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Zen is a school of Mahāyāna Buddhism, referred to in Chinese as Chan. Chan is itself derived from the Sanskrit Dhyāna, which means "meditation" (see etymology below).
Zen emphasizes dharma practice and experiential wisdom—particularly as realized in the form of meditation known as zazen—in the attainment of awakening. As such, it de-emphasizes both theoretical knowledge and the study of religious texts in favor of direct, experiential realization.
The establishment of Zen is traditionally credited to the Indian prince turned monk Bodhidharma who is recorded as having come to China to teach a "special transmission outside scriptures" which "did not stand upon words". The emergence of Zen as a distinct school of Buddhism was first documented in China in the 7th century CE. It is thought to have developed as an amalgam of various currents in Mahāyāna Buddhist thought—among them the Yogācāra and Madhyamaka philosophies and the Prajñāpāramitā literature—and of local traditions in China, particularly Taoism and Huáyán Buddhism. From China, Zen subsequently spread southwards to Vietnam and eastwards to Korea and Japan.
|Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin
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|Cantonese Jyutping
|Shanghainese (Wu)
|Zeu [zø]
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|Hán tự
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"Zen", in Japanese, is the Sino-Japanese reading of the Chinese character 禅, which is pronounced [tʂʰán] in modern Standard Mandarin Chinese, but was likely pronounced [d͡ʑen] in Middle Chinese. The term "zen" is in fact a contraction of the seldom-used long form zenna (禅那; Mandarin: chánnà), a derivation from the Sanskrit term dhyāna (ध्यान) (pali: jhāna), which refers to a specific type or aspect of meditation. The Sanskrit word is derived from the Indo-European root *dheiə-, meaning "see, look". While "Zen" is the name most often used in the English-speaking world, it is also known as Chan in mainland China, Seon in Korea, and Thiền in Vietnam and dhyāna in India.
The origins of Zen Buddhism are ascribed to the Flower Sermon, the earliest source for which comes from the 14th century. It is said that Gautama Buddha gathered his disciples one day for a dharma talk. When they gathered together, the Buddha was completely silent and some speculated that perhaps the Buddha was tired or ill. The Buddha silently held up a flower and several of his disciples tried to interpret what this meant, though none of them were correct. One of the Buddha's disciples, Mahākāśyapa, silently gazed at the flower and is said to have gained a special insight directly from the Buddha's mind, beyond words. Mahākāśyapa somehow understood the true inexpressible meaning of the flower, smiled and the Buddha then acknowledged Mahākāśyapa's insight by saying the following:
I possess the true Dharma eye, the marvelous mind of Nirvana, the true form of the formless, the subtle dharma gate that does not rest on words or letters but is a special transmission outside of the scriptures. This I entrust to Mahākāśyapa.
Thus, through Zen there developed a way which concentrated on direct experience rather than on rational creeds or revealed scriptures. Wisdom was passed, not through words, but through a lineage of one-to-one direct transmission of thought from teacher to student. It is commonly taught that such lineage continued all the way from the Buddha's time to the present. Historically, this claim is disputed, due to lack of evidence to support it. According to D.T. Suzuki, the idea that there exists in the history of Zen a line of descent from Gautama Buddha that resulted in the distinctive institution of Zen was invented by hagiographers to grant Zen legitimacy and prestige.
From Mahākāśyapa through various other teachers and students, the dharma was eventually transmitted to the Indian monk, Bodhidharma. Several scholars have suggested that Bodhidharma as a person never actually existed, but was a combination of various historical figures over several centuries.
In the Song of Enlightenment (證道歌 Zhèngdào gē) of Yǒngjiā Xuánjué (665-713)—one of the chief disciples of Huìnéng, the 6th patriarch of Chan Buddhism—it is written that Bodhidharma was the 28th patriarch in a line of descent from Mahākāśyapa, a disciple of Śākyamuni Buddha, and the first patriarch of Chan Buddhism:
- Mahākāśyapa was the first, leading the line of transmission;
- Twenty-eight Fathers followed him in the West;
- The Lamp was then brought over the sea to this country;
- And Bodhidharma became the First Father here:
- His mantle, as we all know, passed over six Fathers,
- And by them many minds came to see the Light.
Bodhidharma is said to have spent several decades living in a cave, staring at a cave wall, meditating. He left India in 517 C.E. and arrived in China in 520 C.E., to spread Buddhism to Asia. When he got there, he found that Buddhism, which had already been established, was perverted by superstitious devotionalism, devoid of true insight. Thus, Bodhidharma focused on direct insight about one's own experience, under the instruction of a Zen teacher, discouraging misguided veneration of Buddhas for the sake of superstition. Often attributed to Bodhidharma is the Bloodstream Sermon, which was actually composed quite some time after his apparent death.
- Buddhas don't save Buddhas. If you use your mind to look for a Buddha, you won't see the Buddha. As long as you look for a Buddha somewhere else, you'll never see that your own mind is the Buddha. Don't use a Buddha to worship a Buddha. And don't use the mind to invoke a Buddha. Buddhas don't recite sutras. Buddhas don't keep precepts. And Buddhas don't break precepts. Buddhas don't keep or break anything. Buddhas don't do good or evil.
- To find a Buddha, you have to see your nature.
Another famous legend involving Bodhidharma is his meeting with Emperor Wu of Liang. Emperor Wu took an interest in Buddhism and spent a great deal of public wealth on funding Buddhist monasteries in China. When he had heard that a great Buddhist teacher, Bodhidharma, had come to China, he sought an audience with him. When they met, Emperor Wu had asked how much karmic merit he had gained from his noble support of Buddhism. Bodhidharma replied, "None at all." The Emperor asked, "Then what is the truth of the teachings?" Bodhidharma replied, "Vast emptiness, nothing holy." So the emperor asked, "Then who are you standing in front of me?" Bodhidharma replied, "I do not know," and walked out.
Another legend involving Bodhidharma is that he visited the Shaolin Temple in the kingdom of Wei, at some point, and taught them a series of exercises which became the basis for the Shaolin martial arts.
The entry of Buddhism into China was marked by interaction and syncretism with Taoic faiths, Taoism in particular. Buddhist scriptures were translated into Chinese with Taoist vocabulary, because it was originally seen as a kind of foreign Taoism. In the Tang period, Taoism incorporated such Buddhist elements as monasteries, vegetarianism, prohibition of alcohol, the doctrine of emptiness, and collecting scripture into tripartite organisation. During the same time, Chan Buddhism grew to become the largest sect in Chinese Buddhism.
The establishment of Chan is traditionally credited to the Indian prince turned monk Bodhidharma (formerly dated ca 500 CE, but now ca early fifth century), who is recorded as having come to China to teach a "special transmission outside scriptures" which "did not stand upon words". Bodhidharma settled in the kingdom of Wei where he took among his disciples Daoyu and Huike. Early on in China Bodhidharma's teaching was referred to as the "One Vehicle sect of India". The One Vehicle (Sanskrit Ekayāna), also known as the Supreme Vehicle or the Buddha Vehicle, was taught in the Lankavatara Sutra which was closely associated with Bodhidharma. However, the label "One Vehicle sect" did not become widely used, and Bodhidharma's teaching became known as the Chan sect for its primary focus on chan training and practice. Shortly before his death, Bodhidharma appointed Huike to succeed him, making Huike the first Chinese born patriarch and the second patriarch of Chan in China. Bodhidharma is said to have passed three items to Huike as a sign of transmission of the Dharma: a robe, a bowl, and a copy of the Lankavatara Sutra. The transmission then passed to the second patriarch (Huike), the third (Sengcan), the fourth patriarch (Dao Xin) and the fifth patriarch (Hongren).
The sixth and last patriarch, Huineng (638–713), was one of the giants of Chan history, and all surviving schools regard him as their ancestor. However, the dramatic story of Huineng's life tells that there was a controversy over his claim to the title of patriarch. After being chosen by Hongren, the fifth patriarch, Huineng had to flee by night to Nanhua Temple in the south to avoid the wrath of Hongren's jealous senior disciples. Later, in the middle of the 8th century, monks claiming to be among the successors to Huineng, calling themselves the Southern school, cast themselves in opposition to those claiming to succeed Hongren's then publicly recognized student Shenxiu (神秀). It is commonly held that it is at this point—the debates between these rival factions—that Chan enters the realm of fully documented history. Aside from disagreements over the valid lineage, doctrinally the Southern school is associated with the teaching that enlightenment is sudden, while the Northern School is associated with the teaching that enlightenment is gradual. The Southern school eventually became predominant and their Northern school rivals died out. Modern scholarship, however, has questioned this narrative, since the only surviving records of this account were authored by members of the Southern school.
The following are the six Patriarchs of Chan in China as listed in traditional sources:
The Five Houses of Zen are :
Most Zen lineages throughout Asia and the rest of the world originally grew from or were heavily influenced by the original five houses of Zen.
Zen asserts, as do other schools in Mahayana Buddhism, that all sentient beings have Buddha-nature, the universal nature of inherent wisdom (Sanskrit prajna) and virtue, and emphasizes that Buddha-nature is nothing other than the nature of the mind itself. The aim of Zen practice is to discover this Buddha-nature within each person, through meditation and mindfulness of daily experiences. Zen practitioners believe that this provides new perspectives and insights on existence, which ultimately lead to enlightenment.
In distinction to many other Buddhist sects, Zen de-emphasizes reliance on religious texts and verbal discourse on metaphysical questions. Zen holds that these things lead the practitioner to seek external answers, rather than searching within themselves for the direct intuitive apperception of Buddha-nature. This search within goes under various terms such as "introspection," "a backward step," "turning-about," or "turning the eye inward."
In this sense, Zen, as a means to deepen the practice and in contrast to many other religions, could be seen as fiercely anti-philosophical, iconoclastic, anti-prescriptive and anti-theoretical. The importance of Zen's non-reliance on written words is often misunderstood as being against the use of words. However, Zen is deeply rooted in both the scriptural teachings of the Buddha Siddhārtha Gautama and in Mahāyāna Buddhist thought and philosophy. What Zen emphasizes is that the awakening taught by the Buddha came through his meditation practice, not from any words that he read or discovered, and so it is primarily through meditation that others too may awaken to the same insights as the Buddha.
The teachings on the technique and practice of turning the eye inward are found in many suttas and sutras of Buddhist canons, but in its beginnings in China, Zen primarily referred to the Mahayana Sutras and especially to the Lankavatara Sutra. Since Bodhidharma taught the turning-about techniques of dhyana with reference to the Lankavatara Sutra, the Zen school was initially identified with that sutra. It was in part through reaction to such limiting identification with one text that Chinese Zen cultivated its famous non-reliance on written words and independence of any one scripture. However, a review of the teachings of the early Zen masters clearly reveals that they were all well versed in various scriptures. For example, in The Platform Sutra of the Sixth ancestor and founder Huineng, this famously "illiterate" Zen master cites and explains the Diamond Sutra, the Lotus Sutra, the Vimalakirti Sutra, the Shurangama Sutra, and the Lankavatara Sutra.
When Buddhism came to China the doctrine of the three core practices or trainings, the training in virtue and discipline in the precepts (Sanskrit Śīla), the training in mind through meditation (dhyana or jhana) sometimes called concentration (samadhi), and the training in discernment and wisdom (prajna), was already established in the Pali canon. In this context, as Buddhism became adapted to Chinese culture, three types of teachers with expertise in each training practice developed. Vinaya masters were versed in all the rules of discipline for monks and nuns. Dhyana masters were versed in the practice of meditation. And Dharma, the teaching or sutra, masters were versed in the Buddhist texts. Monasteries and practice centers were created that tended to focus on either the vinaya and training of monks or the teachings focused on one scripture or a small group of texts. Dhyana or Chan masters tended to practice in solitary hermitages or to be associated with the Vinaya training monasteries or sutra teaching centers.
After Bodhidharma's arrival in the late fifth century, the subsequent dhyana-chan masters who were associated with his teaching line consolidated around the practice of meditation and the feeling that mere observance of the rules of discipline or the intellectual teachings of the scriptures did not emphasize enough the actual practice and personal experience of the Buddha's meditation that led to the Buddha's awakening. Awakening like the Buddha, and not merely following rules or memorizing texts became the watchword of the dhyana-chan practitioners. Within 200 years after Bodhidharma at the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, by the time of the fifth generation Chan ancestor and founder Daman Hongren (601-674), the Zen of Bodhidharma's successors had become well established as a separate school of Buddhism and the true Zen school.
The core of Zen practice is seated meditation, widely known by its Japanese name zazen, and recalls both the posture in which the Buddha is said to have achieved enlightenment under the Bodhi tree at Bodh Gaya, and the elements of mindfulness and concentration which are part of the Eightfold Path as taught by the Buddha. All of the Buddha's fundamental teachings—among them the Eightfold Path, the Four Noble Truths, the idea of dependent origination, the five precepts, the five aggregates, and the three marks of existence—also make up important elements of the perspective that Zen takes for its practice. While Buddhists generally revere certain places as a Bodhimandala (circle or place of enlightenment) in Zen wherever one sits in true meditation is said to be a Bodhimandala.
Additionally, as a development of Mahāyāna Buddhism, Zen draws many of its basic driving concepts, particularly the bodhisattva ideal, from that school. Uniquely Mahāyāna figures such as Guānyīn, Mañjuśrī, Samantabhadra, and Amitābha are venerated alongside the historical Buddha. Despite Zen's emphasis on transmission independent of scriptures, it has drawn heavily on the Mahāyāna sūtras, particularly the Heart of Perfect Wisdom Sūtra, Hredaya Pranyaparamita the Sūtra of the Perfection of Wisdom of the Diamond that Cuts through Illusion, The Vajrachedika Pranyaparamita the Lankavatara Sūtra, and the "Samantamukha Parivarta" section of the Lotus Sūtra.
Zen has also itself paradoxically produced a rich corpus of written literature which has become a part of its practice and teaching. Among the earliest and most widely studied of the specifically Zen texts, dating back to at least the 9th century CE, is the Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch, sometimes attributed to Huìnéng. Others include the various collections of kōans and the Shōbōgenzō of Dōgen Zenji.
Zen training emphasizes daily practice, along with intensive periods of meditation. Practicing with others is considered an important part of Zen practice. D.T. Suzuki wrote that aspects of this life are: a life of humility; a life of labor; a life of service; a life of prayer and gratitude; and a life of meditation. The Chinese Chan master Baizhang (720–814 CE) left behind a famous saying which had been the guiding principle of his life, "A day without work is a day without food.
As the name Zen implies, Zen sitting meditation is the core of Zen practice and is called zazen in Japanese (坐禅; Chinese tso-chan [Wade-Giles] or zuòchán [Pinyin]). During zazen, practitioners usually assume a sitting position such as the lotus, half-lotus, Burmese, or seiza postures. To regulate the mind, awareness is directed towards counting or watching the breath or put in the energy center below the navel (Chinese dan tian, Japanese tanden or hara). Often, a square or round cushion (zafu, 座蒲) placed on a padded mat (zabuton, 座布団) is used to sit on; in some cases, a chair may be used. In Japanese Rinzai Zen tradition practitioners typically sit facing the center of the room; while Japanese Soto practitioners traditionally sit facing a wall.
In Soto Zen, shikantaza meditation ("just-sitting", 只管打坐) that is, a meditation with no objects, anchors, or content, is the primary form of practice. The meditator strives to be aware of the stream of thoughts, allowing them to arise and pass away without interference. Considerable textual, philosophical, and phenomenological justification of this practice can be found throughout Dōgen's Shōbōgenzō, as for example in the "Principles of Zazen" and the "Universally Recommended Instructions for Zazen". Rinzai Zen, instead, emphasizes attention to the breath and koan practice (q.v.).
The amount of time spent daily in zazen by practitioners varies. Dōgen recommends that five minutes or more daily is beneficial for householders. The key is daily regularity, as Zen teaches that the ego will naturally resist, and the discipline of regularity is essential. Practicing Zen monks may perform four to six periods of zazen during a normal day, with each period lasting 30 to 40 minutes.
Meditation as a practice can be applied to any posture. Walking meditation is called kinhin. Successive periods of zazen are usually interwoven with brief periods of walking meditation to relieve the legs.
In modern Buddhist practice in Japan and the West, sesshins are often attended by lay students, and are typically 1, 3, 5, or 7 days in length. Seven day sesshins are several times a year at many Zen Centers, especially in commemoration of the Buddha's awakening to annuttara samyak sambodhi. At this Rohatsu sesshin, the practitioners typically strive to quiet the mind's chatter to the point of either Stopping thought, samadhi, kensho, or satori.
One distinctive aspect of Zen meditation in groups is the use of the keisaku, a flat wooden stick or slat used to keep meditators focused and awake.
Because the Zen tradition emphasizes direct communication over scriptural study, the Zen teacher has traditionally played a central role. Generally speaking, a Zen teacher is a person ordained in any tradition of Zen to teach the Dharma, guide students in meditation, and perform rituals. An important concept for all Zen sects is the notion of dharma transmission: the claim of a line of authority that goes back to Śākyamuni Buddha via the teachings of each successive master to each successive student. This concept relates to the ideas expressed in a description of Zen attributed to Bodhidharma:
John McRae's Seeing Through Zen explores this assertion of lineage as a distinctive and central aspect of Zen Buddhism. He writes of this "genealogical" approach so central to Zen's self-understanding, that while not without precedent, has unique features. It is:
McRae offers a detailed criticism of lineage, but he also notes it is central to Zen, so much so that it is hard to envision any claim to Zen that discards claims of lineage. Therefore, for example, in Japanese Soto, lineage charts become a central part of the Sanmatsu, the documents of Dharma transmission. And it is common for daily chanting in Zen temples and monasteries to include the lineage of the school.
In Japan during the Tokugawa period (1600–1868), some came to question the lineage system and its legitimacy. The Zen master Dokuan Genko (1630–1698), for example, openly questioned the necessity of written acknowledgment from a teacher, which he dismissed as "paper Zen", Quite a number of teachers in Japan during the Tokugawa period did not adhere to the lineage system; these were termed mushi dokugo (無師獨悟, "independently enlightened without a teacher") or jigo jisho (自悟自証, "self-enlightened and self-certified"). Modern Zen Buddhists also consider questions about the dynamics of the lineage system, inspired in part by academic research into the history of Zen.
Honorific titles associated with teachers typically include, in Chinese, Fashi (法師) or Chanshi (禪師); in Korean, Sunim (an honorofic for a monk or nun) and Seon Sa (선사); in Japanese, Osho (和尚), Roshi (老師), or Sensei (先生); and in Vietnamese, Thầy. Note that many of these titles are not specific to Zen but are used generally for Buddhist priests; some, such as sensei are not even specific to Buddhism.
The English term Zen master is often used to refer to important teachers, especially ancient and medieval ones. However, there is no specific criterion by which one may be called a Zen master. The term is less common in reference to modern teachers. In the Open Mind Zen School, English terms have been substituted for the Japanese ones to avoid confusion of this issue. "Assistant Zen Teacher" is a person authorized to begin to teach, but still under the supervision of his teacher. "Zen Teacher" applies to one authorized to teach without further direction, and "Zen Master" refers to one who is a Zen Teacher and has founded his or her own teaching center.
Zen Buddhists may practice koan inquiry during sitting meditation (zazen), walking meditation, and throughout all the activities of daily life. Koan practice is particularly emphasized by the Japanese Rinzai school, but it also occurs in other schools or branches of Zen depending on the teaching line.
A koan (literally "public case") is a story or dialogue, generally related to Zen or other Buddhist history; the most typical form is an anecdote involving early Chinese Zen masters. These anecdotes involving famous Zen teachers are a practical demonstration of their wisdom, and can be used to test a student's progress in Zen practice. Koans often appear to be paradoxical or linguistically meaningless dialogues or questions. But to Zen Buddhists the koan is "the place and the time and the event where truth reveals itself" unobstructed by the oppositions and differientiations of language. Answering a koan requires a student to let go of conceptual thinking and of the logical way we order the world, so that like creativity in art, the appropriate insight and response arises naturally and spontaneously in the mind.
Koans and their study developed in China within the context of the open questions and answers of teaching sessions conducted by the Chinese Zen masters. Today, the Zen student's mastery of a given koan is presented to the teacher in a private interview (referred to in Japanese as dokusan (独参), daisan (代参), or sanzen (参禅)). Zen teachers advise that the problem posed by a koan is to be taken quite seriously, and to be approached as literally a matter of life and death. While there is no unique answer to a koan, practitioners are expected to demonstrate their understanding of the koan and of Zen through their responses. The teacher may approve or disapprove of the answer and guide the student in the right direction. There are also various commentaries on koans, written by experienced teachers, that can serve as a guide. These commentaries are also of great value to modern scholarship on the subject.
The Butsudan is the altar in a monastery where offerings are made to the images of the Buddha or Bodhisattvas. The same term is also used in Japanese homes for the altar where one prays to and communicates with deceased family members. As such, reciting liturgy in Zen can be seen as a means to connect with the Bodhisattvas of the past. Liturgy is often used during funerals, memorials, and other special events as means to invoke the aid of supernatural powers.
Chanting usually centers on major Bodhisattvas like Avalokiteshvara (see also Guan Yin) and Manjusri. According to Mahayana Buddhism, Bodhisattvas are celestial beings which have taken extraordinary vows to liberate all beings from Samsara (the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth), while remaining in Samsara themselves. Since the Zen practitioner's aim is to walk the Bodhisattva path, chanting can be used as a means to connect with these beings and realize this ideal within oneself. By repeatedly chanting the , for example, one instills the Bodhisattva's ideals into ones mind. The ultimate goal is given in the end of the sutra, which states, "In the morning, be one with Avalokiteshvara, In the evening, be one with Avalokiteshvara,", Through the realization of the Emptiness of oneself, and the Mahayanist ideal of Buddha-nature in all things, one understands that there is no difference between the cosmic bodhisattva and oneself. The wisdom and compassion of the Boddhisattva one is chanting to is seen to equal the inner wisdom and compassion of the practitioner. Thus, the duality between subject and object, practitioner and Bodhisattva, chanter and sutra is ended.
One modern-day Roshi justifies the use of chanting sutras by referring to Zen master Dōgen. Dōgen is known to have refuted the statement "Painted rice cakes will not satisfy hunger". This means that sutras, which are just symbols like painted rice cakes, cannot truly satisfy one's spiritual hunger. Dōgen, however, saw that there is no separation between metaphor and reality. "There is no difference between paintings, rice cakes, or any thing at all". The symbol and the symbolized were inherently the same, and thus only the sutras could truly satisfy one's spiritual needs.
To understand this non-dual relationship experientially, one is told to practice liturgy intimately. In distinguishing between ceremony and liturgy, Dōgen states, "In ceremony there are forms and there are sounds, there is understanding and there is believing. In liturgy there is only intimacy." The practitioner is instructed to listen to and speak liturgy not just with one sense, but with one's "whole body-and-mind". By listening with one's entire being, one eliminates the space between the self and the liturgy. Thus, Dōgen's instructions are to "listen with the eye and see with the ear". By focusing all of one's being on one specific practice, duality is transcended. Dōgen says, "Let go of the eye, and the whole body-and-mind are nothing but the eye; let go of the ear, and the whole universe is nothing but the ear." Chanting intimately thus allows one to experience a non-dual reality. The liturgy used is a tool to allow the practitioner to transcend the old conceptions of self and other. In this way, intimate liturgy practice allows one to realize emptiness (sunyata), which is at the heart of Zen Buddhist teachings.
During the late Tang and the Song periods, the tradition continued, as a wide number of eminent teachers, such as Mazu (Wade-Giles: Ma-tsu; Baso), Shitou (Shih-t'ou; Sekito), Baizhang (Pai-chang; Hyakujo), Huangbo (Huang-po; Jap.: Obaku), Linji (Lin-chi; Jap.: Rinzai), and Yunmen (Jap.: Ummon) developed specialized teaching methods, which would variously become characteristic of the five houses (五家) of Chan. The traditional five houses were Caodong (曹洞宗), Linji (臨濟宗), Guiyang (潙仰宗), Fayan (法眼宗), and Yunmen (雲門宗). This list does not include earlier schools such as the Hongzhou (洪州宗) of Mazu.
Over the course of Song Dynasty (960–1279), the Guiyang, Fayan, and Yunmen schools were gradually absorbed into the Linji. During the same period, the various developments of Chan teaching methods crystallized into the gong-an (koan) practice which is unique to this school of Buddhism. According to Miura and Sasaki, "[I]t was during the lifetime of Yüan-wu's successor, Ta-hui Tsung-kao 大慧宗杲 (Daie Sōkō, 1089-1163) that Koan Zen entered its determinative stage." Gong-an practice was prevalent in the Linji school, to which Yuanwu and Ta-hui (pinyin: Dahui) belonged, but it was also employed on a more limited basis by the Caodong school. The teaching styles and words of the classical masters were collected in such important texts as the Blue Cliff Record (1125) of Yuanwu, The Gateless Gate (1228) of Wumen, both of the Linji lineage, and the Book of Equanimity (1223) of Wansong, of the Caodong lineage. These texts record classic gong-an cases, together with verse and prose commentaries, which would be studied by later generations of students down to the present.
Chan continued to be influential as a religious force in China, and thrived in the post-Song period; with a vast body of texts being produced up and through the modern period. While traditionally distinct, Chan was taught alongside Pure Land Buddhism in many Chinese Buddhist monasteries. In time much of the distinction between them was lost, and many masters taught both Chan and Pure Land. Chan Buddhism enjoyed something of a revival in the Ming Dynasty with teachers such as Hanshan Deqing (憨山德清), who wrote and taught extensively on both Chan and Pure Land Buddhism; Miyun Yuanwu (密雲圓悟), who came to be seen posthumously as the first patriarch of the Obaku Zen school; as well as Yunqi Zhuhong (雲棲株宏) and Ouyi Zhixu (藕溢智旭).
After further centuries of decline, Chan was revived again in the early 20th century by Hsu Yun, a well-known figure of 20th century Chinese Buddhism. Many Chan teachers today trace their lineage back to Hsu Yun, including Sheng-yen and Hsuan Hua, who have propagated Chan in the West where it has grown steadily through the 20th and 21st century.
It was severely repressed in China during the recent modern era with the appearance of the People's Republic, but has more recently been re-asserting itself on the mainland, and has a significant following in Taiwan and Hong Kong as well as among Overseas Chinese.
The schools of Zen that currently exist in Japan are the Sōtō (曹洞), Rinzai (臨済), and Obaku (黃檗). Of these, Sōtō is the largest and Obaku the smallest. Rinzai is itself divided into several subschools based on temple affiliation, including Myoshin-ji, Nanzen-ji, Tenryū-ji, Daitoku-ji, and Tofuku-ji.
Although the Japanese had known Zen-like practices for centuries (Taoism and Shinto), it was not introduced as a separate school until the 12th century, when Myōan Eisai traveled to China and returned to establish a Linji lineage, which is known in Japan as Rinzai. Decades later, Nanpo Jomyo (南浦紹明) also studied Linji teachings in China before founding the Japanese Otokan lineage, the most influential branch of Rinzai. In 1215, Dōgen, a younger contemporary of Eisai's, journeyed to China himself, where he became a disciple of the Caodong master Tiantong Rujing. After his return, Dōgen established the Sōtō school, the Japanese branch of Caodong. The Obaku lineage was introduced in the 17th century by Ingen, a Chinese monk. Ingen had been a member of the Linji school, the Chinese equivalent of Rinzai, which had developed separately from the Japanese branch for hundreds of years. Thus, when Ingen journeyed to Japan following the fall of the Ming Dynasty to the Manchus, his teachings were seen as a separate school. The Obaku school was named for Mount Obaku (Huangboshan), which had been Ingen's home in China.
Some contemporary Japanese Zen teachers, such as Daiun Harada and Shunryu Suzuki, have criticized Japanese Zen as being a formalized system of empty rituals in which very few Zen practitioners ever actually attain realization. They assert that almost all Japanese temples have become family businesses handed down from father to son, and the Zen priest's function has largely been reduced to officiating at funerals.
The Japanese Zen establishment—including the Sōtō sect, the major branches of Rinzai, and several renowned teachers— has been criticized for its involvement in Japanese militarism and nationalism during World War II and the preceding period. A notable work on this subject was Zen at War (1998) by Brian Victoria, an American-born Sōtō priest. At the same time, however, one must be aware that this involvement was by no means limited to the Zen school: all orthodox Japanese schools of Buddhism supported the militarist state. What may be most striking, though, as Victoria has argued, is that many Zen masters known for their post-war internationalism and promotion of "world peace" were open nationalists in the inter-war years. And some of them, like Haku'un Yasutani, the founder of the Sanbo Kyodan School, even voiced their anti-semitic and nationalistic opinions after World War II.
This openness has allowed non-Buddhists to practice Zen, especially outside of Asia, and even for the curious phenomenon of an emerging Christian Zen lineage, as well as one or two lines that call themselves "nonsectarian". With no official governing body, it's perhaps impossible to declare any authentic lineage "heretical," which would allow one to argue that there is no "orthodoxy" - something that most Asian Zen masters would readily dismiss.
According to traditional accounts of Vietnam, in 580, an Indian monk named Vinitaruci (Tì-ni-đa-lưu-chi) travelled to Vietnam after completing his studies with Sengcan, the third patriarch of Chinese Zen. This, then, would be the first appearance of Vietnamese Zen, or Thien (thiền) Buddhism. The sect that Vinitaruci and his lone Vietnamese disciple founded would become known as the oldest branch of Thien. After a period of obscurity, the Vinitaruci School became one of the most influential Buddhist groups in Vietnam by the 10th century, particularly so under the patriarch Vạn-Hạnh (died 1018). Other early Vietnamese Zen schools included the Vo Ngon Thong (Vô Ngôn Thông), which was associated with the teaching of Mazu, and the Thao Duong (Thảo Đường), which incorporated nianfo chanting techniques; both were founded by Chinese monks. A new school was founded by one of Vietnam's religious kings; this was the Truc Lam (Trúc Lâm) school, which evinced a deep influence from Confucian and Taoist philosophy. Nevertheless, Truc Lam's prestige waned over the following centuries as Confucianism became dominant in the royal court. In the 17th century, a group of Chinese monks led by Nguyen Thieu (Nguyên Thiều) established a vigorous new school, the Lam Te (Lâm Tế), which is the Vietnamese pronunciation of Linji. A more domesticated offshoot of Lam Te, the Lieu Quan (Liễu Quán) school, was founded in the 18th century and has since been the predominant branch of Vietnamese Zen.
The most famous practitioner of synchronized Thiền Buddhism in the West is Thích Nhất Hạnh who has authored dozens of books and founded Dharma center Plum Village in France together with his colleague -Bhikkhuni and Zen Master- Chan Khong.
Seon received its most significant impetus and consolidation from the Goryeo monk Jinul (知訥) (1158–1210), who established a reform movement and introduced koan practice to Korea. Jinul established the Songgwangsa (松廣寺) as a new center of pure practice. It was during the time of Jinul the Jogye Order, a primarily Seon sect, became the predominant form of Korean Buddhism, a status it still holds. which survives down to the present in basically the same status. Toward the end of the Goryeo and during the Joseon period the Jogye Order would first be combined with the scholarly 教 schools, and then be relegated to lesser influence in ruling class circles by Confucian influenced polity, even as it retained strength outside the cities, among the rural populations and ascetic monks in mountain refuges.
Nevertheless, there would be a series of important Seon teachers during the next several centuries, such as Hyegeun (慧勤), Taego (太古), Gihwa (己和) and Hyujeong (休靜), who continued to develop the basic mold of Korean meditational Buddhism established by Jinul. Seon continues to be practiced in Korea today at a number of major monastic centers, as well as being taught at Dongguk University, which has a major of studies in this religion. Taego Bou (1301–1382) studied in China with Linji teacher and returned to unite the Nine Mountain Schools. In modern Korea, by far the largest Buddhist denomination is the Jogye Order, which is essentially a Zen sect; the name Jogye is the Korean equivalent of Caoxi (曹溪), another name for Huineng.
Seon is known for its stress on meditation, monasticism, and asceticism. Many Korean monks have few personal possessions and sometimes cut off all relations with the outside world. Several are near mendicants traveling from temple to temple practicing meditation. The hermit-recluse life is prevalent among monks to whom meditation practice is considered of paramount importance.
Currently, Korean Buddhism is in a state of slow transition. While the reigning theory behind Korean Buddhism was based on Jinul's "sudden enlightenment, gradual cultivation", the modern Korean Seon master, Seongcheol's revival of Hui Neng's "sudden enlightenment, sudden cultivation" has had a strong impact on Korean Buddhism. Although there is resistance to change within the ranks of the Jogye order, with the last three Supreme Patriarchs' stance that is in accordance with Seongcheol, there has been a gradual change in the atmosphere of Korean Buddhism.
Also, the Kwan Um School of Zen, one of the largest Zen schools in the West, teaches a form of Seon Buddhism. Soeng Hyang Soen Sa Nim (b. 1948), birth name Barbara Trexler (later Barbara Rhodes), is Guiding Dharma Teacher of the international Kwan Um School of Zen and successor of the late Seung Sahn Soen Sa Nim.
Eugen Herrigel's book Zen in the Art of Archery (1953), describing his training in the Zen-influenced martial art of Kyūdō, inspired many of the Western world's early Zen practitioners. However, many scholars, such as Yamada Shoji, are quick to criticize this book.
The British-American philosopher Alan Watts took a close interest in Zen Buddhism and wrote and lectured extensively on it during the 1950s. He understood it as a vehicle for a mystical transformation of consciousness, and also as a historical example of a non-Western, non-Christian way of life that had fostered both the practical and fine arts.
The Dharma Bums, a novel written by Jack Kerouac and published in 1959, gave its readers a look at how a fascination with Buddhism and Zen was being absorbed into the bohemian lifestyles of a small group of American youths, primarily on the West Coast. Beside the narrator, the main character in this novel was "Japhy Ryder", a thinly-veiled depiction of Gary Snyder. The story was based on actual events taking place while Snyder prepared, in California, for the formal Zen studies that he would pursue in Japanese monasteries between 1956 and 1968.
Thomas Merton (1915–1968) the Trappist monk and priest was internationally recognized as having one of those rare Western minds that was entirely at home in Asian experience. Like his friend, the late D.T. Suzuki, Merton believed that there must be a little of Zen in all authentic creative and spiritual experience. The dialogue between Merton and Suzuki explores the many congruencies of Christian mysticism and Zen.
Reginald Horace Blyth (1898-1964) was an Englishman who went to Japan in 1940 to further his study of Zen. He was interned during World War II and started writing in prison. He was tutor to the Crown Prince after the war. His greatest work is the 5-volume "Zen and Zen Classics", published in the 1960s. In it, he discusses Zen themes from a philosophical standpoint, often in conjunction with Christian elements in a comparative spirit. His essays include titles such as "God, Buddha, and Buddhahood" or "Zen, Sin, and Death". He is an enthusiast of Zen, but not altogether uncritical of it. His writings can be characterized as unorthodox and quirky.
While Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance, by Robert M. Pirsig, was a 1974 bestseller, it in fact has little to do with Zen as a religious practice. Rather it deals with the notion of the metaphysics of "quality" from the point of view of the main character. Pirsig was attending the Minnesota Zen Center at the time of writing the book. He has stated that, despite its title, the book "should in no way be associated with that great body of factual information relating to orthodox Zen Buddhist practice". Though it may not deal with orthodox Zen Buddhist practice, Pirsig's book in fact deals with many of the more subtle facets of Zen living and Zen mentality without drawing attention to any religion or religious organization.
A number of contemporary authors have explored the relationship between Zen and a number of other disciplines, including parenting, teaching, and leadership. Leadership expert Timothy H. Warneka uses a number of Zen stories, such as "Understanding Harmony" to explain leadership strategies:
Once upon a time in ancient Japan, a young man was studying martial arts under a famous teacher. Every day the young man would practice in a courtyard along with the other students. One day, as the master watched, he could see that the other students were consistently interfering with the young man's technique. Sensing the student's frustration, the master approached the student and tapped him on the shoulder. "What is wrong?" inquired the teacher. "I cannot execute my technique and I do not understand why," replied the student. "This is because you do not understand harmony. Please follow me," said the master. Leaving the practice hall, the master and student walked a short distance into the woods until they came upon a stream. After standing silently beside the streambed for a few minutes, the master spoke. "Look at the water," he instructed. "It does not slam into the rocks and stop out of frustration, but instead flows around them and continues down the stream. Become like the water and you will understand harmony." Soon, the student learned to move and flow like the stream, and none of the other students could keep him from executing his techniques.
In North America, the Zen lineages derived from the Japanese Soto school are the most numerous. Among these are the lineages of the San Francisco Zen Center, established by Shunryu Suzuki and the White Plum Asanga, founded by Hakuyu Taizan Maezumi. Suzuki's San Francisco Zen Center established the first Zen Monastery in America in 1967, called Tassajara in the mountains near Big Sur. Maezumi's successors have created schools including Great Plains Zen Center, founded by Susan Myoyu Andersen, Roshi, the Mountains and Rivers Order, founded by John Daido Loori, the Zen Peacemaker Order, founded by Bernard Tetsugen Glassman and the Ordinary Mind school, founded by Charlotte Joko Beck. The Katagiri lineage, founded by Dainin Katagiri, has a significant presence in the Midwest. Note that both Taizan Maezumi and Dainin Katagiri served as priests at Zenshuji Soto Mission in the 1960s.
Taisen Deshimaru, a student of Kodo Sawaki, was a Soto Zen priest from Japan who taught in France. The International Zen Association, which he founded, remains influential. The American Zen Association, headquartered at the New Orleans Zen Temple, is one of the North American organizations practicing in the Deshimaru tradition.
Soyu Matsuoka, served as superintendent and abbot of the Long Beach Zen Buddhist Temple and Zen Center. The Temple was headquarters to Zen Centers in Atlanta, Chicago, Los Angeles, Seattle, and Everett, Washington. He established the Temple at Long Beach in 1971 where he resided until his passing in 1998.
The Sanbo Kyodan is a Japan-based reformist Zen group, founded in 1954 by Yasutani Hakuun, which has had a significant influence on Zen in the West. Sanbo Kyodan Zen is based primarily on the Soto tradition, but also incorporates Rinzai-style koan practice. Yasutani's approach to Zen first became prominent in the English-speaking world through Philip Kapleau's book The Three Pillars of Zen (1965), which was one of the first books to introduce Western audiences to Zen as a practice rather than simply a philosophy. Among the Zen groups in North America, Hawaii, Europe, and New Zealand which derive from Sanbo Kyodan are those associated with Kapleau—who was never recognized as being a zen master—, Robert Aitken, and John Tarrant.
In the UK, Throssel Hole Abbey was founded as a sister monastery to Shasta Abbey in California by Master Reverend Jiyu Kennett Roshi and has a number of dispersed Priories and centres. Jiyu Kennett, an English woman, was ordained as a priest and Zen master in Shoji-ji, one of the two main Soto Zen temples in Japan (her book The Wild White Goose describes her experiences in Japan). The Order is called the Order of Buddhist Contemplatives The lineage of Hakuyu Taizan Maezumi Roshi is represented by the White Plum Sangha UK, while Taisen Deshimaru Roshi's lineage is known in the UK as IZAUK (Intl Zen Assoc. UK). The Zen Centre in London is connected to the Buddhist Society. The Western Chan Fellowship is an association of lay Chan practitioners based in the UK. They are registered as a charity in England and Wales, but also have contacts in Europe, principally in Norway, Poland, Germany, Croatia, Switzerland and the USA.
There are also a number of Rinzai Zen centers in the West. In North America, some of the more prominent include Rinzai-ji founded by Kyozan Joshu Sasaki Roshi in California, Dai Bosatsu Zendo Kongo-ji established by Eido Shimano Roshi and Kyudo Nakagawa Roshi in New York, Chozen-ji founded by Omori Sogen Roshi in Hawaii, Daiyuzenji founded by Dogen Hosokawa Roshi (a student of Omori Sogen Roshi) in Chicago, Illinois, and Chobo-Ji founded by Genki Takabayshi Roshi in Seattle, Washington. In Europe there is Egely Monastery established by a Dharma Heir of Eido Shimano, Denko Mortensen.
Not all the successful Zen teachers in the West have been from Japanese traditions. There have also been teachers of Chan, Seon, and Thien Buddhism. In addition, there are a number of Zen teachers who studied in Asian traditions that because of corruption or political issues decided to strike out on their own. One organization of this type is Open Mind Zen in Melbourne, Florida.
The first Chinese master to teach Westerners in North America was Hsuan Hua, who taught Zen, Chinese Pure Land, Tiantai, Vinaya, and Vajrayana Buddhism in San Francisco during the early 1960s. He went on to found the City Of Ten Thousand Buddhas, a monastery and retreat center located on a 237 acre (959,000 m²) property near Ukiah, California. Another Chinese Zen teacher with a Western following is Sheng-yen, a master trained in both the Caodong and Linji schools (equivalent to the Japanese Soto and Rinzai, respectively). He first visited the United States in 1978 under the sponsorship of the Buddhist Association of the United States, and, in 1980, founded the Chan Meditation Center in Queens, New York.
The most prominent Korean Zen teacher in the West was Seung Sahn. Seung Sahn founded the Providence Zen Center in Providence, Rhode Island; this was to become the headquarters of the Kwan Um School of Zen, a large international network of affiliated Zen centers.
Two notable Vietnamese Zen teachers have been influential in Western countries: Thich Thien-An and Thich Nhat Hanh. Thich Thien-An came to America in 1966 as a visiting professor at UCLA and taught traditional Thien meditation. Thich Nhat Hanh was a monk in Vietnam during the Vietnam War, during which he was a peace activist. In response to these activities, he was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize in 1967 by Martin Luther King, Jr. In 1966, he left Vietnam in exile and now resides at Plum Village, a monastery in France. He has written more than one hundred books about Buddhism, which have made him one of the very few most prominent Buddhist authors among the general readership in the West. In his books and talks, Thich Nhat Hanh emphasizes mindfulness (sati) as the most important practice in daily life.


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This clip starts with the middle break. The dance is published in Ted Sannella's book Balance and Swing.
Live recording by Ted Sannella at the Downeast Country Dance Festival, South Portland, Maine; March 13, 1993. Music by The Old Grey Goose (Jeff McKeen, accordion; Carter Newell, fiddle and feet; Doug Protsick, piano). Tune is Glise de Sherbrooke.
A CD with 14 live recordings of Ted Sannella calling is part of Ted's booklet, Calling Traditional New England Squares, published by Country Dance and Song Society. The selections on the CD were chosen because of the variety of the breaks.

subset: commoncrawl


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Posts Tagged 'lenshero'
Some quick updates on young startups that you may not yet have on your radar:
- SnapSort (Chris & Alex), which does camera comparisons, is growing by leaps & bounds as its SEO traffic doubles every month. They just launched their first of many planned sites based on the same underlying platform; LensHero.
- Ampush Media (Nick, Jesse, & Chris), a new lead gen company which has grown tremendously without taking any investor capital, just won a significant industry award from LeadsCouncil: Best New Lead Generation Partner.
- Allerta (Eric), which makes a very cool 'smartwatch', has been funded and is moving to SF.
- Unata (Chris), not anything public to celebrate here yet, but keep an eye on this loyalty startup over the coming weeks.
Keep up the good work gents!


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Top Searches:
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July 22, 2013
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Two music promoters get the chance to book a top-selling hip-hop artist in their midsized venue. The pair is ill equipped for such a task and everything goes wrong.
Rated R for pervasive language, some drug and sexual content.
Visit the official site
Cast: Tamala Jones, Aloma Wright, Julio Oscar Mechoso, Juanita Jennings, Darris Love
Produced by: Matt Alvarez
Directed by: Marcus Raboy
Written by: Ice Cube
Running time: 1hr 36min
Opens: Oct 16, 2009 Limited


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Top Searches:
Horoscopes |
Salaries |
Washam |
July 22, 2013
Links: Australian Glass and the Pacific Northwest at Museum of Glass
Wsu Master Gardeners of Pierce County at Master Gardener of Pierce County
The Shape of Things by Neil Labute at Dukesbay Theater
All events for today »
Submit an event | All events
Drama, Romance
Yash Chopra's last labour of love was his dream ever since his last outing as a director with Veer-Zaara. His untimely demise three weeks before the release of his last film makes this film even more special for fans of Yash Chopra and now the title "Jab Tak Hai Jaan" (Till my last breath) captures the legend and his passion for cinema. This is Bollywood at its best! The film stars The King of Bollywood - Shah Rukh Khan, Katrina Kaif, and Anushka Sharma. Music is by the Oscar-winning A.R. Rahman and produced by Aditya Chopra.
Rated No Rating .
Visit the official site
Cast: Katrina Kaif, Shah Rukh Khan, Anushka Sharma
Produced by: Aditya Chopra
Directed by: Yash Chopra
Written by: Yash Chopra
Running time: 2hr 56min
Opens: Nov 13, 2012 Limited


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Poll: Pizza Madness: (Round 1 - Group A) Carmela's vs. Spinoza's
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Topics in PathologyEvent Details: 12:00 p.m., January 31, Learning Resources Center
Enrico Di Cera, M.D., Alice A. Doisy Professor and Chairman of the department of biochemistry and molecular biology at Saint Louis University, will present "Engineering Thrombin for Anticoagulant Activity In Vivo" during Topics in Pathology at noon Monday, Jan. 31, in the Pitlyk Auditorium C, Learning Resources Center.
|Enrico Di Cera, M.D.
|X-ray crystal structure of thrombin (surface) in complex with the uncleaved extracellular fragment of PAR1 (stick), the major receptor for platelet activation by thrombin. The 2Fo-Fc electron density map (light green mesh) for the uncleaved PAR1 fragment is contoured at 0.9 sigma. Residues of thrombin interacting with PAR1 through molecular contacts within 4 Å are colored in orange (hydrophobic contacts) or marine (polar contacts).


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The Group / Organization / Compressor Technique / Compressor Technique
Compressor Technique
Atlas Copco offers all major air compression technologies as well as air and gas treatment equipment, air management systems and vacuum solutions, and is able to offer customers the best solution for every application.
Video: Compressor Technique in four minutes
See the presentation of the Atlas Copco Compressor Technique Business Area.
The Compressor Technique business area provides industrial compressors, vacuum solutions, gas and process compressors and expanders, air and gas treatment equipment and air management systems. The business area has a global service network and innovates for sustainable productivity in the manufacturing, oil and gas, and process industries. Principal product development and manufacturing units are located in Belgium, Germany, the United States, China and India.
In 2014, Compressor Technique had 18 950 employees and revenues of MSEK 42 165.


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There's this cat in Grand Rapids, Michigan, Tommy Zondervan. A young guy with young ideas and what surely looks like the stones to back them up. Now that's the chutzpah what we like to see in any endeavor.
So the new Camaro was set for a May '09 release. Z pre-ordered a hood so he could be the first to market with a ram-air version. The Camaro finally came to life and within a few months Z came up with a chin spoiler, new emblems, rear diffuser, and even a smiley grille. He built a few cars for customers and then one for '09 SEMA that featured several innovations for the fifth-gen market.
Zondervan was among those chosen by the Chevrolet Image Vehicle Team. His task was to design and build an '11 Camaro SS/RS for the '10 SEMA convention. This concept had to be different from all others, no slicks or cowl hood. It had to be a sleeper. Though a Mary Kay-pink Camaro concept probably wouldn't lift an eyebrow, Z knew that his approach should be decidedly un-racy, upstanding rather than menacing, but altogether knock your socks off with its pancake hood and sleek, subdued lines.
"I wanted [the car] to really stand out and help Chevrolet gain more interest from consumers that do not think of the Camaro as a high-end sports car. This was the objective of the build. After talking with our team at Revolution, we decided to build the ultimate super Camaro," said Z, just slightly out of breath. In this world of "hurry up and wait" the car was assembled in just eight days and "finished" about 72 hours before its Vegas debut.
The egg ready to be hard-boiled was an active fuel management L99 6.2-liter and the rush on the engine was a big one. Z wanted 1,000-flywheel horsepower and maybe he nearly got it. He farmed the work out to Victory Racing Engines in Detroit where the Victory crew assembled and developed the first top-mount twin-turbocharger package. The Turbonetics 63mm turbochargers push charge air through a Vibrant Performance intercooler core and operate with a maximum of 8 psi positive manifold pressure.
The machine work done at PSA Performance incorporated some real parts in the bottom end: cast crank swapped for Callies steel, hypereutectic slugs changed to slick Diamond 9.5:1 forgings (stock CR is 10.4:1), and Howards H-beam connecting rods. PSA equalized cylinder head runners, ports, and bowls via ubiquitous CNC but all hardware is original equipment. A Howards hydraulic roller, retainers, and springs work with Diamond pushrods. The fuel system collects around an OE LS3 intake manifold and a dual fuel pump unit from a ZR1 Corvette.
While Stainless Works supplied the basic material, Victory walked hand-in-hand with Revolution to develop a prototype that would keep tract length short thus exhaust velocity up. The primary pipes are 17/8 inches that blend into a 3-inch terminus and are fitted with flanges for the turbocharger. The 3-inch stainless system is all MagnaFlow that terminates in a pair of wicked looking four-stack stainless finishers. The custom engine cover is a Revolution perk; the engine dress-up is billet from Trent's Trick Upholstery. When it was all done, no one bothered to test the enchilada, but Z feels that it's worth 800 hp and 860 lb-ft at the wheels. Before the crate left for SEMA, PSA's Cam and Mike tuned it to a velvet hammer.
With that much grunt ready to seethe, you would think that the drivetrain might be appreciative of a little moxie too. Well, maybe later. For now, the 6L80 six-speed automatic is having too much fun to worry about something as silly as staying intact. Same goes for the axle; it maintains 3.45:1 gears, a positive traction differential, and the OE halfshafts and ends. The truth on this, we surmise, is the power of the cosmetics. The XS Concept Camaro is a call-out, an advertising tool that gets its point across just sitting still.


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Narrow your search
No matter where you're headed, these iOS and Android apps can help you get there and find things to do when you arrive.
If Facebook fills up Instagram with ads, it could generate up to $700 million in revenue over the next three years, says one firm.
I found an interesting local search app that got me thinking about apps that tailor results to what's around you. This collection for iOS is perfect for when you're in an unknown area or just want to try something new.


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Barring a full-on financial meltdown (an outcome that seems far from implausible at press time), GM will build between 1,500 and 2,000 ZR1 Corvettes for the '09 model year. While those numbers aren't sufficiently scanty to qualify the car as a genuine exotic in the vein of an Enzo or a Veyron, they nevertheless represent but a tiny fraction of the Vette's typical yearly production total. Factor in the Z's stupefying performance and six-figure price tag, and it's easy to see why access to examples for use in instrumented testing is severely limited.
Fortunately for us, we know Kevin Helmintoller. Longtime readers may remember Helmintoller as the unrepentant Corvette kook whose exploits behind the wheel of various high-performance Vettes have been documented here in the past. In September, the Tampa-area native lit out for the Corvette Assembly Plant in Bowling Green, Kentucky, to take delivery of his own ZR1, a very-early-production example done up in cop-bait Victory Red. Shortly after arriving back in Florida, he contacted us to ask if we were interested in setting up a battery of performance tests on the new car. We were.
The plan was simple in theory, if not in execution. Helmintoller would wring out the Z in three separate test environments--dyno, dragstrip, and road course--and we would document the results. Orchestrating the project required no small amount of creative scheduling, but when the tire smoke had dissipated, it was clear that Chevy's new King of the Hill was worthy of its regal appellation.
Road Course
Straight-line acceleration testing is instructive, to be sure, but the ZR1's real metier is road-course dicing, and any proper evaluation of the car would be incomplete without the inclusion of a proper open-track session. To that end, Helmintoller enrolled himself and two of his Corvettes--the ZR1 and a mostly stock '06 Z06--in a high-performance driving event hosted by Chin Motorsports and held at Sebring International Raceway. The event promised the opportunity to unleash both cars on one of North America's oldest and best-known motorsports venues, and to draw some informed comparisons between the two.
We'll Helmintoller take it from here.
"Racing in any of the club events at Sebring involves multiple cars on the track at the same time, so any lap times have to be considered with that in mind. Passing occurs only when the driver being overtaken has approved the pass. All of the participants were quite courteous save for one Porsche Carrera driver, who forced me to paint his rear bumper for two laps before finally allowing me by. We also had a rain shower at lunchtimethat wet the track pretty well, and then intermittent showers though the afternoon. That also had an effect on lap times.
"After first being approved for my solo qualification in the ZR1, I switched to the Z06. Perhaps because of my two prior sessions at Sebring in that car, I felt quite comfortable in it. I ran at 10/10ths and was able to turn consistent 2:34 lap timesin traffic. The Z06 is quite tossable, and when it breaks away, it is quite easy to recover. Keep in mind this car has minor mods and makes 490 rwhp and 450 rwtq. It's also equipped with Nitto 285s in the front and 345s in the rear, along with Hawk ceramic brake pads. I felt comfortable pushing that car for all it was worth (and in fact pushed it past that point at least twice).
"With the ZR1, I was definitely more conservative--and, frankly, nervous--when unleashing the power in traffic. The car's output is phenomenal, and I learned that downshifting was really not necessary. Keeping it in Third gear--even in low-speed turns--saved time, thanks to the available torque. As for my `official' times, I was consistently 10 to 15 seconds slower with the ZR1 vs. the Z06. On the other hand, when exiting Turn 16 down the long straight, I was pushing 155 mph with the ZR1 but only 140 mph with the Z06. Down the main straight, the ZR1 hitnearly 140 mph before Turn 1,while the Z06 wascloser to 125 mph.


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Jet Airways to connect Bengaluru and Hyderabad with direct daily flights to Abu Dhabi effective March 01, 2014
January 27, 2014
Jet Airways, India's premier international airline, today announced the launch of two new international flights, Bengaluru's maiden flight to the Gulf, connecting India's IT Hub with Abu Dhabi well as a new daily direct service from Hyderabad to Abu Dhabi effective March 01, 2014.
These two new routes will be serviced by the airline's next generation Boeing 737 – 800 aircraft, further strengthening Jet Airways' growing international network in the Gulf region, thus enhancing flight connectivity beyond Abu Dhabi.
Jet Airways currently operates a daily flight each from Delhi, Kochi and Chennai and 11 flights a week from Mumbai to Abu Dhabi.
The new route from Bengaluru will be Jet Airways' first international flight from Bengaluru to the Gulf. Flight 9W 504 will depart from Bengaluru's Kempegowda International Airport at 2030 hrs, and arrive at the Abu Dhabi International Airport at 2330 hrs (LT). On the return leg, the flight 9W 503 will depart Abu Dhabi at 1030 hrs (LT) and arrive in Bengaluru at 1620 hrs.
Services between Hyderabad and Abu Dhabi will be flagged off with Jet Airways flight 9W 550 departing Hyderabad's Rajiv Gandhi International Airport at 2025 hrs to arrive in Abu Dhabi International Airport at 2310 hrs (LT). On the return leg, the flight 9W 549 will depart Abu Dhabi at 1045 hrs (LT) and arrive in Hyderabad at 1610 hrs.
To celebrate the launch of these two new routes, Jet Airways has announced a special return Economy introductory fare of INR 21,725/- (including taxes) for guests travelling on the Bengaluru-Abu Dhabi sector, while the return Première introductory fare for the same sector would be INR 42,440 (including taxes).
Similarly, Jet Airway' guests travelling from Hyderabad to Abu Dhabi may avail of a special inaugural return Economy fare of INR 22,615 (including taxes).Premiere guests travelling from Hyberabad to Abu Dhabi and return, can avail of an introductory fare of INR 48,578 (including taxes).
These fares will be valid for travel from 1st March onwards. However, to avail of the attractive introductory fares, guests will need to book and purchase their tickets on or before February 28, 2014.
The airline will deploy Boeing 737-800 Next Generation (NG) aircraft on this route, where Premiere and Economy guests may enjoy the airline's famed in-flight service, its award-winning In-flight Entertainment (IFE) programme and the airline's hallmark concept of hospitality.
Mr Gaurang Shetty, Senior Vice President – Commercial, Jet Airways, said "It is indeed a proud moment for us at Jet Airways to be introducing our maiden international flight from Bengaluru to Abu Dhabi as well as a daily service on the Hyderabad – Abu Dhabi route. This is truly an indication of the strong demand on this sector. Guests travelling to Abu Dhabi will now have multiple options to travel to destinations of their choice in the Middle East, North America, Europe and Africa in a seamless manner with our strategic partner Etihad Airways. Jet Airways, as a preferred brand on this highly competitive Indo- Gulf market and has won acclaim on account of its excellent service and quality of its in-flight product. We are confident that our guests will appreciate these two new additions to our network."
About Jet Airways
Jet Airways currently operates a fleet of 113 aircraft, which include 10 Boeing 777-300 ER aircraft, 10 Airbus A330-200 aircraft, 4 Airbus A330-300 aircraft, 72 next generations Boeing 737-700/800/900/900 ER aircraft and 15 ATR 72-500 and 2 ATR72-600. With an average fleet age of 5.19 years, the airline has one of the youngest fleet of aircraft in the world. Flights to 75 destinations span the length and breadth of India and beyond, including Abu Dhabi, Bahrain, Bangkok, Brussels, Colombo, Dammam, Dhaka, Doha, Dubai, Hong Kong, Jeddah, Kathmandu, Kuwait, London (Heathrow), Muscat, New York (Newark), Riyadh, Sharjah, Singapore and Toronto.
About JetKonnect
JetKonnect is a dedicated product designed to meet the needs of the low fare segment. JetKonnect will also offer guests a Premiere service on nearly all domestic routes. With its mixed fleet of Boeings and ATR aircraft with nearly 303 daily flights connecting 49 destinations across India, JetKonnect provides more flexibility and choice to its guests. JetKonnect's convenient schedules, reliable service and low fares, promise to bring greater value and a seamless flying experience to our customers.
© Jet Airways (India) Ltd.


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When the parish of St. Patrick Church in Brighton, Mich., decided to expand its school, church members explored the usual options first: adding on to the existing building or purchasing land upon which a new structure could be erected. But in the end, the church made a bold and unusual choice: They bought a 36,000-square-foot former General Motors office building and renovated it to create the only kindergarten-through-eighth-grade green private Catholic school in the nation.
"It was the project of a career," says designer Lisa Whalls, vice president of Facility Matrix group and the parent of a student who attends St. Patrick School. "We were creating a learning environment that was a complete paradigm shift for a private-school education. All the light that's filtering into the school and the choice of colors are so nontraditional. And the fact that we were not only renovating a former office building, but doing so in a green way – we knew we were doing something spectacular."
The school's green features include a high-efficiency HVAC system estimated to reduce long-term energy use by 30 percent (in part through sensors that detect when a classroom is empty and move the room to "unoccupied" mode), GreenGuard-certified carpeting and furniture, water-efficient plumbing fixtures and waterless urinals, and low-VOC (volatile organic compounds) Sherwin-Williams paints.
"The biggest green aspect was buying an already existing building in the city, which saved utilities having to be brought out outside the city and cut down on driving for parents," says David Richardson, project architect and a partner at Lindhout Associates in Brighton. Richardson became the first architect in Livingston County accredited by LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design). Richardson is waiting for LEED certification for the St. Patrick project.
The renovation involved three additions to the portion of the serpentine, steel-framed office building that would house the elementary school: a circular media center, dubbed "The Egg," at the center of the elementary-school wing; a 13,400-square-foot gym/cafeteria at the south end; and a 6,500-square-foot science and art wing extending west.
At the same time, Whalls began the process of transforming the "drab" interior of the mid-1980s office building into an inspiring learning environment.
"In our industry, we say, 'Space is the message,'" she says. "We wanted our message to be creativity, innovation, high standards, and we knew that we wanted to use color to inspire people." Instead of a primary-color palette, which is often used in schools, she opted for rich, saturated but nontraditional hues.
The elementary wing, including the art and music rooms, is painted with rich purples, Plummy (SW 6558) and Distance (SW 6243); gold, Harvester (SW 6373); and several pale blues, Hinting Blue (SW 6519) and Lady's Slipper (SW 7139). Silvery blue-gray Icicle (SW 6238) is used in the corridors that run through the entire school, tying together the brighter palette of the elementary wing with the junior high wing, where Windy Blue (SW 6240), a sophisticated light blue, was used for all of the classrooms.
"The colors are very organic and really play into the whole green initiative," says Whalls. "They're colors you'd find in nature – gold, purple, blue. These colors are also very applicable to Michigan. Most of the time the kids are in school, it's fall or winter, so we wanted the school to look good in those seasons."
For the school's most distinctive space – the Egg – Whalls and school principal Lorelei Darga chose Arresting Auburn (SW 6034), a burnt burgundy color, and Mannered Gold (SW 6130), a deep yellow.
"They're rich, soothing colors that blend well with the cherry Herman Miller Bretford furniture," Whalls said. "We wanted it to be a calming palette, almost like you were at home."
Sherwin-Williams waterborne, washable coatings were used throughout. "We chose Sherwin-Williams for the low-VOC paint, for the scrubbable latex – and for the quality," Whalls said.
"The philosophy of the school is 'mind, body, spirit,'" she added. "We really did design a school that supports that motto."
Three tips for color in learning environments
- Saturated colors: Choose rich, saturated colors to inspire children's creativity.
- Bright colors: In classrooms with windows, use bright colors to anchor young students' attention inside.
- Color to organize: Employ color to delineate and divide space in one school that serves a wide range of ages.


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Gaiam Yoga Conditioning For Weight Loss Program with Suzanne Deason Description
- Stretch/Tone/Vitality
- Bonus! Get 10 Online Classes with Rodney Yee Inside
In addition to stretching, meditation and stress reduction, yoga has many therapeutic benefits- including the power to help you naturally lose weight and keep it off. Led by acclaimed yoga instructor Suzanne Deason, Yoga Conditioning for Weight Loss accommodates all levels of fitness and flexibility by offering four levels of modification.
With a click of a button, you can access any level workout-fully modified, partially modified and slightly modified- and receive more detailed instruction on the most challenging poses. Committing to follow this 45-minute program of safe, natural weight loss methods can help you start looking and feeling great in no time!
The Deluxe DVD Edition Includes:
- Complete three-part multi-level workout
- Three individual fitness level variations to improve your level of fitness
- Additional on-screen instruction with our exclusive Pose Guide
- Angle feature allows you to choose your workout level during the program
- In-depth interview with Suzanne Deason
- Fully chaptered workout
Great for all ages and levels of fitness!
Props recommended: Mat, brick, strap, blanket


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POTENTIALLY deadly blue-green algae has been found on Windermere.
The Environment Agency says it has found evidence of an algal bloom at Low Wray Bay, prompting South Lakeland District Council to issue a warning.
The authority said anyone using lakes, rivers and reservoirs should treat all blue-green algae blooms with caution and contact should be avoided as skin rashes and illness may occur if the water is swallowed.
Farmers and pet owners should also prevent livestock and animals coming into contact or drinking the affected water, as it can sometimes prove fatal for animals.
SLDC's environmental health team leader, Tracy Howard, said: "Blue-green algae can potentially make people feel quite ill if swallowed or even by just swimming in it.
"We just want people to be aware of the affects and are asking people to be extra careful and vigilant when using the lakes and rivers for recreational purposes during the summer months.
"The public should observe any notices near affected areas and avoid contact or drinking the water."
Many waters are vulnerable to problems with the algae, typically between June and November.
Experts say all blue-green algal blooms should be assumed to be toxic.
The blooms vary in colour from discoloured green, blue-green, greenish brown, or reddish brown.
Further information about blue-green algae can be found on the Environment Agency's website at www.environment-agency.gov.uk
ZANY Steven Hall is urging people to vote for him after he performs in front of millions of TV viewers on Britain's Got Talent tonight.
The 53-year-old telecommunications engineer will represent Cumbria when he takes to the stage for the live semi-final with a new dance routine.
Having taken the nation by storm with his eclectic two-minute act, which saw him perform a dance to The Birdy Song, The Macarena and The Twist, he has become an overnight success.
He has gained more than 1.5 million views on YouTube and more than a thousand fans on his official Facebook site.
So, what has he got lined up for the biggest performances of his life tonight?
"It was said: 'How am I going to follow that?' Because the element of surprise has gone," he said.
"So I have taken what everybody said they would expect me to do next and not done it."
Life has changed for the Burneside Amateur Theatrical Society member since he gained three 'yes' votes from Amanda Holden, Michael McIntyre and David Hasselhoff, and a standing ovation from the Liverpool crowd.
"It was the second best experience of my life, but I can't tell you the first one," he jokes.
"Since then, it has been so busy I haven't had time to think about it.
"I have been to London several times for interviews and rehearsals."
Having performed in theatres across the Lake District, Steven set up Comedy Showtime two years ago, a five-person act that puts on performances across the region.
From this, a 10-minute dance evolved which came to form the basis of his BGT audition.
If Steven is successful tonight, he will make it through to Saturday's live final.
If victorious in the final, he will perform in front of The Queen at The Royal Variety Performance and win £100,000.
"I am nervous and confident about tonight," he said.
"Nervous because Simon Cowell is back on the show and he is held in such anticipation about what he has thought of the acts that have gone through while he's been away.
"But I am confident of my routine. I'm looking forward to it."


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For the past 50 years, Perspectives on History has been the principal source for news and information about the historical discipline. Published monthly during the academic year, Perspectives on History offers articles and commentary on teaching, computers and software, history in the media, museum exhibitions, and archives and research. Also includes the most comprehensive current listings of employment openings and historical activities, both within and outside academia.
May 2015 Current Issue
Highlights from this issue:
Perspectives on Film
- When History is Not Good Enough for Hollywood: Selma, Lyndon B. Johnson, and Martin Luther King Jr.
By Kent Germany
- The Brouhaha over Selma
By Sam Pollard
- Missed Opportunities with Selma
By Julian E. Zelizer
- Varieties of Leadership in Selma
By Leslie M. Harris
- History as Entertainment or Entertainment as History?
By Jonathan Scott Holloway
- The Past Isn't Even Past, Especially on Twitter
By Carol Anderson
- Of Selma and History
By Adam Green
- Selma and the International History of American Civil Rights
By Mary L. Dudziak
To access the full table of contents, click here.
Watch AHA Today for more announcements of Perspectives articles.
Reach the 15,500 plus readers of Perspectives on History. Display and classified ads run in each print issue September through May.
Perspectives Community Forum
A community for discussion of articles in Perspectives on History. This community can be joined by AHA members and nonmembers who are logged in and viewed by the public.


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The Power of Independent Thinking
Ivan Eland on Financial Survival Network
Recorded: Thursday, March 20, 2014
Sr. Fellow Ivan Eland appeared on the Financial Survival Network radio program. Eland discusses the US foreign policy and its hypocrisy in dealing with countries such as Russia, which is annexing Crimea.
Experts: Ivan ElandType: RadioIssues: Civil Liberties/ Human Rights, Defense and Foreign Policy, Diplomacy and Foreign Aid, History (International), Political Ideology and Philosophy, Politics
Robert Higgs on Regime Uncertainty Past and Present
Recorded: Friday, February 21, 2014
Senior Fellow and author Robert Higgs speaks with Caleb Brown of the Cato Institute on the subject of Regime Uncertainty Past and Present.
Experts: Robert HiggsType: RadioIssues: Constitutional Law, Culture/ Society, Government Power, History (International), History (U.S), Political Ideology and Philosophy
Ivan Eland on The Tom Woods Show
Recorded: Monday, February 17, 2014
Ivan Eland, author of Recarving Rushmore, appeared on the The Tom Woods Show. Eland talks about U.S. Presidents on the merits of their policies and whether those strategies contributed to peace, prosperity, and liberty.
Experts: Ivan ElandType: RadioIssues: Economic History and Development (U.S.), History (U.S), Political Ideology and Philosophy
David J. Theroux on Price of Business Radio Show
Recorded: Tuesday, February 11, 2014
Host Kevin Price and Independent Institute President and Founder David Theroux discuss the topic How to Maintain Liberty in this segment of the Price of Business on KTEK 1110 AM of the Wall Street Radio Network.
Experts: David J. TherouxType: RadioIssues: Culture/ Society, Economic Policy, Free Market Economics, Political Ideology and Philosophy
Obamacare: Built to Fall Apart
Recorded: Thursday, January 30, 2014
Sr. Fellow John R. Graham appeared on the Joy Tiz radio show. Graham talks about the new Healthcare Contract with America, which relies on free market solutions to solve the healthcare crisis. Using examples from the landmark book by Sr. Fellow John C. Goodman, Priceless: Curing the Healthcare Crisis, Graham describes ways in which Americans can take control of their healthcare.
Experts: John R. GrahamType: RadioIssues: Economic Policy, Free Market Economics, Health Care, Political Ideology and Philosophy, Public Health/ Consumer Protection
Lawrence McQuillan on The Jason Lewis Radio Show
Recorded: Thursday, January 16, 2014
Sr. Fellow Lawrence McQuillan was a guest on the Jason Lewis radio show. He discussed the economics and history of totalitarianism vs capitalism in terms of policies such as higher taxes for corporations, farm subsidies, price and rent controls and endless money supply and how history can show us which of these stifle prosperity. Private property and individualism are the foundations of freedom, argues McQuillan.
Experts: Lawrence J. McQuillanType: RadioIssues: Culture/ Society, Government Power, History (International), History (U.S), Political Ideology and Philosophy, Property Rights
Robert Higgs on The Tom Woods Show
Recorded: Monday, December 16, 2013
Senior Research Fellow Robert Higgs joins radio host Tom Woods for a wide-ranging discussion including the U.S. economy and World War II. Check out some of Robert Higgs books mentioned on the program.
Type: RadioIssues: Economic History and Development (International), Economic History and Development (U.S.), Economic Policy, Government Power, Political Ideology and Philosophy
Stephen P. Halbrook on The Larry Elder Show
Recorded: Thursday, December 5, 2013
Gun Control in the Third Reich author and Research Fellow Stephen P. Halbrook appeared on the Larry Elder radio show to discuss his new book. Halbrook talks about the events leading up to Kristallnacht in Germany, where Jews and other "Enemies of the State" had their firearms confiscated by the Nazi party. The Nazis knew exactly who had weapons, because the former government of the Weimar Republic required guns to be registered.
Experts: Stephen P. HalbrookType: RadioIssues: Civil Liberties/ Human Rights, Constitutional Law, Government Power, Gun Control, Political Ideology and Philosophy


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The Allhusen family
8 of 12 portraits of Timothy Frederick Allhusen
The Allhusen family
by Navana Vandyk
quarter-plate film negative, 21 April 1953
Given by Bassano & Vandyk Studios, 1974
Photographs Collection
NPG x98992
Click on the links below to find out more:
Sittersback to top
- Hon. Claudia Violet Allhusen (née Betterton) (1917-2009), Wife of Derek Swithin Allhusen; daughter of 1st and last Baron Rushcliffe. Sitter in 15 portraits.
- Derek Swithin Allhusen (1914-2000), Horse rider, farmer and soldier. Sitter in 12 portraits.
- Michael Christian Allhusen (1938-1960), Son of Derek Swithin Allhusen. Sitter in 12 portraits.
- Timothy Frederick Allhusen (1942-), Son of Derek Swithin Allhusen. Sitter in 12 portraits.
- Rosemary Claudia Groves (née Allhusen) (1944-), Wife of Jeremy Grimble Groves; daughter of Derek Swithin Allhusen. Sitter in 12 portraits.
Artistback to top
- Navana Vandyk (active 1948-1953). Artist associated with 1383 portraits.


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Film Noir
Virgin, 2005 - 298 páginas
The step-by-step guide to the genre of Film Noir. Shrouded in suspician, racked with cynicism and tortured by doomed love, in the 1940s and 50s Hollywood revealed its dark side in a wave of films that were dubbed 'film noir' by French critics, both for their heavy use of shade and for their black outlook. Film Noir looks at the defining movies made in this brooding, menacing tone, covering such classics as The Maltese Falcon, The Big Sleep, The Killers and Kiss Me Deadly, and analysis film noir's typical use of expressionistic lighting, deep-focus camera work and disorientating visual schemes. As well as discussing plot and structure in detail, the book profiles iconic actors such as Robert Mitchum in Out of the Past and The Night of the Hunter, legendary directors such as Billy Wilder, Orson Welles and Stanley Kubrick, and writers such as Raymond Chandler, Dashiell Hammett and James M Cain on whose work many of the films were based. From Stranger on the Third Floor to Touch of Evil, this accessible and essential guide examines some of the finest, most innovative and interesting films that Hollywood has ever produced.
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Review: Film NoirProcura do Utilizador - Leonard Pierce - Goodreads
This is my first dip into the Virgin Film series. Early on, it seems pretty slight. Ler crítica na íntegra
Review: Film NoirProcura do Utilizador - Colleen - Goodreads
I love the way he organizes each chapter, focusing on the production, the actors, the writers, the noir aspects, the critics, and the public reception of each film. It's a great summary of a good many ... Ler crítica na íntegra
The Maltese Falcon 1941
Double lndemnity 1944
Murder My Sweet 1944
Direitos de autor
12 outras secçőes năo apresentadas
Palavras e frases frequentes
Abraham Polonsky actor Andrew Spicer Anonymous ASPECTS OF NOIR audience B-movie Bacall Bart Big Combo Big Heat Big Sleep Billy Wilder Bogart Brackett camera career cast character cinema crime detective Detour dialogue directed director Double Indemnity Edward Dmytryk femme fatale film noir Film Noir Reader film's filmmakers flashback Force of Evil Fritz gangster genre Gun Crazy Hammer Harry Hawks hero Hollywood James Joseph Lewis Killers Killing Kiss Me Deadly Kubrick Lady from Shanghai later Laughton Mainwaring Maltese Falcon Marlowe Michael Mike Murder Music narrative Neff Night notable noted novel Orson Paramount Perfect by Charlotte Peter Bogdanovich Photography picture played plot Powell production Raymond Chandler realises released Robert Aldrich Robert Porfirio role scene screen Screenplay screenwriter script sequence shoot shot Siodmak Spade star story studio style Sunset Boulevard thriller Touch of Evil United Artists viewer violence Warner Welles's William writing wrote York


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Washed Velvet Bean Bag Cover
Our velvet bean bag is washed for an elegantly relaxed look – and offers plenty of sink-in comfort. Ideal for sitting on, laying across or leaning against, its beaded insert ensures comfort at every age and angle of repose.
- 100% cotton velvet
- Generously sized yet inherently portable
- Insert made in the USA of 100% polystyrene beads
- Cover is imported
- Cover is machine washable
- Cover and insert sold separately
- In dusty rose, dusty lilac or grey
Shown in dusty lilac.
Washed Velvet Bean Bag Cover
- 41" diam.
Washed Velvet Bean Bag Cover
Celebrate someone special. Add an initial, name or date to personalize gifts, apparel, bedding, decorative accents and jewelry.
- Personalization is embroidered on the pocket
- Accommodates 1 line of text up to 10 characters (including spaces)
- Size and shape of embroidery designs have been thoughtfully considered by our design team to best complement the product
- Monogrammed/Personalized items are considered custom order items and are non-cancellable, non-returnable and non-refundable
Washed Velvet Bean Bag Cover
Washed Velvet Bean Bag Cover
Washed Velvet Bean Bag Cover
Bean Bag Insert


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Satchels > Iris Satchel
Iris Satchel
model #: 105909
Soft and lightweight the Iris leather satchel is roomy without being bulky and sits perfectly under your arm.
No Reviews
- special web price $104, regular price $149
- Exterior: Leather Trim: Polyurethane
- Interior: Polyester
- Brass tone hardware
- 14.5in L x 4.5in W x 11in H Drop: 8in
- zipper closure
- includes detachable and adjustable strap with a drop up to 23 inches
- front outside zippered pocket and back outside slit pocket
- lining features two multi-use pockets and a zippered back wall pocket
- clean with a water-based leather cleaner and moisturizer.use a protective spray to protect the leather surface.
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The best of then meets the best of now.
Glory be to God, the 3T Rotundo Pro Alloy Handlebar is only available in a traditional "Pro" bend. There is no flat "anatomic" section in the drops, and the constant roundness of the drops allows you to comfortably position your hands where you want, when you want. In a sprint you'll likely have a death grip on the crux of the drops just below your levers. In a day-long breakaway, you'll likely lightly cradle the ends of the drops. Different circumstances entail different requirements: Round drops give you positioning flexibility, anatomic drops don't.
The Rotundo Pro has an 139mm drop and a 82.6mm reach -- just a hair deeper and longer than a Deda Zero100 bar. It comes in 3 widths -- 40, 42, and 44cm measured center-to-center. It requires the use of a 31.8mm stem. It weighs 250g, about an ounce or two more than the fancy carbon bars available on the market nowadays. But if you crash or drop your bike off a roof rack or otherwise experience a mishap, you won't have to freak out about whether you need to replace your bars. These are bars made for guys like the Cervelo Test Team's Thor Hushovd and Heinrich Haussler: They're built Ford Tough. They pass the most recent DIN and CEN certification tests, which means you can have absolute confidence in them, no matter the parcours -- Paris-Roubaix, the Reebok Eliminator, whatever.
Pore over the photos of the Cervelo Test Team on cyclingnews.com or grahamwatson.com. With no exception (at least none that we've seen), every rider on the team rides these bars. After all, their lives are in their hands. Comfort and confidence aren't optional.
Tech Specs
Reviews & Community
What do you think of the
3T Rotundo Pro Handlebar
? Share a...
3T continues to produce excellent stuff!
- Familiarity: I've put it through the wringer
Great handlebar for the price. These are very light and stiff. Alloy bars are just fine in my opinion. Get a 3T stem and you're set!
Traditional bend bars are the best
- Familiarity: I've put it through the wringer
I bought these for my cyclocross bike and they're great. I normally ride 40cm bars, so I went a little wider for cross. They're nice and stiff, plus the round bend gives multiple hand positions. They also look much better than compact or ergo bars IMO.
The drop to the bends is sharper than other traditional round bend bars, so I have the drops slightly tilted downward so the curve is more gentle to the lever bodies.
Crashed them a lot, as the norm in cross races, and they hold up fine, as expected.
I also have the matching ARX Pro stem and Dorico post. Can't go wrong with matching bars/stem/seatpost.
AL over Carbon bars any day
- Familiarity: I've put it through the wringer
After crashing and ruining $350 anatomic carbon bars 5 years ago, I decided to go traditional bomb-proof Aluminum. I'm glad I did - you have more position options with traditional bend, so you can get really low or stay higher if needed. I've crashed with these as well.... no issues... my bars are now the least of my concerns. Also, I notice no difference in vibration damping (you've got so much carbon leading up to the bars already - wheels, fork, frame, stem + nice bar tape)
John Regions
Traditional bend for the win
3t makes one of themost beautiful traditional bend bars around. It is stiff, allowing confidence for pulling on bars in the drops. It isnt an anchor, either. Diameter is perfect for comfort on long rides and the handy guidelines make it easy to set up shifters. I use these bars on 2 of my bikes.


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Online Reservations
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RichlandLibrary.com sees more than 7,000 visits on an average day from customers inside and outside the library.
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Alumni on hand to cheer on SteelersPosted by on November 18, 2012 – 8:20 pm
Willie Parker remembers when he played for the Steelers and he would look around and see some of the former players come back for alumni weekend. He might not have always known who each player was, but there was one thing he always did know, these were the men who paved the way for the players of today.
"You had a sense of respect for them," said Parker, one of the alumni attending the Steelers-Ravens game as a part of this year's alumni weekend. "The older guys started it and we always looked up to them. We tried to follow their footsteps of doing things the right way.
"Now that I am back I see the younger guys. There is so much love and camaraderie. We are a band of brothers. I wouldn't want it any other way."
Running back Jerome Bettis also remembers seeing the alumni come back and laughed thinking he was now one of those guys the current players were coming over to say hi to.
"It's weird in a way," said Bettis. "That was a dream for me to spend time with the older guys and learn from them. Now I am one of the older guys and I welcome the younger guys picking my brain and talking to me. I am happy to give all of the information I can. It's about the past generations giving back to the younger players."
Wide receivers Lynn Swann and John Stallworth, who played on all four Super Bowl teams in the 1970s, are no strangers to Heinz Field, and loved being a part of the weekend excitement.
"I live in Pittsburgh so I am here all of the time," said Swann. "I am a season ticket holder. I get to the games all of the time with my wife and kids so this is home. This feels like it's supposed to be."
Stallworth, a member of the Steelers' investor group, loves coming back to Heinz Field, especially for a huge game like tonight's.
"It's a big rivalry and a game the Steelers need to win," said Stallworth. "In the past when people were hurt we always had someone to step up and I expect that to happen again."
The players, who attended Taste of the Steelers at Heinz Field on Saturday night, will all be honored during a halftime ceremony and are excited about the electric atmosphere that will be at Heinz Field.
"It's going to be rocking. It's great," said Bettis. "To see us go out and play against a tough Ravens team is going to be fun. This is what it is all about. When you have an opportunity to play for a great organization you appreciate these special moments and this is definitely one of them, not only because we get to come back but because the Steelers-Ravens rivalry is so strong. I am proud to have helped develop it."
Posted in Game Day | Comments Off on Alumni on hand to cheer on Steelers
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