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Training by research
Centrale Lyon has joint approval for 5 M.Sc. (former DEA) degrees and Ph.D.s in 5 Doctoral Schools
Professional training
Centrale Lyon runs modules for executives to discover new technologies or further their knowledge in scientific fields. The School also designs tailor-made courses in response to specific company requests.
Centrale Lyon's faculty is made up of seasoned teachers, at the top of their disciplines.
The School provides staff and students alike with a full range of equipment, material and high-powered services:
IT resource center, and practical classrooms inside the laboratories,
high-powered information networks (Internet and intranet connexions, etc.)
new communication technologies for active teaching (learning platform, bluetooth technology, electronic urns, interactive blackboards, etc.)
EEA : Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Control Engineering
MFAE : Fluid mechanics, Acoustics and Energetics
MI : Mathematics and Computer Science
MSGMGC : Mecanical and Civil engineering
STMS : Materials Sciences and Surface Engineering

subset: commoncrawl


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Something like Undertaker-Shawn Michaels at WM 25. That would be awesome but, a match like that can never be duplicated. Hell, even they couldn't duplicate it this year.
"I am not a NUGGET!"
"I am going to put on a Nexus shirt and armband and go drink the tears of John Cena fans." - Joey Styles


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Corningware French White 4 Piece Bakeware Set
Special Offer:
12 Issues of Sunset Magazine
Included with purchase ($20 value).
Corningware French White 4 Piece Bakeware Set
Weights & Dimensions
|Set Size: 4
|Number of Items Included: 4
|Color: White
|Non Toxic: Yes
|Scratch Resistant: Yes
|Chip Resistant: Yes
|Stain Resistant: Yes
|Rust Resistant: Yes
|Warp Resistant: Yes
|Tarnish Resistant: Yes
|Shape: Round
|Handles: No
|Lid Included: Yes
|Stove Safe: No
|Microwave Safe: Yes
|Dishwasher Safe: Yes
|Refrigerator Safe: Yes
|Freezer Safe: Yes
|Country of Manufacture: China
|Product Warranty: 1 year limited
About the ManufacturerCorningWare bakeware, a perfect blend of style and function, is designed to be used for convenient same-dish baking and serving, whether for casual or formal dining! The original CorningWare® bakeware which was first introduced in 1958, was made of a glass-ceramic material that could be used on the stove, in the oven and under the broiler. After World Kitchen acquired the brand in the late 1990's, CorningWare products were switched to ceramic stoneware production. Introduced later that year was the French White collection, which has been an all-time best seller among brides-to-be!
The stoneware transition was made, in part, to ensure that the brand adapted to the evolving tastes of consumers who today put a premium on color and design. In addition, with the advent of the microwave, the thermal benefits of the original material diminished in importance for home cooks.
The CorningWare stoneware collections can be used in conventional, convection and microwave ovens as well for storing food in the refrigerator and freezer. It washes easily by hand or in the dishwasher. Non-porous, stoneware won't absorb food odors and resists staining. And it's non-reactive so acid-based foods can be prepped or baked in it.
Corningware French White 4 Piece Bakeware Set
Customer Reviews
Tell Us What You Think!
Tell us what you think about this product. It will help us provide you with better products in the future and help your fellow shoppers make better purchases.Write the first review
OUR SKU # CGW1360French White 4 Piece Bakeware Set is also sometimes listed under the following manufacturer numbers: 1083953


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Climate Connections
Citing from the German FLL site:
Climate Connections - Building A Global Game Plan
The "winds of change are blowing" and with them comes FIRST LEGO League's 2008 Climate Connections Challenge! Join us as we explore why many experts believe the earth's climate is changing and how these changes impact you and our planet. The causes, contributions, and consequences are all interconnected and the experts are telling us to "think globally - act locally." People, resources, and local actions need to be united to establish a global game plan. Do FIRST LEGO League teams have what it takes to make these global Climate Connections?
Registration will start on 1st of March.


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Route status as of 9:22 pm
Citylink public transit is made possible through the generous support of:
Citylink Transit, launched in 2005, provides reliable, efficient, and free public bus service to Kootenai and Benewah counties in North Idaho. Citylink operates four routes, 16 hours a day, seven days a week, including holidays. The interconnecting network comprises over 150 stops, spread across 200 miles of road, and transports an average of 50,000 passengers per month.
Most Citylink buses are equipped with seating for 33 people and bicycle racks. To accommodate the needs of North Idaho patrons, all buses are fitted with wheelchair lifts.
Check the rider alerts panel to the right for real time passenger information that may impact your commute.
Thank you for choosing Citylink transit as your transportation provider.


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May 30, 2011New Cookbook!
May 30, 2011I'm Crabbier Than You Are
Crab season every year at Lawson's Landing, Dillon Beach in CA.
May 26, 2011I Just Can't Wear Out My Camp Chef Stove
May 24, 2011Victory...COOKIES!
So, if you read my post about the Victory Muffins, this is a slight adjustment. The slight part being adding chocolate! The flavor is so mild, that it really lends well to a cookie. The texture is a bit cakey, but I was so pleased with the results! I feel victorious!!! I hope you like them as much as I (and my kids) do!
PS The picture is not a good one, so please try these in spi
May 23, 2011Camp Chef Family
guess you might call us the Camp Chef family. Every summer from June to Sept. our family takes weekends, holidays, and full weeks at a time to spend time at our place in Island Park Idaho,(23 miles from Yellowstone park). Sometimes there are as many as 6 to 8 trailers there and if you were to walk around the camp you would see a Camp Chef stove by each trailer where all
May 22, 2011Victory Muffins!!
Happy May! Here is the recipe book I have been looking through lately:
I don't know if you think this is as cool as I do! It is so cute!!
I found a recipe for Victory Muffins. I am sure that you could figure out the real reason why these are victory, but once you see these ingredients, you can see why I think it is just a little funny!


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This product is currently sold out.
You can obtain status and/or reserve this item by contacting us. We can also be reached by calling toll free 1-866-326-9377 (Dialing from outside the US +01 314 772 3566) between 10AM and 6PM CST (-6 GMT).
The Calvin Klein Micro Modal collection of men's underwear combines the ultimate in luxurious fabric with modern underwear silhouettes. Calvin Klein ultra soft Modal is created with a gentle stretch for a fabric that is soft, comfortable, and perfect for everyday all day wear. Modal fabric is moisture absorbent, shrink resistant, and light weight.
This Micro Modal Men's Trunk features a low-rise square-cut silhouette with a contour pouch for comfort and support. A fabric covered waistband adds comfort and classic styling.
Featured in Esquire as "The Classic" in best underwear for men.
90% Modal, 10% Lycra Elastane.
Machine wash cool, do not bleach. Tumble dry extra low or lay flat to dry. Wash dark colors separately. Do not dry clean.
|28-30 in 71-76 cm
|32-34 in 81-86 cm
|36-38 in 91-97 cm
|Extra Large
|40-42 in 102-107 cm


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The Most Romantic Proposal Ever
What girl doesn't dream of an über-romantic wedding proposal? It probably has your family and friends there, a grand romantic gesture, your to-be fiancé explaining all the reasons why they love you and it may even finish with fireworks.
Well, this proposal has all of the above (and then some). Honestly, I think I'd be happy with just the lip-dub part, but Brad goes a step further to propose to his bride, Emily. Enjoy (and have a box of tissues nearby)!
Think your proposal was better? Share your story below!
> More amazingly romantic proposal stories


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Screenshot step 2 making a new profile in Google Analytics
I'm making stuff happen @ a Ghent-based Digital Agency called Wijs (Belgium) for our amazing clients.
People who talk passionate about genuine music & sound, make we warm inside.
Dries Bultynck
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Surfer Blood just embarked on their big ol' fall tour, but Thom Fekete and Kevin Williams still managed to spare some time for Pigeons and Planes. The guys shared their recently played list, and it's filled... Read more »
What a way to start the weekend. Interpol frontman Paul Banks has pulled an expected move and recently dropped a new hip-hop mixtape. With 21 tracks, the collection includes a few of rap's current heavyweights featuring... Read more »
On an unusual, sobering night for much of America's northeast dealing with the impact of Hurricane Sandy, Interpol frontman Paul Banks took the stage on Late Show With David Letterman to perform "Young Again" from his... Read more »
If you've been keeping up with me on Twitter you know I've been out of commission for the past week. Slowing down my blogging frenzy is not a common thing. Trust that if I do slow... Read more »
I never got a chance to finish that last Loose Ends post, so I wanted to throw some more music at you. Check it out. Here's a new one from DC native Marky. This time around... Read more »


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I didn't watch the interview, I was going to. I had it all set on my TV...then right as the Tonight Show was beginning I turned it off. I truly had better things to do at 11:30 at night and I didn't feel like suffering self-inflicted aggravation.
I'm sorry I missed it, this graphic would've been made sooner.
Apparently it's unfortunate more people don't die from terror attacks...at least relative to car accidents.
Only someone from a political party that gets excited about abortion would say something that stupid.


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Jul 23, 2007
A LEGO sorting machine
Do you remember that brick sorting robot I wrote about a while ago? Well, finally it has been finished. The video will explain how it works. For more information and pictures, you can go here.
Posted by: Laurens Valk at 12:40 AM
5 comments:
- David Levy said...
That's amazing. I could have used something like this last week as I had about 2500 pieces to sort!
- Jul 23, 2007, 1:45:00 AM
- Maniac of Mayhem said...
Brilliant! This is the first brick sorter I've seen that can actually do it's job without having the bricks "pre-sorted"... or at least fed in one at a time by hand. Question: how many sensors does it use?
- Jul 23, 2007, 2:35:00 AM
- Andy said...
I can answer that, three, 1 Phototransistor, 1 RCX Light sensor, and 1 NXT light sensor.
- Jul 23, 2007, 3:09:00 AM
- Andy said...
I forgot to say, it also uses the internal rotation sensors of the NXT. I don't know if that count for your question though :-P
And yes, this is amazing!
- Jul 23, 2007, 3:10:00 AM
- Rick Rhodes said...
The entire mechanism, from top to bottom, is very, very cool.
I like the way you break things down and explain each model on your web site as well.
- Jul 23, 2007, 9:19:00 AM
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Where Wine Country Meets the Sonoma Coast
The Inn at the Tides in Bodega Bay is an enclave of elegant guest lodges nestled amongst secluded, natural surroundings. Let the power and allure of the rugged Sonoma Coast envelop you and bring you peace of mind.
Located on scenic Coast Highway One, The Inn is the ideal location to enjoy fabulous views and wine country's many attractions. Approximately an hour north of San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge, we offer an escape from the stress and bustle of everyday life. We are minutes from championship golf, whale watching, wine tasting, hiking trails, art galleries, deep-sea fishing, miles of beaches and much more.


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15 things we can't wait to do at camp
Is he flirting with you or just a friendly dude?
Too cute: This orphaned tree kangaroo found an unexpected new mom
Demi Lovato is dishing on her new single and what's coming next
Love is in the air, Aquarius!
DIY statement earrings for the budget fashionista
This fruit offers some *serious* skin benefits
Why you should be flossing...even if you're too lazy
Have you ever been bullied? Share your story to help other girls!
GL + Disney take a look at the Teen Beach 2 premiere
More Friends = More Fun
GL Tweets !
AN HOUR AGO Ready, set, protect! : http://t.co/JOdaRzY9Cz pic.twitter.com/loLm3aWzbN
2 HOURS AGO Trouble with tampons? You're not alone : http://t.co/tVE40kzGO6 pic.twitter.com/w3t8VdlXUA
3 HOURS AGO Need a last-minute playlist for the 4th? We've got all your favs here: http://t.co/IQn4VSU5KQ pic.twitter.com/qalm1wLEBN
sponsored links
Win it: Visit all your favorite villains in The Isle of the Lost!
Ever wonder what happened to all of your excellently evil Disney faves? Enter for a chance to check out the new generation of bad guys (and girls) in The Isle of the Lost, a prequel to Disney Channel's Descendants!
CLICK HERE for your chance to win.


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York Women's Elite North American Made Competition Training Bar - YORK "Elite" Competition Bars are made from the highest grade steel with a minimum yield strength of 190,000 PSI. Competition Bars are made from elevated temperature drawn high tensile steel for maximum strength and flexibility. Bar sleeves are machine finished with 8 needle bearings for reduced friction. Bars are calibrated to be accurate to within +0.01% and -0.05%. Sleeves are machine finished to a precise 1.975 inch diameter accommodating for any 2" diameter Olympic plate. The York Elite Olympic Competition Bar meets International Weightlifting Federation equipment specifications.
Shipping Included
Shipping cost included within the lower 48 states only
Ships via UPS


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Links: Australian Glass and the Pacific Northwest at Museum of Glass
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Set against a sweeping canvas of rural England and Europe during the First World War, "War Horse" begins with the remarkable friendship between a horse named Joey and a young man called Albert, who tames and trains him. When they are forcefully parted, the film follows the extraordinary journey of the horse as he moves through the war, changing and inspiring the lives of all those he meets-British cavalry, German soldiers, and a French farmer and his granddaughter-before the story reaches its emotional climax in the heart of No Man's Land.
Rated PG-13 for intense sequences of war violence.
Visit the official site
Cast: Emily Watson, David Thewlis, Peter Mullan, Niels Arestrup, Tom Hiddleston
Produced by: Kathleen Kennedy, StSteven Spielberg
Directed by: Steven Spielberg
Written by: Lee Hall, Richard Curtis
Running time: 2hr 26min
Opens: Dec 25, 2011 Nationwide


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Test Taking Tips
With final exams right around the corner here are some
test-taking tips from members of the
Kent State University at Columbiana County faculty.
- Arrive early, and if permitted, have extra paper, pen, calculator, watch and any other material necessary. Do not linger in the lounge. Do not talk to other students, because their anxiety could be transferred to you and/or unprepared students might give you incorrect information. Go to the room and just relax. Turn off your cell phone.
- Listen carefully to verbal directions given by the teacher.
- Quickly skim over the entire test. Make sure all the pages are there. Before starting any of the questions, jot down memory aids, formulas, key words, rules, and brief notes in the margin of the test, if permitted to write on the test. If not permitted, ask the teacher if you can write on a blank sheet of paper. Then there is no possibility of being accused of cheating.
- Note the point value of each question. Watch the clock to pace yourself, thus budgeting enough time to complete the test. If stuck on a question, move on and come back to it later.
- Read all the directions carefully and then re-read them. Underline key words in the question. This will help you focus. Do not lose points because you did not follow directions.
- Answer the easy questions first. This will build confidence. Then do the difficult questions. Be aware that later items in the test might give you useful and needed information for the earlier items and vice-versa. Be alert. You may find clues in other questions that trigger an answer that you missed in an earlier problem.
- Never leave a question blank, unless you are penalized for incorrect answers or guessing.
- Show your work, especially if there is partial credit. If you do the work in your head and you are wrong, you get zero credit.
- Keep your work organized, numbered and legible. If the teacher cannot find it, or cannot read it, there is no partial credit.
- If you do not understand the question, ask the teacher if it could be rephrased. If not, you have nothing to lose.
- Do not panic. Say STOP to any anxiety. Put your pencil down, close your eyes, relax and take a few deep breaths. Reassure yourself that you are well prepared for this test and you will succeed. Avoid negative attitudes; positive thinking brings about positive results.
- Use all the time allotted. Did you answer every part of the question? Do your answers pass the "common sense test?" Did you check your calculations? Did you go back and answer any questions you left blank?
- At the end of every test, be able to live up to the equation: "Determination plus hard work equals success." Hand in the test, feeling confident and visualizing a high grade and know that you truly can attest to this definition of success as defined by UCLA Coach John Wooden: "Success is the peace of mind, which is the direct result of self-satisfaction in knowing that YOU did the best to become the best that you are capable of becoming."
Some tips for specific test types:
- True-and-False. Read carefully. Look for qualifying words. For example, "all, most, sometimes, never or rarely." "Always, only and never" generally indicate a false statement, but not always. "Sometimes, often and frequently" may indicate a true statement. Answer the question quickly. In general, do not change your mind.
- Multiple Choice. Read directions carefully to see if there is more than one possible answer. Answer each question in your mind before you look at the selection of answers. Skip questions you are not sure of and come back to them.
Essay. Write legibly. Use an erasable ink pen or pencil. Look over the test and note the number of questions and the total points for each question. Spend the most time on questions with the most points. Before writing, outline or make structured notes to help organize your thoughts. Then when ready to begin, write on one side of the paper only. The first paragraph contains the main answer to the question. The remainder of the essay gives explanation and support to your answer. Review to make sure you have a topic sentence for each paragraph and transitional thoughts leading to a logical conclusion. Proofread and check for spelling and grammar errors.


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I'm so honored to host the fabulous blogging evnet – Delicious Vietname this month. Anh from A food lovers' journey and Hong and Kim from Ravenous Couple are the creators of the event and they have certainly done a fantastic job in the last year!!! What a great way to get to know other food bloggers and home cooks! Thanks for everyone participating and your high standard of recipes and reviews!
Here is the round up for #13.
From Sacramento, California USA, Doug at Javaholic, gives us a beautiful and refreshing Lotus Stem Salad with Shrimp – Goi Ngo Sen. Through this recipe, I recalled my memory of eating stir-fried lotus root in China. It's really been a while! For me, lotus is a texture food, rather than flavour food. It's like tofu, what it tastes like really depends on how you cook it and what you cook it with. I also like the idea of using prawn crackers to go with fresh shrimp. Crunchy combined with tender meat, a little bit of contrast in this dish too. Of course I'm always a fan of Doug's food photography! Just beautiful!
From Baltimore, MD USA, Lan at Angry Asian Creations, presented us a Spicy Tomato Egg Drop Soup. I think this dish would be perfect for a lunch on the weekend. I can imagine the egg yolk mix with the soup, melting in my month…. mmm yum!
From Los Angeles, USA, Kim and Hong the Ravenous Couple, shared their family recipe of Banh Cam- one of the most famous and beloved Vietnamese desserts. It doesn't look too easy to make that MANY banh balls, but Read more


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For first-year and transfer students.
Associate and bachelor's degree programs for men and women 4 full years out of high school.
Elementary, middle level and secondary certification for men and women with a bachelor's degree.
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The Wilson College basketball coaching staff is hard at work combining a mixture of returning players and new talent as the team gears up for the start of the 2012-13 season this Saturday.
The Phoenix return three key starters from the 2011 campaign. Senior, Tara Fields (Berryville, Va./ Clarke County) will reprise her role as Wilson's ball handler and a threat on both sides of the court. Last season, Fields led the Phoenix's stat sheet with 17.2 points and 3.7 steals per game, earning her All-Conference Third Team honors. Junior, Vanessa Whitfield (Chambersburg, Pa./ Chambersburg) will also continue to be an offensive presence and key rebounder for Wilson. During her sophomore season, Whitfield averaged 14 points and 10.5 boards per game. Forward, Ashlee Yealy (Hanover, Pa./ Hanover) returns for her sophomore season after posting 8.9 points and 8 rebounds per game in her rookie debut. Wilson also returns versatile players Monica Lyons (Berlin, Pa./ Berlin Brothers Valley) and Heather Jones (Garrardstown, W.Va./ Musselman), who will add depth to both the guard and post positions. Head Coach, Angie Grove, will look to these veteran players to provide leadership and cohesiveness for the Phoenix.
Newcomers, freshman, Morgan Wonders (Newville, Pa./ Big Spring) and senior Sam Baker (Frederick, Md./ Linganore) join Yealy to give the Phoenix a bigger presence in the paint. In the guard position, freshmen, Billie Jones (West Alexander, Pa./ Avella) and Casandra Martinez (Morrsiville, Pa./ Chambersburg) will look to make a positive impact for the Phoenix by providing more offensive options and a defensive spark. Also new to the team this season are Alexi Ankro (Tappan, N.Y./ Tappan Zee), Sarah Singley (Orrtanna, Pa./ Gettysburg) and Lauren Kimberly (Chambersburg, Pa./ Morrisville), all who will contribute some positive minutes on the court.
Coach Grove is optimistic about this season's outlook. According to Grove, "These young ladies are focused and are working hard to come together as a team. I am excited about the mix of basketball talent that this team has and am eager to see what this group can accomplish together."
The Phoenix will start their season this weekend in the Cedar Crest Tip-Off Tournament with Cedar Crest College, Bryn Mawr College, and Notre Dame of Maryland University. Wilson will take on Cedar Crest on Saturday, November 17th at 3:00 pm and either Bryn Mawr or Notre Dame on Sunday. The team will open their home schedule on Wednesday, December 5th hosting North Eastern Athletic Conference (NEAC) opponent Lancaster Bible College.


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Heavy duty hose thread adaptor for spigot connection going to pipe thread items (FHT x FNPT).
This Orbit brand adaptor has large brass hex nut for swivel connection and may be placed on any standard spigot.
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We are not a retail store, we do offer will call during checkout for local customers.


text: At Moffitt Cancer Center, we understand that being diagnosed with cancer can be a distressing experience. That is why we are committed to your well-being by treating the full range of needs, whether they are physical, spiritual or emotional. To fulfill this goal, we offer a wide selection of support services to our patients, their loved ones and the community.


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An icon (from Greek εἰκών, eikōn, "image") is a religious work of art, most commonly a painting, from Eastern Christianity. More broadly the term is used in a wide number of contexts for an image, picture, or representation; it is a sign or likeness that stands for an object by signifying or representing it either concretely or by analogy, as in semiotics; by extension, icon is also used, particularly in modern culture, in the general sense of symbol — i.e. a name, face, picture, edifice or even a person readily recognized as having some well-known significance or embodying certain qualities: one thing, an image or depiction, that represents something else of greater significance through literal or figurative meaning, usually associated with religious, cultural, political, or economic standing.
Throughout history, religious cults or religious cultures have been inspired or supplemented by concrete images, whether in two dimensions or three. The degree to which images are used or permitted, and their functions — whether they are for instruction or inspiration, treated as sacred objects of veneration or worship, or simply applied as ornament — depend upon the tenets of a given religion in a given place and time.
In Eastern Christianity and other icon-painting Christian traditions, the icon is generally a flat panel painting depicting a holy being or object such as Jesus, Mary, saints, angels, or the cross. Icons may also be cast in metal, carved in stone, embroidered on cloth, done in mosaic or fresco work, printed on paper or metal, etc. Creating free-standing, three-dimensional sculptures of holy figures was resisted by Christians for many centuries, out of the belief that daimones inhabited pagan sculptures, and also to make a clear distinction between Christian and pagan art. To this day, in obedience to the commandment not to make "graven images", Orthodox icons may never be more than three-quarter bas relief.
Christianity originated as a movement within Judaism during a time when there was great concern about idolatry. There is evidence of the use of painted icons or of similar religious images by Christians in the New Testament or early apocrypha. However, Dr. Steven Bingham writes, "The first thing to note is that there is a total silence about Christian and non-idolatrous images. It is important to note that the silence is in the New Testament texts, and this silence should not be interpreted as describing all the activities of the Apostles or 1st century Christians. St. John himself said that 'Jesus did many other signs in the presence of the disciples, which are not written in this book...' (Jn 20.30). We could easily add that the Apostles also did and said many things not recorded in the New Testament. It is obvious, therefore, that we do not have a complete account of the activities and sayings of the Apostles. So, if we want to find out if the first Christians made or ordered any kind of figurative art, the New Testament is of no use whatsoever. The silence is a fact, but the reason given for the silence varies from exegete to exegete depending on his assumptions." In other words, relying only upon the New Testament as evidence of no painted icons amounts to an argument from silence. In addition, it should also be noted that Christian symbolic art and iconography had already developed extensively before the New Testament Canon was finalized in the fourth century.
Though the word eikon is found in the New Testament (see below), it is never in the context of painted icons though it is used to mean portrait There were, of course, Christian paintings and art in the early catacomb churches. Many can still be viewed today, such as those in the catacomb churches of Domitilla and San Callisto in Rome.
In Eastern Orthodoxy and other icon-painting Christian traditions, the icon is generally a flat panel painting depicting a holy being or object such as Jesus, Mary, saints, angels, or the cross. Icons may also be cast in metal, carved in stone, embroidered on cloth, done in mosaic work, printed on paper or metal, etc.
The earliest written records of Christian images treated like icons in a pagan or Gnostic context are offered by the fourth-century Christian Aelius Lampridius in the Life of Alexander Severus (xxix) that was part of the Augustan History. According to Lampridius, the emperor Alexander Severus (222–235), who was not a Christian, had kept a domestic chapel for the veneration of images of deified emperors, of portraits of his ancestors, and of Christ, Apollonius, Orpheus and Abraham. Irenaeus, (c. 130–202) in his Against Heresies (1:25;6) says scornfully of the Gnostic Carpocratians, "They also possess images, some of them painted, and others formed from different kinds of material; while they maintain that a likeness of Christ was made by Pilate at that time when Jesus lived among them. They crown these images, and set them up along with the images of the philosophers of the world that is to say, with the images of Pythagoras, and Plato, and Aristotle, and the rest. They have also other modes of honouring these images, after the same manner of the Gentiles [pagans]." St. Irenaeus on the other hand does not speak critical of icons or portraits in a general sense, only of certain gnostic sectarians use of icons.
Another criticism of image veneration is found in the non-canonical second-century Acts of John (generally considered a gnostic work), in which the Apostle John discovers that one of his followers has had a portrait made of him, and is venerating it: (27) "...he [John] went into the bedchamber, and saw the portrait of an old man crowned with garlands, and lamps and altars set before it. And he called him and said: Lycomedes, what do you mean by this matter of the portrait? Can it be one of thy gods that is painted here? For I see that you are still living in heathen fashion." Later in the passage John says, "But this that you have now done is childish and imperfect: you have drawn a dead likeness of the dead."
Aside from the legend that Pilate had made an image of Christ, the fourth-century Eusebius of Caesarea, in his Church History, provides a more substantial reference to a "first" icon of Jesus. He relates that King Abgar of Edessa sent a letter to Jesus at Jerusalem, asking Jesus to come and heal him of an illness. In this version there is no image. Then, in the later account found in the Syriac Doctrine of Addai, a painted image of Jesus is mentioned in the story; and even later, in the account given by Evagrius, the painted image is transformed into an image that miraculously appeared on a towel when Christ pressed the cloth to his wet face. Further legends relate that the cloth remained in Edessa until the tenth century, when it was taken to Constantinople. In 1204 it was lost when Constantinople was sacked by Crusaders, but its iconic type had been well fixed in numerous copies.
Elsewhere in his Church History, Eusebius reports seeing what he took to be portraits of Jesus, Peter and Paul, and also mentions a bronze statue at Banias / Paneas, of which he wrote, "They say that this statue is an image of Jesus" (H.E. 7:18); further, he relates that locals thought the image to be a memorial of the healing of the woman with an issue of blood by Jesus (Luke 8:43-48), because it depicted a standing man wearing a double cloak and with arm outstretched, and a woman kneeling before him with arms reaching out as if in supplication. John Francis Wilson thinks it possible to have been a pagan bronze statue whose true identity had been forgotten; some have thought it to be Aesculapius, the God of healing, but the description of the standing figure and the woman kneeling in supplication is precisely that found on coins depicting the bearded emperor Hadrian reaching out to a female figure symbolizing a province kneeling before him.
After Christianity was legalized by the emperor Constantine within the Roman Empire in 313, huge numbers of pagans became converts. This created the necessity for the transfer of allegiance and practice from the old gods and heroes to the new religion, and for the gradual adaptation of the old system of image making and veneration to a Christian context, in the process of Christianization. Robin Lane Fox states "By the early fifth century, we know of the ownership of private icons of saints; by c. 480-500, we can be sure that the inside of a saint's shrine would be adorned with images and votive portraits, a practice which had probably begun earlier".
After adoption of Christianity as the only permissible Roman state religion under Theodosius I, Christian art began to change not only in quality and sophistication, but also in nature. This was in no small part due to Christians being free for the first time to express their faith openly without persecution from the state, in addition to the faith spreading to the non-poor segments of society. Paintings of martyrs and their feats began to appear, and early writers commented on their lifelike effect, one of the elements a few Christian writers criticized in pagan art — the ability to imitate life. The writers mostly criticized pagan works of art for pointing to false gods, thus encouraging idolatry. Statues in the round were avoided as being too close to the principal artistic focus of pagan cult practices, as they have continued to be (with some small-scale exceptions) throughout the history of Eastern Christianity.
Nilus of Sinai, in his Letter to Heliodorus Silentiarius, records a miracle in which St. Plato of Ankyra appeared to a Christian in a dream. The Saint was recognized because the young man had often seen his portrait. This recognition of a religious apparition from likeness to an image was also a characteristic of pagan pious accounts of appearances of gods to humans, and was a regular topos in hagiography. One critical recipient of a vision from Saint Demetrius of Thessaloniki apparently specified that the saint resembled the "more ancient" images of him - presumably the seventh century mosaics still in Hagios Demetrios. Another, an African bishop, had been rescued from Arab slavery by a young soldier called Demetrios, who told him to go to his house in Thessaloniki. Having discovered that most young soldiers in the city seemed to be called Demetrios, he gave up and went to the largest church in the city, to find his rescuer on the wall.
During this period the church began to discourage all non-religious human images - the Emperor and donor figures counting as religious. This became largely effective, so that most of the population would only ever see religious images and those of the ruling class. The word icon referred to all and any images, not just religious ones, but there was barely a need for a separate word for these.
Christianity teaches that the immaterial God took flesh in the form of Jesus Christ, making it possible to depict in human form the Son of God. It is on this basis that the Old Testament prescriptions against making images were overturned for the early Christians by their belief in the Incarnation. Also, the concept of archetype was redefined by the early church fathers in order to better understand that when a person shows veneration toward an image, the intention is rather to honor the person depicted, not the substance of the icon. As St. Basil the Great says, "The honor shown the image passes over to the archetype." He also illustrates the concept by saying, "If I point to a statue of Caesar and ask you 'Who is that?', your answer would properly be, 'It is Caesar.' When you say such you do not mean that the stone itself is Caesar, but rather, the name and honor you ascribe to the statue passes over to the original, the archetype, Caesar himself." So it is with an Icon.
In the Eastern Orthodox tradition, only flat or bas relief images are used. The Greeks, having a long, pagan tradition of statuary, found the sensual quality of three dimensional representations did more to glorify the human aspect of the flesh rather than the divine nature of the spirit and so prohibitions were created against statuary. The Romans, on the other hand, did not adopt these prohibitions and so there is still statuary among the Roman Catholics to this day. Because the Greeks rejected statuary, the Byzantine style of iconography was developed in which figures were stylized in a manner that emphasized their holiness rather than their humanity. Symbolism allowed the icon to present highly complex material in a very simple way, making it possible to educate even the illiterate in theology. The interiors of Orthodox Churches are often completely covered in icons.
Although there are earlier records of their use, no panel icons earlier than the few from the 6th century preserved at the Greek Orthodox Monastery of St. Catherine at Sinai survive. The surviving evidence for the earliest depictions of Christ, Mary and saints therefore comes from wall-paintings, mosaics and some carvings. They are realistic in appearance, in contrast to the later stylization. They are broadly similar in style, though often much superior in quality, to the mummy portraits done in wax (encaustic) and found at Fayyum in Egypt. As we may judge from such items, the first depictions of Jesus were generic rather than portrait images, generally representing him as a beardless young man. It was some time before the earliest examples of the long-haired, bearded face that was later to become standardized as the image of Jesus appeared. When they did begin to appear there was still variation. Augustine of Hippo (354-430) said that no one knew the appearance of Jesus or that of Mary, though it should be noted that Augustine was not a resident of the Holy Land and therefore was not familiar with the local populations and their oral traditions. Gradually, paintings of Jesus took on characteristics of portrait images.
At this time the manner of depicting Jesus was not yet uniform, and there was some controversy over which of the two most common icons was to be favored. The first or "Semitic" form showed Jesus with short and "frizzy" hair; the second showed a bearded Jesus with hair parted in the middle, the manner in which the god Zeus was depicted. Theodorus Lector remarked that of the two, the one with short and frizzy hair was "more authentic." To support his assertion, he relates a story (excerpted by John of Damascus) that a pagan commissioned to paint an image of Jesus used the "Zeus" form instead of the "Semitic" form, and that as punishment his hands withered.
Though their development was gradual, we can date the full-blown appearance and general ecclesiastical (as opposed to simply popular or local) acceptance of Christian images as venerated and miracle-working objects to the sixth century, when, as Hans Belting writes, "we first hear of the church's use of religious images." "As we reach the second half of the sixth century, we find that images are attracting direct veneration and some of them are credited with the performance of miracles Cyril Mango writes, "In the post-Justinianic period the icon assumes an ever increasing role in popular devotion, and there is a proliferation of miracle stories connected with icons, some of them rather shocking to our eyes". However, the earlier references by Eusebius and Irenaeus indicate veneration of images and reported miracles associated with them as early as the second century. It must also be noted that what might be shocking to our contemporary eyes may not have been viewed as such by the early Christians. Acts 5:15 reports that "people brought the sick into the streets and laid them on beds and mats so that at least Peter's shadow might fall on some of them as he passed by."
There was a continuing opposition to misuse of images within Christianity from very early times. "Whenever images threatened to gain undue influence within the church, theologians have sought to strip them of their power Further,"there is no century between the fourth and the eighth in which there is not some evidence of opposition to images even within the Church Nonetheless, popular favor for icons guaranteed their continued existence, while no systematic apologia for or against icons, or doctrinal authorization or condemnation of icons yet existed.
The use of icons was seriously challenged by Byzantine Imperial authority in the eighth century. Though by this time opposition to images was strongly entrenched in Judaism and Islam, attribution of the impetus toward an iconoclastic movement in Eastern Orthodoxy to Muslims or Jews "seems to have been highly exaggerated, both by contemporaries and by modern scholars
Though significant in the history of religious doctrine, the Byzantine controversy over images is not seen as of primary importance in Byzantine history. "Few historians still hold it to have been the greatest issue of the period...
The Iconoclastic Period began when images were banned by Emperor Leo III the Isaurian sometime between 726 and 730. Under his son Constantine V, a council forbidding image veneration was held at Hieria near Constantinople in 754. Image veneration was later reinstated by the Empress Regent Irene, under whom another council was held reversing the decisions of the previous iconoclast council and taking its title as Seventh Ecumenical Council. The council anathemized all who hold to iconoclasm, i.e. those who held that veneration of images constitutes idolatry. Then the ban was enforced again by Leo V in 815. And finally icon veneration was decisively restored by Empress Regent Theodora.
From then on all Byzantine coins had a religious image or symbol on the reverse, usually an image of Christ for larger denominations, with the head of the Emperor on the obverse, reinforcing the bond of the state and the divine order.
Of the icon painting tradition that developed in Byzantium, with Constantinople as the chief city, we have only a few icons from the eleventh century and none preceding them, in part because of the Iconoclastic reforms during which many were destroyed, and also because of plundering by Venetians in 1204 during the Fourth Crusade, and finally the taking of the city by the Islamic Turks in 1453.
It was only in the Comnenian period (1081-1185) that the cult of the icon became widespread in the Byzantine world, partly on account of the dearth of richer materials (such as mosaics, ivory, and enamels), but also because an iconostasis a special screen for icons was introduced then in ecclesiastical practice. The style of the time was severe, hieratic and distant.
In the late Comnenian period this severity softened, and emotion, formerly avoided, entered icon painting. Major monuments for this change include the murals at Daphni (ca. 1100) and Nerezi near Skopje (1164). The Theotokos of Vladimir (ca. 1115, illustration, right) is probably the most representative example of the new trend towards spirituality and emotion.
The tendency toward emotionalism in icons continued in the Paleologan period, which began in 1261. Paleologan art reached its pinnacle in mosaics such as those of the Kariye Camii (the former Chora Monastery). In the last half of the 1300s, Paleologan saints were painted in an exaggerated manner, very slim and in contorted positions, that is, in a style known as the Paleologan Mannerism, of which Ohrid annunciation icon.jpg is a superb example.
After 1453, the Byzantine tradition was carried on in regions previously influenced by its religion and culture— in the Balkans and Russia, Georgia in the Caucasus, and, in the Greek-speaking realm, on Crete.
Crete was under Venetian control from 1204 and became a thriving center of art with eventually a Scuola di San Luca, or organized painter's guild on Western lines. Cretan painting was heavily patronized both by Catholics of Venetian territories and by Eastern Orthodox. For ease of transport, Cretan painters specialized in panel paintings, and developed the ability to work in many styles to fit the taste of various patrons. El Greco, who moved to Venice after establishing his reputation in Crete, is the most famous artist of the school, who continued to use many Byzantine conventions in his works. In 1669 the city of Heraklion, on Crete, which at one time boasted at least 120 painters, finally fell to the Turks, and from that time Greek icon painting went into a decline, with a revival attempted in the 20th century by art reformers such as Photios Kontoglou, who emphasized a return to earlier styles.
In the icons of Eastern Orthodoxy, and of the Early Medieval West, very little room is made for artistic license. Almost everything within the image has a symbolic aspect. Christ, the saints, and the angels all have halos. Angels (and often John the Baptist) have wings because they are messengers. Figures have consistent facial appearances, hold attributes personal to them, and use a few conventional poses.
Colour too plays an important role. Gold represents the radiance of Heaven; red, divine life. Blue is the color of human life, white is the uncreated essence of God, only used for resurrection and transfiguration of Christ. If you look at icons of Jesus and Mary: Jesus wears red undergarment with a blue outer garment (God become Human) and Mary wears a blue undergarment with a red overgarment (human become like God), thus the doctrine of deification is conveyed by icons. Letters are symbols too. Most icons incorporate some calligraphic text naming the person or event depicted. Even this is often presented in a stylized manner.
In later Western depictions, much of the symbolism survives, though there is far less consistency. Artistic license allows the painter much more freedom over the depiction. Examples of this style abound. And yet, despite the imagination and brilliance of Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel, it is still quite easy to identify the saint depicted because the traditional attribute and appearance of Peter is still present.
Russian icons are typically paintings on wood, often small, though some in churches and monasteries may be as large as a table top. Many religious homes in Russia have icons hanging on the wall in the krasny ugol, the "red" or "beautiful" corner. There is a rich history and elaborate religious symbolism associated with icons. In Russian churches, the nave is typically separated from the sanctuary by an iconostasis (Russian ikonostás) a wall of icons.
The use and making of icons entered Kievan Rus' following its conversion to Orthodox Christianity from the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire in 988 A.D. As a general rule, these icons strictly followed models and formulas hallowed by usage, some of which had originated in Constantinople. As time passed, the Russians— notably Andrei Rublev and Dionisius— widened the vocabulary of iconic types and styles far beyond anything found elsewhere. The personal, improvisatory and creative traditions of Western European religious art are largely lacking in Russia before the seventeenth century, when Simon Ushakov's painting became strongly influenced by religious paintings and engravings from Protestant as well as Catholic Europe.
In the mid-seventeenth century, changes in liturgy and practice instituted by Patriarch Nikon resulted in a split in the Russian Orthodox Church. The traditionalists, the persecuted "Old Ritualists" or "Old Believers", continued the traditional stylization of icons, while the State Church modified its practice. From that time icons began to be painted not only in the traditional stylized and nonrealistic mode, but also in a mixture of Russian stylization and Western European realism, and in a Western European manner very much like that of Catholic religious art of the time. The Stroganov movement and the icons from Nevyansk rank among the last important schools of Russian icon-painting.
Only in the 15th century did production of painted icons begin to approach Eastern levels, and in this century the use of icons in the West was enormously increased by the introduction of prints on paper, mostly woodcuts which were produced in vast numbers (although hardly any survive). They were mostly sold, hand-coloured, by churches, and the smallest sizes (often only an inch high) were affordable even by peasants, who glued or pinned them straight onto a wall.
With the Reformation, after an initial uncertainty among early Lutherans, who painted a few "icon"-like depictions of leading Reformers, and continued to paint scenes from Scripture, Protestants came down firmly against icon-like portraits, especially larger ones, even of Christ. Many Protestants found these "idolaterous". Narrative Biblical scenes, especially as book illustrations, remained acceptable, and were encouraged. The Catholics maintained, even intensified the traditional use of icons, both printed and on paper, now using the different styles of the Renaissance and Baroque. Popular Catholic imagery to a certain extent has remained attached to a Baroque style of about 1650, especially in Italy and Spain.
In Romania, icons painted as reversed images behind glass and set in frames were common in the nineteenth century and are still made. The process know as Reverse painting on glass "In the Transylvanian countryside, the expensive icons on panels imported from Moldavia, Wallachia, and Mt. Athos were gradually replaced by small, locally produced icons on glass, which were much less expensive and thus accessible to the Transylvanian peasants...
The Egyptian Coptic Church and the Ethiopian Church also have distinctive, living icon painting traditions. Coptic icons have their origin in the Hellenistic art of Egyptian Late Antiquity, as exemplified by the Fayum mummy portraits. Beginning in the 4th century, churches painted their walls and made icons to reflect an authentic expression of their faith.
Though followers of Zwingli and Calvin were more severe in their rejection, Lutherans tended to be moderate: many of their parishes displayed statues and crucifixes. A joint Lutheran-Orthodox statement [date] in Helsinki reaffirmed the Ecumenical Council decisions on the nature of Christ and the veneration of images:
"The Seventh Ecumenical Council, the Second Council of Nicaea in 787, which rejected iconoclasm and restored the veneration of icons in the churches, was not part of the tradition received by the Reformation. Lutherans, however, rejected the iconoclasm of the 16th century, and affirmed the distinction between adoration due to the Triune God alone and all other forms of veneration. Through historical research this council has become better known. Nevertheless it does not have the same significance for Lutherans as it does for the Orthodox. Yet, Lutherans and Orthodox are in agreement that the Second Council of Nicaea confirms the christological teaching of the earlier councils and in setting forth the role of images (icons) in the lives of the faithful reaffirms the reality of the incarnation of the eternal Word of God, when it states: "The more frequently, Christ, Mary, the mother of God, and the saints are seen, the more are those who see them drawn to remember and long for those who serve as models, and to pay these icons the tribute of salutation and respectful veneration. Certainly this is not the full adoration in accordance with our faith, which is properly paid only to the divine nature, but it resembles that given to the figure of the honored and life-giving cross, and also to the holy books of the gospels and to other sacred objects" (Definition of the Second Council of Nicaea)."
Today attitudes can vary even from church to church within a given denomination, whether Catholic or Protestant. Protestants generally use religious art for teaching and for inspiration, but such images are not venerated as in Orthodoxy, and many Protestant church sanctuaries contain no imagery at all.
After the Second Vatican Council declared that the use of statues and pictures in churches should be moderate, most statuary was removed and even destroyed from many Catholic Churches. Eastern Catholics and Orthodoxy, however, continues to give such strong importance to the use and veneration of icons that they are often seen as the chief symbol of Orthodoxy. Catholicism has a long tradition of valuing the arts and was the prime patron of artists even after the Renaissance. Present-day imagery within Roman Catholicism varies in style from traditional to modern, and is affected by trends in the art world in general.
Icons are often illuminated with a candle or jar of oil with a wick. (Beeswax for candles and olive oil for oil lamps are preferred because they burn very cleanly, although other materials are sometimes used.) The illumination of religious images with lamps or candles is an ancient practice pre-dating Christianity.
In the Eastern Orthodox Christian tradition there are reports of particular, Wonderworking icons that exude myrrh (fragrant, healing oil), or perform miracles upon petition by believers. When such reports are verified by the Orthodox hierarchy, they are understood as miracles performed by God through the prayers of the saint, rather than being magical properties of the painted wood itself. Theologically, all icons are considered to be sacred, and are miraculous by nature, being a means of spiritual communion between the heavenly and earthly realms. However, it is not uncommon for specific icons to be characterised as "miracle-working", meaning that God has chosen to glorify them by working miracles through them. Such icons are often given particular names (especially those of the Virgin Mary), and even taken from city to city where believers gather to venerate them and pray before them. Islands like that of Tinos are renowned for possessing such "miraculous" icons, and are visited every year by thousands of pilgrims.
The Eastern Orthodox view of the origin of icons is quite different from that of secular scholars and from some in contemporary Roman Catholic circles: "The Orthodox Church maintains and teaches that the sacred image has existed from the beginning of Christianity", Léonid Ouspensky has written. Accounts that some non-Orthodox writers consider legendary are accepted as history within Eastern Orthodoxy, because they are a part of church tradition. Thus accounts such as that of the miraculous "Image Not Made by Hands," and the weeping and moving "Mother of God of the Sign" of Novgorod are accepted as fact: "Church Tradition tells us, for example, of the existence of an Icon of the Savior during His lifetime (the "Icon-Made-Without-Hands") and of Icons of the Most-Holy Theotokos [Mary] immediately after Him. Eastern Orthodoxy further teaches that "a clear understanding of the importance of Icons" was part of the church from its very beginning, and has never changed, although explanations of their importance may have developed over time. This is due to the fact that iconography is rooted in the theology of the Incarnation (Christ being the eikon of God) which didn't change, though its subsequent clarification within the Church occurred over the period of the first seven Ecumenical Councils. Also, icons served as tools of edification for the illiterate faithful during most of the history of Christendom.
Eastern Orthodox find the first instance of an image or icon in the Bible when God made man in His own image (Septuagint Greek eikona), in Genesis 1:26-27. In Exodus, God commanded that the Israelites not make any graven image; but soon afterwards, he commanded that they make graven images of cherubim and other like things, both as statues and woven on tapestries. Later, Solomon included still more such imagery when he built the first temple. Eastern Orthodox believe these qualify as icons, in that they were visible images depicting heavenly beings and, in the case of the cherubim, used to indirectly indicate God's presence above the Ark.
In the Book of Numbers it is written that God told Moses to make a bronze serpent, Nehushtan, and hold it up, so that anyone looking at the snake would be healed of their snakebites. In John 3, Jesus refers to the same serpent, saying that he must be lifted up in the same way that the serpent was. John of Damascus also regarded the brazen serpent as an icon. Further, Jesus Christ himself is called the "image of the invisible God" in Colossians 1:15, and is therefore in one sense an icon. As people are also made in God's images, people are also considered to be living icons, and are therefore "censed" along with painted icons during Orthodox prayer services.
According to John of Damascus, anyone who tries to destroy icons "is the enemy of Christ, the Holy Mother of God and the saints, and is the defender of the Devil and his demons." This is because the theology behind icons is closely tied to the Incarnational theology of the humanity and divinity of Jesus, so that attacks on icons typically have the effect of undermining or attacking the Incarnation of Jesus himself as elucidated in the Ecumenical Councils.
The Eastern Orthodox teaching regarding veneration of icons is that the praise and veneration shown to the icon passes over to the archetype (Basil of Caesarea,On the Holy Spirit 18:45: "The honor paid to the image passes to the prototype"). Thus to kiss an icon of Christ, in the Eastern Orthodox view, is to show love towards Christ Jesus himself, not mere wood and paint making up the physical substance of the icon. Worship of the icon as somehow entirely separate from its prototype is expressly forbidden by the Seventh Ecumenical Council; standard teaching in the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches alike conforms to this principle. The Catholic Church accepts the same Councils and the canons therein which codified the teaching of icon veneration.
The Latin Church of the West, which after 1054 was to become separate as the Roman Catholic Church, accepted the decrees of the iconodule Seventh Ecumenical Council regarding images. There is some minor difference, however, in the Catholic attitude to images from that of the Orthodox. Following Gregory the Great, Catholics emphasize the role of images as the Biblia Pauperum, the "Bible of the Poor," from which those who could not read could nonetheless learn. This view of images as educational is shared by most Protestants.
Catholics also, however, accept in principle the Eastern Orthodox veneration of images, believing that whenever approached, images of the cross, saints, etc. are to be reverenced. Though using both flat wooden panel and stretched canvas paintings, Catholics traditionally have also favored images in the form of three-dimensional statuary, whereas in the East statuary is much less widely employed.
The Septuagint is the Greek translation of the Hebrew Scriptures used by the early Christians, and Eastern Orthodox consider it the only authoritative text of those Scriptures. In it the word eikon is used for everything from man being made in the divine image to the "molten idol" placed by Manasses in the Temple.
Ezekiel 23:14; Daniel 2:31,32,34,35; Daniel 3:1,2,3,5,7,11,12,14,15,18; Hosea 13:2
Be aware that Septuagint numberings and names and the English Bible numberings and names are not uniformly identical.


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If you've ever spent any amount of time working with a Doug Nash 4+3-equipped C4, you've probably found yourself scratching your head, uttering expletives that would make a politician blush, pounding your fist against the wall-or all of the above. The concept behind the 4+3 was hatched at a time when automotive engineers were grasping at any and all available straws as they fought to produce cars that delivered decent performance, while meeting the then-current emissions and fuel economy standards.
Back in the day, I remember thinking the 4+3 would be a kickass gearbox for a Corvette. The main case and internal components are derived from the Borg-Warner Super T10 four-speed-a trans that established a reputation for strength, durability, and power shiftability during the '70s and early '80s. Unfortunately, the overdrive portion of the trans proved to be quirky at best; at worst (the more or less normal situation), its performance ranged between outright annoying and downright aggravating. Now, some 20-odd years after the fact, durability is a bigger question than ever, and the challenge of finding parts at a reasonable cost often makes replacement a more viable option than repair.
As an aside, the overdrive control used in some model years is apparently connected to the same wiring as the torque converter lock-up control. I once did a chip for an engine builder who had built and installed a 383 in an I-don't-remember-the-year C4. He was pressed for time, as engine builders usually are, and the only chip he had on hand to be reflashed was for an automatic. He said it was a real thrill when he took the car out for a testdrive and, without warning or provocation, the 4+3 shifted into and out of overdrive.
Obviously, installing a late-model, five-speed transmission isn't a drop-in proposition. it has a different external configuration than a 4+3 and also employs an internal rail shifter, rather than a side-mounted external type. Fortunately, companies like Classic Motorsports Group offer complete kits that greatly simplify the task.
These kits are typically built around Tremec TKO 500 or TKO 600 five-speed transmissions and include most, if not all, of the necessary conversion hardware. We used Classic's Ultimate Fit TKO-600 kit, which includes a specially modified transmission with a custom Hurst Sidewinder shifter mechanism, a Spicer 1330 slip yoke, a custom torque arm bracket, a shifter handle with five-speed knob, a template and close-out panel for modifying the transmission tunnel, a speedometer interface kit, hardware, and a comprehensive installation instruction manual.
We selected a TKO-600 model because of its higher torque capacity and more attractive gear ratios. With 2.87, 1.89, 1.28, and 1:1 first through fourth ratios, the 600 has a nice spread between gears. Its first gear ratio is also better suited to a 3.42:1 rear axle ratio than the TKO 500's 3.27:1 first gear; its .64:1 overdrive is also a better match than the 500's .68:1 fifth gear ratio.


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Stultus Saxum wrote:Tonyblack wrote:Oh direct action! I like it. Have you read Lynn Truss's book: "Eats, Shoots & Leaves"? She suggests something similar. I must admit that I have the urge to carry around a pocket full of magic markers for those moments when the internal editor takes over.
Welcome to the site Stultus Saxum.
'nk you. (He says, humbly, to one of the key members of this forum).
Read her book? Not only have I read it, but it was my inspiration.
I must admit, however, that I rediscovered said inspiration on Tuesday evening tucked away in the bottom of a locked (?) cardboard box stuffed unceremoniously in the deepest corner of our dingy attic ... behind a sign saying "Beware of the Dust Mites". (With apologies to Mr D. Adams)
I loved the book, but boy, it didn't half make me paranoid about my punctuation.


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The Chairman of the Pushmataha County Hospital Authority has announced that Mr. Mark Rogers, CEO/Administrator, will be relocating to pursue other career opportunities that have recently became available to him and his family. Mr. Rogers expressed his appreciation to the board for their work with the community hospital and for their support in achieving some impressive accomplishments over the past several years together.
Mr. Rogers has served as the administrator for 6 1/2 years, including representing the hospital on various statewide boards, the area Chamber of Commerce, and the Oklahoma Hospital Association. The board also expressed their appreciation for Mr. Rogers and his service to the community hospital and wish him and his family well in all their future endeavors.


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I loved the Percy Jackson series so I knew this would be good. But I didn't know just how good it would be. Turns out it was full of surprises and twi..Show More »
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If you can get your kids to read these books then you are doing them a favor. These books are just plain fun but they also have many hidden treasures..Show More »
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I loved it so much I could not stop listening :) :8 :D :P lol so funny loved it.


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I saw this on another website so I thought I would post it to see what people thought.....
With such a thing like this how feasible is it? I mean for the projection and depth cameras.
Is such a thing even possible (no ancient alien references please)?
o Kinect 2.0 (maybe two of them for stereoscopic)
o Xbox Next (designed out of the box for HDMI, 3D, maybe multiple GPU's)
o Using 3D glasses to make it a 3D surround experience and using Kinect 2.0 for higher fidelity motion.
It almost sounds like this (without all of the props)
The Fortezla Glasses in that Xbox 720 document were in September 2010, the information above was applied for a patent in the 1st Quarter of 2011.
I saw a Sony video camera with a pico projector built right in with the camera, wouldn't this be too expensive to even offer by itself even if it was low resolution?


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Any change in a program leading to licensure or in a related field requires approval by the State Education Department. Use the form found here to request approval for a change to a currently registered program.
Prior to completing the form, contact the Office of Academic Program Review to see if additional forms will be necessary. If the program leads to licensure, the proposal should explain how licensure requirements will continue to be met.
Changes in undergraduate programs that fall under the category "Changes in Program Content" on the above document are subject to review by the Undergraduate Program Committee.
If the proposed change will also change the program's student learning outcomes, please submit a revised Student Learning Outcomes Assessment Plan. If you have questions about outcomes assessment, and for information on requirements for assessment plans and sample templates, please visit this website.
If you are adding a distance education format to an existing program, you will need to complete this form in addition to the Program Change form. State guidelines for distance education programs may be found here.
All program changes require completion of the Non-New York State Authorization Form. This form requests information about out-of-state activities such as non-classroom experiences (clinical experiences, fieldwork, internships, et cetera), marketing and/or advertising, distance education, or proctoring in a state other than New York. For further information, click here.
The application form accessed here is to be completed for a new degree program in a licensed profession.
When proposing a program leading to a certificate or advanced certificate, or a doctoral program, please first contact the Office of Academic Program Review for information on the appropriate form to use.
Depending on the professional field of study, additional materials may be needed to supplement the application form. Please submit a copy of a brief description of the proposed program to the Office of Academic Program Review as early as possible in the planning process to avoid delay.
External Review
If proposing a graduate degree program below the doctoral level, an undergraduate program in engineering or engineering technology, an undergraduate program in a new or emerging field, or an undergraduate program in an allied health area (unless the program is accredited), you will need an evaluation of the program by a recognized expert in the field who has been approved in advance by the State Education Department, as well as a response to the evaluation. Please provide the Office of Academic Program Review with a brief description of the proposal and the vita of 3 or 4 proposed reviewers via email as early as possible in the planning process to avoid delay. The proposed reviewer must not have a conflict of interest or the appearance of a conflict of interest with the institution or the program being reviewed. Conflict of interest forms signed by the institution and by the external evaluator should be maintained in the program's file and copies provided to the Office of Academic Program Review.
The following information should be provided to the Office of Academic Program Review separately from the above program proposal documents. Please submit two copies.


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LAS VEGAS, NEV.Former heavyweight champion Ken Norton, who beat Muhammad Ali and later lost a controversial decision to him in Yankee Stadium, died Wednesday at a local care facility.
He was 70.
Ken Norton Jr., a coach with the Seattle Seahawks, confirmed the death to The Associated Press before handing the phone to his wife, too distraught to talk.
Norton, the only heavyweight champion never to win the title in the ring, had been in poor health for the last several years after suffering a series of strokes, a friend of the fighter said.
Hes been fighting the battle for two years, said Gene Kilroy, Alis former business manager. Im sure hes in heaven now with all the great fighters. Id like to hear that conversation.


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Legislators want to expand local option tax across VermontBy Patrick McArdle
STAFF WRITER | February 19,2013BENNINGTON The countys two state senators say they are working on a bill that would allow every municipality in the state the chance to add a 1 percent tax to retail sales, meals and alcohol or hotel rooms.
Sen. Richard Sears, D-Bennington, said he had supported the local option tax when it was created in response to the states education formula in 1999 and he thought it should be available to towns like Bennington.
Now its been almost 15 years and its time, in my mind, to expand the ability to have the local option tax to all communities. The reason I say that is a town like Bennington, which has to provide the infrastructure for the surrounding towns, including New York state, has expenses that some of the smaller towns dont have. This would help defray some of those costs and also lower tax rates, he said.
Sears colleague, Sen. Robert Hartwell, D-Bennington, said he supported expanding the tax opportunity throughout Vermont as well.
The local option tax was created for towns like Manchester which were considered sending towns, or gold towns, under Act 60. Manchester was one of a number of towns that was sending more in property tax to the state than it was getting back from the state for its own school.
The local option tax was intended to help recover some of that money in the hope that it would be used for property tax relief. The 1 percent tax can be applied to retail sales, hotel rooms or the meals and alcohol sold at restaurants. It can be applied to all three categories or any combination of them.
Burlington and Rutland collect similar taxes on meals, entertainment and lodging because that authority has been written into their city charters. Among the towns that take advantage of the state program are Bratttleboro, Rutland Town and the ski resort towns of Killington, Stowe and Stratton.
Last month, the Select Board in Bennington, at the request of Town Manager Stuart Hurd, acted by consensus to show their support for allowing other towns to enact the tax.
In our particular case, we are told that in Bennington here, it would generate about $1.63 million annually that could be used for capital projects, which would reduce the budget on an annual basis while we continue to try and do over $1 million worth of work. ... It would have the benefit of allowing us to build perhaps a capital reserve perhaps for those instances where we dont have sufficient funds to do a particular project and it needs to be done, Hurd said.
Board members supported the idea although one, Jason Morrissey, said he would prefer the Select Board use the money directly for property tax relief and not spend the money on other projects.
The boards actions do not mean that if the law is changed the taxes will be imposed in Bennington. Under current law, local option tax can only be proposed by the towns governing body but they cant be enacted unless residents vote to support them.
The local option taxes are collected by the state and 70 percent are returned to the town. The rest is used for the payment in lieu of taxes, or PILOT, program which pays towns for hosting state buildings because the towns cant collect property taxes from them.
Sears pointed out that because Bennington hosts the state office building and the Bennington Battle Monument, among other state properties, it could benefit both from the local option tax directly and an increase in PILOT payments.
email@example.com IN Southern VermontBENNINGTON — Ask author and Bennington College graduate Charlotte Silver if the title of... Full StoryPresident Calvin Coolidge was remembered in all sorts of ways Saturday on the 143rd anniversary... Full StoryPresident Calvin Coolidge was remembered in all sorts of ways Saturday on the 143rd anniversary... Full Story
- Most Popular
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- RICHARD'S POOR ALMANACK: On this day 1739, 'Richard Palmer' identified in prison at York Castle as the notorious outlaw DICK TURPIN; IN 1836, Battle of the Alamo begins near San Antonio de Bexar, Texas; 1896, the Tootsie Roll invented by LEO HIRSCHFELD.
- RICHARD'S POOR ALMANACK: On this day in 1472, Orkney, Shetland islands put up as collateral by Norway to Scotland in lieu of dowry for MARGARET OF DENMARK on her marriage with JAMES III, king of Scotland; 1962, JOHN GLENN first American to orbit Earth.
- TOMORROW'S HEADLINES TODAY: City mayoral candidates debate campaign issues; Hartford, Conn., woman still missing; Neal Goswami reports attempts to legislate suicide; local woman loses 100 pounds through TOPS program.
- RICHARD'S POOR ALMANACK: On this day in 1878, JOHN TUNSTALL murdered near Lincoln, New Mexico, by the outlaw JESSE EVANS; in 1930, ELM FARM OLLIE first cow to fly in aircraft, first to be milked airborne; 1955, nuke test WASP; '79, snow in Sahara.
- TOMORROW'S HEADLINES TODAY: Rutland Herald News Editor Alan J. Keays and staff writer Gordon Dritschilo discuss stories planned for the February 18, 2015, edition of the newspaper: Winter budgets maxed, legal marijuana, Springfield bank job, USPS slowdown
- RICHARD'S POOR ALMANACK: On this day in 1249 AD, ANDRE of LONGJUMEAU is dispatched by LOUIS IX of France to meet the KHAGAN, ruler of the Mongol Empire; in 1804, during 1st Barbary War, STEPHEN DECATUR scuttles the pirate-held USS Philadelphia in Tripoli.


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WebSitePulse 2015 Valentine's Day Retail Performance Report [INFOGRAPHIC]February 20th, 2015
Posted in Performance Reports
St. Valentine's Day is over and so is the monitoring of 7 of the most popular websites for Valentine's gifts.
During the period from January 31st until February 16th we monitored 7 websites and reported their performance and availability daily. The idea behind was to see how they would handle the heavy traffic flow during the Valentine's shopping fever.
Here's what we found:
Response time
Harryanddavid.com scored the lowest response time – 7.51 seconds. That means visitors didn't wait long to load certain pages. Ftd.com had 25 seconds of response time on average. Since this was a little too high, it's possible that some impatient visitors switched to a competitor. In fact, four of the monitored websites had high response time meaning they had difficulties handling the heavy traffic load.
As far the availability (uptime) is concerned, ftd.com was available almost the whole time – 99.98%. brookstone.com was up 99.97% of the time. The rest of the websites remained in the 99's per cent availability, which is quite an achievement.
Security notification for CVE-2015-0235 (GHOST vulnerability)January 28th, 2015
Posted in Industry News, WebSitePulse News, Tech
A significant Linux vulnerability that allows remote code execution to Linux server(s) was announced late yesterday, named GHOST: CVE-2015-023. Full details of the vulnerability are available at http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2015/01/27/9. While the issue has been fixed as early as Mar 21, 2013 it was not marked as a security threat and as a result the patch was not backported to most of the stable and long-term-support distributions like RHEL, Centos, Ubuntu 12.04 etc which left them vulnerable.
Updates for CentOS are already available in the Updates repository so a simple "yum update" will install the required patches to mitigate this vulnerability.
Qualys have provided a simple C program to test if a machine is vulnerable
#include <netdb.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <errno.h>
#define CANARY "in_the_coal_mine"
struct {
char buffer[1024];
char canary[sizeof(CANARY)];
} temp = { "buffer", CANARY };
int main(void) {
struct hostent resbuf;
struct hostent *result;
int herrno;
int retval;
/*** strlen (name) = size_needed - sizeof (*host_addr) - sizeof (*h_addr_ptrs) - 1; ***/
size_t len = sizeof(temp.buffer) - 16*sizeof(unsigned char) - 2*sizeof(char *) - 1;
char name[sizeof(temp.buffer)];
memset(name, '0', len);
name[len] = '\0';
retval = gethostbyname_r(name, &resbuf, temp.buffer, sizeof(temp.buffer), &result, &herrno);
if (strcmp(temp.canary, CANARY) != 0) {
if (retval == ERANGE) {
puts("not vulnerable");
puts("should not happen");
$ gcc GHOST.c -o GHOST
We have verified that all WebSitePulse servers have latest updates installed and are not vulnerable.
WebSitePulse 2014 Holiday Retail Performance and Uptime Report [INFOGRAPHIC]January 20th, 2015
Posted in Performance Reports
The 2014 Holiday Season is over and so is the shopping fever. The analytics company Retail Next noted a 4% rise in sales compared to last year due to a much stronger online purchasing.
According to Shelley Kohan, vice president of retail consulting at RetailNext, "The online promotions that came out early in November really took a lot out of the brick-and-mortar business as they captured the shopper very early this year" (reuters.com).
Considering the above, we can't stress more on the need of maintaining a perfect website performance and availability. The more people visit your website, the harder it becomes to maintain low response time and high uptime. And, these two are important if you care enough about your customers' flawless shopping experience and your sales or conversions.
We monitored 11 of the most popular websites for gifts during the Holiday Season (November 24, 2014 – January 04, 2015) in order to see whether they could bear possible heavy traffic load during the shopping fever.
Most of them demonstrated excellent uptime – above 99.5%.
As for the response time – it varied between 2 and 12 seconds, meaning that some websites were caught off guard during traffic surges.
To see the detailed daily reports, visit www.websitepulse.com
WebSitePulse 2014 Hurricane Season Web Performance and Uptime Report [INFOGRAPHIC]November 20th, 2014
Posted in Performance Reports
The 2014 hurricane season is over and according to Weather.com, it was "one of contrasts and paradoxes."
The reason behind is that the Atlantic basin produced the fewest tropical cyclones and named storms since 1997, and at the same time – it brought the strongest landfalling hurricane in the mainland U.S, in six years, and the strongest hurricane in four years, according to the website.
These weather swings have been neatly reported by the weather websites which must have been well-prepared to bear heavy traffic load during the times of unexpected weather occurrings.
We decided to monitor 5 of the most popular websites to see whether they managed to cope with unforeseen traffic surges. And, here's what we found out:
- Three out of five websites demonstrated perfect average response time – below one second.
- Nhc.noaa.gov scored the lowest of all response time – 0.39 seconds; last year, the same website demonstrated enviable performance as it had the lowest response time again
- Salvationarmy.org reached 2.4 seconds of response time which is much higher than last year's when it was only 0.9. That contrast only shows that the high response time this year was simply accidental
- The uptime (availability) of all monitored targets was above 99.85%
The stats above show that the monitored websites were up and running throughout the whole period and did no experience any major downfalls. Also, most of them loaded quite fast so visitors were able to receive the important weather updates almost instantly.
For more details, check the daily reports at www.websitepulse.com
Security Notification for SSLv3 POODLE VulnerabilityOctober 16th, 2014
Posted in Industry News, WebSitePulse News
As you probably know, a number of news sources, corporations, and the OpenSSL team reported yesterday 14 October 2014 that version 3 of Secure Sockets Layer (SSLv3) is vulnerable at the protocol level. More information about the vulnerability can be found here - CVE-2014-3566.
To prevent any potential leaks from this vulnerability we have immediately disabled SSLv3 on all our web servers including the API endpoints. Our monitoring agents are not affected by this change and will continue to support SSLv3 for the time being in order to be able to monitor properly servers that do support SSLv3 only. We are urging all customers to disable SSLv3 on hosts interacting with the our services as soon as possible and upgrade to use Transport Layer Service (TLS).
Here are a few samples how to configure your potentially vulnerable services and disable SSLv3.
Change all SSLProtocol directives in your httpd config to
ALL -SSLv2 -SSLv3
and restart the server.
Add/edit the the following text to your server directive
ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2;
If you can't disable SSL 3.0 entirely, there is TLS_FALLBACK_SCSV patch that can help avoid the attack, if both the client and the server support it.


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Medieval Lady® Barbie® Doll
Release Date: 1/1/1995
Product Code: 12791
From The Great Eras® Collection, Barbie® doll captures the true essence of medieval times in this incredible costume. Her dark blue floor-length gown is accented by colorful detailing that lines her sleeves, a faux fur collar, and golden trim at the waist, neckline, and sleeves. Her braided hair is covered by a majestic golden hennin.
Production doll may vary from the photo shown above. Mattel reserves the right to modify the fashion/fabrics, sculpt, hair color/style, and accessories. Doll cannot stand alone as shown.
Collector Photos
No one has uploaded any photos.


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Posted 09 June 2013 - 15:33
Posted 07 July 2013 - 12:37
How do you manually update this thing? It does not have Chrome's autoupdate (checked the Task Scheduler, etc.), nothing. No option on the settings as well or maybe I'm just missing it.
It automatically updates itself, no user intervention needed. I haven't been to able to find any options regarding updating like the ability to turn off auto-update, but it happens automatically though.
Posted 07 July 2013 - 13:49
Opera Next is still very much a preview release. They have many major features not implemented, although I must say that Opera is doing a so-so job in informing this. The first time I saw their forthcoming return of a Linux version was for example in a blog post comment reply...
Posted 07 July 2013 - 15:10
So basically, you like using half baked, dumbed down, uncustomisable junk that is totally unsuitable for desktops.
No, but I love trolls.
Anyway it was crashy and spotty on performance so I went back to Chrome.
Which confirms that you do like using uncustomisable browsers too dumbed down to be suitable for desktop use.
Posted 07 July 2013 - 15:17
its in alpha form, jeez, can you form any more of a stupid opinion? Get informed huh, really do yourself a favour.
I am well aware it's in an incomplete pre-beta form at the moment. I was merely commenting that someone prefers a half
baked dumbed down browser to one that is full featured and customisable. No-one with any common sense could ever
prefer the way the new Chromium based version of Opera is currently setup compared with the classic Opera.
Even if the new Opera is an incomplete pre-beta form, they still released it as though it's a complete finalised product.
Nowhere on Opera's website do they give any impression that Opera 15 is really an incomplete, pre-beta product.


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Update your wardrobe with our selection of trendy plus size women's clothing from Bealls Florida. Designed with your curves in mind, we offer a variety of plus size women's clothing that have enhancing and minimizing features. Whether you're on vacation or just at your favorite local beach, show off with new plus size beachwear like swimsuits or swim dresses, plus size beach dresses with a matching pair of stylish flip flops. Enjoy a casual walk with friends in a breezy plus size tank top or blouse paired with a pair of bright colored plus size capris. Pick up a casual maxi dress or flirty sleeveless dress for ladies night out. Stay warm with lightweight jackets or dress up a casual outfit with denim jackets. Get ready for work with blazers and match with plus size camisoles or plus size sleeveless tops. When bedtime calls, sleep tight in a plus size nightgown or your favorite sleep shirt with a pair of plus size pajama shorts or pants. Whether you're looking for plus size beachwear, business wear or that perfect date night outfit, there is something for you in our plus size clothes collection in sizes 14W-24W and 1X-3X.
The tropical, casual style of Caribbean Joe equals polos, capris, brightly colored shorts, floral prints and lightweight fabrics perfect for your Florida lifestyle.
Find new vacation clothes from our Alfred Dunner plus size women's clothing collection. Create your perfect outfit with women's tops, cardigan sweaters, lightweight jackets and capris, all made from easy care fabrics.


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HOME MLB Chicago White Sox Gear Chicago White Sox T-Shirts Sale Items (222 items) Product ID: 685237
Main Content
This item ships within one business day.
$4.99 flat rate shipping. See other shipping options.
Ladies, you don't mean to toot your own horn, but everyone knows that your White Sox style is pretty extraordinary. Prove it when you wear this striking League Special long sleeve tee by Majestic! Featuring a distressed team name and logo printed across the chest, team-colored collar and sleeves with an acid-washed look and a flirty split v-neck, this slightly sheer tee will show the competition that you are way out of their league!
- 60% Cotton/40% Polyester
- Contrast team color sleeves & collar
- Imported
- Lightweight ribbed ladies long sleeve T-shirt
- Officially licensed MLB product
- Raglan sleeves
- Rib-knit collar & cuffs
- Screen print graphics
- Split v-neck
- Tagless collar
Special event items are produced by manufacturers only after the outcome of a game or event. These are advanced sale items and will ship immediately after they are received in our warehouse.
Manufacturer direct items are shipped directly from the manufacturer. These items are not available for international or expedited shipping.
Customized items can be personalized with options such as your name, your favorite number, and/or designs. Some options may be limited by league rules.


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Requests for Proposals
High School-to-College Summer Developmental Transition Program Grants
The High School-to-College Developmental Transition Program (aka Summer Transition Program) awards matching grants to colleges for offering summer transition programs coupled with support services through the freshman year to improve academic readiness and foster college retention for low-income and other historically underrepresented students in postsecondary education. The 2013 higher education omnibus bill provided $100,000 each year of the 2014-2015 biennium to support STPG grants. With a focus on continuity of program services, five to 10 programs will be funded for the summer of 2014 (Fiscal Year 2014) with the possibility of renewal for summer 2015 (Fiscal Year 2015) contingent on success in meeting program goals and objectives, completion and approval of program reporting requirements, and continued state funding. The maximum state matching grant will be $20,000 per fiscal year.
The RFP process has been closed for the current biennium. The following campuses have been awarded state matching grant funds:
- Minneapolis Community and Technical College: Jump Start to Careers
- Minnesota State University, Mankato: College Access Program
- Saint Paul College-A Community and Technical College: Math Transitions-Power of You
- University of Minnesota-Duluth: Math Preparation for STEM Careers