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for some mild action and thematic elements
- Release Date:
- 7/17/2013
- Genre:
- Animation
- Runtime:
- 96 min.
- Director:
- David Soren
- Starring:
- Ryan Reynolds, Paul Giamatti, Ken Jeong, Maya Rudolph, Ben Schwartz
A high-velocity animated comedy about an underdog snail who kicks into overdrive when he miraculously attains the power of super-speed. But after making fast friends with a crew of streetwise, tricked-out es-car-goes, Turbo learns that no one succeeds on their own. So he puts his heart and shell on the line to help his pals achieve their dreams, before Turbo-charging his own impossible dream: winning the Indy 500.

subset: commoncrawl


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Anne From Anne Of Green Gables
From the beloved children's story Anne of Green Gables comes this darling 8" doll. Anne wears a delightful peach and green sailor-style dress accented with a green bow, and a pleated peach linen skirt. Her ensemble also includes off-white tights and matching shoes, and a straw-like boater hat accented with a green ribbon. Her darling red hair and sparkling green eyes make this doll perfectly precious!
Anne of Green Gables is a trademark and a Canadian official mark of the Anne of Green Gables Licensing Authority Inc., used under licensor by Mattel, Inc.
Ages 8+
Production doll may vary from the photo shown above. Mattel reserves the right to modify the fashion/fabrics, sculpt, hair color/style, and accessories. Doll cannot stand alone as shown.


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Tina a.k.a.SusanSto.Helit wrote:Add that to the fact that the Captain of the regiment insisted that he was the only one who could pull off Acting as a washerwoman because he and his schoolmates used to have to do it in school plays. I adored his cluelessness.
OOh yea i LOVED Blouse he was just such a sweet guy i just wanted to hug him, i loved it when Polly told him they were both women and he was Happy about it that was hillerious (and my spelling is terrible)


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Having accidentally caused a merchant ship to blow up, stowaways Bob Hope and Bing Crosby are shipwrecked on the African coast. Commandeering a convenient camel (who takes time to ad-lib a spit in Hope's eye!), Bob and Bing are off on the road to Morocco, an event they celebrate in song. With nary a penny in their pockets, the boys try various methods to scare up a meal. Old reliable Bing shows up with the necessary funds; when Bob asks where the money came from, Bing calmly informs his pal that he's been sold into slavery. Bob is dragged off to parts unknown; later, Bing, his conscience bothering him, scours the town in search of his buddy. He stumbles into a luxurious palace, where Bob is being treated like a rajah. Even more puzzling, Bob is being kissed and cosseted by Moroccan-princess Dorothy Lamour, who announces plans to marry him in a few days! Neither Bing nor Bob can figure this out, but the audience knows that Dorothy has been advised by her astrologers that her first husband will suffer a violent death, and that her second marriage will be long and happy. Since Dorothy is affianced to desert sheik Anthony Quinn, ol' buddy Bob is once more set up as a dead duck. But Dorothy finds herself attracted to Bing, and forgets all about her pre-arranged marriage to Quinn (just as well, since Quinn is the heavy of the piece). On the eve of the wedding, the astrologers find they've made a mistake, and that Dorothy is now free to marry the man of her dreams-who, by this time, is Bing. Bob must console himself with handmaiden Dona Drake, who's some looker herself. As the wedding procession proceeds, Quinn comes riding into town, kidnaps Dorothy, and leaves Bob and Bing trussed up in the desert. Freeing themselves, Bob and Bing make their way through the desert wastes (This must be where they empty the old hourglasses) in search of Quinn's camp. After an amusing series of mirages, the boys sneak into camp and attempt to rescue Dorothy and Dona. Imprisoned by Quinn, the boys muff an opportunity to use a magic ring, but still manage to escape. Using exploding cigars and hotfoots, our heroes sabotage a peace conference between Quinn and rival sheik George Givot, prompting a talking camel to remark This is the screwiest picture I've ever been in. Bob, Bing and the girls escape to New York, but not before Crosby spoils Hope's chances at getting an Academy Award by interrupting Bob's mad scene. Generally regarded as the best of the Road pictures, Road to Morocco is as fresh and funny today as it was back in 1942; even in repeated viewings, the rapid-fire one liners and comic setpieces result in boffo bellylaughs. An Oscar was bestowed upon Johnny Burke and Jimmy Van Heusen's ballad Moonlight Becomes You.~ Hal Erickson, All Movie Guide
Rated No Rating .
Visit the official site
Cast: Anthony Quinn, Bob Hope, Bing Crosby, Dorothy Lamour, Dona Drake
Produced by:
Directed by: David Butler
Written by:
Running time: 1hr 22min
Opens: Jan 01, 2000


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Chocolate Hazelnut Tartlette
Using an authentic European recipe, Roland Chocolate Tartlettes are sweet with a chocolate center and a rich hazelnut flavor. Twenty per package.
Roland French Tartlettes create a great presentation for entertaining.
Preparation: Use directly from the package. These cookies are ready to eat.
Ingredients/Contents Wheat flour, chocolate and hazelnuts coating 30% (sugar, chocolate 22% : cocoa powder - sugar – cocoa mass, vegetable fat and hydrogenated vegetable fat, hazelnuts mass 8.5%, whey in powder, emulsifier : soya lecithin, flavor), vegetable fat, sugar, glucose syrup, grated coconut, eggs, salt, raising agents (ammonium acid carbonate, sodium acid carbonate, monocalcium phosphate), milk proteins, skimmed milk powder, flavors. Product of France.
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September 15, 2013
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What more can I say? A perfect cookie with coffee, or anything!! Delicious!!
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Online Course Information
Use this check list to see if an Online course is right for you.
Things to think about
Time Management - Do you have uninterrupted time to complete assignments?Technical Competency - Can you browse the web, attach files to e-mail and more?Technology - Do you have the right hardware and software?
Things to remember
Online courses usually start and end the same dates regular classes do. Some do not. Know what the start and end dates of your class are. Most Online courses require textbooks. Contact the Kent State Campus hosting the course to order your book.


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William Douglas
Archive by category ''William Douglas
Government starts shutting down
The U.S. government started shutting down early Tuesday after a bitter fight over the new health care law deadlocked the Congress and stymied every attempt to keep money flowing after the federal fiscal year ended at midnight.
DC works overtime on blame with shutdown less than 24 hours away
As the nation careened closer towards a government shutdown Tuesday, the political protagonists traded blame Sunday over whose fault it will be if federal-salaried workers are furloughed and some federal services are shuttered.
House votes to defund health care law in bill to finance government
The House of Representatives approved a contentious $986 billion short-term measure Friday to keep the federal government running through mid-December and defund the Affordable Care Act, President Barack Obama's legacy accomplishment.
Report: After a decline, budget deficit will start growing again
The federal budget deficit should shrink to 2 percent of the total economy by 2015, the nonpartisan Congressional Budget Office said Tuesday in a new forecast. The debt held by the public would fall as a share of the economy to a healthier but still high 68 percent not long afterward...
Congress does something unusual on Syria its homework
Mired in low approval ratings and saddled with the image that it does almost nothing, Congress demanded a deciding role in President Barack Obama's drive to launch a limited military strike against Syria.
Obama puts off war vote in Congress to explore Russian-brokered deal with Syria
President Barack Obama asked Congress on Tuesday to postpone a vote on airstrikes against Syria to allow time to explore a Russian proposal to get Syria to turn over its chemical weapons to international control.
Did Obama stumble into – or engineer – the Syria deal?
A potential international deal to seize Syria's chemical weapons and avoid U.S. airstrikes comes after a dizzying run of events that raises the question: Did President Barack Obama stumble into a deal with Russia or was this the work of quiet diplomacy and closed-door talks?
Despite resistance, Senate panel passes Syria strike measure
Even as Congress took a step Wednesday toward authorizing the use of force in Syria, a growing number of lawmakers spoke out strongly against a U.S. military strike and warned that it would draw the United States into an escalating conflict that could spread throughout the Middle East.
Boehner supports Syria airstrikes, but testy Senate hearing suggests still a tough sell
Senators from both parties pressed President Barack Obama's top Cabinet officers Tuesday to provide guarantees that no U.S. troops would be sent to Syria after an initial strike in a sign of the potential political pitfalls and widespread public skittishness over even a limited retaliatory...
Congress presses Obama for more details about possible Syria strike
Any effort by President Barack Obama to launch military action against the Syrian regime faces growing resistance on Capitol Hill, as increasing numbers of lawmakers from both parties insist on having a say.


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To buy a HIP Stamp, CLICK HERE.
Virginia rails and soras are the two rail species that can be hunted in Kansas. These species prefer wetlands with dense stands of cattail and bulrush for nesting, but frequently are found in higher-elevation portions of wetlands where grass or other less-robust vegetation is shallowly flooded. Virginia rails and soras nest in Kansas. During the nesting season, they primarily consume aquatic insects and other aquatic invertebrates. Seeds and animal matter are eaten in late summer and fall.
Rails typically are hunted in combination with snipe in the same habitats. Rails can use deeper water than snipe, but also are found in shallow water and on mudflats. Because seeds are an important part of the diet in late summer and fall, shallow-water areas with dense stands of seed-producing plants are prime rail hunting areas. Although rails don't fly nearly as fast and evasively as snipe, hunting both snipe and rails together is like trying to adjust to a baseball pitcher's fastball and changeup. Rails also compensate for their relatively slow flight by not remaining aloft for long.
Rail hunters need to be proficient in identification of the other look-alike species found in rail habitat. King, black, and yellow rails also occur in Kansas, but they aren't legal to hunt. Of these nongame rails, kings are the most common and the others aren't likely to be encountered when hunting. The king rail is similar in shape to the Virginia rail, but kings are about twice as large as Virginias.


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Apr 13, 2008
WISH LIST and Questions
Also, if you have any questions you'd like me to pose to the LEGO folks, post your questions here as comments. I make no promises that they'll answer them - or, if they do answer, that the response will be non-vague. Often, for security reasons, they simply cannot respond to some questions.
4 comments:
- Varun said...
Would also appreciate it if you could post the document here when you're done with it - I would love to see it.
- Apr 14, 2008, 1:36:00 AM
Is there a new NXT computer brick in the making? If so, what are some of the features that are in the works?
- Apr 14, 2008, 5:01:00 AM
Missed the list,&I'm sure most suggested, but:
1)Big-time MUXES - inputs for (guestimating CPU speed vs realistic 'bot speed)32-128x32 bit real-time analog inputs (hey,off-shelf'70Box put 64, 12-bit FAST ADC MUX on a PDP-8/I) per channel or 128-512 single-bit, or even 32-bit word-length binary inputs, ditto on outputs running (from external power boxes) multiple NXT Motors per output+ non-stepper motors where thats no issue, A double-sided NXT-size box with oh,64 jacks a side to hold 1,2 mux boards, ultra-long beams of bike alloy or carbon fiber- plastic, new back plate/bios for <33gig on-board flash memory, reintroduction of motorcycle wheels,all pneumatic parts & HD shocks in packages we can AFFORD, G-class wireless modem replacing blutooth for range, parts at some kind of flat and sane price (per kilo of plastic +extra molding steps if need be) for folks signing an agreement to turn over any new designs to them first (I'd take a 50-70% price cut for right of first publication and a year to 10 "ownership" of copyright. Others won't, but even w/oil up Lego makes a fortune on selling bricks and everything sold, (decide whether you want to be a developer working for parts OR an author - I'm disabled and find affording this stuff tough, and , lastly a 2-way USB 2 port for things like cheap bare GSMs,good mic's if you don't want to also add an ADC box - will even trade hardware for design time. -wtp
- Apr 14, 2008, 6:26:00 AM
I know its too late, but the thing I REALLY want in NXT-G is for comments to be anchored to the block. It is a huge waste of time to have to move every comment in the program when you add a block at the beginning of the program. As a result, my kids wait until they are done with the program before adding comments!
- Apr 23, 2008, 10:53:00 PM


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We love it but...
By Home Schooling Mom
from Sicklerville, NJ
About Me Education Oriented, Parent Of Two Or More Children, Stay At Home Parent
Best Uses
Comments about Time Activity Mat:
We love this. I home school my 6 year old and this is a great tool for time. Unfortunately right out of the package one of the dice had a leak and it was right at the nozzle so it's irreparable. We are still able to enjoy the game though. We just blow up the leaky dice every time we roll that particular one. Other than the leak it's a fantastic learning game.
Bottom Line Yes, I would recommend this to a friend
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The children initial ...
By Kerry Aryal
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The children initial reaction was a loud 'wow' when I first unfolded it, and they have asked enthusiastically most days if they are going to use it. It has been particularly beneficial for whole class use.


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Jason M. Carlton, APR
(801) 662-6591
Salt Lake City, Nov. 15, 2010 – Signaling a new frontier in the treatment of congenital heart defects and damaged heart valves, Primary Children's Medical Center announced today that it has successfully performed its first transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement procedure, a non-surgical alternative to open-heart surgery.
Primary Children's is the first hospital in the region to offer the minimally invasive procedure. The patient – Charli Noyes, 20, from Sunset, Utah – received the Melody Transcatheter Pulmonary Valve on Nov. 11 and was discharged the following day. Three other patients from Idaho, Montana and Arizona also successfully underwent the surgery last week. The Melody valve, from Medtronic, is the first medical device of its kind to be approved by the FDA. It was approved January 2010 under a humanitarian device exemption, a special regulatory approval for treatments intended for fewer than 4,000 U.S. patients per year.
"The Melody valve is an example of our institution's commitment to the adoption of less invasive cardiac procedures for patients with congenital heart disease," said Collin Cowley, MD, Director of Cardiac Catheterization and Pediatric Cardiologist, Primary Children's Medical Center and Associate professor or Pediatrics, University of Utah. "By providing less invasive options that delay open-heart surgery, we hope to improve patients' quality of life, so we're excited to be able to offer the Melody valve so that appropriate patients have access to a much less-invasive treatment option."
Birth defects that involve the heart are referred to as congenital heart defects and affect nearly one percent of all births in the United States each year. These defects range from mild forms to very complex defects that require many high-risk procedures to allow the child to survive and eventually heart transplantation for some individuals.
Robert Gray, MD, Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Utah, further stressed that physician collaboration is key to helping congenital heart disease patients manage their condition. "Effective management of congenital heart defects over a patient's lifetime requires dedicated cooperation between cardiac surgeons, interventional cardiologists and other clinicians," said Dr. Gray. "Together, we can draw on a variety of treatment options, and Melody is an important addition to the choices available to us."
Dr. Cowley and Dr. Gray completed additional education and training from Medtronic earlier this year to become certified in the new procedure.
Congenital heart disease patients often require open-heart surgery to restore effective blood flow to their lungs or their body. Previously, the only way to repair or replace a defective pulmonary valve was through open-heart surgery. With the recent availability of this new transcatheter technology, physicians now have a non-surgical means to address pulmonary valve dysfunction. The procedure allows an interventional cardiologist to deliver a replacement valve through a catheter requiring only a small incision, thus eliminating the immediate need to open the chest and delaying the patient's next surgical intervention.


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The company had resisted for months, but finally relents, hoping to "put an end to the dispute" and saying it will do its part to "fight racism and anti-Semitism."
A Paris court has struck down an appeal by the microblogging site, says French newspaper Le Monde.
In the ongoing legal conflict between the social network and the Union of Jewish French Students, a new court case erupts.
After Twitter in France was hit with a slew of anti-Semitic tweets in October, the court ruled the social networking service must identify those behind the posts. Twitter is evaluating the ruling.


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Trio of silks. Sandwashed, crepe finished and polished textured silks come together to evoke the spirit of Miss Bardot. Custom rivet detail, ingenious pockets and a contrast cami accessorize this dress to perfection. Little to no need for anything else.
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Men's Camouflage Clothing & Accessories: Ties, Sunglasses, and MoreWe've got the perfect camouflage men's gifts for the outdoor enthusiast or hunter in your life! Our selection of men's camo clothes, including camo pattern ties, boxers, wallets and other camo men's products. Looking for a gift for that special hunter or outdoorsman? Try our camo tie in Realtree, MAX 4, Mossy Oak or Wetlands patterns. These camo neckties are great for weddings, proms or for everyday use. Other items include Browning Buckmark shirts, wallets and outerwear. Whether you need a gift for a father, uncle, husband, or brother, The Camo Shop has you covered!
Men's Buckmark Hooded Sweatshirt$49.95
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Moderators: Tonyblack, Jason, Toothy
poohcarrot wrote:Nice find, Jano, but hardly a code though, is it darling?
Jan Van Quirm wrote: why were the Elves and Trolls keeping away from Datum?
Jan Van Quirm wrote:Sally's father invented the Stepper - why can't he get to the High Meggas too even if he didn't use the 'soft' places?
poohcarrot wrote:For some reason I think of Rimmer's voice from Red Dwarf as Lobsang.
Long Earth page 221 wrote:Invite her to the ship! Tempt her! We have superb cuisine, somewhat wasted on you, I must say. Offer her sex! Whatever you do, get her on this damn ship!
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Build up your biceps and triceps with these simple arm exercises from the American Council on Exercise. Learn valuable how-to information and get expert fitness advice that will help you strengthen your arm muscle groups including the biceps, triceps and wrists. We have a wide variety of arm strenghtening exercises from the beginner to advanced level including the dumbbell bench press, triceps kick-backs, bicep curls and more. For full workout routines that feature arm exercises, check out our Workouts section.
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Regardless of what your training goals might be, this functional-training workout will help challenge your body in new ways. These exercises require only your body weight and give you an excuse to enjoy the fresh air as you take your workout outdoors.
With so much nutritional advice available, it can be a huge challenge to separate fact from fiction. One of the latest trends is called the alkaline diet, which is said to promote health and weight loss by creating a better pH balance in the body. Learn about the basic...
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For Immediate Release: November 2, 2011
Who Do You Think You Are? Based on the 2010 Census, Mr. Pat Mann, Urban Planner with the City of Alexandria Department of Planning and Zoning, will present demographic information about who we are, who are the citizens that make up Zip Code 22304? The 2000 Census declared Zip Code 22304 the most diverse zip code in the entire country! Are we still that diverse? In 2001, Hammond Middle School students spoke 66 languages at home. Who are we today and what does the 2010 Census tell us? Come hear who we are, and how the West End might be the most mosaic corner of Alexandria.
West End Talks will be held at the Beatley Central Library Community Room, 5005 Duke St. from 7 p.m. to 8:30 p.m. For further information, email firstname.lastname@example.com.
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Aug 24, 2006
Some new info on FLL posted...
NOTICE the inclusion of the Ultrasonic sensor!
And can someone explain the meaning of "There are no restrictions on the quantity or source of non-electric LEGO pieces,"?
13 comments:
- Jim Kelly said...
I'll also add the first comment...
The RCX team can use an extra light sensor or touch sensor to balance the inclusion of the Ultrasonic sensor... I wonder if that's a good balance.
Also, I guess this rules out a mixture of NXT/RCX sensors and/or motors...
- Aug 24, 2006, 8:01:00 AM
"There are no restrictions on the quantity or source of non-electric LEGO pieces," simply means that you can have as many non-electric LEGO pieces as you want from whatever set pleases you. There are no restrictions on non-electric pieces besides the fact that they must be LEGO-manufactured.
- Aug 24, 2006, 8:08:00 AM
- Jim Kelly said...
Thanks... I was reading too deeply into that :)
- Aug 24, 2006, 8:11:00 AM
They have also announced that the RCX will be allowed in competition next year.
- Aug 24, 2006, 8:16:00 AM
Thanks... I was reading too deeply into that :)
I think you where. I was reading it and wondering what there was not to get about it:-)
I have mixed fealings abouot the limitations. I still don't think that it evens the playing field. I don't think that most RCX teams are going to have three rotation sensors, and even if they did, the lose all their ports and can't attach any other sensors.
One thing I'm wonding about. What is the deal with Cybermaster touch sensors? Not the most usefull sensor in FLL, but with the ability to attach multiple sensors to one port, and distingush whitch was touched...
- Aug 24, 2006, 8:23:00 AM
- Brian Davis said...
Cybermaster touch sensors are very handy for stacking multiple touch sensors on a port... but that's not the only way to do it. You can also use a careful arrangment of LEGO lamp bricks and wires to hook two touch sensor up to a single port and get full information out of it.
Brian Davis
- Aug 24, 2006, 8:43:00 AM
For FLL, only Lego brand parts are accecpted, and only in orginal condition. So you can't do your own wiring or use some other company's parts. This is a Lego sponsored event, so it makes sense for them to only want Lego parts. It's also supposed to be a student-built robot, so creative wiring is not usually something that a 10 year old can do. FFL tries to keep the playing field as even as possible, and the entire challenge should be able to be accomplished with just the parts sent in the official robot kit from FLL. I'm sure (at least I HOPE) the designers of the challenge only use the basic kit to solve the challenge.
- Aug 24, 2006, 9:00:00 AM
- jonathan said...
Actually, there is more to the, "There are no restrictions on the quantity or source of non-electric LEGO pieces". In past years, there's been a rule that you couldn't use any pieces that came in a bionicle set, so I guess they're clarifying that isn't a rule anymore.
- Aug 24, 2006, 11:17:00 AM
- Brian Davis said...
Now that's a strange clarification... especially since Bionicles use studless construction, and I sometimes pick up deeply discounted sets just to get studless parts. That would seem to be a rather difficult rule to enforce in some cases as well... I wonder what the motivation is.
As far as the "creative wiring", using lamp bricks as resistors is not something that's very difficult. Take a look at:
I'd be curious to know if any FLL teams have ever used this trick in the past (I guess you'd need two lamp bricks, however, which probably tosses it out).
Brian Davis
- Aug 24, 2006, 1:29:00 PM
I think you misunderstood. The bionicle parts "are" allowed. A few years ago they were not. The current rules state that teams can use any non-electrical parts they want, as long as they are lego and have not been altered (cut, fused together, etc.).
Regarding stacking sensors, I haven't seen teams do that but it doesn't look like it breaks the rules - they are not exceeding allowable parts, and it can be programmed in the allowable languages. In previous years, teams were only allowed a few sensors (max 4, I think, including only one rotation sensor) so these tricks were not necessary. This year, with more sensors allowed (max 8 including rotation sensors), we might see these sorts of solutions for the RCX teams wanting to use as many sensors as they can stack on their brick.
- Aug 24, 2006, 9:46:00 PM
- Brian Davis said...
Ah, I se... comes from ading comments when half (completely?) asleep. It still leaves the question of why Bionicle parts were disallowed *before*, however. Curious.
Brian Davis
- Aug 24, 2006, 10:28:00 PM
I would also presume that allowable parts include all the parts that came with the RIS sets: tank treads, rubber bands, foam hocky puck, &etc.
- Aug 29, 2006, 12:19:00 PM
I'm on an Fll team. Please tell me how to stack sensors. I'm using an rcx, and am using 2 rotation sensors and one touch sensor. The field has many black lines on it, and we would like to add a light sensor. We are using robolab. We need to stack sensors!!!!!!!!!!
- Dec 10, 2006, 1:42:00 AM


text:
Oct 2, 2006
BlueTooth: playing with blocks
The tricky part is those connections – remember how the master and slave NXTs showed that they labeled the connection with different numbers? Those are the "addresses" of the NXTs. But each address can have multiple mailboxes as well, making for yet another way of sorting out all the BT mail that ends up flying around. It's similar to how mail gets to an apartment building: all of it gets sent to the same building (which NXT, identified by a connection number), but you can also tag each message as headed for a particular apartment (the mailbox number).
If you take a close look at the Send Message block, you'll see you can tell it where you'd like the message to go: what connection to send it out on, and what mailbox in the receiving NXT to pop it into. But where is that information on the Receive Message block? Here there is no connection to select, so how do I tell the Receive Message block where to get messages from? The answer is you don't: all messages sent to a single NXT are accessed through the Receive Message block, just like all your mail is sent to your address (even if some of it started in Austin, TX, while another was sent from Billund in Denmark). In short, NXT-G BT messages have no return address built into them (although there are ways around this… those mailboxes again).
Confused yet? Here's a simple set of programs for the two connected NXTs. One ("DiceMaster"), running on the "master" NXT just generates a random number to send to the other one, and then waits for a return message from the second NXT telling it if the sum of all the numbers has exceeded some preset limit. The other program ("DiceSlave") listens for a number to be sent to it, and then adds it to the total and checks to see if the limit has been exceeded, sending a message back to the master to let it know the result. Simple, but it does show how messages are sent both from the master to the slave, as well as from the slave back to the master. Note that a slave NXT can only send a message back to the master, so for a slave there is really only one outgoing connection: connection #0. And of course all the messages coming into the slave come only from the master as well, which is listed in the slave's Connection menu as on connection #0. So I tend to think of this in the terms I used in the program comments: slaves both send and receive all messages over connection #0, while from the master's point of view, it can send messages out to any one of three addresses (#1, #2, or #3), but again receives all incoming messages along a single "line", which I still think of as a "connection #0".
Now, for any of you with two or more NXTs, experiment! And let us know what new quirks or features you uncover.
Brian Davis
7 comments:
- Jim Kelly said...
Nice tutorial, Brian.
- Oct 2, 2006, 4:59:00 AM
Did the Netherlands invade Denmark? :-)
- Oct 2, 2006, 5:20:00 AM
- Jim Kelly said...
It's a known fact that we Americans are terrible at geography... but we're great at history...
Remember when the Germans bombed Pearl Harbor?
- Oct 2, 2006, 5:26:00 AM
- Matthias Paul Scholz said...
> Remember when the Germans bombed Pearl Harbor?
No, that has been the Russians ;-)
- Oct 2, 2006, 5:44:00 AM
- Brian Davis said...
Yeah, OK, I should be hung out to dry for that one... sigh, that's what I get for writing the text just before bed :-). OK, minor geographic blunder corrected. Now, on to my dissertation about one of the neighboring states to the north of me, Alberta...
Brian "geographicly challenged, but not lost" Davis
- Oct 2, 2006, 7:29:00 AM
I believe that the FLL rules state that Bluetooth must be turned off.
- Oct 2, 2006, 2:12:00 PM
- Brian Davis said...
Certainly. But that doesn't mean that it can't be turned on, when not in competition, or when out in the parking lot, or while waiting for your run, etc.
For that matter, I could see it end up being a *useful* element in some future FLL event - with a reliable way to communicate, the possibilities of expanding the cooperative element is there - like for really big points, both teams have to push a button in the center at the same time.
Brian Davis
- Oct 2, 2006, 9:15:00 PM


text:
Category: PC Drip Emitters
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The D033, D034 and D035 are pressure compensating spiked drip emitters with flow regulation devices that provide consistent flow over a range of pressures, and insect baffle to minimize blockages caused by insects. Pressure compensating emitters ensure even flow rates under widely varying pressures and topographical conditions. The drip emitters are available in .5, 1 and 2 GPH. Use these drippers for even, consistent water flow from each drip emitter along the line, regardless of water pressure fluctuations in the system. Used for nurseries, pots, and baskets in the landscape area, the spike dripper delivers precise amounts of water directly to the root zone of the plants.
Drip irrigation is the slow application of water directly to the plants' root zone in a predetermined pattern. By preserving an optimum moisture level in the soil at all times, drip irrigation results in less water lost to the sun and the wind and less water wasted on non-growth areas. The resulting proper balance of water and air leads to very efficient irrigation.
One of the most important features of a drip irrigation system is the creation of a totally new and more favorable root zone environment within the planting. Drip irrigation sustains this environment by using low flow rates to maintain constant soil moisture levels. This encourages better growth and disease resistance by reducing plant stress.
To water a diverse selection of plant sizes such as trees, shrubs, bulbs and perennials, the option below can be utilized:
· Suggested number of drippers per plant:
o Vines with spacing of 6'- 8' use 1 GPH per vine or 2, .5 GPH drip emitters spaced on each side of the vine with 8" to 12" between the drip emitters.
o Plants in close spacing: use a 1-GPH dripper every 10" to 12".
o Small plants up to 2 feet high spaced a few feet apart: use one 1-GPH dripper per plant.
o Plants 2' to 3' high: use 2 1-GPH drippers per plant spaced 12" apart.
o Plants 3' to 5' high: use 3 to 4 1-GPH drippers per plant, spaced 12" apart or loop the drip hose around the plant and insert the drippers every 12".
o Plant 5' to 7' high: use 4 to 6 1-GPH drippers per plant, spaced 12" apart or loop the drip hose around the plant with the drippers spaced 12" apart.
How much time to water: Turn the water on for 45 minutes to 1 hour every two to three days, depending on the drip emitter flow rate, your location and the soil type. After a week or two check the soil and the health of the plants, and adjust the irrigation time as needed. If you have an irrigation controller and you need to add more time, adjust the time on the controller or program the controller with additional start-times.
Note: Katif dripper models D043, D044 and D045 require the use of a punch with a 4mm tip.


text:
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text:
|The Bible is
Bible refers to respective collections of religious writings of Judaism and of Christianity. The exact composition of the Bible is dependent on the religious traditions of specific denominations. Modern Rabbinic Judaism generally recognizes a single set of canonical books known as the Tanakh, or Hebrew or Jewish Bible. It comprises three parts: the Torah ("Teaching", also known as the Pentateuch or "Five Books of Moses"), the Prophets, and the Writings. It was primarily written in Hebrew with some small portions in Aramaic.
The Christian Bible includes the same books as the Tanakh (referred to in this context as the Old Testament), but usually in a different order, together with twenty-seven specifically Christian books collectively known as the New Testament. Those were originally written in Greek. Among some traditions, the Bible includes apocryphal books that were not accepted into the Tanakh. Eastern Orthodox Churches use all of the books that were incorporated into the Septuagint, to which they add the earliest Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible; Roman Catholics include some of these books in their canon; and many Protestant Bibles follow the Jewish canon, excluding the additional books. Some editions of the Christian Bible have a separate Biblical apocrypha section for books not considered canonical.
As of March 2008, translations of the full Bible are available for 438 languages, translations of one of the two testaments in 1,168 additional languages, and portions of the text exist in 848 additional languages. This means that partial or full translations of the Bible exist in a total of 2,454 languages.
According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin, as used in the phrase biblia sacra ("holy book" - "In the Latin of the Middle Ages, the neuter plural for Biblia (gen. bibliorum) gradually came to be regarded as a feminine singular noun (biblia, gen. bibliae, in which singular form the word has passed into the languages of the Western world.). This stemmed from the Greek term τὰ βιβλία τὰ ἅγια (ta biblia ta hagia), "the holy books", which derived from βιβλίον (biblion), "paper" or "scroll," the ordinary word for "book", which was originally a diminutive of βύβλος (byblos, "Egyptian papyrus"), possibly so called from the name of the Phoenician port Byblos from whence Egyptian papyrus was exported to Greece.
Biblical scholar Mark Hamilton states that the Greek phrase Ta biblia ("the books") was "an expression Hellenistic Jews used to describe their sacred books several centuries before the time of Jesus, and would have referred to the Septuagint. The Online Etymology Dictionary states, "The Christian scripture was referred to in Greek as Ta Biblia as early as c.223."
The Torah comprises the following five books:
The Hebrew book titles come from the first words in the respective texts. The Hebrew title for Numbers, however, comes from the fifth word of that text.
The Torah focuses on three moments in the changing relationship between God and people. The first eleven chapters of Genesis provide accounts of the creation (or ordering) of the world, and the history of God's early relationship with humanity. The remaining thirty-nine chapters of Genesis provide an account of God's covenant with the Hebrew patriarchs, Abraham, Isaac and Jacob (also called Israel), and Jacob's children (the "Children of Israel"), especially Joseph. It tells of how God commanded Abraham to leave his family and home in the city of Ur, eventually to settle in the land of Canaan, and how the Children of Israel later moved to Egypt. The remaining four books of the Torah tell the story of Moses, who lived hundreds of years after the patriarchs. His story coincides with the story of the liberation of the Children of Israel from slavery in Ancient Egypt, to the renewal of their covenant with God at Mount Sinai, and their wanderings in the desert until a new generation would be ready to enter the land of Canaan. The Torah ends with the death of Moses.
The Torah contains the commandments, of God, revealed at Mount Sinai (although there is some debate amongst Jewish scholars, if this was written down completely in one moment, or if it was spread out during the 40 years in the wandering in the desert). These commandments provide the basis for Halakha (Jewish religious law). Tradition states that the number of these is equal to 613 Mitzvot or 613 commandments. There is some dispute as to how to divide these up (mainly between the Ramban and Rambam).
The Torah is divided into fifty-four portions which are read in turn in Jewish liturgy, from the beginning of Genesis to the end of Deuteronomy, each Sabbath. The cycle ends and recommences at the end of Sukkot, which is called Simchat Torah.
According to Jewish tradition, Nevi'im is divided into eight books. Contemporary translations subdivide these into seventeen books.
The Nevi'im comprise the following eight books:
The Ketuvim comprise the following eleven books:
The Tanakh was mainly written in Biblical Hebrew, with some portions (notably in Daniel and Ezra) in Biblical Aramaic.
Some time in the 2nd or 3rd century BC, the Torah was translated into Koine Greek, and over the next century, other books were translated (or composed) as well. This translation became known as the Septuagint and was widely used by Greek-speaking Jews, and later by Christians. It differs somewhat from the later standardized Hebrew (Masoretic Text). This translation was promoted by way of a legend (primarily recorded as the Letter of Aristeas) that seventy (or in some sources, seventy-two) separate translators all produced identical texts.
From the 800s to the 1400s, Jewish scholars today known as Masoretes compared the text of all known biblical manuscripts in an effort to create a unified, standardized text. A series of highly similar texts eventually emerged, and any of these texts are known as Masoretic Texts (MT). The Masoretes also added vowel points (called niqqud) to the text, since the original text only contained consonant letters. This sometimes required the selection of an interpretation, since some words differ only in their vowels—their meaning can vary in accordance with the vowels chosen. In antiquity, variant Hebrew readings existed, some of which have survived in the Samaritan Pentateuch, the Dead Sea scrolls, and other ancient fragments, as well as being attested in ancient versions in other languages.
Versions of the Septuagint contain several passages and whole books beyond what was included in the Masoretic texts of the Tanakh. In some cases these additions were originally composed in Greek, while in other cases they are translations of Hebrew books or variants not present in the Masoretic texts. Recent discoveries have shown that more of the Septuagint additions have a Hebrew origin than was once thought. While there are no complete surviving manuscripts of the Hebrew texts on which the Septuagint was based, many scholars believe that they represent a different textual tradition ("Vorlage") from the one that became the basis for the Masoretic texts.
Jews also produced non-literal translations or paraphrases known as targums, primarily in Aramaic. They frequently expanded on the text with additional details taken from Rabbinic oral tradition.
Orthodox Judaism continues to accept the Oral Torah in its totality. Masorti and Conservative Judaism state that the Oral Tradition is to some degree Divinely inspired, but disregard its legal elements in varying degrees. Reform Judaism also gives some credence to the Talmud containing the Legal elements of the Oral Torah, but, as with the written Torah, asserts that both were inspired by, but not dictated by, God. Reconstructionist Judaism denies any connection of the Torah, Written or Oral, with God.
In Judaism, the term Christian Bible is commonly used to identify only those books like the New Testament which have been added by Christians to the Masoretic Text, and excludes any reference to an Old Testament.
A number of books which are part of the Peshitta or Greek Septuagint but are not found in the Hebrew (Rabbinic) Bible are often referred to as deuterocanonical books by Roman Catholics referring to a later secondary (i.e. deutero) canon. Most Protestants term these books as apocrypha. Evangelicals and those of the Modern Protestant traditions do not accept the deuterocanonical books as canonical, although Protestant Bibles included them in Apocrypha sections until around the 1820s. However, the Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Oriental Orthodox Churches include these books as part of their Old Testament.
The Roman Catholic Church recognizes the following books:
In addition to those, the Greek and Russian Orthodox Churches recognize the following:
Some other Eastern Orthodox Churches include a few others, typically:
The Syriac Orthodox Church also has:
The Ethiopian Orthodox Church also has some others such as:
The Anglican Church uses some of the Apocryphal books liturgically, but not to establish doctrine. Therefore, editions of the Bible intended for use in the Anglican Church include the Deuterocanonical books accepted by the Catholic church, plus 1 Esdras, 2 Esdras and the Prayer of Manasseh, which were in the Vulgate appendix.
There is also 4 Maccabees which is only accepted as canonical in the Georgian Church, but was included by St. Jerome in an appendix to the Vulgate, and is an appendix to the Greek Orthodox Bible, and it therefore sometimes included in collections of the Apocrypha.
The New Testament is a collection of 27 books, of 4 different genres of Christian literature (Gospels, one account of the Acts of the Apostles, Epistles and an Apocalypse). Jesus is its central figure. The New Testament was written primarily in Koine Greek in the early Christian period, though a minority argue for Aramaic primacy. Nearly all Christians recognize the New Testament (as stated below) as canonical scripture. These books can be grouped into:
| The Gospels
General Epistles, also called Jewish Epistles
The order of these books varies according to Church tradition. The New Testament books are ordered differently in the Catholic/Protestant tradition, the Lutheran tradition, the Slavonic tradition, the Syriac tradition and the Ethiopian tradition.
When ancient scribes copied earlier books, they wrote notes on the margins of the page (marginal glosses) to correct their text—especially if a scribe accidentally omitted a word or line—and to comment about the text. When later scribes were copying the copy, they were sometimes uncertain if a note was intended to be included as part of the text. See textual criticism. Over time, different regions evolved different versions, each with its own assemblage of omissions and additions.
The autographs, the Greek manuscripts written by the original authors, have not survived. Scholars surmise the original Greek text from the versions that do survive. The three main textual traditions of the Greek New Testament are sometimes called the Alexandrian text-type (generally minimalist), the Byzantine text-type (generally maximalist), and the Western text-type (occasionally wild). Together they comprise most of the ancient manuscripts.
There are also several ancient translations, most important of which are in the Syriac dialect of Aramaic (including the Peshitta and the Diatessaron gospel harmony), in the Ethiopian language of Ge'ez, and in Latin (both the Vetus Latina and the Vulgate).
In 331, the Emperor Constantine commissioned Eusebius to deliver fifty Bibles for the Church of Constantinople. Athanasius (Apol. Const. 4) recorded Alexandrian scribes around 340 preparing Bibles for Constans. Little else is known, though there is plenty of speculation. For example, it is speculated that this may have provided motivation for canon lists, and that Codex Vaticanus, Codex Sinaiticus and Codex Alexandrinus are examples of these Bibles. Together with the Peshitta, these are the earliest extant Christian Bibles.
The earliest surviving complete manuscript of the entire Bible is the Codex Amiatinus, a Latin Vulgate edition produced in eighth century England at the double monastery of Wearmouth-Jarrow.
The earliest printed edition of the Greek New Testament appeared in 1516 from the Froben press, by Desiderius Erasmus, who reconstructed its Greek text from several recent manuscripts of the Byzantine text-type. He occasionally added a Greek translation of the Latin Vulgate for parts that did not exist in the Greek manuscripts. He produced four later editions of this text. Erasmus was Roman Catholic, but his preference for the Byzantine Greek manuscripts rather than the Latin Vulgate led some church authorities to view him with suspicion.
The first printed edition with critical apparatus (noting variant readings among the manuscripts) was produced by the printer Robert Estienne of Paris in 1550. The Greek text of this edition and of those of Erasmus became known as the Textus Receptus (Latin for "received text"), a name given to it in the Elzevier edition of 1633, which termed it as the text nunc ab omnibus receptum ("now received by all").
The churches of the Protestant Reformation translated the Greek of the Textus Receptus to produce vernacular Bibles, such as the German Luther Bible and the English King James Bible.
The discovery of older manuscripts, which belong to the Alexandrian text-type, including the 4th century Codex Vaticanus and Codex Sinaiticus, led scholars to revise their view about the original Greek text. Attempts to reconstruct the original text are called critical editions. Karl Lachmann based his critical edition of 1831 on manuscripts dating from the 4th century and earlier, to demonstrate that the Textus Receptus must be corrected according to these earlier texts.
Later critical editions incorporate ongoing scholarly research, including discoveries of Greek papyrus fragments from near Alexandria, Egypt, that date in some cases within a few decades of the original New Testament writings. Today, most critical editions of the Greek New Testament, such as UBS4 and NA27, consider the Alexandrian text-type corrected by papyri, to be the Greek text that is closest to the original autographs. Their apparatus includes the result of votes among scholars, ranging from certain {A} to doubtful {E}, on which variants best preserve the original Greek text of the New Testament.
Most variants among the manuscripts are minor, such as alternate spelling, alternate word order, the presence or absence of an optional definite article ("the"), and so on. Occasionally, a major variant happens when a portion of a text was accidentally omitted (or perhaps even censored), or was added from a marginal gloss. Fortunately, major variants tend to be easier to correct. Examples of major variants are the endings of Mark, the Pericope Adulteræ, the Comma Johanneum, and the Western version of Acts.
Critical editions that rely primarily on the Alexandrian text-type inform nearly all modern translations (and revisions of older translations).
However for reasons of tradition, especially the doctrine of the inerrancy of the King James Bible, some modern scholars prefer to use the Textus Receptus for the Greek text, or use the Majority Text which is similar to it but is a critical edition that relies on earlier manuscripts of the Byzantine text-type. Among these scholars, some argue that the Byzantine tradition contains scribal additions, but these later interpolations preserve the orthodox interpretations of the biblical text—as part of the ongoing Christian experience—and in this sense are authoritative.
There are among Christians wide differences of opinion as to how particular incidents as described in the Bible are to be interpreted and as to what meaning should be attached to various prophecies. However, Christians in general are in agreement as to the Bible's basic message. A general outline, as described by C. S. Lewis, is as follows:
Many Christians, Muslims, and Jews regard the Bible as inspired by God yet written by a variety of imperfect men over thousands of years. Many others, who identify themselves as Bible-believing Christians, regard both the New and Old Testament as the undiluted Word of God, spoken by God and written down in its perfect form by humans. Still others hold the Biblical infallibility perspective, that the Bible is free from error in spiritual but not scientific matters.
Belief in sacred texts is attested to in Jewish antiquity, and this belief can also be seen in the earliest of Christian writings. Various texts of the Bible mention Divine agency in relation to prophetic writings, the most explicit being : "All scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for training in righteousness."
In their book A General Introduction to the Bible, Norman Geisler and William Nix wrote: "The process of inspiration is a mystery of the providence of God, but the result of this process is a verbal, plenary, inerrant, and authoritative record. Some biblical scholars associate inspiration with only the original text; for example some American Protestants adhere to the 1978 Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy which asserted that inspiration applied only to the autographic text of Scripture. Others, including some adherents to the King James Only view, attribute inerrancy to particular translations.
The word "canon" etymologically means cane or reed. In early Christianity "canon" referred to a list of books approved for public reading. Books not on the list were referred to as "apocryphal" — meaning they were for private reading only. Under Latin usage from the fourth century on, canon came to stand for a closed and authoritative list in the sense of rule or norm.
The New Testament writers assumed the inspiration of the Old Testament, probably earliest stated in which may be rendered "All Scripture is inspired of God" or "Every God-inspired Scripture is profitable for teaching." Both translations consider inspiration as a fact.
During the Protestant Reformation, certain reformers proposed different canonical lists than what was currently in use. Though not without debate, see Antilegomena, the list of New Testament books would come to remain the same; however, the Old Testament texts present in the Septuagint, but not included in the Jewish canon, fell out of favor. In time they would come to be removed from most Protestant canons. Hence, in a Catholic context these texts are referred to as deuterocanonical books, whereas in a Protestant context they are referred to as Apocrypha, the label applied to all texts excluded from the biblical canon which were in the Septuagint. It should also be noted, that Catholics and Protestants both describe certain other books, such as the Acts of Peter, as apocryphal.
Thus, the Protestant Old Testament of today has a 39-book canon—the number varies from that of the books in the Tanakh (though not in content) because of a different method of division—while the Roman Catholic Church recognizes 46 books as part of the canonical Old Testament. The term "Hebrew Scriptures" is only synonymous with the Protestant Old Testament, not the Catholic, which contains the Hebrew Scriptures and additional texts. Both Catholics and Protestants have the same 27-book New Testament Canon.
In scholarly writing, ancient translations are frequently referred to as "versions," with the term "translation" being reserved for medieval or modern translations. Bible versions are discussed below, while Bible translations can be found on a separate page.
The original texts of the Tanakh were in Hebrew, although some portions were in Aramaic. In addition to the authoritative Masoretic Text, Jews still refer to the Septuagint, the translation of the Hebrew Bible into Greek, and the Targum Onkelos, an Aramaic version of the Bible. There are several different ancient versions of the Tanakh in Hebrew, mostly differing by spelling, and the traditional Jewish version is based on the version known as Aleppo Codex. Even in this version by itself, there are words which are traditionally read differently than written (sometimes one word is written and another is read), because the oral tradition is considered more fundamental than the written one, and presumably mistakes had been made in copying the text over the generations.
The primary biblical text for early Christians was the Septuagint or (LXX). In addition they translated the Hebrew Bible into several other languages. Translations were made into Syriac, Coptic, Ge'ez and Latin, among other languages. The Latin translations were historically the most important for the Church in the West, while the Greek-speaking East continued to use the Septuagint translations of the Old Testament and had no need to translate the New Testament.
The earliest Latin translation was the Old Latin text, or Vetus Latina, which, from internal evidence, seems to have been made by several authors over a period of time. It was based on the Septuagint, and thus included books not in the Hebrew Bible.
Pope Damasus I assembled the first list of books of the Bible at the Council of Rome in AD 382. He commissioned Saint Jerome to produce a reliable and consistent text by translating the original Greek and Hebrew texts into Latin. This translation became known as the Latin Vulgate Bible and in 1546 at the Council of Trent was declared by the Church to be the only authentic and official Bible in the Latin rite.
Bible translations for many languages have been made through the various influences of Catholicism, Orthodox, Protestant, etc especially since the Protestant Reformation. The Bible has seen a notably large number of English language translations.
The work of Bible translation continues, including by Christian organisations such as Wycliffe Bible Translators (wycliffe.net), New Tribes Missions (ntm.org) and the Bible Societies (biblesociety.org). Of the world's 6,900 languages, 2,400 have some or all of the Bible, 1,600 (spoken by more than a billion people) have translation underway, and some 2,500 (spoken by 270 million people) are judged as needing translation to begin.
One translation of the Bible, the New World Translation, used mainly by Jehovah's Witnesses, is seen as controversial by some because of the renderings of key verses. However, this Bible also takes a "word for word" translation stance.
Contemporary language has changed in many cases to reflect criticism of the use of the masculine gender, which has been characterized as discriminatory. Current style guides, such as APA, MLA, NCTE, and others, have published statements encouraging, and in some cases requiring, the use of inclusive language, which avoids language this approach regards as sexist or class-distinctive.
Until recently, virtually all English translations of the Bible have used masculine nouns and pronouns both specifically (to refer to males) and generically (when the reference is not necessarily gender-specific). Recent examples of translations which incorporate gender-inclusive language include the New Revised Standard Version, the Revised English Bible, and Today's New International Version.
|Original New International Version
|Today's New International Version
|We have different gifts, according to the grace given us. If a man's gift is prophesying, let him use it in proportion to his faith. If it is serving, let him serve; if it is teaching, let him teach; if it is encouraging, let him encourage; if it is contributing to the needs of others, let him give generously; if it is leadership, let him govern diligently; if it is showing mercy, let him do it cheerfully.
|We have different gifts, according to the grace given to each of us. If your gift is prophesying, then prophesy in accordance with your faith; if it is serving, then serve; if it is teaching, then teach; if it is to encourage, then give encouragement; if it is giving, then give generously; if it is to lead, do it diligently; if it is to show mercy, do it cheerfully.
The Hebrew Masoretic text contains verse endings as an important feature. According to the Talmudic tradition, the verse endings are of ancient origin. The Masoretic textual tradition also contains section endings called parashiyot, which are indicated by a space within a line (a "closed" section") or a new line beginning (an "open" section). The division of the text reflected in the parashiyot is usually thematic. The parashiyot are not numbered.
In early manuscripts (most importantly in Tiberian Masoretic manuscripts, such as the Aleppo codex) an "open" section may also be represented by a blank line, and a "closed" section by a new line that is slightly indented (the preceding line may also not be full). These latter conventions are no longer used in Torah scrolls and printed Hebrew Bibles. In this system the one rule differentiating "open" and "closed" sections is that "open" sections must always begin at the beginning of a new line, while "closed" sections never start at the beginning of a new line.
Another related feature of the Masoretic text is the division of the sedarim. This division is not thematic, but is almost entirely based upon the quantity of text.
The Byzantines also introduced a chapter division of sorts, called Kephalaia. It is not identical to the present chapters.
The current division of the Bible into chapters and the verse numbers within the chapters has no basis in any ancient textual tradition. Rather, they are medieval Christian inventions. They were later adopted by many Jews as well, as technical references within the Hebrew text. Such technical references became crucial to medieval rabbis in the historical context of forced debates with Christian clergy (who used the chapter and verse numbers), especially in late medieval Spain. Chapter divisions were first used by Jews in a 1330 manuscript and for a printed edition in 1516. However, for the past generation, most Jewish editions of the complete Hebrew Bible have made a systematic effort to relegate chapter and verse numbers to the margins of the text.
The division of the Bible into chapters and verses has often elicited severe criticism from traditionalists and modern scholars alike. Critics charge that the text is often divided into chapters in an incoherent way, or at inappropriate rhetorical points, and that it encourages citing passages out of context, in effect turning the Bible into a kind of textual quarry for clerical citations. Nevertheless, the chapter divisions and verse numbers have become indispensable as technical references for Bible study.
Stephen Langton is reputed to have been the first to put the chapter divisions into a Vulgate edition of the Bible, in 1205. They were then inserted into Greek manuscripts of the New Testament in the 1400s. Robert Estienne (Robert Stephanus) was the first to number the verses within each chapter, his verse numbers entering printed editions in 1551 (New Testament) and 1571 (Hebrew Bible).
Biblical criticism refers to the investigation of the Bible as a text, and addresses questions such as authorship, dates of composition, and authorial intention. It is not the same as criticism of the Bible, which is an assertion against the Bible being a source of information or ethical guidance.
Subsequent scholars, notably Eduard Reuss, Karl Heinrich Graf and Wilhelm Vatke, turned their attention to the order in which the documents had been composed (which they deduced from internal clues) and placed them in the context of a theory of the development of ancient Israelite religion, suggesting that much of the Laws and the narrative of the Pentateuch were unknown to the Israelites in the time of Moses. These were synthesized by Julius Wellhausen (1844-1918), who suggested a historical framework for the composition of the documents and their redaction (combination) into the final document known as the Pentateuch. This hypothesis was challenged by William Henry Green in his The Mosaic Origins of the Pentateuchal Codes (available online). Nonetheless, according to contemporary Torah scholar Richard Elliott Friedman, Wellhausen's model of the documentary hypothesis continues to dominate the field of biblical scholarship: "To this day, if you want to disagree, you disagree with Wellhausen. If you want to pose a new model, you compare its merits with those of Wellhausen's model.
The documentary hypothesis is important in the field of biblical studies not only because it claims that the Torah was written by different people at different times—generally long after the events it describes— but it also proposed what was at the time a radically new way of reading the Bible. Many proponents of the documentary hypothesis view the Bible more as a body of literature than a work of history, believing that the historical value of the text lies not in its account of the events that it describes, but in what critics can infer about the times in which the authors lived (as critics may read Hamlet to learn about seventeenth-century England, but will not read it to learn about seventh-century Denmark).
The development of the hypothesis has not stopped with Wellhausen. Wellhausen's hypothesis, for example, proposed that the four documents were composed in the order J-E-D-P, with P, containing the bulk of the Jewish law, dating from the post-Exilic Second Temple period (i.e., after 515 BC); but the contemporary view is that P is earlier than D, and that all four books date from the First Temple period (i.e., prior to 587 BC). The documentary hypothesis has more recently been refined by later scholars such as Martin Noth (who in 1943 provided evidence that Deuteronomy plus the following six books make a unified history from the hand of a single editor), Harold Bloom, Frank Moore Cross and Richard Elliot Friedman.
The documentary hypothesis, at least in the four-document version advanced by Wellhausen, has been controversial since its formulation. The direction of this criticism is to question the existence of separate, identifiable documents, positing instead that the biblical text is made up of almost innumerable strands so interwoven as to be hardly untangleable—the J document, in particular, has been subjected to such intense dissection that it seems in danger of disappearing.
Although biblical archaeology has confirmed the existence of many people, places, and events mentioned in the Bible, many critical scholars have argued that the Bible be read not as an accurate historical document, but rather as a work of literature and theology that often draws on historical events—as well as upon non-Hebrew mythology—as primary source material (see The Bible and history). For these scholars, the Bible reveals much about the lives and times of its authors and compilers. The relevance of these ideas to contemporary religious life is left to clerics and adherents of contemporary religions to decide.
In addition to the 5 categories described by Elliott, other positions have been adopted:
Biblical archaeology is the archaeology that relates to, and sheds light upon, the Hebrew Scriptures and the New Testament. It is used to help determine the lifestyle and practices of people living in biblical times. It is also used to help clarify the consistency between historical evidence and scripture.
There are a wide range of interpretations of the existing Biblical archaeology. One broad division includes Biblical maximalism that generally take the view that most of the Old Testament or Hebrew Bible is essentially based on history although presented through the religious viewpoint of its time. It is considered the opposite of Biblical Minimalism which is strictly secular and does not allow any consideration of the Bible as documentary evidence or as a framework of history.
One example of the dispute involves Biblical accounts of Israelite bondage in Egypt, wandering in the desert, and conquest the Land of Israel in a military campaign, the accounts of the land being passed on to the 12 tribes of Israel, and David's and Solomon's conquests, and other key elements described in the Biblical narratives as occurring in the 10th century BC or before. So far, there is a lack of archaeological evidence to independently support this, which has led some archaeologists, such as Israel Finkelstein, Neil Silberman, and William Dever to believe that these events never happened, and that the ancestors of the Hebrews and the Jews are either nomads who have become sedentary, or people from the plains of Canaan, who fled to the highlands to escape the control of the cities. Others disagree sharply
Another example involves the story of Noah's Ark. Biblical literalists support a theory of a worldwide flood as described in the story and are looking for archaeological evidence in the region of the mountains of Ararat in north-east Turkey where Genesis says Noah's Ark came to rest. Mainstream scientists (and many Christians and Jews) discount a literal interpretation of the Ark story, on the basis of geology and other sciences.
According to recent theories, linguistic as well as archaeological, the global structure of the texts in the Hebrew Bible were compiled during the reign of King Josiah in the 7th century BC. Even though the components are derived from more ancient writings, the final form of the books is believed to have been set somewhere between the 1st century BC and the 4th century AD. However, after the split of the Kingdom of Israel in the second half of the 9th century BC, archaeological findings fit the Biblical chronology.