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Nassau County Review 19050113
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NASSAU COUNTY REVIEW mivt<ii.tii oopiz:m. trivE ckntm A FAMILY XKWSPAPKII or LOCAL AMD UKXKKAL I >-TBLLieBK(. B TBSan-. tLIO TXAALT III AUTAMtB VOL. X. FREEPORT, N. Y., FRIDAY, ,TAM ARY 1'?, 1D0:>. NO. 12. JANES VENDITT Ladies' and Geotlenien'a First-Cfass Tailor ralltaM St^ aaar Haia. rraa^art, L. L NEW YORK STATE NEWS Ladies' Costuiuos, .Tackctf*, Ea- tons. Box Coatx, C'ajies, Rainy-du.v i •nita. Hunting SuiU, etc., mado to order at reoHoualile ]>ric(;8. Also the smartest styles in Gen- Uemeu's Suitings mode t<j meitsure from IH.50 up. Top Croats made to measure fnnn $14.00 up. ¦tfin mdm >M ikMM cat m« la*|t far i«*rHlt, tmttmmtitM uMlau na tM I afler tte amt m- l*-4M* MtIm a Fad la* Hiattr »«an at irfcei IM tvwiMvy CM iffirtf. Notice to Creditors PnmuBt to the order of Hovi, Bokrt Sba- auBT, aarrocate of the Coaatj of Naasau, aotla* I* Iwraby Riven lo alUpcmoni harlnc el*ia**asln*(<'fca»Mr T. fnracnr, lalo of UMTsiraat Hompalead In IM mid Coantr, d*e****d« lo preaent th« aatno with the Toach- *va tbflraof. lo tb* aubwrlber, tbe ezecator of th* MM yflU Mid TnlaineDt W aald deoMwd, ai Imt piaoe of transacttna ba^lnem at har raaUmoe at Froeport. Kawa* Conniy, Now Tork, on or before the tenth day or March aaat. ilated Aogust %th, laot. A.VNIE A. SPRAOUB Execator. ALnUCD T. DAVISON. MORTGAGES Money to Loah at 5^ hariaMiiiKaiir. iuunniauw. umi* maatitvtmmtittm*. ammamtuineitteti* ALBERT O. HAFF COUNSCLLOR-AT-LAW »)ktttmtt" lia»i.a.T. Til.2SI M Sifeiflaivfl GET THE BEST ^ Th* Naov and Enlargad Eilition Coataina 2Sa000 New Words tiaw Oaaattetr ot (ho WorUi with mom lhan '.r,,iw iiiick. buiwi . .1 i.e lalcat ifliwug retunia. NawBioxrapi^tcal Die ionary cantatnlnu ine lliinie itliver I1I.111O n.^lel fiertoDS, date .if birlh. iV.tti. ele. 3380 Qtiarto Paaaa nmm rklM. K<rt l.lui(r«tlo«l. Illcb BlaUlagL NeededtnEveryHoroe Aha Wabatur's Callerlato Dictionary Ili6r.sr>. i<»>IMuMii.li'ii,>. Sire: ;>:..;..¦'. Ill A Ipetlal Thin Parer rdilion Do Luxe U^).luUllh.t,ilJ,,.,;.m" i.wt..n " r..»,tlsr rrf.|...n. Il tm. limy..o»..r.n..Ji...n<.c.fiinv li;M..;.4.illifc»''. i" PREB, " A TeM la Pronunciation," Instriit- llvu uml eiileriuinhiir. .\l.lu illlii.tnltc.1 pumphlelu. O. 6 C. MEiRRIAM CO., Publlaber*. SprlaffUld, M**>. PERFECT iFITTING GARMENTS meau iaui->> tu soiiio meu than qaality. WIiv not havo hoth. Tho fabrics wo aro offorinK are mad<t of the bi'st wool. .K.[\ patterns are new, uttraotivi> nmi rotiued. We Kuamntoo that lh>' lit tvill bo ]h>v- lect, (>tc. S'.tits or ovoi-ooats matle to ordor «U.(lil u(.. THE NEW YORK TIILOR MatinSt'""""''"I'Freepoft,L.I. 'The Wall Street Journal Oir** adricw aud aattten, withoDi ehat-ge, iuqairie* about iDTraimpnt*. Btndim uuilorlyipt; cauac* of market moTcmauta. Detrruiiaea facta noTorn- (OK ralua of apcariliea Criliciara.'^nalTae* aud roviowa Roilnaid and Indaatrial re¬ port*. Haa cx>iiiplel« tahli« of e.vniiig* tt propertiea. <^ni>t«« active and iuao- Utra atocka and boud*. Kecorda tbe lh* latt Htie of bon.la aud lb* rielj on laraitawBt at th* priro. Oa* mko daily eoiteulli the Tut Waii Bnan JoiniMAI. it belter qualified lo 1 Inttel money tafely and profitably and I I* odtiie about inveelmenli lhan om who ioet not do eu PabUitbed daily b; Dow, Jone* dt Clo., 4t Bromi. St., N. T The ..Idoat new* aaency of Wall St. tl3ayoar, |l a month. The Governor's Jdettate. Tbe inaugural meaaage of (ioveruut UlKglus to the Legislature, trana- mlttod at Albau.v, wtirn a document of ¦bout 9UUU nur.ls. it heican nith an ezbaoatlve expoaltlon of the fliian. lal condition of the State and eloaed with eonj^ratnlatory references to tbe Hne ibon-lng made h.v the .State al the re¬ cent 8t. LoulH Fair. I Bettreen tbeae etxlruiues ihe (Jov¬ eriior diai-ussed chlefljr the following topics: Taxation, the cenans. SL-ite L'barltlea, election reforms, canals, good roada. State liank". Insuranee, exelse, education, the emplo.viueiit of child la ber. ngrk'iiltural mudltlons. jieiial iii- ttUutlons, civil service, piihlle health •nd the tenement house law. I'pon each fojili- spwlflc leeomineiKlatlons were made. "It would seem proiier,' .-.ni.l the (iov¬ ernor, speaking of the ciiials, -'that th« .Seiiatora and Kepresontalives oC the State of Xetv York In the Xatlnnal Con gresa be uienioralixed hv the Legisla¬ ture to prets the clalnii. of this State for larger appro|irinliniis for the lin provenient of natural waferwa.v-. In .connection with the canal system of the State." Ilegardlug the hanks Ihe inessagi^Ue. clared: "Savings liniiks xhould he. If possihle, limited to their original iiur- IKise of benevolent Institutions organ¬ ized to hold and Invest the navinss of small depositors, and the use of sueb iDsUlutlons should be denied to people yt n-ealth who are callable of biitniig- ing their own iiffalra and who m.-ike large deposits therein for Investment purposes onl.v." Economy In taking Ihe census ia lo be desir>Kl, (iovernor HIgglns snhl. He recommended that all appropria¬ tions to enlarge or Imiirove the .stale .'barltable and refoniintory Instituthms be lucludiHl in one hill. With such pro visions as will In every Instance insure the most careful nud economical ex¬ penditure of the m<mey8 appropriated. "In tbe large eities the principal col- ouizatlon frauds are perpetrated from lodging and fui-nlshed room houses.' the message stated. "I would ri>coiii mend that provision be made for re porta from these tvouseii similar to thos* made li.r hotels under the Llouor Tax law to tbe State Kxclsr Dep.irlmeiil." "Tbe llglit lo determine hy populai vote whether trafficking In liquors shnll bc permitted In a locality Is now limited to the towns of the State." say? the document. "It Is. lu my jmigmcnt ivortliy of the consideration of the Legislature whether this right of loca option should not he extended to cltief ai-.d the divisions theri-of." The tiovernor recominenda stronc legislation relative to child labor and tlie Imorovement of tbc present law? regulating this matter. The "merit system" of Ihc t'ivil Serv¬ ice Is highly approved of. The beJt methods for tho preventlor Of disense are desirable and neeessarj to the pnlillc good, he declares, an.l tin water supply should lie thoroughly In- apecleil. The Tenement lious.' law Is touchi-t' npon nnd dcclnred to be of Ihc titniosi lm|)ortauce. I'arker Loses Case. The hard luck thnt has heeu the por lion of .\lton B. Parker, the Uemocni tic candidate for the rresl.leucy. haf not ended, for the Court of Appeals, at Albany, made np of hla former asso elates, ruled against hi: 1 In hla firsl case. Beyond tbe fact tiint It was ar gned hy tbc former chief judge, the case waa of little Iniportnnce. It in volved the value of aliout )(>3S,<).KI. am) affected a I.ong Island properly. Tb< case came to the Court ot Appeals or a motion to apt aside the decision ol the lower i-ourt. and Judge I'arker iir gued In favor of auch »u actlnn. Hlf appearance in Albany was attondei,' witll a reunion of tbe members uf th( Court of .ippenls. but the decision wnt against the attorney, wbo Is reported to bave laken the case mainly as a ri- suit of a personal acquaintance wilb Ihe appellant. The meeting of Ihr Court of Appeals was also marked l).t Ihe rather 1Tlltli»ti<^ leave-taking of Judg.- Cclora K. MnVtln. w-liose »<-riii had tust expired, and who retires lie cause of age. Judge Martin aald good liye lo all the court attendants at I'-t close of the extended session of tut court. Ills place will be tilled !ij Ir.ilge William K. Werner. Avho wat t-: 'ivil 111 Xovemlier. All Around the State. Coal has fallen lo $'i n ton In .\uliurii Dunkirk and Kredonln lawverii havi formed nn association and elecled otii cers. Ki-ednnia's Clllien's Cll!^ Is to .lis liauil lifter an existence of tnciit.v years. Wavliind's lii), i-eineni w.irks linvi ll ili'slrnyeil by tire. iiiv"lv ing 11 lost of $l'<KM10r>. A freight wrr.k .111 ilic I! . I! nml V at Kliringvillc, .leslrnyeil half a dnzcD freight cars. N'lMgara Kali- now I.as a police paU'o wagon IMiiikiik ;-. ta have .-li-ctric niiUoi ears. Th.-y will lie run lielwe-n tlim city an.i I'r.-.luicn ami iiNo to I'liiiil (Iratloi anil Van Hureii rmiit les.iris. (ieiicMi- Cicinly i^iipervisiMs an ngalust an aiipr.ipi'iiiti.ni nf f-.'.'.is^i tm t f.lllders' inniiouiiieiit. The ipiestlon. Iiowev.-r. will lie ref.-rrei' 1.1 the tnx pavers at iicM rail's .-lection. The liellliii-cr lliiera House ut Kata. via. whi.'1 llll.S luen cli>si-.l for a y.-ar. will ll.- I'clliiMlel.'.l 111 suit r.ie ileiiiaiiils ti 111,' villi";.- irnsiees, .\ficr tlu 'hann.-,'. ai-e inailc Ihe li.inse will In THE SUNDAY SCHOOL INTERNATIONAL LESSON COMMENTS FOR JANUARY 15. eoi). tomm Kleh (laid «>r*. Free milling gold ore shnnins a value ol fOHW tl. the ten. I'.iiinil 111 the SiiKi.torm mine, st li.iMlieM, Ne\ . has sMrtnl t rush ti. tli,ii M-.ti.iii lll.ll |,i"nii»es t.- erapse the Wliiu- I'ine 11. ilenirtit oi liie COGAR JACKSON COUNSCLLOR-AT-LAW 132 Naaaau St NKW VOHK ¦ ALOlaiN. NASSAU CO.. I ¦ J. SCVMOUR SNCDCKER COUNSCLLOR-AT LAW Hamaataaa Naw Vara OtBoeln flnniiaitrait Kai,k Hulldln* (>>rDer Main and Kiititiu .sirerla ial^|erl: Jeaoi TTlBt Hia riral Uiaclpira, .latin I., at-St—OolOaa Taat, Jolin I., «•—Memory Veraea. 40, «t—Commen¬ tary on Ihe 1>B.T'« Leaaon. I. .John .liretti. tivo di«i'.|)lis to .K'fUl (vs. 3.V.T9). 3.1. "The next day." There were three day* of u-slimony ot .Jnhn to .lesiu: 1. To Ihe .leputation from the .>^anhedrin (v.. 19-»). 2. I'ublicly, to the jieople (v«. 29.14). 3. Privilely. ia two dlKinles fv«. 3J-.17). "John stood." "Was standing.'* R. V. "Tv.o of His disciplef " Andre* (v. *U) ond ,)uhrt. the aathor nl thia honk, who niodently avoids using lun own name. .¦W. "And looking." Jolm fixed hii .yes iilion Ilim, sinKling llini out nnd reanrding llim with Slieelal attenlliin. "Behold the L.'.mb of (iod. " (The K. V. puts a lomma after behold; an interjection, iinl a verb). .All the lamiiK liitherto oflereil had Is-en lumished by men; this one was inovided liv 'iod. as the onlv auKieieut satriKee ler the sin of the wwld. His words would be to them egiiivaleiit to a command to fol¬ low him. Hnw faithful John was in hia office aa forerunner! He did not think nf his own honor or popularity, but. cnnseioiis i that he must deeren.«e. he is aniinus io have his followers become true disciples of Christ. 37. "They followed .Jesus " They un¬ derstood .John's meaning and immediately ' did It, they were directed. It would be well if all would immediately follow Chriat'. We should follow llim as our Kedeeaier. rattern. Guide and ^^heplierd. They may ; not have intended tn leave John's leader¬ ship permanently. 3S. "Jesus turned." i He Witt ready to give tliciii a hearty wel¬ come. "What seek .ve?" What is your desire or request? Jesus knew they were seeking Him, for He knows all hearts, hut He desired some expression from them. "Rahhi." .\ .lewish title of honor for men of learning, meaning "teacher, "master." Thua they at once recognized llis super- : ioritv and their ignorance. "Where dwell- fst 'niiiu?" 'Where art Thnli staying?" He had no permanent place 01 abnde in this locahtv. 39. "Come snd see " A kind invitatioiT" lo them lo go with Him to His place of abode. "The tenth hour." ^it. John was so impressed with the tirKt interview witli Jesua that he remembered the li(^. II. Several otlier disciples cal.e3 (vs. 4tM6). 40. "One--was Andrew.'' A name ol Urcek origin signifying "man." He he- longed to itetlisaida I v. 44). .ind was a disciple of John the liaptist. He resided afterward st Capernaum I.Mark l:2fl). The '• »ther was .lohn, the writer of this account. ¦'I'cter's brother " And the elder of the two. The hestowment of this desidination on .Andrew shows that this gospel was written when Peter's name was widely recogniied. II. "He hn.leth first' (K. ; \'.) It is supposed Ihat at the same time , .\ndrew went to lind his hrother Simon, .John h!so went and found lita brother James and brouiiht him to (.'hrlst. hut An¬ drew found his hrother lirst. Thia was .1 true missionary spirit. (Iod's salvation is •o good that those who extierience Hia Io Leonora, my beloved, Come. I wail for thee. Blicht the silver stars are gleaming O er the rippling sea. Leonora, my beloved, Cnme to me. Come—llir lliee my 'n«rk is waitinft; l.ove IS waiting, too. Come—my heart for thee is yearning With devotion true. Leonora, my beloved. 1 Conic to lue. V. Soft she conies, my heart's beTove.J. Leonora, oh. the bliss! Thou art mine, mine nwn for ever; Mine hv this fond kiss. Le.mora.my beloved. -Pea Kv B REAKINfi IT 6ENTLY. By SARAH WILLIAMSON. XSSSSS® a;m jiLjit AA .UOAA HI-- messenger Imy waited Jack Towers wrote iswer lo her note. Sbo might have telephoned, but It was her way to send iiie.sseiigers wltb ber missives. "Very well, Kathleen," wrote Jack, "I'll be there. Yon say for the last time. I wonder why?" He sent a Iwy with this note and an order on a dorlst for n Ivox of violets, ns llle message's nccumpanlmeut, nnd then he turned to his work again. Bnt his eyes falleil to do more than stare at the ligures before him. His lirain could not grasp their meaning. Kathleen's face persisted in dnucing nbout the Ink-well. In n twostep that lilaye-1 havoc witb biisi!iesv. •I'm a beastly cad." cogitated Jack, "nnd that's wh.it. Hut it must be done. l'"or the Inst time, she said. Perhaps she's heard. It would help things a lot If she hnd." He looked 'Wieditatively nt a photo¬ graph wliich he llshe;! from a dark pigeonhole In his desk. "She's a mighty nice little thing." he aald to himself, "but " .4iid then he took another pliotogrnph from nn Inner jiocket of his cont, and kissed It tenderly. "Violets!" Kathleen burled her tier, retrouse In Ibe purple frngrantc and sullied with satisfaction, ".lack always sends violets." she are always anxious to bring othera into the said to no one In particular, though same ho.y relation. "Fonnd the Messias." • ¦ ¦ - - - - •- - - — He apeaks exultinftiy. .-\rouse.l by John's fsithlul testimony concerning the cominn Messiah they wire ready to re.-eive Hire when Ihcy sow a few true marks nf His Messiahship. "Iieing interpreted." Mes¬ sias lathe Hebrew word anil Christ is lU Cireek interpretation. 42. "lirought him." Andrew thiice brings others to .Jesus: 1. Simon. 2. Tiie lad with the loaves (chap. «;S, 9). 3, Certain Greeks (John 12:20-22). In these three incidents .Tohn gives the key to hia character. "Beheld him." Jesus at once knew Simon better than Simon knew him¬ aelf. "Cephas—stone."' I'etros. or Peter, has the same ineaiiinff in (sreelc that Ce- Khaa has in Syriac. 'The name was given im tn describe his character, whicii was "stiff, hardy and resolute." The nea- name, referring to character, is a promise that htfulness shall be changed to steadfastness. 13. "The day following." This, according lo Farrar, was the fourth day after His return from the wilderness, .lesua started on His returu to Ca'ilee. and "on the jour¬ ney fell in with annther young fisherman. Thilip of Bethsjiida." "Follow Me." Thn command, issued only liy nur I^oid Him¬ self, was addresaeil to hut one outside tha circle of the apostles, the rich young maa whom Jesus loved (Mark 10:21). 44. "liethaaida. " "The house of nets,' BO called because inhabited by fishermen. There were two places by this name. 4,i. "Nathanael.'' Elsewhere called IUrlho:o- mew. He lived at (^na in (inlilee. where bur Ixiril performed His first miracle. "Hf whom Moses—and the prophets did write." «ee (ien. 3:15; 22;I8; lienl. 18:18; Isa. 4:2; r:l4| Jer. la:."!; l-jek. 34:23; Dim. 9:24; Micah .1:2; /ech. 0:12: Mal. 3:1. 46. "(iood—out of Naiareth." The ijuestion sprang from mere .Iread oC niist.ike in a matter so vital. He knew that Bethle¬ hem (Micah 5:21 and not Nanareth was tn be the birthplace of the Messiah. It has usually heen considered Ihat His answer was proverbial, hut it niav merely have im¬ plied. -".NaMrelli, Ihat .ihscnre'ind ill-re¬ puted town in ill hitle, untrodden valley— cnn anything good cnnie frnm thence?'' NatbaDaera ohjecllons arnse from ignor- , nice. "Come and see." The same reply given hy Jeaus (v. 391. Vhilin could not solve the diliculty. but he could show Na¬ thanael how to get rill nf il. III.^ Chri«t> interiiew wuh Nathanael (vs. 47-51). 47. "Nil guile," The expres- slim implies a true heail, a real'y convert- Cil man, a cenuine son nf .\braham by failh. a« well as a snn according to the flesh 48 -I'nder the lig tree." The Jewish writers often HK-ak nl the shade of the fig tree as ihe jilaie of meditatinn Hid prayer. I'rohahly il was 111 some such spot. seclud*<l frnm the human eye nf lesus. that Nathanael wnn his tille ol Isiiieiile, bv prevaihna praver with (Jod. 49. "Thou art." elc. 'I'heae words are the 1U1I hurst of a heart convinced at once lh.1t .lesua was the Messiah We .an hardly supliose that Natliiinael clearlv un¬ derstood the nature ni Chrisls kingdom at tuis time, but Ihat he saw lliat Jesus was the Christ we cannot donbt. .Ml. "(iieater things.' Thnu shall si-e far ureater proofs nf Mv dinnilv and Messiah ship .""ll. -Venly. verilv " The d.mble "verilv " used twenty five times m this gn~|iel and nowhere else, inlroduces Irullia nl greal iniporlance "Heaven open. " etc. The Udder which .lacnb siuv ((ien. 'JS:12) was a symbol ef the intercourse which would lie ofieneil between heaven and larlh in the new dis.-M-nsatioii. Prayers an.l ho!y it ler^-essum shoulil ascend: li!esatnps and holy eomnuinions, revela¬ tions, miracles, p.iwers and sifts of the Hn:y Oli.ial ah-iuM .lescend: lilrssings of "liH'li angels are hut the messensers and Miuh.r. "!»oiin(M;ni" This e'spressMin IS use.1 about eizlilv times in the four nns pels by tlirisl nl Ilmi elf as the Messiah. Fine tVatch Collectlnn. Tiu' i.iinouji .\uslriaii n.iv.lisi. M.viuMc Mary von Kl,.ier-K.clu'nl.."li. , , .. ,.,.. ine ol Ihe finest cnliecii.ins nf w.u, ,1,. .\ lumber of these time pic.es .ire over JISI rears nld, aud many ot them arc set lia iiamonds. ttrat a m«rle»n Nawapaper. A rtMdent ..f Oklahoma • fn.le" Jerri llernngton. nl near Mulhsil. ha- in hn t newspap' -d in Ihe C l.ette ted an.l )a date ths I,ONa ISI^A Lean I.. I. rttr llalti'li .\ Janial. a. t^prlnaii .1- tratmin. Lyabrcuk. E.Ceaire. aiawlas . Trt eporl. M. rrick. HeliMore WsBlach.. Meatorn.... Maa-p'q-a. Au'yTillr. fVaptacve. aaar aoi-sn. ND FLAILROAD TI WIN I i:i[ P.SM l^si.'.. IwIK TABLm 4« : M I Hi ; S4 > IS 4M lk> tfi tM all Hi till tn". SM s m a I a »le t <a i lu a .14 111* . Vtti tII tit >i* in sAi >|J > 11 11 « I <; II «s Il.'d I l.Vl 11 :! M I nt .. IC ;.' It m im M 11.1.1 una )u:4 in <.1 i:c II 1 1; • .n ; 14 : .-a in tii: tai t ilii i» nti *H ftl t' i<« :ir) rtu« tvc ut »i« U7 ttf! Xi ¦: ii HI 111 i> : < 1 Ml tu la T4K «1; t ir It : it t It rt :.S4 m ta .» » '.T » ?! HH VI tl 01 > VI • il IV Uls ta mt II n: II11 11 It II 17 III » IIIS! s:'l II :.-i ttt S.M 1. ill I M t K Hi »i« i:,ti Jll •nn t 111 lilh i o, toi • It i:ii. : Is us * If ij II ».: Ml »ri 1! i» s -. ¦> li 11 H 1; il J 3 .". IS »a> till ; : i;i »»t i; J". ; i i» f:3 in: i.i «"• >M ii;i t y '•.'«» IS 1; n ".• tt mu III '• iiiai II <a Ilia 1111 lier maid sat near by sewing some lace on the dinner frock her mistress had bade h.^r lay out for her to wenr. Kathleen looked gloomily upon a tnll vase of long-stemnied American Beau¬ ties that stood on tbe table. "That's the difference In men. Law¬ rence sends lilg Beauties because th.>y cost money, and Jack sends violets because they're my favorite flower. Poor Jack! How can I break bis benrt — for I suppose It will. You say for the last time. I wonder why? Helgho! We must take our medicine. Marie. Hei-ause I prefer millions to love in a cott.nge-that's why. Hurry with the waist. Mnrle. I must not be late at my lust dinner with Jac!:." I ".No, I didn't think wo needed a chaperon to-niglil. Jack." ' "Why not tonight';" "liecause. well— ' " 'Life is too short lo quorrel. Life is too short to sigh ' "I'll tell you by-an-liy. Jack—after tbe tish. perhaps." "I, too, have something to teil you. Kathleen." Kor the space of ten minutes, wbile tbe pnrcoii [iluced the souii before Ibem. Jm k felt uncomfortable. Kvery¬ body hates to attnck a disagreeable duly. When the duty Involves a pretty womnn. It Is doubly distasteful. How¬ pver, he took a surreptitious peep at the photogrnpli In his breast iMickct and It nerved him to his tnsk. Nevertheless. Ihi-re was no hurry nliout It. "Isn't It absurd. Jack, to say that love makes the world go round?" asked Kathleen. In ber diploma lie. feminine way. she had wished to lead up to the subject Jibe hnd conie to discuss. "Of course it Is. " be ausn'ere<l. "when rhnmpagn*--If oin- has eiioiigli of it- will do file same thing " "Salmon -oh. Jack, do you remem tier how we trolled for salinoii nt Del Monte last suinmer?" Did be remember? He had to pat the ph<itogra|ili In his pocket to forget, "I read tbe other day," Kathleen was a.iylng. "tbnt a girl who couldn't make up her min.l between two lovers baen't a mind worth making iii>." Sbe looked at blui from the corners Of her eyes. Jack's fnce lighted uii. She knew, then, and thnt was the nicining of her desire for n farewell dinner. How ensy It would be now to explain. Bnl Kathleen wns not wniiing for nn • nswer. "'rh.-y say tlieres no skill In wiiiiiine a gnme where one holds all the trumps. But 111 the game nf hearts. Jnck. sup¬ pose one h.'id just two Ilon't you think It would be hard lo kn.iw which to dls.-nnl?" Brnvo! ihiuiglit Jack. Wbnt n.-lever little illiilolliat Ivnllileen is' Ilnl she v.'creil In the other side. ¦ Isn't It Hi.'.- Jack. Jnst we twn sit¬ ting lure lik.- this?" oil. so ten.lerly "Isiil It like old iini.'s?" He r.-ally couldn't help il-one Utile kiss was nothing There was n pause of some minutes, an.l then Kathleen sprang to her foet. "iNin't. Jack, don't, or I won't be anie to brace inys.'ir f..r the ..nb-al. Don'l Iu.ik like that " He init bis hnn.l in Ins coat pn. ket Yes, the |il,otogrnph was there. Had be hn.? '-.- -n untrue t.i h.-r"' "I'ln enitageil .-ngnged. Jnck." sni.l Kathleen, excitedly. " I'm going to noirry I.nwreii.-e Smith. ili< niilionairc (lh. Jack I neVv>r really thought you cared-why didiit you ask me y.-ars ago-when I was n bud It's tivi lat.' now- ton late It's gi-iing tn be a grand chnrch n.-iMliig He waiiL-il it to he a iiuiet aflfaii lint I - "Tliniiglit It would lie the list (jiiiet day he'd have no doiibt Why. Jnck. I never knew you tn make such a w retcheil joke before. High n»iii-nt St. Luke's—June eighth. V.iull be there?" lui afraid imi. Knlhlcen-I The tension, drawn so tlpM a mo¬ ment since, was ready to snap. Had It done 80. the mnu would hnre laughed, the relief was sn grent. Bnt bis duty wns still undone, and doubly repugnant after ber confession. "Oh. you must." plended Kntlileen. "else you must know what people will say." Sbe looked at ber watch. "I must go now." she said, 'for we are going to a ball to night, rromisc me. Jnck. that If Lawrence asks you. you will be bis best man nt our wed¬ ding. Do It for me. dear, won't you?" She gnve hlm n good-by kiss, to mnke her plea more profound. "Oh. the mis.'hlef. I can't. Kath¬ leen." be said. s.|Ueezlng her little hands warmly. "I would if 1 could, you know, but its impossible." ¦Why. dear'?" Tbe words were warm, lint the lone was cold. "Well. Ill tell yon I've iricl lo tell you all tbe evening, but you ilidn't give me a chance. I'm going to be married myself that same day."—San Francisco Town Talk. EAST INDIAN SERVANTS. Many are the .nialiit sayings nnd many tbelr queer ways, writes Mrs. Kverard Cotes In flood Housekeeping. Tbey make their lionio iu our lives, and have for -reiieratlons of tbem and of us, yet I nm sorry to think bow little wc know of their nffnirs. The washer of dishes Is not the washer of clothes, and neither of these would wash the tloor or the dog. Thero i-, one to cook and one to wait at trble. nne to dust and oue to sweep, one wbo works with his legs only, running errands, one wbo earns bis living with his fingers and toes, sewing lu the v.-raiida. That is the oriental disposition of life, limited work, limited pay, liliera: time for eat¬ ing, sleeping and pulling at the frlendly bubble-bubble, a leisured, gossiping ex¬ istence wltb few excitements but the great ones, births and lunrrlages and deaths, 'i'hey are not ideal In the per¬ formance of their duti"-. nor strict In tbelr reiireseutatlou of fact: but their manners are exccKcut; tbey will in¬ trigue, lu your interest—and nn emer¬ gency—for the leg of nnitlon originally destln.'d for your iielghiior's dinner; Ibcy will boast in your honor to the bnunr. and n'.i yo.ir misfortunes nre theirs. Ill centuries to come when the tide of emigration flows easily from pole to pole and iieopic Hnd tbelr work In tbe world as easily as wnler finds lis level, perhaps they will arrive oue day to tnk<- charge of the Amerhan menage. I cnn wish tbc Amerlcau housewife no bctler luck. Mosqaltoea Lie Low. "The skyscraper Is uiniuestlonably nil enemy of the mosquito nnd we m-ed not go out of New Orleans to estnblisli the fact," said an observant man. "It has been known for somo time thnt the mosquito wns ont n high flyer, that Is, that he was not in the habit of getting very far away from the t-artb. The wind oecasionall.v blows hlm up. but be never gets far up In the air unless forced up against bis will. He always rests dose to the ground. I was tnlklug with Oiloticl .\ndrew Blnkely, of the St. Cbarles Hotel, the otber day about this same matter, and be nssured me that be had establlsbed the fact beyond peradventure that the mosquito was not in the least Inclined to select the higher floors of skyscrnp- i-rs for plni-es of hnbltathin. Colonel Blakcly during the entire summer has occupleil a room .111 the top Hour of tho Sf. Cbarles Hotel. He keiit the tran¬ som closed so that mosquitoes i-onlil not get In from the Inside, but left the windows open. The resnit Is that ho has been able to sleep withont a mos¬ quito bav. Tbe idea in closing the Irnnsom was to shut out th-3 mosqultoea tbnt might And tbelr wny to the top floor by accident. For lustnnce, tbi- Insecls are often carried up to tbe higher floors in elevators or they make tbelr way up tbe stairways by degrees, .ir tbey might be carried up lu clothes. With tbe transom closed Insects thus geltiug to the higher floors would In' shut out of the rooms, providing, of course, the doors be not left open. The experiment in Colonel Blakely's case liroved successful and be establiiilied the fact that Ihe mosquito wns not in the air nt that lielglit. If they bud been they would bave been blown in Ihrough the open windows. The mos- quito. as I said before, roosts .lose to the ground, and be Is not at all fond of the diZ7.y heigbts of the mod.-rii' skys.'i'iiiier." — New Orleans Times- Democrat. m 11 • i» tt tl i.l acanara Pakrlo* I.UHl'ak'l . Cottac** . Amity V . Maaa p'^a >-eafonl .. Wanlaab Hellmore . M«m<k. (fMaorl tt; &» tt) tta ' t u > «i e n • i7 • ISi ti4.i rail I .s i t« « n 7 IB ; til tti ts: ;<* i I % t u « a* 7 III .MS. tMl tti I u : .Ml s VI • t^ ; i« -11« tia «t« 71* M^ siw tai :£1 : i::i •!• tu tat . .- ?^ t 1:1 • IT 7 *• : i» 117 ;..t 73* . tat «ii tia 7«u . iM ... ill .tM«l'4 7!t7Mi *» «r» 7M »!S I . • M «11 r«} • III at¬ iv • •* NX tm ¦ nt tia • M • I* VS* Hint nan; lain lAU mi7 S..1I t a» .11 t-i a « ir 13*1 IIU u» uai ¦ IT mm Itm ik ia tta HI 4* tta ssC .- "lO i 13 t 1: SH lit t tn Ki: > IS t^l SXI iii tth -t: iii ttt hi; 1 hit tm • 9 til tM SV tr tte • H ta «tt sai Mils 1: in •^l . in 1:1 KU tv. 1: IS i:ai IS -ii ItM II» i:3! ai ts 1: -IS t It I in t'U I ' «i> tt'- I I l« t* < »i»i i;.., t.!. • 0* 1; a Itl Mli laii I It It 1: t ta »!l ItS! t.w •ill )J3. t ••> »;•. IJ3. sni l» lot tiVt • Kl US in; • It i:« ill • a i:« il* tu itt-i at • tl ml iii. • i> Mil SSI f u i< 57 : 91 » u TS IW ;at IS ii>i :»i • n TN »t: ijii 7» ».M P-la4lMt***la* •• MSMl 7 M "Jv ot II'U 1 .17 S te SfV >i* 10 1« luf. 1 3 t': .in tsi luM UH IN IM tut IW Mm "1" ulaad »*4*«4|*ri -01, IS the t jea lou we CH I i wentielli , y is out .. "l know, bu; Oh. Jack. litlie a 1 ottag dear "' 1 k Oh. boiTnl Ja. k sav we I never . partui. Ills lis II ion Kath il.m't th I'm not still be fric ent nry you I .late" •¦RU In* fri •lul.l liear tl . Ibe inoderi Il.h U'ller leer Bu- - nk I mea lit Ibat kind nf Ids. ktinv 'lids i-se 1 lov Ihl* an. a sv Bnt Lawreii.e Jikes you 1 l.e want* Tu.i ; voll'-" "Illl frtliy. airfiiDv * 1 l-e !'e»t ! ifiii" ^,1.1 Itli This r and | Stll!- ; Stuffy 1 . in a , way. j 1 1 thilig mia II. thiuk Will i i i I'O-ildu 1 1 ailnea In Korea. Korea possesses gold mines, whose output has increased from $1.1.">>>.'hid ill ISil.S to J'J..''iiKi.i«s» in pio'-'. ll lias al.so mines of Iron, silv.-r. i.'opiw-r. coal, et.-. The great.T pnrt of the gold is ex|iiirti-il to Jn|ian. Iron, altbougb inesent In large iiuanllties. can linnlly be said to be exploited .\s a matter of fad. Iron used in Japanese fiiiiii- ilries comes from China. Conl of nm- illiini .|iiallty Is equally abundant, but ll Is hanlly explolKsl. Copper Is ex- lracle.1 in several districts. During the past two years ."ii'il.-liia |K)umls val¬ ued at $.'il.(H4. were mined ll ili said that the southern imrlinn l.f Korea belongs to the Crown, an.l that It Is iieiessary to hnve a special aiitboriinti.in to .l.-velop it. A ri-quest fnr snch a conc.-ssion sbinild be prcs- eiitetl through lb.- diplomatic ri-jir.- sentalive of the lountry of which the [letltloiier Is a resilient. As a rule, these requests are denied, owing to the Korean's dislike of foreigners, and there nre many dlfllcullles to be sur- iiioiiiit.>d befon- work cnn be begun.— N.w York Times. iDSultert Her Jark. .\ccoriliiig t . an Knglish actress there vvas once a fishin.mger In a provii:.ml liivvn who had a fit of stage mania, so be stii.licd. and vv.nt to the Sh.-HleM i'lientre stage to pla.v .11 ^ bakesp.-ar.aii ilrauia. H s motlier. a rustic, much agulnst her lietter Jl ligiuenl, went to tbat ungodly place -n playhouse. .\ll went will till Polonius said "D<i you know me. my lord';" "Exc.'llent well," re|ilied Ilauilet. "V.iu are a Hshminger" That was enough for the mother. Sbe arose and shouhjered her «»y out, exclaiming loudly "Let lue get out! Let me get out! I knew they'd insult nur Jack" - N.'W V.ok Nc«s Znla. 'I.-' >:^d HMipins. When /...la was la«t in l.<imhiL he instances the egolisin .if the i-apiuil I • in Kiiglikh as sigiiificaiji ,.t Kng- l.sh character, tbe nuuil-er uf waif aii.l >iray hairplni. m be seen ..n the p.ive ment wat nno.ber (in thia hist slibje.f Mr Viielelly wbo |..;d lh.' sK.ry. has returned to th.- charge .\ii aualjisia nf witne iiig.-i.iis" nests in lAiiidon lias reveale.1 the l.airpin n- .-ii. of ibe si.s.'k irthlfevlural mater:al» In Turin, one cf the .irees: It.ily, l,a» 1.0: a t.ng> bu ..Jjim wj'.l a trM-rUi* t^i^vaiot. HOUSEHOLD mn wm um oot »iiii KNTsof the week' beef irusi case closes Pitiful Line of Officers anl Men Leaves Port Arthnr. TO DRIVE AW.VY ANTS. 1 Sprigs of winte.-green or ground Ivy j will drive away re<l ants. Branchea , of vtoruiwood will serve the same pur \ pose for black ants Tbe Insects mny , be kept out .f sugar barrels by draw¬ ing a w-lde chalk mark around the top near the edge. mai;kin(7 ink on linen. Remove uiarking ink from linen 1 thus: iSlnl the mark with a solution ' of c.vnnlde of potassium, applied with | a camel's hnir brush. .\s soim as the j Ink disappears the linen should be j rlnswl in cohl water and then washcKl j 111 the ordinary way. . i TAUNISII ON .SILVKItWAUE. i To prevent articles of silverware from tarnishing wnrm them when well ! I'leniied and paint tbem over witb a ' tlin solution of cnll.slion in alcohol, i using n wide, soft brush fnr the pur- ! pose. Articles so treated must bc ; wiped only with dry cloths 1 Nev( nil' r.tI!l.Kt.:L(iTlI. leave the wblle cloth on be- tn.-eii meals. It docs not look well, an.l. lii'siiles, its freshness soon be¬ comes ninrred with constant use. It should be folded carefully In the vir¬ ginal creases after .-acb meal and laid awny In a drawer. This will be found >n economy after a little trial. A NOVKL rArERWEKlHT. Take five walnuts, make n bnla In tbe eild of each and dig out as much meat as possible, Wllh a tape needle push a narrow ribbon tbrongh each one of the shells, connecting tbem together, and fill them with mell.-il lead poured tlii'ongh the boles In the end, and tie the ribbon ends in a bow —Connccll- -^ut Karmer. VARNISHED ll'UNlTCRE. S|iots on vninislieil furniture are readily removcil by being rubbed with essence of peppermint or spirits of camphor and afterward with Unseed or olive oil. Rub the oil in well with a piece of rtaiiiH-l and then take a clenn piece nnd rub ngnin. Furniture which hns bccniiie i|ulte shabby looks like new after this [ii-ocess. CLEANING ART SHADES. Before being washed, colored coun¬ terpanes and nrt muslin slindes should be sonked for lifieen minutes lu cold wnter, to which ndd one cupful ot snlt to each bncket. using Just sufficient to cover thein; then wring tight nnd wnsh In the usual manner. Trente<I In this way. they will retain tbeir usuol brightness till worn out. says Woman's Life. To Insure complete success, tbe articles sbould be soake.1 In like man¬ ner previous to the first Ihree wash¬ ings. DAUNlNCi STOCK INOS. Darning stockings is never a very welcome task, ami tix) often in tbe case wbere there is a Inrge family the task seems almost endless. Tbe following method will Insure less darning, be¬ cause the darns being more secure will last ioiiger: Before beginning to darn n hole tnck a piece of coarse net lightly to the stocking over the bole, then dam over tbe net and be sure to also darn well into the stockings ns well to keep the darn firm. The net mnkes such a good foundalion that the work Is more quickly done, and the result is n much smootlicr anil m-aler darn than one (lone ill the old way.—WashlngUni Star. GEN. SIOESSEL INTERVIEWED baja He Wants lo llrtnrn lioin - :>n.l I.lT* ITilh His ra.iillr — Solillerl I.«okeil VTell Fe<l lln: Verr Harcarl Irotn Thslr I nni Straln-.l;a|>s Trral Them Will, (irral Ilesprr:. Head.|uarleis of the lliiid .lapanese Army nt r.nt -Xrihur (via Vinkovv and Ti.-n-Tsiiii Kive tliiiusan.l men of the Uu.-sian garrison at I'.iri .\rthur mnrcb.-d from tb.- viliag.' .if Vahnisui. or. lb.- shores of Pigeon i'.ay. for fifte.'ii niil.-s lo Ilu- railway statnm at Cliaiiglingl7.ii, at :'. 1'.-lo-k. and llic othei' iletachm-nls f,iliovvi-sl s.mn ufier. Eai ii il-.'t:!cliiiiiiil vvn^^-i'oiniiaclcd by si\ l.iad.-.l Iraiisporl .nrs. The Itussians In the night were taken on special trains of op-ii Irn.ks to Dalny. and there they iiiiiiu-iliai.'ly i-mlinrkt-d for Jnp.iii on transports walling In that jiort. The long inocession of the remnants of the ;:all«iit Russian garrison was a pathetic speclnclc The Hrst arrivals at Cbangllngtr.u were four .lro>klis drawn by sorry looking horses. They rontaln.-.l the stalT ofll.-.-rs who bad refused lo give their parole. .\ll wore their swor.ls as they were allowed to under the terms of the .apilulalion cuilract A f.-w iiiinut.'s Inter the first detach¬ ment arrivwl The leginicnlal orticera marched with tbeir men. their beads bowed anil their fa<-es seanuMl with lines, shewing the result of the mental and pbysli-nl strain they had iWile.- goiii- during the long defense. .\s the Jnpniie-e soldiers crowded nisiiit theni with evident curiosity the faces of the Itussiaii nffic.rs wi-ic an liileresling study. -Vll of llieiii ap pcareil to feel their htiuiiliii.lng posi¬ tion ki-cnly. nnd. though some seemed to be resigneil In their sltuntion, others were resentful at being regarded wilh curiosity. The men appeared to bn well fed, but their faces, like Ibose of the officers, indicnti-d the awful physi¬ cal strain tlu-y lin.l undergone. The olticers wen- clean nnd well clothed, but Ihe men were ilnd In dirly !o.iklng shei'psklii coats, nnd appeared to bc resigned or glad that the end had come, 'I'll- Iiorses drawing Ihe transport carts were suffering from fatigue, tliough tbe loads w.n- small. The horses were tieil to the carts and led by orderlies. In the procession were many lean looking |iet dogs belonging lo the offleers. In mnny cnses oflicers refused ti wear th.-lr swords, but had them car¬ ried lii'bind tbem by orderlies. The offlivrs sainted the European nnd American corres|ionilenl with the Jnp¬ nuese army, nnd appeared to be both pleased and astonished at seeing Ihc Europeans and Americans there. The iirisoners were treated with the greatest respect and kindness, tbougii tbey were regarded witb niMcli nntural .urlosily. The soldiers received food, cigarettes and beer, and the corre- simndenl of the Asso.-lated l'ri>ss even «avv Japanese s<ililiers voltiiilnrily cnr- ryiiig the elTecls of the priwiners wben tin\v wen- overcune by fatigue. Tbe railway has been repaired and the gauge chaiiL'ed almost to the city of Tort Arthur, into which trains will enter in a few .lays. Telephone and telegraph lines hnve be.-ii completed to the illy, and already Jnpnnese engineers nre surveying tbe destroyed forts of the eastern fortified ridges. In an interview nenenil St.iessel snhl tbnt he had ex)iecled aid from Kuro- palkin or the Baltic fleet lo tbe last. Speaking of his own future plans the 1 Oenernl said wilh much feeling: "I have served my Eniiieror In threo wars, and have been thrice wounded- in 111.- war with Turkey, In tbe Boxet tr.uililc In China nml nt Porl .Vrtliur I fcelsihat I have earned the right to relnrn to Russia and |i;iss my ohl ag€ with my family." Cream I'le—Mix one-balf cup ot sn- /rar wltb tvvo cups of thin cream nnd Ihc stIHIy beaten whites of thn-e eggs. Line a plate wltb rich paste nnd set lu the oven until half baked. Draw to the front of II veil, imnr In the cream nnd lliilsli linking Hy this metho.l till- crust will not soak and the filling will not be overhKikeil. Willi.- Citron ("like—Cream one half ciqi of butler, add one cup of sugar and beai well. .Now nild gradually three qinirlers .up of milk alti-rnately with two clips Ilf ttour sifted with four level tea.s|iniiiis of baking |iovvder. Now fold In carefully the slimy beaten wbiti's of four eggs ami one half clip of ciii'iiii shaved fine and dredged with flour. Hake in a slioet and .over with a Isiili-d Icing ropciirii Ibiil- nr Hri.'ks To one cupful of lirovvii sugnr n.bl a heaping tenspooiiful of butter and thn-.- tnlile- siMioiifnls nf water, boll until It ropes or hardens when ilropptKl into cold water While the sirup Is Iwlllng hot pour It over tw.i quarts of i>op|itsl i-orn, from vihlcli all round grain have been remnvisl Siir with n spoon until It Is cool eii.nigh In 111' niolileil liii.i shape vvitli Initt.'r 10 fH.'ilitate n.irk. riekli'd Miislironms- Wash thomugh ly. and. if of convenient site, put whole Into glass Jars. Set these onto tbe rack of n sti'am kelll.- ivvlih a cloth on the rack beneath tin- cann Tnt In warm water to cover the rack nnd let steam fifteen minnles. Have ready enough vinegar s'-ahlisl. vvitli peppercorns, cl.ives, mnstai'd seed, ii-lery seed, bay leaves an.l ihili pep|i<-rs. to fill the Jars I'our this Into Ihl- Jars A.ljust Ihe rulibers and .overs, an.l let csik flvc nv six niliiHtes, then screw down the cov ers and set aside, A talil.'spiHiiiful of mixed spi.'es '.vill be .'iiniigli for a qiiarl Jnr. Death ot an Kille. Mi~'- Ehz.l li.'l.vile died in the Lyon Connty. Kansas, |sporhoiii.' the other day She caine to Americi" more thnn forly years ago fnnn rran.e She was highly eiUicnteil and Intelilgent. Her deslination was Kansas City, where a half brother had l.v.-il and db-il. niu^^ sbe was iu .iii(-«t of certain nionett- which she bad intrusted tn the llal^-' brother's care. Dnl-ing tbe fifteen year's .Miss Hayiie lived in Emporia fhf ke|it alM.ilt lor [lersnii a silk Kren.h Bag in whi. b she .leMr(-.l to be bur.e.l and in wb.i b she was buried, .\fiei her death J.'>i w. re found sew eti ly the senni of ber dress 'llie |sMir old Aoul bad been bn.ir.liiig tin- ni< ne.v for years In nr.lci tloii she inig.it n.-t be InirieO Vnrk News roi.K lNAr(7rit.tTKD (iO\ ERNOR N.'W Chi.'f Executive of Missouri Sworn In. Ji'lTersnii Cily Mo .\ grent assem¬ bly nf admiring Missourians gri-eled Covernor Joseph W Eiilk when he w«. inanguraled here at noon Auioiii; Ibose presenl weiv William Jennings Hryan ami .Mrs Hryai! The .niwds wen- pr.-lty evenly dl viilcil belw.'eii Demcicrnls and Repub lii'iiiis Till' Itepiibllcniis wen- dealrous of vviines-ing the inangiiratlon of the Republican Still.' .ifflcers, of whon: l.l.-ntenanl (iovernor M. Kinley bend? the list. Tlie installaliir.i of lb.- Stnl.- olBi'eri t.uik plaiv ill the hall of tin- lloiiM- ol tleprcsenlatlvfs. WVNNE CONSl'l. AT LONDON. rostii,a-l.l'O.-li.'ral Slat.-il To,' lh. Il.'sl till' .Vilniinlstratloti Can (ilv.-. Washing,on, D c It is statetl here 0:1 hiuh aiithni'iiy ihiil wliile a f.trmHl l.'inler lias not I n mad.' In IPni by l're-l,l,.lll KnnOvell Rnlierl .1 Wyuiie, the r.i-tiiiasiei lieneral. is ..laid In sii,,e,.,l Ilenry ilav Evans as I'liited Slat.s Con-Ill li<>iier:il at l.on.lou. It l.-ak.il onl here ibat .Mr. Wynne's re¬ cent hasty visit to New York City was to .'oiifei with th.- repiesi-iitaliTes of a large .'ominer.'lal enterprise The Posl- inaster (ienernl di-.lineil the pre?l- .li-n. y .if till' con. ern at a salary ap- pi'iixiniHling Snii.isKi a y.-ar H<- re' fiisnl It liecaUM- il involved I.Hikliig uut for liusiness with the Oov.Tiiment. ' Lai.l First New ^ ork Railway Ceorge W Kel.ey, who. as bia fatli¬ er's partner laid lln- flrst sireet railway tracks 111 New York City and I'hlla- delpliiu. Pa . and from the National Capitol UJI Pennsylvania avenn.- In Washington, died at Chicago, III. at till- age of sixty seven. For Cuban Sanitation. • iilia has apinnprlaled »:.':t(i.(ll«i fn: Ihe saniliition of her cities, the sum lo be dlstribuled uinong the mniii'lpali- ties on I, licr iniiltn bas.s. Education Brevltiea. lb.' new Harvanl catahigiie ihowi a m.'mliersliip of 7.''>.s in the Law Ho iipcr M(ht at Hlrds. 'ine s,;;Li of li.rils IS .'Xiraordinary and the s in|ile f i.; that the eye of .1 hawk or i.igeon is lar'gei than the.r wljole brain gives ,.>iiie idea of what iLeir poivers ofi sight luuai be. and ol how eatliy tiiey cau Cy huudreUi ot ml'.ei It y..ef tiave u^srk* to fnldl tbria. The .atalogne of Brown rniversity lor I!«I4 (i."i i-ontalns severa; noteworthy f.-aliires I'be new p<iwer plant ot Cornell I'm N-ersity n I'all Cre»k (Inrge has JusI Jlieen i-ompl.-t.-d Some of III.' general plans lor Hi* new library nf ^ale University appeal to lie pra.'tually settle.!. r.-achers'Colleg.-announces a course of ten fre.- |inblic let-lures In Kluder- garieii Thwry an.l rractli-e The personnel nf the IsMiril of Ibe luiversiiy of Vermont trustees repiaini almost tue same as last year i'iie se.'onil annual ilel.aie of .lutiut ll.ipkiiis with I'.rn.vn I niverllty jrlll be held 111 .McCoy Hall on the niclit Of April >-. rrolessor Jo.iii Iloler; .-'mi waa ele.-t ed head of Ih^ dei'a.-lui-'Dt b( pure malhcmntics r-i th» l.'ollegc of Ite Clly L.f New York ¦J'L" .ttlciai prospedus of tb* lala SBmu.et s.hoil of .\rt« aud Hctrnce* uuai's .. lu.'ulty of Utrij-trttu. w.tn J'tei.dri.; liadley nud J*roff»aor t^wMtt *I ;iii> buC. WASIIIN'iTON. The Omnibus Claims bid was passed by the Senate. The re»olullon providing for holding the Inaugural ball lu the IVnsloii Huibl ing was adoptvd by the House. It was learned that lie.- Ilav-Ilond treaty with Newfoundlan.l was" likely to bc revived. An altem|it to blow up ihe statue of Krederick the Oreat In the War Col lege groumls here failed. The nomini.lion of William D. Cruni n negro, to be Co!li>ctor of Custotiis nt 'harlpsion. S. ('.. was coiiflrnii-il. I'he Kiirestry.Cjiigpess adjourned nf ter adopting resohitlna urging more ^striivgent measures for preserving tbt timber ou the public lands. President Roo.sevelt cilb-d a .-ouncil of leaders In Congre-is to dlsi-iiss what legislation shall b-o undertaken. Attorney General Moodv Winds Up His Prosecution. COURT ROOM WAS CROWDED It Wss ronlen.leil Thai Ihr rnrkera Via* Intad Ihe I.ni* h.T Kiilvrlng Into n* AiT^»meiit for au|tpresslnff Competl* lion Hoth in Ihe furrliasc of L.It« Woek an.l In Ihe Hale of Kresh Ment. ' Ailmiral D lind tin tie B.ianl of the Nnvy re.ommeiide.l more compulsory retirements an.l promotiou of offl.-ers at i-al'lier antes. A bill lo abolish tbe Istlin Commission was Inlro.lnce.l Huuse. OCR ADOPTED ISLANDS, from Manila I.il.l .if an attempt of almnt .'.(kl convicts at Billiid lo break Jail. It resnltixl In the killing of sixteen of the prisoners niul the vvonndliig of forty oili.-rs. Lieutenant I'. J. Jewell and n pri¬ vate, of the Fourteenth I'uited Slates Cavalry, were killed, ami ihr.-e ofllccra and three privates wounded in the cul¬ ture of un outlaw fortress in Jolo. .\ civil service system similar to that In operation in the rhillppines is to be iiistltufed lu I'orto Rico. tine Utindred ladrones raided the lown of Taal. a |ilnce of Xl.onn Inhnbit- ants. thirteen miles from Batnngas. In Ihe Islnnd of Luxon. kllletl tvvo persons and disarmed the local police. In the Islnnd of Saiiinr. wbere the Puliijnnes recently massacred Lieuten¬ ant Ilnyt and tbirty-seveii native .scouts, the fi-onis nnd I'onstabuhiry ire driving the linmls of fanatics on !lie east coast, cniiverL-ing upon theiu in small, lightly cqulppc.l .-nluiuns, riiere are frei|iieut skiriiilslies. In which several of the ruliijanes liiivc iM-rn killed. svve:l!sllops irk City, -ries J.'l.JiTO,. n'liorled, a Iher man lu DOMESTIC. Raiils were made on fifty in Kllr.nbctb street. New V. Rodman Wnnnmaker cai "HM) life Insurance, It was larger amount than any o \merii-a. Cliarli-8 K, Sntrphv announced Ihnt Mayor McClellau. of New York Clly. will be renominated on a iilalform pronilslng a "liberal" enfoii-emeut of laws. Ten Incli.-s of snow fell in Memphis, Tenn , si-ilously impeding Iraftic, James I", Tnppan, the .Standard Oil man, dle.1 In Chicago. III. « Thr.nigb the nld of a ten-year-old boy lersey City police liopeil to break iqi the alleged "Black Hand " gang. Captain David B. Mnlllken t.Kik tbe staml in his own ilefense at the .ourl- marlial at I'orl Sli.i'iilan and tol.l of llis marriage tangles. An eiKbiwmeni fund for Tuskcgee Iii- •tltule was planned as a moniorial for W. II. Baldwin .Admirnl Dewey and Mr. .Morton. See- retniy of the Nmy, reviewi-d the ns- temblng.' of warships at Hampton Roa.Is, vvhicli was tlie gr.-alest ever kiiivvn In till- history ot the I'liiteil Stati-s. Thomas D. Robinson, of New York r"lty, aged elghly-one, and hla wife, levenly, were cliarg(-d wllh burglarj-. The cruiser CliallanooKa vvas tested for speed off .Newporl, It. I., exceeding llle contract sped on a four luiun." run. The body of Leon.ird Mandeville. n -lerk, nineteen years old. was found In I trench in Newark, N J. It wns announced Hint pnrt of the Caihedrnl of St. John the Divine. In New York City, would be finished 111 ibree years. (iovernor I'rank W. Illggins was lii- lugiiiateil in the .Vssembly Cba.nber at Ihe Capitol at Albany. N. Y . In llie prefienee of n dlslliigiilshed gathering. Andrew Carnegie hns given ?'Jft.S,n(K) lo the Marylnnd Inatltute of Aat aud Design. The annual reiwirt of F. D. Kllburn. New York State Superintendent of Banking, wns mnde nubile In .Albany. Mnny ctiauges In Hi.- banking laws of [ Ihe Slnle wer.' ri'conimend.Ml. t Agents of llie chief Chicago illl.) | packers w.-re nrreste.l In .Molilalia, i charged with .'onspiraiy lo fix meal i prices. I Dr I.eroy S. Chadwick, husliaml of 1 Ihe alleged svviiiiller, arrived In Cleve land, Ohio, ami bad n palhellc confer eii.c wilh his wife In Hi" Jail. FOREICN. The missions of Ihl' iHiaril .if iiniiiliy Illlll the North Sea Incl.lent were re- i aunied In I'aris. France. t^neeii Helenas blrth.Iay.-a I'resiia | Wasliinglun. P.C. .Vrgniueuta In the »o-calb>.l It.ef rnist case *ere con¬ cluded in the .Siipreine Conrt. .Attoi- ne.v-Oeneial .Moody appearing for tb* Oovernment lu favor of cintlnuUig tli»» Iiijuucllon Issued by Judi:e tirosscup at Cblcngo. 111., nnd Atlorney .Miller • closing the .ase lu favor of Swift. Ar- Canal i mour and other packers. Tbe spac* llic ; within tbe railing was crowded with ! members ot the bar. vho listened to the arguments with close attention, particularly those of the .\ttoruo; lieneral. Mr. iloody sahl It nppenred that the dcfendanls. wli.> were seven i-or- porations. one copartnership and tweii- lythree Individunls. were engaged in the business of buying live stock, con¬ verting It Into fresh meat and selling the meat throughout the country. It was obvious that the business Included both manufacture or protluctlon nnil i-oiumeroe. Tbey were cliargi>d with violating the law by entering Into nu agret-inent for suppivssing competition lu the purchase ot live stock and of ?omi)etltlou In the sale of fresh meat. None of the cbaiges related to nianti- ' tacture or production, but all relatett to commerce, not necessarily liiter- stnte commerce, but commerce na dla- llngiilsheil from manHfncluro or pro- liietlnn. ' In this it dirrei'cd floiii the Knight ?nse, whieli concerned only luaunfnc- Inre or proilnclioii. There was no fn- sloii or acquisition of |iri>|)erly Intt-r- esls, as in the N.nlliern Si-euritlescase, but simply agreements between rtran- ! gers lo each other's business atTeotlnR i Iheir freedou^ of aclion In certain re- I .qiects. The clinrp-ea did not relate to tny mntters merely Incidental or col- i lateral to comiuerce. oi- whl.-h nldiMlor j facilitated It. ttii tbe eonlnu-y. they ; related lo eonimerce Itsi-lf, nnd wero j niaile and done by those who w-erecon- .luetlng It with respect to Its conduct. These propositions narrowed the In- I qniry and left for the conrt Iho deter- j lulnalion of only two ipiesllons: I First—Whelher tin- commerce In thla ! .--ase wns i-ommcree amoug the State*, ! Illd It so I Se.-ond-Whetlicr the agreements con- Btltute<l a rcslralnl of sueh commerce, Dr created or promoted a monopoly of 1 uo part of 11. j The case of the Coverniueiil requli^ I Ihnt both ot these questions should lio j Busvrered lu the afHrmallvc. othertvla* It failed. I In taking up Ibe charge nf su|ipni<- sing eoiup:'tltlnu In buying llvo stock, Mr. Moody snid the ngreement fo Ihnt effect bnving been cli-arly nileged. lho j questiou arose whelher that agreement ! related to interstate eonimeice. That i depended upnn wbetber the sales ot stoek with whlcb the agreement con¬ cerned Itself were- a pnrt ot Interstnto comniercc. Heferrlng lo the action of the pack¬ ers In controlliuK Ihe lelllng iirlce of fresh meat by secret meetings througb- out the cnimlry by Ihclr agents at which n uniform price vvas llxcd. Mr. Moody said It was dearly a restraint of Inlerslale coiiiiiTen-e in view of other decisions by the court. Sir. Moody re-enfoned his coiicln- sions hy a long list of dci-islona of Iho Supreme Courl In Interstate comniei-ce cases giving sitnllnr points, pnrtleu* lai-Iy In the orlglunl paeknge declaloni. Ill closing for the packers Attorney Miller .-ontended thnt the (iovci-nmeiit hnd uot showu by speclllc charges that the Inw hnd been violated In directly reslrnlnlng trade aud coni|n-llllou. The court then took Ibe oixm' uuder Idvlsement. BOSTON CITY LIOHTIXfl. rii<- Bonrd of Aldcnncn Votes for 111* Municipal Ownership I'Inn. Boston. Mnss.-The new Bonrd of /lldermen pnssed the onler. recently Introduced by Couucilimin McCullongh, of Ward 111. and passinl by the Com¬ mon Council. nulh(iri7.iiig ibi- clly of Boslon to acquire nml nnilnlaln plant* .'or the maniifaclun- and distribution If gas and electricity for lighting piir- ,ioses. The vole was ft to a. . Wheu till- onler cnme ii|i Alderman Krothlngham said thnt ns It tva* it very liu|H>rtniil niensuiv, nud aa oue of Ihe inembers ot the board wai obaeut he moved that It Ix' luld on Ibe l«blc. On a yea and nay vote Hie inntloti wn* lost As soon ns the vole tV4l« Ml- iiounced .MdirrMaii l.liiehan moved for a recousideratloB. rnd Ihls motiou wa* lost. The mol ion vvas made to prevent there being nny rcconshlerallou of the vote hereafter. api lial cabl.- ills stated, wns other cilll' MRS MAItCIM OETH »8(K)0. served at Rome ai Italy A special cable I'l'fkpal.'b stated thnl the \eroulqui-, Eall Fllxwlllliim'ssbip nas safe nl rannnia. and will be takii hoiiii- li\ the crew, the Earl and lii> parly hnving stiirted for Siiiitliani|iyii from Colon. .More than flflv pers.ina to d)-ntb in the rnivinces of Easi rnissia. West Prussia and Poseii In till- r.-cent ...ill ii.rioil, Imlmling tw. : letter .-arrlers, th.- ilriv.-i of a pnsi wagon, n |Md|cemaii and Hfleeii Usher men. It was lenriiiHl In I'nris that Japai lin-sent an ultluiatuin to Chile, threat ; ening tn lioinbnnl her ports should tin ¦ piiip<ise<I sale of Cbilenn warshl|ia Ir ! Itnasia Im- elTected ' Ihe French Chamber of De|iutlei ele. |<><I I'anI Dounier preiidcnt. to sue <e<sl M Brisson. rhe Irenly of (a-n.-e nnd nmlly be tni-en Chile nud Bolivia was signeil. Alona.1 H. Sylvesl.r. Empemr Will lam's (irivate .b-nlist committed pul I ide In Berlin. SIgiior rilloiii. the Italian Koreiji Minister, was stricken with a|K>plexy. By Ibe eipr.-ss. d d.-sire of the Sul tan ot MiirtH'.n a Frem b mlsaioi slarled for F.r. lo pro|Kn<- reforuia foi lh.- country j LU-utenaiil (ieneral von Trotlin re fHirli-d lo Bertlii that a strong (ierniai fon-.' bad defeated a liwIy of Heieroi In n fierce flght on .New Years Day The agitation of various reform Imx] ; les in Itussin increased in such an ex { tent that obMirers In Kt r.-tersbiiri I lielleved that internal affaira inlgh | force h<-r to conclude pea.e i The Italian (iovernment, accordmi | to a B|iecial Bieseiu dispal.h, bi-cain. ' alarmeil over the iii.re.'ise nt the .tils Irian garriMin on Ihe frontier. j The leiH.rl that the Dogger Bank in j qulry bad been poslpoiie.l was almo ' iiitely denb-d i-.i Pans j Four more nieml-^tn if tbe Danlsl I rabinel icsign.-.!. owjug lo a iliaagree : ment over the military sitnaiion. According to a sfie.'ial .able dUpatel ' It Is aiinunuce.1 ihal Mr I..'W|< Orilllth ] ot Indianapolis. In.! . !• to sin-ceetl .Mi I Frank II. .Mason as Consul 'ieiieral a i Berlin. A dispal.h l'l Ihe Hav as .News Agen , cy from >larnia. MorrM-cn repori* ua j otber flght I.et'i'een the Sii'iUtt's am i rretfn.1»r"a iro^pi near Ondja. Tl> divpatca iayi Ihi hullau wtt ieteatii , )>U troop* laitaiBlBf 400 cuiwItlM, i Verdb'l For Damagis In Her Suit Ovff H.-r lUisbaiid'K AKsassiiiatlon, Ix-xlngton. Ky.-At Winchester tbo Jnry In thcjdar.iini nssasslnalloii dam¬ age suit returneil a verdict aKainit Counly Judge James Ilargla and Sheriff Edward f!alahan. of Breathitt ere frnxeii County, giving tbe wlilow $8(Ha». SIlO I of Easi sued for tlon.OOIl. Ex Htate Henator Alex llnrgis and II. F. French, tho other defendants, were exonerated. Calulmn and Hnrgls will now be l:i- dlctiHl for InstigatliiB Ihe murder of I B. Marcuui. Ynung Oonld Ueturin. I'oung Kliigdon Oonld received a coil /reeling by uiqier dasamen upon Ul* return to Coluuibla I'uiverslty. Hudson Tiiunela Merged. Tbe lltidmn Kiver tunnels were fnergeil Into Ihe "Iludwm CompaI-.le^'' Just incorporated. Oerman Miners Strike. 8evernl thousand coil n liiera I.) lb* riermnn coal fields have gone o'Jt OJ Sirike. t'craODal Uentloii. Hall Caiuc, the novelist. Is u lilbllral ¦cholar. I Felix I'hlliiipi, Ibe Oerman dramatlat, ^las Juat Hiili.hed a piny entitled '"Ibo Faust Synqihoiiy." •I'he late Cardinal Jlnilo .Mocenl w** nolor.nuB for bla rude a|>eech and u> ceremonious treatment. Dr. Chrysunder. formerly private (ce* retary lo the great Hismnrek. la ¦ pa¬ tient In a luuntlc nayluui at Hamburg Lleutinaut Oeu. rai unil Mrs. Cbaffeo rc-eiitly gave a dliinrr in honor of tb* ierinau .\mbaBBador aud llaruora* von Hieruburg. 'i'be Floieuliiie palnle:'. V. CotfOO, was immenaely pl.as.-.l wllh tbe Ireot- ment nccnrde.1 lilm during hla aojoatl, In llerltc Katiai lireiaser. who rr<-enlly celo l.rated bis llllh lilnhday at Ixirat-b. In llesseii. It IM-Iieved lo Im- tbe oki<«< man in OirniuD). llou. Manuel l.iti uaiiiu Diaz. Mecre lary of I'ubll.' Wurka lor Culia. la la this .'ounlry tor Ibe purpoae nt iludy- iug liupro'.ed railroad methods. i Urael Hurt. Jual drai^t Ua boiut! lb Cheuuuc l.:ouiity, .\. )R at ilie ng* H ItM. Miw lb* 11(1.1 of tbto« c*iitlillM^ b«vlBS bMU boru Is itt rmr IWM ¦um
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|Nassau County Review 19050113
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Sharon Gaskin wants to sustain the historic County Courthouse in Wewahitchka.
As she told the Board of County Commissioners on Tuesday, she's had other "hare-brained" ideas that worked out just fine.
Gaskin urged commissioners to consider a lease or donation of the courthouse, which the county has abandoned and will stop funding next month, to her company, North Florida Child Development.
As the lone remaining tenant of the courthouse Gaskin said she and her company had a vested interest in maintaining the headquarters for her five-county operation in the same spot it has grown and thrived from over two decades.
Gaskin also expressed concerns about the potential for continued deterioration of the building, which is listed on the National Registry of Historic Places, if no entity calls the courthouse home.
"It is our lighthouse so to speak," Gaskin said, alluding to the current effort to save the Cape San Blas Lighthouse. "It is one of the true landmarks in Wewahitchka. I'd like to be the caretaker."
The county, citing a shortage of funding, has moved the extension office and constitutional officers out of the courthouse, which long served as the county seat before the seat was moved to Port St. Joe.
County attorney Jeremy Novak said there are maintenance issues which are pressing and in need of "immediate remediation", including work to the basement, electrical and issues of mold.
The county currently charges NFCD $1 per square foot for the 2,200 square foot building and noted that some of the more pressing work would be focused on the area NFCD currently inhabits.
The county will also stop paying utility bills for the building as of Oct. 1.
"I have huge concerns about this," said Commissioner Joanna Bryan of any transfer to NFCD, adding there was some distance between leasing the space to address maintenance issues and turning over title to a county building.
Gaskin initially broached a donation to her non-profit corporation as one means of transfer but after hearing resistance from the board suggested a lease, with a reversionary clause turning the property back over to the county in the event NFDC leaves.
Gaskin said she would also insure public access to the building in the future.
"I'll take it on to save it," Gaskin said. "Our corporation would do that. I've done other hare-brained ideas that worked out."
Among those, at least to some skeptics nearly a decade ago when she proposed it, was building a new school in Port St. Joe, a facility that opened last year.
Gaskin noted NFCD operates in five counties, has an overall budget that has grown from $400,000 to more than $4 million and that 70 percent of her operations are in Gulf County.
As much as saving the courthouse entered the picture, so did maintaining her staff and operations in Gulf County.
"I need your support to continue to operate economically in this county," Gaskin said, adding that if forced she could move her headquarters to another county.
"I would hate to see it be closed. I don't want to see that happen. The building would continue to deteriorate."
Commissioner Warren Yeager said he supported the move, though he wanted to see details.
"In theory I am in support of that move," Yeager said. "We have looked at this in the past."
Commissioner Ward McDaniel noted Gaskin's track record of success.
"I have never seen you take on a project and not improve it. I think you'll take this on and improve it," he said.
Tan Smiley also voiced support, saying he "did not see a big problem."
But Bryan and Commissioner Carmen McLemore expressed reservations, particularly about giving up ownership of a county building.
"This is a critical issue to me," McLemore said. "I am going to have to sit down and look at all corners of this."
Bryan said she would like to see a written proposal, which Gaskin said had been drafted and would be provided to commissioners.
Novak said he would work with Gaskin in sketching out a proposal to put before commissioners at their final September meeting.
Staff, board communications
As a third meeting devolved into debate over the Americus Ditch project, commissioners and staff spent nearly an hour heatedly dissecting communications and the dissemination of information between commissioners and staff.
Americus Ditch, a $1 million project some six years old but the focus of questions raised by a resident and Bryan in recent months, was the launching pad for discussion on broader issues.
Bryan, who has said from the outset her questions were less about one project and more about county bid policies, and county administrator Don Butler exchanged testy words regarding requests for information from Bryan and Butler's handling of those requests.
Brad Bailey and later Ralph Rish spoke to the board about false statements they alleged were made from the podium by resident Bill Koran and Bryan, but for commissioners the discussion spun into a debate regarding the demands put on staff for information.
By the end, commissioners had approved – 4-1 with Bryan dissenting – mandating that requests for information or work from county staff deemed by Butler to be outside the norms of current operations come to the board for approval.
Bryan protested, saying the board should not be weighing in on how one commissioner asks for and receives information.
"It is not proper for the board to limit access to information to one commissioner," Bryan said.
She was out-voted and out-voiced.
"We are a legislative body," Yeager said. "We have to work as a board. There needs to be some kind of consistency on what we ask staff to do.
"We need to figure out how to move this county forward. We need to figure out how to get along and agree to disagree. I want to prevent us from moving backwards. We have been moving backwards for too long."
Smiley said, "We have got to work together. We have to respect one another. Respect goes a long way."
Butler said there had never been a question over his 25 years that he would follow and implement board action. He said he would continue to do so.
"If it (the request) is legitimate, I'll do it and if it is not, this board will have to decide," Butler said.


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Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are allotropes of carbon with a nanostructure that can have a length-to-diameter ratio greater than 1,000,000. These cylindrical carbon molecules have novel properties that make them potentially useful in many applications in nanotechnology, electronics, optics and other fields of materials science, as well as potential uses in architectural fields. They exhibit extraordinary strength and unique electrical properties, and are efficient conductors of heat. Inorganic nanotubes have also been synthesized.
Nanotubes are members of the fullerene structural family, which also includes the spherical buckyballs. The cylindrical nanotube usually has at least one end capped with a hemisphere of the buckyball structure. Their name is derived from their size, since the diameter of a nanotube is in the order of a few nanometers (approximately 1/50,000th of the width of a human hair), while they can be up to several millimeters in length (as of 2008). Nanotubes are categorized as single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs) and multi-walled nanotubes (MWNTs).
The nature of the bonding of a nanotube is described by applied quantum chemistry, specifically, orbital hybridization. The chemical bonding of nanotubes is composed entirely of sp2 bonds, similar to those of graphite. This bonding structure, which is stronger than the sp3 bonds found in diamonds, provides the molecules with their unique strength. Nanotubes naturally align themselves into "ropes" held together by Van der Waals forces. Under high pressure, nanotubes can merge together, trading some sp² bonds for sp³ bonds, giving the possibility of producing strong, unlimited-length wires through high-pressure nanotube linking.
A 2006 editorial written by Marc Monthioux and Vladimir Kuznetsov in the journal Carbon has described the interesting and often misstated origin of the carbon nanotube. A large percentage of academic and popular literature attributes the discovery of hollow, nanometer sized tubes composed of graphitic carbon to Sumio Iijima of NEC in 1991.
In 1952 L. V. Radushkevich and V. M. Lukyanovich published clear images of 50 nanometer diameter tubes made of carbon in the Soviet Journal of Physical Chemistry. This discovery was largely unnoticed, as the article was published in the Russian language, and Western scientists' access to Soviet press was limited during the Cold War. It is likely that carbon nanotubes were produced before this date, but the invention of the transmission electron microscope allowed the direct visualization of these structures.
Carbon nanotubes have been produced and observed under a variety of conditions prior to 1991. A paper by Oberlin, Endo, and Koyama published in 1976 clearly showed hollow carbon fibers with nanometer-scale diameters using a vapor-growth technique. Additionally, the authors show a TEM image of a nanotube consisting of a single wall of graphene. Later, Endo has referred to this image as a single-walled nanotube.
Furthermore, in 1979, John Abrahamson presented evidence of carbon nanotubes at the 14th Biennial Conference of Carbon at Penn State University. The conference paper described carbon nanotubes as carbon fibers which were produced on carbon anodes during arc discharge. A characterization of these fibers was given as well as hypotheses for their growth in a nitrogen atmosphere at low pressures.
In 1981 a group of Soviet scientists published the results of chemical and structural characterization of carbon nanoparticles produced by a thermocatalytical disproportionation of carbon monoxide. Using TEM images and XRD patterns, the authors suggested that their "carbon multi-layer tubular crystals" were formed by rolling graphene layers into cylinders. Additionally, they speculated that during rolling graphene layers into a cylinder, many different arrangements of graphene hexagonal nets are possible. They suggested two possibilities of such arrangements: circular arrangement (armchair nanotube) and a spiral, helical arrangement (chiral tube).
In 1987, Howard G. Tennent of Hyperion Catalysis was issued a U.S. patent for the production of "cylindrical discrete carbon fibrils" with a "constant diameter between about 3.5 and about 70 nanometers…, length 10² times the diameter, and an outer region of multiple essentially continuous layers of ordered carbon atoms and a distinct inner core….
Iijima's discovery of carbon nanotubes in the insoluble material of arc-burned graphite rods created the buzz that is now associated with carbon nanotubes. Nanotube research accelerated greatly following the independent discoveries by Bethune at IBM and Iijima at NEC of single-walled carbon nanotubes and methods to specifically produce them by adding transition-metal catalysts to the carbon in an arc discharge. The arc discharge technique was well-known to produce the famed Buckminster fullerene on a preparative scale, and these results appeared to extend the run of accidental discoveries relating to fullerenes. The original observation of fullerenes in mass spectrometry was not anticipated, and the first mass-production technique by Krätschmer and Huffman was used for several years before realizing that it produced fullerenes.
The discovery of nanotubes remains a contentious issue, especially because several scientists involved in the research could be likely candidates for the Nobel Prize. Many believe that Iijima's report in 1991 is of particular importance because it brought carbon nanotubes into the awareness of the scientific community as a whole. See the reference for a review of the history of the discovery of carbon nanotubes.
Similar to the matter of nanotube discovery, the question what is the thinnest carbon nanotube is a matter of debate. The possible candidates can be given as follows: Nanotubes of diameter about 0.40 nm have been reported in 2000 literally on the same page of the journal Nature; however, they are not free standing, but enclosed in zeolite crystals or are innermost shells of the multi-wall nanotubes. Later, inner shells of MWNTs of only 0.3 nm in diameter have been reported. The thinnest free-standing nanotube, by September 2008, has diameter of 0.43 nm.
Most single-walled nanotubes (SWNT) have a diameter of close to 1 nanometer, with a tube length that can be many thousands of times longer. The structure of a SWNT can be conceptualized by wrapping a one-atom-thick layer of graphite called graphene into a seamless cylinder. The way the graphene sheet is wrapped is represented by a pair of indices (n,m) called the chiral vector. The integers n and m denote the number of unit vectors along two directions in the honeycomb crystal lattice of graphene. If m=0, the nanotubes are called "zigzag". If n=m, the nanotubes are called "armchair". Otherwise, they are called "chiral".
Single-walled nanotubes are a very important variety of carbon nanotube because they exhibit important electric properties that are not shared by the multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWNT) variants. Single-walled nanotubes are the most likely candidate for miniaturizing electronics beyond the micro electromechanical scale that is currently the basis of modern electronics. The most basic building block of these systems is the electric wire, and SWNTs can be excellent conductors. One useful application of SWNTs is in the development of the first intramolecular field effect transistors (FETs). The production of the first intramolecular logic gate using SWNT FETs has recently become possible as well. To create a logic gate you must have both a p-FET and an n-FET. Because SWNTs are p-FETs when exposed to oxygen and n-FETs when unexposed to oxygen, it is possible to protect half of a SWNT from oxygen exposure, while exposing the other half to oxygen. This results in a single SWNT that acts as a NOT logic gate with both p and n-type FETs within the same molecule.
Single-walled nanotubes are still very expensive to produce, around $1500 per gram as of 2000, and the development of more affordable synthesis techniques is vital to the future of carbon nanotechnology. If cheaper means of synthesis cannot be discovered, it would make it financially impossible to apply this technology to commercial-scale applications. Several suppliers offer as-produced arc discharge SWNTs for ~$50–100 per gram as of 2007.
Multi-walled nanotubes (MWNT) consist of multiple layers of graphite rolled in on themselves to form a tube shape. There are two models which can be used to describe the structures of multi-walled nanotubes. In the Russian Doll model, sheets of graphite are arranged in concentric cylinders, e.g. a (0,8) single-walled nanotube (SWNT) within a larger (0,10) single-walled nanotube. In the Parchment model, a single sheet of graphite is rolled in around itself, resembling a scroll of parchment or a rolled up newspaper. The interlayer distance in multi-walled nanotubes is close to the distance between graphene layers in graphite, approximately 3.3 Å (330 pm).
The special place of double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWNT) must be emphasized here because they combine very similar morphology and properties as compared to SWNT, while improving significantly their resistance to chemicals. This is especially important when functionalization is required (this means grafting of chemical functions at the surface of the nanotubes) to add new properties to the CNT. In the case of SWNT, covalent functionalization will break some C=C double bonds, leaving "holes" in the structure on the nanotube and thus modifying both its mechanical and electrical properties. In the case of DWNT, only the outer wall is modified. DWNT synthesis on the gram-scale was first proposed in 2003 by the CCVD technique, from the selective reduction of oxides solid solutions in methane and hydrogen.
Fullerites are the solid-state manifestation of fullerenes and related compounds and materials. Being highly incompressible nanotube forms, polymerized single-walled nanotubes (P-SWNT) are a class of fullerites and are comparable to diamond in terms of hardness. However, due to the way that nanotubes intertwine, P-SWNTs don't have the corresponding crystal lattice that makes it possible to cut diamonds neatly. This same structure results in a less brittle material, as any impact that the structure sustains is spread out throughout the material.
A nanotorus is a theoretically described carbon nanotube bent into a torus (doughnut shape). Nanotori have many unique properties, such as magnetic moments 1000 times larger than previously expected for certain specific radii. Properties such as magnetic moment, thermal stability, etc. vary widely depending on radius of the torus and radius of the tube.
Carbon nanobuds are a newly discovered material combining two previously discovered allotropes of carbon: carbon nanotubes and fullerenes. In this new material fullerene-like "buds" are covalently bonded to the outer sidewalls of the underlying carbon nanotube. This hybrid material has useful properties of both fullerenes and carbon nanotubes. In particular, they have been found to be exceptionally good field emitters. In composite materials, the attached fullerene molecules may function as molecular anchors preventing slipping of the nanotubes, thus improving the composite's mechanical properties.
Carbon nanotubes are the strongest and stiffest materials on earth, in terms of tensile strength and elastic modulus respectively. This strength results from the covalent sp² bonds formed between the individual carbon atoms. In 2000, a multi-walled carbon nanotube was tested to have a tensile strength of 63 gigapascals (GPa). (This, for illustration, translates into ability to endure weight of 6300 kg on a cable with cross-section of 1 mm2.) Since carbon nanotubes have a low density for a solid of 1.3-1.4 g•cm−3, its specific strength of up to 48,000 kN•m•kg−1 is the best of known materials, compared to high-carbon steel's 154 kN•m•kg−1.
Under excessive tensile strain, the tubes will undergo plastic deformation, which means the deformation is permanent. This deformation begins at strains of approximately 5% and can increase the maximum strain the tube undergo before fracture by releasing strain energy.
CNTs are not nearly as strong under compression. Because of their hollow structure and high aspect ratio, they tend to undergo buckling when placed under compressive, torsional or bending stress.
|Young's Modulus (TPa)
|Tensile Strength (GPa)
|Elongation at Break (%)
|~1 (from 1 to 5)
|Armchair SWNT
|Zigzag SWNT
|Chiral SWNT
|Stainless Steel
EExperimental observation
TTheoretical prediction
The above discussion referred to axial properties of the nanotube, whereas simple geometrical considerations suggest that carbon nanotubes should be much softer in the radial direction then along the tube axis. Indeed, TEM observation of radial elasticity suggested that even the van der Waals forces can deform two adjacent nanotubes. Nanoindentation experiments, performed by several groups on multiwalled carbon nanotubes, , indicated Young's modulus of the order of several GPa confirming that CNTs are indeed rather soft in the radial direction.
Multi-walled nanotubes, multiple concentric nanotubes precisely nested within one another, exhibit a striking telescoping property whereby an inner nanotube core may slide, almost without friction, within its outer nanotube shell thus creating an atomically perfect linear or rotational bearing. This is one of the first true examples of molecular nanotechnology, the precise positioning of atoms to create useful machines. Already this property has been utilized to create the world's smallest rotational motor. Future applications such as a gigahertz mechanical oscillator are also envisaged.
Because of the symmetry and unique electronic structure of graphene, the structure of a nanotube strongly affects its electrical properties. For a given (n,m) nanotube, if n − m is a multiple of 3, then the nanotube is metallic, otherwise the nanotube is a semiconductor. Thus all armchair (n=m) nanotubes are metallic, and nanotubes (5,0), (6,4), (9,1), etc. are semiconducting. In theory, metallic nanotubes can have an electrical current density more than 1,000 times greater than metals such as silver and copper.
All nanotubes are expected to be very good thermal conductors along the tube, exhibiting a property known as "ballistic conduction," but good insulators laterally to the tube axis. It is predicted that carbon nanotubes will be able to transmit up to 6000 watts per meter per Kelvin at room temperature; compare this to copper, a metal well-known for its good thermal conductivity, which only transmits 385 W•m−1•K−1. The temperature stability of carbon nanotubes is estimated to be up to 2800 degrees Celsius in vacuum and about 750 degrees Celsius in air.
As with any material, the existence of defects affects the material properties. Defects can occur in the form of atomic vacancies. High levels of such defects can lower the tensile strength by up to 85%. Another form of defect that may occur in carbon nanotubes is known as the Stone Wales defect, which creates a pentagon and heptagon pair by rearrangement of the bonds. Because of the very small structure of CNTs, the tensile strength of the tube is dependent on the weakest segment of it in a similar manner to a chain, where a defect in a single link diminishes the strength of the entire chain.
The tube's electrical properties are also affected by the presence of defects. A common result is the lowered conductivity through the defective region of the tube. Some defect formation in armchair-type tubes (which can conduct electricity) can cause the region surrounding that defect to become semiconducting. Furthermore single monoatomic vacancies induce magnetic properties.
The tube's thermal properties are heavily affected by defects. Such defects lead to phonon scattering, which in turn increases the relaxation rate of the phonons. This reduces the mean free path, and reduces the thermal conductivity of nanotube structures. Phonon transport simulations indicate that substitutional defects such as nitrogen or boron will primarily lead to scattering of high frequency optical phonons. However, larger scale defects such as Stone Wales defects cause phonon scattering over a wide range of frequencies, leading to a greater reduction in thermal conductivity.
Due to their nanoscale dimensions, electron transport in carbon nanotubes will take place through quantum effects and will only propagate along the axis of the tube. Because of this special transport property, carbon nanotubes are frequently referred to as "one-dimensional" in scientific articles.
A study led by Alexandra Porter from the University of Cambridge shows that CNTs can enter human cells and once inside accumulate in the cytoplasm and cause cell death.
Results of rodent studies collectively show that regardless of the process by which CNTs were synthesized and the types and amounts of metals they contained, CNTs were capable of producing inflammation, epithelioid granulomas (microscopic nodules), fibrosis, and biochemical/toxicological changes in the lungs. Comparative toxicity studies in which mice were given equal weights of test materials showed that SWCNTs were more toxic than quartz, which is considered a serious occupational health hazard if it is chronically inhaled. As a control ultrafine carbon black was shown to produce minimal lung responses.
The needle-like fiber shape of CNTs, similar to asbestos fibers, rises fears that widespread use of carbon nanotubes may lead to mesothelioma, cancer of the lining of the lungs caused by exposure to asbestos. A recently published pilot study supports this prediction. Scientists exposed the mesothelial lining of the body cavity of mice, as a surrogate for the mesothelial lining of the chest cavity, to long multiwalled carbon nanotubes and observed asbestos-like, length-dependent, pathogenic behavior which included inflammation and formation of lesions known as granulomas. Authors of the study conclude that
Although further research is required, results presented today clearly demonstrate that, under certain conditions, especially those involving chronic exposure, carbon nanotubes can pose a serious risk to human health.
Techniques have been developed to produce nanotubes in sizeable quantities, including arc discharge, laser ablation, high pressure carbon monoxide (HiPCO), and chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Most of these processes take place in vacuum or with process gases. CVD growth of CNTs can take place in vacuum or at atmospheric pressure. Large quantities of nanotubes can be synthesized by these methods; advances in catalysis and continuous growth processes are making CNTs more commercially viable.
Nanotubes were observed in 1991 in the carbon soot of graphite electrodes during an arc discharge, by using a current of 100 amps, that was intended to produce fullerenes. However the first macroscopic production of carbon nanotubes was made in 1992 by two researchers at NEC's Fundamental Research Laboratory. The method used was the same as in 1991. During this process, the carbon contained in the negative electrode sublimates because of the high temperatures caused by the discharge. Because nanotubes were initially discovered using this technique, it has been the most widely used method of nanotube synthesis.
The yield for this method is up to 30 percent by weight and it produces both single- and multi-walled nanotubes with lengths of up to 50 micrometers.
In the laser ablation process, a pulsed laser vaporizes a graphite target in a high temperature reactor while an inert gas is bled into the chamber. The nanotubes develop on the cooler surfaces of the reactor, as the vaporized carbon condenses. A water-cooled surface may be included in the system to collect the nanotubes.
It was invented by Richard Smalley and co-workers at Rice University, who at the time of the discovery of carbon nanotubes, were blasting metals with the laser to produce various metal molecules. When they heard of the discovery they substituted the metals with graphite to create multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Later that year the team used a composite of graphite and metal catalyst particles (the best yield was from a cobalt and nickel mixture) to synthesize single-walled carbon nanotubes.
This method has a yield of around 70% and produces primarily single-walled carbon nanotubes with a controllable diameter determined by the reaction temperature. However, it is more expensive than either arc discharge or chemical vapor deposition.
The catalytic vapor phase deposition of carbon was first reported in 1959, but it was not until 1993 that carbon nanotubes could be formed by this process. In 2007, researchers at the University of Cincinnati (UC) developed a process to grow 18 mm long aligned carbon nanotube arrays on a FirstNano ET3000 carbon nanotube growth system.
During CVD, a substrate is prepared with a layer of metal catalyst particles, most commonly nickel, cobalt, iron, or a combination. The metal nanoparticles can also be produced by other ways, including reduction of oxides or oxides solid solutions. The diameters of the nanotubes that are to be grown are related to the size of the metal particles. This can be controlled by patterned (or masked) deposition of the metal, annealing, or by plasma etching of a metal layer. The substrate is heated to approximately 700°C. To initiate the growth of nanotubes, two gases are bled into the reactor: a process gas (such as ammonia, nitrogen, hydrogen, etc.) and a carbon-containing gas (such as acetylene, ethylene, ethanol, methane, etc.). Nanotubes grow at the sites of the metal catalyst; the carbon-containing gas is broken apart at the surface of the catalyst particle, and the carbon is transported to the edges of the particle, where it forms the nanotubes. This mechanism is still under discussion. The catalyst particles can stay at the tips of the growing nanotube during the growth process, or remain at the nanotube base, depending on the adhesion between the catalyst particle and the substrate.
CVD is a common method for the commercial production of carbon nanotubes. For this purpose, the metal nanoparticles will be carefully mixed with a catalyst support (e.g., MgO, Al2O3, etc) to increase the specific surface area for higher yield of the catalytic reaction of the carbon feedstock with the metal particles. One issue in this synthesis route is the removal of the catalyst support via an acid treatment, which sometimes could destroy the original structure of the carbon nanotubes. However, alternative catalyst supports that are soluble in water have been shown to be effective for nanotube growth.
If a plasma is generated by the application of a strong electric field during the growth process (plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition*), then the nanotube growth will follow the direction of the electric field. By properly adjusting the geometry of the reactor it is possible to synthesize vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (i.e., perpendicular to the substrate), a morphology that has been of interest to researchers interested in the electron emission from nanotubes. Without the plasma, the resulting nanotubes are often randomly oriented. Under certain reaction conditions, even in the absence of a plasma, closely spaced nanotubes will maintain a vertical growth direction resulting in a dense array of tubes resembling a carpet or forest.
Of the various means for nanotube synthesis, CVD shows the most promise for industrial scale deposition in terms of its price/unit ratio. There are additional advantages to the CVD synthesis of nanotubes. Unlike the above methods, CVD is capable of growing nanotubes directly on a desired substrate, whereas the nanotubes must be collected in the other growth techniques. The growth sites are controllable by careful deposition of the catalyst. Additionally, no other growth methods have been developed to produce vertically aligned nanotubes. In 2007, a team from Meijo University has shown a high-efficiency CVD technique for growing carbon nanotubes from camphor. A team of researchers at Rice University, until recently led by the late Dr. Richard Smalley, has concentrated upon finding methods to produce large, pure amounts of particular types of nanotubes. Their approach grows long fibers from many small seeds cut from a single nanotube; all of the resulting fibers were found to be of the same diameter as the original nanotube and are expected to be of the same type as the original nanotube. Further characterization of the resulting nanotubes and improvements in yield and length of grown tubes are needed.
CVD growth of multi-walled nanotubes is used by several companies to produce materials on the ton scale, including NanoLab, Bayer, Arkema, Nanocyl, Nanothinx, Hyperion Catalysis, Mitsui, and Showa Denko.
Fullerenes and carbon nanotubes are not necessarily products of high-tech laboratories; they are commonly formed in such mundane places as ordinary flames, produced by burning methane, ethylene, and benzene, and they have been found in soot from both indoor and outdoor air. However, these naturally occurring varieties can be highly irregular in size and quality because the environment in which they are produced is often highly uncontrolled. Thus, although they can be used in some applications, they can lack in the high degree of uniformity necessary to meet many needs of both research and industry. Recent efforts have focused on producing more uniform carbon nanotubes in controlled flame environments. Nano-C, Inc of Westwood, Massachusetts, is producing flame synthesized single-walled carbon nanotubes. This method has promise for large scale, low cost nanotube synthesis, though it must compete with rapidly developing large scale CVD production.
The strength and flexibility of carbon nanotubes makes them of potential use in controlling other nanoscale structures, which suggests they will have an important role in nanotechnology engineering. The highest tensile strength an individual multi-walled carbon nanotube has been tested to be is 63 GPa.
A 2006 study published in Nature determined that some carbon nanotubes are present in Damascus steel, possibly helping to account for the legendary strength of the (almost ancient) swords made of it.
Because of the great mechanical properties of the carbon nanotubule, a variety of structures have been proposed ranging from everyday items like clothes and sports gear to combat jackets and space elevators. However, the space elevator will require further efforts in refining carbon nanotube technology, as the practical tensile strength of carbon nanotubes can still be greatly improved.
For perspective, outstanding breakthroughs have already been made. Pioneering work lead by Ray H. Baughman at the NanoTech Institute has shown that single and multi-walled nanotubes can produce materials with toughness un-matched in the man-made and natural worlds.
Recent research by James D. Iverson and Brad C. Edwards has revealed the possibility of cross-linking CNT molecules prior to incorporation in a polymer matrix to form a super high strength composite material. This CNT composite could have a tensile strength on the order of 20 million psi (138 GPa, for 106 MN•m•kg−1), potentially revolutionizing many aspects of engineering design where low weight and high strength is required.
Carbon nanotubes have many properties—from their unique dimensions to an unusual current conduction mechanism—that make them ideal components of electrical circuits. For example, they have shown to exhibit strong electron-phonon resonances, which indicate that under certain direct current (dc) bias and doping conditions their current and the average electron velocity, as well as the electron concentration on the tube oscillate at terahertz frequencies. These resonances can be used to make terahertz sources or sensors.
Nanotube based transistors have been made that operate at room temperature and that are capable of digital switching using a single electron.
One major obstacle to realization of nanotubes has been the lack of technology for mass production. However, in 2001 IBM researchers demonstrated how nanotube transistors can be grown in bulk, not very differently from silicon transistors. The process they used is called "constructive destruction" which includes the automatic destruction of defective nanotubes on the wafer.
This has since then been developed further and single-chip wafers with over ten billion correctly aligned nanotube junctions have been created. In addition it has been demonstrated that incorrectly aligned nanotubes can be removed automatically using standard photolithography equipment.
The first nanotube integrated memory circuit was made in 2004. One of the main challenges has been regulating the conductivity of nanotubes. Depending on subtle surface features a nanotube may act as a plain conductor or as a semiconductor. A fully automated method has however been developed to remove non-semiconductor tubes.
An alternative way to make transistors out of carbon nanotubes has been to use random networks of them. By doing so one averages all of their electrical differences and one can produce devices in large scale at the wafer level. This approach was first patented by Nanomix Inc.(date of original application in June 2002 ). It was first published in the academic literature by the Naval Research Laboratory in 2003 through independent research work. This approach also enabled Nanomix to make the first transistor on a flexible and transparent substrate.,
The nanotube's versatile structure allows it to be used for a variety of tasks in and around the body. Although often seen especially in cancer related incidents, the carbon nanotube is often used as a vessel for transporting drugs into the body. The nanotube allows for the drug dosage to hopefully be lowered by localizing its distribution, as well as significantly cut costs to pharmaceutical companies and their consumers. The nanotube commonly carries the drug one of two ways: the drug can be attached to the side or trailed behind, or the drug can actually be placed inside the nanotube. Both of these methods are effective for the delivery and distribution of drugs inside of the body.
Carbon nanotubes have also been successfully used in the construction of handlebars for mountain bikes. The handlebar, created by Easton, is the EC70 DH, which has won awards for its incredible strength and light weight.
Carbon nanotubes have also been implemented in nanoelectromechanical systems, including mechanical memory elements (NRAM being developed by Nantero Inc.) and nanoscale electric motors (see Nanomotor).
Carbon nanotubes have also been proposed as a possible gene delivery vehicle and for use in combination with radiofrequency fields to destroy cancer cells.
Nanomix Inc was the first to put on the market an electronic device that integrated carbon nanotubes on a silicon platform, in May 2005. It was a Hydrogen sensor. Since then Nanomix has been patenting many such sensor applications such as in the field of carbon dioxide, Nitrous Oxide, glucose, DNA detection etc...
Eikos Inc of Franklin, Massachusetts and Unidym Inc. of Silicon Valley, California are developing transparent, electrically conductive films of carbon nanotubes to replace indium tin oxide (ITO). Carbon nanotube films are substantially more mechanically robust than ITO films, making them ideal for high reliability touch screens and flexible displays. Printable water-based inks of carbon nanotubes are desired to enable the production of these films to replace ITO. Nanotube films show promise for use in displays for computers, cell phones, PDAs, and ATMs.
Carbon nanotubes are said to have the strength of diamond, and research is being made into weaving them into clothes to create stab-proof and bulletproof clothing. The nanotubes would effectively stop the bullet from penetrating the body but the force and velocity of the bullet would be likely to cause broken bones and internal bleeding.
A flywheel made of carbon nanotubes could be spun at extremely high velocity on a floating magnetic axis, and potentially store energy at a density approaching that of conventional fossil fuels. Since energy can be added to and removed from flywheels very efficiently in the form of electricity, this might offer a way of storing electricity, making the electrical grid more efficient and variable power suppliers (like wind turbines) more useful in meeting energy needs. The practicality of this depends heavily upon the cost of making massive, unbroken nanotube structures, and their failure rate under stress.