text:
The entire purpose of doing this is to get some of the facts that people might not know from different resources and put them all together in a thread. I wanted to break through all of the confusion and people lacking knowledge about the Xbox one.
FAMILY SHARING (not available at launch)
- Family Sharing does not have to be blood relatives (two people on the family plan can single player portion at
the same time, other people can play concurrently)
- Share a game's DLC with family members
- Buy it once and two people can play the game concurrently
- No time limit on playing or sharing the games
NOTE: A lot of people think this feature among others have been cancelled, this is incorrect. It has
been delayed. You most likely will see this feature in 2014.
- One Gold account subscription needed per entire Xbox. Sub accounts only need one Xbox Gold account for the entire Xbox.
Q: What is Upload
A: Upload* is a new gaming and entertainment experience in Xbox One that, by making use of our Game DVR functionality, enables users to show off many of their greatest gaming moments in their own personal way. With Upload, users not only get a powerful, easy to use video editing tool, the Upload Studio, but also a destination where users can access their own content and see what others have created.
*Available with supported games
Q: What kinds of editing features does Upload Studio have
A: Upload Studio allows you to personalize your video clips using a suite of editing tools, including clipping, voice over, slow motion, picture in picture, skins, bookends, some music and others. Players will also be able to choose from a selection of editing templates available to them in Upload Studio.
Q: What is Twitch on Xbox One?
A: With our exclusive partnership with Twitch, you can broadcast your Game DVR highlights to all corners of the globe, instantly stream your gameplay on Twitch, one of the world's largest platforms for the live streaming of games and game highlights.
This is an example of the current UI using the American Football NFL, but it could be anything really.
Taken from the Xbox One FAQ
We are making the new system more personal, putting you at the center of all your games, TV and entertainment. To do so, Xbox One leverages your natural identity while continuing to have avatars as an important part of your identity. We will share more in the coming months.
NOTE: In Kinect Sports Rivals for Xbox One it uses your likeness by scanning your body and putting you in your game in a more stylized way.
Taken from the Xbox One FAQ
Q: Are you able to personalize the dashboard, per person?
A: Yes. Xbox One understands the unique likes and interests of each person in your family and will serve up relative content including TV, games, music and movies. You will also have frequent updates with live tiles on Skype to view messages and incoming calls.
This is a screenshot of the regular dashboard of Xbox One...
Notice there are titles for each section allowing you to use voice to navigate or to select items.
This, more than anything, is the Xbox One's killer app: instant access to all the entertainment services you already use, and true multitasking. Skype calls while you're playing a game? Sure. The Kinect already uses a combination of noise- and echo-cancellation and waveform "beam steering" to hear you over the sounds of anything you're playing and watching, so you won't even have to raise your voice above normal conversational levels.
XBOX ONE OSes
13:00 - 15:10
One OS is dedicated towards gaming specifically and only runs one game at a time, the other OS uses the Windows 8 Kernel. Both are switched on the fly using Virtual Machine technology. Both OS Virtual Machines are available at boot and are always available. Match making session can be used the in the background as an application to wait for your friends to get online.
Dave Cutler worked on the (Hyper-V) Virtual Machine part of Xbox One's OS. For those that don't know he is an originator and innovator on building one of the first Operating Systems.
16:32 - 17:25
Swapping between game and TV/Video/OS. Display Planes swap which one can be displayed instantly as they are both running at the same time.
You walk into your room and say "Xbox on," the Kinect sensor hears you and turns on your entire setup via infrared blast: TV, Xbox One, even your cable box.
- Latest out-of -order 64-bit (including nested paged table support for Virtual Machines) CPU processor which
is more efficient than that of Xbox 360's Power PC
- The GPU can multitask using several rendering and compute threads (including A.I. collision detection)
32:25 - 32:57
- Partially Resident Textures (PRT) is a feature in hardware uses the GPU. Save gigabytes of memory, by
not having to have all of the data loaded all of the time. The GPU can make the decision on what is
needed. This technology can help create huge dynamic worlds.
Note: This technology was used by John Carmack, but now it's a dedicated feature in hardware.
32:57 - 33:09
- LZ-77 Move engines to work behind the scenes (background threads) for hardware
compression & decompression on the fly. Which is really important with working with data from and
to the cloud.
NOTE: Make no mistake this is HUGE. It allows the Xbox One hardware to decompress assets from
the cloud on the fly in hardware and inject directly and instantly into the memory for the GPU. A
cloud based game can change on the fly either by code or assets.
- Dynamic Voltage Scaling which allows you to scale based on what the console needs.
- Has switches in silicon that allows you to turn off cores at will.
27:47 - 28:16
- 4K, 3-D, and 7.1 surround all supported for HDMI-IN and HDMI-OUT.
- Consumer electronics control so you can turn on the TV and other consumer electronics hardware as well.
NOTE: Both Sony's PS4 and Microsoft's XBOX ONE will ONLY have HDMI for video.
05:25 - 05:41
Two 802.11 a/b/g/n Radios (one for a dedicated connection to your router and the other dedicated to send to your controller, Smart Glass, or other device)
Multiple power states. One low-end state that basically listens for the word "Xbox On". The power consumption of the Xbox One changes based on what you need in game and media. It can turn off cores and the entire system is dynamic when it comes to power use (wake on LAN).
This feature allows you to play TV / Play Xbox one games / Play Music / Play Bluray movies without changing the Input on your TV. This is huge because it makes gaming even more convenient. Then you can use your voice to play a movie, play any game, search on the console or to play music without any work on your part except using your voice.
Q: Do I need to have a specific cable or satellite TV provider to watch live TV on Xbox One?
A: Our goal is to enable live TV through Xbox One in every way that it is delivered throughout the world, whether that's television service providers, over the air or over the Internet, or HDMI-in via a set top box (as is the case with many providers in the US). The delivery of TV is complex and we are working through the many technologies and policies around the world to make live TV available to all markets where Xbox One is available.
Q: Will Microsoft be working with local broadcasters to retrieve the program schedules shown in the OneGuide?
A: Information that appears in the OneGuide has been created and licensed by Xbox, and works in conjunction with video services that consumers subscribe to from cable and satellite companies. Our goal is to ensure that information in the OneGuide accurately reflects local programming in any region where OneGuide is available.
Q: How will you deliver live TV in Europe and the rest of the world?
A: Consumers around the globe access live TV in their homes a number of different ways. We're focused on delivering TV integration solutions that complement existing consumer setups starting first with HDMI pass-through. We'll continue to explore options for adding more TV experiences over time. Microsoft is committed to bringing live TV through various solutions to all the markets where the new Xbox will be available, but we have nothing further to announce at this time.
08:21 - 10:16
- Kinect completely designed from the ground up
- Uses Time Of Flight technology (TOF) which is more expensive and more accurate.
- Field of View is 60 percent better
- Can recognize up to 6 skeletons at once
- Getting closer for taller people (Todd can get 3 feet away and he is 6'4)
- Allows the sensor to be used in smaller rooms
- Depth quality is better (minimum object size is 2 1/2 times better)
- Fingers and hands can be used better tracked now
- Biometric features (Can recognize facial expressions and tell if you are looking away from the sensor.
- Kinect allows developers to not have to worry about Identification and it frees the hardware from processing.
- Kinect Privacy concerns taken care of. http://news.xbox.com/2013/06/privacy
- Active IR with the TOF sensor can see in low light and helps using Identification. Active IR can also help
with expressions.
From the Xbox One FAQ:
Q: Are there playspace requirements for the new Kinect?
A: The new Kinect offers a 60 percent increase in field of view, which enables a wider play space, the ability to play closer to
the sensor and better tracking of players of a variety of heights in a wide variety of living room environment from large
western living rooms, to smaller spaces typical Europe and Asia.
Q: Are the two buttons in the middle of the controller still the back and start buttons, or do they have different functionality?
A: The two buttons in the middle of the Wireless Controller are Menu and View buttons. The Menu button (on the right) will bring up context-specific menus, which game and app developers can design to enhance the user experience. The Menu button could also be used in scenarios such as bringing up in-game menus, showing video playback options, and accessing commands on the console's user interface. The View button (on the left) will change views or provide more information in games and apps. The function of the View button will be driven by developers. Possible uses of the View button include viewing a map during a role playing game, displaying a leaderboard in a first person shooter, and enhancing the navigation of the console's user interface.
Q: Will you offer wired controllers for LAN parties and other scenarios where multiple consoles are in close proximity? (If not, why not?)
A: When the Wireless Controller is plugged into the console using a USB to Micro-USB cable, the wireless radio is disabled and wireless controller will function as a wired controller. Communication and power will run through the cable.
Q: How many controllers can be used with the new system simultaneously?
A: If you connect just Wireless Controllers with no add-ons such as Chat Headsets, you can connect at least eight controllers simultaneously.
Q: Can I take this controller to my friend's house and pair it with his/her console as well?
A: Yes, the Wireless Controller can work on any Xbox One console. Controllers that come with the console are preset at the factory to work with that particular console. To pair the controller with a new console, simply make sure both your controller and console are on and press the console's power button. If necessary, press the enrollment button on the front of your controller.
Seamless Connectivity – Each controller uses a combination of invisible reflective technology and LEDs to send a patterned infrared signal to your console and Kinect sensor. Not only does this make pairing the devices seamless, but it enables Kinect to associate the controller with whoever is holding it. This introduces innovative experiences, such as player switching, where a split screen display can swap positions on the TV if users change seats on the couch.
Low Power State – If you're watching a movie or need to step away from the TV, the controller enters a low power state that conserves your battery. The moment you pick it up again, it will be ready for use without having to resynch with the console.
Richer SmartGlass Experiences: Xbox SmartGlass for Xbox One allows you to turn your console on and off, adjust volume, manage your TV set-top box and Blu-ray, and integrates with Xbox One so you can search the programming guide without interrupting your current activity. Xbox SmartGlass also gives you full control over your game to start a game, launch multiplayer, view achievements, see real-time progress updates during gameplay, receive in-game tips, purchase Add-ons and more.
- Battlefield 4 by EA : 1080p at 60 FPS is being targeted on Xbox One, and also 64 players in
multiplayer (Sounds like Battlefield 4 is using some server features exclusively from Microsoft).
This is an Xbox One / PS4 Launch title.
Can EA get Battlefield 4 up to 60 Frames per second on the PS4? I would seriously doubt this as they
specifically state Xbox One. They would have added "PS4" or "both consoles", but they didn't for a reason.
- Quantum Break game footage was in engine of the game. The graphics were real-time.
Bonnie Ross - Head of 343 Industries
http://www.youtube.c...h?v=fSXicnwHgss (1:19:02 - 1:32:00)
- Halo 5 : "A new Halo FPS for a new generation of hardware will take FULL advantage of the power and
flexibility of Xbox One. A Halo engine enhanced by the power of cloud computing, dedicated servers,
and for the first time on console a Halo experience that runs at a blistering 60 frames per second. 1n 2014
Halo combat will truly evolve and your journey with Halo on Xbox one begins."
http://majornelson.c...ox-one-updates/ (MP3 - 00:19:26 - 00:20:00)
- Plants Verses Zombies : Garden Warfare - Xbox One Exclusive on the Frostbite 3 Engine
http://majornelson.c...ox-one-updates/ (MP3 - 00:38:03 - 00:38:33)
- Project Spark on Xbox One will be FREE :-)
- Ryse: Son of Rome - E3 Interview with James Goddard (Senior Designer for Ryse : Son of Rome)
Does not have QTE (Quick Time Events) 2:25 - 4:15
Another confirmation about Ryse not having QTE (04:30 - 06:25)
Xbox One multiplayer games have dedicated servers up to 128 players at once.
Dan Greenwald - Creative Director at Turn 10 (13 years at Microsoft Xbox group)
03:45 - 04:13
Much more powerful box that can do things that couldn't be done before, but also is connected to the cloud to offload processing, processing that you can't do on the box today. You can move things such as physics, A.I., worlds, rending capabilities to the cloud so this box can evolve.
Boyd Multerer - Partner Director of Development (ISS Console Development Management)
15:40 - 16:30
Next generation isn't just about having transistors local, it's also about having transistors in the Cloud.
There is latency sensitive code in games and non-latency sensitive code in a game. The non-latency code can be run on the servers in the cloud, the latency sensitive code can run on the local Xbox One Machine.
Next generation is about change. It frees up local resources on the Xbox One machine and over time the games can get more powerful.
Achievements can be dynamic and change over time. Game worlds can be dynamic and change over time as well via the Cloud.
If you still are laughing this off as some kind of marketing, then you need to watch this video about Microsoft Azure Data Centers.
Also, if you still don't believe this you can look to a third party "Respawn Entertainment" and they tell you in detail about the cloud servers and what they do.
Hideo Kojima from Konami - Server Processing interacting with dynamic worlds via the Server.
So MGS V has been announced for next-gen consoles. How will the new machines change the series?
For MGSV it's definitely the multiple device support and the interactions between handhelds such as smart phones and tablets, which you can use to interact with the world. And for us we also want to see what we can do with the cloud in the future.
That's why we did an open-world, because we thought about all of these interactions on multiple devices, with the power to interact with the MGSV world. We'd like to see how that moves in a social direction as well.
Interview with Ted Price of Insomniac
"The potential of the cloud for console developers is pretty large," he stated. "Over the next five or six years, it's one of those technologies that will change in meaning as we see more games come out and take innovative approach to the more and more offline processing that's available."
Microsoft is using dedicated servers for almost every first party title. The cloud aspect is far deeper than this though. Because the word "Cloud" sounds like marketing garbage, most people dismiss it and laugh it off. In this case though it is not marketing, this is real and it's not just dedicated servers, that part is fully true, but the servers can do more than just dedicated servers. Microsoft's own use of "The Cloud" includes entire Application Programming Interfaces or (APIs) that can be updated on-the-fly from Microsoft and can do the following things....
1) Dedicated servers for online multiplayer games that can be used for Xbox One games. The norm will
probably be 64 players per server at once, but can scale up to 128 players per server at one time. This is a
much, much, much better solution than peer-to-peer. If you want to know the details you can look at the
"Respawn" link above about how dedicated servers work and why they are better than peer-to-peer.
2) These servers can also be used for storage for each member on Xbox Live (including stats, avatars, settings,
game saves, achievements, friends list, etc..). The Xbox One was built for this and it is why you have to
have your console connected to the Internet the first time you use it.
3) Game Analytics allows developers to track what the gamers are doing in their games so that they can have
dynamic achievements and also change the dynamics of the graphical world on-the-fly. This not a
privacy issue anymore than web site statistics.
4) Offloading processes to servers meaning that you can have more detail with a higher frame rate. This last
option is rather interesting because this processing is completely scalable over time. Until this point in time
consoles would get better over time when the processes and API's would get better and when the developers
understood the hardware. This happens every generation, but now developers can scale beyond the console
itself and augment this with server help which can make the games better beyond the static environment of
the console.
Microsoft has built this not as an answer to why their GPU isn't as powerful as Sony's which is true, but because that is what they wanted to drive home a difference between their console and Sony's. It is a technology that is scalable over time. Sony didn't have any answer to server based games until they bought out Gaikai which is going to require significantly more bandwidth to scale out to 720p and 1080p (the longer you play the games, the more bandwidth you are going to use for HD, as it is streaming video) and won't offer games to be changed dynamically.
You will notice that in the hardware section that Microsoft built hardware compression/decompression for content coming from the server and then allows it to be injected directly into the GPU's memory. This is huge, add in buffering and low hops on the dedicated servers and you can start to see how server processing can help build dynamic worlds. So, this saves on bandwidth and speed of the content downloaded from the server.
Many people dismissing "The Cloud" abilities are going to be really surprised over the next five years as this will evolve over time and many games that are expected to do only 30 frames per second will do 60. That is one thing that Microsoft has over Sony at the moment. This is why I believe Halo for Xbox One will be 1080p and 60 frames per second because the processing is offloaded on the server and this allows the game to be run at faster speeds, if Microsoft can get third parties on this, Sony could have a hard time with the same game going 30 frames per second.
Nancy Tellem - Head of Xbox Entertainment Studios
Worked for CBS and Waner Bros. on the CSI Franchise, and Survivor
041:07 - 043:22
"Xbox is expanding the canvas and conceding a whole new art form for the creator, for the viewer, for the
community, and for the industry. Until now the Television view experience has been a one way street for the
viewer, but now that is about to change. TV on Xbox will immerse you enabling you to virtually jump into
the action whenever you desire. For the first time ever, TV will truly be personalized to your taste and
your needs; providing recommendations with amazing precision and only on Xbox will TV become social
in ways unknown to us today. Driven and shaped by the community of 10s of millions on Xbox Live.
This is ONLY Act 1. Teams at Los Angeles, Seattle, Vancouver, and London are using the magic and science
of Xbox to rethink dramas, comedies, competition shows, sports, live events, and digital shorts and one
of our first and most important projects starts close to home, Halo."
Bonnie Ross - Head of 343 Industries
0:43:22 - 0:46:05
Halo TV Show is going to be a Live Action interactive Experience using Kinect.
"I'm excited about the potential of merging the story telling magic of Television with the Interactive
innovation of Xbox One. So, today along with Nancy I'm thrilled to announce a Live action Halo Television
series. Created in partnership with 343 industries and one of the best story tellers of all time Mr. Steven


text:
Sarah Schmidt, a 2011 Anderson University graduate, recently landed a job as the director of the Huntington County Historical Museum and as a historical columnist for the Herald Press, a newspaper in Huntington, Ind. Schmidt reports on behalf of the Huntington County Historical Museum, providing updates on the organization and interesting historical facts about Huntington County and Indiana. The Huntington County Historical Museum organizes community events such as Hoosier-themed art shows, pioneer days, and historical society meetings.
As a history major at AU, Schmidt gained valuable knowledge and experience that helped her get her current position at the Herald Press. "I was immersed in an educational setting that opened my eyes to different types of history: social and cultural, physical, military, and religious," said Schmidt. "The professors in the Department of History and Political Science were phenomenal at stretching students' minds to see how each aspect of history affected different events in time."
Dr. Joel Shrock, professor of history at AU, admired Schmidt's success as a student and believes Schmidt is a good fit for her new position. "Sarah was the type of student professors always wanted in their classes. She always came prepared, had something important to contribute, and provided a catalyst to the class through her actions. Her work was exemplary," said Shrock.
Some aspects of Schmidt's job directly relate to her AU history courses. "Researching, archiving, and creating displays are three roles that I have at the museum, and I felt prepared for these tasks," said Schmidt.
Another aspect of AU that Schmidt took advantage of was the Tri-S program, which gives students the opportunity to travel abroad at a low cost. During her junior year at AU, Schmidt studied abroad in Europe. "Without the Tri-S Office's help figuring out finances for that semester, making sure I had all the needed documentation, and encouraging me in that adventure, I would not have experienced such a trip," said Schmidt.
Having taken so much from AU, Schmidt was able to land her position at the Herald Press soon after graduation. "I sometimes still cannot believe I found something I love so quickly," said Schmidt.
Schmidt's advice to current and incoming students at AU is to take advantage of every opportunity available. "It's better to learn, to experience, and to do something you love, whether it's an unpaid internship or a high executive job, than to be unhappy with your working situation," said Schmidt. "One should never live for the weekend, but instead enjoy every day. Take advantage of all of the resources available to you."
Now that Schmidt has moved on from her college life, she looks back with no regrets. "I am so, so thankful for the atmosphere, the training, the diversity of people and classes, and especially the professors and leaders. Anderson University has impacted me for a lifetime," said Schmidt.
— Tiffany Vega is a senior from Valparaiso, Ind., majoring in communication arts and minoring in marketing. Vega is an associate with Fifth Street Communications®, writing on behalf of the Anderson University Office of University Communications.
Anderson University is a private Christian university of 2,600 undergraduate and graduate students in central Indiana. Anderson University continues to be recognized as one of America's top colleges by U.S. News and World Report, The Princeton Review, and Forbes. Established in 1917 by the Church of God, Anderson University offers more than 65 undergraduate majors and graduate programs in business, music, nursing, and theology.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
We auto writers take more than a little pride in our work, despite omnipresent deadlines that not only keep a fire lit under our seats, but blow flames up our--well, you get the idea. Nevertheless, we're constantly flinging open the thesaurus for insightful descriptors that convey the look, feel, and driving experience of cars you're only seeing in print. It's clever stuff like "more torque than an aircraft carrier with a stroker motor."
Obviously, it ain't all gold, but we try. And for better or worse, we're hardly ever at a loss for words. That changed recently when we got a look at Steve Gilliland's yellow Z06. Here's the bottom line: twin turbos, 1,008 hp, and 827 lb-ft of torque. That says it all, right?
Sure, we could go on about the trick engine combination--although it's surprisingly straightforward--and weave in hyperbolic comparisons between Gilliland's Corvette and, say, the Space Shuttle at launch, but really, what's the point? If you know anything about the Corvette Z06, you know it weighs somewhere between 3,100 and 3,200 pounds. Tack on the few extra pounds for this car's turbo system and some of its other enhancements, and it's tipping the scale at what, 3,400 pounds? Maybe 3,500?
Even math-class washouts like us don't need to spend much time pecking at a calculator to figure out that the power-to-weight ratio of this car is something akin to Bruce Banner after someone cut him off in traffic. No, we like to think of our readers as a savvy bunch who don't need us to point out the obvious.
If pressed, we'd report that Gilliland--an Oklahoma resident in the oil-and-gas business (a good business to be in these days)--sent the car to Katech in Michigan, to have it built into a purposeful, track-only weapon. It was a shrewd plan, as the finished product looks and performs more like a street-going show car than a down-and-dirty road-course siege weapon. In fact, the competition is likely to take one look at the car and conclude that it's nothing more than a fat-fendered poseur that's just going to get in the way of their sponsorship decals and tow rings. They'd be very wrong.
Again, words fail. Because while "sleeper" is hardly what we'd call a yellow Z06 with a wide-body kit, carbon-fiber rear spoiler and front splitter, and coffee-can-sized exhaust outlets, what other term is appropriate? In fact, a look under the hood reveals nothing more than a painted intake and Katech's trick valve-cover/coil-relocation setup. The turbochargers are buried in the chassis and completely hidden from view. Even when running, the barking exhaust masks the characteristic turbo whistle at idle and low speed.
Simply put, in its intended environment, this monster Vette doesn't look the part. It's like a guy in a business suit getting a dunk past Kobe Bryant. That's what Gilliland was looking for (he's got other Corvettes for driving on the street), and that's what Katech delivered.
A Thousand And Then Some
Achieving 1,008 hp is never easy, but we were surprised at how difficult it wasn't. Katech started with its Air Attack 7.0L combination, which combines lower-compression pistons and a strengthened bottom end to withstand the pressure of forced induction. In this case, the LS7 block features a Lingenfelter main-stud girdle over a Callies Dragonslayer crankshaft. Attached to the crank are a set of Carrillo forged H-beam connecting rods and Katech's own forged, 9:1-compression pistons. Friction-reducing coated bearings are used throughout.
Katech also designed the camshaft grind to benefit the force-fed 427 engine and prepped the already high-flow factory heads with Inconel exhaust valves, stiffer valvesprings, and titanium retainers. Premium ARP head studs ensure adequate sealing under boost. Interestingly, the camshaft specs were tailored to the specifications suggested by a computer cam-modeling tool, which hazarded that the engine would make 990 hp. Looks like Katech got its money's worth on that program.


text:
The following is an archive of a post made to our
'vox-tech mailing list'
by one of its subscribers.
I tried it but there's no number in the 530 (Davis) or 925 (Walnut Creek)
areas :(
On Thu, 22 Mar 2001, William Kendrick wrote:
> >
> > On Thu, 22 Mar 2001, William Kendrick wrote:
> >
> > > Note, though - they just recently started providing dialup service
> > > throughout the state! (If only they provided DSL throughout the
> > > state, I could use them exclusively, and not deal with PacHell directly)
> >
> > Really? Where do you find local numbers? Is there a Davis number?
> http://www.sonic.net/cgi-bin/sonic/pops.pl
> -bill
Mark K. Kim
PGP key available upon request.
Hosting provided by:
Sunset Systems
Sunset Systems offers preconfigured Linux
systems, remote system administration and
custom software development.
LUGOD: Linux Users' Group of Davis
PO Box 2082, Davis, CA 95617
Contact Us
LUGOD is a 501(c)7 non-profit organization
based in Davis, California
and serving the Sacramento area.
"Linux" is a trademark of Linus Torvalds.


text:
To: Columbia University Students
From: Barry S. Kane, Associate Vice President and University Registrar
Re: New Master Schedule of Classes, Fall 2012
Date: March 28, 2012
Dear Students:
To: Columbia University Students
From: Barry S. Kane, Associate Vice President and University Registrar
Re: New Master Schedule of Classes, Fall 2012
Date: March 28, 2012
Dear Students:
* Psychology Majors and Concentrators
* Neuroscience and Behavior Majors
* Psychology Postbacs
* Prospective Majors
Sponsored by Students for Education Reform and the Division of Student Affairs
Directed and produced by CC alumna Jaye Pace-Fenderson
Guest entrance to University Commencement is by ticket only. All guests over the age of three will need a ticket to enter University Commencement. Graduates do not need tickets to participate in the academic procession.
Tickets are neither distributed nor required for guests to attend Class Day.
You can pick up your tickets in 401 Lerner during the following times:
The Student Health Advisory Committee of Columbia Health, or SHAC, invite you to join us for a feedback session related to the Columbia Health website. SHAC's purpose is to enhance communication between students and Columbia Health - which includes Alice! Health Promotion, Counseling and Psychological Services, Disability Services, Medical Services, and Sexual Violence Response. During this meeting we hope to gather concrete suggestions for improving the site to better support your needs.
Date: Friday, March 23
The Hertog Global Strategy Initiative at Columbia University is extending the application deadline for its summer research program on the History and Future of Religious Violence and Apocalyptic Movements. The new application deadline is Sunday April 1, 2012.
208 Hamilton Hall, Mail Code 2805
1130 Amsterdam Avenue
New York, NY 10027
Phone: 212-854-2441
510 Mudd Hall, Mail Code 4714
500 W. 120th St.
New York, NY 10027
Phone: 212-854-2993


text:
|Beginner Microsoft Word 2007
Event Type: Computer Class
Age Group(s): Ages 18 and up
Date: 10/11/2012
Start Time: 10:00 AM
End Time: 2:00 PM
Would you like to learn how to use Microsoft Word to write letters, papers, resumes, and much more? Learn the basics of word processing in this hands-on class. This class introduces how to enter and edit text, control cursor movement, select text, save and open documents, use shortcuts like cut and paste, and choose and format fonts.
PREREQUISITES: Basic Mouse and Keyboard Skills, Beginner Windows XP, or equivalent experience
Location: Computer Lab, Lower Level
Other Information:
Registration required. You must provide your Library Card Number or show proof of Cherry Hill residence to register. Non-cardholders are not able to register online and should call 856-903-1246 to be put on a waiting list. If space permits, you will be called a couple days prior to the class to be admitted.Contact: Computer Lab
Contact Number: 856-903-1246
Status: Closed
|Please Note


text:
The first record I bought all by myself was a cassette with Fine Young Cannibals. Don't remember the name of the album but it was the one with She drives me crazy on it.
That song was played all the time on MTv when we were on summer camp in 6th grade and i just had to have the album
Lent it to a friend of mine a few weeks later and never saw it again


text:
Camp Sacajawea
Grade 10-11
A C.I.T. is a Girl Scout Senior Ambassador who participates
in our extremely successful Leadership Program directed
toward her future in camp counseling, teaching, or other
human service fields. Girl Scouts of Greater Iowa is proud to
offer one of the most successful C.I.T. programs in the nation.
Based upon the resources of Girl Scouts of the USA, this
Leadership Program is completed over a two summer period.
Grade 10 - C.I.T. I: The focuses are experience in responsibility,
program goals, contemporary issues, leadership styles,
child development, outdoor living skills, group dynamics,
conflict resolution and program interaction with campers.
Grade 11 - C.I.T. II: The skills learned in the first year, augmented
by program immersion with campers, are expanded
upon through skills specialization, safety practices, and
leading activities. As a further progression, individuals who
successfully complete the program may apply to work
at a Girl Scouts of Greater Iowa camp as an "Apprentice
Counselor." This allows these outstanding young women
the opportunity to be employed at an earlier age.
C.I.T. II pricing is significantly lower in order
to assist families with girls going through the entire program.
If you have the means to do so, please consider making an
additional contribution to our campership fund
to help off-set the actual cost of camp as reflected in C.I.T. I.


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Free Twickenham Stadium Tour - Save £16.00
Twickenham Rugby Museum & Stadium Tour
London Pass Benefits:
Free entry to the Museum of Rugby and free tour of Twickenham Stadium
Normal Ticket Price: Adult: £16.00 Child: £10.00
There is nowhere in England more important to the contemporary game of Rugby than Twickenham Stadium. The Museum Of Rugby is the ultimate experience for the world rugby enthusiast – and the Twickenham tours give you backstage access to this hallowed turf.
This London rugby stadium museum first opened its doors in 1996 and takes visitors through the history of the sport from its origins (in the eponymous English public school) to the present day. With the largest collection of rugby memorabilia in the world, the museum gives a unique insight into this magnificent sport.
The Twickenham tours take you all round this building, home to both victory and crushing defeat for the English side; visitors can also get into the England dressing room before running out of the player's tunnel – an experience not to missed for fans of the game and another unusual sightseeing tour available to London Pass holders.
Leaving regularly from The Rugby Store every day from Tuesday to Sunday (depending on matches), Twickenham tours are taken by trained, enthusiastic guides who tell the story of the game as well as giving behind the scenes stories and anecdotes. Booking is advised to ensure availability.
If you enjoy the Twickenham Stadium Tours and Museum Of Rugby why not consider a trip to two other London sporting attractions? Chelsea Stadium tours and tours of Wimbledon Tennis Club are available free to London Pass holders.
Tour times: Tues-Fri: 11.00, 13.00, 15.00; Sat: 10.30, 12.00, 13.30 and 15.00; Sun: 12.00 and 14.00
No tours: 2nd & 7th June
See The:
Full List Of Attractions Included
A short path to the wonderful.
As I wanted to visit different places with a reduced budget, I had to find something easy and convenient, so the LondonPass was a perfect match with my needs, also I've been visiting every single place I wanted to. Ins't that awesome?
Raphael Campos from Brazil
|Museum Open:
|10.00 - 17.00
|10.00 - 17.00
|10.00 - 17.00
|10.00 - 17.00
|10.00 - 17.00
|11.00 - 17.00
|Tours at:
|11.00, 13.00 & 15.00
|11.00, 13.00 & 15.00
|11.00, 13.00 & 15.00
|11.00, 13.00 & 15.00
|10.30, 12.00, 13.30 & 15.00
|12.00 & 14.00
Closed: Mondays, 24th to 26th December, 1st January, Match & Event Days
Loading Map - Please wait...
Rugby Road, Twickenham TW1 1DZ,
0870 405 2001


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Tag Archives: Irish immigrants
The Shantytown: Nineteenth-Century Manhattan's "Straggling Suburbs"
Written by maurita on June 5, 2013 — 3 Comments
This posting was written by Catherine McNeur, a Bernard & Irene Schwartz Postdoctoral Fellow at the New-York Historical Society. In the spring of 1855 Charles Loring Brace, who had recently started running the Children's Aid Society, ventured into a neighborhood on the edge of the city called Dutch Hill. Located near East 41st Street and the […]
Posted in Architecture, Library, Manuscripts, Maps | Also tagged Charles Loring Brace, Children's Aid Society, Citizen's Association of New York's Council of Hygiene and Public Health, Corcoran's Roost, Dr. H. Mortimer Brush, Dutch Hill, early suburbs, German immigrants, immigrant communities, James Paddy Corcoran, shanties, shantytown, shantytowns in the historical records, straggling suburbs, Tudor City, William Perris insurance maps


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Agriculture encompasses a wide variety of specialties. Cultivation of crops on arable land and the pastoral herding of livestock on rangeland remain at the foundation of agriculture. In the past century a distinction has been made between sustainable agriculture and intensive farming. Modern agronomy, plant breeding, pesticides and fertilizers, and technological improvements have sharply increased yields from cultivation. Selective breeding and modern practices in animal husbandry such as intensive pig farming (and similar practices applied to the chicken) have similarly increased the output of meat. The more exotic varieties of agriculture include aquaculture and tree farming.
The major agricultural products can be broadly grouped into foods, fibers, fuels, raw materials, pharmaceuticals and illegal drugs, and an assortment of ornamental or otherwise exotic products. In recent years plants have been used to grow biofuels, biopharmaceuticals, bioplastics, and pharmaceuticals. Specific foods include cereals, vegetables, fruits, and meat. Fibers include cotton, wool, hemp, silk and flax. Raw materials include lumber and bamboo. Drugs include tobacco, marijuana, opium, cocaine, digitalis, curare, eugenol, reserpine, pyrethrins, taxol) and other useful materials such as resins. Biofuels include methane from biomass, ethanol, and biodiesel. Cut flowers, nursery plants, tropical fish and birds for the pet trade are some of the ornamental products.
The history of agriculture has played a major role in human history, as agricultural progress has been a crucial factor in worldwide socio-economic change. Wealth-building and militaristic specializations rarely seen in hunter-gatherer cultures are commonplace in societies which practice agriculture. So, too, are arts such as epic literature and monumental architecture, as well as codified legal systems. When farmers became capable of producing food beyond the needs of their own families, others in their society were freed to devote themselves to projects other than food acquisition. Historians and anthropologists have long argued that the development of agriculture made civilization possible.
In 2007, an estimated 35 percent of the world's workers were employed in agriculture (from 42% in 1996). However, the relative significance of farming has dropped steadily since the beginning of industrialization, and in 2003 – for the first time in history – the services sector overtook agriculture as the economic sector employing the most people worldwide. Despite the fact that agriculture employs over one-third of the world's population, agricultural production accounts for less than five percent of the gross world product (an aggregate of all gross domestic products).
Many governments have subsidized agriculture to ensure an adequate food supply. These agricultural subsidies are often linked to the production of certain commodities such as wheat, corn (maize), rice, soybeans, and milk. These subsidies, especially when done by developed countries have been noted as protectionist, inefficient, and environmentally damaging. In the past century agriculture has been characterized by enhanced productivity, the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, selective breeding, mechanization, water contamination, and farm subsidies. Proponents of organic farming such as Sir Albert Howard argued in the early 1900s that the overuse of pesticides and synthetic fertilizers damages the long-term fertility of the soil. While this feeling lay dormant for decades, as environmental awareness has increased recently there has been a movement towards sustainable agriculture by some farmers, consumers, and policymakers. In recent years there has been a backlash against perceived external environmental effects of mainstream agriculture, particularly regarding water pollution, resulting in the organic movement. One of the major forces behind this movement has been the European Union, which first certified organic food in 1991 and began reform of its Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in 2005 to phase out commodity-linked farm subsidies, also known as decoupling. The growth of organic farming has renewed research in alternative technologies such as integrated pest management and selective breeding. Recent mainstream technological developments include genetically modified food.
As of late 2007, several factors have pushed up the price of grain used to feed poultry and dairy cows and other cattle, causing higher prices of wheat (up 58%), soybean (up 32%), and maize (up 11%) over the year. Food riots have recently taken place in many countries across the world. An epidemic of stem rust on wheat caused by race UG99 is currently spreading across Africa and into Asia and is causing major concern. Approximately 40% of the world's agricultural land is seriously degraded. In Africa, if current trends of soil degradation continue, the continent might be able to feed just 25% of its population by 2025, according to UNU's Ghana-based Institute for Natural Resources in Africa.
Agricultural practices lie on a spectrum dependent upon the intensity and technology of the methods. At the one end lies the subsistence farmer who farms a small area with limited inputs and produces only enough food to meet the needs of his or her family. At the other end lies intensive agriculture which includes traditional labor intensive farming (e.g. South-East Asia rice paddies), and modern agriculture which includes industrial agriculture, organic farming and sustainable farming. Industrial agriculture involves large fields and/or numbers of animals, high resource inputs (pesticides, fertilizers, etc.), and a high level of mechanization. These operations achieve economies of scale and require large amounts of capital in the form of land and machinery.
The twentieth century saw changes in agricultural practice, particularly in agricultural chemistry and in mechanization. Agricultural chemistry includes the application of chemical fertilizer, chemical insecticides (see pest control), and chemical fungicides, analysis of soil makeup and nutritional needs of farm animals.
Mechanization has increased farm efficiency and productivity in most regions of the world, due especially to the tractor and various "gins" (short for "engine") such as the cotton gin, semi-automatic balers and threshers and, above all, the combine (see agricultural machinery). According to the National Academy of Engineering in the United States, agricultural mechanization is one of the 20 greatest engineering achievements of the 20th century. Early in the century, it took one American farmer to produce food for 2.5 people. By 1999, due to advances in agricultural technology, a single farmer could feed over 130 people.
Other recent changes in agriculture include hydroponics, plant breeding, hybridization, gene manipulation, better management of soil nutrients, and improved weed control. Genetic engineering has yielded crops which have capabilities beyond those of naturally occurring plants, such as higher yields and disease resistance. Modified seeds germinate faster, and thus can be grown on an accelerated schedule. Genetic engineering of plants has proven controversial, particularly in the case of herbicide-resistant plants.
It has been suggested that genetic engineers may some day develop transgenic plants which would allow for irrigation, drainage, conservation, sanitary engineering, and maintaining or increasing yields while requiring fewer fossil fuel derived inputs than conventional crops. Such developments would be particularly important in areas which are normally arid and rely upon constant irrigation, and on large scale farms. These possibilities are questioned by ecologists and economists concerned with unsustainable GMO practices such as terminator seeds, and a January 2008 report shows that GMO practices have failed to address sustainability issues. While there has been some research on sustainability using GMO crops, at least one hyped and promonant multi-year attempt by Monsanto has been unsuccessful, though during the same period traditional breeding techniques yielded a more sustainable variety of the same crop. Additionally, a survey by the bio-tech industry of subsistence farmers in Africa to discover what GMO research would most benefit sustainable agriculture only identified non-transgenic issues as areas needing to be addressed.
The processing, packing and marketing of agricultural products are closely related activities also influenced by science. Methods of quick-freezing and dehydration have increased the markets for many farm products (see food preservation and meat packing industry).
Animals, including horses, mules, oxen, camels, llamas, alpacas, and dogs, are often used to help cultivate fields, harvest crops, wrangle other animals, and transport farm products to buyers. Animal husbandry not only refers to the breeding and raising of animals for meat or to harvest animal products (like milk, eggs, or wool) on a continual basis, but also to the breeding and care of species for work and companionship.
Airplanes, helicopters, trucks, tractors, and combines are used in Western (and, increasingly, Eastern) agriculture for seeding, spraying operations for insect and disease control, harvesting, aerial topdressing and transporting perishable products. Radio and television disseminate vital weather reports and other information such as market reports that concern farmers. Computers have become an essential tool for farm management.
In recent years, some aspects of intensive industrial agriculture have been the subject of increasing debate. The widening sphere of influence held by large seed and chemical companies, meat packers and food processors has been a source of concern both within the farming community and for the general public. Another issue is the type of feed given to some animals that can cause bovine spongiform encephalopathy in cattle. There has also been concern over the effect of intensive agriculture on the environment.
The patent protection given to companies that develop new types of seed using genetic engineering has allowed seed to be licensed to farmers in much the same way that computer software is licensed to users. This has changed the balance of power in favor of the seed companies, allowing them to dictate terms and conditions previously unheard of. The Indian activist and scientist Vandana Shiva argues that these companies are guilty of biopiracy.
Soil conservation and nutrient management have been important concerns since the 1950s, with the most advanced farmers taking a stewardship role with the land they use. However, increasing contamination of waterways and wetlands by nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus are concerns that can only be addressed by "enlightenment" of farmers and/or far stricter law enforcement in many countries.
Increasing consumer awareness of agricultural issues has led to the rise of community-supported agriculture, local food movement, "Slow Food", and commercial organic farming.
Agriculture was developed at least 10,000 years ago, and it has undergone significant developments since the time of the earliest cultivation. Evidence points to the Fertile Crescent of the Middle East as the site of the earliest planned sowing and harvesting of plants that had previously been gathered in the wild. Independent development of agriculture occurred in northern and southern China, Africa's Sahel, New Guinea and several regions of the Americas. Agricultural practices such as irrigation, crop rotation, fertilizers, and pesticides were developed long ago but have made great strides in the past century. The Haber-Bosch method for synthesizing ammonium nitrate represented a major breakthrough and allowed crop yields to overcome previous constraints. In the past century agriculture has been characterized by enhanced productivity, the substitution of labor for synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, selective breeding, mechanization, water pollution, and farm subsidies. In recent years there has been a backlash against the external environmental effects of conventional agriculture, resulting in the organic movement.
Developed independently by geographically distant populations, systematic agriculture first appeared in Southwest Asia with the bulk of domesticated neolthic crops and livestock now being traced to Turkey via DNA studies. The first grains of domesticated Turkish emmer wheat are found at Abu Hurerya dated to 13,500 BP. The only exceptions to this are barley, domesticated in two sites; in Levant, and East of the Zagros mountains in Iran. The eight so-called founder crops of agriculture appear: first emmer and einkorn wheat, then hulled barley, peas, lentils, bitter vetch, chick peas and flax.Bitter vetch and lentils along with almonds and pistachios appear in Franchthi Cave Greece simultaneously, about 9,000 BC. Neither are native to Greece, and they appear 2,000 years prior to domesticated wheat in the same location. This suggests that the cultivation of legumes and nuts preceded that of grain.
By 7000 BCE, small-scale agriculture reached Egypt. From at least 7000 BCE the Indian subcontinent saw farming of wheat and barley, as attested by archaeological excavation at Mehrgarh in Balochistan. By 6000 BCE, mid-scale farming was entrenched on the banks of the Nile. About this time, agriculture was developed independently in the Far East, with rice, rather than wheat, as the primary crop. Chinese and Indonesian farmers went on to domesticate mung, soy, azuki and taro. To complement these new sources of carbohydrates, highly organized net fishing of rivers, lakes and ocean shores in these areas brought in great volumes of essential protein. Collectively, these new methods of farming and fishing inaugurated a human population boom dwarfing all previous expansions, and is one that continues today.
By 5000 BCE, the Sumerians had developed core agricultural techniques including large scale intensive cultivation of land, mono-cropping, organized irrigation, and use of a specialized labour force, particularly along the waterway now known as the Shatt al-Arab, from its Persian Gulf delta to the confluence of the Tigris and Euphrates. Domestication of wild aurochs and mouflon into cattle and sheep, respectively, ushered in the large-scale use of animals for food/fiber and as beasts of burden. The shepherd joined the farmer as an essential provider for sedentary and semi-nomadic societies.
Maize, manioc, and arrowroot were first domesticated in the Americas as far back as 5200 BCE. The potato, tomato, pepper, squash, several varieties of bean, Canna, tobacco and several other plants were also developed in the New World, as was extensive terracing of steep hillsides in much of Andean South America.
In later years, the Greeks and Romans built on techniques pioneered by the Sumerians but made few fundamentally new advances. Southern Greeks struggled with very poor soils, yet managed to become a dominant society for years. The Romans were noted for an emphasis on the cultivation of crops for trade.
During the Middle Ages, Muslim farmers in North Africa and the Near East developed and disseminated agricultural technologies including irrigation systems based on hydraulic and hydrostatic principles, the use of machines such as norias, and the use of water raising machines, dams, and reservoirs. They also wrote location-specific farming manuals, and were instrumental in the wider adoption of crops including sugar cane, rice, citrus fruit, apricots, cotton, artichokes, aubergines, and saffron. Muslims also brought lemons, oranges, cotton, almonds, figs and sub-tropical crops such as bananas to Spain.
The invention of a three field system of crop rotation during the Middle Ages, and the importation of the Chinese-invented moldboard plow, vastly improved agricultural efficiency.
Another important development towards the end of this period was the discovery and subsequent cultivation of fodder crops which allowed over-wintering of livestock.
After 1492, a global exchange of previously local crops and livestock breeds occurred. Key crops involved in this exchange included the tomato, maize, potato, cocoa and tobacco going from the New World to the Old, and several varieties of wheat, spices, coffee, and sugar cane going from the Old World to the New. The most important animal exportations from the Old World to the New were those of the horse and dog (dogs were already present in the pre-Columbian Americas but not in the numbers and breeds suited to farm work). Although not usually food animals, the horse (including donkeys and ponies) and dog quickly filled essential production roles on western hemisphere farms.
By the early 1800s, agricultural techniques, implements, seed stocks and cultivars had so improved that yield per land unit was many times that seen in the Middle Ages. With the rapid rise of mechanization in the late 19th and 20th centuries, particularly in the form of the tractor, farming tasks could be done with a speed and on a scale previously impossible. These advances have led to efficiencies enabling certain modern farms in the United States, Argentina, Israel, Germany, and a few other nations to output volumes of high quality produce per land unit at what may be the practical limit.
In 2005, the agricultural output of China was the largest in the world, accounting for almost one-sixth world share followed by the EU, India and the USA, according to the International Monetary Fund. Economists measure the total factor productivity of agriculture and by this measure agriculture in the United States is roughly 2.6 times more productive than it was in 1948.
|Top agricultural products, by crop types
(million metric tons) 2004 data
|Vegetables and melons
|Roots and Tubers
|Fish (2001 estimate)
|Vegetable Fiber
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
|Top agricultural products, by individual crops
(million metric tons) 2004 data
|Sugar Cane
|Sugar Beet
|Oil Palm Fruit
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
Domestication of plants has, over the centuries increased yield, improved disease resistance and drought tolerance, eased harvest and improved the taste and nutritional value of crop plants. Careful selection and breeding have had enormous effects on the characteristics of crop plants. Plant breeders use greenhouses (known as glasshouses or hothouses in some areas) and other techniques to get as many as three generations of plants per year towards the continued effort of improvement. Plant selection and breeding in the 1920s and 1930s improved pasture (grasses and clover) in New Zealand. Extensive X-ray an ultraviolet induced mutagenesis efforts (i.e. primitive genetic engineering) during the 1950s produced the modern commercial varieties of grains such as wheat, corn (maize) and barley.
For example, average yields of corn (maize) in the USA have increased from around 2.5 tons per hectare (t/ha) (40 bushels per acre) in 1900 to about 9.4 t/ha (150 bushels per acre) in 2001. Similarly, worldwide average wheat yields have increased from less than 1 t/ha in 1900 to more than 2.5 t/ha in 1990. South American average wheat yields are around 2 t/ha, African under 1 t/ha, Egypt and Arabia up to 3.5 to 4 t/ha with irrigation. In contrast, the average wheat yield in countries such as France is over 8 t/ha. Variation in yields are due mainly to variation in climate, genetics, and the level of intensive farming techniques (use of fertilizers, chemical pest control, growth control to avoid lodging).
After mechanical tomato-harvesters were developed in the early 1960s, agricultural scientists bred tomatoes that were more resistant to mechanical handling. These varieties have been criticized as being harder and having poor texture. More recently, genetic engineering has begun to be employed in large parts of the world to speed up the selection and breeding process. One widely used modification is a herbicide resistance gene that allows plants to tolerate exposure to glyphosate, a non-systemic (i.e kills all plants) chemical used to control weeds in a crop such as oilseed rape. Normally, expensive systemic herbicides would have to be applied to kill the weeds without harming the crop. Relatively cheap and safe glyphosate may be applied to the modified crops, efficiently killing weeds without harming the resistant crop. Another modification causes the plant to produce a toxin to reduce damage from insects (c.f. Starlink). This, in contrast, requires fewer insecticides to be applied to the crop.
Aquaculture, the farming of fish, shrimp, and algae, is closely associated with agriculture.
Apiculture, the culture of bees, traditionally for honey—increasingly for crop pollination.
According to the United Nations, the livestock sector (primarily cows, chickens, and pigs) emerges as one of the top two or three most significant contributors to our most serious environmental problems, at every scale from local to global. Livestock production occupies 70% of all land used for agriculture, or 30% of the land surface of the planet.It is one of the largest sources of greenhouse gases—responsible for 18% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions as measured in CO2 equivalents. By comparison, all transportation emits 13.5% of the CO2. It produces 65% of human-related nitrous oxide (which has 296 times the global warming potential of CO2) and 37% of all human-induced methane (which is 23 times as warming as CO2). It also generates 64% of the ammonia, which contributes to acid rain and acidification of ecosystems.
Genetic erosion in crops and livestock biodiversity is propelled by several major factors such as variety replacement, land clearing, overexploitation of species, population pressure, environmental degradation, overgrazing, policy and changing agricultural systems.
The main factor, however, is the replacement of local varieties of domestic plants and animals by high yielding or exotic varieties or species. A large number of varieties can also often be dramatically reduced when commercial varieties (including GMOs) are introduced into traditional farming systems. Many researchers believe that the main problem related to agro-ecosystem management is the general tendency towards genetic and ecological uniformity imposed by the development of modern agriculture.
In agriculture and animal husbandry, the green revolution popularized the use of conventional hybridization to increase yield many folds by creating "high-yielding varieties". Often the handful of breeds of plants and animals hybridized originated in developed countries and were further hybridized with local varieties in the rest of the developing world to create high yield strains resistant to local climate and diseases. Hybridization of local breeds to improve performance may lead to the loss of the local breed over time and consequently the loss of specific genetic material due to dilution. When viewed across the world as a whole, the consequent loss in genetic diversity and biodiversity could place agriculture in a situation unable to adapt to sudden changes in the future.
A Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) is an organism whose genetic material has been altered using the genetic engineering techniques generally known as recombinant DNA technology. Genetic engineering has vastly expanded the repertoire of genes available to breeders to create the desired properties in future germlines. However, it is hypothesised that these new strains will replace the wild-type species beyond their original fields, and that these genes may be transferred to other plant species that were not intended.
Besides these phases, the constellation of the zodiac through which the moon is passing is also observed. This is used to make further timing decisions for various farming operations. For instance, when the moon is in Cancer it is believed to be the best time to sow seeds and start planting, however when it is in Aries, a barren sign, planting should be avoided.
The moon's gravitation is known to affect large bodies of water on the earth such as seas and oceans creating tides. It is conjectured that it also produces effects on a smaller scale; affecting the water contained in soils and plants. This explains the mechanism buy which plants are affected by the phases of the moon.
One example of the chain reactions which could possibly be caused by peak oil issues involves the problems caused by farmers raising crops such as corn (maize) for non-food use in an effort to help mitigate peak oil. This has already lowered food production. This food vs fuel issue will be exacerbated as demand for ethanol fuel rises. Rising food and fuel costs has already limited the abilities of some charitable donors to send food aid to starving populations. In the UN, some warn that the recent 60% rise in wheat prices could cause "serious social unrest in developing countries." In 2007, higher incentives for farmers to grow non-food biofuel crops combined with other factors (such as over-development of former farm lands, rising transportation costs, climate change, growing consumer demand in China and India, and population growth) to cause food shortages in Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and Mexico, as well as rising food prices around the globe. As of December 2007, 37 countries faced food crises, and 20 had imposed some sort of food-price controls. Some of these shortages resulted in food riots and even deadly stampedes.
Another major petroleum issue in agriculture is the effect of petroleum supplies will have on fertilizer production. By far the biggest fossil fuel input to agriculture is the use of natural gas as a hydrogen source for the Haber-Bosch fertilizer-creation process. Natural gas is used because it is the cheapest currently available source of hydrogen. When oil production becomes so scarce that natural gas is used as a partial stopgap replacement, and hydrogen use in transportation increases, natural gas will become much more expensive. If other sources of hydrogen are not available to replace the Haber process, in amounts sufficient to supply transportation and agricultural needs, this major source of fertilizer would either become extremely expensive or unavailable. This would either cause food shortages or dramatic rises in food prices.
It has been suggested that rural communities might obtain fuel from the biochar and synfuel process, which uses agricultural waste to provide charcoal fertilizer, some fuel and food, instead of the normal food vs fuel debate. As the synfuel would be used on site, the process would be more efficient and may just provide enough fuel for a new organic-agriculture fusion.
It has been suggested that some transgenic plants may some day be developed which would allow for maintaining or increasing yields while requiring fewer fossil fuel derived inputs than conventional crops. The possibility of success of these programs is questioned by ecologists and economists concerned with unsustainable GMO practices such as terminator seeds, and a January 2008 report shows that GMO practices "fail to deliver environmental, social and economic benefits. While there has been some research on sustainability using GMO crops, at least one hyped and prominent multi-year attempt by Monsanto has been unsuccessful, though during the same period traditional breeding techniques yielded a more sustainable variety of the same crop. Additionally, a survey by the bio-tech industry of subsistence farmers in Africa to discover what GMO research would most benefit sustainable agriculture only identified non-transgenic issues as areas needing to be addressed. Nonetheless, some governments in Africa continue to view investments in new transgenic technologies as an essential component of efforts to improve sustainability.
For young agricultural workers aged 15–17, the risk of fatal injury is four times the risk for young workers in other workplaces Agricultural work exposes young workers to safety hazards such as machinery, confined spaces, work at elevations, and work around livestock.


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Sesame Street is currently airing its 43rd season on the air. That is an amazing feat. Over the years, there have been many celebrities that have lent a hand in helping out the children with appearances on the iconic children. Big Bird and Elmo have seen many famous people come down Sesame Street. Here are some of our favorite
- Fashion
- Beauty
- Celebrity
- Lifestyle
- 50 States of Style
- Videos


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HSH707 - Social and Cultural Influences On Population Health
Unit details
|2014 unit information
|Enrolment modes:
|Trimester 1: Burwood (Melbourne)
|Credit point(s):
|EFTSL value:
|Offering information:
This unit is offered in alternate years, offered 2014, 2016
|Unit chair:
E Hoban
|Contact hours:
|3 hours per week for 9 weeks
Note:You will need to access substantial learning resources and experiences in CloudDeakin (Deakin's online learning environment). Compliance with the Standards in computing, connectivity and student capability are a condition on your enrolment.
This unit draws upon the theory and methods of population health, gender and diversity studies to examine health inequalities and related outcomes. A key focus is on understanding the underlying social determinants of health inequalities in culturally diverse populations. An international perspective on health with a human rights focus is also explored. A key aim is to enable students to develop a sound knowledge of the complexities of gender, diversity and health inequalities along with understanding the policies and strategies that are effective in closing the inequality gap.
Essay (2000 words) 40%, final essay (3000 words) 60%
Unit Fee Information
|Student Contribution Rate*
|Student Contribution Rate**
|Fee rate - Domestic Students
|Fee rate - International students
* Rate for all CSP students, except for those who commenced Education and Nursing units pre 2010
** Rate for CSP students who commenced Education and Nursing units pre 2010
Please note: Unit fees listed do not apply to Deakin Prime students.


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You may return or exchange your jewelry within 60 days of purchase if you are not satisfied with it. The jewelry must be returned in its original condition for a refund or exchange. Engraved, personalized, photo, monogram, name and initial, chocolate and clearance items are not returnable or exchangeable.


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Moroccan Food in the Riad
At your request, you can savour some of the best specialities here and there in Moroccon cuisine.
The meals are mainly prepared by our cook using fresh produce bought on the same day from the markets of Medina.
The price of the meal 22 euro for 1 person excluding drinks.


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Location It's just a few minutes' walk from the hotel to the Westphalia Halls and the home stadium of Borussia Dortmund. Hotel Just like its 166 rooms, the hotel is furnished in the Anglo-American style of the 1930s to 1950s. The five conference rooms are suitable for events for up to 120 guests. The restaurant mainly serves regional specialities. With its original Wurlitzer jukebox, the hotel bar is the place to meet in the evening. Guests can also relax at the hotel's Spa World with sauna, steamroom and gym. Events and incentives A tour of discovery to the old steel works and factories, which are now used as museums and special venues, is always well worthwhile.
Steigenberger Hotel Dortmund at a glance: