 mile walk/run
... Read more
Monday, April 06, 2015
8 comments
In case you missed it...
I finally ran my first 5K. My time was 33:30, a very fast time for me! My twins ran in the kids K and Sean came in Second.
I just lo... Read more
Saturday, April 04, 2015
4 comments
I did it!! My first official 5K and my time was 33:30! That's really fast for me. I even ran into someone I knew in high school and haven't seen since then. This was his first race too. My twins ran the kids K. Sean came in second. The we... Read more
Thursday, April 02, 2015
2 comments
I've had a couple of opportunities to jog the route of my 5K on Saturday. Yesterday was my last attempt before the actual 5K. I'll rest today and tomorrow, maybe walk a little, but that's it. My fastest time before yesterday was about 38.5 mi... Read more
Wednesday, March 18, 2015
7 comments
Well, I did it! I signed up for the 5K in my home town. I'm both excited and nervous. Excited because I committed to this. Nervous since it's something new to me. I'm not out to win, just jog the whole thing. The race being in my home town... Read more
Saturday, March 07, 2015
3 comments
The warm weather has finally arrived!!! I got outside for a walk with my daughter yesterday. It was a little adventurous. Some of the ground we were walking on felt like quick sand with the melting snow. We managed to muddle through for a 1.... Read more
Tuesday, January 27, 2015
2 comments
Another beautiful day in Western Iowa. It seemed a little cooler than yesterday, but still sunny and above average temps.
I did the same workout as yesterday: 3 miles total alternating 1/4 mile walk and 1/4 mile jog sections. My time w... Read more
Monday, January 26, 2015
3 comments
January has been a rough month, until now. I started getting sick on Dec 28th with a weird bronchitis that only went to my chest, no sore throat, runny nose or any other symptoms. I just has this heavy, congested feeling in my chest and a terr... Read more
Wednesday, December 10, 2014
1 comments
I have to confess, streaks bother me. Sometimes trying to get a streak going does more damage to me than good. I need to look at my exercise differently. I have to look at overall percentages, not number of days straight I did something.
... Read more
Wednesday, December 03, 2014
3 comments
Quick update today:
Exercise: 10 min Trim hoop
15 min Tread climber
10 min Trim hoop
Cookie count: I baked 48 cookies yesterday, and 48 today, two kinds: lemon and banana. My total so f... Read more
Tuesday, December 02, 2014
3 comments
I expected that I would have to start over because of Thanksgiving. Today is day two of 10/day. It should be easy to keep track since I started on Dec 1. Today is a sunny day here in western Iowa, so I got outside for some of my workout. I w... Read more
Sunday, November 23, 2014
2 comments
I had a really good Sunday and family day. We went to mass first thing and stayed to visit afterward while the kids went to catechism class. After that we had a nice lunch at the Dundee Dell. The kids really enjoyed that. We were close to St... Read more
Wednesday, November 19, 2014
4 comments
Today was another tread climber day, 20 minutes again. It felt a little easier today than yesterday. I also did a lot of walking at work to add to my step total.
Day 4 of following my eating plan to the letter. I hope I can finish up th... Read more
Tuesday, November 18, 2014
5 comments
Today I did 20 min on my tread climber again. I also did some stairs at work. The elevators are taking forever. I think it's because they have some that only the construction workers can use. I went down about 20 flights total throughout the... Read more
Monday, November 17, 2014
3 comments
I decided I need another exercise streak to help get me back on track. Today is day 3 of 10 min/day. Saturday, I did 20 min on my tread climber followed by a few stretches. Sunday, I went sledding with the kids. We were out there over an hou... Read more


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Standing Bastet
The cat's head and objects in the hands of the standing goddess identify her as Bastet. She holds a figure of the god Nefertem and an aegis, consisting of a leonine head with collar, symbolizing protection. Her right hand once held a sistrum, a musical instrument used in rituals for Bastet and other goddesses.
- Medium: Bronze
- Geographical Locations:
- Possible place collected: Lower Egypt, Egypt
- Possible place collected: Memphis, Egypt
- Dates: 332-30 B.C.E.
- Period: Ptolemaic Period (possibly)
- Dimensions: 4 13/16 x 1 7/16 x 1 1/2 in. (12.2 x 3.6 x 3.8 cm) (show scale)
- Collections:Egyptian, Classical, Ancient Near Eastern Art
- Museum Location: This item is on view in Egypt Reborn: Art for Eternity, Special Exhibitions, Egyptian Galleries, 3rd Floor
- Exhibitions:
- Accession Number: 37.379E
- Credit Line: Charles Edwin Wilbour Fund
- Rights Statement: Creative Commons-BY
- Caption: Standing Bastet, 332-30 B.C.E. Bronze, 4 13/16 x 1 7/16 x 1 1/2 in. (12.2 x 3.6 x 3.8 cm). Brooklyn Museum, Charles Edwin Wilbour Fund, 37.379E. Creative Commons-BY
- Image:
- Record Completeness: Good (71%)


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EDIT - And I do accept that it was probably not done with any real malice, it was a case of getting carried away doing something stupid and not properly considering the possible consequences. But it was a real screw up.
And anybody involved in the decision to broadcast it without consent deserves the book thrown at them.
There seems to be no Common Sense in the world today.
I've said it before, and I'll say it again.............. Why did nobody at the radio station, hear what they'd recorded and think "Someone might lose their job over this" ??
That's the minimum result they should have thought about BEFORE they broadcast it.
And, as an aside, the Aussie radio station should REALLY think about changing their lawyers.


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Im very let down by COD ghosts. Ill start with what I think is wrong:
Maps way too large
Gameplay is terrible
No demolition or CTF
Damage mod to extreme and inconsistent
Camping is required to get kills
Very difficult loadout procedure
In short, ill stick with Black Ops 2 and hopefully they will come out with a BO3 and not screw it up like they did this game. I hope that they didn't jump the shark here because this game is a POS to me. Whats your thoughts??? Maybe im the only one here....?


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The readers of Corvette Fever and their Vettes in the spotlight.
Crown Jewel
The Virginia Corvette Club in Lynchburg sent us this photo of Dennis and Janice Gripp's Jewel Blue '61. Dennis has owned the car for 32 years, and it still has both tops and the original three-speed transmission.
By The Numbers
This numbers-matching '67 Corvette convertible was in excellent shape when William Opincar purchased it, especially the interior; but it took almost three years to make the entire car correct for NCRS judging. The Marina Blue '67 boasts a 390hp, 427ci engine with a four-speed and side exhaust.
Does your Corvette have the right stuff for Spotlight? Well, proveit. Send your photos and story to Corvette Fever, Your Ride in the Spotlight,9036 Brittany Way, Tampa, FL 33619. Remember when taking photos tofill the frame and try to avoid clutter in the background. And if you'reusing a digital camera, use the maximum resolution.
Stocked Up For Winter
The changing autumn leaves of Torrington, Connecticut, make the perfect backdrop for Jerry and Debbie Smith's bone-stock '92 Corvette. Of course, hibernation can't be far behind. The Smiths' '92 has red leather interior.
Beach Bum
When Mike Riley of Oldsmar, Florida, goes to the beach, he brings his own Stingray. It's a Riverside Gold '69 equipped with an L46/M21/3.70 Posi-traction drivetrain. Mike also has the optional hardtop and an AM/FM stereo.
Sun & Surf
Fred and Carol Gronemeier's '61 Corvette carries a 350ci fuel-injected engine with a four-speed and Posi-traction rear axle. Other options include white coving, auxiliary hardtop, and heater. Fred and Carol drive it on nice days around East Alton, Illinois, and even spent a week driving it up and down Daytona Beach in Florida, where this photo was taken.
I Do
Brian Krause, of Arlington Heights, Illinois, said goodbye to his '73 coupe when he got married. But five years ago, he said hello to this '58 Corvette. The '58 has silver coves and a red interior. "It took me seven or eight years to find a white '58 that I could afford and that ran well," Brian says. "It's lots of fun cruising the streets."


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Quarterly Report: 2011, April - June (Q4), Gustavus
Glen Hamburg
DCRA Regional Office:
Gov't Type:
Second Class City
Agreement Date:
City of Gustavus
Assessment Status:
Assessment Date:
Exp Date:
Last Updated:
Community Sanitation Overview:
The City of Gustavus lies on the north shore of Icy Passage at the mouth of the Salmon River in the St. Elias Mountains. It is surrounded by Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve on three sides and the waters of Icy Passage to the south. The city has no public water system. Residents receive their potable water primarily from shallow ground wells or rain catchments. The city is still considering the annexation of the False Creek area for the development of a water source and as the site of a future water treatment plant. Wastewater is largely handled by individually-owned septic systems. The city does, however, operate a solid waste and recycling center. While there is no solid waste collection service in Gustavus, the city landfill is open four days a week for residents to dispose of their garbage. Electricity service is provided by the Gustavus Electric Company.
RUBA Status & Activities This Qtr:
This quarter, RUBA staff provided the City of Gustavus with budgeting advice concerning the legality of municipal tax receipt donations to fund certain community services. RUBA staff also worked to schedule the city clerk and a member of the city council at a personnel management training. Still, the city has no pending water or waste water projects and no longer submits supporting documentation on a quarterly basis.
RUBA Activities for the Coming Qtr:
In the coming quarter, RUBA staff will provide personnel management training to the city clerk and to a member of the Gustavus City Council. RUBA staff will also continue to offer management assistance to the community and will request supporting documentation for quarterly reports when the city requires RUBA compliance.
Essential Indicators:
27 of 27
Sustainable Indicators:
23 of 27
Total Score:
50 of 54
Essential Indicators
All revenues and expenses for the utility are listed in the utility budget.
The utility has adopted a balanced realistic budget.
Monthly financial reports are prepared and submitted to the policy making board.
The utility is current in paying all water/wastewater electric bills.
The utility has on hand a year's adequate fuel supply or it has a financial plan to purchase an adequate supply.
The utility is receiving revenues (user fees or other sources) sufficient to cover operating expenses.
Sustainable Indicators
The utility is receiving revenues (user fees or other sources sufficient to cover operating expenses and Repair & Replacement (R) costs.
YTD revenues are at a level equal to or above those budgeted.
YTD expenditures are at a level equal to or below those budgeted.
A monthly manager's report is prepared.
Budget amendments are completed and adopted as necessary.
Finances Comments
Gustavus' fiscal year runs from July 1 to June 30. The municipal budget is a segmented set of smaller budgets for all city departments, committees, and business-type activities, with each having its own income and expense projections. The budget ordinance does not include a comparative statement of actual expenditures and revenues for the preceding fiscal year, nor does it include a budget summary of consolidated revenues and expenditures for the city as a whole. Both the Gustavus Community Network (GCN) and the Gustavus Solid Waste Disposal and Recycling Center (GDRC) are accounted for independently. Both budgets adequately illustrate revenues and expenses for each utility service and have revenue projections equal to expenditures after a general fund transfer is applied. The Gustavus Code of Ordinances requires that the treasurer provide a balance sheet, as well as a profit and loss budget overview, to the city council each month. The city clerk, acting as the treasurer, follows this guideline by submitting an accrual-based budget vs. actual profit and loss statement and a detailed profit and loss statement to the utility advisory committees at their monthly meetings. The clerk has confirmed that the city is up-to-date with its payments to the Gustavus Electric Company. While approximately 90% of Gustavus' energy needs are met by its hydroelectric facilities, the community also has a privately-owned and operated bulk fuel facility. That facility is comprised of gasoline, aviation fuel, #1 diesel, and #2 diesel storage tanks. The city has adequate funds available and purchases fuel as needed from its vender, Gustavus Dray. The city reports that the Gustavus Dray fuel facility consistently meets the fuel capacity needs of the community. The community offsets the cost of providing internet and solid waste disposal services by charging user fees. Utility user fee revenues account for 100% of the internet enterprise and approximately 59% of the solid waste disposal utility budget. The governing body has elected to subsidize the solid waste utility with an annual appropriation. Financial reports show that the city has sufficient general fund revenues to sustain the solid waste utility and that the subsidy is sufficient to cover operating expenses and repair and replacement costs. The city has also established a reserve fund for the Gustavus Community Network and a landfill closure fund for closing and opening new cells at the solid waste disposal and recycling center.
Accounting Systems
Essential Indicators
The utility has adopted a collection policy and actively follows it.
The utility bills customers on a regular basis.
An accounts receivable system is in place which tracks customers and reports past due accounts and amounts.
An accounts payable system is in place.
The payroll system correctly calculates payroll and keeps records.
A cash receipt system is in place that records incoming money and how it was spent.
The utility has a cash disbursement system that records how money was spent.
Sustainable Indicators
A chart of accounts is used that identifies categories in a reasonable, usable manner.
Monthly bank reconciliations have been completed for all utility accounts.
The utility has a purchasing system that requires approval prior to purchase, and the approval process compares proposed purchases to budgeted amounts.
Accounting Systems Comments
The city has adopted a collections policy, which is outlined in Title 6 of the Gustavus Code of Ordinances (GCO). The policy clearly refuses service to non-paying customers. The Gustavus Disposal and Recycling Center (GDRC) will only accept checks collected when the customer disposes solid waste at the facility and the Gustavus Community Network operates with pre-paid membership fees. In the latter system, a customer may purchase a monthly, quarterly, or semi-annual membership. Prior to the end of the membership period, the customer will receive an email invoice and reminder to renew their membership. If the customer fails to renew their membership 20 days after the end of the membership period, the customer's internet service is automatically disconnected. The Gustavus Community Network (GCN) primarily receives customer payments through FreeSide, an online payment system. FreeSide is a billing and account administration package, specifically designed for Internet Service Providers. Customer payments and records are maintained with the FreeSide software. These payments are directly deposited into the GCN bank account. The corresponding deposits are reported to the city clerk monthly which are then recorded into QuickBooks as 'GCN income'. The GDRC discourages and rarely handles cash payments. When a cash payment is received, the transaction is recorded in the daily log and the manager then takes the cash to the post office to exchange it for a postal money order. Checks and money orders are turned over to the city clerk for deposit into the GDRC bank account. The utility rarely extends credit to customers using the facility. The only exception to the immediate payment for service policy is when a particular business has prearranged with the manager to be invoiced for solid waste services. Customer payments, invoices, and records are maintained in Excel and reported to the clerk monthly to be entered into QuickBooks. Invoices for solid waste services are given at the time of delivery. Reminder notices on past-due amounts are sent out monthly and future services are denied until prior obligations are met. The city clerk also reconciles the utility's bank account monthly and uses QuickBooks to manage the citys accounts payable and payroll systems. Gustavus uses a purchase order system for all purchases and maintains a cash disbursement system to track expenditures. Department heads complete purchase orders which are then submitted for approval. The clerk, mayor, and vice-mayor have approving authority over these purchase orders. The clerk reports that purchase orders are compared to the budget, and very close attention is given to the remaining budget and anticipated future expenditures. Further, the city has an adequate chart of accounts, which is customized version of the standard QuickBooks version. Some accounts have been added to accommodate the enterprise funds and to allow financial transactions to be properly classified. The chart of accounts lists all of the accounts in the general ledger and is identified by a four digit reference number.
Tax Problems
Essential Indicators
The utility has a system to accurately calculate, track, and report payroll tax liabilities.
The utility is current on filing tax reports.
The utility is current on making tax deposits.
If there are any past due tax liabilities or recorded tax liens, a lien release has been issued or a repayment agreement has been signed and repayments are current.
Tax Problems Comments
Gustavus uses QuickBooks Pro to calculate, track, and report its payroll tax liabilities. QuickBooks Pro also allows the treasurer to makes electronic payments using the Electronic Federal Tax Payment System (EFTPS). The city authorized RUBA staff to obtain federal tax information from the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and employment security tax information from the Alaska Department of Labor and Workforce Development (ADOLWD). Based upon the information received from the IRS and ADOLWD, RUBA staff has found the City of Gustavus to be compliant with all state and federal tax reporting and deposit requirements. The community has not received any correspondence from the IRS or from ADOLWD requesting any further documentation within the last year.
Personnel System
Essential Indicators
The utility has a posted workers compensation insurance policy in effect.
Sustainable Indicators
The utility has adopted and uses a Personnel Policy, which has been reviewed by an attorney, AML or Commerce for topics and language.
The utility has adequate written job descriptions for all positions.
The utility has adopted and follows a written personnel evaluation process that ties the job description to the evaluation.
The utility has an adequate written hiring process.
The utility has personnel folders on every employee that contain at least: I-9, Job Application and Letter of Acceptance.
The utility has a probationary period for new hires that includes orientation, job training/oversight, and evaluations.
The utility provides training opportunities to staff as needed and available.
Personnel System Comments
Current coverage for workers compensation insurance was verified through Alaska Public Entity Insurance Company (APEI). That policy is effective from July 1, 2011 through June 30, 2012 and covers work-related accidents and occupational diseases up to the Alaska statutory limits for each occurrence. The city clerk has posted proof of coverage at the city hall, the Solid Waste Disposal and Recycling Center (DRC), and the fire hall. In addition to workers' compensation insurance, the APEI municipality insurance policy includes general liability, automobile, and property insurance coverage. The city has adopted a personnel policy in Title 3 of the GCO. However, the policy has not been updated since 2004 and the city has not consolidated its policy into an employee handbook. The policy also does not provide adequate guidance for employees in the areas of hiring, conditions of employment, compensation, evaluation, discipline, grievances, employee benefits, travel, or training. The utility further lacks written job descriptions for all of its employees. The city does, however, keep records relating to its employees in a personnel file. RUBA staff reviewed sample personnel files and found that they are well-organized and contain all the necessary employee documents. The city clerk has also confirmed that all employee files are considered strictly confidential.
Organizational Management
Essential Indicators
The entity that owns the utility is known; the entity that will operate the utility is set.
The policy making body is active in policy making of the utility.
The policy making body enforces utility policy.
The utility has an adequately trained manager.
The utility has an adequately trained bookkeeper.
The utility has an adequately trained operator or operators.
The utility has adopted the necessary ordinances (or rules and regulations) necessary to give it the authority to operate.
Sustainable Indicators
The utility has adopted an organizational chart that reflects the current structure.
The policy making body meets as required.
The utility complies with the open meeting act for all meetings.
Organizational Management Comments
The mission of the Solid Waste Disposal and Recycling Center and its subsidiary, the Community Chest, is to reuse locally or to recycle as much material from the community's waste stream as possible. What cannot be reused or recycled is disposed of in a safe and environmentally-responsible manner by either placing in the community's permitted landfill or shipping the waste out of the community. The Solid Waste Disposal and Recycling Center began operation in 1994, when the Gustavus Community Association received a permit to operate a landfill facility. In 1998, the Gustavus Community Association opened a thrift store known as the Community Chest. The purpose behind the Community Chest was to reduce the amount of waste deposited into the landfill. The Community Chest accepts reusable household items such as used clothes, household goods, books, hardware, and small electronic devices to be resold through their volunteer-staffed store, with all proceeds benefiting local projects. After the community incorporated as a second class city in 2004, the Gustavus Landfill and Community Chest became a city department under the oversight of the Solid Waste Disposal and Recycling committee. In 1996, Gustavus was one of six Southeast Alaska communities to connect to the internet as part of the SEAKNET program. Grants through the Alaska State Library and the National Technological Infrastructure Administration paid for the initial set-up, connection and a year of basic operating costs. By July 1997, Gustavus SEAKNET was completely self-supporting through user fees and became a function of the Gustavus Community Association. In January 2002, the network switched to a satellite service and was renamed Gustavus Community Network (GCN). After the community incorporated as a second class city in 2004, the Gustavus Community Network (GCN) became a city enterprise. The operational structure of the Solid Waste Disposal and Recycling Center (DRC) and the Gustavus Community Network (GCN) is that of an advisory utility board. The GCN and the DRC have board members appointed by the city council. Municipal code allows the utility board to set fees and prices for services. The utility board assumes most of the responsibility for the utility, while the council retains the right to make the final decision on all actions. The city council is the formal governing body and meeting minutes verify that it is actively engaged in making decisions on behalf of the utilities. The city council meets on the first and third Thursdays of each month for work sessions and the second Thursday for regular council meetings. The council holds additional work sessions or special meetings when necessary. The city complies with open meeting requirements and posts meetings in accordance with local code and state statutes. Meeting notices are posted at the city hall, grocery store, and post office at least five days in advance of the meeting. The council has adopted all the ordinances necessary to own and operate the utility services. Title 6, Chapter 3, of the GCO establishes the policies and procedures for the operation and maintenance of the Disposal and Recycling Center (DRC). Title 6, Chapter 5, establishes the municipal Internet Service known as the Gustavus Community Network. The city does not have a current organizational chart for the utility services.
Operation of Utility
Essential Indicators
The utility operator(s) are actively working towards necessary certification.
The utility has a preventative maintenance plan developed for the existing sanitation facilities.
Sustainable Indicators
The manager receives a monthly O&M report from the utility operator and routinely "spot checks" the facilities to see that the maintenance items are being completed.
The utility has a safety manual and holds safety meetings.
Utility facilities have not suffered any major problems/outages due to management issues that are unresolved.
The utility is operating at the level of service that was proposed.
The operator provides status reports to the manager on a routine basis.
The utility has completed and distributed its "Consumer Confidence Report".
The utility is not on the "Significant Non-Complier" (SNC) list.
The utility maintains an inventory control list.
The utility maintains a critical spare parts list.
Operation of Utility Comments
The Gustavus Disposal and Recycling Center (GDRC) manager is certified through the Solid Waste Association of North America (SWANA) as a certified landfill manager. This certification expires April 6, 2012. SWANA is a national professional association which sponsors an annual conference, conducts training, and awards credentials for solid waste management professionals. The manager of the GDRC has a preventative maintenance plan for utility vehicles and landfill heavy equipment. There is also an Occupational Safety and Health Administration handbook on sight. While GDRC employees report being safety-minded, safety meetings are not held regularly. A daily log of significant activities is indeed maintained and monthly written reports for the city council and the DRC committee are prepared by the GDRC manager. Monthly reports include utility income and expenses, the pounds of solid waste and recyclables processed, the number of customers, the days of operation, and the amount of solid waste shipped out of the community. In addition to the monthly written reports, the manager prepares a detailed annual report for the council, DRC committee, and community members. The annual report provides narrative explanations, detailed customer-usage statistics, and an overview of the financial condition of the utility. City staff reports that both the GDRC and Community Network are operating at the proposed level of service. Neither utility has suffered any major problems or outages due to management issues. The community does not currently operate a public water system. Therefore, the sustainable indicators for the Consumer Confidence Report and Significant Non-Compliance list are not applicable to Gustavus' current management practices. The Gustavus Community Network and the GDRC both have an inventory control list and critical spare parts list. A detailed inventory of utility equipment and spare parts is also maintained at both utilities. These inventory lists provide replacement information, product cost, quantity, and the physical location of equipment and parts.
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• Air France
• Delta Airlines
• Aires
• Avianca
• Taca Group
• Boa
• Iberia
• Continental Airlines
• Copa Airlines Colombia (before Aero República)
• LACSA (Lineas Aéreas Costarricenses S.A)
• Mexicana de Aviación, S. A.
• Rapsa Venezolana
• Santa Bárbara
• Spirit Airlines
• Helix Craft Trading Corporation
• Parsa, S.A.
• Arrendamientos Aéreos, S.A.
• Panamá Air Craft Rental & Sales, Inc.
• My Fly Corporation
• Rotor Jet
• Heliflight Panamá
• Sky Maxx
• Arrendamientos Aéreos, S.A.
• Personal Helicopters
• Heliflight Panamá, S.A.
• Helipan Corp.
• Heliserivice, S.A.
• My Flight Corp.
• Panamá Aircraft rental
• Parsa, S.A.
• Toror, Jet, S.A.
• Sky Maxx Corp.
• Enrique Malek International - David - Chiriquí
• Rubén Cantú Airport - Santiago - Veraguas
• Captain Alonso Valderrama Airport - Chitre - Herrera
• Penonomé Airport - Penonomé - Cocle
• Marcos A. Gelaber Airport - Albrook - Panama
• Bocas del Toro Airport - Bocas Island - Bocas del Toro
• Captain Manuel Niño Airport - Changuinola - Bocas del Toro
• Port Armuelles Airport - Fontera - Chiriquí
• Ramón Xatruch Airport - La Palma - Darién
• Scarlett Martinez Airport - Rio Hato - Coclé
• Enriquez A. Jiménez Airport - Frank Field - Colón
• Pedasí Airport - Via El Arenal beach- Los Santos
• Port Vacamonte
• Bocas Yacht Club and Marina, Bocas del Toro (Bocas del Toro Province, Panama)
• Careening Cay Marina, Bocas del Toro (Bocas del Toro Province, Panama)
• Port Charco Azul, Guanábano (Chiriquí Province, Panama)
• Pedregal, Pedregal (Chiriquí Province, Panama)
• Port Armuelles, Puerto Armuelles (Chiriquí Province, Panama)
• Port Aguadulce, Puerto Aguadulce (Coclé Province, Panama)
• Panama Canal Yacht Club, Colón (Colón Province, Panama)
• Port Bahia Las Minas, Colón (Colón Province, Panama)
• Shelter Bay Marina, Sherman (Colón Province, Panama)
• Flamenco Yacht Club, Panama (Panama Province, Panama)
When entering the country, you must show the following documents to the Inspector of the National Office of Immigration and Naturalization:• Passport with visa, valid for at least 6 months (if necessary)
• International boarding card, properly completed
• Tourism Card or Visa, authorized accordingly.
• Fare or return trip ticket to home country or next destination.
• Required financial solvency, should not be less than five hundred balboas ($500.00) or its equivalent in credit card, bank reference, letter of employment or travelers checks, in addition to an additional amount, according to nationality. (Resolution 1017 bis of March 22, 2000).
If your country does not appear on this list, you can obtain a tourist visa in the Panamanian consulate in your country. In case you need a tourist card to enter Panama, you may purchase one for $5.00 from the airline when you check-in your luggage. If it is not sold there, one can be purchased from the Immigration Authority upon arrival at the national airport .
The tourist card is valid for 30 days. If you choose to stay longer, request an extension 7 days prior to the expiration of the first 30 days at the migration office. For more information visit: www.migracion.gob.pa
In order to be able to drive in Panama, just like anywhere else in the world, a license is required. To obtain your license, you must attend 36 hours of theory classes and 20 hours of driving supervised by an agent (regardless of age or experience in other countries). This is the procedure for immigrants who wish to stay longer than 3 months in Panama.
If your stay will be shorter, the driver's license from your country of origin is sufficient. As specified in article 110 of Traffic Regulations: Foreigners who enter the Republic of Panama as tourists cannot obtain a driving license or permit, and may only drive with a valid license from their country of origin for a period of ninety ( 90) days; if the visit is extended, they are still not allowed to obtain a driving license or permit.
Depending on the type of license (if for the first time, a duplicate, etc), the procedures slightly vary, but in general, a foreigner planning to live in Panama for an indefinite time should follow these steps:Requirements - First time foreigner on temporary stay with license (only eligible for categories a, b, c, d)
1. Certify the license at the embassy or consulate of the country where the license was issued. For example, if the license is Venezuelan, the document should be brought to the Embassy of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.
2. Certify (apostille) the document at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Panama, located in Plaza. The cost is $2 dollars in tax stamps.
3. Present original and copy of current migration card.
4. Present original and copy of valid passport.
5. Present original and copy of valid foreign license.
6. Present blood type, assessed in laboratories approved by the Transit and Land Transport Authority (A.T.T.T.), if the foreign license does not indicate the blood type.
7. Take visual and auditory tests in the office where the driver's license is being requested.
8. Be in good standing with the A.T.T.T.
9. Pay B /. 40.00 in cash (including visual and auditory validation).
Payment is made in the A.T.T.T. branches located in Sertracen, where the license is processed. Cost $40 dollars for the license and accompanying tests.
If over 70 years old, you should bring a certificate of physical and mental health issued by a geriatric or internal medicine physician.


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SLU Hospital Auxiliary FundraiserEvent Details: 5:30 p.m. - 8:30 p.m., April 03, Trattoria Branica
Have dinner at Trattoria Branica from 5:30-8:30 p.m. Sunday, April 3, and $25 dollars will be donated to the Saint Louis University Hospital Auxiliary.
Dinner includes choice of four entrees, salad, dessert and a glass of wine or beer (gratuity not included).
Trattoria Branica is located at 10411 Clayton Road.
Call 314-432-8585 to make reservations, and be sure to mention the SLU Hospital Auxiliary.
Proceeds will benefit programs that promote and advance the welfare of patients, families and the community served by Saint Louis University Hospital and Saint Louis University School of Medicine.