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Grammatically, Hebrew is typical of the Semitic tongues in that so many words have a triconsonantal root consisting of three consonants separated by vowels. Changes in, or omissions of, the vowels alter the meaning of a root. Prefixes and suffixes are also added to roots to modify the meaning. There are two genders, masculine and feminine, which are found in the inflection of the verb as well as in noun forms. Modern Hebrew has experienced some changes in phonology, syntax, and morphology. Pronunciation of various orthographical forms has changed, as well as the rules for prefixing and suffixing prepositions to nouns and pronouns. Ancient Hebrew seemed to favor a word order in which the verb precedes the subject of a sentence, but in modern Hebrew the subject typically precedes the verb. Hebrew vocabulary has been updated by the addition of many new words, especially words of a scientific nature.
The earliest alphabet used for Hebrew belongs to the Canaanite branch of the North Semitic writing and is known as Early Hebrew. Later the Jews adapted the Aramaic writing and evolved from it a script called Square Hebrew, which is the source of modern Hebrew printing. Most modern Hebrew handwritten text uses a cursive script developed more recently. Today the Hebrew alphabet has 22 letters, all consonants. Symbols for the vowels were apparently introduced about the 8th cent. A.D. and are usually placed below the consonants if employed. Their use is generally limited to the Bible, verse, and children's books. Hebrew is written from right to left.
See W. Chomsky, Hebrew: The Eternal Language (1957); D. J. Kamhi, Modern Hebrew (1982); E. Kutscher, A History of the Hebrew Language (1984); L. Glinert, The Grammar of Modern Hebrew (1989).
Hebrew (עִבְרִית, 'Ivrit) is a Semitic language of the Afro-Asiatic language family. It is spoken by more than seven million people in Israel and used for prayer or study in Jewish communities around the world. In Israel, it is spoken by the majority of the population, though both Arabic and Hebrew are official languages. Hebrew is also spoken as a mother tongue by the Samaritans, though today fewer than a thousand Samaritans remain. As a foreign language it is studied mostly by Jews and students of Judaism and Israel, archaeologists and linguists specializing in the Middle East and its civilisations and by theologians.
The modern word "Hebrew" is derived from the word "Ibriy" which in turn is based upon the root "`abar" (עבּר) meaning "to cross over". The related name Eber, occurs in Genesis 10:21 and means "the one who traverses". In the Bible "Hebrew" is called Yehudith (יהודית) because Judah (Yehuda) was the surviving kingdom at the time of the quotation, late 8th century (Is 36, 2 Kings 18).
The core of the Tanakh (the Hebrew Bible) is written in Classical Hebrew, and much of its present form is specifically the dialect of Biblical Hebrew that scholars believe flourished around the 6th century BCE, around the time of the Babylonian exile. For this reason, Hebrew has been referred to by Jews as Lashon HaKodesh (לשון הקודש), "The Holy Language", since ancient times.
Around the 6th century BCE, the Neo-Babylonian Empire conquered the ancient Kingdom of Judah, destroying much of Jerusalem and exiling its population far to the East in Babylon. During the Babylonian captivity, many Israelites were enslaved within the Babylonian Empire and learned the Aramaic language of their captors. The Babylonians had taken mainly the governing classes of Israel while leaving behind in Israel presumably more-compliant farmers and laborers to work the land. Thus for a significant period, the Jewish elite became influenced by Aramaic. (see below, Aramaic spoken among Israelites).
Cyrus The Great, the King of Kings or Great King of Persia, later gave the Israelites permission to return. Hebrew came to be spoken alongside new dialects of Hebrew and a local version of Aramaic. Yet, Aramaic represented the hated language of slavery, conquest, and occupation; while Hebrew remained the language of Israel's history and national pride. Preserved largely by the remant in Israel proper, Hebrew continued to be a thriving language until shortly before the Byzantine era.
From the beginning of the 1st millennium Hebrew continued in use as a religious and literary language until the 19th century, when it was revived as a spoken language. After the 2nd century CE when the Roman Empire exiled most of the Jewish population of Jerusalem following the Bar Kokhba revolt, the Israelites adapted to the societies in which they found themselves, yet letters, contracts, commerce, science, philosophy, medicine, poetry, and laws continued to be written in Hebrew, which adapted by borrowing and inventing terms.
Hebrew persevered along the ages as the main language for written purposes by all Jewish communities around the world for a large range of uses (poetry, philosophy, science and medicine, commerce, daily correspondence and contracts, in addition to liturgy). This meant not only that well-educated Jews in all parts of the world could correspond in a mutually intelligible language, and that books and legal documents published or written in any part of the world could be read by Jews in all other parts, but that an educated Jew could travel and converse with Jews in distant places, just as priests and other educated Christians could once converse in Latin. It has been 'revived' several times as a literary language, and most significantly by the Haskalah (Enlightenment) movement of early and mid-19th century. Near the end of that century the Jewish activist Eliezer Ben-Yehuda, who was no scholar or linguist, owing to the ideology of the national revival (Hibbat Tziyon, later Zionism) began reviving Hebrew as a modern spoken language. Eventually, as a result of the local movement he created, but more significantly as a result of the new groups of immigrants known under the name of the Second Aliyah, it replaced a score of languages spoken by Jews at that time. Those languages were Jewish dialects such as Ladino (also called Judezmo), Yiddish and Judeo-Arabic, or local languages spoken in the Jewish diaspora such as Russian, Persian, and Arabic.
The major result of the literary work of the Hebrew intellectuals along the 19th century was a lexical modernization of Hebrew. New words and expressions were adapted as neologisms from the large corpus of Hebrew writings since the Hebrew Bible, or borrowed from Arabic (mainly by Eliezer Ben-Yehuda) and Aramaic. Many new words were either borrowed from or coined after European languages, especially English, Russian, German, and French. Modern Hebrew became an official language in British-ruled Palestine in 1921 (along with English and Arabic), and then in 1948 became an official language of the newly declared State of Israel. Hebrew still remains a formal language in Israel to this day.
Within Semitic, the Northwest Semitic languages formed around the 3rd millennium BCE, grouped with the Arabic languages as Central Semitic. The Canaanite languages are a group within Northwest Semitic, emerging in the 2nd millennium BCE in the Levant, gradually separating from Aramaic and Ugaritic.
Within the Canaanite group, Hebrew belongs to the sub-group also containing Edomite, Ammonite and Moabite. Another Canaanite sub-group contains Phoenician and its descendant Punic.
Numerous older tablets have been found in the region with similar scripts written in other Semitic languages, for example Protosinaitic. It is believed that the original shapes of the script go back to Egyptian hieroglyphs, though the phonetic values are instead inspired by the acrophonic principle. The common ancestor of Hebrew and Phoenician is called Canaanite, and was the first to use a Semitic alphabet distinct from Egyptian. One ancient document is the famous Moabite Stone written in the Moabite dialect; the Siloam Inscription, found near Jerusalem, is an early example of Hebrew. Less ancient samples of Archaic Hebrew include the ostraka found near Lachish which describe events preceding the final capture of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar and the Babylonian captivity of 586 BCE.
Sometimes the above phases of spoken Classical Hebrew are simplified into "Biblical Hebrew" (including several dialects from the tenth century BCE to 2nd century BCE and extant in certain Dead Sea Scrolls) and "Mishnaic Hebrew" (including several dialects from the 3rd century BCE to the 3rd century CE and extant in certain other Dead Sea Scrolls). However today, most Hebrew linguists classify Dead Sea Scroll Hebrew as a set of dialects evolving out of Late Biblical Hebrew and into Mishnaic Hebrew, thus including elements from both but remaining distinct from either. By the start of the Byzantine Period in the 4th century CE, Classical Hebrew ceases as a spoken language, roughly a century after the publication of the Mishnah, apparently declining since the aftermath of the catastrophic Bar Kokhba War around 135 CE.
The earlier section of the Talmud is the Mishnah that was published around 200 CE and was written in the earlier Mishnaic dialect. The dialect is also found in certain Dead Sea Scrolls. Mishnaic Hebrew is considered to be one of the dialects of Classical Hebrew that functioned as a living language in the land of Israel.
A transitional form of the language occurs in the other works of Tannaitic literature dating from the century beginning with the completion of the Mishnah. These include the halachic Midrashim (Sifra, Sifre, Mechilta etc.) and the expanded collection of Mishnah-related material known as the Tosefta תוספתא. The Talmud contains excerpts from these works, as well as further Tannaitic material not attested elsewhere; the generic term for these passages is Baraitot. The dialect of all these works is very similar to Mishnaic Hebrew.
About a century after the publication of the Mishnah, Mishnaic Hebrew fell into disuse as a spoken language. The later section of the Talmud, the Gemara , generally comments on the Mishnah and Baraitot in Aramaic. Nevertheless, Hebrew survived as a liturgical and literary language in the form of later Amoraic Hebrew, which sometimes occurs in the text of the Gemara.
After the Talmud, various regional literary dialects of Medieval Hebrew evolved. The most important is Tiberian Hebrew or Masoretic Hebrew, a local dialect of Tiberias in Galilee that became the standard for vocalizing the Hebrew Bible and thus still influences all other regional dialects of Hebrew. This Tiberian Hebrew from the 7th to 10th century CE is sometimes called "Biblical Hebrew" because it is used to pronounce the Hebrew Bible; however properly it should be distinguished from the historical Biblical Hebrew of the 6th century BCE, whose original pronunciation must be reconstructed.
Tiberian Hebrew incorporates the remarkable scholarship of the Masoretes (from masoret meaning "tradition"), who added vowel points and grammar points to the Hebrew letters to preserve much earlier features of Hebrew, for use in chanting the Hebrew Bible. The Masoretes inherited a biblical text whose letters were considered too sacred to be altered, so their markings were in the form of pointing in and around the letters. The Syriac script, precursor to the Arabic script, also developed vowel pointing systems around this time. The Aleppo Codex, a Hebrew Bible with the Masoretic pointing, was written in the 10th century likely in Tiberias and survives to this day. It is perhaps the most important Hebrew manuscript in existence.
In the Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain important work was done by grammarians in explaining the grammar and vocabulary of Biblical Hebrew; much of this was based on the work of the grammarians of Classical Arabic. Important Hebrew grammarians were Judah ben David Hayyuj, Jonah ibn Janah and later (in Provence) David Kimhi. A great deal of poetry was written, by poets such as Dunash ben Labrat, Solomon ibn Gabirol, Judah ha-Levi and the two Ibn Ezras, in a "purified" Hebrew based on the work of these grammarians, and in Arabic quantitative metres. This literary Hebrew was later used by Italian Jewish poets.
The need to express scientific and philosophical concepts from Classical Greek and Medieval Arabic motivated Medieval Hebrew to borrow terminology and grammar from these other languages, or to coin equivalent terms from existing Hebrew roots, giving rise to a distinct style of philosophical Hebrew. This is used in the translations made by the Ibn Tibbon family. (Original Jewish philosophical works were usually written in Arabic.)
Another important influence was Maimonides, who developed a simple style based on Mishnaic Hebrew for use in his law code, the Mishneh Torah. Subsequent rabbinic literature is written in a blend between this style and the Aramaized Rabbinic Hebrew of the Talmud.
Hebrew has always been used as the language of prayer and study, and the following pronunciation systems are found.
Ashkenazi Hebrew, originating in Central and Eastern Europe, is still widely used in Ashkenazi Jewish religious services and studies in Israel and abroad, particularly in the Haredi and other Orthodox communities. It was influenced by the Yiddish language.
Sephardi Hebrew is the traditional pronunciation of the Spanish and Portuguese Jews and Sephardi Jews in the countries of the former Ottoman Empire. This pronunciation, in the form used by the Jerusalem Sephardic community, is the basis of the Hebrew phonology of Israeli native speakers. It was influenced by the Ladino language.
Mizrahi (Oriental) Hebrew is actually a collection of dialects spoken liturgically by Jews in various parts of the Arab and Islamic world. It was possibly influenced by the Aramaic and Arabic languages, and in some cases by Sephardi Hebrew, although some linguists maintain that it is the direct heir of Biblical Hebrew and thus represents the true dialect of Hebrew. The same claim is sometimes made for Yemenite Hebrew or Temanit, which differs from other Mizrahi dialects by having a radically different vowel system.
These pronunciations are still used in synagogue ritual and religious study, in Israel and elsewhere, mostly by people who are not native speakers of Hebrew, though some traditionalist Israelis are bi-dialectal.
Many synagogues in the diaspora, even though Ashkenazi by rite and by ethnic composition, have adopted the "Sephardic" pronunciation in deference to Israeli Hebrew. However, in many British and American schools and synagogues, this pronunciation retains several elements of its Ashkenazi substrate, especially the distinction between tsere and segol.
The literary and narrative use of Hebrew was revived beginning with the Haskalah (Enlightenment) movement. The first secular periodical in Hebrew, Hameassef (The Gatherer), was published by Maskilim litterati in Königsberg from 1783 onwards. In the mid-19th century, publications of several Eastern European Hebrew-language newspapers (e.g. HaMagid, founded in Lyck, Prussia, in 1856) multiplied. Prominent poets were Chaim Nachman Bialik and Shaul Tchernichovsky; there were also novels written in the language.
The revival of the Hebrew language as a mother tongue was initiated by the efforts of Eliezer Ben-Yehuda (1858-1922) (אליעזר בן–יהודה). He joined the Jewish national movement and in 1881 immigrated to Palestine, then a part of the Ottoman Empire. Motivated by the surrounding ideals of renovation and rejection of the diaspora "shtetl" lifestyle, Ben-Yehuda set out to develop tools for making the literary and liturgical language into everyday spoken language.
However, his brand of Hebrew followed norms that had been replaced in Eastern Europe by different grammar and style, in the writings of people like Achad Ha-Am and others. His organizational efforts and involvement with the establishment of schools and the writing of textbooks pushed the vernacularization activity into a gradually accepted movement. It was not, however, until the 1904-1914 "second aliyah" that Hebrew had caught real momentum in Ottoman Palestine with the more highly organized enterprises set forth by the new group of immigrants. When the British Mandate of Palestine recognized Hebrew as one of the country's three official languages (English, Arabic, and Hebrew, in 1922), its new formal status contributed to its diffusion. A constructed modern language with a truly Semitic vocabulary and written appearance, although often European in phonology, was to take its place among the current languages of the nations.
While many saw his work as fanciful or even blasphemous (because Hebrew was the holy language of the Torah and therefore some thought that it should not be used to discuss common everyday matters), many soon understood the need for a common language amongst Jews of the Palestine Mandate who at the turn of the 20th century were arriving in large numbers from diverse countries and speaking different languages. It has been said that Hebrew unified the new immigrants coming to Mandate Palestine, creating a common language and culture. A Committee of the Hebrew Language was established. Later it became the Academy of the Hebrew Language, an organization that exists today. The results of his and the Committee's work were published in a dictionary (The Complete Dictionary of Ancient and Modern Hebrew). Ben-Yehuda's work fell on fertile ground, and by the beginning of the 20th century, Hebrew was well on its way to becoming the main language of the Jewish population of both Ottoman and British Palestine. At the time, members of the Old Yishuv and a very few Chasidic sects, most notably those under the auspices of Satmar, refused to speak Hebrew and only spoke Yiddish. However, while this ideological stance persists in certain quarters, almost all members of these groups have learned modern Hebrew in order to interact with outsiders.
Russian has separate terms for Ancient Hebrew (Древнееврейский язык, "ancient Jewish language") and Modern Hebrew (Иврит (Ivrit), directly borrowed from the Hebrew name).
The Soviet authorities considered the use of Hebrew "reactionary" since it was associated with both Judaism and Zionism, and the teaching of Hebrew at primary and secondary schools was officially banned by the Narkompros (Commissariat of Education) as early as 1919, as part of an overall agenda aiming to secularize education (the language itself didn't cease to be studied at universities for historical and linguistic purposes). The official ordinance stated that Yiddish, being the spoken language of the Russian Jews, should be treated as their only national language, while Hebrew was to be treated as a foreign language. Hebrew books and periodicals ceased to be published and were seized from the libraries, although liturgical texts were still published until the 1930s. Despite numerous protests in the West, teachers and students who attempted to study the Hebrew language were pilloried and sentenced for "counter revolutionary" and later for "anti-Soviet" activities. Later in the 1980s in the USSR, Hebrew studies reappeared due to people struggling for permission to go to Israel (refuseniks). Several of the teachers were imprisoned, for example, Ephraim Kholmyansky,Yevgeny Korostyshevsky and others responsible for a Hebrew learning network connecting many cities of USSR.
So far, neither view has gained significant acceptance among mainstream linguists. However, some linguists, for example American Yiddish scholar Dovid Katz, have employed Zuckermann's glottonym "Israeli" and accept his notion of hybridity. Few would dispute that Hebrew has acquired some European features as a result of having been learned by immigrants as a second language at a crucial formative stage. The identity of the European substrate/adstrate has varied: in the time of the Mandate and the early State, the principal contributor was Yiddish, while today it is American English. There has also been some influence, on vocabulary rather than structure, from Arabic, both in the form of Palestinian Arabic and, during the large scale immigrations of Mizrahi Jews during the 1950-60s, the Yemenite and North African dialects. Some Russian influence may also be observed, both during the founding period and as a result of recent immigration.
Immigrants to Israel are encouraged to adopt "Standard Hebrew" as their daily language. Phonologically, this "dialect" may most accurately be described as an amalgam of pronunciations preserving Sephardic vowel sounds and some Ashkenazic consonant sounds with Yiddish-style influence, its recurring feature being simplification of differences among a wide array of pronunciations. This simplifying tendency also accounts for the collapse of the Ashkenazic [t] and [s] allophones of (/t/) into the single phone [t]. Most Sephardic and Mizrahi dialects share this feature, though some (such as those of Iraq and Yemen) differentiate between these two pronunciations as /t/ and /θ/. Within Israel, however, the pronunciation of Hebrew more often reflects the diasporic origin of the individual speaker, rather than the specific recommendations of the Academy. For this reason, over half the population pronounces as [ʀ] (a uvular trill, as in Yiddish and French) or as [ʁ] (a voiced uvular fricative, as in Standard German), rather than as [r], an alveolar trill, as in Spanish and Italian. The pronunciation of this phoneme is often used among Israelis as a shibboleth or determinant when ascertaining the national origin of perceived foreigners.
There are mixed views on the status of the two dialects. On the one hand, prominent Israelis of Sephardic or Oriental origin are admired for the purity of their speech and Yemenite Jews are often employed as newsreaders. On the other hand, the speech of middle-class Ashkenazim is regarded as having a certain Central European sophistication, and many speakers of Mizrahi origin have moved nearer to this version of Standard Hebrew, in some cases even adopting the uvular resh.
It was formerly the case that the inhabitants of the north of Israel pronounced beth rafe (בי"ת רפה, bet without dagesh, literally loose beth: ב) as /b/ instead of /v/, in accordance with the conservative Sephardic pronunciation . This was regarded as rustic and has since disappeared. It is said that one can tell an inhabitant of Jerusalem by the pronunciation of the word for two hundred as "ma'atayim" (מאתיים, as distinct from "matayim", as heard elsewhere in the country). Today, Israeli Hebrew is virtually uniform, the only noticeable variation being along ethnic lines. It is widely felt that these differences, too, have been disappearing among the younger generation.
The Persian Empire that captured Babylonia a few decades later adopted Imperial Aramaic as the official international language of the Persian Empire. The Israelite population, who had been exiled to Babylon from Jerusalem and its surrounding region of Judah, were allowed to return to Jerusalem to establish a Persian province, usually called Judea. Thus under occupation and enslavement, Aramaic became the administrative language for Judea when dealing with the rest of the Persian Empire.
The Aramaic script also evolved from the Paleo-Semitic script, but they diverged significantly. By the 1st century CE, the Aramaic script developed into the distinctive Hebrew square script (also known as Assyrian Script, Ktav Ashuri), extant in the Dead Sea Scrolls and similar to the script still in use today.
One of several languages known to Jesus was a dialect of Aramaic. Those in the North of Israel, in Galilee, interacted with Aramaic-speaking societies to the North and East, including for trade. Under Roman occupation, they also spoke some Greek or Latin. In the South around Jerusalem, and in Tiberias, the Jews spoke Hebrew.
Some further evidence for this contention has been found in the Christian Bible, in which rare occasions of someone speaking in Aramaic are given special attention as being unusual. Rather than dialogue being primarily in Aramaic with the exceptional Hebrew, the New Testament presupposes dialogue in Hebrew and points out Aramaic discussions as being exceptions to normal speech.
Similarly, Paul is portrayed as speaking to a crowd of Jews têi hebraïdi dialéktôi lit.'in the Hebrew dialect'. A commonly proposed translation for this Greek passage is 'in the Aramaic vernacular of Palestine'. Such a translation ignores, of course, the fact that Aramaic has a standard word in Greek συριστι/συριακη (cf. LXX Job 42:17ff, and Dan 2:4.), it is really only based on place names that are called Hebrew and that had an Aramaizing etymology. In a groundbreaking article Grintz suggested that Hebrew, rather than Aramaic, lay behind the composition of the Gospel of Matthew. Grintz dates the demise of Hebrew as a spoken language to the end of the Roman Period. Hebrew nonetheless continued on as a literary language down through Byzantine Period from the 4th century CE.
The exact roles of Aramaic and Hebrew remain hotly debated. A trilingual scenario has been proposed for the land of Israel. Hebrew functioned as the local mother tongue with powerful ties to Israel's history, origins, and golden age and as the language of Israel's religion; Aramaic functioned as the international language with the rest of the Mideast; and eventually Greek functioned as another international language with the eastern areas of the Roman Empire. Communities of Jews (and non-Jews) are known, who immigrated to Judea from these other lands and continued to speak Aramaic or Greek.
Many Hebrew linguists postulate the survival of Hebrew as a spoken language until the Byzantine Period, but some historians do not accept this. The Hebrew of the Dead Sea Scrolls distinguishes the Dead Sea Scroll Hebrew from the various dialects of Biblical Hebrew out of which it evolved: "This book presents the specific features of DSS Hebrew, emphasizing deviations from classical BH." The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church which once said, in 1958 in its first edition, that Hebrew "ceased to be a spoken language around the fourth century BCE", now says, in its 1997 (third) edition, that Hebrew "continued to be used as a spoken and written language in the New Testament period". An Introductory Grammar of Rabbinic Hebrew says, "It is generally believed that the Dead Sea Scrolls, specifically the Copper Scroll and also the Bar Kokhba letters, have furnished clear evidence of the popular character of MH [Mishnaic Hebrew]." And so on. It is widespread among Israeli scholars to treat Hebrew as a spoken language as a feature of Judea's Roman Period.
Following the destruction of Jerusalem and the Second Temple in 70 CE, the Jews gradually began to disperse from Jerusalem to foreign countries, especially after the Bar Kokhba War in 135 CE when the Romans turned Jerusalem into a pagan city named Aelia Capitolina.
After the Bar Kokhba War in the 2nd century CE, the Jewish Palestinian Aramaic dialect emerged from obscurity out of the vicinity of Galilee to form one of the main dialects in the Western branch of Middle Aramaic. The Jerusalem Talmud (by the 5th century) used this Jewish Palestinian Aramaic, as did the Midrash Rabba (6th to 12th century). This dialect probably influenced the pronunciation of the 8th-century Tiberian Hebrew that vocalizes the Hebrew Bible.
Meanwhile over in Babylon, the Babylonian Talmud (by the 7th century) used Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, a Jewish dialect in the Eastern branch of Middle Aramaic. For centuries Jewish Babylonian remained the spoken language of Mesopotamian Jews and the Lishana Deni. In the area of Kurdistan, there is a modern Aramaic dialect descending from it that is still spoken by a few thousand Jews (and non-Jews), though it has largely given way to Arabic.
Hebrew continues to strongly influence all these various Jewish dialects of Aramaic.
Besides Jewish dialects of Aramaic, other languages are highly influenced by Hebrew, such as Yiddish, Ladino, Karaite and Judeo-Arabic. Although none is completely derived from Hebrew, they all make extensive use of Hebrew loanwords.
The revival of Hebrew is often cited by proponents of international auxiliary languages as the best proof that languages long dead, with small communities, or modified or created artificially can become living languages used by a large number of people.
The Hebrew word for vowels is tnu'ot (תְּנוּעוֹת). The orthographic representations for these vowels are called Niqqud. Israeli Hebrew has 5 vowel phonemes, represented by the following Niqqud-signs:
|pronunciation in
Modern Hebrew
|approximate pronunciation
in English
|othographic representation
|"long" *
|"short" *
|"very short" / "interrupted" *
|(as in "spa")
|kamats (ָ )
|patach (ַ )
|chataf patach (ֲ )
|[ɛ̝] or [e̞]
|(as in "bet")
|tsere male ( ֵי ) or tsere chaser (ֵ )
|segol (ֶ )
|chataf segol (ֱ ), sometimes shva (ְ )
|(as in "ski")
|khirik male (ִי )
|khirik chaser (ִ )
|[ɔ̝] or [o̞]
|(as in "gore")
|kholam male (וֹ ) or kholam chaser (ֹ )
|kamatz katan (ָ )
|chataf kamatz (ֳ )
|(as in "flu" but with no diphthongization)
|shuruk (וּ)
|kubuts (ֻ )
|* The severalfold orthographic representation of each phoneme attests to the broader phonemic range of vowels in earlier forms of Hebrew. Some linguists still regard the Hebrew grammatical entity of Shva na—marked as Shva (ְ)—as representing a sixth phoneme, /ə/.
In Biblical Hebrew, each vowel had three forms: short, long and interrupted (khataf). However, there is no audible distinction between the three in modern Israeli Hebrew, except that tsere is often pronounced [eɪ] as in Ashkenazi Hebrew.
The vowel accompanying each of these letters may differ from those listed above, depending on the first letter or vowel following it. The rules governing these changes are hardly observed in colloquial speech, as most speakers tend to employ the regular form. The correct form may be heard in more formal circumstances. For example, if a preposition is put before a word which begins with a moving shwa, then the preposition takes the vowel /i/ (and the initial consonant may be weakened): colloquial be-kfar (="in a village") corresponds to the more formal bi-khfar.
The definite article may be inserted between a preposition or a conjunction and the word it refers to, creating composite words like mé-ha-kfar (="from the village"). The latter also demonstrates the change in the vowel of mi-. With be and le, the definite article is assimilated into the prefix, which then becomes ba or la. Thus *be-ha-matos becomes ba-matos (="in the plane"). Note that this does not happen to mé (the form of "min" or "mi-" used before the letter "he"), therefore mé-ha-matos is a valid form, which means "from the airplane".
| Post-
|h ɦ
The pairs , and have historically been allophonic. In Modern Hebrew, however, all six sounds are phonemic, due to mergers involving formerly distinct sounds (/v/ merging with /w/, /k/ merging with /q/, /x/ merging with /ħ/), loss of consonant gemination (which formerly distinguished the stop members of the pairs from the fricatives when intervocalic), and the introduction of syllable-initial /f/ through foreign borrowings.
was once pronounced as a voiced pharyngeal fricative. Most modern Ashkenazi Jews do not differentiate between א and ע; however, Mizrahi Jews and Arabs pronounce these phonemes. Georgian Jews pronounce it as a glottalized q. Western European Sephardim and Dutch Ashkenazim traditionally pronounce it [ŋ] (like ng in sing) a pronunciation which can also be found in the Italian tradition and, historically, in south-west Germany. (The remnants of this pronunciation are found throughout the Ashkenazi world, in the name "Yankl" and "Yanki", diminutive forms of Jacob, Heb. יעקב.)
Hebrew also has dagesh, a strengthening. There are two kinds of strengthenings: light (kal, known also as dagesh lene) and heavy (hazak or dagesh forte). There are two sub-categories of the heavy dagesh: structural heavy (hazak tavniti) and complementing heavy (hazak mashlim). The light affects the phonemes /b/ /k/ /p/ (historically, also /g/, /d/ and /t/) in the beginning of a word, or after a resting schwa. Structural heavy emphases belong to certain vowel patterns (mishkalim and binyanim; see the section on grammar below), and correspond originally to doubled consonants. Complementing strengthening is added when vowel assimilation takes place. As mentioned before, the emphasis influences which of a pair of (former) allophones is pronounced. Historical evidence indicates that /g/, /d/ and /t/ also used to have allophones marked by the presence or absence of dagesh kal: these have disappeared from modern Hebrew pronunciation though the distinction in writing still appears in fully pointed texts. All consonants except gutturals and /r/ may receive the heavy emphasis (dagesh hazak).
Hebrew grammar is partly analytic, expressing such forms as dative, ablative, and accusative using prepositional particles rather than grammatical cases. However, inflection plays a decisive role in the formation of the verbs and nouns. E.g. nouns have a construct state, called "smikhut", to denote the relationship of "belonging to": this is the converse of the genitive case of more inflected languages. Words in smikhut are often combined with hyphens. In modern speech, the use of the construct is sometimes interchangeable with the preposition "shel", meaning "of". There are many cases, however, where older declined forms are retained (especially in idiomatic expressions and the like), and "person"-enclitics are widely used to "decline" prepositions.
There are twenty-seven symbols, representing twenty-two letters, in the Hebrew alphabet, which is called the "aleph bet" because of its first two letters. The letters are as follows: Aleph, Bet/Vet, Gimel, Dalet, He, Vav, Zayin, Chet, Tet, Yod (pronounced Yud by Israelis), Kaf/Chaf, Lamed, Mem, Nun, Samekh, Ayin, Pe/Fe, Tzadi, Qof (pronounced Koof by Israelis), Resh, Shin/Sin, Tav.
The letter he at the end of a word usually indicates a final /a/, which usually indicates feminine gender, or /e/, which usually indicates masculine gender. In rare cases it may also indicate /o/, such as in שְׁלֹמֹה (Shlomo, Solomon). It may also indicate a possessive suffix for 3rd person feminine singular (סִפְרָהּ, her book), but in that case the he is not a mater lectionis but the consonant /h/, although in spoken Hebrew the distinction is rarely made. In texts with niqqud the he is written with a mappiq in the latter case. Correct pronunciation must be guessed according to context and niqqud may be used for disambiguation.
Vav may represent /o/ or /u/, and yod may represent /i/ or /e/. Sometimes a double yud is used for /ej/ or /aj/ (this convention is derived from Yiddish). In some modern Israeli texts, the letter alef is used to indicate long /a/ sounds in foreign names, particularly those of Arabic origin.
In some words there is a choice of whether to use a mater lectionis or not, and in modern printed texts matres lectionis are sometimes used even for short vowels (see Ktiv male), which is considered to be grammatically incorrect though instances are found as far back as Talmudic times. Spelling with matres lectionis is called male (full), while spelling without matres lectionis is called haser (defective). In Talmudic times texts from Palestine were noticeably more inclined to male spellings than texts from Babylonia: this may reflect the influence of Greek, which had full alphabetic spelling. Similarly in the Middle Ages Ashkenazim tended to use male spellings under the influence of European languages, while Sephardim tended to use haser spellings under the influence of Arabic.
A secondary stress in a word may be marked with a vertical stroke, called a meteg (מתג), placed to the left of the vowel: this symbol is available in Unicode. Meteg is most usually found two syllables before the main stress: thus, when the following consonant carries a shva, it follows that that shva is a sounded one. (For example, the word ochlah, her food, is written in the same way as āchěla, she ate, but meteg on the first syllable shows that āchěla is intended.)
These signs are used, if at all, only in texts with niqqud.


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I would have kept the belt on Roode, but I can't fault TNA in any way for the choice they made.
I'd rather have nothing than have a lie.
We all judge others even if it isn't our place to judge, but supposedly at the end we are all judged by one!!!
Wrestling, women and money who could ask for more???

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Enjoy one of our fresh roasted coffees or create a custom gift basket to be shipped to friends or family. Check back often for new products.
All coffees are roasted in our Annandale, VA store. Please allow extra time for roasting orders over five pounds. All coffees will be mailed close to the roast date.
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Nottingham Post has all the best restaurants in Nottingham and every type of restaurant in Nottingham listed, many with reviews and star ratings; you'll find Indian Restaurants, Chinese Restaurants, Italian Restaurants as well as other places to eat in Nottingham such as Pizza Parlours and Brasseries.
Why not list your Nottingham Restaurant business on Nottingham Post ?
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Address: 11 Broad Street, , NOTTINGHAM, NG1 3AJ
Address: 12 Musters Road, West Bridgford, NOTTINGHAM, NG2 7PL


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Pronunciation: Pagudpud
Added on: 2008-07-20 Listened: 124 timesin: Ilocos Norte, Philippines
Pronunciation in Iloko [ilo]
- Pronunciation by peterahon (Male from Philippines)
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Eight easy ways to promote your small business for free
Whether you think you know public relations and marketing or not, getting your business or product noticed is difficult.
Even some of the best PR pros I know have a hard time marketing themselves. It just seems a bit precocious to put yourself out there. But one thing I know for sure: If you don't market yourself, no one else will.
When I started my consulting business almost a year ago, I wanted to write down the basics that any organization should be doing – and most of them are free. If you get these things down – then you are ready to advertise.
No. 1: Identify your audience.
It may seem like a no-brainer, but many businesses fail to identify just who to talk to. Once you know "who" then you can go about "how" to reach them.
No. 2: Reaching out to local media
One of your audiences will invariably be the media. You can't pitch all media outlets the same way. TV has different needs from print and radio and vice versa. But before you pitch ask yourself:
• Is your product or service the first, best or brand new?
• Is it award-winning or trendsetting?
• Does it solve a problem?
• Does it provide a unique service?
• Is it visual (TV and online mostly, but even print is getting into video)
If you don't have anything that fits into the above categories, then you probably don't have a news story. But you can still provide meaningful commentary by being an expert in your field.
No. 3: Social media
Let's be honest there are a ton of different social media channels out there. My guidance is pick one or two that you think make sense for your business and master those first. You can spend hours venturing down the social media rabbit hole, but here are some general rules of thumb:


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Wednesday, January 30, 2013
My Experience at Alt 2013
23 comments:
YOU ARE SO CUTE! :) glad you had a good time.ReplyDelete
Love all the photos! So glad you had a fabulous time!ReplyDelete
Yes, you look gorgeous! Love your hair in that bun. Will have to figure out how to do that! Sounds like you have a fabulous timeReplyDelete
This sounds so exciting. I'm happy to relive it through you since that is something I've never done YET. You looked darling in every shot and I can't wait to hear more.ReplyDelete
do Nancy
Looks like so much fun (and you're adorable!). If I can psyche myself up enough to get on a plane and leave my babies for a few days, I'd love to go next year.ReplyDelete
Great post! I really enjoyed sitting at the BHG table with you and attending your panel. I'm so glad I found out about your blog through Alt - I think it is fabulous! I hope we can keep in touch ;)ReplyDelete
- AnonymousJanuary 30, 2013 at 8:27 AM
Do you mind me asking where you got that adorable floral shirt?ReplyDelete
What a great post! Thank you for sharing this wonderful experience!~ It makes me want to book my trip now for the next Alt summit ;) btw, LOVE all of your outfits/looks!ReplyDelete
You are so great! It was good to see you at Alt.ReplyDelete
Sounds like fun! Camp for adults!ReplyDelete
Kirsten! I don't comment often, but I do read your blog often. I just had to tell you how much I love your outfit at the Minted dinner. Smashing!ReplyDelete
Absolutely loved reading this :) It was so great to meet you in PERSON after reading your blog for so long! You rock! We need to hang out since we live so close, just sayin' Great review post of Alt!ReplyDelete
you did such a great job speaking! you are amazing! I am so glad I got to meet you! you are amazing! I loved you made some goals for alt. I need to do that next year :)ReplyDelete
Next year I HAVE to be there! I am seriously dying that I didn't get to go this year. Are you going to go again?ReplyDelete
- AnonymousJanuary 30, 2013 at 1:40 PM
Love your Blog! Ditto on the floral shirt - need to know where you got it! You look gorgeous in it!ReplyDelete
Miss you!!!! Where did you get all of the photos from??? Great post, lovebug.ReplyDelete
Could your outfits be any cuter!!??ReplyDelete
Champagne Lifestyle on a Beer Budget
Love hearing your thoughts on Alt and how it compares year on year for you. Sounds like you really put yourself out there and you had a great time!ReplyDelete
Glad you had fun! It does sound like a blogger's paradise! P.S. I scooped that floral Target shirt, too! It's fab. :-)ReplyDelete
I am so happy for you that, and I think that first photo is the cutest thing ever!!!!!ReplyDelete
Those pictures were so priceless. Judging from the looks on your eyes, you are really having a great time. Your experience with Alt was so promising. Thanks for sharing it with us.ReplyDelete
so fun! I am for sure making Alt a priority next year. So fun you got to meet Courtney from A Thoughtful Place-she is such a sweetheart!!ReplyDelete
It sounds like you met and connected with a lot of great people. The blogging connection is really special and a fun network to be involved in.ReplyDelete
Thank you so much for taking the time to comment. It means a lot. I try and answer any questions directly in the comment section so if you ask a question come back to look for my answer. However it is much easier for me to answer questions through email at firstname.lastname@example.com.
Have a Great Day!


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Practice Protection Fund
This fund will be used to help pay for items related to serious threats to the profession; for major initiatives, particularly concerning threats to the MFT scope of practice; and for opportunities to advance the practice and scope of practice. More
Federal Legislative Update
The latest information about the ongoing VA MFT implementation process. More
AAMFT Coalitions and Partnerships
The American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy (AAMFT) is a firm believer in the power of collaboration. By partnering with counterpart organizations and consumer groups sharing an interest in effective mental health/whole-health services, we work to further the profession of Marriage and Family Therapy (MFT), while also promoting the interests of those for whom we practice. More
Joining Forces: Taking Action to Serve America's Military Families
The American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy (AAMFT) is teaming up with the White House and other national healthcare associations to support the Joining Forces initiative. More
AAMFT Annual Conference
The 2015 AAMFT Annual Conference will be held September 3 -6 in Austin, Texas.
Continuing Education
The AAMFT is pleased to offer Continuing Education credits in the comfort of your home or office. Our Online CE Testing Center is an easy-to-navigate Web site offering over 80 credits via various online formats.
AAMFT Online Store
The AAMFT Online Store offers valuable resources for you, your family and your practice! In the store you will find books, DVDs, souvenir items, brochures and more--all to help you strengthen the work that you do.
AAMFT is involved in many federal initiative including Medicare, VA, DoD and K-12 among many others. Learn more about these initiatives.
AAMFT and its Divisions are involved in advocating for the interests of MFTs at the state level. AAMFT's Divisions advocate for recognition of MFTs by state-licensed insurance companies and state Medicaid plans. Divisions also work to add MFTs as eligible providers in state employee health plans and in the public schools.
Launched in 2011 by First Lady Michelle Obama and Dr. Jill Biden, Joining Forces is a national initiative in the United States to mobilize all sectors of society to give our service members, veterans, and their families the opportunities and support they have earned. AAMFT has created this webpage to highlight all of the information, training, and resources available to providers who are working to meet the behavioral health needs to service members, veterans, and their families. MFTs are encouraged to review these resources and take advantage of training opportunities that are available.
AAMFT has made great strides in claming a place for marriage and family therapists in the behavioral healthcare market. Those gains, however, are being challenged. For this reason, AAMFT has created the Practice Protection Fund. This fund will be used to help pay for items related to serious threats to the profession; for major initiatives, particularly concerning threats to the MFT scope of practice; and for opportunities to advance the practice and scope of practice.
AAMFT and its Divisions work to increase the recognition of MFTs as eligible providers with private health insurance plans and other private payers. This effort to increase MFT access to private health plans involves both advocating for laws requiring plans to recognize MFTs and advocating directly for MFT recognition with these payers.
Sign up now to get the latest news on AAMFT's federal advocacy! The Family TEAM (Family Therapist Education & Advocacy Movement) is AAMFT's grassroots initiative to 1) provide interested members with the latest developments in our federal advocacy efforts, and 2) organize members to take action with their Congresspeople when our issues reach a critical point in the federal legislative process. Sign up
Read about AAMFT's recent federal, state and private-payer advocacy efforts on behalf of the MFT profession.
You can quickly contact your Members of Congress on federal issues.


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Tag Archives: phased MDM implementation approach
Logitech MDM Case Study: 7 Lessons for Mastering Product and Customer Data (Part I of II)
Logitech's Severin Stoll, Senior Business Engagement Manager of Global IT Solutions participated in a webinar with David Decloux, MDM technical lead in EMEA about Logitech's Global MDM Implementation.
Severin shared the business challenges that led the global electronics company to pursue an MDM program, their business requirements, and the seven lessons for mastering product and customer data. Their next step is mastering consumer data.
In the next two blogs I'll share some of the highlights from the discussion, the Q&A session and the poll results from this popular webinar which attracted more than 800 registrants. (more…)
Posted in Customers, Manufacturing, Master Data Management, Retail Tagged 360 degree customer view, customer data, global MDM implementation, logitech mdm case study, master data, Master Data Management, mastering consumer data, mastering customer data, mastering product data, MDM, mdm benefits, mdm best practices, mdm lessons learned, mdm program, multiple sources of truth, phased MDM implementation approach, product data, trustworthy single source of truth Leave a comment


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Still kicking by marv 2012-12-31
We are still kicking!
Doom 3! by Marv 2011-11-27
Our latest addition is a huge one in my opinion as id Software has released the source code for Doom 3 You will need to still have the original game to make use of this as this is a source code only release. One of the many project that I suspect will be popping up that will be working on the source code, iodoom3 has already started their effort to "clean" up the code. Check them out as I am sure they will make quick progress with this.
Odyssey - The Legend of Nemesis, by Marvin 2011-03-07
We got a word of a true classic mac game being liberated: Odyssey - The Legend of Nemesis. This is an amazing RPG for the Mac that I really suggest you check out.
Still here! by Marv 2010-12-22
We are still here and kicking. I been going thru my email log and have been adding some entires that have been lingering. Enjoy!
MMORPG Ryzom goes Open Source! by marv 2010-05-08
Game Database Entry: Ryzom
PARIS, FRANCE, May 6, 2010: Winch Gate Properties Ltd, the developer and publisher of massively-multiplayer online science-fantasy role playing games, is proud to announce the release of the source code and artistic assets of the popular
MMORPG Ryzom to the Free Software Development Community.
Developers can now access the source code of the end-user client, content creation tools and server in order to make modifications, enhancements or to create their own virtual worlds. This move marks a milestone in Ryzom's long history and dedication to the free software movement. In order to ensure that Ryzom continues to grow and foster as a free software project, Winch Gate is now releasing Ryzom under the terms of the Free Software Foundation's GNU Affero General Public License (GNU AGPLv3).
Winch Gate is also excited to provide the free software community with high quality professional artistic assets including 3D objects, animation tracks, particle effects and thousands of textures. All of the Ryzom artistic assets will be licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike (CC BY-SA) to ensure that they and any derivative art will be available to all free software projects. These assets will be hosted in a new online repository in partnership with the Free Software Foundation.
By freeing Ryzom code, Winch Gate is transforming the MMORPG marketplace and is setting a precedent for how gaming software should evolve in freedom. The source code released totals over two (2) million lines of source code and over 20,000 high quality textures and thousands of 3D objects.
Welcoming the news, Free Software Foundation executive director Peter Brown said, "This is a unique opportunity for the free software movement and the emerging free gaming field to accelerate the production of free games and 3D worlds. We recognize the importance of gaming and the current dominance of proprietary gaming software, so today represents a significant breakthrough from which our xnxx community can benefit." The FSF has published more information about the scope of today's release, and suggested ways for developers to get involved.
Vianney Lecroart, Chief Technology Officer of Winch Gate says, "The Free Software community often has a difficult time finding great graphical assets that they can use in their own projects. We are sure that the thousands of textures and 3D objects we are releasing under the CC BY-SA will help a lot of Free Software projects."
Game Database Entry: Ryzom
A List of PC Game Classics Available Free of Charge by Marv 2010-03-10
TechSpot has posted an article of free of charge games that fans of this site might find interesting.
Game #153 - The Spirit Engine II by Marv 2010-02-28
Our latest entry on Liberated Game has been added with The Spirit Engine II being our latest liberated game. This is a 2D RPG and follow-up to the freeware game 'The Spirit Engine', which was originally released in November 2003.
Command and Conquer: Tiberian Sun & Firestorm Expansion by Marv 2010-02-15
In order to promote Command & Conquer 4: Tiberian Twilight, Westwood Studios and Electronic Arts have released Command & Conquer 2: Tiberian Sun and its expansion, Firestorm, for free! You can download both together at AtomicGamer
Atari 7800 Roll-Up by Marv 2010-01-22
A while back, a posting of dumpster rescued collection of 7800 source code was posted online. I am slowly adding the games to the database with Robotron 2084 and Xevious being added so far. You can download the complete aggregation of files here
Doom for the iPhone by Marv 2009-11-14
id Software has given us a treat by porting Doom to the iPhone. Much to the distaste of my wife, I now play it on a regular basis and suggest you pick it up also. The controls are bit touchy but overall it is awesome to play this game anywhere I want.


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Bi-Fold - Small
Card-carrying slim bi-fold wallet in smooth, durable leather
To order by phone, please call 1-866-860-8906
Our small leather bi-fold features two card slots, a security pocket and a bill holder. Durable vegetable-tanned leather from the USA, heavy-gauge nylon thread and Tin Cloth accents ensure a lifetime of constant use.
- Two card slots with one security pocket
- Bill-holder leather strap keeps currency in place
- Made with vegetable-tanned leather from the USA
- Made with oil finish Tin Cloth accents
Product Care
Wipe or brush clean
4-1/4" ? 3-1/4" (closed)
Made in USA of imported material


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State Rep. Gary Chism confirmed an Oktibbeha County school consolidation bill with several amendments to the potential district's governance passed the Miss. House Education Committee today.
Miss. H.B. 716, as filed by Republican Rep. Toby Barker, would consolidate Starkville School District and Oktibbeha County School District into the Starkville Consolidated School District in 2015.
Chism, a member of the House Education Committee whose district consists of a portion of Oktibbeha County, said an amendment will allow the current Starkville school board to remain in place if a consolidation occurs. A school board seat expiring March 2015 would be appointed by the Oktibbeha County Board of Supervisors, he said, and the board would retain three city-appointed seats. The district's elected seat, held by SSD Board President Keith Coble, would remain an elected position from added territory outside the city limits but inside the boundaries of the current school district. Chism also said the amended bill would allow current school district boundaries and attendance zones to remain in place.
The school board will also be allowed to appoint the district's superintendent, Chism said.
Another major amendment separates the two school systems' testing scores for five years, he said.
Under the proposed changes, the consolidated district would officially form in 2015; however, merger planning would begin immediately if the bill is passed by the legislature.
Until the districts merged, Chism said OCSD could remain under conservatorship. OCSD Conservator Margie Pulley declined to comment on consolidation efforts Thursday.
The bill will now be placed on the full House's agenda, Chism said. Representatives should act on the measure next week, he said.
Before the House Education Committee moved the bill forward today, Chism said legislators were joined by Rep. Tyrone Ellis, a Democrat who represents Oktibbeha County. Ellis made a strong plea for the bill's passage to legislators, Chism said.
A phone call to Ellis was not returned as of publication. Previously, Ellis said school consolidation in Oktibbeha County would greatly impact the area's workforce and economic development efforts.
In a press conference Tuesday, SSD Superintendent Lewis Holloway said no matter how legislators choose to proceed, the goal of the district remains the same: providing a quality education for its students. In that same meeting, Holloway said SSD requested additional funding from the legislature if consolidation occurs, but a dollar figure has not been finalized.
As a consolidated district, Starkville would receive the county's MAEP allotment from the state, federal funds currently provided to the county and the county's ad valorem returns. Numerous gaps exist between the two school systems, including technology, infrastructure and testing assessment systems.
"We pointed out several items that need to be addressed, (including) facilities — which are major issues for some county schools — technology, SMART Boards, laptops and assessment systems," Holloway said Tuesday. "If this bill comes to be … (OCSD needs) to be moving, as a school district, to be more like ours."
[1] mailto:email@example.com
[2] http://starkvilledailynews.com/sites/default/files/CHISM, GARY.jpg


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Note: This high-calorie recipe is especially for kids with cystic fibrosis (CF), who need to consume additional calories to meet their nutritional needs.
This meal is easy to make. Add extra sour cream for even more calories.
Prep time: 25 minutes
Serves: 3
Serving size: 1¾ cup
Nutritional analysis (per serving):
504 calories
18 g protein
37 g fat
588 mg sodium
40 mg calcium
Note: Nutritional analysis may vary depending on ingredient brands used.
Variations and suggestions:
If you don't have beef tips, use hamburger meat. You can also used canned mushrooms if you don't have fresh mushrooms available.
Reviewed by: Allison Brinkley, RD, CNSC, LD/N
Date reviewed: July 2012
Note: All information is for educational purposes only. For specific medical advice, diagnoses, and treatment, consult your doctor.
© 1995-


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This product is currently sold out.
You can obtain status and/or reserve this item by contacting us. We can also be reached by calling toll free 1-866-326-9377 (Dialing from outside the US +01 314 772 3566) between 10AM and 6PM CST (-6 GMT).
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We just can't get enough of the Z06. While our resident Corvette is relatively new to the pages of Chevy High Performance, our first experience behind the wheel of this ride was during the 2005 Hot Rod Power Tour. Since then, we've gained a lot of valuable seat time at various cruises, including a number of autocross and drag racing sessions.
What did we learn? Foremost, the General really put together one outstanding package. And given the horsepower-to-weight ratio, it's a tough combination to beatat least until now. Much like every vehicle we own, as we began to improve on the factory offerings, such as installing the LG Motorsports GT2 coilover suspension (Confidence Inspiring, Feb. '10), we learned that we were able to apply the throttle much sooner through the turns, which incidentally also ignited our appetite for added power.
Rather than doing a cylinder head, camshaft, and manifold swap, we were heavily influenced by the latest C6 ZR1 powerplant. Resting on top of the LS9 is a four-lobe supercharger that generates gobs of power and is the envy of the supercar community. Once we learned that same technology was readily available, it only seemed fitting to install the same MagnaCharger MP 2300 TVS supercharger onto our LS6 mill.
If you aren't familiar with the TVS 2300, let's start by saying it's a very capable blower that's already proven to generate in excess of 900 hp. Similar to the earlier three-lobe design that feature lobes with a 60-degree helix shape, the TVS 2300 takes it to the next level by utilizing four lobes with a much more aggressive 160-degree twist of the rotors. As the rotors turn, it's this spinning motion that speeds up the air and forces it through the intake side of the cylinder heads. We also dig that these superchargers have a reputation for being extremely efficient and have a tendency to generate an incredible amount of big-blocklike low-end torque as early as 2,000 rpm. What's not to like about that?
To handle our install, we went directly to the source at Magnuson Products in Ventura, California, where the experienced crew was able to complete the install in a day. For those looking to handle the installation personally, you'll definitely appreciate the detailed 52-page manual that will help you get the job done correctly the first time.
If you're on the edge debating whether or not the TVS 2300 is the ideal supercharger system for your C5 or C6; let's just say all doubts will be put to rest the moment you throttle it.
Under Cover
To fit the MagnaCharger TVS system, you'll have to swap out the factory hood for an aftermarket setup. Of the number of hood options, based on MagnaCharger's recommendation we ordered Lingenfelter's Supercharger Hood by Starcraft. These hoods were originally designed to accommodate MagnaCharger's M112 system, but based on the housing specs, we knew it would be close and wanted to see how the hood would fit the TVS 2300. The good news is, the Linginfelter hood bolted right on with minimal effort, lining up perfectly against the factory body line. The only issue we ran into was at the rear of the cowl while at speed; the air would push the hood down just enough to slightly haze the rear pulleys. The quick and easy fix was to clearance the area with a high-speed rotary tool (e.g., Dremel), but we'll get into finer details during our upcoming Paint & Body issue, where Best of Show Coachworks in San Marcos, California, applied the shine to our new hood.


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Moderators: Tonyblack, Jason, Toothy
Tony wrote:When I first read this book, I thought that Terry had lost the track of the Tiffany books. It was by far my least favourite of the series. But the more I've read it, the more I've come to like it. I still wouldn't say it was my favourite in the series, but I like it a lot more than I did.
Jan Van Quirm wrote:Oi - you can leave off with the agreeing now thanks!
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Product 6/12
AE Max G36C Dominator
The G36C Dominator features the 3.5x magnification scope handle as well as a Classic Army precision CNC aluminum G36 RIS for attaching multiple accessories. The Madbull Noveske Pig muzzle enhances the muzzle noise for an intimidating sound when firing, especially in indoor CQB environments.
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This AE Max gun is only $549.99. SAVE $100!
created 032212
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In a world run by electronics, a degree in Electronics Engineering Technology from Herzing University is one of the most versatile programs available to prepare students for expansive career opportunities. It teaches technology skills that will allow graduates to work in a wide range of industries, including information technology, telecommunications, industrial controls and robotics, biomedical electronics, alternative energy, and technology integration, among many others.
Am I a good fit for this career?
A career in electronics technology could be right for you if you:
- Like problem-solving
- Can think analytically
- Have mathematical skills
- Are able to communicate effectively
- Enjoy hands-on work
- Can work as part of a team
View Herzing University Accreditation and Approvals
Associate of Science in Electronics Engineering Technology Gainful Employment
What are the career opportunities in this field?
Electronics play a role in nearly every part of our lives today. Consumer products such as phones, music and video entertainment, personal computers and tablets are the most obvious examples. Electronic devices and equipment are everywhere to be found—in automated factories and warehouses, retail stores, hospitals and clinics, airports, sports arenas, theaters, alternative energy production, and smart homes, to name just a few places. We rely on electronics to control, measure, monitor, and manage countless processes. The rapid evolution of electronics technology makes the field an exciting, dynamic profession.
Keeping our world so connected by electronics requires numerous skills. There are many career choices in the design, manufacturing, installation, maintaining and repairing of these electronic devices and equipment. As the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE), states, "In our age of satellite-transmitted television and transcontinental computer networks, the challenges and opportunities in this dedicated profession continue to mushroom. Today's careers, like electricity itself, have enormous potential."
Electronics engineering technologists and technicians use the principles and theories of science, engineering, and mathematics to solve technical problems in research and development, manufacturing, sales, construction, inspection, and maintenance. Their work is more narrowly focused and application-oriented than that of scientists and engineers.
What are potential job titles?
Opportunities for graduates of the Electronics Engineering Technology program span a wide range of industries and career tracks, including:
- Robotic and industrial control technician
- TV and radio broadcast engineer
- Engineering technician
- Industrial electronics technician
- Home technology integration technician
- Computer service technicians
- Biomedical electronics technician
- Electronics technician
- Field service technician
- Office automation technician
- Research and development technician
- Technical representative
- Network technician
- Technical support technician
How do I advance in this career?
The level of technology in the electronics field has grown steadily. Expansion has been in two main areas: new applications of current electronic technology and the development of new electronic technologies. This includes the design, manufacturing, installing, maintaining, and repairing of these electronic technology areas. To perform successfully—and advance—in the electronics industry, employees will need an educational program that equips them with leading-edge knowledge of electronics and also cultivates their skills with hands-on learning.
Where do they work?
Wherever businesses and industries utilize electronics devices and equipment for critical operations, they need skilled electronics professionals. Most engineering technologists work in office buildings, laboratories, or industrial plants. Others may spend time outdoors at construction sites and oil and gas exploration and production sites, where they monitor or direct operations or solve onsite problems. Some engineering technologists travel extensively to plants or worksites here and abroad. Many work a standard 40-hour week. At times, deadlines or design standards may bring extra pressure to a job, requiring engineers to work longer hours.
The IEEE has identified ten key industry sectors in which electrical and electronics engineers are employed. These areas are:
- Telecommunications
- Energy and electric power
- Computers
- Semiconductors
- Aerospace
- Manufacturing
- Education and research
- Transportation and automotive
- The service industry
What certification/licensure does this program prepare you for?
General employment in the electronics industry does not require certification or licensing. Employers in some specific areas may prefer candidates who have attained certification. In addition, trade associations offer certificates for professionals who take continuing education courses.
What is the program title, length, and content?
Program availability varies by campus location.
|Diploma in Electronics Engineering Technology
|Associate of Science in Electronics Engineering Technology
|Bachelor of Science in Electronics Engineering Technology
Diploma in Electronics Engineering Technology
This program will develop a strong foundation in the knowledge and skills needed by the graduate to qualify them for entry into a career in the electronic technology fields. The sequence of the electronics courses will provide a strong core of fundamental electronics leading into areas of computers, industrial electronics, and telecommunications. The electronics courses are also sequenced with "hands-on" labs to connect the theory to practical applications. Download Program Course Sheet
Associate of Science in Electronics Engineering Technology
The associate degree adds the general education course to the diploma program curriculum in order to enhance the critical thinking and verbal and written communications skills, providing a well-rounded electronic engineering technology graduate ready to enter an electronics career. Download Program Course Sheet
Bachelor of Science in Electronics Engineering Technology
This program goes beyond the associate level classes to include study in electronic programming, microcontrollers, fluid powered systems, robotics, home and building technology integration, data communications, and more. Download Program Course Sheet
Which locations offer this program?
Madison Campus


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For investment bankers in Manchester it's good up north
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Academic advising helps students achieve academic success, as well as develop and pursue educational and personal goals. The advising program also helps students connect to the many resources offered within the University College and throughout the university.
For more information on advising programs, visit the UC Web site or call (804) 827-8648.
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Virginia Commonwealth University
Richmond, Virginia
Contact us: email@example.com
Last update: 9/6/2012


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Tweetro, of course. I expected the swipe to be interpreted as a back to last app gesture, and that it was. Then I waited for a second or so. I swiped in from the left edge once more. Although not as confident as last time, I still expected to be switched to Mail, as an IE to Tweetro back to IE swiping sequence didn't make sense.
I was wrong. IE was swiped back in. I needed to find out why and see if there's some underlying logic that determined this. I would have been disappointed if there wasn't. Fortunately, it became quickly apparent what the rationale was. And I wasn't disappointed.
See, on Windows 8, the app that's swiped in from the left edge depends on when you last did a left swipe to switch apps. If like in my example you wait a second or more, you're returned to the previous app. The time delay results in an assumption made that you're continually switching between two specific apps. For example, you're writing an email but consulting a website/document/etc. as you write it. However, if you do a swipe within a second or so of the last, the switched to app is not the one you were on previously, but the next in the queue. The assumption here is because of the minimal time interval between swipes, your intention is to swipe through your running apps rather than jumping back to the last app.
Confused? Watch this video (apologies for the poor production values).
This is pretty great. It makes multitasking even without snap frictionless; you can switch between two apps seamlessly without any interruptions. This is a stellar feature on Windows RT that demonstrates a commendable attention to detail. It's one of those things you may not consciously notice, and that would explain why I've not come across anyone heaping praise on it.
It's little big details like this that make the Surface RT an attractive alternative to the iPad. There are many points that the iPad beats the Surface on, but multitasking is not one of them. And multitasking is a big deal. It's no small win. And that's why Microsoft should really be making a bigger effort to emphasise the practicalities this win brings to the user.
This was a post from my blog focusing on Microsoft's devices and services' UX/UI found at http://mtrostyle.net. Check it out if you've a moment. If you enjoyed reading it, would appreciate it if you spread the word. Catch me @mtrostyle.


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CALLAWAY — Callaway director of finance Alice M. Bennett submitted her letter of resignation Monday, making her the third city official to resign in the past three months.
Bennett's four-sentence letter didn't mention any conflicts with the city or plans for her future. However, in December City Manager Marcus Collins mentioned at a City Commission that Bennett had considered resigning after she was extended a job opportunity elsewhere.
Bennett declined to comment Wednesday.
"I hate to lose her, but she had an outstanding offer from an outside company that there was no way she could refuse (and) that I could've matched," Collins said Wednesday.
Neither Collins nor Mayor Thomas Abbott would confirm what her new job will be, but both officials were sure there was an increase in salary offer.
Considering Bennett's extensive accounting credentials — chartered global management accountant, certified public funds investment manager, certified fraud examiner and certified public accountant — and the city's salary of $80,000, both officials were understanding of Bennett's decision to accept the new offer.
"I wish her well and I'd love to keep her, but you can't hold somebody back," Collins said, noting Bennett ranked as one of the "top of officials" he's worked with in his 30-year career. "She's an outstanding employee and she has been a big supporter of mine. It'll be detrimental to me, but we will move forward."
Bennett had worked for the city for eight years.
Abbott said he learned of Bennett's decision on Friday and held an informal meeting with her.
"… The truth is, the opportunity that she has in front of her has just gotten better in her opinion and it's reached the point where she can't turn it down. You hate to lose valuable employees … (but) you have to wish them the best," he said. "She's intelligent, professional and always on. So, she's going to be a very difficult person to replace."
Bennett's departure comes on the heels of two other recent resignations.
In early March the city lost City Clerk Jennifer Vigil, who left after less than two years with the city because she felt "internal reorganization" of city positions limited the experience she could gain, she told The News Herald.
More recently, city Public Works Director Bobby Baker also resigned. His last day will be May 20 and he is expected to return to a position in the utilities department in Lynn Haven, Abbott said.
"Here's three key personnel that we've lost, is there something amiss? … I've absolutely thought about that. (However) I don't have any indication from anyone that that's the case. … All three situations were uniquely different," Abbott said, noting he has asked all three individuals about possible city shortcomings and none of them responded with negative assessments.
"I think Callaway is healthy, we're focused in on our issues and needs. …Directors are key, they are essential people, they have to be replaced. … You just have to hope that the next person coming in will bring unique qualifications and experiences of their own to add to the city," he added.
On Monday the city published an advertisement seeking to fill Bennett's position. Qualifications include advanced knowledge in spreadsheets and computer accounting with a minimum of five years in municipal accounting. Being a certified public accountant is preferred.
Annual salary will range between $60,000 to $75,000, depending on skills and level of experience.


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Packing Tips
Are you wondering what you should bring?
Think 3 Ss - Simple, Stylish, Sustainable!
To make your move-in easier, only bring things to get yourself situated right away. For example, if you are from the Twin Cities area, leave your winter clothes behind. You can always go back during long weekend, and that way you can minimize the clutter in your room.
Talk to your roommate beforehand - Facebook and social media are an OK place to start getting to know one another and plan for your room, but follow that up with a phone calls and talk to each other to plan your room. Maybe you don't need two printers or TVs in one room!
We want you to make your room feel like home. Bring things that will make you more comfortable and the transition to college easier. Decorate, decorate, decorate. Get creative and make your room unique and stylish, someplace that you want to spent time in!
Please refer to "Things to Bring" for a list of some items you may want to bring to college (as well as a few items you should leave at home).
Note: All beds at CSB are standard twin beds. A limited supply of XL Twin mattresses are available by request on a first come first served basis.
Bedlofts and mini-fridges are available for rent through Bedloft.com They also carry futons for sale. If you complete your order by July 29th, it will be delivered to your room prior to your arrival. If it is ordered after this date, it can be picked up outside of Mary Commons or the Margretta/Lottie loading dock on move-in day. Place all orders or return requests at www.bedloft.com.
Students at the College of St Benedict can order lofts at any time throughout the school year. Students will be contacted to set up a time to deliver the loft.
Note: Please check the Bedloft Information page for residential hall floor plan irregularities that may affect loft placement before ordering.
Students may bring mini-fridges (5 cubic feet or less), but we do encourage you to consider the environment and take advantage of the public refrigerators or renting a fridge for the one or two years you may need it. Also talk to your roommate to make sure that only one of you is bringing a mini-fridge if you absolutely need one in your room.
We have multiple hydration stations available on campus. Bring a water bottle and leave bottled water behind!
No microwaves are allowed in first year residence hall rooms. Any items that is intended for use in a kitchens (i.e. microwaves, George Forman Grills, sandwich makers, and such) should be left at home. Microwaves, stoves, and some cooking appliances are provided in the halls for student use.
All washers in the laundry rooms on campus are High-Efficiency (HE) washers and require HE laundry detergent. HE detergents are concentrated and low-sudsing, especially for low water HE washers. Regular detergents will damage the washers and cause damage to the machines taking them off line for student use. Please look for the "HE" symbol when you shop for laundry detergent.
If you have questions that are not answered on this page please call our office at (320) 363-5580 or email us at email@example.com.


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Medicare, Part D — Prescription Drug Plans ACM, Oct 22, 2 to 3 p.m.Barbara Smith, LVN, and Susan Heggie, Manager, Eisenhower Indian Wells Healthy Living Resource CenterCall 760-568-1234 to register. Read More
Sleep — What's Keeping You Awake? TCW, Oct 24, 10 to 11:30 a.m.Jill A. Sanderson, RPSGT, REEGT, RST, Manager, Sleep Center and Neurology Departments760-969-7770, extension 7560 Read More
Early Stage Breast Cancer Treatment Options LCTH, Oct 25, 5:30 to 7 p.m.Iliana Popescu, MD, Medical Oncologist*760-834-3798. Complimentary dinner; register by Oct 23. Read MoreLiving Well with a Cancer Diagnosis LCM, Oct 29, Noon to 1:30 p.m.Beth Mulligan, PA-C, Stress Management Specialist760-834-3798. Complimentary lunch; register by Oct 26. Read More
Progress in the Treatment of Lung Cancer LCTU, Nov 6, 5:30 to 7 p.m.Davood Vafai, MD, Medical Oncology*760-834-3798. Complimentary light dinner; register by Nov 5. Read More
Holistic Health Experience LQW, Nov 7, 1:30 to 4:30 p.m.Patricia Avila, MD, MPH, Eisenhower Wellness InstituteDetails at emc.org/calendar.760-610-7205. Food and spice tasting; register by Nov 6. Read More
Lifestyle Secrets to Live Long and Healthy ACF, Nov 9, 12:30 to 3:30 p.m.Various lectures and a health expo. Details at emc.org/calendar.760-568-1234. Register by Nov 8. Read More
By: Barbra Sassower, MPH, RD, CDE and Rosalind Elemy, MA, RD


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Alumni Connection
- Serve as an educational resource for current Geauga Campus and Regional Academic Center students.
- Provide professional opportunities through internships and externships and similar programs for current students and alumni.
- Improve alumni visibility throughout the campus communities.
- Improve interaction between alumni and current students.
- Provide financial assistance for scholarships.
- Serve as a resource for promoting Kent State University and Kent State University at Geauga and the Regional Academic Center to the surrounding communities.
Any Kent alumni whose interests are more strongly affiliated with the Geauga Campus or the Regional Academic Center, or who live or work in Geauga or Summit counties, are welcome to join.
The Geauga Regional Alumni Group shall be governed by an executive body of officers and a board of directors composed of not less than ten active, dues-paid members of the Kent State University Alumni Association. Terms of tenure will be two years.
The Alumni Group shall elect a President from among its membership, who shall serve for two years. The chapter shall also elect other officers as deemed appropriate to the functioning of the organization.
Current Officers:
President Melissa Procop
Vice President Sheila Williams
Treasurer Nicholas Giardina
Secretary Juliann Hostutler
Current Board Members:
Robin Dever
Dave Beten
Carol Gardner
Denise Milhollan
Listing of Meeting Dates, Times, and Locations
All meeting will be held at the Burntwood Tavern in Chagrin Falls at 5:30 p.m.
- March 5, 2014
- June 4, 2014
- September 3, 2014
Events Planned in 2014
- January 10, 2014: Opening Ceremony for the 50th Anniversary Celebration at Kent State University's Geauga Campus
- February 13, 2014: Kent State University Basketball game against the Akron Zips- at the Kent Campus
- July 19, 2014: Cleveland Pops Concert at the Geauga Campus
- November 7, 2014: Dinner Dance at the Club at Hillbrook