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Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell, OM, FRS (18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970), was a British philosopher, historian, logician, mathematician, advocate for social reform, and pacifist. Although usually regarded as English, as he spent the majority of his life in England, he was born and raised in Wales.
A prolific writer, Russell was a populariser of philosophy and a commentator on a large variety of topics. Continuing a family tradition in political affairs, he was a prominent anti-war activist, championing free trade between nations and anti-imperialism. He wrote the essay "On Denoting" and was co-author (with Alfred North Whitehead) of Principia Mathematica, an attempt to ground mathematics on the laws of logic. Both works have had a considerable influence on logic, mathematics, set theory, linguistics and analytic philosophy.
Russell was born at the height of Britain's economic and political ascendancy. When he died almost a century later, the British Empire had all but vanished; its power had been dissipated by two world wars and its imperial system had been brought to an end. Among his post–Second World War political activities, Russell was a vigorous proponent of nuclear disarmament, antagonist to Soviet totalitarianism and an outspoken critic of the Vietnam War. Previously he had been imprisoned and deprived of his position at Trinity College, Cambridge because of his activity as a vigorous peace campaigner and opponent of conscription during the First World War. In 1920, Russell visited the emerging Soviet Union which subsequently met with his disapproval, but he also campaigned vigorously against Adolf Hitler in the 1930s.
In 1950, Russell was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, "in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought".
The Russells had been prominent in Britain for several centuries before this, coming to power and the peerage with the rise of the Tudor dynasty. They established themselves as one of Britain's leading Whig (Liberal) families, and participated in every great political event from the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1536-40 to the Glorious Revolution in 1688-89 to the Great Reform Act in 1832.
Russell's mother Katherine Louisa (1844 - 1874) was the daughter of Edward Stanley, 2nd Baron Stanley of Alderley, and was the sister of Rosalind Howard, Countess of Carlisle.
Russell's parents were quite radical for their times—Russell's father, Viscount Amberley, was an atheist and consented to his wife's affair with their children's tutor, the biologist Douglas Spalding. Both were early advocates of birth control at a time when this was considered scandalous.
John Stuart Mill, the Utilitarian philosopher, stood as Russell's godfather. Mill died the following year, but his writings had a great effect upon Russell's life.
The countess was from a Scottish Presbyterian family, and successfully petitioned a British court to set aside a provision in Amberley's will requiring the children to be raised as agnostics. Despite her religious conservatism, she held progressive views in other areas (accepting Darwinism and supporting Irish Home Rule), and her influence on Bertrand Russell's outlook on social justice and standing up for principle remained with him throughout his life — her favourite Bible verse, 'Thou shalt not follow a multitude to do evil' (Exodus 23:2), became his mantra. However, the atmosphere at Pembroke Lodge was one of frequent prayer, emotional repression and formality; Frank reacted to this with open rebellion, but the young Bertrand learned to hide his feelings.
Russell's adolescence was thus very lonely, and he often contemplated suicide. He remarked in his autobiography that his keenest interests were in sex, religion and mathematics, and that only the wish to know more mathematics kept him from suicide. He was educated at home by a series of tutors, and he spent countless hours in his grandfather's library.
His brother Frank introduced him to the work of Euclid, which transformed Russell's life.
Russell first met the American Quaker Alys Pearsall Smith when he was seventeen years old. He became a friend of the Pearsall Smith family—they knew him primarily as 'Lord John's grandson' and enjoyed showing him off—and travelled with them to the continent; it was in their company that Russell visited the Paris Exhibition of 1889 and was able to climb the Eiffel Tower soon after it was completed.
He soon fell in love with the puritanical, high-minded Alys, who was a graduate of Bryn Mawr College near Philadelphia, and, contrary to his grandmother's wishes, he married her on 13 December 1894. Their marriage began to fall apart in 1901 when it occurred to Russell, while he was out on his bicycle, that he no longer loved her. She asked him if he loved her and he replied that he didn't. Russell also disliked Alys's mother, finding her controlling and cruel. It was to be a hollow shell of a marriage and they finally divorced in 1921, after a lengthy period of separation. During this period, Russell had passionate (and often simultaneous) affairs with a number of women, including Lady Ottoline Morrell and the actress Lady Constance Malleson.
In 1905 he wrote the essay "On Denoting", which was published in the philosophical journal Mind. Russell became a fellow of the Royal Society in 1908. The first of three volumes of Principia Mathematica, written with Whitehead, was published in 1910, which, along with the earlier The Principles of Mathematics, soon made Russell world famous in his field. In 1911, he became acquainted with the Austrian engineering student Ludwig Wittgenstein, whom he viewed as a genius and a successor who would continue his work on logic. He spent hours dealing with Wittgenstein's various phobias and his frequent bouts of despair. The latter was often a drain on Russell's energy, but he continued to be fascinated by him and encouraged his academic development, including the publication of Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus in 1922.
Russell subsequently lectured in Beijing on philosophy for one year, accompanied by Dora. While in China, Russell became gravely ill with pneumonia, and incorrect reports of his death were published in the Japanese press. When the couple visited Japan on their return journey, Dora notified the world that "Mr. Bertrand Russell, having died according to the Japanese press, is unable to give interviews to Japanese journalists." The press were not amused and did not appreciate the sarcasm.
On the couple's return to England on 26 August 1921, Dora was six months pregnant, and Russell arranged a hasty divorce from Alys, marrying Dora six days after the divorce was finalised, on 27 September 1921. Their children were John Conrad Russell, 4th Earl Russell, born on 16 November 1921 and Katharine Jane Russell (now Lady Katharine Tait) born on 29 December 1923. Russell supported himself during this time by writing popular books explaining matters of physics, ethics, and education to the layman. Some scholars have suggested that at this point he had an affair with Vivien Eliot, wife of T. S. Eliot.
Together with Dora, he also founded the experimental Beacon Hill School in 1927. After he left the school in 1932, Dora continued it until 1943.
Upon the death of his elder brother Frank, in 1931, Russell became the 3rd Earl Russell. He once said that his title was primarily useful for securing hotel rooms.
Russell's marriage to Dora grew increasingly tenuous, and it reached a breaking point over her having two children with an American journalist, Griffin Barry. They separated in 1932 and finally divorced. On 18 January 1936, Russell married his third wife, an Oxford undergraduate named Patricia ("Peter") Spence, who had been his children's governess since the summer of 1930. Russell and Peter had one son, Conrad Sebastian Robert Russell, 5th Earl Russell, who became a prominent historian and one of the leading figures in the Liberal Democrat party.
In an exchange of letters in The Economist magazine in 2001, Nigel Lawson, the former British Chancellor, and Nicholas Griffin, of McMaster University, discussed a speech given in 1948 at Westminster School by the celebrated philosopher Bertrand Russell. In answer to a question from the audience, Bertrand Russell said that if the USSR's aggression continued, it would be morally worse to go to war after the USSR possessed an atomic bomb than before they possessed one, because if the USSR had no bomb the West's victory would come more swiftly and with fewer casualties than if there were atom bombs on both sides. To put this into context, only the USA possessed an atomic bomb at that time, and the USSR was pursuing an extremely aggressive policy towards the countries in Eastern Europe which it was absorbing into its sphere of influence. Many understood Russell's comments to mean that Russell approved of a first strike in a war with the USSR, including Lawson, who was present when Russell spoke. Others, including Griffin who obtained a transcript of the speech, have argued that he was merely explaining the usefulness of America's atomic arsenal in deterring the USSR from continuing its domination of Eastern Europe.
In the King's Birthday Honours of 9 June 1949, Russell was awarded the Order of Merit, and the following year he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. When he was given the Order of Merit, King George VI was affable but slightly embarrassed at decorating a former jailbird, saying that "You have sometimes behaved in a manner that would not do if otherwise adopted." Russell merely smiled, but afterwards claimed that the reply "That's right, just like your brother" immediately came to mind.
In 1952, Russell was divorced by Peter, with whom he had been very unhappy. Conrad, Russell's son by Peter, did not see his father between the time of the divorce and 1968 (at which time his decision to meet his father caused a permanent breach with his mother).
Russell married his fourth wife, Edith Finch, soon after the divorce, on 15 December 1952. They had known each other since 1925, and Edith had taught English at Bryn Mawr College near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, sharing a house for twenty years with Russell's old friend Lucy Donnelly. Edith remained with him until his death, and, by all accounts, their marriage was a happy, close, and loving one. Russell's eldest son, John, suffered from serious mental illness, which was the source of ongoing disputes between Russell and John's mother, Russell's former wife, Dora. John's wife Susan was also mentally ill, and eventually Russell and Edith became the legal guardians of their three daughters (two of whom were later diagnosed with schizophrenia).
On 31 January 1970, Russell issued a statement which condemned Israeli aggression in the Middle East and called for Israeli withdrawal from territory occupied in 1967. The statement said that:
The tragedy of the people of Palestine is that their country was "given" by a foreign power to another people for the creation of a new state. The result was that many hundreds of thousands of innocent people were made permanently homeless. With every new conflict their numbers increased. How much longer is the world willing to endure this spectacle of wanton cruelty? It is abundantly clear that the refugees have every right to the homeland from which they were driven, and the denial of this right is at the heart of the continuing conflict. No people anywhere in the world would accept being expelled en masse from their own country; how can anyone require the people of Palestine to accept a punishment which nobody else would tolerate? A permanent just settlement of the refugees in their homeland is an essential ingredient of any genuine settlement in the Middle East. We are frequently told that we must sympathise with Israel because of the suffering of the Jews in Europe at the hands of the Nazis. […] What Israel is doing today cannot be condoned, and to invoke the horrors of the past to justify those of the present is gross hypocrisy.|Bertrand Russell|31 January 1970This was Russell's final ever political statement or act. It was read out at the International Conference of Parliamentarians in Cairo on 3 February 1970, the day after his death.
The next day, 1 February, he spent at his home, Plas Penrhyn, in Penrhyndeudraeth, Merionethshire, Wales quietly. However, on the morning of 2 February Russell said he didn't feel well and remained in bed until just before noon. That evening, whilst reading, he suddenly fell ill. His wife and nurse, after calling his doctor, got him to bed and gave him oxygen, but it was to no avail. Russell died of influenza before the doctor arrived.
Upon his death, his peerage descended on his eldest son, John, Viscount Amberley, who thence became the fourth Earl.
Russell was cremated at Colwyn Bay on 5 February 1970. There was no religious ceremony, as Russell had dictated there shouldn't be in his will. His ashes were scattered over the Welsh mountains later that year.
Russell and Moore strove to eliminate what they saw as meaningless and incoherent assertions in philosophy. They sought clarity and precision in argument by the use of exact language and by breaking down philosophical propositions into their simplest grammatical components. Russell, in particular, saw formal logic and science as the principal tools of the philosopher. Indeed, unlike most philosophers who preceded him and his early contemporaries, Russell did not believe there was a separate method for philosophy. He believed that the main task of the philosopher was to illuminate the most general propositions about the world and to eliminate confusion. In particular, he wanted to end what he saw as the excesses of metaphysics. Russell adopted William of Ockham's principle against multiplying unnecessary entities, Occam's Razor, as a central part of the method of analysis.
Russell's first mathematical book, An Essay on the Foundations of Geometry, was published in 1897. This work was heavily influenced by Immanuel Kant. Russell soon realized that the conception it laid out would have made Albert Einstein's schema of space-time impossible, which he understood to be superior to his own system. Thenceforth, he rejected the entire Kantian program as it related to mathematics and geometry, and he maintained that his own earliest work on the subject was nearly without value.
Interested in the definition of number, Russell studied the work of George Boole, Georg Cantor, and Augustus De Morgan, while materials in the Bertrand Russell Archives at McMaster University include notes of his reading in algebraic logic by Charles S. Peirce and Ernst Schröder. He became convinced that the foundations of mathematics were to be found in logic, and following Gottlob Frege took an logicist approach in which logic was in turn based upon set theory. In 1900 he attended the first International Congress of Philosophy in Paris, where he became familiar with the work of the Italian mathematician, Giuseppe Peano. He mastered Peano's new symbolism and his set of axioms for arithmetic. Peano defined logically all of the terms of these axioms with the exception of 0, number, successor, and the singular term, the, which were the primitives of his system. Russell took it upon himself to find logical definitions for each of these. Between 1897 and 1903 he published several articles applying Peano's notation to the classical Boole-Schröder algebra of relations, among them On the Notion of Order, Sur la logique des relations avec les applications à la théorie des séries, and On Cardinal Numbers.
Russell eventually discovered that Gottlob Frege had independently arrived at equivalent definitions for 0, successor, and number, and the definition of number is now usually referred to as the Frege-Russell definition. It was largely Russell who brought Frege to the attention of the English-speaking world. He did this in 1903, when he published The Principles of Mathematics, in which the concept of class is inextricably tied to the definition of number. The appendix to this work detailed a paradox arising in Frege's application of second- and higher-order functions which took first-order functions as their arguments, and he offered his first effort to resolve what would henceforth come to be known as the Russell Paradox. Before writing Principles, Russell became aware of Cantor's proof that there was no greatest cardinal number, which Russell believed was mistaken. The Cantor Paradox in turn was shown (for example by Crossley) to be a special case of the Russell Paradox. This caused Russell to analyze classes, for it was known that given any number of elements, the number of classes they result in is greater than their number. This in turn led to the discovery of a very interesting class, namely, the class of all classes. It contains two kinds of classes: those classes that contain themselves, and those that do not. Consideration of this class led him to find a fatal flaw in the so-called principle of comprehension, which had been taken for granted by logicians of the time. He showed that it resulted in a contradiction, whereby Y is a member of Y, if and only if, Y is not a member of Y. This has become known as Russell's paradox, the solution to which he outlined in an appendix to Principles, and which he later developed into a complete theory, the Theory of types. Aside from exposing a major inconsistency in naive set theory, Russell's work led directly to the creation of modern axiomatic set theory. It also crippled Frege's project of reducing arithmetic to logic. The Theory of Types and much of Russell's subsequent work have also found practical applications with computer science and information technology.
Russell continued to defend logicism, the view that mathematics is in some important sense reducible to logic, and along with his former teacher, Alfred North Whitehead, wrote the monumental Principia Mathematica, an axiomatic system on which all of mathematics can be built. The first volume of the Principia was published in 1910, and is largely ascribed to Russell. More than any other single work, it established the specialty of mathematical or symbolic logic. Two more volumes were published, but their original plan to incorporate geometry in a fourth volume was never realized, and Russell never felt up to improving the original works, though he referenced new developments and problems in his preface to the second edition. Upon completing the Principia, three volumes of extraordinarily abstract and complex reasoning, Russell was exhausted, and he felt his intellectual faculties never fully recovered from the effort. Although the Principia did not fall prey to the paradoxes in Frege's approach, it was later proven by Kurt Gödel that neither Principia Mathematica, nor any other consistent system of primitive recursive arithmetic, could, within that system, determine that every proposition that could be formulated within that system was decidable, i.e. could decide whether that proposition or its negation was provable within the system (See: Gödel's incompleteness theorem).
Russell's last significant work in mathematics and logic, Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy, was written by hand while he was in jail for his anti-war activities during World War I. This was largely an explication of his previous work and its philosophical significance.
Perhaps Russell's most significant contribution to philosophy of language is his theory of descriptions, as presented in his seminal essay, On Denoting, first published in 1905 in the Mind philosophical journal, which the mathematician and philosopher Frank P. Ramsey described as "a paradigm of philosophy." The theory is normally illustrated using the phrase "the present King of France," as in "The present king of France is bald." What object is this proposition about, given that there is not, at present, a king of France? (Roughly the same problem would arise if there were two kings of France at present: which of them does "the king of France" denote?) Alexius Meinong had suggested that we must posit a realm of "nonexistent entities" that we can suppose we are referring to when we use expressions such as this; but this would be a strange theory, to say the least. Frege, employing his distinction between sense and reference, suggested that such sentences, although meaningful, were neither true nor false. But some such propositions, such as "If the present king of France is bald, then the present king of France has no hair on his head," seem not only truth-valuable but indeed obviously true.
The problem is general to what are called "definite descriptions." Normally this includes all terms beginning with "the," and sometimes includes names, like "Walter Scott." (This point is quite contentious: Russell sometimes thought that the latter terms shouldn't be called names at all, but only "disguised definite descriptions," but much subsequent work has treated them as altogether different things.) What is the "logical form" of definite descriptions: how, in Frege's terms, could we paraphrase them in order to show how the truth of the whole depends on the truths of the parts? Definite descriptions appear to be like names that by their very nature denote exactly one thing, neither more or less. What, then, are we to say about the proposition as a whole if one of its parts apparently isn't functioning correctly?
Russell's solution was, first of all, to analyze not the term alone but the entire proposition that contained a definite description. "The present king of France is bald," he then suggested, can be reworded to "There is an x such that x is a present king of France, nothing other than x is a present king of France, and x is bald." Russell claimed that each definite description in fact contains a claim of existence and a claim of uniqueness which give this appearance, but these can be broken apart and treated separately from the predication that is the obvious content of the proposition. The proposition as a whole then says three things about some object: the definite description contains two of them, and the rest of the sentence contains the other. If the object does not exist, or if it is not unique, then the whole sentence turns out to be false, not meaningless.
One of the major complaints against Russell's theory, due originally to Strawson, is that definite descriptions do not claim that their object exists, they merely presuppose that it does.
Wittgenstein, Russell's student, achieved considerable prominence in the philosophy of language after the posthumous publication of the Philosophical Investigations. In Russell's opinion, Wittgenstein's later work was misguided, and he decried its influence and that of its followers (especially members of the so-called "Oxford school" of ordinary language philosophy, whom he believed were promoting a kind of mysticism). However, Russell still held Wittgenstein and his early work in high regard, he thought of him as, "perhaps the most perfect example I have ever known of genius as traditionally conceived, passionate, profound, intense, and dominating." Russell's belief that philosophy's task is not limited to examining ordinary language is once again widely accepted in philosophy.
In his later philosophy, Russell subscribed to a kind of neutral monism, maintaining that the distinctions between the material and mental worlds, in the final analysis, were arbitrary, and that both can be reduced to a neutral property—a view similar to one held by the American philosopher/psychologist, William James, and one that was first formulated by Baruch Spinoza, whom Russell greatly admired. Instead of James' "pure experience," however, Russell characterised the stuff of our initial states of perception as "events," a stance which is curiously akin to his old teacher Whitehead's process philosophy.
The fact that Russell made science a central part of his method and of philosophy was instrumental in making the philosophy of science a full-blooded, separate branch of philosophy and an area in which subsequent philosophers specialised. Much of Russell's thinking about science is expressed in his 1914 book, Our Knowledge of the External World as a Field for Scientific Method in Philosophy. Among the several schools that were influenced by Russell were the logical positivists, particularly Rudolph Carnap, who maintained that the distinguishing feature of scientific propositions was their verifiability. This contrasted with the theory of Karl Popper, also greatly influenced by Russell, who believed that their importance rested in the fact that they were potentially falsifiable.
It is worth noting that outside of his strictly philosophical pursuits, Russell was always fascinated by science, particularly physics, and he even wrote several popular science books, The ABC of Atoms (1923) and The ABC of Relativity (1925).
Coupled with Russell's other doctrines, this influenced the logical positivists, who formulated the theory of emotivism or non-cognitivism, which states that ethical propositions (along with those of metaphysics) were essentially meaningless and nonsensical or, at best, little more than expressions of attitudes and preferences. Notwithstanding his influence on them, Russell himself did not construe ethical propositions as narrowly as the positivists, for he believed that ethical considerations are not only meaningful, but that they are a vital subject matter for civil discourse. Indeed, though Russell was often characterised as the patron saint of rationality, he agreed with Hume, who said that reason ought to be subordinate to ethical considerations.
In his 1949 speech, "Am I an Atheist or an Agnostic?", Russell expressed his difficulty over whether to call himself an atheist or an agnostic:
As a philosopher, if I were speaking to a purely philosophic audience I should say that I ought to describe myself as an Agnostic, because I do not think that there is a conclusive argument by which one can prove that there is not a God. On the other hand, if I am to convey the right impression to the ordinary man in the street I think that I ought to say that I am an Atheist, because, when I say that I cannot prove that there is not a God, I ought to add equally that I cannot prove that there are not the Homeric gods.|Bertrand Russell|Collected Papers, vol. 11, p. 91
Though he would later question God's existence, he fully accepted the ontological argument during his undergraduate years:
For two or three years…I was a Hegelian. I remember the exact moment during my fourth year [in 1894] when I became one. I had gone out to buy a tin of tobacco, and was going back with it along Trinity Lane, when I suddenly threw it up in the air and exclaimed: "Great God in Boots! -- the ontological argument is sound!"|Bertrand Russell|Autobiography of Bertrand Russell, pg. 60This quote has been used by many theologians over the years, such as by Louis Pojman in his Philosophy of Religion, who wish for readers to believe that even a well-known atheist-philosopher supported this particular argument for God's existence. However, elsewhere in his autobiography, Russell also mentions:
About two years later, I became convinced that there is no life after death, but I still believed in God, because the "First Cause" argument appeared to be irrefutable. At the age of eighteen, however, shortly before I went to Cambridge, I read Mill's Autobiography, where I found a sentence to the effect that his father taught him the question "Who made me?" cannot be answered, since it immediately suggests the further question "Who made God?" This led me to abandon the "First Cause" argument, and to become an atheist.|Bertrand Russell|Autobiography of Bertrand Russell, pg. 36
Russell made an influential analysis of the omphalos hypothesis enunciated by Philip Henry Gosse—that any argument suggesting that the world was created as if it were already in motion could just as easily make it a few minutes old as a few thousand years:
There is no logical impossibility in the hypothesis that the world sprang into being five minutes ago, exactly as it then was, with a population that "remembered" a wholly unreal past. There is no logically necessary connection between events at different times; therefore nothing that is happening now or will happen in the future can disprove the hypothesis that the world began five minutes ago.|Bertrand Russell|The Analysis of Mind, 1921, pp. 159–60; cf. Philosophy, Norton, 1927, p. 7, where Russell acknowledges Gosse's paternity of this anti-evolutionary argument.
As a young man, Russell had a decidedly religious bent, himself, as is evident in his early Platonism. He longed for eternal truths, as he makes clear in his famous essay, "A Free Man's Worship", widely regarded as a masterpiece of prose, but a work that Russell came to dislike. While he rejected the supernatural, he freely admitted that he yearned for a deeper meaning to life.
Russell's views on religion can be found in his popular book, Why I Am Not a Christian and Other Essays on Religion and Related Subjects. Its title essay was a talk given on 6 March 1927 at Battersea Town Hall, under the auspices of the South London Branch of the National Secular Society, UK, and published later that year as a pamphlet. The book also contains other essays in which Russell considers a number of logical arguments for the existence of God, including the first cause argument, the natural-law argument, the argument from design, and moral arguments. He also discusses specifics about Christian theology.
His conclusion:
Religion is based, I think, primarily and mainly upon fear. It is partly the terror of the unknown and partly, as I have said, the wish to feel that you have a kind of elder brother who will stand by you in all your troubles and disputes. […] A good world needs knowledge, kindliness, and courage; it does not need a regretful hankering after the past or a fettering of the free intelligence by the words uttered long ago by ignorant men.|Bertrand Russell|Why I Am Not a Christian and Other Essays on Religion and Related Subjects
Russell's influence on individual philosophers is singular, perhaps most notably in the case of Ludwig Wittgenstein, who was his student between 1911 and 1914.
Wittgenstein's own influence on Russell, for example, in leading him to conclude, much to his regret, that mathematical truths were purely tautological truths, is a matter of debate. What is certain is that in 1901 Russell's own reflections on the issues raised by the paradox that takes his name Russell's Paradox, formalised 30 years later by Kurt Gödel's 'Undecidability' Theorems, led him to doubt the certainty of mathematics. This doubt was perhaps Russell's most important 'influence' on mathematics, and was spread throughout the European universities, even as Russell himself laboured (with Alfred North Whitehead) in a futile attempt to solve the Paradox.
Russell wrote (in Portraits from Memory, 1956) of his reaction to Gödel's 'Theorems of Undecidability':
Evidence of Russell's influence on Wittgenstein can be seen throughout the Tractatus, which Russell was instrumental in having published. Russell also helped to secure Wittgenstein's doctorate and a faculty position at Cambridge, along with several fellowships along the way. However, as previously stated, he came to disagree with Wittgenstein's later linguistic and analytic approach to philosophy dismissing it as "trivial", while Wittgenstein came to think of Russell as "superficial and glib", particularly in his popular writings. Russell's influence is also evident in the work of Alfred J. Ayer, Rudolf Carnap, Alonzo Church, Kurt Gödel, David Kaplan, Saul Kripke, Karl Popper, W. V. Quine, John R. Searle, and a number of other philosophers and logicians.
Some see Russell's influence as mostly negative, primarily those who have criticized Russell's emphasis on science and logic. Russell often characterized his moral and political writings as lying outside the scope of philosophy, but Russell's admirers and detractors are often more acquainted with his pronouncements on social and political matters, or what some (e.g., biographer Ray Monk) have called his "journalism," than they are with his technical, philosophical work. There is a marked tendency to conflate these matters, and to judge Russell the philosopher on what he himself would certainly consider to be his non-philosophical opinions. Russell often cautioned people to make this distinction. Beginning in the 1920s, Russell wrote frequently for The Nation on changing morals, disarmament and literature. In 1965, he wrote that the magazine "...has been one of the few voices which has been heard on behalf of individual liberty and social justice consistently throughout its existence.
Russell left a large assortment of writing. From his adolescent years, he wrote about 3,000 words a day, with relatively few corrections; his first draft nearly always was his last, even on the most complex, technical matters. His previously unpublished work is an immense treasure trove, and scholars continue to gain new insights into Russell's thought.
Russell remained politically active to almost literally the end of his life, writing to and exhorting world leaders and lending his name to various causes. Some maintain that during his last few years he gave his youthful followers too much license and that they used his name for some outlandish purposes that a more attentive Russell would not have approved. There is evidence to show that he became aware of this when he fired his private secretary, Ralph Schoenman, then a young firebrand of the radical left.
Russell's activism against British participation in World War I led to fines, a loss of freedom of travel within Britain, and the non-renewal of his fellowship at Trinity College, Cambridge. He was attacked as a 'traitor' in the press, treated like a security risk by his own government, and many of his closest friends deserted him. He was eventually sentenced to prison in 1918 on the tenuous grounds that he had interfered in British Foreign Policy — he had argued that British workers should be wary of the United States Army, for it had experience in strike-breaking. He was released after serving six months, but was still closely supervised until the end of the war.
In 1943 Russell called his stance towards warfare "relative political pacifism"—he held that war was always a great evil, but in some particularly extreme circumstances (such as when Adolf Hitler threatened to take over Europe) it might be a lesser of multiple evils. In the years leading to World War II, he supported the policy of appeasement; but by 1940 he acknowledged that in order to preserve democracy, Hitler had to be defeated. This same reluctant value compromise was shared by his acquaintance A.A. Milne.
Russell was fairly consistently opposed to the continued existence of nuclear weapons from the time of their first use. However, on 20 November 1948, in a public speech at Westminster School, addressing a gathering arranged by the New Commonwealth, Russell shocked some observers with comments that seemed to suggest a preemptive nuclear strike on the Soviet Union might be justified. Russell apparently argued that the threat of war between the United States and the Soviet Union would enable the United States to force the Soviet Union to accept the Baruch Plan for international atomic energy control. (Earlier in the year he had written in the same vein to Walter W. Marseille.) Russell felt this plan "had very great merits and showed considerable generosity, when it is remembered that America still had an unbroken nuclear monopoly." (Has Man a Future?, 1961). However Nicholas Griffin of McMaster University, in his book The Selected Letters of Bertrand Russell: The Public Years, 1914-1970, has claimed (after obtaining a transcript of the speech) that Russell's wording implies he didn't advocate the actual use of the atom bomb, but merely its diplomatic use as a massive source of leverage over the actions of the Soviets. Griffin's interpretation was disputed by Nigel Lawson, the former British Chancellor, who was present at the speech, claims it was quite clear that Russell was advocating an actual First Strike. Whichever interpretation is correct, Russell later relented, instead arguing for mutual disarmament by the nuclear powers, possibly linked to some form of world government.
In 1955, Russell released the Russell-Einstein Manifesto, co-signed by Albert Einstein and nine other leading scientists and intellectuals, a document which led to the first of the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs in 1957. In 1958, Russell became the first president of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament. He resigned two years later when the CND would not support civil disobedience, and formed the Committee of 100. In September 1961 he was imprisoned for a week for inciting civil disobedience, when he took part in a huge ban-the-bomb demonstration at the Ministry of Defence but the sentence was quashed on account of his age.
During the Cuban Missile Crisis, Russell sent telegrams to Kennedy, Nikita Khrushchev, the UN Secretary-General U Thant and British prime minister Harold Macmillan, which may have helped to prevent further escalation and a possible nuclear war. Khrushchev replied with a long letter, published by the Russian news agency ITAR-TASS, which was mainly addressed to Kennedy and the Western world.
Increasingly concerned about the potential danger to humanity arising from nuclear weapons and other scientific discoveries, he also joined with Einstein, Robert Oppenheimer, Joseph Rotblat and other eminent scientists of the day to establish the World Academy of Art and Science which was formally constituted in 1960.
The Bertrand Russell Peace Foundation and its publishing imprint Spokesman Books began work in 1963 to carry forward Russell's work for peace, human rights and social justice. He began public opposition to US policy in Vietnam with a letter to the New York Times dated 28 March 1963. By the autumn of 1966, he had completed the manuscript ''War Crimes in Vietnam. Then, using the American justifications for the Nuremberg Trials, Russell, along with Jean-Paul Sartre, organised what he called an international War Crimes Tribunal, the Russell Tribunal.
Russell was an early critic of the official story in the assasination of John F. Kennedy; his "16 Questions on the Assassination" from 1964 is still considered a good summary of the apparent inconsistencies in that case.
Russell made a cameo appearance playing himself in the anti-war Bollywood film Aman which was released in India in 1967. This was Russell's only appearance in a feature film.
In the 1922 and 1923 general elections Russell stood as a Labour Party candidate in the Chelsea constituency, but only on the basis that he knew he was extremely unlikely to be elected in such a safe Conservative seat, and he was not on either occasion.
Politically, Russell envisioned a kind of benevolent, libertarian socialism, similar in some ways to, yet having important differences from, the conception promoted by the Fabian Society. He was strongly critical of Stalin's regime, and of the practices of states proclaiming Marxism and Communism generally. Russell was a consistent enthusiast for democracy and world government, and advocated the establishment of a democratic international government in some of the essays collected in In Praise of Idleness (1935), and also in Has Man a Future? (1961).
One who believes as I do, that free intellect is the chief engine of human progress, cannot but be fundamentally opposed to Bolshevism as much as to the Church of Rome. The hopes which inspire communism are, in the main, as admirable as those instilled by the Sermon on the Mount, but they are held as fanatically and are as likely to do as much harm.|Bertrand Russell|The Practice and Theory of Bolshevism, 1920, pg. 118
For my part, while I am as convinced a Socialist as the most ardent Marxian, I do not regard Socialism as a gospel of proletarian revenge, nor even, primarily, as a means of securing economic justice. I regard it primarily as an adjustment to machine production demanded by considerations of common sense, and calculated to increase the happiness, not only of proletarians, but of all except a tiny minority of the human race.|Bertrand Russell|"The Case for Socialism" (In Praise of Idleness, 1935, pg. 81)
Modern methods of production have given us the possibility of ease and security for all; we have chosen, instead, to have overwork for some and starvation for the others. Hitherto we have continued to be as energetic as we were before there were machines; in this we have been foolish, but there is no reason to go on being foolish for ever.|Bertrand Russell|In Praise of Idleness, 1935, pg. 15
Russell was also active within the Homosexual Law Reform Society, being one of the signatories of Anthony Edward Dyson's letter calling for a change in the law regarding homosexual practices, which were legalised in 1967, when Russell was still alive.
It is sometimes maintained that racial mixture is biologically undesirable. There is no evidence whatever for this view. Nor is there, apparently, any reason to think that Negroes are congenitally less intelligent than white people, but as to that it will be difficult to judge until they have equal scope and equally good social conditions.|Bertrand Russell|New Hopes for a Changing World (London: Allen & Unwin, 1951, p. 108)
Passages in some of his early writings support birth control. On 16 November 1922, for instance, he gave a lecture to the General Meeting of Dr. Marie Stopes's Society for Constructive Birth Control and Racial Progress on "Birth Control and International Relations," in which he described the importance of extending Western birth control worldwide; his remarks anticipated the population control movement of the 1960s and the role of the United Nations.
This policy may last some time, but in the end under it we shall have to give way--we are only putting off the evil day; the one real remedy is birth control, that is getting the people of the world to limit themselves to those numbers which they can keep upon their own soil… I do not see how we can hope permanently to be strong enough to keep the coloured races out; sooner or later they are bound to overflow, so the best we can do is to hope that those nations will see the wisdom of Birth Control…. We need a strong international authority.|"Lecture by the Hon. Bertrand Russell"|Birth Control News, vol 1, no. 8 (December 1922), p.2
Another passage from early editions of his book Marriage and Morals (1929), which Russell later clarified as referring only to the situation as resulting from environmental conditioning, and which he had removed from later editions, reads:
In extreme cases there can be little doubt of the superiority of one race to another…. There is no sound reason to regard negroes as on the average inferior to white men, although for work in the tropics they are indispensable, so that their extermination (apart from questions of humanity) would be highly undesirable.|Bertrand Russell|Marriage and Morals, pg. 266 (1929)
Russell later criticized eugenic programs for their vulnerability to corruption, and, in 1932, he condemned the "unwarranted assumption" that "Negroes are congenitally inferior to white men" (Education and the Social Order, Chap. 3).
Responding in 1964 to a correspondent's enquiry, "do you still consider the Negroes an inferior race, as you did when you wrote Marriage and Morals?", Russell replied:
I never held Negroes to be inherently inferior. The statement in Marriage and Morals refers to environmental conditioning. I have had it withdrawn from subsequent editions because it is clearly ambiguous.|Bertrand Russell|letter dated 17 March 1964 in Dear Bertrand Russell… a selection of his correspondence with the general public, 1950-1968. edited by Barry Feinberg and Ronald Kasrils.(London: Allen & Unwin, 1969, p. 146)
Note: This is a mere sampling, for Russell also wrote many pamphlets, introductions, articles and letters to the editor. His works also can be found in any number of anthologies and collections, perhaps most notably The Collected Papers of Bertrand Russell, which McMaster University began publishing in 1983. This collection of his shorter and previously unpublished works is now up to 16 volumes, and many more are forthcoming. An additional three volumes catalogue just his bibliography. The Russell Archives at McMaster University also have more than 30,000 letters that he wrote.
Additional References:
A. Russell
B. Secondary references:


text:
|This Asian Cucumber Salad with Cilantro and Vidalia Onions is something I've been making for years!
Asian Cucumber Salad with Cilantro and Vidalia Onions
(Makes 6 generous servings; recipe created by Kalyn and was inspired by thinly-sliced marinated cucumbers served with sushi.)
4 cucumbers, peeled in stripes, cut in half lengthwise, then into thick slices
1 large Vidalia onion or other sweet onion, peeled and cut into 1/4 inch thick slivers of onion
1 bunch cilantro washed and chopped just before using
Dressing Ingredients:
1 cup rice vinegar (don't use seasoned vinegar which contains sugar)
3 T Splenda, Stevia In the Raw Granular Sweetener, or sugar (Use Splenda or Stevia for South Beach Diet)
2 tsp. Asian sesame oil
2 tsp. garlic puree (also called ground garlic)
pinch hot pepper flakes (optional)
coarse ground black pepper to taste
Combine rice vinegar, Splenda or sugar, sesame oil, garlic, and hot pepper flakes (if using) and pour over cucumbers. Let marinate in refrigerator 2-3 hours. (You can leave it longer, but I prefer this when the cucumbers are still slightly crisp.)
Just before serving, wash, dry, and chop cilantro. (Don't be afraid to use some of the stem; it is considered a delicacy in parts of Asia.) Drain cucumbers and onions and combine with chopped cilantro, season with fresh ground pepper and serve.
This will keep in the refrigerator a day or two, but the vegetables won't be crisp. Of course this is best made with fresh-from-the-garden cucumbers, but if you only have from-the-store cucumbers, it's still pretty good!
South Beach Suggestions:
Nutritional Information?
I chose the South Beach Diet to manage my weight partly so I wouldn't have to count calories, carbs, points, or fat grams, but if you want nutritional information for a recipe, I recommend entering the recipe into Calorie Count, which will calculate it for you.
Cucumber Salad with Balsamic Dressing from Kalyn's Kitchen
Bulgur Salad with Tomatoes, Cucumbers, Parsley, Mint, and Lemon from Kalyn's Kitchen
Tomato, Cucumber, and Radish Salad with Yogurt and Tahini Dressing from Kalyn's Kitchen
Cucumber and Yogurt Salad Recipe with Feta and Dill from Kalyn's Kitchen
Tuna Salad with Sun-Dried Tomatoes, Cucumbers, Parsley, and Basil from Kalyn's Kitchen
Hungarian Cucumber Salad from Just a Taste
Indonesian Tofu, Bean Sprout, and Cucumber Salad with Spicy Peanut Dressing from Shiny Cooking
Estonian Cucumber Salad from Nami Nami
Greek Cucumber Salad from A Mad Tea Party
Melon and Cucumber Salad with Mint Vinaigrette from Alexandria's Kitchen
Flashback from the Past:
Blogger Disclosure:
Posts may include links to my affiliate account at Amazon.com, and Kalyn's Kitchen earns a few cents on the dollar if readers purchase the items I recommend, so thanks for supporting my blog when you shop at Amazon!

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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text:
A Message from the President
Enhancing Our Presence as a Valued Partner
We at Clarion have adapted quickly to change, seizing the ever-changing nature of the environment to identify opportunities and successfully transform ourselves from a manufacturer of in-vehicle devices to a provider of in-vehicle information solutions. With information increasingly becoming indispensable in people's daily lives, Clarion relentlessly pursues opportunities in the information field to enrich the lives of its customers by offering safe and secure in-vehicle access to information and entertainment. We plan to continue to grow in key areas that are even more deeply intertwined with the essential aspects of in-vehicle connectivity.
To achieve this, we intend to carry out structural reforms aimed at simultaneously strengthening our business base while laying the foundation for growth. And, we will forge ahead with initiatives to cultivate new product domains and become a truly global company with our eyes set on upcoming growth markets.
Fully understanding the characteristics of each market, we at Clarion will enhance our presence in the global markets as a trusted and valued partner, further enhancing our marketing and technological capabilities in order to perfect the interface between people, sound and information – which lies at the heart of Clarion's global product development initiatives – and strive to deliver the very best that we can offer to our customers.
We believe that our commitment and devotion to the 'We are Clarion' spirit and our drive to move forward together as one will enable us to be the trusted and loved corporate citizen that our customers would expect from a member of the Hitachi Group. And, as a result, we will grow to become an indispensable force within our industry and project a global corporate presence matched by no other.
From In-Vehicle Device Manufacturer to In-Vehicle Information Solution Provider
Clarion finds itself in a market environment undergoing drastic change. We will tackle the challenges presented by these rapidly changing market conditions while quickly adapting and evolving our business model. Clarion is evolving from an in-vehicle device manufacturer, to a company dedicated to connected in-vehicle navigation and multimedia systems with a growing focus on "Cloud-Based Information Network Services for Vehicles" (software and services), and Intelligent Safety systems with an increased awareness of security, safety and comfort.
Delivering value-added products and services that truly "connect" and enable our customers to access the various kinds of information and services they need in their daily lives, at anytime and in an optimized easy-to-use format provides solutions to enrich their lives safely and reliably.
Managing the information required by vehicles, people, and the environment in a cohesive manner, providing each of our customers with maximum value through safety and comfort. These are the things that Clarion will provide by simultaneously developing a comprehensive information management solution and optimized user interface, and linking the two together to provide uniquely appealing customer value. Furthermore, Clarion will continue to pursue the limitless potential of future innovation, including contributing to social infrastructure through energy management aiming to lessen the burden on the environment.
Activities of a Truly Global Corporation
Clarion divides its global operations into five regions, namely Japan, the Americas (North/Central/South America), Europe, China, and Asia/Oceania. Each region has its own overall administrative function, under which are the functions of marketing, development, production, and sales. We will continue to provide each and every region with the optimum products and services, by organically combining the respective geographical, customer and product functions.
Contributing to the Creation of a Sustainable Society
Global warming is one of the most critical environmental issues facing our planet, and its effects appear in ways that cross national boundaries, at an increasingly alarming pace. As the earth experiences abrupt environmental changes, and as we attempt to realize a sustainable, recycling-based society, the importance of environmental measures as a matter of corporate responsibility also grows.
At Clarion, these environmental issues are a key issue for management, and we are implementing the Clarion Environmental Management Plan on a global scale, while also promoting environmental management activities overseas. In keeping with our aspirations to be a "company that is truly liked and valued by society", global environmental considerations and activities such as these will be mission-critical to our enterprise.
To Our Stakeholders
To Our Customers, As society changes and technology continues to evolve, we will rapidly identify our customers' needs in order to provide unique products and services that incorporate the latest innovations. We are committed to our relentless pursuit of creating products and services that deliver true customer satisfaction and enrich their lives daily.
To Our Shareholders Clarion aims to transform itself into an even stronger company. We will practice continuous improvement and set ambitious goals in order to further develop our capabilities.
To Our Suppliers and Business Partners The entire Clarion Group is focused on "Cloud-Based Information Network Service for Vehicles" as a new keystone for our business, complementing in-vehicle information device. As changes in the market environment, globalization, and technological advances all contribute to the accelerated pace of change in the world we live in, we are acting as swiftly as possible to meet new challenges through an optimized corporate structure. Clarion will continue to think creatively at all times and act quickly.
To Our Employees Clarion will only thrive if each and every one of you shares the values of the Company and gives your very best. To make this possible, we will strive to create an environment in which you can feel, "I'm so proud to be a part of Clarion!"
Generating Synergies by Harnessing the Comprehensive Strengths of the Hitachi Group
As a member of the Hitachi group, Clarion generates synergies in a variety of situations.
We cooperate closely with Hitachi's Information & Telecommunication Systems Company, drawing on their abundant experience and technological know-how in IT platforms to provide the cloud-based vehicle information network service "Smart Access".
We are also working closely with Hitachi Automotive Systems, Ltd., which boasts a large market share in drive control systems, as we seek to create new value by combining vehicle information and Clarion's in-vehicle devices to provide our customers with an even safer and more secure driving experience.
Hitachi, Ltd. has highly advanced R&D facilities. By incorporating the results of Hitachi's advanced research into Clarion's products, including the image-recognition technology used in Intelligent Safety (camera compatible) products, we at Clarion have a clear advantage in terms of introducing world-class products in the fiercely competitive marketplace.


text:
Let me preface this by saying that the product now is a little more interesting than where it was a year or two ago. I watch RAW and SmackDown every week. I'm not someone that doesn't watch it and cries that it's PG that's ruining everything.
With that said, here are four things that I think are hurting the product. This is my opinion and it's not intended to reiterate what everyone
Hey Everyone. The Saviour here with another blog consisting of a fresh perspective and new stuff to read for everyone to enjoy.
Now, before I get started, I had an awesome thought. There might not be enough time to coordinate something like this, but I would like to get together with three or four of the best bloggers on here and do some sort of a round table debate. Sort of like the
Updated 03-10-2012 at 12:21 AM by DK Wrestling Savior
Hello blog readers! The title of the blog says it all really. I want to talk about John Cena and also my thoughts on his character! I'm going to give my honest opinion like always so here we go!
John Cena
John Cena,
Updated 03-09-2012 at 08:30 PM by Dubs
[COLOR=#333333][B][FONT=Verdana]Welcome to WBC(WrestlingBlogChallenge)This is the first Tournament in WBC History. Their might be a couple more with in a few days, whoever does win the whole Tournament will face WBC Champion Renevious in a Top 5 List Topic of their choice.
Today's topic is Top 5 Woman Wrestlers
[FONT=Verdana]JSullivan List[/FONT][/B]
Updated 03-09-2012 at 01:36 PM by MR Boss
Hey guys! Today I'm gonna try something a little different. I don't normally like to focus a blog on a single wrestler, but John Cena is pretty much in a category of his own so I think I can devote a blog to him. First of all let me start off by saying I am not a Cena fan and have not been since his days in thuganomics; that being said I will do my best to do him justice and be impartial in this blog
Yes Sir We Promised You A Great Event......
The Actual Jobbers:I've noticed over the last few years that you constantly have main-eventers or big stars jobbing to each other. It makes RAW interesting, but then you end up losing all of these huge opportunities for great matches in the future because we've already seen them. For example, Punk vs. Cena was a great angle last year, but in
TNA 8 March 2012
Show opens with a recap of Eric Bischoff and Ric Flair warning Garrett Bischoff not to show up next week (happened last week). Cut to a shot of Garrett driving up to the arena. How many people are surprised at this? How many people are tired of this storyline? (Raises hand.)
Show main arena with Eric, Ric and Gunner entering the ring to Flair's music.
(I know, this is a week old, but computer problems prevented me from getting this up in a timely fashion.)
TNA 1 March 2012
The show again opens with a recap of the events between Sting and Bobby Roode, leading up to Sting's announcement of the two having a match against each other Victory Road. Cut to Angle saying that he hates Jeff Hardy for so many reasons that he has
What's up www.ewrestlingnews.com community?
It's been a while since I've done this. I've been working long hours.
But anyway, I think it's time for another "Top 5".
In honor of WrestleMania season, I think I should give my "Top 5 WrestleMania Matches That Never Happened". So, let's begin.
05: Undertaker vs. Kurt Angle at WrestleMania
Hey guys Knox here. What happened to wrestling has been a huge debate as of late that I wanted to discuss on. Wrestling is failing right now because it honestly was meant to be a phase. Everyone knew something like this wouldn't be great forever and that's typically what happened. I'm going to give you some reasons why wrestling is failing and I'll also give my opinions on how to rebuild it but first
Updated 03-08-2012 at 08:00 PM by knox
© 2011 eWrestlingNews, All Rights Reserved.


text:
It is located in the upper watershed of the Chucunaque River, in a territory separated by the districts of Chepigana and Pinogana and the province of Darién. They inhabit three communities: Nurna, Wala and Morti.
How to arrive?
In summer months you can drive in a 4x4 car, but in winter you must go by boat.
What to bring?
- Water bottle
- Insect repellent
- Comfortable clothes
- Camera
- Observation of flora and fauna
Photo: www.pnuma.org


text:
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Description: Wilton Edible Decorations give you a fast and easy way to decorate your homemade pastries and desserts. Transform any simply baked goodie, into decorative designs that will showcase any special occasion or holiday. Batter Bits Colorburst Orange 1.5oz- Add bright bursts of edible color to the inside of cakes and cupcakes. Just fold into your mixed batter and bake! Use all one color or create your own creative color mix.
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text:
Ben throws; Batch still to startPosted by on November 27, 2012 – 12:20 pm
Steelers Coach Mike Tomlin was able to deliver some good news on the injury front with some players who have been battling injuries working their way back to playing.
Quarterback Ben Roethlisberger threw the ball on Monday and Tomlin said he "Will take steps towards playing this week. We'll leave the door open for him. He's got a chance." In addition Byron Leftwich threw some on Monday, but Tomlin made it clear that Charlie Batch is the starting quarterback at this point for Sunday's game against the Ravens at M&T Bank Stadium.
"Right now Charlie Batch is our quarterback," said Tomlin. "We are working offensively to put together a plan to complement his strengths. That is our plan until otherwise. These guys will be participating in some form or fashion. We'll let that participation or the result of the participation guide us in terms of their availability as we push to the later part of the week and see where those guys are a little later in the week. As we sit here today and we are preparing and putting together a plan we are doing so with Charlie Batch being our quarterback."
Receiver Antonio Brown is going to practice and at this point is scheduled to play against the Ravens. In addition, safety Troy Polamalu is expected to practice this week and could play on Sunday. Tackle Willie Colon, who missed the Browns game, is improving and may rest a little early in the week, but has a "strong chance" of playing. Receiver Jerricho Cotchery ran on Monday and is expected to be a partial participant in practice on Wednesday with as Tomlin said, "An eye toward playing."
"We are looking to get some guys back potentially but we are not going to hold our breath in that regard. We are going to continue to focus on reading the guys that are healthy and holding those guys to the standard that we are accustomed to, which is winning football."
Linebacker LaMarr Woodley is considered doubtful at this point with an ankle injury and if he can't play he will be replaced by Jason Worilds in the lineup. Tackle Mike Adams has been ruled out for Sunday with an ankle injury, and will be replaced by fellow rookie Kelvin Beachum.
Posted in News | 21 Comments »
21 Responses
to "Ben throws; Batch still to start"
By Steve on Nov 27, 2012 | Reply
We need Ben back in a big way,when he is on the field the team plays better.we need every one back,brown,polamalu,mendenhall,leftwich,The Steelers are the best team on the planet,lets show the league just how great you guys can be
By Mike Carrasco on Nov 27, 2012 | Reply
Charlie can do the job he was hired for but he can not do it alone. Ben is hurt he needs time to heel. The game was a fulke but the Coach has to act not just talk.
The Steelers can are Champs not has beens. Back Charlie up do not just drop him. He has done it before and he can do it again.
By Justin on Nov 27, 2012 | Reply
It's about time Tomlin is making the right choices and putting players in a position to win and play guys who are performing.. everyone has had there chance now let's get healthy and stack enough wins for the post season it would be nice to get the division but the focus now is to make the playoffs but get there healthy
By brian b on Nov 27, 2012 | Reply
charlie b is a journeyman QB, he needs some confidence though, he seemed unsure of himself a few times during last weeks game.
By jimmie on Nov 27, 2012 | Reply
with everyone getting healthy and back to the active roster we have a chance to run the table
By RON on Nov 27, 2012 | Reply
When Charlie Batch is throwing to Mike Wallace, deep, he's got to get the ball in the air in Two seconds instead of the four seconds he was in Cleveland. Wallace is faster than Charlie think he is. I heard Ben says that before, throw it and let Mike go get it. AND HE WILL.
By WSB on Nov 27, 2012 | Reply
My thought is, why didn't you game plan for Charlies strengths last week then? Seems like the Browns were being looked past when all they have done is play every team hard this year and lose close games. The Ravens are not playing well and winning close games right now. If Batch can't make the throws then don't ask him to. Short quick hitters 3 step snaps and catch the ball. I would rather see Charlie throw 50 times 5 yrds at a time then watch what we watched last week. Keep Dwyer on the field as well.
By Virginia on Nov 27, 2012 | Reply
Hurray we need Ben back as soon as possible well and ready to play some good football. We have really missed all the players that have been out but especially Ben. Good Luck on the Ravens game and all other games that have yet to be played.
By Craig on Nov 27, 2012 | Reply
Steeler fan for life: I'm challenging specific players, you know who you are, to step up and play the game of FOOTBALL. Rashard run for positive yards and quit dancing. It works for Dwyer. Wallace what is wrong with you? You showed so much potential and heart last year, if you're not happy, play your butt off and maybe another team will pick you up. You have lost your concentration and committment to being one of the best. It breaks your fans hearts to watch you play as a 20% player. All receivers should run routes with the intention of getting open and what I see is lazy lackadaisical efforts. I wish I got paid what receivers do and only had to give 100% for approx. 2 hours a week. Offensive line protect your quarterback. Willie and Max you are getting beat because your slow and need to put more into your physical conditioning. The offensive line needs to create holes and not stand up and create walls, you are getting beat by not playing your butts off. Mr. Haley we need to quit being so predictable…run,run, pass. Mix up plays as they are keying in on us , especially with Ben being out. It breaks my heart to know what the best team in football is capable of but not play to their potential. Make a name for yourself and BELIEVE.
By Steve on Nov 27, 2012 | Reply
This is a great team! Defense has been lights out! Please for God's sake catch the int! Chuck we believe in you! Remember we were the last seed in the wild ard and won the bowl. We can do it again. Mike stop worrying about getting hit across the middle. Plax has something to prove, throw it up and he will get or get flag. Stairway to Seven boys!
By Brian on Nov 27, 2012 | Reply
this is ridiculous!!!! STEELER NATION STAND UP!!!! MAN UP !!!!!! we can beat the RAVENS without Ben. He needs to heal. Besides, we cannot afford to mortgage the season on one game against the RAVENS. Even if we lose to the Ravens without Ben, we should be able to run the table with Ben over the last 4 games and make the playoffs!
By Calvin Wilson Jr. on Nov 27, 2012 | Reply
Coach Tomlin, Please pay attention to detail!! The Steelers have crazy speed at wideout! Use what u have! Some more quick slants and double drags with the speedsters will result in more huge plays. Wallace and Brown are blazing fast! Less of the wideout screens please. Whoever is qb must be willing to take some deep shots as well. I noticed that Baltimore really stretches the defense out better than us!! Flaco takes alot of deep shots. Best thing about throwing the ball very deep is that its just like a good punt if it gets picked off. Lets GO STEELERS!!!!!!
By Dave on Nov 27, 2012 | Reply
A gimpy Ben might get killed in Baltimore. They have a history of cheap shotting him, and if he's slow and can't protect himself, we could lose him for the rest of the year, instead of a few weeks. Let Charlie start, and keep the long throws to a minimum. He doesn't have enough arm strength to zip the ball in fast enough to avoid picks. And MAYBE we can hold on to the ball, and win one without BB.
By Ron on Nov 27, 2012 | Reply
The steelers need to pick up another QB in the draft to back up Ben. Charlie and leftwich are not getting the job done, we are losing games we should be winning.
By Matt on Nov 27, 2012 | Reply
Getting Ben back will be huge, but as long as he is HEALTHY!! There is no sense rushing him back to play Baltimore if he is still hurt. 10-6 will make the playoffs, and the division is pretty much out of reach, so let's be smart about when Ben comes back.
By anthony on Nov 27, 2012 | Reply
can't wait to see everyone healthy and back on the field playing
By chris vincent on Nov 27, 2012 | Reply
yes steelers are the best and they are strong they needed a game like this with browns to wake up the sleeping giant they will get there heads together and be there for the playoffs and watch out AFC here come the steelers
By southernsteelersfan on Nov 27, 2012 | Reply
You can't put that all on Batch!! Mike Wallace Hasn't been making a large number of the catches even when the ball was delivered!! The interception where Batch under-threw the ball to Wallace would have been caught by Heath Miller or Antonio Brown or any number of other receivers, but not Wallace!! All he wants to do is see how fast he can get down the field, but thinks he is beyond coming back to the ball!! Could take a hit if he comes back!! Oh!! He's Fast, but that means nothing if you don't make the catch!!
By southernsteelersfan on Nov 27, 2012 | Reply
Charlie may not throw as long as Ben but give the man more credit!! 2 of 4 INT's were bobbles that should have been catches!! And you can see my opinion of No Catch Wallace!!
By heidelberger12 on Nov 28, 2012 | Reply
If Batch starts, he needs to take 500 snaps at practice this week. I was very disappointed at his ability to throw the ball accurately, regardless of the distance
By alanrodgers1427 on Nov 28, 2012 | Reply
Sorry, comments for this entry are closed at this time.


text:
Posted the greatest receiving season in school history
with A&M records with 89 catches for 1,207 yards … earned second-team
All-Big 12 honors … also grabbed 11 touchdown catches, which ranks No.
2 in school history … had a school-record six 100-yard receiving games, including
a career-best 206 yards on 11 catches against Baylor … also posted
8-109 vs. SMU, 7-105 vs. Oklahoma State, 8-149 vs. Oklahoma, 9-137 vs.
Kansas, and 8-105 vs Northwestern … his 230-yard game ranked No. 5 in
school history … set another school record with four TD catches against
Baylor … led the team with 16 offensive plays of 20 yards or more (all receptions),
and had a team-high seven 20-yard plus TD plays … long TD catch of
the season was a 79-yarder against Oklahoma, and had a pair of 68-yard TD
receptions against Baylor.
Huge statistical season allowed him to break
Rod Bernstine's long-standing school record for receptions in a season …
his impressive statistical line was 72 catches for 825 yards with four touchdowns
while starting all 13 games, which broke the old record of 65 set by
Bernstine in 1986 … challenged the school record for catches in a game in
the season-opener when he posted 13 catches (for 106 yards) against SFA,
which tied for second-most in school history … had three 100 yard games
with 106 vs. SFA, 105 vs. Texas Tech and a career-high 136 vs. Oklahoma …
his long catch of the season was a crucial one for the Aggies when his 64-
yard TD catch iced the Aggies' win over Oklahoma … also contributed 58
yards on 11 carries and 87 kickoff return yards on five attempts.
True freshman appeared in all but the first game
of the year, primarily on special teams and as a backup wideout ... matched
a season high with four receptions (for 31 yards) in Independence Bowl vs
Georgia (12/28) ... very strong showing as kickoff returner against Texas
(11/26), totaling 180 yards on seven returns (25.7 average) with a high of
39 ... came on late in season, catching 10 passes for 108 yards over the last
four games ... season-best four catches for 38 yards against Baylor (11/21)
... made first career start at Colorado (11/7), totaling a season-high 39 yards
... hauled in first career touchdown pass in win over UAB (9/26) ... 10 of 19
receptions on the year (53 percent) went for first downs or touchdowns ...
also made three tackles on special teams.
Coached by Derek Long at Westlake High School in Austin
... Earned All-State honors as a running back by both the AP and TSWA as
a senior … also earned All-State honors as a kick returner (TSWA) … named
the 25-5A Offensive MVP … as a sophomore ran for 262 yards and five
touchdowns on only 30 carries … also recorded 39 tackles and intercepted
two passes … as a junior ran for 1,336 yards and 14 touchdowns … also contributed
23 receptions for 539 yards and seven touchdowns and returned
a kickoff for a touchdown … as a senior ran for 1,826 yards and 27 touchdowns
to go along with 21 catches for 443 yards and four touchdowns …
named Region 4 Player of the Week after rushing for 175 yards and four
touchdowns and catching five passes for 76 yards and a score in win over
Austin Bowie … Austin American-Statesman Texas Fab 55 … Maroon and
White Report Texas Top 35 … placed 5th at the 5A State track meet as a
junior with a time of 10.7 in the 100 meters … was also a regional qualifer
in the 200 with a clocking of 21.93.
Ryan Swope is the son of Paul and Louise Swope ... chose
the Aggies over Texas Tech ... born September 20, 1990 ... brother, Louie, is
a defensive back on the Aggie football team ... also has two sisters, Regan
and Hannah ... university studies with an emphasis on agriculture and life
sciences major.


text:
Internet Access in Norway industry profile provides top-line qualitative and quantitative summary information including: market size (value and volume 2008-12, and forecast to 2017). The profile also contains descriptions of the leading players including key financial metrics and analysis of competitive pressures within the market.
Essential resource for top-line data and analysis covering the Norway internet access market. Includes market size data, textual and graphical analysis of market growth trends, leading companies and macroeconomic information.
The internet access sector consists of the total revenues generated by Internet Service Providers (ISPs) from the provision of narrowband and broadband Internet connections through both consumer and corporate channels. Revenues generated by ISPs from other Internet related services are not included in this report. Market volumes
Author:Mike Kinge-mailWeb: www.companiesandmarkets.comPhone: London: +44 (0) 203 086 8600


text:
Why is this so illegal when abortion is legal? What difference does life make in or out of the womb (double standards)
If she would have had an abortion it would be an A-OKAY, but she had the baby and kills it and it's now murder.
I personally think both should be murder, but I find it
That murder is now considered to be a woman's right because of selfish reasons.
I love the women's rights movement because they need them, and they should be respected and they should have
the same rights as men, because otherwise it's a double standard, but murder should not be a right anywhere in this country
for anything in this country.
But hey, maybe some day that murder will be fine no matter what and we will all be just holding society back with our old fashioned
morals and values.
Why am I tying abortion into this post, because it's both related and ironic.


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Drug Policy Alliance Blog
When Amendment 64 legalized marijuana in Colorado in 2012, local marijuana enthusiasts, activists, and pretty much everyone with a past marijuana-related criminal conviction were elated at the thought that such reform could... Read More
I manage the Drug Policy Alliance's social media, and when I see the Office of National Drug Control Policy (the drug czar's office) repeatedly using the #DrugPolicyReform hashtag it makes me wonder what they... Read More
Recently, an article in Nature, a weekly international science journal, created quite a stir in the addiction community. The article framed addiction as a brain disease. In response, 94 academics, scientists and policy... Read More
Nation's Leading Public Health Organization Calls for Drug Decriminalization as Part of Major Overhaul to U.S. Drug Policy
The leading public health organization in the country recently unveiled a clear and comprehensive exit strategy for the failed war on drugs. With little fanfare, the American Public Health Association adopted a sweeping... Read More
Today, overdose prevention advocates and drug policy reformers are feeling some wind beneath their wings, as a result of a statement by U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder encouraging expanded access to the overdose reversal... Read More
Michelle Alexander: "It's not enough to end the drug war. We must also repair the harms caused by it."
Earlier today, Michelle Alexander, author of the best-selling The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness joined the Drug Policy Alliance's asha bandele for a discussion of the book's impact... Read More
Congress may still be a few steps behind the voters when it comes to marijuana law reform but our nation's capital just passed one of the most far-reaching marijuana decriminalization laws in the country. The D.C.... Read More
Everything You Need to Know About Marijuana Legalization, the Drug War, and the Future of Drug Policy
Our phones are ringing off the hook these days at the Drug Policy Alliance. All sorts of people, from all sorts of backgrounds – members of the media, elected officials, academics, faith leaders, and many others... Read More
Nearly two months since the historic start of recreational marijuana sales in Colorado, the state is getting its first glimpse at the resulting tax revenue. Projections for the first full year of sales are more than a... Read More
Dismantling the catastrophic drug war is finally on the horizon, and mainstream civil rights organizations are playing a central role in that struggle. As Michelle Alexander has framed in agonizing detail, many if not most... Read More


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Robert Best Sketch #2
Release Date: 8/8/2013
Product Code: CBF27
Elevate your home décor with limited edition silk screen prints featuring stunning Barbie® doll fashion illustrations. Robert Best Sketch #2 perfectly captures a charming moment of fashion decision. Hang it alone or group with others for added impact.
Each sold separately, frames not included. Print measures 12"W x14"H. Each limited edition print is numbered and includes a certificate of authenticity.


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