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Members Presentation
Members Presentation(Please send logos and profiles to mo at ow2 dot org)
Strategic MembersCorporate Members further below
Beihang University (or BUAA for short) was founded on October 25, 1952. Since its founding, BUAA has been one of the key universities given priority for development. BUAA was officially listed in China's Action Plan for the Revitalization of Education in the 21st Century. At present, the university comprises 17 schools and 6 departments, covering such diverse fields as science, technology, liberal arts, law, economy, management, philosophy, foreign languages and education. BUAA has 42 research institutes or interdisciplinary research centers, 11 key disciplines of the national level, and 89 laboratories. BUAA has become one of the important bases for scientific and technological innovation and quality education in China.
Bull designs and develops servers and software for an open environment, integrating the most advanced technologies. The Group brings to its customers its expertise and know-how to help them in the transformation of their information systems and to optimize their IT infrastructure and their applications. Bull is a large contributor to Open Source Software in Linux, middleware and security domains.
CVIC Software Engineering Co., Ltd.(CVIC SE), incorporated in April, 1991, is China's chief provider of solutions, software products and IT services. Over the last 18 years, CVIC SE has been working on China's information construction, business scope covers finance, transportation, government, energy and resources, publishing, public security military and so on, with its market expanding into Hongkong, Taiwan, North America, Europe Australia and Southeast Asia. CVIC SE takes the lead to establish the first Middleware Industry Alliance (MIA) in China, assigned as an Industrialization Base for the National 863 Program by the State Ministry of Science & Technology, granted the title of "Class A Model Enterprise Regarding Exportation of Software to Europe and America".
Engineering Group is the major Italian player in IT design, outsourcing, product and consulting services on all vertical markets, with more than 6.000 people and 37 offices in Italy, Ireland, Belgium and Latin America. Engineering Group has one of the largest Research & Innovation departments, relying on 250 researchers, which includes Engineering's Open Source Competence Center. It manages the free/open source SpagoWorld Initiative, based on four main projects: SpagoBI, the Open Source Business Intelligence platform; Spagic, the Open Source SOA Universal Middleware; Spago4Q, the Open Source platform for Quality of Software products, processes and services; Spago, the Open Source Java Enterprise Framework.
INRIA, the French national institute for research in computer science and control, operating under the dual authority of the Ministry of Research and the Ministry of Industry, is dedicated to fundamental and applied research in information and communication science and technology (ICST). The Institute also plays a major role in technology transfer. INRIA was co-founder of the ObjectWeb Consortium in 2002 and is today leading the OW2 Europe Local Chapter.
Institute of Software Chinese Academy of Sciences, part of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), is a government-sponsored institution, and also a leading research institute in China, which focuses on the fundamental theories of computer science as well as software technologies and their applications. ISCAS has about 602 staff members, including 4 members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 54 research professors, 87 associate professors and senior engineers. Through the research results and innovations, ISCAS's goals are to establish an international reputation in academia and to assist in the development and growth of China's software industry.
National University of Defense Technology (NUDT) is a comprehensive national key university under the dual supervision of the Ministry of National Defense and the Ministry of Education. Over 50 years later, NUDT has developed into a comprehensive university of sciences, engineering, military science, management, economics, philosophy, literature, education, law, and history. According to the National Subject Evaluation of the years 2002-2004 organized by the Ministry of Education, 5 subjects of NUDT entered the list of top 5 and its subject of Computer Science and Technology ranked first nationwide. NUDT treasures international collaboration and cooperation. With strong commitment to internationalization, the university has academic ties with over 100 universities and research institutes from 40 countries and regions.
France Telecom-Orange is one of the world's leading telecommunications operators. The Group is the number three mobile operator and the number one provider of broadband internet services in Europe and, under the brand Orange Business Services, is one of the world leaders in providing telecommunication services to multinational companies. The Group has been actively involved for more than 10 years in Open Source communities through the ObjectWeb and OW2 Consortiums and is today Strategic Member of OW2. A large level of contribution to open source software is continuously provided by France Telecom-Orange, often from Orange Labs R&D.
Peking University is a comprehensive and national key university in China. The university has effectively combined research on important scientific subjects with the training of personnel with a high level of specialized knowledge and professional skill as demanded by the country's socialist modernization. It strives not only for improvements in teaching and research work, but also for the promotion of interaction and mutual promotion among various disciplines. Peking University has become a center for teaching and research and a university of a new type, embracing diverse branches of learning such as basic and applied sciences, social sciences and the humanities, and sciences of medicine, management, and education.
The Federal Data Processing - SERPRO is a public company under the Ministry of Finance. It was created on December 1st, 1964, with the aim of modernizing and streamlining strategic sectors of the Brazilian Public Administration. The company, whose business is the provision of services in Information Technology and Communications, including projects and programs addressing social issues of accessibility and digital inclusion, regards Free Software as a strategic policy that allows the optimization of public resources, encouraging the sharing of knowledge and stimulating cooperation. Serpro is considered one of the largest organizations in the sector in Latin America.
With operations in 50 countries and 68,000 employees, Thales is a world leader in Mission-critical information systems for the Aerospace, Defence and Security markets. Building on proven capabilities in large and complex software systems, Thales steps up to the security challenges of its customers in an increasingly interconnected, technology-driven world. Civil and military systems benefit from many of the same technologies and innovations. Developing these dual technologies has been a long tradition for Thales, with its global network of 22,000 high-level researchers.
Corporate Members
French Assembler specialized in Business Intelligence and e-Commerce, Altic supports customers since 2004 in their Open Source Projects. Altic's role is to help organizations understand which are the best applications that meet their needs, to assemble them and make them work with their information system. Altic also transfers knowledge to customer's teams through trainings of various levels.
BonitaSoft is the leading provider of open source Business Process Management (BPM) solutions, is a software company created by the founders of the Bonita open source project. BonitaSoft aims to become the undisputed global leader in open source BPM by providing flexible, powerful Business Process Management Solutions for all types of organizations.
Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) is the premier R&D institution of the Department of Information Technology, Ministry of Communications & Information Technology, Government of India. C-DAC Chennai as part of its research activities focuses on FOSS, Ubiquitous Computing & Grid Computing. All the research activities makes use of Open Source technologies for development. National Resource Centre for Free and Open Source Software (NRCFOSS) is housed in the C-DAC Chennai campus and will contribute to the growth of FOSS in India through Research & Development, Networking & Entrepreneurship development, FOSS promotion and dissemination. As part of its objectives, NRCFOSS has come out with an Indian Linux distribution named as "BOSS" - Bharat Operating System Solution.
Department of Software Engineering of Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic, is a research and teaching center dedicated to providing both undergraduate and graduate level education in close connection with research. Our major research groups work in the domains of distributed systems, formal methods, performance evaluation, and document information systems. The department works in close cooperation with other mathematical and computer science departments of Charles University to provide a strong theoretical background, and with major industrial partners to connect the research results to practical applications. Major software projects originating within the department include the NetBeans platform and the OW2 projects BEEN and SOFA.
EADS is a global leader in aerospace, defence and related services. In 2008, EADS generated revenues of € 43.3 billion and employed a workforce of about 118,000. The Group includes Airbus as the leading manufacturer of commercial aircraft, with Airbus Military covering tanker, transport and mission aircraft, Eurocopter as the world's largest helicopter supplier and EADS Astrium, the European leader in space programmes from Ariane to Galileo. Its Defence & Security Division is a provider of comprehensive systems solutions and makes EADS the major partner in the Eurofighter consortium as well as a stakeholder in the missile systems provider MBDA.
EBM WebSourcing is a computing software company, developing light infrastructure solutions, for large-scale organizations. Complex and decentralized companies suffer from IT rigidity and silos. Changing the existing infrastructure, creating new applications, connecting to partners, or exposing services on the web, takes a long time, because of existing assets rigidity. EBM Websourcing gives a new breath to application silos. Solutions hosted on OW2, such as Petals ESB, create light connections between complex applications, using proven SOA and web concepts. It reuses the existing old legacy, and creates a light, flexible infrastructure.
eXoPlatform is a french innovative editor created in 2003 (100 employees), eXoPlatform provide a collaborative suite based on a entreprise portal. eXo Portal is a great implementation of a JSR-168 portlet container, and it is today also one of the first portal and portlet container supporting the new JSR-286 Java Portlet API. In addition to the Java Portlet API support, it is also possible to consume remote portlet using WSRP 1&2. eXo Portal is a great solution to implement and integrate an enterprise portal based on standards. In addition to portal standard, eXo is also providing a powerful ECM that is based on a Java Content Repostory (JCR/JSR-170) implementation (Document Management System, Web Content Management), calendar, mail, social networks and FAQ/Forum.
The Fraunhofer Institute for Open Communication Systems FOKUS in Berlin has been researching and developing communication and integration solutions for partners in industry, research and public administration in the fields of telecommunication, automotive engineering, eGovernment and software development for more than 20 years.
The French Minsitry of Interiors has two main missions:
- Safety and Security of People and Property (by mean of Police Force, National Gendarmerie and Firefighters Force
- Permanent State Presence on Territories (by means of Prefectures and Subprefectures)
Ingres is the leading open source database management company. Ingres is the world's second largest open source company and the pioneer of The New Economics of IT, providing open source solutions at dramatically reduced cost than proprietary software vendors. As a leader in The New Economics of IT, Ingres delivers low cost and accelerated innovation to its more than 10,000 customers worldwide.
Jaspersoft is the market leader in open source business intelligence (BI). With more than two million downloads worldwide and more than 5,000 commercial customers in 81 countries, Jaspersoft offers the most widely used open source BI software in the world. The Jaspersoft Business Intelligence Suite is comprised of an interactive reporting server, graphical and ad hoc report design interfaces, OLAP analysis, and a Java reporting library for scalable, small, medium, and large enterprises, for use as either stand-alone or embedded BI applications. Jaspersoft is based in San Francisco and is backed by leading venture capital firms Morgenthaler Ventures, Doll Capital Management, and Partech International.
Obeo is a French based company leading in the field of Eclipse based modeling tools and approaches. Obeo provides a range of products and services enabling its customers to set-up tools for software and systems design and development as well as for software modernization and migration. Promoted as an Eclipse Foundation Strategic Member with more than 10 active committers on project like Acceleo, ATL, SCA, EMF Compare… , Obeo offers innovative and standard based solutions for software industrialization and modernization through products like Agility and Obeo Designer.
Open Wide was created at the end of 2001 with the help of two major French industry actors, in the area of advanced technology and services, in order to evaluate and grab new industrial opportunities offered by the booming open source software world. Open Wide is intrinsically a technology expertise company, in the area of open source software and in particular around Linux.
Founded in 1999, Orbeon delivers and supports Orbeon Forms, an open source, standard-based web forms solution. Orbeon Forms includes Form Builder, a WYSIWYG browser-based authoring tool, and Form Runner, a runtime environment which facilitates the deployment and integration of large numbers of complex forms. Orbeon Forms implements technologies such as XForms and Ajax, with no need for client-side software or plugins.
With one office in Argentina (Consultex) and one in Brazil (Konsultex), the company is a systems integration and consulting organization specialized in Project Management and related business systems focusing on Project Management (Artemis, ProjectOpen), BI (SpagoBI), BPM (Bonita), ERP (OpenBravo), ECM (Alfresco) and CRM (openCRX) with offices in Brazil and Argentina since 1989. Our team of technical and business consultants offers analysis, implementation, customization, training and support services based on Open Source solutions for these business needs. In the Project Management field we offer services related to the applications and project management training with PMP certification, PMO implementation, project management coaching and methodology definition consulting. Konsultex is an implementation partner for SpagoBI in Latin America.
ScalAgent DT is a middleware specialist, who provides software and expertise to integrate devices and services with the information system. ScalAgent DT has designed JORAM, a JMS-compliant Message Oriented Middleware distributed by OW2. ScalAgent DT provides professional services with JORAM, including a development and deployment training programme, consulting for application and/or deployment architectures, specific developments extending or using JORAM, and professional support. ScalAgent DT also distributes a M2M framework, ScalAgent Mediation Suite, built on top of JORAM. It provides tools for configuring, deploying, monitoring and controlling a network of devices over Internet. It also processes the devices data, making them an actual part of the information system.
Serli is a french IT service company. Serli provides IT consulting, on-site service, training & technical expertise across diverse markets including financial services, energy and utilities, industry, distribution and transport and the public sector. Serli engineers contribute to innovative Open Source projects in the field of customer's needs.
Sogeti provides information technology services to businesses and public sector organizations. Sogeti employs about 18,000 employees in Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, India, Ireland, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Switzerland, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of the international Capgemini organization.
Talend is the recognised market leader in open source data integration. More than 500 paying customers around the globe, including Yahoo!, Virgin Mobile, Sony and Swiss Life, use the Talend Integration Suite of products and services to optimise the costs of data integration, ETL and data quality. With more than four million lifetime downloads and 900,000 core product downloads, Talend's solutions are the most widely used and deployed data integration solutions in the world. The company has major offices in North America, Europe and Asia, and a global network of technical and services partners. For more information.
Telecom InstituteInstitut Telecom's mission lies in higher education, research and innovation in the field of information and communication science and technology. It is a public administrative institution placed under the aegis of the Minister for the Economy, Industry and Employment.
Ubikis is providing a wide range of products and services enhancing the enterprise information system user's experience, inside and outside of the company network. Based on the open-source project Open Mobile IS, Ubikis technologies allow business applications development for nomad workers, on any kind of terminals (PDA, Smartphone, Desktop...) and on both connected and disconnected mode.
XWiki is a young innovative enterprise created in 2004 and was visionary in the use of wikis. XWiki provides XWiki Enterprise, the Open-Source Enterprise Wiki (whose feature set can be extended through numerous applications). It also offers a full range of professional services on top of its product line (training, development, hosing, support, consulting). These offerings are designed to help organize information simply and share it effectively. All the software created by XWiki is released under the LGPL Open-Source license. With thousands of enterprises using our products, XWiki is the leader of collaborative Open Source solutions for enterprises.
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Firebox offers Mathmos Fireflow
Fans of retro style will be pleased to see the Mathmos Fireflow, an authentic-looking lava lamp that works on candle power.
In chrome-finished cast zinc alloy it's powered by a single tea light that will get the lava moving after about a 20 minutes for up to 3 hours of mesmerising glow.
At 24cm tall, the Fireflow is available now with either pink or blue goo for £29.95.

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Like George III to the American colonists or Czar Nicholas II to the Russian revolutionaries, Jones is the embodiment of the tyranny against which the animals rebel — and with good reason. An inept farmer and slovenly drunkard, Jones cares little for his Manor Farm and the animals who live there. The novel's first paragraph describes Jones forgetting (out of drunkenness) to shut the popholes for the hen-houses but remembering to draw himself a glass of beer before "lumbering" off to a drunken sleep. The fact that the rebellion is sparked by Jones' forgetting to feed the animals adds to the overall impression of him as an uncaring master. For the remainder of the novel, he is portrayed as an impotent has-been, unable to reclaim his own farm and idling in a pub until his eventual death in an inebriates' home.
Long after Jones has been driven from the farm, the pigs invoke his name to scare the other animals into submission. Squealer's question, "Surely, comrades, you do not want Jones back?" elicits a knee-jerk reaction in the animals, who fail to realize that the spirit of Jones has returned, despite the farmer's physical absence.
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After which Russian leader is Old Major modeled?
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Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus or Claudius I (August 1, 10 BC – October 13, AD 54) (Tiberius Claudius Drusus from birth to AD 4, then Tiberius Claudius Nero Germanicus from then until his accession) was the fourth Roman Emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, ruling from January 24, AD 41 to his death in AD 54. Born in Lugdunum in Gaul (modern-day Lyon, France), to Drusus and Antonia Minor, he was the first Roman Emperor to be born outside Italia.
Claudius was considered a rather unlikely man to become emperor. He was reportedly afflicted with some type of disability, and his family had virtually excluded him from public office until his consulship with his nephew Caligula in AD 37. This infirmity may have saved him from the fate of many other Roman nobles during the purges of Tiberius' and Caligula's reigns. His very survival led to his being declared emperor after Caligula's assassination, at which point he was the last adult male of his family.
Despite his lack of political experience, Claudius proved to be an able administrator and a great builder of public works. His reign saw an expansion of the empire, including the conquest of Britain. He took a personal interest in the law, presided at public trials, and issued up to twenty edicts a day; however, he was seen as vulnerable throughout his rule, particularly by the nobility. Claudius was constantly forced to shore up his position—resulting in the deaths of many senators. Claudius also suffered tragic setbacks in his personal life, one of which may have led to his murder. These events damaged his reputation among the ancient writers. More recent historians have revised this opinion.
The historian Suetonius describes the physical manifestations of Claudius' affliction in relatively good detail. His knees were weak and gave way under him and his head shook. He stammered and his speech was confused. He slobbered and his nose ran when he was excited. The Stoic Seneca states in his Apocolocyntosis that Claudius' voice belonged to no land animal, and that his hands were weak as well; however, he showed no physical deformity, as Suetonius notes that when calm and seated he was a tall, well-built figure of dignitas. When angered or stressed, his symptoms became worse. Historians agree that this improved upon his accession to the throne. Claudius himself claimed that he had exaggerated his ailments to save his own life.
The modern diagnosis has changed several times in the past century. Prior to World War II, infantile paralysis (or polio) was widely accepted as the cause. This is the diagnosis used in Robert Graves' Claudius novels, first published in the 1930s. Polio does not explain many of the described symptoms, however, and a more recent theory implicates cerebral palsy as the cause, as outlined by Ernestine Leon. Tourette syndrome is also a likely candidate for Claudius' symptoms.
On the personal front, the ancient historians describe Claudius as generous and lowbrow, a man who cracked lame jokes, laughed uncontrollably, and lunched with the plebeians. They also paint him as bloodthirsty and cruel, overly fond of both gladiatorial combat and executions, and very quick to anger (though Claudius himself acknowledged this last trait, and apologized publicly for his temper). To them he was also overly trusting, and easily manipulated by his wives and freedmen. But at the same time they portray him as paranoid and apathetic, dull and easily confused. The extant works of Claudius present a different view, painting a picture of an intelligent, scholarly, well-read, and conscientious administrator with an eye to detail and justice. Thus, Claudius becomes an enigma. Since the discovery of his " Letter to the Alexandrians" in the last century, much work has been done to rehabilitate Claudius and determine where the truth lies.
His maternal grandparents were Mark Antony and Octavia Minor, Caesar Augustus' sister. His paternal grandparents were Livia, Augustus' third wife, and Tiberius Claudius Nero. During his reign, Claudius revived the rumor that his father Drusus was actually the illegitimate son of Augustus.
In 9 BC, Drusus unexpectedly died, possibly from an injury. Claudius was then left to be raised by his mother, who never remarried. When Claudius' afflictions became evident, the relationship with his family turned sour. Antonia referred to him as a monster, and used him as a standard for stupidity. She seems to have passed her son off on his grandmother Livia for a number of years. Livia was little kinder, and often sent him short, angry letters of reproof. He was put under the care of a "former mule-driver to keep him disciplined, under the logic that his condition was due to laziness and a lack of will-power. However, by the time he reached his teenage years his symptoms apparently waned and his family took some notice of his scholarly interests. In AD 7, Livy was hired to tutor him in history, with the assistance of Sulpicius Flavus. He spent a lot of his time with the latter and the philosopher Athenodorus. Augustus, according to a letter, was surprised at the clarity of Claudius' oratory. Expectations about his future began to increase.
In the end, it was his work as a budding historian that destroyed his early career. According to Vincent Scramuzza and others, Claudius began work on a history of the Civil Wars that was either too truthful or too critical of Octavian. In either case, it was far too early for such an account, and may have only served to remind Augustus that Claudius was Antony's descendant. His mother and grandmother quickly put a stop to it, and this may have proved to them that Claudius was not fit for public office. He could not be trusted to toe the existing party line. When he returned to the narrative later in life, Claudius skipped over the wars of the second triumvirate altogether. But the damage was done, and his family pushed him to the background. When the Arch of Pavia was erected to honor the imperial clan in AD 8, Claudius' name (now Tiberius Claudius Nero Germanicus after his elevation to paterfamilias of Claudii Nerones on the adoption of his brother) was inscribed on the edge—past the deceased princes, Gaius and Lucius, and Germanicus' children. There is some speculation that the inscription was added by Claudius himself decades later, and that he originally did not appear at all.
When Augustus died in AD 14, Claudius—then twenty-three—appealed to his uncle Tiberius to allow him to begin the cursus honorum. Tiberius, the new emperor, responded by granting Claudius consular ornaments. Claudius requested office once more and was snubbed. Since the new emperor was not any more generous than the old, Claudius gave up hope of public office and retired to a scholarly, private life.
Despite the disdain of the imperial family, it seems that from very early on the general public respected Claudius. At Augustus' death, the equites, or knights, chose Claudius to head their delegation. When his house burned down, the Senate demanded it be rebuilt at public expense. They also requested that Claudius be allowed to debate in the senate. Tiberius turned down both motions, but the sentiment remained. During the period immediately after the death of Tiberius' son, Drusus, Claudius was pushed by some quarters as a potential heir. This again suggests the political nature of his exclusion from public life. However, as this was also the period during which the power and terror of the Praetorian Sejanus was at its peak, Claudius chose to downplay this possibility.
After the death of Tiberius the new emperor Caligula recognized Claudius to be of some use. He appointed Claudius his co-consul in AD 37 in order to emphasize the memory of Caligula's deceased father Germanicus. Despite this, Caligula relentlessly tormented his uncle: playing practical jokes, charging him enormous sums of money, humiliating him before the Senate, and the like. According to Cassius Dio, as well a possible surviving portrait, Claudius became very sickly and thin by the end of Caligula's reign—most likely due to stress.
The Senate quickly met and began debating a change of government, but this eventually devolved into an argument over which of them would be the new Princeps. When they heard of the Praetorians' claim, they demanded that Claudius be delivered to them for approval, but he refused, rightly sensing the danger that would come with complying. Some historians, particularly Josephus, claim that Claudius was directed in his actions by the Judean King Herod Agrippa. However, an earlier version of events by the same ancient author downplays Agrippa's role — so it is not known how large a hand he had in things. Eventually the Senate was forced to give in and, in return, Claudius pardoned nearly all the assassins.
Claudius took several steps to legitimize his rule against potential usurpers, most of them emphasizing his place within the Julio-Claudian family. He adopted the name "Caesar" as a cognomen — the name still carried great weight with the populace. In order to do so, he dropped the cognomen "Nero" which he had adopted as paterfamilias of the Claudii Nerones when his brother Germanicus was adopted out. While he had never been adopted by Augustus or his successors, he was the grandson of Octavia, and so felt he had the right. He also adopted the name "Augustus" as the two previous emperors had done at their accessions. He kept the honorific "Germanicus" in order to display the connection with his heroic brother. He deified his paternal grandmother Livia in order to highlight her position as wife of the divine Augustus. Claudius frequently used the term "filius Drusi" (son of Drusus) in his titles, in order to remind the people of his legendary father and lay claim to his reputation.
Because he was proclaimed emperor on the initiative of the Praetorian Guard instead of the Senate — the first emperor thus proclaimed — Claudius' repute suffered at the hands of commentators (such as Seneca). Moreover, he was the first Emperor who resorted to bribery as a means to secure army loyalty. This is not entirely how it seems. Tiberius and Augustus had both left gifts to the army and guard in their wills, and on the death of Caligula the same would have been expected, even if no will existed. Claudius remained grateful to the guard, however, issuing coins with tributes to the praetorians in the early part of his reign.
Under Claudius, the empire underwent its first major expansion since the reign of Augustus. The provinces of Thrace, Noricum, Pamphylia, Lycia, and Judea were annexed under various circumstances during his term. The annexation of Mauretania, begun under Caligula, was completed after the defeat of rebel forces, and the official division of the former client kingdom into two imperial provinces. The most important new conquest was that of Britannia.
In AD 43, Claudius sent Aulus Plautius with four legions to Britain (Britannia) after an appeal from an ousted tribal ally. Britain was an attractive target for Rome because of its material wealth — particularly mines and slaves. It was also a haven for Gallic rebels and the like, and so could not be left alone much longer. Claudius himself traveled to the island after the completion of initial offensives, bringing with him reinforcements and elephants. The latter must have made an impression on the Britons when they were used in the capture of Camulodunum. He left after 16 days, but remained in the provinces for some time. The Senate granted him a triumph for his efforts, as only members of the imperial family were allowed such honors. Claudius later lifted this restriction for some of his conquering generals. He was granted the honorific "Britannicus" but only accepted it on behalf of his son, never using the title himself. When the British general, Caractacus, was finally captured in AD 50, Claudius granted him clemency. Caractacus lived out his days on land provided by the Roman state, an unusual end for an enemy commander, but one that must have calmed the British opposition.
Claudius conducted a census in AD 48 that found 5,984,072 Roman citizens, an increase of around a million since the census conducted at Augustus' death. He had helped increase this number through the foundation of Roman colonies that were granted blanket citizenship. These colonies were often made out of existing communities, especially those with elites who could rally the populace to the Roman cause. Several colonies were placed in new provinces or on the border of the empire in order to secure Roman holdings as quickly as possible.
Claudius personally judged many of the legal cases tried during his reign. Ancient historians have many complaints about this, stating that his judgments were variable and sometimes did not follow the law. He was also easily swayed. Nevertheless, Claudius paid detailed attention to the operation of the judicial system. He extended the summer court session, as well as the winter term, by shortening the traditional breaks. Claudius also made a law requiring plaintiffs to remain in the city while their cases were pending, as defendants had previously been required to do. These measures had the effect of clearing out the docket. The minimum age for jurors was also raised to 25 in order to ensure a more experienced jury pool.
Claudius also settled disputes in the provinces. He freed the island of Rhodes from Roman rule for their good faith and exempted Troy from taxes. Early in his reign, the Greeks and Jews of Alexandria sent him two embassies at once after riots broke out between the two communities. This resulted in the famous "Letter to the Alexandrians," which reaffirmed Jewish rights in the city but also forbade them to move in more families en masse. According to Josephus, he then reaffirmed the rights and freedoms of all the Jews in the empire. An investigator of Claudius' discovered that many old Roman citizens based in the modern city of Trento were not in fact citizens. The emperor issued a declaration that they would be considered to hold citizenship from then on, since to strip them of their status would cause major problems. However, in individual cases, Claudius punished false assumption of citizenship harshly, making it a capital offense. Similarly, any freedmen found to be impersonating equestrians were sold back into slavery.
Numerous edicts were issued throughout Claudius' reign. These were on a number of topics, everything from medical advice to moral judgments. Two famous medical examples are one promoting Yew juice as a cure for snakebite, and another promoting public flatulence for good health. One of the more famous edicts concerned the status of sick slaves. Masters had been abandoning ailing slaves at the temple of Aesculapius to die, and then reclaiming them if they lived. Claudius ruled that slaves who recovered after such treatment would be free. Furthermore, masters who chose to kill slaves rather than take the risk were liable to be charged with murder.
Claudius embarked on many public works throughout his reign, both in the capital and in the provinces. He built two aqueducts, the Aqua Claudia, begun by Caligula, and the Anio Novus. These entered the city in AD 52 and met at the famous Porta Maggiore. He also restored a third, the Aqua Virgo.
He paid special attention to transportation. Throughout Italy and the provinces he built roads and canals. Among these was a large canal leading from the Rhine to the sea, as well as a road from Italy to Germany — both begun by his father, Drusus. Closer to Rome, he built a navigable canal on the Tiber, leading to Portus, his new port just north of Ostia. This port was constructed in a semicircle with two moles and a lighthouse at its mouth. The construction also had the effect of reducing flooding in Rome.
The port at Ostia was part of Claudius' solution to the constant grain shortages that occurred in winter, after the Roman shipping season. The other part of his solution was to insure the ships of grain merchants who were willing to risk traveling to Egypt in the off-season. He also granted their sailors special privileges, including citizenship and exemption from the Lex Papia-Poppaea, a law that regulated marriage. In addition, he repealed the taxes that Caligula had instituted on food, and further reduced taxes on communities suffering drought or famine.
The last part of Claudius' plan was to increase the amount of arable land in Italy. This was to be achieved by draining the Fucine lake, which would have the added benefit of making the nearby river navigable year-round . A tunnel was dug through the lake bed, but the plan was a failure. The tunnel was not large enough to carry the water, and crooked, which caused it to back up when opened. The resultant flood washed out a large gladiatorial exhibition held to commemorate the opening, causing Claudius to run for his life along with the other spectators. The draining of the lake was revisited many times in history, including by emperors Hadrian and Trajan, and Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II in the Middle Ages. It was finally achieved by the Prince Torlonia in the 19th century, producing over 160,000 new acres of arable land. He expanded the Claudian tunnel to three times its original size.
Claudius set about remodeling the Senate into a more efficient, representative body. He chided the senators about their reluctance to debate bills introduced by himself, as noted in the fragments of a surviving speech:
If you accept these proposals, Conscript Fathers, say so at once and simply, in accordance with your convictions. If you do not accept them, find alternatives, but do so here and now; or if you wish to take time for consideration, take it, provided you do not forget that you must be ready to pronounce your opinion whenever you may be summoned to meet. It ill befits the dignity of the Senate that the consul designate should repeat the phrases of the consuls word for word as his opinion, and that every one else should merely say 'I approve', and that then, after leaving, the assembly should announce 'We debated'.
It is not known whether this plea had any effect on discourse.
In AD 47 he assumed the office of Censor with Lucius Vitellius, which had been allowed to lapse for some time. He struck the names of many senators and equites who no longer met qualifications, but showed respect by allowing them to resign in advance. At the same time, he sought to admit eligible men from the provinces. The Lyons Tablet preserves his speech on the admittance of Gallic senators, in which he addresses the Senate with reverence but also with criticism for their disdain of these men. He also increased the number of Patricians by adding new families to the dwindling number of noble lines. Here he followed the precedent of Lucius Junius Brutus and Julius Caesar.
Despite this, many in the Senate remained hostile to Claudius, and many plots were made on his life. This hostility carried over into the historical accounts. As a result, Claudius was forced to reduce the Senate's power for efficiency. The administration of Ostia was turned over to an imperial Procurator after construction of the port. Administration of many of the empire's financial concerns was turned over to imperial appointees and freedmen. This led to further resentment and suggestions that these same freedmen were ruling the emperor.
Several coup attempts were made during Claudius' reign, resulting in the deaths of many senators. Appius Silanus was executed early in Claudius' reign under questionable circumstances. Shortly after, a large rebellion was undertaken by the Senator Vinicianus and Scribonianus, the governor of Dalmatia and gained quite a few senatorial supporters. It ultimately failed because of the reluctance of Scribonianus' troops, and the suicide of the main conspirators. Many other senators tried different conspiracies and were condemned. Claudius' son-in-law Pompeius Magnus was executed for his part in a conspiracy with his father Crassus Frugi. Another plot involved the consulars Lusiius Saturninus, Cornelius Lupus, and Pompeius Pedo. In AD 46, Asinius Gallus, the grandson of Asinius Pollio, and Statilius Corvinus were exiled for a plot hatched with several of Claudius' own freedmen. Valerius Asiaticus was executed without public trial for unknown reasons. The ancient sources say the charge was adultery, and that Claudius was tricked into issuing the punishment. However, Claudius singles out Asiaticus for special damnation in his speech on the Gauls, which dates over a year later, suggesting that the charge must have been much more serious. Asiaticus had been a claimant to the throne in the chaos following Caligula's death and a co-consul with the Statilius Corvinus mentioned above. Most of these conspiracies took place before Claudius' term as Censor, and may have induced him to review the Senatorial rolls. The conspiracy of Gaius Silius in the year after his Censorship, AD 48, is detailed in the section discussing Claudius's third wife, Messalina. Suetonius states that a total of 35 senators and 300 knights were executed for offenses during Claudius' reign. Needless to say, the necessary responses to these conspiracies could not have helped Senate-emperor relations.
Claudius was hardly the first emperor to use freedmen to help with the day-to-day running of the empire. He was, however, forced to increase their role as the powers of the Princeps became more centralized and the burden larger. This was partly due to the ongoing hostility of the senate, as mentioned above, but also due to his respect for the senators. Claudius did not want free-born magistrates to have to serve under him, as if they were not peers.
The secretariat was divided into bureaus, with each being placed under the leadership of one freedman. Narcissus was the secretary of correspondence. Pallas became the secretary of the treasury. Callistus became secretary of justice. There was a fourth bureau for miscellaneous issues, which was put under Polybius until his execution for treason. The freedmen could also officially speak for the emperor, as when Narcissus addressed the troops in Claudius' stead before the conquest of Britain. Since these were important positions, the senators were aghast at their being placed in the hands of former slaves. If freedmen had total control of money, letters, and law, it seemed it would not be hard for them to manipulate the emperor. This is exactly the accusation put forth by the ancient sources. However, these same sources admit that the freedmen were loyal to Claudius. He was similarly appreciative of them and gave them due credit for policies where he had used their advice. However, if they showed treasonous inclinations, the emperor did punish them with just force, as in the case of Polybius and Pallas' brother, Felix. There is no evidence that the character of Claudius' policies and edicts changed with the rise and fall of the various freedmen, suggesting that he was firmly in control throughout.
Regardless of the extent of their political power, the freedmen did manage to amass wealth through their positions. Pliny the Elder notes that several of them were richer than Crassus, the richest man of the Republican era.
At Ostia, in front of a crowd of spectators, Claudius fought a killer whale which was trapped in the harbor. The event was witnessed by Pliny the Elder:
Claudius also restored and adorned many of the venues around Rome. The old wooden barriers of the Circus Maximus were replaced with ones made of gold-ornamented marble. A new section of the Circus was designated for seating the senators, who previously had sat among the general public. Claudius rebuilt Pompey's Theater after it had been destroyed by fire, throwing special fights at the rededication which he observed from a special platform in the orchestra box.
In modern times, some authors have cast doubt on whether Claudius was murdered or merely succumbed to illness or old age. Some modern scholars claim the universality of the accusations in ancient texts lends credence to the crime. History in those days could not be objectively collected or written, so sometimes amounted to committing whispered gossip to parchment, often years after the events, when the writer was no longer in danger of arrest. Claudius' ashes were interred in the Mausoleum of Augustus on October 24, after a funeral in the manner of Augustus.
Claudius was deified by Nero and the Senate almost immediately. Those who regard this homage as cynical should note that, cynical or not, such a move would hardly have benefited those involved, had Claudius been "hated", as some commentators, both modern and historic, characterize him. Many of Claudius' less solid supporters quickly became Nero's men. Claudius' will had been changed shortly before his death to either recommend Nero and Britannicus jointly or perhaps just Britannicus, who would be considered a man in a few months.
Agrippina had sent away Narcissus shortly before Claudius' death, and now murdered the freedman. The last act of this secretary of letters was to burn all of Claudius' correspondence—most likely so it could not be used against him and others in an already hostile new regime. Thus Claudius' private words about his own policies and motives were lost to history. Just as Claudius has criticized his predecessors in official edicts (see below), Nero often criticized the deceased emperor and many of Claudius' laws and edicts were disregarded under the reasoning that he was too stupid and senile to have meant them. This opinion of Claudius, that he was indeed an old idiot, remained the official one for the duration of Nero's reign. Eventually Nero stopped referring to his deified adoptive father at all, and realigned with his birth family. Claudius' temple was left unfinished after only some of the foundation had been laid down. Eventually the site was overtaken by Nero's Golden House.
The Flavians, who had risen to prominence under Claudius, took a different tack. They were in a position where they needed to shore up their legitimacy, but also justify the fall of the Julio-Claudians. They reached back to Claudius in contrast with Nero, to show that they were good associated with good. Commemorative coins were issued of Claudius and his son Britannicus—who had been a friend of the emperor Titus. When Nero's Golden House was buried, the Temple of Claudius was finally completed on Caelian Hill. However, as the Flavians became established, they needed to emphasize their own credentials more, and their references to Claudius ceased. Instead, he was put down with the other emperors of the fallen dynasty.
The main ancient historians Tacitus, Suetonius, and Cassius Dio all wrote after the last of the Flavians had gone. All three were senators or equites. They took the side of the Senate in most conflicts with the princeps, as well as the senator's views of the emperor. This resulted in biases, both conscious and unconscious. Suetonius lost access to the official archives shortly after beginning his work. He was forced to rely on second-hand accounts when it came to Claudius (with the exception of Augustus' letters which had been gathered earlier) and does not quote the emperor. Suetonius painted Claudius as a ridiculous figure, belittling many of his acts and attributing the objectively good works to his retinue. Tacitus wrote a narrative for his fellow senators and fit each of the emperors into a simple mold of his choosing. He wrote Claudius as a passive pawn and an idiot—going so far as to hide his use of Claudius as a source and omit Claudius' character from his works. Even his version of Claudius' Lyons tablet speech is edited to be devoid of the emperor's personality. Dio was less biased, but seems to have used Suetonius and Tacitus as sources. Thus the conception of Claudius as the weak fool, controlled by those he supposedly ruled, was preserved for the ages.
As time passed, Claudius was mostly forgotten outside of the historians' accounts. His books were lost first, as their antiquarian subjects became unfashionable. In the second century, Pertinax, who shared his birthday, became emperor, overshadowing any commemoration of Claudius. In the third century, the emperor Claudius II Gothicus usurped his name. When Claudius Gothicus died, he was also deified, replacing Claudius in the Roman pantheon.
Claudius' love life was unusual for an upper-class Roman of his day. As Edward Gibbon mentions, of the first fifteen emperors, "Claudius was the only one whose taste in love was entirely correct"—the implication being that he was the only one not to take men or boys as lovers. Gibbon based this on Suetonius' factual statement that "He had a great passion for women, but had no interest in men. Suetonius and the other ancient authors used this against Claudius. They accused him of being dominated by these same women and wives, of being uxorious, and of being a womanizer.
Claudius married four times. His first marriage, to Plautia Urgulanilla, occurred after two failed betrothals (The first was to his distant cousin Aemilia Lepida, but was broken for political reasons. The second was to Livia Medullina, which ended with the bride's sudden death on their wedding day). Urgulanilla was a relation of Livia's confidant Urgulania. During their marriage she gave birth to a son, Claudius Drusus. Unfortunately, Drusus died of asphyxiation in his early teens, shortly after becoming engaged to the daughter of Sejanus. Claudius later divorced Urgulanilla for adultery and on suspicion of murdering her sister-in-law Apronia. When Urgulanilla gave birth after the divorce, Claudius repudiated the baby girl, Claudia, as the father was one of his own freedmen. Soon after (possibly in AD 28), Claudius married Aelia Paetina, a relation of Sejanus. They had a daughter, Claudia Antonia. He later divorced her after the marriage became a political liability (although Leon (1948) suggests it may have been due to emotional and mental abuse by Aelia).
In AD 38 or early 39, Claudius married Valeria Messalina, who was his first cousin once removed and closely allied with Caligula's circle. Shortly thereafter, she gave birth to a daughter Claudia Octavia. A son, first named Tiberius Claudius Germanicus, and later known as Britannicus, was born just after Claudius' accession. This marriage ended in tragedy. The ancient historians allege that Messalina was a nymphomaniac who was regularly unfaithful to Claudius — Tacitus states she went so far as to compete with a prostitute to see who could have the most sexual partners in a night — and manipulated his policies in order to amass wealth. In AD 48, Messalina married her lover Gaius Silius in a public ceremony while Claudius was at Ostia. Sources disagree as to whether or not she divorced the emperor first, and whether the intention was to usurp the throne. Scramuzza, in his biography, suggests that Silius may have convinced Messalina that Claudius was doomed, and the union was her only hope of retaining rank and protecting her children. The historian Tacitus suggests that Claudius's ongoing term as Censor may have prevented him from noticing the affair before it reached such a critical point. Whatever the case, the result was the execution of Silius, Messalina, and most of her circle. Claudius made the Praetorians promise to kill him if he ever married again.
Despite this declaration, Claudius did marry once more. The ancient sources tell that his freedmen pushed three candidates, Caligula's former wife Lollia Paulina, Claudius's divorced second wife Aelia, and Claudius's niece Agrippina the younger. According to Suetonius, Agrippina won out through her feminine wiles. The truth is likely more political. The coup attempt by Silius probably made Claudius realize the weakness of his position as a member of the Claudian but not the Julian family. This weakness was compounded by the fact that he did not have an obvious adult heir, Britannicus being just a boy. Agrippina was one of the few remaining descendants of Augustus, and her son Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus (later known as Nero) was one of the last males of the imperial family. Future coup attempts could rally around the pair, and Agrippina was already showing such ambition. It has been suggested in recent times that the Senate may have pushed for the marriage to end the feud between the Julian and Claudian branches. This feud dated back to Agrippina's mother's actions against Tiberius after the death of her husband Germanicus, actions which Tiberius had gladly punished. In any case, Claudius accepted Agrippina, and later adopted the newly mature Nero as his son.
Nero was made joint heir with the underage Britannicus, married to Octavia and heavily promoted. This was not as unusual as it seems to people acquainted with modern hereditary monarchies. Barbara Levick notes that Augustus had named his grandson Postumus Agrippa and his stepson Tiberius joint heirs. Tiberius named his great-nephew Caligula joint heir with his grandson Tiberius Gemellus. Adoption of adults or near adults was an old tradition in Rome when a suitable natural adult heir was unavailable. This was the case during Britannicus' minority. S.V. Oost suggests that Claudius had previously looked to adopt one of his sons-in-law to protect his own reign. Faustus Sulla, married to his daughter Antonia, was only descended from Octavia and Antony on one side — not close enough to the imperial family to prevent doubts (that didn't stop others from making him the object of a coup attempt against Nero a few years later). Besides which, he was the half brother of Messalina, and at this time those wounds were still fresh. Nero was more popular with the general public as the grandson of Germanicus and the direct descendant of Augustus.
Unfortunately, none of the actual works survive. They do live on as sources for the surviving histories of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. Suetonius quotes Claudius' autobiography once, and must have used it as a source numerous times. Tacitus uses Claudius' own arguments for the orthographical innovations mentioned above, and may have used him for some of the more antiquarian passages in his annals. Claudius is the source for numerous passages of Pliny's Natural History.
The influence of historical study on Claudius is obvious. In his speech on Gallic senators, he uses a version of the founding of Rome identical to that of Livy, his tutor in adolescence. The detail of his speech borders on the pedantic, a common mark of all his extant works, and he goes into long digressions on related matters. This indicates a deep knowledge of a variety of historical subjects that he could not help but share. Many of the public works instituted in his reign were based on plans first suggested by Julius Caesar. Levick believes this emulation of Caesar may have spread to all aspects of his policies. His censorship seems to have been based on those of his ancestors, particularly Appius Claudius Caecus, and he used the office to put into place many policies based on those of Republican times. This is when many of his religious reforms took effect and his building efforts greatly increased during his tenure. In fact, his assumption of the office of Censor may have been motivated by a desire to see his academic labors bear fruit. For example, he believed (as most Romans) that his ancestor Appius Claudius Caecus had used the censorship to introduce the letter "R and so used his own term to introduce his new letters.
Probably the most famous fictional representation of the Emperor Claudius were the books I, Claudius and Claudius the God (released in 1934 and 1935) by Robert Graves, both written in the first-person to give the reader the impression that they are Claudius' autobiography. Graves wrote it in employed fictive artifice to suggest that they were recently discovered, genuine translations of Claudius' writings. Claudius' extant letters, speeches, and sayings were incorporated into the text (mostly in the second book, Claudius the God) in order to add authenticity.
In 1937 director Josef von Sternberg made an unsuccessful attempt to film I, Claudius, with Charles Laughton as Claudius. Unfortunately, the lead actress Merle Oberon suffered a near-fatal accident and the movie was never finished. The surviving reels were finally shown in the documentary The Epic That Never Was in 1965, revealing some of Laughton's most accomplished acting. The motion picture rights have been obtained by Scott Rudin, with a theatrical release planned for 2010.
Graves's two books were also the basis for a thirteen-part British television adaptation produced by the BBC. The series starred Derek Jacobi as Claudius, and was broadcast in 1976 on BBC2. It was a substantial critical success, and won several BAFTA awards. The series was later broadcast in the United States on Masterpiece Theatre in 1977. The DVD release of the television series contains the "The Epic that Never Was" documentary.
Claudius has appeared on film on several other occasions, including in the 1979 motion picture Caligula, the role being performed by Giancarlo Badessi in which the character was depicted as an idiot, in complete contrast to Robert Graves' portrait of Claudius as a cunning and deeply intelligent man. On television, the actor Freddie Jones became famous for his role as Claudius in the 1968 British television series The Caesars while the 1985 made-for-television miniseries A.D. features actor Richard Kiley as Claudius. There is also a reference to Claudius' suppression of one of the coups against him in the movie Gladiator, though the incident is entirely fictional.
In literature, Claudius and his contemporaries appear in the historical novel The Roman by Mika Waltari. Canadian-born science fiction writer A. E. van Vogt reimagined Robert Graves' Claudius story in his two novels Empire of the Atom and The Wizard of Linn.


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Doris Meissner, Director of the U.S. Immigration Policy Program at MPI, offers her knowledge and expertise regarding border security in this testimony before the Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee.
Information and technology are centerpieces of a new border architecture that seeks to respond to the competing demands of facilitating mobility and managing cross-border risks while remaining cost-efficient and respectful of rights and privacy. This report shows how governments must approach border management systems to ensure properly balanced development.
This report details the post-9/11 programs and agreements implemented by U.S. and European governments to identify terrorists and serious transnational criminals through the collection and processing of increasing quantities of traveler data.
Faced with enormous political pressure to stop illegal immigration and to prevent the entry of potential terrorists, the U.S. government has devoted ever more resources to enforcing border policies. It remains unclear, the author argues, whether the efficacy of these programs warrants their costs.
'Securing Human Mobility' book release discussion with Susan Ginsburg, Michael German, Luis Rubio, and Donald M. Kerwin.
This volume, by a former senior counsel to the 9/11 Commission, argues that the U.S. approach to immigration and border security is off-kilter and not keeping pace with the scope and complexity of people's movement around the world, nor with expectations regarding freedom of movement.
For MPI's Leadership Visions Speakers Series, John Morton, DHS Assistant Secretary, candidly spoke about his pespective on ICE, its mission, and its future.
Despite benefits of sharing commercial, government, or personal information for law enforcement and intelligence purposes, U.S. and EU officials have toiled to find a satisfactory legal framework to do so. This report describes and analyzes possible legal, privacy, and data-protection frameworks for information-sharing agreements relating to human mobility.


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ASICS Women's XLT Low-Cut Socks - 3-Pack
Item # 11536524
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Get as close to next-to-nothing as possible with the lightweight, breathable ASICS® women's XLT low-cut socks. Made of poly/spandex Hydrology® yarn for maximum breathability and superior moisture management, they also come with mesh and a non-slip "Y" heel.
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- 97% polyester, 3% spandex
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- Single-tab ankle fit protects heel from abrasion and irritation
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Never delivered. I called to have my address changed and they were unable to do so. I have no idea where my shipment is at the moment.
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Resources & Services
Umpqua Community College supports its students, staff and campus with an array of resources and services.
What do you need?
Select your resource from the menu dropdown under "Resources & Services". There are three main columns with the headings Academic, Campus and Faculty & Staff. If you don't find what you are looking for try the A-Z Index or the Search field in the upper right corner of this page.


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Quality CareFind out why Mayo Clinic is the right place for your health care. Make an appointment.
Meet the StaffFind a directory of doctors and departments at all Mayo Clinic campuses. Visit now.
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Our general interest e-newsletter keeps you up to date on a wide variety of health topics.
There's no sure way to prevent eye melanoma. While there's little evidence to suggest that ultraviolet (UV) light from the sun may increase the risk of eye melanoma, wearing sunglasses to protect your eyes from UV light can reduce your risk of other eye problems, such as cataracts.
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About the Library
The Sierra Madre Public Library, begun in 1887, is the fourth oldest city library in Los Angeles County and the tenth oldest in Southern California. The current building of 8,762 square feet houses a collection of about 70,000 cataloged items and a historical archives collection. The Library Services Department is one of seven departments of the City of Sierra Madre and offers a wide range of library services to adults, teens and children. Services are expanded through participation in the Southern California Library Cooperative, a network of 45 area libraries.
Mission Statement
The Sierra Madre Public Library is a community library dedicated to providing equal access to information services and programs reflecting diverse points of view, always endeavoring to be responsive to changing needs of the community, to preserving its history, and to meeting the challenges of the future. The library provides a welcoming environment, quality materials and technologies, and professional, dedicated staff.
The Sierra Madre Public Library upholds the public's right to know, and:
- Provides collections of both contemporary interest and permanent value reflecting residents' current and ongoing interests and popular culture, in the formats and quantities that meet their needs.
- Offers community members opportunities to gather to discuss issues and learn together and to share new experiences in the arts, sciences, and technologies.
- Provides the technologies, including new multi-media resources, required to support a growing home-based business clientele and lifelong learners.
- Preserves and makes available to researchers materials emphasizing the history of Sierra Madre and environs.
- Makes available information, materials, and programs that will increase residents' cultural awareness of the broader community in the San Gabriel Valley and Los Angeles County.
Revised and adopted by the Sierra Madre Public Library Board of Trustees on September 25, 2003.
Library CLOSED for the following Holidays in 2015 as listed below:
|Day / Date
|Thursday, January 1
|New Year's Holiday
|Monday, January 19
|Martin Luther King Jr.'s Day
|Monday, February 16
|Presidents' Day
|Monday, May 25
|Memorial Day
|Friday, July 3
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|Monday, September 7
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|Friday, January 1, 2016
updated June 2015


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Tea Party® Barbie® Fashion
Designed by: Bill Greening
Release Date: 11/15/2012
Product Code: X9190
How do you take your tea? This Barbie Look™ fashion includes a flirty multicolor dot dress, fascinator hat and tiny tea-for-two set.
Accessory Details
Dress, fascinator, shoes, earrings, tea set, and tea party invitation.
For the adult collector.
Production doll may vary from the photo shown above. Mattel reserves the right to modify the fashion/fabrics, sculpt, hair color/style, and accessories. Doll cannot stand alone as shown.
Collector Photos
No one has uploaded any photos.


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Football season over but concussions still concern for schools
PHOENIX -- The regular season is over for high school football, but that doesn't mean Arizona schools can take their eye off of the ball when it comes to concussions.
Football is the most dangerous sport. For every 1,000 so-called "exposure to injuries," 12 players get hurt.
"Number two is girls' soccer, with six per 1,000 exposures to injury," said Dr. Javier Cardenas, a neurologist with Barrow Neurological Institute in Phoenix. "That's followed by girls' basketball, then followed by their male counterparts."
Cardenas said players in those sports now must undergo the same concussion education requirements as football players. There are several ways that soccer, basketball and other players can get concussions.
"Typically, it happens if there's an elbow to the head, or if they strike their head when they fall on the court," Cardenas said. "For cheerleading, if they fall, fall onto another player � if they're a flyer, fall and hit their head on the ground, it's still a major issue."
Cardenas said that parents should also know the signs of concussions. The most common signs are headaches, amnesia and confusion.
"My advice [to parents] is to make sure that you're educated about concussion and brain injury, that your athletes are educated about concussion and brain injury, and that your coaches and athletic trainers are educated and have the health of the student-athletes in mind before the sport," Cardenas said.


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BiGDUG: 10 years of Great Products, Great Prices and Great Service
Our philosophy is the same now as it was when we started trading more than 10 years ago: to offer our customers a huge range of high quality products at great prices with great service. We have kept true to this philosophy throughout our first decade of trading and we believe that is why we are now the UK's largest independent shelving, racking and storage company.
We specialise in shelving and racking but we also offer much more besides - from workbenches, personal safety equipment and plastic storage boxes through to sack trucks, hand tools and aluminium ladders. Our product range already exceeds twenty thousand items and it is still expanding.
BiGDUG makes great savings for our customers from buying in bulk. This means that we can offer competitively-priced products without compromising on quality. Buying in bulk also means that we always have multi-millions of pounds worth of stock in our warehouses ready for immediate despatch.
But we believe that product knowledge, reliability and integrity define BiGDUG just as much as the number and the quality of the products we sell. When you order from BiGDUG you talk directly to one of our Customer Service Advisors all of whom are trained to offer helpful, informed advice on all of our products. Our own in-house Design Team can even offer free-of-charge planning advice if you have any questions about maximising your storage space or how best to store your products.
Whatever your needs, from boltless, modular shelving and heavy-duty industrial racking through to workplace matting and pallet trucks - and the many thousands of products in between - ordering from BiGDUG means that that you are buying a quality product, at a market-beating price, from the UK's biggest, and best value, shelving, racking and storage company.


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Who are the big winners from Markit's IPO?
Bank of America Merrill Lynch is set to be the biggest winner from the IPO of Markit, while the largest individual shareholder is potentially in line for a $8.75 million pay day if the financial data provider prices at the top of its range.
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We love driving events, and given the name of our magazine, that tidbit of truth shouldn't come as a surprise. After all, it's hard to argue that a Camaro is a "performer" if it spends its life posed under a tree or shined up on some fairground's asphalt. Now, to us the performance part doesn't have to be hanging it all out at some road racetrack, or even an innocuous autocross course; it can be as simple as a spirited drive through the countryside. The point is, we like our Camaros to be in motion, and with all the driving-based events popping up, it seems like we're in the majority.
One such event was a fifth-gen cruise hosted by the guys at Camaro5.com. We heard about it at the last minute and decided to go check it out. To our surprise, over 120 new Camaros had made their way to Stillen Performance in Costa Mesa, California. These were our kind of people, and after chatting it up with website moderator Guillermo Garcia Jr., an idea started to coagulate in our craniums.
A few weeks later our intrepid Editor, Nick Licata, called Guillermo to see if he was up for combining forces and putting together a weekend event. It really wasn't surprising that he jumped at the idea and what came together was a plan to have a cruise, but we would twist it up by making the Super Chevy Show in Chandler, Arizona, the destination. This way, the relaxing cruise could be tempered by some track action at the Firebird Raceway dragstrip and autocross track.
What evolved was dubbed the Duel in the Desert: a points-based competition with the final scores accumulated from the fastest times on the dragstrip and autocross. We also gave bonus points for those who participated in the cruise and awarded a few more points based on a show 'n' shine competition. We didn't want to have just fifth-gens, so the competition was broken into two classes: one for the newest generation of Camaros and a separate class for first- through fourth-gens. It was more work than we expected, but thanks to the hard work of Camaro Performers magazine Associate Publisher Joe Rode, Ryan Haas of the Super Chevy Shows, and all the folks at Firebird Raceway, we were able to line up the ducks and kick off our inaugural event in smooth fashion.
We also received great support from our advertisers who kicked in everything from raffle prizes to goodie bag stuffers and big-ticket items to the event winners. The fine folks at Spectre Performance in Ontario, California, offered to host our kickoff spot and supplied trophies, while the fine staff at Baer Brakes in Phoenix, Arizona, volunteered to be the finish line of our cruise through the desert.
In the end, the event went off with nary a hitch, and going by comments of many participants afterwards, everyone had a blast, which was the main goal.
We have a bunch of ideas on how to make next year's event bigger and badder. And rest assured, there will be a next one.


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If so, stop by the Navigate: Get There Through Team Advising table at Spring Fling on Friday, April 19, 2013, from 11 am – 2 pm. Answer several quick questions about advising and enter a drawing for a chance to win prizes, including gift cards and the grand prize, a GPS.
For more details about the Navigate project, please follow this link http://www.virginiawestern.edu/about/ie/documents/NavigateOverview.pdf .
If you have questions, comments, or concerns about Navigate: Get THERE through Team Advising, please contact Ms. Kristel Clark, QEP Coordinator, at firstname.lastname@example.com or 540-857-6218


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Hi I stated the Kickstart on Feb 1st. I'm becoming vegan for weight loss, health and to see if this is a good way to bring up my children and change their eating habits. I have an underactive thyroid and Wilson's Syndrome (related to the underactive thyroid)for which I take medication and even on medication struggle with my energy levels and fatigue.
I love that I don't feel very hungry eating Vegan and am easily satisfied as normally I'm a huge eater. I find if I have a couple of days of not being too hungry then I will feel hungrier the next couple of days and want heavier food like bread.
I've lost about 2 kg's so far (which is slower than I'd like) and my energy levels are in the toilet. What can I do to increase my energy levels because I want to stay eating vegan as I love it but need to feel well and have energy.........?
I'm still drinking coffee with soy milk and an artificial sweetener (will change this to stevia) is Coffee OK on a vegan diet. I'm sure I read somewhere on the website that it is .......?
Any suggestions pleaseCheers
Hi! Two kilograms lost (4.4 pounds) in under a month is actually quite a bit. Anything more could be too fast, reflecting water weight lost or non-permanent weight loss.
As for fatigue, the goal for you is to keep the high fiber choices up, therefore, keeping your blood sugars (energy levels) stable. Eating less at one time but more often may also help (so digestion is not taking up all your energy). So same amount of food but spread out throughout the day. Avoid eating too close to bedtime too. Digestion can disrupt sleep for some.
Coffe is fine! But I would avoid it close to bedtime as well. Anything that disturbs your sleep is no good for feeling well-rested.
And of course, enjoy lots of pure water too.
Susan Levin, MS, RDPCRM Director of Nutrition Education
watch the soy - it may/can interact with thyroid medications. I avoid 'bulk' soy like soy milk, tofu, tempeh, etc. (although fermented soy like tempeh in small amounts would probably be okay).
I would offer to make sure you're taking a B-12 supplement. You may want to check with your doctor too to look at bloodwork in case you need to adjust your thyroid medicine as well.
Also, using sugar could contribute to energy lows. If I feel low I try to have an apple or orange, that usually helps me. Good luck1
Also, using sugar could contribute to energy lows. If I feel low I try to have an apple or orange, that usually helps me. Good luck!
Sorry about the triple post. Jeez.
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FORT WALTON BEACH — One-year-old dachshund Nike looked perfectly content as he cuddled with his foster mom Katie Tener at an Adopt-a-thon at Petland on Saturday.
When he was passed to a prospective adopter, he sank into her arms as his eyes began to close for a nap.
Just moments before he had been tearing around and playing with the other dachshunds up for adoption.
"He's got little wings on his feet," Tener had said earlier.
Being able to run around has been a struggle for Nike. The pup was found covered in ticks as he hobbled around Pensacola favoringhis right back leg.
He's had four surgeries so far to repair a broken pelvis and two broken back legs. A recent visit to a veterinarian found a bullet in his right back leg that likely will remain there for life, Tener said.
"I don't understand how a dog who has been through so much could be so loving," she said.
Nike's story of abuse is not unusual to the group that has undertaken his care. Rescued Rescuers takes in dachshunds from all over the Emerald Coast. Most of them were facing euthanasia at shelters because of their medicals problems or simply a lack of space.
"We want the unwanted," Tener said. "We make them all better and shine them up. Sometimes they just need someone to scratch their ear and put the pieces back together."
Dawn Michael, the rescue's founder and director, said the area has a lot of dachshunds looking for homes. The rescue currently is caring for about 25 dachshunds.
"Dachshunds have huge personalities," Michael said. "They're very willful and stubborn little dogs. If you are not a conscientious owner, they will take over your house."
Instead of a central location, the rescue has a network of foster homes.
"A very patient person," is how Michael described a good foster parent. "Most of the dogs that come in have quirks and things to be worked with to make them suitable for a forever home. (They need) patience and a whole lot of love."
All of the money from donations and the adoption fees go straight to the dog's care, Michael said.
"There are so many dogs out there in need of a wonderful home," Michael said. "Please check into a rescue when you're looking into a furry friend for your home."
All the foster parents are volunteers. It's more than worth it, Tener said.
"You do it for the love of the dog," Tener said. "You don't do it for any other reason."
TO LEARN MORE: Visit Rescued Rescuers' website at www.werescuedogs.org or its Facebook page. Adopt-a-thons are held at Petland on Mary Esther Cut-Off the first Saturday of the month.
Daily News Staff Writer Lauren Delgado can be reached at 850-315-4445 or email@example.com. Follow her on Twitter @LaurenDnwfdn.


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Brad Buys Angelina a Shooting Range as a Wedding Gift!
When it comes to extravagant wedding gifts, Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie are well-versed in picking 'em. According to sources, Pitt has reportedly shelled out a whopping 250,000 pounds (that's around $397,200, folks) to buy his bride-to-be a romantic wedding present, a shooting range and armory. Ah, love.
The reasoning for the heart-felt gift? Apparently, Jolie finds shooting to be an "aphrodisiac." It all makes sense now, doesn't it?
But with a wedding gift, one would assume a wedding is not far off — but since the rumors of their supposed August nuptials (that never happened), we haven't heard a word about a date.
So, would you get your soon-to-be spouse a shooting range? Or even a gun? I could see getting my man a few days at a range, but nothing so over-the-top.
> Looking for more celebrity wedding dish — go here
> What we think Brad and Angelina's wedding will look like


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Receiving your refund
After our warehouse has received your return and verified that all of the conditions have been met, you will receive a confirmation e-mail.
Refund times depend on the payment method used when purchasing:
Refund times depend on the payment method used when purchasing:
- Credit or Debit Card: refund times will depend on the Card company's policies. We assure you that the currency date for the credit will coincide with the date of the original payment, therefore you will not be charged any interest fees
- Payment with PayPal: The refund will be visible within 24 hours from when you receive your confirmation e-mail. The PayPal option is available only for customers from Australia, Hong Kong, Singapore and South Korea.


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Mai Dive is as intimate and private a resort that you can find--accommodating between 8 to 12 people at any one time. Our Resort is a perfect place for that secluded getaway or honeymoon you've always dreamed of or the perfect place to bring your family and friends for a fun holiday when you book the Entire Resort Package.
Mai Dive has 2 standalone bungalows and 2 rooms in a large lodge configuration. All lodgings are absolute beachfront, just a few meters walk to the beach and the beautiful Astrolabe Reef. All rooms have mosquito screens on the windows, private bathroom and hot water shower, 24 hour 240 volt electricity, 1 queen bed, 1 single bed, and range of furnishings inside and out to make your stay very comfortable.
Standalone Beach Bures
Find your own slice of heaven with our absolute beach front bungalows.Read more...
Beachfront Lodge Bungalows
With the Lodge, you can bring your friends or your family and all stay under one roof -- or have one of the bungalow all to yourself.Read more...


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The following is an archive of a post made to our
'vox mailing list'
by one of its subscribers.
Since reinstalling my Debian system, and building a Linux desktop for
my dad, my love of KDE is renewed. I'm discovering that /nearly/ everything
I need to do, I can do with KDE applications. (Gimp and XChat are about the
only GNOME tools I'm using these days.)
I was wondering if people would be interested in a talk on KDE, and the suite
of software available in 3.2.x.
I'd cover things like KWallet, and its integration with other KDE apps
(like Konqueror browser, Kopete instant messenger, etc.), useful new(ish)
tools like the KGet download manager, the use of DCOP and kdialog to
script and interact with KDE apps and components, etc.
In other words, a semi-technical discussion showing that KDE is more
than just a 'bloated window manager,' but is in fact so much more.
(And if you've got the RAM and CPU horsepower, it's worth checking out!)
Are people interested? Or is this all old news, and I'm just
catching up with the rest of you? ;^)
I might be able to fill in the recently-vacated April meeting spot...
vox mailing list
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and serving the Sacramento area.
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For Immediate Release: November 23, 2011
The City of Alexandria Waterfront Committee will meet on Tuesday, November 29 at 4:30 p.m. to discuss the Waterfront Small Area Plan and the Citizens for an Alternative Alexandria Waterfront Plan Report. The meeting will be held in City Hall, Sister Cities Room 1101, 301 King St.
For additional information, contact Jack Browand, Acting Deputy Director, at 703.746.5504 or firstname.lastname@example.com.
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For Immediate Release: May 23, 2011
The tall ship Gloria will visit the City of Alexandria from Tuesday, May 24 to Wednesday, May 25. The vessel, first anchored off the City Marina, will offer free public tours on Tuesday, May 24 from 3 p.m. to 7 p.m., and on Wednesday, May 25 from noon to 4 p.m. at the Robinson Terminal South, located at 2 Duke St.
Gloria is the official flagship and sail-training ship of the Colombian Navy, and her home port is Cartagena. Built in 1968 as a sail-training ship in the Celeya shipyard in Spain, the Gloria is over 56 meters (257ft) long - one of the biggest tall ships still afloat.
For additional information, call the Department of Recreation, Parks and Cultural Activities at 703.746.4343.
Find neighborhood parks?
Start a small business?
Learn about new development?
Pay my taxes or parking citation?
Report fraud, waste and abuse?
Speak at a City Council meeting?
Apply for a marriage license?
Find information for retired City employees?
Get information about permits?
Search property and sales data?
Find visitor information?
Find volunteer opportunities?
Obtain and review public documents and records?
Find information about parking?
Learn more about Verizon FiOS?
1108 Jefferson St.
Alexandria, VA 22314703.746.4343Fax: 703.838.6344Email: Information
Office Hours
8 am - 5 pm
James B. Spengler


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Linda Platts 12/01/1998
Linda Platts 12/01/1998
By Linda E. Platts
J. Bishop Grewell 12/01/1998
By J. Bishop Grewell
Jane Shaw 12/01/1998
By Jane S. Shaw
Bruce Yandle 10/30/1998
"Bootleggers, Baptists, and Global Warming" explains that something similar is happening with the treaty negotiations over climate change. Baptists are the environmental groups, and bootleggers are the companies, trade associations, and nations that are seeking favors through the global warming...
A Summary
Linda Platts 09/01/1998
The EcoEnterprises Fund offers a new twist on venture capital by targeting environmentally responsible and conservation-minded businesses. The fund will invest an average of $100,000 to $200,000 in small start-up ventures in Latin America and the Caribbean.
Linda Platts 09/01/1998
Last spring, thousands of Brazilian free-tail bats found a home at the New York Mets training facility in Port St. Lucie, Fla. About the size of a man's thumb with a wingspread of four inches, these little fellows are harmless, but certainly not tidy.
Linda Platts 09/01/1998
As many midwestern farm families struggle to make a living off the land, the Jones family of Afton, Iowa, has found a new source of revenue growing in their pastures. For two summers, the family has been picking the flowers off the ragweed plants that flourish in their fields and corrals.
Linda Platts 09/01/1998
High above West Africa's Upper Guinean rain forest, tourists on gently swaying walkways stroll cautiously through the forest canopy. It is a nature experience still rare even in the realms of eco-tourism.


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Drama, Comedy, Romance
French director Roger Vadim pillages his own grave in this nominal re-make of his 1956 creamy sensation And God Created Woman -- the film that made Brigitte Bardot an international star. Unfortunately, he is unable to do the same thing for the cool and cryptic Rebecca DeMornay in this version. DeMornay plays an escaped convict who lands in the limousine of New Mexico gubernatorial candidate Frank Langella and seduces him. For some inexplicable reason, she turns into a hot singing act. DeMornay also seduces innocent stud carpenter Vincent Spano along the way and suckers the poor guy into marrying her so that she can get an early parole. But the joke is on him when she announces that their marriage does not include sexual relations.~ Paul Brenner, All Movie Guide
Rated R .
Visit the official site
Cast: Frank Langella, Donovan Leitch, Rebecca De Mornay, Vincent Spano, Judith Chapman
Produced by:
Directed by: Roger Vadim
Written by: R.J. Stewart
Running time: 1hr 34min
Opens: Jan 01, 1988


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I'm not a professional at all but bought a Canon Rebel T3i to capture life's moments. The color of my shots are way far off; ie., my sons navy blue and white baseball uniform comes out bright green and red and my walls painted green come out pink. I've read the manual and tried changing the ISO, picture quality, turned the flash on, off....to no avail. The color is even wrong on the LCD in liveview prior to shooting. Can anyone help? Thank you.
It sounds like your camera's color profile settings may have been screwed with. Canon cameras have a variety of Picture Styles that change the basic white point, saturation, and sharpening according to a few standards. You may also have a range of color temperature settings rated in Kelvins. It is also possible to directly adjust the color balance along blue/yellow and green/magenta axes, which can result in wildly incorrect color.
I would try to set your picture style back to Standard, if it is not already, and see if that fixes things. If that does not work, you might try the Neutral setting. If neither of those work, you will probably need to go into the menu under WB Shift/BKT, and see if you really do have some oddball color balance configuration. You can try resetting that, which should correct any wildly incorrect colors. If that still does not work, you might try resetting your entire camera.
If none of the options above work, then it sounds like something more serious is wrong, and you might need to take your camera in for repair. Canon technical support is astoundingly good, so you shouldn't have a problem getting the support you need. Just be ware it may not be free.
Colors cannot be wrong in the viewfinder on any DSLR which includes the Rebel T3i. This is simple physics in that light coming in through the lens is reflected to the viewfinder, so what you see is simply the light that is there. The only way that would not be the case is if you have a colored-filter attached to your lens.
When a picture is taken, the camera by default produces an image based on its Picture Style, Image Parameters applied to the current style and White-Balance. If you are seeing wrong colors every time, you probably screwed with those settings and I advise you Reset your camera from the setup menu. This will bring it to a default sensible state which should give reasonable output under general use.
For what is still wrong, you probably have a problem of Automatic White-Balance. This happens mostly under indoor lighting and when you have scenes dominated by certain colors. Outdoors should rarely be a problem. For example, if you shoot inside and your walls are brightly colored, the camera can give you really weird results. The easiest way to make this better is to select a WB Preset according to the type of lighting you have: Tungsten, Fluorescent, Shade (if not artificial lights are on), etc.
To get white-balance perfect you need to use the camera's Custom White-Balance function with a white-balance card (or other accessory) which is basically an object which is known to be perfectly white. The camera takes a measurement from that and you get colors looking well-balanced. You can even get decent results by using a plain white-sheet of paper.
When you got the camera reset and WB good, you can adjust the Picture Styles to your liking. There are a few styles to start from Standard, Vivid, Natural, etc (the exact list depends on your camera) and each can be adjusted in terms of Saturation, Contrast and possible other parameters (depending on the camera model).
For the exact buttons to press, please refer to the manual which came with your camera. Some camera come with a miniature paper manual in which case you will find the full manual on CD/DVD. Look-up the terms I mentioned and it will be clearly explained.
It does sound like the White Balance is the culprit. Press the Q button go to the WB menu and set it to auto if is something else. I don't think you are doing WB bracketing but you could check that also. Or you could reset the camera settings back to factory settings!
While cameras can feature effects and different shooting modes, it's always a good idea to reset the camera if you find you're getting odd results. This should be pretty easy to navigate on any camera. When you've done this, shoot in P (or program mode) and do some test shots.
If you're still getting stuff like:
It's either an LCD fault or a CCD/mainboard problem, does not sound like White Balance at all. A few things to check are:
Still could be either.
If colours are fine here, it's likely not the LCD.
If there isn't, 100% sensor (CCD) problem. If there is a difference, it's LCD or mainboard.
In either case you'll probably have to get it looked at if you've done all the assessing yourself.
The reason I dismissed WB at the start was because it mostly affects reds and blues. Green stays pretty neutral across the warm/cool WB spectrum. Also, "I have pink in my pictures" is a pretty clear indication it's the CCD.