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Sharing the Crank Mail
Below, a representative sampling of recent emails from "loving Christians," usually in response to news coverage of FFRF's state/church work. Grammmar and spelling are uncorrected. Warning: Some language and suggestions are X-rated.
Jackson Middle School: LEAVE THE SCHOOL ALONE OR YOU CAN JUST PLAIN LEAVE THE COUNTRY!! GOD BLESS AMERICA you are not American. — Laura Chastain, Riviera Beach, Fla.
Jesus: Jesus said to kiss his ass!!! And burn in hell!! — C.R., Hickory, N.C.
Your the reason: Your group is one of the rason United States Of America is in the moral decay that is is!!! You take the foundation that we were founded on out of my Country! Take your leftest lawsuits and go hug your bulshivik president! — "Michigan"
Communists: Yes,you all are a pawn of the Communists and the Socialist Obama administration. — Guy Melton, Okla.
Really?: You people are all a bunch of a$$holes, and are exactly what is wrong with this country. Hope you all end up in hell, like the rest of the heathens. — Mike Dufala, Easley, S.C.
A Disgusting Bunch of Bastards: Maybe the time has come for the country to have Freedom from you "Freedom From Religion" bunch of warped bastards. — David Marcontell, Midlothian, Texas
Happy Solstice: MERRY CHRISTMAS AND GOD BLESS....YOU WORTHLESS MOTHERFUCKERS!!!!!
From Seattle: Merry Christmas pinheads.
Merry CHRISTmas: Your group is useless. — Erik Czarnik
rights: you crackpots make me sick the U S constitution says freedom OF religion not from religion.I find you crackpots very offencive so GORW UP — Rick Marsh, Kan.
worthless: your group is as unAmerican as you can get and bent on the destruction of America. Do you remember One Nation Under God, if you don't like it GET OUT.
Chambersburg Glee Club: If this is such a bad place THEN GET THE FUCK OUT ASSHOLES and leave high school kids out of it! GET A LIFE AND LEAVE THE REST OF US ALONE!!! TAKE YOUR UNHAPPINESS SOMEWHERE ELSE AND STOP TRYING TO WRECK EVERYTHING THAT IS GOOD AND WHIOLESOME IN THIS GREAT COUNTRY! — Geoff Ackley, Hartland, Wis.
read this: do everyone a favor and just kill yourselves . Would be no great loss to anyone . you are a bunch of self-centered narrow-minded assholes that force your beliefs on everyone else . who gives a fuck what you think — Joe Public, Texas
Who cares: u people have got to be the biggest bunch of fucking losers that I have ever encountered. There are no negative effects of a society that has a moral religious base. Go to a gov't funded housing project and you will see lazy immoral bums that today's society thinks it is fair to takeuchi money to support these lazy bums. It would be my guess that you and your kind support an incompetent idiot lik — James Eck
fuck off: you fucking people need to mind your own fucking back yard not any one elces i have photos of you people defacing others property and im sending them to world news — "Shit Head"
Information: You do realize you work for Satan right? You think you are a free thinker, but he has you right where he wants you. Repent, before it's too late. — Brian Jones
Nativity Scene Athens,Tx: Why don't you keep your Yankee bullshit outta TEXAS. Nobody here gives a damn about what you think. — Ryan Ragsdale
hell: hope you have fun in hell my granny is the devil and she is gonna make you pay for not minding your own damn business if you don't like it don't go around it what the hell if I want to go to the capitol and see the ten commandments you are violating my civil rights because I cant and will sue your ass in court so its a never ending battle hurry up and die so the us native americans can have our land back and our rights. — Steven Flowers
freedom from religion: You now have yourselves to blame for what happened in Connecticut.....you want more freedom from religion, or freedom from God I should say? You are to blame. — David Hess
Stay out of our schools business: YOU AITHEST LIBERALS ARE THE REASON WHY THE SHOOTING AT BOTH SANDY HOOK ELMENTERY AND COLUMBINE HAPPENED AND IF YOU KEEP IT UP WITY WANTING TO TAKE CHRIST OUT OF SCHOOLS AND EVERYTHING ELSE YOU ALL ARE GOING TO BE CONDAMNED TO AN ETERNITY IN HELL WITH THE DIEVL YE GENERATION OF VIPERS! — Colin Stanley
Jackson county ohio: Stay out of jackson county with your anti Christian views. We don't respect you. And I don't know one person in this county that has any use for you or your opinions. God bless you and have a nice day. — Carl Detty, Oak Hill, Ohio
Jackson Ohio: Keep your nose out of our schools leave up the picture of Jesus. If we had more pictures of him in schools maybe we would have less shootings in schools. How dare you but in.
Jackson, Ohio: I am going to start off by saying this organization needs to stay out of Southern Ohio, especially schools. So mind your own damn business, which should be at the very least in Wisconsin not all the way down here in Southern Ohio. — Eric Castle, Ohio
Staying out of Ohio: TO WHOM IT CONCERNS, YOU ARE A WISCONSIN BASED, NOT FOR PROFIT(BUT GETTING MY TAX DOLLARS)BUSINESS. IF YOU DO NOT APPROVE OF A PICTURE OF MY SAVIOR, I HAVE AN IDEA,KEEP YOUR ASSES IN WISCONSIN AND DON'T WORRY ABOUT WHAT WE ARE DOING IN OHIO! — Bobby McKenzie, Ohio
Religion: If a picture of Jesus bothers your group so much, then don't go where it is. I think that is what is wrong with our younger generations today, some idiots, like your group don't have anything better to do than remove GOD from the classrooms. — Anna Brown, South Shore, Ky.
Hipocrits: Not having a picture of Christ is an illegal endorsement of atheism. I want separation of your church from my state. Such Hypocrits — Spencer Mason, Salt Lake City, Utah
'Do good on Good Friday'
In the spirit of 19th century freethinker Robert Green Ingersoll, who wrote, "Hands that help are better far than lips that pray," FFRF annually challenges freethinkers to set an example for religionists by 'doing good on Good Friday.'
The annual challenge was inaugurated in the early 1990s by Pat Cleveland, a founder of the Alabama Freethought Society, FFRF's longest-running existing chapter.
"It's not that freethinkers aren't good every day," says active volunteer Pat. "But this will be a way to make it a truly good day, if all freethinkers in the country would be visibly helping."
FFRF overturned a statute making Good Friday a state holiday in Wisconsin. But in all too many regions, there are still government-fostered holidays for Good Friday. FFRF encourages you to take advantage to donate blood, donate a free afternoon to the needy or other worthy causes.
You may want to advertise your "good deeds" on FFRF's online members-only forum or on our Facebook page.
In Memoriam: Ann E. Zindler, 1935–2012
Ann Elizabeth Zindler, 77, Columbus, Ohio, died of metastatic breast cancer at her home after a heroic battle of more than four years' duration.
Ann Hunt was born Feb. 25, 1935, in Ann Arbor, Mich. She studied art and biology at Eastern Michigan University. She managed a women's dormitory at the University of Michigan before moving in 1967 after her marriage in 1964 to New York, where she worked as a glasswright known for her acid-etched stained glass creations.
She served as joint director of the Central Ohio Chapter of American Atheists after moving to Columbus in 1983. Ann became the principal artist and art and layout editor for American Atheist Press. She devoted her life to the advancement of reason and with her husband, Frank, labored to guard the wall of separation between state and church. She was a member of Planned Parenthood and NARAL, Zero Population Growth, the Audubon Society and American Atheists.
Survivors include her husband of 48 years, Frank, an FFRF member; a daughter, Catherine; and three grandchildren; all of Columbus.
FFRF offers its sincerest condolences to the Zindler family.
In Memoriam: James Schiller, 1937–2012
James Joseph Schiller, Denver, died Dec. 6, 2012. He was born in in 1937 in St. Louis, Mo.
He attended New York University, where he met his wife, Susan. They lived in New York while he attended the New School for Social Research, where he obtained his master's degree. He earned a post-master's at Johns Hopkins University.
His first teaching position was in Atlanta. James and Susan lived in Baltimore for 23 years and then in the Denver area for 22 years. Their daughter, Julia, and grandson, Nicolas, live in New Zealand, which was a favorite vacation destination for James and Susan for many years.
James was a member of the Humanists of Colorado and the Freedom From Religion Foundation. "FFRF was very important to James and remains very important to Susan," notes Tim Bailey, Humanists of Colorado president and FFRF member.
A humanist celebration of life memorial is being planned for March and will be announced. Condolences can be mailed to Humanists of Colorado, Box 461112, Glendale, CO 80246, or emailed to .
In lieu of flowers, donations can be made to FFRF, Box 750, Madison, WI 53701.
FFRF's sincerest condolences go out to the Schiller family.
In Memoriam: Michael Deanhardt, 1936–2012
Michael Christopher Deanhardt, 76, Anderson, S.C., died Dec. 19, 2012, at the Rainey Hospice House.
He was born Oct. 7, 1936 in Anderson to Melvin and Ellen (Wilson) Deanhardt and worked as a self-employed mason.
Deanhardt, a longtime FFRF member and man of good humor, was for years called "the most prayed for man in Anderson" due to his ongoing campaign to get local government boards to stop praying at their meetings. He was also a committed activist on behalf of civil rights, abortion rights, labor rights and separation of state and church.
The Anderson Independent Mail in a profile mentioned "the faded bumper sticker on his pickup read: 'When the rapture comes, can I have your truck?' "
In a 2008 column in that paper, Deanhardt wrote: "We are not willing to cede the moral high ground to the fundamentalists of the religious and political right who are using the language of faith, religion and politics to advance a narrow-minded, mean-spirited agenda, which is built on what we consider to be immoral values of intolerance, exclusion, division, discrimination and repression."
He is survived by his wife of 55 years, Anita Story Deanhardt, five children, nine grandchildren, five great-grandchildren, two brothers and two sisters.
FFRF offers its sincerest condolences to Michael's family.
Make it Great, not Good, Friday!
It's encouraging to see our secular movement growing and gaining strength. We are meeting, networking, organizing, participating and proliferating.
As our numbers increase, so does membership in the growing number of secular organizations. We are receiving national and international media attention, with the important message of reality-based alternatives to lives and minds dimmed and shackled by the influences of religion and its myths and superstitions.
Each day, friends, neighbors and fellow citizens who share our worldview are standing up, speaking out and accepting their role in what may be the most important and consequential social change in the history of humankind. It is the evolution and transition from a world of mythological beliefs and practices toward lives, societies and nations founded upon science, facts and reason.
Many of us seem to lack the perceived freedom, social support or opportunity to make our freethought known to others. Yet, freethinkers today are much like those minority groups which have gone before us to proudly proclaim their identity, become recognized and ultimately accepted as equals in the political process and to claim their rightful place in society.
Nothing is more important to our future success than for nontheists to "come out" to their families and friends, their coworkers and communities. One has to wonder, for each one of us who is openly nontheist, how many of our family members and friends secretly share our rejection of religion and dogma?
On March 29, the day known as Good Friday to Christians, public attention, popular discussion, social practices and media coverage worldwide will focus on thea Christian myth — Jesus dying on the cross, then rising from the dead to save humankind from sin. Most of us don't get this at all, but what an opportune time for nontheists and secularists to plan, organize and publicize a nationwide, or even worldwide, effort to encourage those of like mind to "come out" en masse.
We can create a back story now to next year's Good Friday, one which encourages public discussion, facilitates conversations and provides nontheists with the opportunity and moment to openly join us in this most important of social change movements.
Good Friday? No, it will be a Great Friday! We can own this. Great Friday can become our annual, purposeful, secular response and alternative to yet another religious holiday.
We have the message. We have the resources. We have this opportunity.
Gary McIntyre, a Kentucky resident most of his life, was "saved" while growing up Baptist. He started to question religion in college and remembers giving a Speech 101 presentation on "something you feel strongly about." It was titled "Why I Am Not a Christian" and drew mostly negatives reactions.
He considered himself an agnostic much of his adult life but now says atheist and humanist more accurately describes his worldview. Gary joined FFRF in the mid-1980s after seeing Dan Barker on a television morning show.
State/Church Bulletin
Indiana rep pushes school Lord's Prayer
Indiana state Sen. Dennis Kruse, R-Auburn, filed a bill which would let public schools have students recite the Lord's Prayer daily. The bill received first reading Jan. 9.
SB 251 states that "the governing body of a school corporation or the equivalent authority of a charter school may require the recitation of the Lord's Prayer at the beginning of each school day. The prayer may be recited by a teacher, a student, or the class of students."
It further states, "If the governing body or equivalent authority requires the recitation of the Lord's Prayer under subsection (a), the governing body or equivalent authority shall determine the version of the Lord's Prayer that will be recited in the school corporation or charter school."
The bill lets students or "the student's parent" choose to not participate.
The South Bend Tribune in a Jan. 11 editoral called the bill a bad idea and urged Gov. Mike Pence to veto it if the Legislature passes it, predicting that "long years of legal challenges would certainly drain the state treasury and end in defeat" if it became law.
Domino's founder: Birth control 'immoral'
Tom Monaghan, devout Catholic and founder of Domino's Pizza, is suing the federal government over mandatory contraception coverage in the new health care law. Monaghan called contraception a "gravely immoral" practice, according to the suit, in which he and Domino's Farms, Ann Arbor, Mich., are plaintiffs.
According to a Dec. 15 post on Domino's Facebook page, Monaghan sold the company in 1998: "His views are not our views, nor are his actions in any way related to our actions."
A Wikipedia entry says Bain Capital bought Domino's in 1998, netting Monaghan about $1 billion, before it went public in 2004.
Egyptian atheist gets three-year sentence
A Cairo court sentenced atheist Alber Saber, 27, to three years in prison Dec. 12 for blasphemy and contempt for religion. Alber was accused of posting clips online of the short film "Innocence of Muslims," which sparked violent and deadly protests throughout the Middle East.
"This is an outrageous verdict and sentence for a person whose only 'crime' was to post his opinions online," Hassiba Hadj Sahraoui of Amnesty International told The Associated Press.
Saber, while awaiting trial, was attacked by other prisoners while guards allegedly looked the other way. He's appealing the sentence. "Egypt is a religious state," he said. "If you disobey the norms, you get judged and sentenced."
Montana high court rules against Hutterites
The Montana Supreme Court ruled Dec. 31 that forcing the Big Sky Colony of Hutterites to pay workers' compensation insurance for jobs outside the colony is not an unconstitutional intrusion into religion.
The 4-3 decision upholds a 2009 law. The Associated Press reported that Montana has about 50 Hutterite colonies with about 100 members each. Many have expanded into nonfarm ventures, including construction, and are able to bid lower than private firms because of their communal living arrangements.
Silence substituted
for 'offensive' prayer
Boyle County's Fiscal Court in Danville, Ky., has voted to stop starting its meetings with prayers. Instead of a prayer on Jan. 22, there was a moment of silence.
Harold McKinney, judge executive, said he received a camplaint from a person who found the prayer offensive. "After I looked at it, thought about it, the way to do this is to say we're not going to impose Protestant prayer on those who may not believe in that way," McKinney told WTVQ in Lexington.
The board was also concerned about legal costs if they kept praying.
Louisiana board deals blow to creationism
The Orleans Parish School Board in New Orleans voted unanimously Dec. 18 in favor of two policy amendments proposed by outgoing president Thomas Robichaux.
One amendment added "zero tolerance" to the parish's "bullying, intimidation, harassment and hazing" policy. The other addressed concerns about mention of creationism, intelligent design and "revisionist history" in textbooks.
The textbook selection update said: "No history textbook shall be approved which has been adjusted in accordance with the State of Texas revisionist guidelines nor shall any science textbook be approved which presents creationism or intelligent design as science or scientific theories."
It also applies to teachers: "No teacher of any discipline of science shall teach any aspect of religious faith as science or in a science class. No teacher of any discipline of science shall teach creationism or intelligent design in classes designated as science classes."
Wash. pastor prays against gay marriage
Washington state's opening legislative session in Olympia got off to a rocky start Jan. 14, reported the Seattle Times.
In his invocation, Rev. Jon Sanné prayed for the strengthening of marriage "as You ordained it for our good and Your glory."
"Completely inappropriate," said Sen. Kevin Ranker, D-Orcas Island. "Regrettable," said Seattle Sen. Ed Murray, the Democratic leader. They said all pastors are told in advance to keep prayers nondenominational and nonpolitical.
Sanné, pastor of Calvary Chapel, hosted a rally at the church against marriage equality in September wich featured Rick Santorum. The church donated $5,000 to the campaign against legalization.
Teacher has bible
but no job now
You've got to love how this story starts:
"Just moments before the Phillipsburg [N.J.] Board of Education voted Jan. 14 to terminate a substitute teacher who showed a student a bible, a sudden downpour of rain could be heard hitting the roof of the middle school meeting area." The WFMZ-TV reporter further mused, "Was there some sort of message to be gleaned from this meteorological event?"
The board had just unanimously approved, with abstentions from three new members, Superintendent George Chando's recommendation to terminate substitute teacher Walter Tutka three months after he was removed from teaching. Last fall he is alleged to have told a middle school student, who was last in line to leave class, that "the last will be first, and the first will be last" and showed him the passage in his personal bible.
The board wouldn't disclose the reason for removing Tutka from the substitute list for the rest of the year.
Neighbors target skeptics in senior living
Some seniors living at La Costa Glen retirement community in Carlsbad, Calif., told KERO News they're being targeted by residents for their nonreligion, the station reported Dec. 26.
"They said, 'She is a sinner. She's going to hell and she's going to burn forever,' " said Brigit Smith-Clarke, 84, who started a group called Atheists Anonymous.
It started with 16 members two years ago and has grown to nearly 100 seniors. Smith-Clarke said people are calling her things such as "anti-Christ" and "Jew-lover." She said she was raised Christian but "is tired of pretending."
"I think it's a big place and people do all sorts of things," said activities coordinator Michelle Chaffee. "It's not typical of what we see here normally."
Chaffee says it's the A-word that is the problem. "That has turned a lot of people off."
U.S. House proclaims Darwin Day
U.S. Rep. Rush Holt, D-N.J., introduced H.Res. 41 declaring Feb. 12 as Darwin Day in recognition of "the importance of science in the betterment of humanity."
Holt, who has a doctorate in physics, introduced the resolution to honor Charles Darwin's 204th birthday:
"Whereas Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by the mechanism of natural selection, together with the monumental amount of scientific evidence he compiled to support it, provides humanity with a logical and intellectually compelling explanation for the diversity of life on Earth. . ."
Honorable mentions: Graduate/mature student essay contest
Humanity, individuals over religion
FFRF awarded Antwon a $250 scholarship, thanks to an essay competition endowed by Professor Brian Bolton.
By Antwon Kennedy
The need for separation between religion and government is as important today as it has been since the introduction of the Establishment Clause in 1789. History shows that combining the two entities can have dangerous consequences. The Pilgrims, for example, when King James came into power, almost lost their lives after voicing their concerns about the Church of England and had to flee to avoid persecution.
Today, religious interests still want to influence public opinion and politics. A preacher recently spoke out in favor of physically abusive corrective actions toward children, backed by biblical teachings. Religious organizations are opposing contraceptive coverage in their employees' insurance plans. These actions endanger our youth and strip individuals of their right to choice in family planning by placing the decision-making process in the hands of religious groups.
CNN reported: "Sean Harris, the pastor of Berean Baptist Church in Fayetteville, North Carolina, told his congregants in his sermon on April 28, 'Dads, the second you see your son dropping the limp wrist, you walk over there and crack that wrist.' He continued, 'Man up, give them a good punch, OK. You're not going to act like that. You were made by God to be a male and you're going to be a male' "
The pastor later claimed he was misunderstood, saying he wasn't advocating abuse of homosexual children. What is certain is that combining church and state would give the government power to support and uphold the pastor's words because the bible states in Proverbs 22:15, "Folly is bound up in the heart of a child, but the rod of discipline drives it far from him," and in Proverbs 23:13, "Do not withhold discipline from a child; if you strike him with a rod, he will not die."
Both passages confirm the acceptance of child abuse. Even more so, the greatest argument for the bible's standpoint on child abuse is that God sent his son to Earth so that people could abuse him and hang him on a cross.
Mixing religion with politics is a recipe for the reversal of human choice and liberty. If politicians give in to the demands of a set religion, we face being confined to the constraints of the religious doctrine at hand.
An example of this process of constraint: religious organizations fighting to not have to include contraceptive coverage in insurance plans for their employees. These organizations are forgetting about the right of the individual to make her own choices. They are confining their employees to limited choices in the types of health services available to them.
If politicians continue to show favoritism to religious groups, citizens risk losing the rights that generations have fought for and the freedoms that make America the great country that it is. Laws must be uniform for all.
In this election year, we need to let politicians know that just because a religious doctrine says it is acceptable to beat children, we will not stand for child abuse. We need to let politicians know that we do not need to make concessions for religious organizations that want to modify laws so that they can limit the health care options of those caught under their vise.
If we concede on one issue, the stage will be set for more concessions until we are a nation under the laws of a particular religious doctrine. Our citizens, in fear for their lives, will begin to flee just as the Pilgrims did centuries ago from England.
We do not need to repeat a past that did not work. That is why in this election year, we need separation between religion and government.
Antwon Kennedy, 32, Marietta, Ga., is a junior working toward a bachelor of business administration degree in finance at Kennesaw State University.
Theocracies are
deadly to freedom
FFRF awarded Anastassia a $250 scholarship.
By Anastassia Smorodinskaya
During the recent presidential election, it became clear that we as a nation are moving further and further away from our constitutional right to the separation of church and state. Most disheartening is that with so many examples of failing theological governments throughout the world, American politicians and citizens alike turn a blind eye to the fact that God and government are indeed a very dangerous mix.
Mideast nations serve as prime examples. The elections in Egypt were supposed to be a celebration of newfound democracy, yet citizens who don't adhere to fundamentalist Islam live in fear of losing their rights to religion. Decades of civil unrest and bloodshed in Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Iran and Pakistan should steer the U.S. away from letting power fall into the hands of theocrats.
I am even starting to see an unhealthy partnership of church and state in my native Russia, a nation which less than 100 years ago denounced all religion in favor of atheism. The nation has started using the Russian Orthodox Church to justify blatant violations of human rights and freedom of speech, as made evident by the imprisonment of the female punk band Pussy Riot. Putin's government is making an example of Pussy Riot for anyone else who dares speak out against Putin, but is doing so under the guise of defending religion.
In turn, the church has shocked the international community by siding with Putin's dictatorial regime instead of practicing the Christian notion of forgiveness. This scenario shows how mixing religion and politics can lead to loss of civilian freedom and to the corruption of religious institutions themselves.
In America, the lines are blurring, as made evident by nearly every hot-button issue debated by rival political parties. The most obvious example is legalization of same-sex marriage, an issue that should be treated as a question of human rights, but instead has been argued by politicians on the basis of populist religious morality, showing blatant disregard for the Establishment Clause.
Women's rights to birth control and family planning have also come under scrutiny from conservative Christians who, tragically, are gaining leverage in the Republican Party.
When I see religion making its way into political debates, scenes from the dystopian novel "The Handmaid's Tale" by Margaret Atwood spring to mind. It depicts the U.S. after it has been taken over by an extreme fundamentalist Christian group that strips women of their rights and forces them into roles of pious servitude.
It is ironic that while many Americans fear losing their freedom to Islamist groups like al-Qaida, they are blind to the fact that Christianity is slowly seeping into the pores of government, with equal potential to do serious damage to constitutional rights.
It would behoove all Americans to keep in mind that we must vote for the candidate who best protects our constitutional liberties and not for one whose decisions will be based on the moral compass of a particular religion. Rev. Otis Moss III said it best in a sermon he delivered to his Baptist congregation in Chicago:
"To claim that the president of the United States must hold your theological position is absurd. He is president of the United States, not president of the Baptist Convention, not president or bishop of the sanctified church. He is called to protect those who are Jew and gentile, male and female, young and old, gay and straight."
That powerful statement perfectly sums up the way Americans need to look at government. Sadly, the fact that Moss felt compelled to make the plea shows that too many are still inclined to vote in the name of God.
Anastassia Smorodinskaya, 25, was born in Moscow, Russia. She moved to the U.S. at age 6 and grew up in the quiet college town of Middlebury, Vt. She graduated from Eckerd College in 2008 as a communications major and theater minor. She's enrolled in Columbia University's master's program for broadcast journalism.
Wanted: Separation of state, church
FFRF awarded Justin a $250 scholarship.
By Justin Vacula
Four recent Establishment Clause issues in Pennsylvania — legislation declaring 2012 "The Year of the Bible," sectarian governmental prayer, coercion of citizens who dare to remain seated for governmental prayer, and intentions to fund religious schools with taxpayer monies — should convince Pennsylvanians that they need separation of religion and government.
Lawmakers seemed to neglect Section 3 of the state Constitution, which states, "All men have a natural and indefeasible right to worship Almighty God according to the dictates of their own consciences," and "no human authority can, in any case whatever, control or interfere with the rights of conscience, and no preference shall ever be given by law to any religious establishments or modes of worship."
The "noncontroversial" resolution declaring "The Year of the Bible" said there was a "national need to study and apply [its] teachings," and claimed that "renewing our knowledge of and faith in God through holy scripture can strengthen us as a nation and a people."
"The dictates of conscience" in the Constitution were trampled on because the resolution took sides on theological issues and recommended religious actions.
Another obvious example of religion and government being a dangerous mix is the constant stream of unconstitutional sectarian governmental prayer during House of Representatives sessions. Many contain specific references to Christianity, with Jesus Christ dying on a cross to save people from sin, Jesus Christ as "Lord and savior," "God in heaven" and "the maker of heaven and earth."
Unconstitutional prayers also exist in a background of coercion directed at citizens who dare to remain seated during prayer. Individuals, before entering the guest chambers, view a prominent sign which encourages people to stand for prayer. Then the House speaker asks people to stand.
On one occasion, I remained silently seated while taking notes on a tablet. An armed security officer approached me and repeatedly asked me to stand to "show respect." Two requests — from the House speaker and a sign — were not enough.
Another insidious foray by lawmakers concerned a school voucher program in which public funds, instead of funding public schools which must educate children regardless of their religious upbringing or belief, would fund private schools. Many are religious and exist primarily to indoctrinate impressionable minds, compel students to participate in school-led prayer and teach "young Earth creationist" doctrine instead of sound science.
When I peacefully protested a rally, holding a sign calling for separation of church and state, at which pious politicians assembled to urge lawmakers to vote for the school voucher program, I was told that I should go back to my "community of privilege" and send my children "to whichever school I wanted to whether they be atheist schools or not."
That was said to me from the podium by state Sen. Anthony Williams, who angrily added, "By the way, this is my rally, not yours," and "These are our dollars, not just yours. These are our children, not yours. These are our school systems, not yours, and by the way, this has nothing to do with separation of church and state."
At the voucher rally and with the coercion I faced for staying seated for governmental prayer, I was made to feel like a political outsider. A climate of divisiveness — pitting citizens against lawmakers acting in pious unconstitutional manners — was created in which I, as a citizen of Pennsylvania, while peacefully objecting to that which I saw as unconstitutional, was poorly treated.
If lawmakers had remained neutral on matters of religion while acting in their official capacities to serve all citizens, there would have been no divisiveness.
The above situations create a compelling case for freethinkers, and even religious Pennsylvanians, to be concerned with matters of separation of church and state. Establishment Clause violations are especially grievous in election years because pandering politicians are seeking votes while lawmakers who otherwise would object to the violations may not because they fear losing support from their constituents.
Justin Vacula, Exeter, Pa., 23, is a graduate student at Marywood University studying mental health counseling. He has a bachelor's in philosophy and psychology from King's College, is active in the NEPA Freethought Society and blogs at examiner.com/user-justin-vacula.
Justin was also a plaintiff in FFRF's lawsuit challenging "The Year of the Bible" in Pennsylvania. He recently spent a lot of time getting FFRF's Winter Solstice banner included in the Wilkes-Barre Public Square holiday display. The banner was vandalized and later reinstalled.
Government for the people, not the god
FFRF awarded Ashley a $250 scholarship.
By Ashley Miller
Religion, in the hands of the power hungry, is a dangerous thing, and you'll find few groups more power hungry or more religious than U.S. politicians. That only one member of Congress admits to being a nonbeliever speaks volumes about the usefulness of professed religious devotion for those seeking office.
Politicians fall all over themselves to prove their support of religion. In the past decade, Congress has unanimously reaffirmed "In God We Trust" as the national motto three times. Countless bills are presented with hopes of winning the religious base. Even if sponsors don't think they will pass, they want credit for proposing them.
Sincere or cynical, politicians know that pandering to the religious gets them votes and, just as importantly, gets them money. The relationship between religious money and the state has always been problematic, but never more so than it is today. And fighting against that relationship is never more important than in an election year.
Every year, the churches of America get $71 billion in tax breaks thanks to very generous exemptions. The American taxpayer has to cover the lost revenue, forcing the population to subsidize organized religion. Churches pay no property taxes, write off housing expenses for their clergy, do not pay sales tax on anything they sell, and do not pay taxes on the money they earn. US churches own $400 billion in untaxed land and the Church of Scientology alone earns over $500 million untaxed dollars annually. Donations to these churches are written off individuals' taxes, even if those churches spend little money on charitable works -- churches, unlike other charitable organizations, don't have to publicly disclose what they use the money for; they are automatically exempt.
So, what do the religious use the money for? Rather than focusing on charity, they have used their untaxed income to wage war on our secular Constitution, to try to force the Christian version of Sharia law onto the American people.
Churches use this money to support their campaigns against gay marriage. Groups like Focus on the Family are funded almost entirely by the Catholic and Mormon churches. Proposition 8, the amendment to the California Constitution that overturned the right to gay marriage, raised over $40 million, $20 million of which came from Mormons. At the urging of their church, Mormons provided over half the funds that helped Proposition 8 pass. When the California government was alerted to this, not only did the LDS church not lose its tax-exempt status, they were fined only $5,000, practically an invitation to do it again.
Churches use this money to promote their choices for judicial nominations. Justices in South Carolina have given reading assignments from the bible as punishment for crimes as serious as vehicular homicide. Of the nine justices on the Supreme Court, six are Roman Catholics and three are Jewish, in a country that is 24% Catholic and 2% Jewish. These judges ensure the bench is biased in favor of religion and that bias encourages decisions like Citizens United, which allows the religious to spend unlimited funds on pushing their political agenda.
Churches use this money to push religion into the public classrooms of America, to make sure after-school programs have access to children, to remove evolution and Thomas Jefferson from schoolbooks, and to force non-religious students to listen to and participate in prayers on secular campuses. Religious exemptions don't just hurt the education of young people; they can also lead to disease and death. In many states, religious schools are exempt from government oversight, which has led to deaths of children through poor care and negligence.
Churches use this money to promote their hatred for women. In 2011, there were 1,100 bills about reproductive rights introduced at the state level. There were bills that force women to accept a transvaginal exam to get an abortion; that have nearly gotten rid of abortion clinics altogether in states like Mississippi; that allow doctors in Arizona to lie to women if they think it will prevent them from having an abortion; that charge women with manslaughter for having miscarriages; that allow doctors and pharmacists to refuse to give birth control to women. All of this in a country where being pregnant is more dangerous and more expensive than in many other industrialized nations. Even bills to make the life-saving, cancer-preventing HPV vaccine mandatory have been vetoed out of fear that it would encourage girls to have sex; in South Carolina, the governor vetoed a bill that would allow schools to simply tell parents the vaccine exists. These bills are so cavalierly anti-woman; women are dying in this country because of religious interference.
And, before you blame this entirely on the religious right, the Democrats are guilty as well. President Obama prevented Plan B from becoming over-the-counter, despite the recommendations of the medical community, primarily because he wanted to avoid the Christian backlash. Democrats are just as afraid of the repercussions of upsetting the godly, and just as interested in getting their money.
Before you despair, there is good news. The non-religious population is growing and becoming more vocal and actively fighting the destruction of separation of church and state. There are things we can do to fight back. We can support organizations like the Secular Student Alliance, Secular Coalition for America, Freedom From Religion Foundation, and the many other secular institutions in our country. We can vote for the candidates that don't pander to the religious, if they can be found. And, if they cannot be found, we can follow the lead of people like Pete Stark and Cecil Bothwell, and run for office ourselves. Our Constitution clearly states that God and government do not go together, and we must fight for a government that is truly representative of "we the people," all of us, not just those under the command of a fictitious and very wealthy deity.
Ashley Miller, 28, grew up in Litchfield, S.C., and attends the University of South Carolina as a second-year Ph.D. candidate. She holds a master's in radio, film and television production from Florida State University and B.A. in film studies from Emory University.
Honorable mentions: High school essay contest
The students all received $250 awards. Special thanks to John Moe and Dean and Dorea Schramm for underwriting.
Mission for humanity
By Cheyenne Tessier
My knees were sore. I got down and prayed for wind, joining hands with dirty-faced working men and the long-skirted women. And the wind came.
It was a miracle, I convinced myself, a missionary in a hell-stricken place, the daughter of two devout Christians. Yes, I was blessed.
We were told not to give our food to the starving children because it would start a riot, so we gave them bibles, telling them this is the right way. Do not live with the devils of your ancestors, children. We played and danced.
Then we sat on the air-conditioned bus and ate sandwiches and drank soda, but the children could not drink their bibles. Soon the girls would turn to prostitution to feed themselves, but God was with them, so we gave them bibles as if we offered salvation to a system that was, in the first place, polluted by missionaries.
We didn't give them work, only scripture. We didn't heal their water supply, only offered a prayer for their souls. And then we came home, our work done. I hung my Haitian flag above my bed. Many nights I stared at that flag, praising myself as a hero. But doubt is the greatest of infections, and soon I was overcome with questions.
I attended church less and less. I could not think about the evil I had done by starving a community for some faraway god, who didn't laugh or learn or die of malnourishment.
If there were no heaven and no hell and no God, I wonder if we would share our food and water and shelter instead of our "wisdom." I wonder if all the love, focused away from the skies and onto humanity, would be enough to eliminate hunger and educate every child to care for our Earth instead of our unreachable skies.
My proudest moment as a freethinker was inviting my former congregation to a benefit I held, in the name of humanity, after the 2010 Haiti earthquake. I proved that it does not take a zealot or a missionary to change the world, but as Margaret Mead said, "It takes a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens."
That night, I gave back to Haiti the sandwiches I had stolen from it.
When I am asked, "Are you doing it with a church?" I quietly reply, "No. I am on a mission, but I am not a missionary."
Cheyenne Tessier, 18, Hudson, N.H., is enrolled at The George Washington University in Washington, D.C., to study international affairs and Arabic.
Light bulb in the pews
By Zach Gowan
I was raised by my mom, who never exposed me to a particularly religious environment. As a result, I never really found myself subscribing to any religion. I never thought about the fact that I wasn't religious. Put simply, I just wasn't. However, around seventh and eighth grade, certain events occurred that brought my attention to religion and its effects in society.
My dad came back into my life in middle school. He and I were never able to form a relationship before this time. He had gotten himself in order and met a woman whom he soon married. As a result, I would go down to their house and visit every other weekend.
My dad had gotten back into going to church by this point. His wife and her children were religious as well, so all of them went to church. They would bring me along. I didn't really have a choice. They just made me go. If I ever voiced the fact that I didn't want to go, I would risk hearing a lecture about how I'd go to Hell if I didn't participate in their religion. This continued throughout middle school.
My previously religiously apathetic self was dissipating. Now that I was regularly being exposed to religion, I was starting to form opinions of it. And honestly, I didn't like it. I completely disagreed with all the things I would hear in the sermons. I couldn't stand the hate that the preachers would spout about nonbelievers, homosexuals, and so on. On the whole, I just couldn't understand why people would buy into this stuff.
Eventually, in eighth grade, a particular sermon at church caused my logical faculties to finally kick in (they would improve and enhance over the following years, but this was when reason truly started to play a role in my opinion of religion). It was a sermon about homosexuality and how it's supposedly a sin. The preacher used an analogy to demonstrate the point. It went a little something like this: You can't take an electrical plug and plug it into another one. It has to be plugged into a socket. Similarly, a socket can't receive another socket. It has to receive a plug. Therefore, homosexuality is wrong. Obviously, the plug represents the male reproductive organ, and the socket represents the female reproductive organ. The "logic" here was that if putting a plug into a plug or a socket into a socket is wrong, then the same principle must apply to humans. I instantly saw how fallacious and absurd this was. To use this analogy, you have to assume that the only thing that matters in a relationship is sex, which is an odd assumption for a typically anti-sex group of people to make.
But the absurdity of the argument isn't what bothered me. The primitive and old-fashioned conclusion (that homosexuals are bad) isn't what bothered me. It was the fact that everyone in the room blindly bought into the blatantly illogical argument. No one gave it a second thought. They just accepted it because the preacher said it.
This moment was a critical one for me. I would consider myself to have been a budding freethinker at the time, as I was forming my own opinion of religion and its teachings through reason, even if I was just starting out. Looking back on that day, I'm proud of my refusal to accept the preacher's words at face value. I think religion has its place in society, but I do not like its potential to brainwash people. Fortunately, I was able to escape that brainwashing and from that point on, I can think for myself.
Zach Gowan, 17, was born in Philadelphia and is attending the University of South Carolina in Spartanburg to major in English.
Absolved from unnecessary confusion
By Abigail Dove
"I hope and suspect that you have not moved into unnecessary confusion," read my grandfather's letter in troubled script.
I am "blessed" in the statistical sense to have a father, who, despite being a church elder, will agree to read and discuss selections of Richard Dawkins' writing after only mild coercion, and a mother who volunteers as a Sunday School teacher only out of a profound desire to avoid interaction with the vociferous social conservatives who frequent the adult classes.
I suppose it is fitting that my grandfather's Presbyterian ministry embraces an idealistic simplification of God as the embodiment of love and not the terrifying entity that his denominational fellows theorize entertains himself by dangling sinners over a flaming abyss.
But despite my grandfather's remarkable open-mindedness, he was alarmed when my father inadvertently revealed that I, his supposedly pious granddaughter — whom he personally baptized with water he collected from the Jordan River — was not the staunch Christian he anticipated.
When his concerned letter arrived a few weeks later, my parents advised me to downplay the issue for convenience. Couldn't I, they pleaded, simply feign agreement? Easy for them to say.
The early emergence of my atheism could stunt my relationship with my grandfather. Here I was presented with the perfect gateway to honest, open dialogue. Besides, as a casual skim through the Old Testament will reveal, lying has adverse consequences.
So began our tense correspondence, an ongoing dialogue on belief. In a stream of lengthy letters, he expressed his confusion over why, in my WASP-y world free of creationism, homophobia, sexism and the other oft-targeted shortcomings of religion, I am so opposed to the church.
I desperately tried to articulate that his beloved moderate institutions, though conceivably palatable, enforce the notion of religion as an indispensable component of society, thus shielding fundamentalist faiths from criticism and letting hordes of potentially great future scientists and thinkers receive a life of miseducation under the guise of respect for religious diversity.
He remained steadfast in his belief that Christian education spreads essential virtues. I found myself struggling to find a delicate way to express that my Sunday School experience enlightened me only to new techniques of eye-rolling.
I labored over each letter so as to completely address his questions while remaining both respectful of his life's work. Amid piles of discarded drafts, I questioned whether it was my place to express even courteous disapproval over this wise, gentle man's philosophy. Awaiting his responses, I imagined him poring over my tortured writings, insulted and mired in disappointment.
At his funeral, I sat sobbing in a sea of Presbyterian ministers arguing over the mechanics of when, in the biblically unaddressed circumstance of a fatal coma, the soul leaves the body. "Are you the atheist?" demanded one of the many pastors there. "Your grandfather used to read parts of your letters at some of our meetings. It meant so much to him that one of his grandchildren took an interest in discussing the subject."
In a sense far different from the one my grandfather had in mind, he had absolved me of "unnecessary confusion." I now know with certainty that no decent individual will see ignominy in freethought or free dialogue.
Abigail Dove, 18, Collegeville, Pa., was valedictorian at Perkiomen Valley High School and is attending Swarthmore College to major in neuroscience and minor in cognitive science.
Madison committee rejects funding of religious 'pregnancy center'
A city committee in Madison, Wis., voted Jan. 17 against helping finance housing owned by CareNet Pregnancy Center of Dane County, an evangelical antiabortion group that ministers to pregnant women.
FFRF Staff Attorney Patrick Elliott wrote to the Madison Community Development Block Grant Committee on Jan. 17, to oppose the government financing, which would extend $550,000 in low-interest loans to CareNet for a new 36-unit apartment building.
Elliott wrote, "We are very concerned that these funding grants will ultimately be used to subsidize an evangelical Christian and anti-abortion ministry and will not further the purposes of the designated funds."
The letter noted that CareNet's application did not disclose the group's purpose, which is "to share the love and truth of Jesus Christ in both word and deed."
FFRF's letter highlighted CareNet's religious programming and argued that any secular objectives could not be separated from evangelical Christian programming.
The committee voted 5-2 against funding the project. City staff had initially recommended committee approval.
Even if the financing had been approved, it was unclear how CareNet would abide by nondiscrimination provisions required for city contracts.


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Murder is the unlawful killing of another human person with malice aforethought, as defined in Common Law countries. Murder is generally distinguished from other forms of homicide by the elements of malice aforethought and the lack of lawful justification. All jurisdictions, ancient and modern, consider it a most serious crime and therefore impose severe penalty on its commission.
The first three elements are relatively straightforward; however, the concept of "malice aforethought" is a complex one that does not necessarily mean premeditation. The following states of mind are recognized as constituting the various forms of "malice aforethought":
(i) Intent to kill; (ii) Intent to inflict serious bodily harm short of death; (iii) Reckless indifference to an unjustifiably high risk to human life (sometimes described as an "abandoned and malignant heart"); or (iv) Intent to commit a dangerous felony (the "felony-murder" doctrine).
Under state of mind (i), intent to kill, the deadly weapon rule applies. Thus, if the defendant intentionally uses a deadly weapon or instrument against the victim, such use authorizes a permissive inference of intent to kill. An example of a deadly weapon or instrument is a gun, a knife, or even a car when intentionally used to strike the victim.
Under state of mind (iii), an "abandoned and malignant heart," the killing must result from defendant's conduct involving a reckless indifference to human life and a conscious disregard of an unreasonable risk of death or serious bodily injury. An example of this is a 2007 law in California where an individual could be convicted of second-degree murder if he or she kills another person while operating a motor vehicle while being under the influence of alcohol, drugs, or controlled substances.
Under state of mind (iv), the felony-murder doctrine, the felony committed must be an inherently dangerous felony, such as burglary, arson, rape, robbery or kidnapping. Importantly, the underlying felony cannot be a lesser-included offense such as assault, otherwise all criminal homicides would be murder as all criminal homicides are felonies.
One of the oldest known prohibitions against murder appears in the Sumerian Code of Ur-Nammu written sometime between 2100 and 2050 BC. The code states, "If a man commits a murder, that man must be killed."
In Abrahamic religions, the prohibition against murder is one of the Ten Commandments given by God to Moses in (Exodus: 20v13) and (Deuteronomy 5v17) (See Murder in the Bible). The Vulgate and subsequent early English translations of the Bible used the term secretly killeth his neighbor or smiteth his neighbour secretly rather than murder for the Latin clam percusserit proximum.
Later editions such as Young's Literal Translation and the World English Bible have translated the Latin occides simply as murder rather than the alternatives of kill, assassinate, fall upon or slay.
Christian churches have some doctrinal differences about what forms of homicide are prohibited biblically, though all agree murder is.
The term 'Assassin' derives from Hashshashin, a militant Ismaili Muslim sect, active from the eighth to the fourteenth centuries. This mystic secret society killed members of the Abbasid, Fatimid, Seljuq and Crusader élite for political and religious reasons.
The Thuggee cult that plagued India was devoted to Kali, the goddess of death and destruction. According to the Guinness Book of Records the Thuggee cult was responsible for approximately 2 million deaths.
According to Ross Hassig, author of Aztec Warfare, "between 10,000 and 80,400 persons" were sacrificed in the 1487 re-consecration of the Great Pyramid of Tenochtitlan.
While murder is often expressed as the unlawful killing of another human being with "malice aforethought", this element of malice may not be required in every jurisdiction (for example, see the French definition of murder below).
Under New York law, for example:
Under the French Penal Code:
Those who successfully argue a defense based on a mental disorder are usually referred to mandatory clinical treatment until they are certified safe to be released back into the community, rather than prison.
In the United States, many jurisdictions have abolished the rule as well. Abolition of the rule has been accomplished by enactment of statutory criminal codes, which had the effect of displacing the common-law definitions of crimes and corresponding defenses. In 2001, the Supreme Court of the United States held that retroactive application of a state supreme court decision abolishing the year-and-a-day rule did not violate the Ex Post Facto Clause of Article I of the United States Constitution.
Murder rates vary greatly among countries and societies around the world. In the Western world, murder rates in most countries have declined significantly during the 20th century and are now between 1-4 cases per 100,000 people per year. Murder rates in Japan, Ireland and Iceland are among the lowest in the world, around 0.5; the rate of the United States is among the highest of developed countries, around 5.5 in 2004, with rates in larger cities sometimes over 40 per 100,000.
Within the Western world, nearly 90% of all murders are committed by males, with males also being the victims of 74.6% of murders (according the US Department of Justice). There is a sharp peak in the age distribution of murderers between the ages of 17 and 30. People become decreasingly likely to commit a murder as they age. Incidents of children and adolescents committing murders are also extremely rare, notwithstanding the strong media coverage such cases receive.
There are an estimated 55,000 murders in Brazil every year, about 30,000 murders committed annually in Russia, approximately 25,000 murders in Colombia (in 2005, murders went down to 15,000), approximately 20,000 murders each year in South Africa, approximately 17,000 murders in the United States (666,160 murders from 1960 to 1996), approximately 15,000 murders in Mexico, approximately 11,000 murders in Venezuela, approximately 6,000 murders in El Salvador, approximately 1,600 murders in Jamaica, approximately 1000 murders in France, approximately 580 murders per year in Canada, and approximately 200 murders in Chile. The murder rate in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea is 23 times that of London.
Murder demographics are affected by the improvement of trauma care, leading to reduced lethality of violent assaults - thus the murder rate may not necessarily indicate the overall level of social violence.
Development of murder rates over time in different countries is often used by both supporters and opponents of capital punishment and gun control. Using properly filtered data, it is possible to make the case for or against either of these issues. For example, one could look at murder rates in the United States from 1950 to 2000, and notice that those rates went up sharply shortly after a moratorium on death sentences was effectively imposed in the late 1960s. This fact has been used to argue that capital punishment serves as a deterrent and, as such, it is morally justified. Capital punishment opponents frequently counter that the United States has much higher murder rates than Canada and most European Union countries, although all those countries have abolished the death penalty. Gun control advocates further point out that, unlike the United States, many European countries disallow gun ownership by private citizens but Switzerland has the least restrictive firearm laws and corresponding higher gun murder deaths. Canada introduced a comprehensive Firearms Certificate program in 1977, which was followed by a sharp decline in its homicide rate (and its firearm homicide rate) however firearm homicide rates have crept back up to pre-1977 levels by 2005 even though the overall rate remains less. Overall, the global pattern is too complex and, on average, the influence of both these factors may not be significant and could be more social, economic and cultural.
There is a statutory defence of provocation in NSW law, if provocation is proven and the person would have otherwise been convicted of murder, directs the jury to find the defendant not guilty of murder but guilty of manslaughter. However, this is not the case in Victoria - the Crimes Act 1958 (VIC), in Section 3B, states:
The rule of law that provocation reduces the crime of murder to manslaughter is abolished.
Under Victorian law, it is illegal to kill, by unlawful means, an unborn child that is capable of being born alive. This offence is termed child destruction in the Act. For example, if Person A assaulted Person B with intent to kill B's unborn child, Person A is guilty of child destruction and assault - and thus would be liable, under Victorian law to 15 years imprisonment for child destruction plus 5 years imprisonment for assault.
In any jurisdiction within Australia, the maximum penalty for murder is life imprisonment. NSW law follows the life means life construction; therefore the maximum sentence is life without possibility of parole.
There is a clause under which a person convicted of any "personal injury offence" meeting the statutory criteria may be declared a "dangerous offender." A dangerous offender is sentenced for an indeterminate period of imprisonment and is eligible for parole after serving at least 7 years. An offender convicted of 1st or 2nd degree murder is ineligible to be declared a dangerous offender. However, an offender convicted of manslaughter can be declared a dangerous offender.
Any sentence imposed in addition to a life sentence must be concurrent.
Besides the general offence described above there are more specific homicide offences in Danish law that are not considered as grave as manslaughter. Infanticide is defined as a mother who kills her child during or immediately after childbirth due to distress, fear of infamy or under the influence of a debilitation, bewilderment or perplexity caused by giving birth and is punished with imprisonment for up to four years. Euthanasia is defined as killing somebody on their definite request and is punished with imprisonment for up to three years. While attempting suicide is not considered criminal in Danish law, assisting somebody in committing suicide is punishable by imprisonment for up to three years.
Besides deliberate killing two offences regarding the unintentional killing of someone exist in Danish law. Negligent homicide is defined as negligently causing the death of another person. The penalty is a fine or imprisonment for up to four years, under aggravating circumstances imprisonment for up to eight years. Death caused by aggravated battery describes the situation where the perpetrator has the intention to commit an aggravated battery but where the battery leads to the unintentional death of the victim. The punishment is imprisonment for up to ten years.
In English law, the definition of murder is:
Contrast this with the original definition by Sir Edward Coke CJ in 1597 of:
Note that it is no longer necessary for the victim to die within a year and a day of the offence, nor for the victim to be a reasonable creature.
Specific statutory instances of situations where death is caused are:
The aggravated form of criminal damage, including arson, under s1(2) Criminal Damage Act 1971 could be the anticipatory offence rather than a charge of attempted murder.
Any other killing would be considered either manslaughter in English law or an accident.
English Law also allows for transferred malice. For example, where a man fires a gun with the intent to kill person A but the shot misses and kills an otherwise unconnected person B, the intent to kill transfers from person A to person B and a charge of murder would stand. The accused could also be charged with the attempted murder of A.
As to mens rea, the model direction to be given to juries for Intention in English law following R v. Woollin, is a modified version of that proposed by Lord Lane, C.J. in R v Nedrick [1986] 1 WLR 1025, namely:
The defences of duress and necessity in English law are excluded from murder cases. An exception is Re A [2000], a case involving a pair of conjoined twins. However, the judge noted the legal adage that "hard cases make bad law" and recommended that the precedent should not be followed. Another defence is that of double effect. As established in the 1957 trial of Dr John Bodkin Adams, causing death through the administration of lethal drugs to a patient, if the intention is solely to alleviate pain, is not considered murder.
Comparatively recent adaptations to the English law of murder include the abolition of the "year and a day rule", and the proposed introduction of a less restrictive regime for corporate manslaughter. The Law Commission Consultation Paper No. 177 also advocates a redefinition of murder and a limitation of the scope of manslaughter.
Further, the offense considered as a whole must be aggravated. A murder doesn't expire.
The only possible punishment for murder is life imprisonment. Typically, the prisoner will be pardoned by the Helsinki Court of Appeals after serving 12 to 14 years of his sentence, but this is not automatic. The President can also give pardon, and previously this used to be the only possibility.
In jurisprudence, the comparison of an actual crime against "especially brutal or cruel way"-standard has been understood to mean comparison to "usual" homicide cases. In recent cases, the Finnish Supreme Court has not considered a single axe stroke on the head, or strangulation to be "especially brutal or cruel". On the other hand, causing death by jumping on a person's chest and head and firing over 10 times upon a person's torso have been considered to fulfill the standard.
The only sentence for murder is life in prison. Until 2006, this meant an actual life sentence which could be pardoned only by the president. However, since the 1960s presidents have regularly given pardons to practically all offenders after a period of 12-15 years. In 2006, the legislation was changed so that all life sentences are reviewed by an appellate court after they have been executed for 12 years. If the convict is still deemed a danger to society, his case will be reviewed every two years after this. Involuntary confinement to a psychiatric institution may also result, sometimes after the sentence is served. The involuntary treatment ends when the psychiatrist decides so, or when a court decrees it no longer necessary in a periodical review.
If the prerequisites are not fulfilled, but the homicide has been deliberate and premeditated, the convict is sentenced for second degree murder (tappo) to a minimum of eight years in prison. There is also the crime of voluntary manslaughter (surma), which is a homicide under mitigating/extenuating circumstances, with the punishment of four to ten years. Involuntary manslaughter (kuolemantuottamus) has a maximum punishment of two years of imprisonment or fine (see day fine). Infanticide carries a punishment of at least four months and at most four years in prison.
a maximum of 30 years of criminal imprisonment (no more 20 years if the defendant aren't sentenced to 30 years).Assassination (murder with premeditation) and murder in some special case (if the victim is under 15, parents, child, people with disabilities, police officer etc.) are punished by a jail time up to life imprisonment (no more 30 years if the defendant aren't sentenced to life). In France except for recidivist the minimum sentence in criminal prosecution is one or two year of imprisonment, imprisonment which may be suspended if the term of the sentence is under 5 years. Manslaughter is punishable by 15 years of criminal imprisonment, dans 20 years with aggraving circumstances (the same who make a murder eligible for life in jail).
Those qualifying circumstances are categorized into three groups: 1. detestable motive 2. detestable way of committing the crime 3. detestable purpose/aim of the criminal.
Intentional killing that isn't murder usually fulfills § 212 (Totschlag = killing: similar to second-degree murder, however actually any case of killing that is not fulfilling the qualifications of murder as seen above - actually the same as Tötung (killing) in Swiss law).
The current form of § 211 StGB was created in the year 1941. Before that the differentiation between Mord (murder) and Totschlag (killing) was, that Mord was killing "with premeditation" ("mit Überlegung" - directly translated: with consideration, however that is just another legal word for the same concept) and Totschlag without (1871-1941). However this differentiation was considered too vague. The reform was orientated on discussions for the reform of the Swiss StGB, which also had the same differentiation. It took over the idea and mainly also the wording of the reform commission for the Swiss StGB headed by Stoss in 1896. With this version, the differentiation between Mord and Totschlag contains problems. This led to ongoing discussions in the legal community about the wording, the interpretation and also about a reform of the law.
If the victim of a killing earnestly wanted to be killed (for example, when suffering an incurable disease) the crime would be Tötung auf Verlangen (killing on demand, § 216 StGB) which would result in 6 months to 5 years in prison (usually suspended) – basically, mercy killing. In 2002, there was a cannibal case in which the offender, Armin Meiwes, claimed that the victim wanted to be killed. The court convicted him of "Totschlag", since they didn't see the qualifications of a murder. Both prosecution and defense appealed, the prosecution in order to reach a guilty of murder verdict, the defense in order to reduce the charge to killing on demand. The German "Bundesgerichtshof", the highest German court of appeal, eventually convicted him of murder.
If the killing was due to negligence it is punished according to § 222 StGB as fahrlässige Tötung (negligent homicide or manslaughter). Many cases in this field are car accidents due to negligence that result in the death of a person.
If the death is a negligent consequence of an intended act of violence, it is classified as Körperverletzung mit Todesfolge (injury resulting in death).
There are five types of homicide in Israel:
It must also be noted that, according to Italian law, any sentence of more than 5 years perpetually deprives (Interdizione perpetua dai Pubblici Uffici) the condemned person of: the voting rights; the ability to exercise any public office; the ability to be employed in any governmental or para-statal position (articles 19, 28, 29). The convict for life is also deprived of his/her quality of parent: the children are either given in custody to the other parent or hosted in a public structure (art.32).
In detail, according to articles 576 and 577 is punishable with life imprisonment murder committed:
Cases 1 through 4 (art.576) used to be considered capital murder, and therefore punishable by death by firing squad. Since 1946, though, death penalty was discontinued in Italy, and death was substituted with life imprisonment . Sentences for murder under cases 5 through 9 (art.577). instead, are subject to parole or probation.A person that is serving a life sentence can reach libertà condizionata
Besides the criminal murder detailed above, in Italian law the following cases also exist:
Euthanasia (aktiv dødshjelp) has been much debated in Norway. Some groups have expressed that it should be legal in cases where the victim is sane and fully aware of what he or she is asking for. Acts of euthanasia, however, are illegal, and are treated as any other form of assisted suicide.
Additionally, the Penal Code states that no person may be sentenced to a prison term longer than 25 years, whichever crimes he or she has been found guilty of committing. Therefore, a multiple murderer - no matter how many actual homicides - will not serve more than 25 years in prison. Likewise, in the case murder is committed in addition to other fellonies, the defendant will be sentenced to a single prison term, for a period no longer than 25 years, encompassing the applicable terms for each crime committed.
It should also be mentioned that, according the Portuguese Penal Code, only very rarely will a sentence of less than 5-years imprisonment be enforced. In fact, article 75, § 1, states that if an offence is punishable by a prison term or another non-detentive form of punishment, the court should opt for the non-detentive punishment "if this punishment will satisfy adequately the objectives of the criminal law."
Therefore, someone convicted to up to 5 years in prison will be put on probation or (if the sentence if for less than 3 years) will simply have the prison sentence suspended. If the convicted felon commits another intentional crime during the period of suspension or probation, he or she will serve fully the prison term. Probation or term-suspension usually will only be denied in the case of criminals with very long criminal records.
Other than homicide and aggravated homicide, the Penal Code also has provisions for other forms of intentionally and unlawfully causing someone's death:
Additionally, unintentionally causing someone's death while committing a crime other than homicide is an aggravating factor in the determination of the punishment applicable to that specific crime. For example, if the crime of abandonment (exposing a defenceless person to a situation in which he or she will not to be able to cope with, therefore causing harm to the victim) results in the victim's death, the punishment is 3 to 10 years imprisonment, whereas the normal penalty would be 1 to 5 years. In another example, aggravated assault resulting in the death of the victim is punishable with 3 to 13 years imprisonment, whereas the usual penalty would be 2 to 10 years.
If the second requirement is not met (which would be the case when the particular crime has cause huge uproar in the community), the inmate will be released once two-thirds of the prison term have been served, as long as the inmate is reasonably expected to behave in a socially responsible way without committing crimes, if released. Even if the inmate is not expected to behave in a socially responsible way, he or she is released once five sixths of the prison terms have been served, unless the inmate refuses to be released. Parole last for the remaining period of the unserved prison term, but no longer than 5 years. Once the period of parole is fully served in a satisfactory manner, the remaining unserved prison sentence is declared void.
The Swiss equivalent for manslaughter is Totschlag, Meurtre passionel or Omicidio passionale. Killers are sentenced for Totschlag when they committed the crime in a very, and especially excusable, state of excitement (a "Crime of passion"). For example, a wife who's been mistreated by her husband for years, and kills him in a fit of rage, would be sentenced for Totschlag. The penalty is one to ten years in prison.
There are many other privileged variants of killing, similar to manslaughter, such as killing on demand of the "victim"; or assisted suicide, in which case the punishment is considerably lower; this latter is only punishable if there are selfish motives. The "assisted suicide" in general is not punishable.
The relevant articles of the Swiss Penal Code (Strafgesetzbuch) are 111 to 117 (and in a certain measure, 118 to 120), which can be read in the Swiss Penal Code, second book, in French, Italian, or German.
Modern codifications tend to create a genus of offenses, known collectively as homicide, of which murder is the most serious species, followed by manslaughter which is less serious, and ending finally in justifiable homicide, which is not a crime at all. Because there are 51 jurisdictions, each with its own criminal code, this section treats only the crime of murder, and does not deal with state-by-state specifics.
At base, murder consists of an intentional unlawful act with a design to kill and fatal consequences. Generally, an intention to cause great bodily harm is considered indistinguishable from an intention to kill, as is an act so inherently dangerous that any reasonable person would realize the likelihood of fatality. Thus, if the defendant hurled the victim from a bridge, it is no defense to argue that harm was not contemplated, or that the defendant hoped only to break bones.
Murder is the unlawful killing of human being with malice aforethought. Malice can be expressed (intent to kill) or implied. Implied malice is proven by acts that involve reckless indifference to human life or in a death that occurs during the commission of certain felonies (the felony murder rule). The exact terms of the felony murder vary tremendously from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Sentencing for murder in the United States has a mean of 349 months and a median of 480 months.
Some states, such as California, simply preserved the old distinction between two degrees and have no offense called third degree murder. They simply have "first-degree murder" (leading to life in prison with a possibility of parole) and "first-degree murder with special circumstances" (leading to death or life without the possibility of parole), while second-degree murder continues to be the default category (punished by life in prison with a shorter term until parole eligibility).
Other states use the term "capital murder" for those offenses that merit death, and the term is often used even in states whose statutes do not include the term. As of 2006, 38 states and the federal government have laws allowing capital punishment for certain murders and related crimes (such as treason, terrorism, and espionage). The penalty is rarely asked for and more rarely imposed, but it has generated tremendous public debate. See also capital punishment and capital punishment in the United States.
Under the common law, an assault on a pregnant woman resulting in a stillbirth was not considered murder; the child had to have breathed at least once to be a human being. Remedies were limited to criminal penalties for the assault on the mother and tort action for loss of the anticipated economic services of the lost child and/or for emotional pain and suffering. With the widespread adoption of laws against abortion, the assailant could be charged with that offense, but the penalty was often only a fine and a few days in jail.
When the Supreme Court greatly reduced laws prohibiting abortions in Roe v. Wade (1973) those sanctions became harder to use. This meant that an assault which ensured that the baby never breathed would result in a lesser charge. Various states passed "fetal homicide" laws, making killing of an unborn child murder; the laws differ about the stage of development at which the child is protected. After several well-publicized cases, Congress passed the Unborn Victims of Violence Act, which specifically criminalizes harming a fetus, with the same penalties as for a similar attack upon a person, when the attack would be a federal offense. Most such attacks fall under state laws; for instance, Scott Peterson was convicted of killing his unborn son as well as his wife under California's pre-existing fetal homicide law.
The only other type of killing with consequences in Viking culture was "unjust killing", i.e. killing someone while they were sleeping or had their back to the killer. While the financial implications of unjust killing were no more severe, the killer in question suffered from a tremendous loss of trust and could be declared an outlaw.


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45th International Conference on Environmental Systems
The 45th International Conference on Environmental Systems (ICES) will be held in Bellevue, Washington just 10 minutes outside of Seattle at the Hilton Bellevue on July 12-16.
The 45th International Conference on Environmental Systems (ICES) will be held in Bellevue, Washington just 10 minutes outside of Seattle at the Hilton Bellevue on July 12-16.
Organized by academics and researchers belonging to different scientific areas of the C3i/Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre (Portugal) and the University of Extremadura (Spain) with the technical support of ScienceKnow Conferences.
APCChE is a bi-annual conference for the Asian Pacific community of chemical and process engineers and industrial chemists who come together to discuss latest developments in the field, recognise outstanding achievement and share lessons learned.
OTC Brasil 2015 will cover all aspects of offshore oil, gas exploration and development including topics related to geology, geophysics and sub-surface technologies, offshore drilling and wells system, floating structures, advanced subsea production.
The theme of the conference, "CRE providing tomorrow's solutions" emphasizes the necessity of CRE to meet the future challenges, particularly in energy sciences and technology.
The theme of the Congress is Engineering Education for Sustainable Development.
Mark your calendars and plan to connect with many of the world's leading researchers, scientists, and engineers. The scientific forum will focus on putting research into action as emerging integrated biorefineries are being built across the globe.
One of the largest conferences devoted to all aspects of particle & powder technology, including particle formation processes, particle characterisation & measurement methods and processes such as agglomeration, formulation & performance of products.


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By the time the '76 Corvette rolled into Chevy dealers from coast to coast, change was in the air. Not just within the Chevrolet lineup, which said hello to the Chevette that year (and goodbye to the Vega a year later), but also within the styling and engineering labs that created America's Only True Sports Car. Those started emerging late in the '76 model year, when some of the interior changes planned for the '77 were pulled ahead, thanks to the new parts' availability. Those changes continued until the last of the third-generation Corvettes rolled out of Bowling Green Assembly in October 1982.
Though a big change was the switch to a composite single-leaf rear spring for the '81, the C3s used suspension hardware that had stayed the same since 1963. And those outdated chassis parts were among the biggest items to go when Allen Rauch tackled his Corvette project, the results of which you see here.
Rauch found his C3 about five years ago, at which time he says it was neither a Top Flight beauty nor a basket-case horror show. "When I bought it, I was the third owner," he says from his Allentown, Pennsylvania, home. "It was a good driver, but it needed some work." In other words, it was a classic, all right-a classic "20-footer."
At first, Rauch kept the '76 as it was, driving it during the good-weather months and taking it off the highway for repair and upgrade work during the winters. "I actually took it apart every winter in my garage, and we'd do something to it," he recalls. "The final year, I decided that I'd put the C4 suspension on it, and that's when we really tore it apart."
By "we," Rauch means some of his fellow Lehigh Valley Corvette Association (LVCA) members, who'd done this conversion before. "One of the main [club] guys, John Cook, had done a couple of them," says Rauch. "We decided, 'Let's go this other route, instead of putting it back to original.'" Unlike many other Corvette "restifications," this one would not involve replacing the OEM frame, as it had no crash damage or rust that made replacement necessary.
And the conversion wasn't done in a faraway shop, either. "I took the body off on one side of my garage and hung it from the rafters, and then we rolled the frame over to the other side," says Rauch. "We put the frame into a jig, and then I went down to Bristol, Pennsylvania, where Contemporary Corvette is, went to the yard, and picked out what I wanted. I said, 'I want this front, and I want that Dana 36 rearend.'" Once the C4 parts were in his garage, Rauch says it took him and Cook two weekends to adapt them to the now-cleaned-up stock C3 frame. "The rest of the winter, we painted the frame, polished the aluminum components, and then re-assembled the frame until it was one rolling chassis again." One weekend later, it was body-drop time, and before long Rauch's '76 rolled out of his garage under its own power.
Speaking of power, it's no longer an iron-headed 350 that's under the hood. Instead, Rauch swapped in a stroker 383 built by CMS Racing Engines in Fogelsville, Pennsylvania, which uses an 0.030-inch overbored block, a Scat stroker crank, KB 10:1 pistons, a Comp Cams roller camshaft, Dart heads, an Edelbrock Super Victor intake topped by a 750 Holley, and a pair of Hedman Hedders. Behind it, the stock Turbo 350 was replaced by an ATI-built 700R4 that includes one of the company's 10-inch, 3,000-rpm-stall torque converters.
Rauch also got some assistance with the body, as he had the crew at Steckel's Auto Body in Steel City, Pennsylvania, help him strip off the original acrylic lacquer paint and primer, getting down to the gelcoat over the fiberglass. No fender flares were added to the body, however. "Everybody who sees the car comments on how the fenders are flared," says Rauch. "It's just that it's so low to the ground, and with the big tires underneath it, it actually looks flared-and longer."


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Legend has it that the Loch Ness Monster was first sighted in the sixth century by an Irish monk while preaching by the lake. Now, a Scottish sailor who has spent the last 26 years of his life searching for the elusive creature, says he has the best picture yet of "Nessie."
George Edwards takes his boat, "Nessie Hunter," out onto Loch Ness nearly every day, often with tourists who hope to see the creature for themselves. Early one morning in November of last year, Edwards was turning his ship back to shore after spending the morning searching for an old steam engine on the lake floor, when he saw something else.
"I saw something out of the corner of my eye, and immediately grabbed my camera," Edwards told ABC News. "I happened to get a good picture of one of them."
The typical "media Nessie," as Edwards calls it in his thick Scottish accent, depicts the creature with three humps sticking out of the water and a long neck with a head like a horse, but Edwards says that's probably not what Nessie looks like.
The picture Edwards took shows what he says is the back of one of the Loch Ness monsters.
"In my opinion, it probably looks kind of like a manatee, but not a mammal," Edwards told ABC. "When people see three humps, they're probably just seeing three separate monsters."
While many people think of the Loch Ness monster as a single creature, Edwards maintains that can't be true.
"It was first seen in 565 AD," Edwards said. "Nothing can live that long. It's more likely that there are a number of monsters, offspring of the original."
The main argument Edwards says he hears from skeptics is that the lake has been searched, and nothing has ever been found proving the existence of a Loch Ness monster.
"That's a silly reason to not believe though, because those expeditions can't prove anything one way or the other," Edwards told ABC News. "It's a massive body of water, deep and dark, and we simply don't have the technology to really do that kind of search."
This picture, he contends, clearly shows something that could only be the monster. He says the other monster hunters he's shown it to have called it the best they've ever seen.


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This thread is a veritable supermarket...
Although I had to put Grippa up for adoption several years ago, she would have just loved to meet everybody.
Now aged 30 she is still doing well at her new home, is almost 6m long and weighs 118Kg.
That's 21Kg heavier than me.


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Category: Preset
|Available Models
|3/4" FHT Basic Pressure Regulator, 10 PSI
|$5.59 ea.
|3/4" FHT Basic Pressure Regulator, 15 PSI
|$5.59 ea.
|3/4" FHT Basic Pressure Regulator, 19 PSI
|$5.59 ea.
|3/4" FHT Basic Pressure Regulator, 25 PSI
|$5.59 ea.
The Drip Store's high performance, basic and premium preset pressure regulators from Hendrickson Bros are available in 3/4" with FHT or FNPT threads and in preset pressures of 10, 15, 19, 20, 25 and 30 PSI. The preset pressure regulators are used to regulate the incoming water pressure entering your drip irrigation, drip tape or micro sprinkler system to the recommended or suggested operating pressure of the drip or micro sprinkler irrigation system. The preset pressure regulators sustain and maintain accurate control of pressure no matter what fluctuations occur in the irrigation supply line.
Use the pressure regulator for your irrigation system and install the device after the filter. Choose the correct thread (hose or pipe). The pressure regulator should never be installed on a main line where the device is under constant pressure. In this situation, we recommend installing the pressure regulator after the valve.
Note: A common misconception is that turning a valve or faucet down will reduce the downstream pressure, but this is incorrect; turning the water down only reducers the flow, not the pressure. The pressure remains high.
Most household water pressures are anywhere between 40 PSI and 120 PSI, with some homes even higher. Typically homes will have a pressure regulator (before the water goes to the pipe inside the house that is set at 40 to 70 PSI). Drip irrigation systems are designed to work at an even lower pressure with optimal pressure for a drip system between 20 and 30 PSI, and for drip tape 10 to 25 PSI. If the system is at higher pressure, a problem may occur with the drip emitters, drip tape, micro sprinklers and the fittings such as drip emitters popping off, higher flow from the drip emitters, micro sprinkler components blowing out of the drip tubing and/or lower uniformity. To achieve the proper pressure at the drip lateral a pressure regulator or adjustable pressure regulator may be required.


text: This professional Coin Pail, with built-in coin delivery system, makes it possible! Show both hands empty, then pick up this large Champagne Bucket from your table. Instantly you start to to pluck coin after coin from the air. Coins from everywhere- each making a loud ringing as it hits the bucket, to prove you've really dropped the coin inside.


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Arians says Mike Pouncey is better than MaurkicePosted by on November 1, 2012 – 4:11 pm
Former Steelers' offensive coordinator and current Indianapolis Colts offensive coordinator Bruce Arians, who is serving as the team's head coach during Chuck Pagano's illness, was asked about the Miami Dolphins offense during a conference call with the Miami media in advance of their game this weekend.
In praising the Dolphins offensive line, Arians gave props to Mike Pouncey, while saying he is better than his twin brother Maurkice whom Arians coached while with the Steelers.
"I think they have a great young offensive line. When you've got Jake Long and (Mike) Pouncey, I think Mike's better than Maurkice and make sure you tell Maurkice I said that," said Arians. "I'm sure Mike will. They got a nice young line and Reggie (Bush) is a home run hitter and the quarterback is playing good.
"They've got a couple solid receivers. They're pieces there but when you build it off that running game and offensive line, that's a great place to start."
Pouncey learned of the comments after practice on Thursday, and laughed about it.
"I don't mind it at all," he said. "I am actually happy for Mike. Let him get all of the publicity in the world. If that is my mark, it's in my family, I am down with it. He can be the best."
Posted in News, Player | 10 Comments »
10 Responses
to "Arians says Mike Pouncey is better than Maurkice"
By Jason White on Nov 1, 2012 | Reply
People also think Eli is better than Ben…….boy are they wrong :D
Big Ben is the ONLY quarterback I would want running my team.
By bobby. b. bright on Nov 1, 2012 | Reply
mike pouncey better than maurice……..lol…..thats hillarous……mike is a good football player, but no way he is he on maurkices level yet…….arians needs his head examined, which might explain while the steelers told him to hit the road………good luck with your crappy play calling mr. arians cuz your gonna need it………..
By Duke on Nov 1, 2012 | Reply
Bubble Screen Bruce. A bitter, mediocre coordinator who is just looking to take as many shots as he can against the team that told him to hit the road. He shortened ben's career by years by always going empty set, 5 wide while calling 7 step drops with no rb protection on blitzing downs. If he stays in Indy he will do the same to Andrew luck
By Ed Lilly on Nov 1, 2012 | Reply
Arians, offensive co-ordinator, the man has no imagination in calling plays. Very predictable.
By Natural Born Stiller on Nov 2, 2012 | Reply
I'd like to have a back up Pouncey… Given how things have gone, I think we need one. Kevin Colbert: Let's work on getting another Pouncey in Black & Gold!!!
By james. jusmejc on Nov 3, 2012 | Reply
bruise what a predictable comment. i noticed although it was a preseason game we beat his team. what i'm happy about is teams that we play now won't be able to predict what we are plays we are going to call in particular situations now. so bruce would you like to have a little cheese with that wine ?
By Scott on Nov 3, 2012 | Reply
A very classy response from Maurkice, following up an obviously bitter dig from Arians. Who's showing the most professionalism here?
By Bill Longley on Nov 3, 2012 | Reply
I dont put much credo in what he says.Although he was with the Steelers when they won a SB.They would have won it with daffy Duck as O cordinator.Im glad he is gone
By james. jusmejc on Nov 4, 2012 | Reply
The Colts will be sorry!!! Andrew watch your backside cause ARIANS' sure won't !!!
By james. jusmejc on Nov 4, 2012 | Reply
Very well put TERESA VARLEY, No more needs to be said!!
Sorry, comments for this entry are closed at this time.


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