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There are a few things you can do to lower your risk of sleep apnea. These include:
Obesity is the main risk factor for sleep apnea. If you are overweight, you may be able to prevent sleep apnea by talking to your doctor about a weight loss program. If you're not overweight, try to maintain an appropriate weight through proper diet and exercise.
Drinking alcohol can increase the number of sleep apnea episodes you have each night. Therefore, limit your intake of alcohol.
Sedative medications can worsen sleep apnea. Try to avoid using these medications.
Heavy smokers are more likely to develop sleep apnea than nonsmokers. If you smoke, quit.
Revision Information
- Reviewer: Marcin Chwistek, MD
- Review Date: 05/2014 -
- Update Date: 05/28/2014 -


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swreader wrote:For example, prior to this novel, Pratchett has explored the different societies of Genua, Omnia, Tsort and Ephebe, the Agatean Empire, Klatch, the Lost (XXXX) continent, and to some extent Sto Helit and other cities of the plains as well as Lancre. The only place he introduces after this appears to be Borogravia. Nor are the philosophical or political explorations of 5th E a major step forward for Pratchett.
Sorry, but you've missed it. Books like "Pyramids" and "Small Gods" did 'examine' certain cultures of DW, but these were done in isolation, and neither of these countries have been prominently featured again since that time or again figure prominently in the DW narrative chronology. The world of "The Lost Continent" is little more than an extended goof on 'Down Under.' The Klatch of "Jingo" wasn't much more than a satire of all the old "Foreign Legion" movies. Other than the culture of the Dregs, we get only a sketchy picture of what Klatch is really like. OTOH, In TFE, Pterry creates an Uberwald this is culturally and psychologically rich. He gives the Universal Pictures "monster classes" historical, cultural, and political motivations. He turns the hi-ho lawn ornament perception of dwarfs on its head by instilling in them both their stereotypical traits (love of gold, beards, axes) and an entire cultural and historical tradition that provides a rationale for their mythology. And, contrary to what you said, Rhys DOES reveal himself to be a female--if only in an indirect way and only to Cheery (with Vimes hearing the confession). In no other DW book before this has Pterry created a culture this rich.
swreader wrote:Carrot does not "transform" Sam or the series, although it is possible that this bookrepresents Terry's last effort to develop Carrot as a rounded full character, an attempt which fails miserably. Carrot's primary function in this book is to rescue Sam at the end of Sam's battle with the werewolves. Only by recognizing this very limited function can we understand the almost otherwise inexplicable actions which his character takes...For someone who has always reiterated the principal that "Personal is not the same as important," Carrot's actions at the beginning of this novel make no sense at all. In Jingo he watched Angua be carried off on a Klatchian ship with no emotional disturbance.
Again, you've totally missed the point here. This is the first Watch book where Carrot BECOMES a fully rounded figure, PRECISELY because he, for once, lets his heart repudiate his philosophy of "personal is not the same as important." In Jingo, Angua's ran off as part of her job as a copper. In TFE, Angua takes off for reasons only explained in the pigeon message we never read but must assume is a "Dear Carrot" letter. The "old" Carrot would have let her go. The Carrot of TFE acts like any man obsessed with the love of his life. Most men don't have the strength or resources to try to get their girlfriends back. Carrot thinks he does, and nearly dies when it becomes clear that he no idea how to survive the harshness of an Uberwald winter. Through his interactions with Angua and the wolves, he finally gains an understanding of why Angua is the way she is and why she, rather he, is the "master" here. This expansion of the depths of his character removes him permanently from his "kingly pedastal" making him a much more appealing character. But he ever would have gotten their without Angua teaching him what it means to "think like a wolf."
This, his function is the book is NOT to rescue Vimes from the werewolves. Angua would have rescued him anyway whether Carrot was there or not--she had "smelled" the presence of a human running away from the werewolves and would have discovered it was Vimes very quickly. Neither does Carrot help in any way help Vimes solve the central mystery. He is useless in the battle against Wolfgang, has no involvement in the "detectoring" in the dwarf mines, and doesn't even show up at the "rewards" ceremony. He knows he is useless here and, more importantly, he knows what should be most important to him, and it's personal.
From TFE on, we never see Carrot in a dominant role again. In past books, he was responsible for most of Vimes' success. Even Vimes is in awe of his physical and mortal strength and his amazing ability to make everyone "bow down" to him. In all future books, Carrot is little more than an investigator or right hand man. I think this is intentional on PTerry's part--in expanding the role and importance of Vimes, the importance of Carrot needed to be diminished--there could only be one true "commander of the Watch"
swreader wrote:While Sam does not change the world in this book (Rhys does not reveal that he is a she), there is the beginning of a change that culminates in Thud! . And he does so more in spite of Carrot than because of him. Carrot and Angua's relationship in this book degenerates—especially when they bury Gavin—to that of dog and master. Angua finds (in her dog-like devotion) his handling of Colon and Nobby masterful. I found it repressible. He, and he alone, has caused the mess in A-M's watch, but he makes his "old friends," think it's their fault. After that, I quite understand his increasingly circumscribed and unflattering use in the later watch books.
Once again, you've missed it. Vimes absolutely DOES change the world, Without him, the werewolves would have succeeded. Rhys would not have become king and a civil war would have erupted among the dwarfs that might have extended all the way to AM. Without Sam, Rhys's world-changing handshakes would not have been possible, and, thus, female dwarfs would have been returned to chainmail and the wars with the trolls would have continued indefinitely. As Vimes changes the world, he changes himself, from the "Vetinari's terrier" of previous books to the extremely powerful diplomatic problem solver who becomes the one person in the world all races turn to to uncover "the truth," even if they must manipulate him into initiating the pursuit.
And while Angua may finally understand and accept her role as Carrot's dog, what's wrong with this? DW is a male-dominated society, with very few human women in positions of power. If Angua has become the dog, than this is her choice, not something that has been imposed upon here. By saving Carrot's life, she earned the right to decide how she wanted to relate to him. In werewolf terms, being someone's dog is perhaps the ultimate expression of love, so why look at it from a roundworld point of view?
And Carrot's manipulation of Fred and Nobby, while demonstrating his new-found "nastiness," is completely understandable given what he;s learned in this adventure. The great irony here is that, except for the one time Carrot and Vetinari obliquely discussed Carrot's claim to kingship in Men at Arms, Carrot never explicitly exploits the "common knowledge" that he was the undeclared king until this very last scene, when he points his sword at Colon and Nobby. The "old" Carrot would never have done this. The Carrot of TFE, as Granny might say, has "learned."

subset: commoncrawl


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Yep, changing "headlines" to "news" since I'm not really writing headlines anymore....effective....now!
While in agreement now that the filibuster wont be going through any changes, Senators Reid and McConnell continue to argue over whether it should've been called reform or deform.
Republicans criticize Palin's abbreviation of Obama's State of the Union slogan "winning the future" to "WTF," saying she's not being helpful by limiting it to just his speech.
Facing charges of plagiarism in his State of the Union address Obama insists he did no such thing in the eyes of supporters, whom even conservatives agree must've been born yesterday.
Conservatives hail Obama's choice of Jay Carney as the new press secretary, citing his experience as Biden's Communications Director ensures the perfect level of intellect to replace Robert Gibbs.


text: It's so easy to get the look, but what is the mastery behind its seams?"Knowing the sewing construction is what makes one a designer not a stylist," Charles Kleibacker, at the FIT American Style Symposium. There's no doubt that I'm a seam queen! I can spot a well-made garment in an instant and appreciate the craft that went into its construction. It comes from a discerning eye and knowing when it matters most to have the best that you can or when a trendier throwaway version is just fine. Or, perhaps, the contemporary combination of the mixing both high and low fashion.Published on December 15, 2009


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We are Launching the NEW RemodelorMove Site and Still Working Out Some Issues with the Calculators.
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while we finalize the work here,
please Visit our sister Site Remodel Estimates.com
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First step is usually to figure out how much the remodel will cost. It is hard to get a good estimate without detailed plans but the RemodelOrMove.com remodel cost calculators can help give you an idea of the cost.
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Want to Sell your Home Faster and for More Money? Stage your Home!
Update: The economic downturn and uncertainty in the housing market means that selling your home is not as easy as it used to be - not that it was ever a breeze in the first place! Buyers are now much more cautious about the home they choose and want to invest their money wisely. Houses not only...
Is renewable energy heating and cooling worth the cost?
Renewable energy heating and cooling is worth the cost in many ways. First, many people consider protecting the environment worth the cost. Second, federal and state governments, many utility companies, and others are offering significant rebates, tax credits and other incentives to encourage...
How to Decorate a Long Living Room
Photo by Tiare Scott By Dan Fritschen The start to any good long living room remodel is collecting and organizing ideas for how to decorate a long living room. You should look for both detailed photos of furnishings as well as photos that show the entire room. You can f...
Cost of Building an Addition - Get an Instant Estimate
By Dan Fritschen "What is the cost of building an addition" is the most common question next to "how much to remodel my kitchen" contractors are asked by homeowners. And the answer is the same. "You need a detailed specification and design before costs can be calculated." And this i...


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Details and Shopping
Customer Favorite
- FP Exclusive :
- Only sold thru Free People
Graphic tee with long leopard-printed sleeves. Sleeve hems are cuffed. Slightly oversized, relaxed fit. High-low hem.
We the Free brings us back to our down-to-earth, All-American roots, made mostly with casual cottons that have a lightly distressed and perfectly worn in feel.
*Body - 100% Cotton
*Sleeves - 100% Printed Rayon
*Machine Wash Cold
Measurements for Size Small:
Length in Front: 24"
Length in Back:
Bust (all around): 41"
Sleeve Length: 21"
We the Free brings us back to our down-to-earth, All-American roots, made mostly with casual cottons that have a lightly distressed and perfectly worn in feel.
*Body - 100% Cotton
*Sleeves - 100% Printed Rayon
*Machine Wash Cold
Measurements for Size Small:
Length in Front: 24"
Length in Back:
Bust (all around): 41"
Sleeve Length: 21"
Rated 4 out of 5Â by 11 reviewers.
Rated 3 out of 5Â by NinjaGirl Not what I expected! I purchased this tee in the black colorway, and was expecting an all cotton black tee with white screenprinting, and long white sleeves with black animal printing. What I received was an all cotton black tee with gray colored screenprinting, and long cream colored RAYON sleeves with brown and black animal print and BUTTONED CUFFS. Ok, maybe I should have looked at the photos more closely, but I would think that the item description would specify something like a different fabric make up for the sleeves and that the sleeves have buttoned cuffs. That being said, the shirt is nice although it does fit a little on the loose side. The fabric is thin and stretchy in the body and drapes softly, but the sleeves do not have any stretch to them. I'm not sure if I will be keeping this or sending it back. If you are looking at an XSmall, here are the dimensions of the one I received: length from back of neck: 25" length front: 23" bust all around: 38" sleeve length from dropped shoulder seam: 20.5" 11.14.2012
Rated 3 out of 5Â by valskerie Leaping Leopards! When I first saw this tee, I was so excited for it! I love the graphic tee combined with the leopard print, so I ordered both colors to check them out. Personally, I thought the black didn't look as nice as the ivory. I like the idea of this shirt, but the sleeve area near the shoulder doesn't look right on me. It makes my shoulders look droopy as the "over shirt" is cut high and the sleeves are loose. I'm still debating on this, but may keep since I purchased it on sale. 1.25.2013
Rated 5 out of 5Â by butch33 A twist on graphic tees...a blouse graph I love the layered look of this graphic tee..the dropped shoulder and combination blouse cuff leopard sleeve makes this a go to top for more than just the casual jean or cord...I love having fun with a vest/sleeveless jacket...keeping the look fem, adding a short flippy skirt or tights, and leopard flats or small cuban heels...alone with a long chain necklace. and a slip dress in black over for another look, and sometimes with a knotted scarf from FP ..I would recommend this to everyone as a great wardrobe extension piece. 1.12.2013
Rated 5 out of 5Â by studio1532 Leopard Graphic Tee I have this in both colors. It is so cute and fun to wear. I got my usual xs and it fits loose in a good way. I am 5' 1" and 99lbs. If you are on the fence i would go for it. 1.11.2013
Rated 5 out of 5Â by Jamez Super Cool Love this shirt. Nice, slouchy fit and the contrasting material on the arms makes it look really expensive. I'm gonna buy the other color as well : ) 1.11.2013
Rated 4 out of 5Â by FPValR love love love this top is worth the sale price, honestly. I love this top off the shoulder and with a god pair of cargo pants. Absolutely perfect! 1.7.2013
Rated 3 out of 5Â by namaste77 Beautiful sleeves, sloppy on the hem I ordered a small thinking would be a little fitted, but very loose in the body area (I'm 5'6" 128 lbs). Sleeves and shoulders fit well and the drape of the sleeve is classic FP. The bottom of the T-shirt is sloppy with a "stretched-out" drape and unflattering sloppy hem. Not worth anywhere close to the full price, but average for the sale. the perfectly distressed front, great graphic and sleeves are pushing me towards a keep, but I'll have to work on the hem. 1.3.2013
Rated 5 out of 5Â by cunnu Fp can make a tshirt pretty ! I bought this to qualify for free shipping and out of curiosity. It really surprised me when i tried it out. Its so pretty, way to dress up a boring black tshirt it would have been otherwise. tts: 5.5, 115 pounds 32B. I got an xs. 12.21.2012
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Good News
Job Search
In Photos: Tiny Homes
Md. Couple to Retire in Tiny Home
Greg Cantori and his wife, Renee, of Pasadena, Md., are retiring in a 238-square-foot house on wheels they bought for $19,000. Cantori became used to living in small spaces as a 19-year-old living aboard a sailboat and then spent his honeymoon with Renee living aboard a 30-foot sailboat in the Virgin Islands for three weeks. "We know what it's like to live small and simple," he said.
Courtesy Greg Cantori
Md. Couple to Retire in Tiny Home
Greg Cantori and his wife, Renee, of Pasadena, Md., are retiring in a 238-square-foot house on wheels they bought for $19,000. Cantori became used to living in small spaces as a 19-year-old living aboard a sailboat and then spent his honeymoon with Renee living aboard a 30-foot sailboat in the Virgin Islands for three weeks. "We know what it's like to live small and simple," he said.
Courtesy Greg Cantori
Couple Plan Retirement In Tiny Home.
Greg Cantori and his wife, Renee, plan to retire in their 238-square-foot house, currently in Pasadena, Md.
Courtesy Greg Cantori
Is This the World's Smallest Home?
A tiny, 65-square-foot home built by volunteers for the Toledo Museum of Art's 'Small Worlds' exhibition was auctioned on eBay through April 7, 2012. With a kitchenette and a room with a built-in desk area, the home can fit a queen mattress. Bidding started at $999 on March 8 and brought in over $29,000. Proceeds benefited early childhood programming at the museum.
Andrew Weber
Downsizing: Minimalist Homes
Felice Cohen, a writer and professional organizer, reads in her rented "microstudio" on the Upper West Side of Manhattan. She pays about $1000 a month for a 12' x 7.5' "microstudio."
Courtesy faircompanies.com
Downsizing: Minimalist Homes
Felice Cohen's mini apartment has a bathroom but no kitchen.
Courtesy Felice Cohen
Minimalist Homes
Derek, author of "Humble Homes, Simple Shacks" and his brother, Dustin, in a cabin they built in Vermont. The cabin's main room is 10' by 10'.
Bruce Bettis
Minimalist Homes
Tumbleweed Tiny House Company, started by Jay Shafer, sells this 117 square feet home, called The Lusby, for $49,997. Or you can build it yourself for $21,250. Shafer's private residence, in Sebastopol, Calif., is 89 square feet.
Jack Journey
Minimalist Homes
Tumbleweed Tiny House Company sells "The Fencl," which is 130 square feet, for $53,997 or $23,000 if you build it yourself. It measures 8'x19' with a ceiling height of 6' 3,' and has an interior made of pine and stainless steel counters, with an exterior of cedar.
Jack Journey
Minimalist Homes
Jay Shafer built this 89-square foot home in Graton, Calif. and lived in it until his son was born. Photo courtesy of Tumbleweed Tiny House Company.
Jack Journey
Minimalist Homes
Bear Creek Carpentry, in Woodgate, NY., built this camping cabin next to the owner's primary residence in Old Forge, NY. His complete cottages can range from $13,440 for "The Hermit" to $50,400 for "The Lodge" complete with a kitchen and bathroom. Rockhill said more of his customers are requesting homes as primary residences instead of vacation homes.
William Rockhill
Minimalist Homes
William Rockhill of Bear Creek Carpentry built this home for his friends, Sara and Jim Cotter, pictured with him, in Woodgate, NY.
William Rockhill
Minimalist Homes
Rich Daniels of Rich's Portable Cabins custom-built this primary residence for a client in Northern Calif. who is sensitive to certain chemical and building materials. He used wool insulation instead of standard fiber glass.
Rich Daniels
Minimalist Homes
Rich Daniels built this cabin in three months. Nancy and Roy Omachi bought five of Daniels' cabins for their Huntington Lake Resort in Lakeshore, Calif. within the Sierra National Forest. For the resort staff, this cabin fits four to six people and includes a bedroom, loft with three beds, kitchen, living room, deck, bathroom and fireplace.
Nancy Omachi
Minimalist Homes
Rich Daniels is building a community of mini-cabins in the town of North Powder in northeastern Oregon. He has dug ground for two ponds, and hopes to build a community center and small farm. The development, which will allow families of modest means to own a home, is tentatively named "Heritage RV Park."
Courtesy Rich Daniels
Zooey Deschanel Sells Home With Baby on the Way
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text:
I've been very impressed with Danny's Rubik's Cube solver, both the mechanics and the programming (both of which I might add are beyond my usual range of experience). I recently came across another version by Hans Andersson of an NXT-based Rubik's solver, but one that is completely standalone - no PC or even image processing is required, and the parts list looks to be well under one NXT kit. It uses the US sensor to detect when a cube is placed in the cradle, and then scans it using nothing more exotic than the stock light sensor (he has used a specially colored cube to make the colors easily distinguished). Take a look at the YouTube video - in particular, watch the multi-jointed motion of the arm, (it seems to be a very nicely designed mechanism), as well as the simple way the scanning is accomplished. Not to mention the fun sounds it uses while calculating a solution. I'd love some more details on this project but I don't have any...yet. I am guessing he's used NXC with Bricx Command Center, as they are listed on his links page. Visit his site - it's brief, but well-written.
Han's Tilted Twister website: http://tiltedtwister.com/
Brian Davis
Mar 4, 2008
Rubik's Cube - Who Needs a Camera?
Posted by: Brian Davis at 4:30 AM
Labels: Rubik's Cube
4 comments:
- Eric D. Burdo said...
WOW! All from 1 retail kit (plus a rubiks cube with custom colored stickers).
Approx 6 minutes to solve the puzzle.. including scan, calculate and solve (rotate) times.
- Mar 4, 2008, 11:10:00 AM
would be great to get more information about programming such great bot.
keep me informed via this blog
- Mar 14, 2008, 10:28:00 PM
- Francy said...
- This comment has been removed by a blog administrator.
- Mar 28, 2008, 9:03:00 PM
- Xander Soldaat said...
The author has now released the source code and an LDD file so you can make your own and learn from it.
- Mar 29, 2008, 5:39:00 PM
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NEW BALANCE Men's 880 Running Shoes
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Product Details
The NEW BALANCE® men's 880 running shoes are built on the Acteva® Lite midsole with Stability Web® to provide a lightweight, supportive, and well-cushioned ride. Perfect for a runner with a neutral gait, these comfortable trainers are packed with premium features but still weigh in at only 10.9 ounces each.
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Asian Studies
Asian studies is an interdisciplinary field grounded in current approaches to the varied regions of Asia. Seminars and lectures are offered on China, Japan, India, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Indonesia. Courses explore Asian cultures, geographies, histories, societies, and religions. Visual and performing arts are included in the Asian studies curriculum. Faculty, trained in languages of their areas, draw on extensive field experience in Asia. Their courses bridge humanities, social sciences, and global studies.
Students are encouraged to consider studying in Asia during their junior year. The Office of International Programs assists students in locating appropriate opportunities. Recent Sarah Lawrence College students have participated in programs of study in India, China, and Japan.
Asian Studies courses
- Chinese Philosophy: Tao, Mind, Human Nature, and Metaphysics
- Chinese Popular Culture
- First-Year Studies: Cultures and Arts of India
- Gender and History in China: Beyond Eunuchs and Concubines
- Pilgrimage and Tourism: South Asian Practices
- Post-Revolutionary Chinese Fiction: The Novel as History in a Neo-Liberal Age
- Reading China's Revolutions Through Literature and Memoir
- Sacrifice


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IOSH Managing Safely
Course Overview
The Managing Safely course is for those required to manage safely and effectively in compliance with both their organisation's policy and best practice in health and safety.
The course aims to ensure that safety requirements are appreciated by people employed as line managers, and to enable them to review their own departmental systems for safety, introducing new controls or implementing changes as appropriate to ensure safety in the workplace.
Payments for eLearning courses made within the UK (only) are subject to UK VAT at the prevailing rate.
IOSH Managing Safely Syllabus Summary
- Explain 'working safely'.
- Explain the component parts of a recognised safety management system such as HSG65, BS 8800, and OHSAS 18001.
- Identify the data and techniques required to produce an adequate record of an incident and demonstrate the procedure for an accident investigation, recognising the human factors involved.
- Describe statutory requirements for reporting and procedures for checking for non-reporting.
- Describe methods of basic trend and epidemiological analysis for reactive monitoring data.
- Define 'hazard' and 'risk', and describe the legal requirements for risk assessment.
- Demonstrate a practical understanding of a quantitative risk assessment technique and the data required for records.
- Describe workplace precaution hierarchies.
- Prepare and use active monitoring checklists and implement schedules for active monitoring, recording results and analysing records.
- Outline the main provisions of the Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974 and the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999.
- Outline relevant health and safety legislation, codes of practice, guidance notes and information sources such as the Health and Safety Executive.
On-line Examination / Assessment
The final examination is taken on-line after you have studied the course material. Understanding of the course material is evaluated by means of a multiple choice examination comprising of a mixture of short and multiple choice online questions, plus an end of course assignment.
Did you know?
The IOSH Managing Safely course is the ideal starting point for your Health and Safety career, you will have an underpinning knowledge of the core health and safety subjects; therefore make you better prepared for your NEBOSH studies!
The IOSH Managing Safely course is also one of the few available accredited courses you can complete 'entirely on-line', including your (uploaded) work-based assignment and on-line (timed 45 minute) examination.


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Small fruit, most split pits; no picture
Orig. in Columbia, S.C., by
South Carolina AES, Clemson Univ., Clemson, S.C., and U.S. Dept. of Agriculture.
Introd. in 1972. FV 89-14 [(Fireglow x Hiley) x Fireglow] x Springtime;
cross made in 1958 by V.E. Prince, at the former U.S. Hort. Field Lab.,
Fort Valley, Ga., tested as FV 9-144 at Univ. Sandhill Expt. Sta., Columbia,
S.C.; first fruited in 1965. Fruit: small to medium; ovate, indistinct suture
line; skin ground color yellow, covered with 60% bright red blush at maturity,
pubescence light; flesh yellow, melting, medium textured, flavor good; clingstone,
up to 25% split pits; can be harvested in one picking; ripens with Springtime
or 3 to 4 days before Springold. Tree: vigorous; productive for an early
maturing variety; tolerant to bacterial leaf spot; chilling requirement
750 h below 45F; flower large, showy, self-fertile; leaf glands reniform.
The description of each variety of peach or nectarine fruit under each group is in different formats as this information is collected from varied sources and hence is not consistent


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Product Catalog > THEMES > Heart Jewelry > Gold Plated Heart/ Simulated Emerald Bead Drop Earrings
Gold Plated Heart/ Simulated Emerald Bead Drop Earrings
Fresh emerald green hues combine with lavish textured 14 kt gold plating to give you these fabulous gold heart / simulated emerald bead drop earrings. You will love the breathtaking color and graceful motion of these gorgeous earrings. Make no mistake about it-- these famous brand earrings are rediculously underpriced! You will not be disappointed.
- measures approx. 1"T x 1/2 "w
- pierced surgical steel posts.
- textured gold heart is plated with genuine 14kt gold.
- translucent simulated emerald colored beads--beautiful!


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Congress needed more space, but no one wanted the beloved Capitol overshadowed by its new additions. Secretary of State Daniel Webster suggested using narrow corridors to connect the new wings, leaving the old building visually intact. People also felt it important that the wings appear to grow naturally from the older building.
On the inside of the wings, no attempt was made to imitate the old interiors. Instead, modern designs and materials were used. Marble staircases led to spacious galleries overlooking the new chambers, which featured highly decorated iron ceilings and stained-glass skylights. Doors and windows stood in elaborate—and fireproof—cast-iron frames. English encaustic tile (embedded with colorful patterns) paved the floors, a vivid contrast to the brick and stone floors of the old building.
East Grand Stair, Senate wing
Architect of the Capitol
"Details of the Senate Chamber," by Thomas U. Walter, 1855
The President's Room was one of the most elaborately decorated rooms in the Capitol extension.
English encaustic tiles laid throughout the extension are as bright and colorful today as when they were first made by Minton, Hollins and Company, circa 1855.
Exhibition Hall: E Pluribus Unum


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The problem your describing is related to how Opera Mini renders the page The recommended alternative is to view the website in desktop mode instead of mobile, which should allow you to enter text, but may require more clicks to navigate.
I am able to navigate with arrows in my FireFox; however there have been previous issues with FireFox key bindings interfering with the editor. Is this a persistent issue across page reloads and/or closing and reopening the forums? Also, are you seeing the same thing in blogs and forum editors as well as the private messaging editor?
Hey, heard you were the tech expert. Regarding firefox, i cannot use the direction keys to navigate the text that i'm writing.
Plus i cannot write from my cell (Opera mini). Its displaying the text box as a png image.
Featured Blogger
© 2011 eWrestlingNews, All Rights Reserved.


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I bought the Therabath Spa for my husband. Because of medications, his hands have very poor circulation. He just loves warming them in the wax and in the winter, uses it every day. We use the unscented as we do not like any fragrances. This is the best wax and ProMed had the best price.
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration requires that MSDS be available to employees for potentially harmful substances handled in the workplace under the Hazard Communication regulation.
Material Safety Data Sheet


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The word "viscosity" derives from the Latin word "viscum" for mistletoe. A viscous glue was made from mistletoe berries and used for lime-twigs to catch birds.
Shear viscosity and dynamic viscosity are much better known than the others. That is why they are often referred to as simply viscosity. Simply put, this quantity is the ratio between the pressure exerted on the surface of a fluid, in the lateral or horizontal direction, to the change in velocity of the fluid as you move down in the fluid (this is what is referred to as a velocity gradient). For example, at room temperature, water has a nominal viscosity of 1.0 × 10-3 Pa∙s and motor oil has a nominal apparent viscosity of 250 × 10-3 Pa∙s.
In general, in any flow, layers move at different velocities and the fluid's viscosity arises from the shear stress between the layers that ultimately opposes any applied force.
Isaac Newton postulated that, for straight, parallel and uniform flow, the shear stress, τ, between layers is proportional to the velocity gradient, ∂u/∂y, in the direction perpendicular to the layers.
Here, the constant is known as the coefficient of viscosity, the viscosity, the dynamic viscosity, or the Newtonian viscosity. Many fluids, such as water and most gases, satisfy Newton's criterion and are known as Newtonian fluids. Non-Newtonian fluids exhibit a more complicated relationship between shear stress and velocity gradient than simple linearity.
The relationship between the shear stress and the velocity gradient can also be obtained by considering two plates closely spaced apart at a distance y, and separated by a homogeneous substance. Assuming that the plates are very large, with a large area A, such that edge effects may be ignored, and that the lower plate is fixed, let a force F be applied to the upper plate. If this force causes the substance between the plates to undergo shear flow (as opposed to just shearing elastically until the shear stress in the substance balances the applied force), the substance is called a fluid. The applied force is proportional to the area and velocity of the plate and inversely proportional to the distance between the plates. Combining these three relations results in the equation , where is the proportionality factor called the dynamic viscosity (also called absolute viscosity, or simply viscosity). The equation can be expressed in terms of shear stress; . The rate of shear deformation is and can be also written as a shear velocity, du/dy. Hence, through this method, the relation between the shear stress and the velocity gradient can be obtained.
James Clerk Maxwell called viscosity fugitive elasticity because of the analogy that elastic deformation opposes shear stress in solids, while in viscous fluids, shear stress is opposed by rate of deformation.
Dynamic viscosity is measured with various types of rheometer. Close temperature control of the fluid is essential to accurate measurements, particularly in materials like lubricants, whose viscosity can double with a change of only 5 °C. For some fluids, it is a constant over a wide range of shear rates. These are Newtonian fluids.
The fluids without a constant viscosity are called Non-Newtonian fluids. Their viscosity cannot be described by a single number. Non-Newtonian fluids exhibit a variety of different correlations between shear stress and shear rate.
One of the most common instruments for measuring kinematic viscosity is the glass capillary viscometer.
In paint industries, viscosity is commonly measured with a Zahn cup, in which the efflux time is determined and given to customers. The efflux time can also be converted to kinematic viscosities (cSt) through the conversion equations.
Also used in paint, a Stormer viscometer uses load-based rotation in order to determine viscosity. The viscosity is reported in Krebs units (KU), which are unique to Stormer viscometers.
Vibrating viscometers can also be used to measure viscosity. These models such as the Dynatrol use vibration rather than rotation to measure viscosity.
Extensional viscosity can be measured with various rheometers that apply extensional stress
Volume viscosity can be measured with acoustic rheometer.
The usual symbol for dynamic viscosity used by mechanical engineers, fluid dynamicists and ASHRAE is the Greek letter mu (). The symbol is also used by chemists and IUPAC. The SI physical unit of dynamic viscosity is the pascal-second (Pa·s), which is identical to kg·m−1·s−1. If a fluid with a viscosity of one Pa·s is placed between two plates, and one plate is pushed sideways with a shear stress of one pascal, it moves a distance equal to the thickness of the layer between the plates in one second.
The cgs physical unit for dynamic viscosity is the poise (P), named after Jean Louis Marie Poiseuille. It is more commonly expressed, particularly in ASTM standards, as centipoise (cP). Water at 20 °C has a viscosity of 1.0020 cP.
The relation between poise and pascal-seconds is:
The name 'poiseuille' (Pl) was proposed for this unit (after Jean Louis Marie Poiseuille who formulated Poiseuille's law of viscous flow), but not accepted internationally. Care must be taken in not confusing the poiseuille with the poise named after the same person.
In many situations, we are concerned with the ratio of the viscous force to the inertial force, the latter characterised by the fluid density ρ. This ratio is characterised by the kinematic viscosity (Greek letter nu, ), defined as follows:
where is the dynamic viscosity (Pa·s) and is the density (kg/m3), and is the kinematic viscosity (m2/s).
The obsolete cgs physical unit for kinematic viscosity is the stokes (St), named after George Gabriel Stokes. It is sometimes expressed in terms of centistokes (cSt or ctsk). In U.S. usage, stoke is sometimes used as the singular form.
The kinematic viscosity is sometimes referred to as diffusivity of momentum, because it is comparable to and has the same unit (m2s−1) as diffusivity of heat and diffusivity of mass. It is therefore used in dimensionless numbers which compare the ratio of the diffusivities.
At one time the petroleum industry relied on measuring kinematic viscosity by means of the Saybolt viscometer, and expressing kinematic viscosity in units of Saybolt Universal Seconds (SUS). Kinematic viscosity in centistoke can be converted from SUS according to the arithmetic and the reference tabel provided in ASTM D 2161. It can also be converted in computerized method, or vice versa.
From fluid mechanics, shear stress, , is the rate of change of velocity with distance perpendicular to the direction of movement.
Interpreting shear stress as the time rate of change of momentum,p, per unit area (rate of momentum flux) of an arbitrary control surface gives
Further manipulation will show
For example,
Dynamic viscosity:
Kinematic viscosity:
The viscosity of a system is determined by how molecules constituting the system interact. There are no simple but correct expressions for the viscosity of a fluid. The simplest exact expressions are the Green-Kubo relations for the linear shear viscosity or the Transient Time Correlation Function expressions derived by Evans and Morriss in 1985. Although these expressions are each exact in order to calculate the viscosity of a dense fluid, using these relations requires the use of molecular dynamics computer simulations.
Viscosity in gases arises principally from the molecular diffusion that transports momentum between layers of flow. The kinetic theory of gases allows accurate prediction of the behavior of gaseous viscosity.
Within the regime where the theory is applicable:
James Clerk Maxwell published a famous paper in 1866 using the kinetic theory of gases to study gaseous viscosity.
Sutherland's formula can be used to derive the dynamic viscosity of an ideal gas as a function of the temperature:
Valid for temperatures between 0 < < 555 K with an error due to pressure less than 10% below 3.45 MPa
Sutherland's constant and reference temperature for some gases
|[10-6 Pa s]
|carbon dioxide
|carbon monoxide
|sulfur dioxide
(also see: )
The Chapman-Enskog equation may be used to estimate viscosity for a dilute gas. This equation is based on semi-theorethical assumption by Chapman and Enskoq. The equation requires three empirically determined parameters: the collision diameter (σ), the maximum energy of attraction divided by the Boltzmann constant (є/к) and the collision integral (ω(T*)).
In liquids, the additional forces between molecules become important. This leads to an additional contribution to the shear stress though the exact mechanics of this are still controversial. Thus, in liquids:
The dynamic viscosities of liquids are typically several orders of magnitude higher than dynamic viscosities of gases.
The first step is to calculate the Viscosity Blending Number (VBN) (also called the Viscosity Blending Index) of each component of the blend:
where v is the kinematic viscosity in centistokes (cSt). It is important that the kinematic viscosity of each component of the blend be obtained at the same temperature.
The next step is to calculate the VBN of the blend, using this equation:
where is the mass fraction of each component of the blend.
Once the viscosity blending number of a blend has been calculated using equation (2), the final step is to determine the kinematic viscosity of the blend by solving equation (1) for v:
where is the viscosity blending number of the blend.
Viscosity of water at different temperatures is listed below.
|Temperature [°C]
|viscosity [Pa·s]
|1.308 × 10−3
|1.003 × 10−3
|7.978 × 10−4
|6.531 × 10−4
|5.471 × 10−4
|4.668 × 10−4
|4.044 × 10−4
|3.550 × 10−4
|3.150 × 10−4
|2.822 × 10−4
Some dynamic viscosities of Newtonian fluids are listed below:
|viscosity [Pa·s]
|8.4 × 10−6
|17.4 × 10−6
|2.12 × 10−5
|viscosity [Pa·s]
|viscosity [cP]
|liquid nitrogen @ 77K
|1.58 × 10−4
|3.06 × 10−4
|5.44 × 10−4
|6.04 × 10−4
|3 to 4 × 10−3
|8.94 × 10−4
|1.074 × 10−3
|1.526 × 10−3
|1.863 × 10−3
|1.945 × 10−3
|Ethylene glycol
|1.61 × 10−2
|sulfuric acid*
|2.42 × 10−2
|olive oil
|castor oil*
|corn syrup*
|2.3 × 108
|2.3 × 1011
* Data from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 73rd edition, 1992-1993.
Fluids with variable compositions, such as honey, can have a wide range of viscosities.
|viscosity [cP]
|molten glass
|chocolate syrup
|molten chocolate*
|peanut butter
On the basis that all solids, such as granite flow to a small extent in response to shear stress some researchers have contended that substances known as amorphous solids, such as glass and many polymers, may be considered to have viscosity. This has led some to the view that solids are simply liquids with a very high viscosity, typically greater than 1012 Pa·s. This position is often adopted by supporters of the widely held misconception that glass flow can be observed in old buildings. This distortion is more likely the result of the glass making process rather than the viscosity of glass.
However, others argue that solids are, in general, elastic for small stresses while fluids are not. Even if solids flow at higher stresses, they are characterized by their low-stress behavior. Viscosity may be an appropriate characteristic for solids in a plastic regime. The situation becomes somewhat confused as the term viscosity is sometimes used for solid materials, for example Maxwell materials, to describe the relationship between stress and the rate of change of strain, rather than rate of shear.
These distinctions may be largely resolved by considering the constitutive equations of the material in question, which take into account both its viscous and elastic behaviors. Materials for which both their viscosity and their elasticity are important in a particular range of deformation and deformation rate are called viscoelastic. In geology, earth materials that exhibit viscous deformation at least three times greater than their elastic deformation are sometimes called rheids.
Viscous flow in amorphous materials (e.g. in glasses and melts) is a thermally activated process:
where is activation energy, is temperature, is the molar gas constant and is approximately a constant.
The viscous flow in amorphous materials is characterized by a deviation from the Arrhenius-type behavior: changes from a high value at low temperatures (in the glassy state) to a low value at high temperatures (in the liquid state). Depending on this change, amorphous materials are classified as either
The fragility of amorphous materials is numerically characterized by the Doremus' fragility ratio:
and strong material have whereas fragile materials have
The viscosity of amorphous materials is quite exactly described by a two-exponential equation:
with constants and related to thermodynamic parameters of joining bonds of an amorphous material.
Not very far from the glass transition temperature, , this equation can be approximated by a Vogel-Tammann-Fulcher (VTF) equation or a Kohlrausch-type stretched-exponential law.
If the temperature is significantly lower than the glass transition temperature, , then the two-exponential equation simplifies to an Arrhenius type equation:
where is the enthalpy of formation of broken bonds (termed configurons) and is the enthalpy of their motion. When the temperature is less than the glass transition temperature, , the activation energy of viscosity is high because the amorphous materials are in the glassy state and most of their joining bonds are intact.
If the temperature is highly above the glass transition temperature, , the two-exponential equation also simplifies to an Arrhenius type equation:
When the temperature is higher than the glass transition temperature, , the activation energy of viscosity is low because amorphous materials are melt and have most of their joining bonds broken which facilitates flow.
which only depends upon the equilibrium state potentials like temperature and density (equation of state). In general, the trace of the stress tensor is the sum of thermodynamic pressure contribution plus another contribution which is proportional to the divergence of the velocity field. This constant of proportionality is called the volume viscosity.
In the study of turbulence in fluids, a common practical strategy for calculation is to ignore the small-scale vortices (or eddies) in the motion and to calculate a large-scale motion with an eddy viscosity that characterizes the transport and dissipation of energy in the smaller-scale flow (see large eddy simulation). Values of eddy viscosity used in modeling ocean circulation may be from 5x104 to 106 Pa·s depending upon the resolution of the numerical grid.
The reciprocal of viscosity is fluidity, usually symbolized by or , depending on the convention used, measured in reciprocal poise (cm·s·g-1), sometimes called the rhe. Fluidity is seldom used in engineering practice.
The concept of fluidity can be used to determine the viscosity of an ideal solution. For two components and , the fluidity when and are mixed is
which is only slightly simpler than the equivalent equation in terms of viscosity:
where and is the mole fraction of component and respectively, and and are the components pure viscosities.
(See Hooke's law and strain tensor for an analogous development for linearly elastic materials.)
Viscous forces in a fluid are a function of the rate at which the fluid velocity is changing over distance. The velocity at any point is specified by the velocity field . The velocity at a small distance from point may be written as a Taylor series:
where is shorthand for the dyadic product of the del operator and the velocity:
This is just the Jacobian of the velocity field. Viscous forces are the result of relative motion between elements of the fluid, and so are expressible as a function of the velocity field. In other words, the forces at are a function of and all derivatives of at that point. In the case of linear viscosity, the viscous force will be a function of the Jacobian tensor alone. For almost all practical situations, the linear approximation is sufficient.
If we represent x, y, and z by indices 1, 2, and 3 respectively, the i,j component of the Jacobian may be written as where is shorthand for . Note that when the first and higher derivative terms are zero, the velocity of all fluid elements is parallel, and there are no viscous forces.
Any matrix may be written as the sum of an antisymmetric matrix and a symmetric matrix, and this decomposition is independent of coordinate system, and so has physical significance. The velocity field may be approximated as:
where Einstein notation is now being used in which repeated indices in a product are implicitly summed. The second term from the right is the asymmetric part of the first derivative term, and it represents a rigid rotation of the fluid about with angular velocity where:
For such a rigid rotation, there is no change in the relative positions of the fluid elements, and so there is no viscous force associated with this term. The remaining symmetric term is responsible for the viscous forces in the fluid. Assuming the fluid is isotropic (i.e. its properties are the same in all directions), then the most general way that the symmetric term (the rate-of-strain tensor) can be broken down in a coordinate-independent (and therefore physically real) way is as the sum of a constant tensor (the rate-of-expansion tensor) and a traceless symmetric tensor (the rate-of-shear tensor):
where is the unit tensor. The most general linear relationship between the stress tensor and the rate-of-strain tensor is then a linear combination of these two tensors:
where is the coefficient of bulk viscosity (or "second viscosity") and is the coefficient of (shear) viscosity.
The forces in the fluid are due to the velocities of the individual molecules. The velocity of a molecule may be thought of as the sum of the fluid velocity and the thermal velocity. The viscous stress tensor described above gives the force due to the fluid velocity only. The force on an area element in the fluid due to the thermal velocities of the molecules is just the hydrostatic pressure. This pressure term () must be added to the viscous stress tensor to obtain the total stress tensor for the fluid.
The infinitesimal force on an infinitesimal area is then given by the usual relationship:


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Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology
A Volume in Foundations in Diagnostic Pathology
Expansively illustrated, this volume in the "Foundations in Diagnostic Pathology" series encompasses aspiration cytopathology of all major body sites. Experts in the field provide you with a clear, concise, and practical diagnostic approach to the challenges you face every day. Color photomicrographs provide a visual image of individual lesions, to make learning quick and easy. The consistent, convenient format provides quick, at-a-glance reference, making it an excellent resource not only for the pathologists-in-training but for those in practice as well.Table of Contents
Key Features
- Uses highly templated chapters to make key information easy to find.
- Incorporates carefully selected high-quality, full-color images.
- Covers aspiration cytopathology of all major body sites.
- LIncludes contributions from the world's preeminent cytopathologists.
Related Links
Author Information
By Mary K. Sidawy, MD, Director, Division of Anatomic Pathology; Chief, Cytopathology, Professor, Department of Pathology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC; and Syed Z. Ali, MD, Associate Professor, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
Customer Reviews
- Hardcover
- Reference
- 376 Pages
- Imprint: Churchill Livingstone
- Copyright: 2007


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Workshops offer Gathering attenders the opportunity to be immersed in a topic with other interested Friends. Attenders stay in the same workshop throughout the week, helping form a mini-community within the Gathering. Each workshop meets from 9:00-11:45 AM each weekday. Most workshops include worship or worship-sharing each day.
- If I register early, will I be guaranteed my first workshop choice? (Short answer: No)
- Click here to learn how to change your workshop.
- Which workshops include half-Gathering and part-time participants?
- Click here for information about how to submit a workshop for 2016.
2015 Workshop Descriptions
Click on the workshop title to read a detailed description. Use the filter tools to display workshop by audience type (age group), or by keyword. More detailed descriptions will be posted by March.


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Browning has always been known for their quality guns and their famous Browning Buckmark. Hunters and gun lovers everywhere recognize the meaning of this logo wherever they see it. From decals on trucks to wearing it proudly on your hat, the Browning Buck can be found everywhere.
Browning has a contest called "Show Us Your Buckmark." In this competition, contestants are asked to show how they sport their favorite logo, the Browning Buckmark. The most creative expression of the Buckmark wins a brand new Browning shotgun or rifle.
Contestants get pretty creative when showing off their Buckmark. Many people have tattoos, some make cakes in the shape of the Buckmark, others decorate their rooms with Browning Buckmark decor. All of the contestants have thought of interesting ways in which to show off their love for Browning.
Parker and Ben Imel went above and beyond the competition. Ben is the owner of Imel Woodworks, where he crafts beautiful handmade furniture. Parker, Ben's son, works as a mechanical engineer with Zeeco. They love working with their hands to create beautiful furniture and decor.
Ben thought of a way to support Browning in a way no other contestant had yet done. He wanted to create a Buckmark that could be placed on the side of their home. Together, Ben and his son Parker carefully crafted a Buckmark out of stainless steel using a CNC plasma cutting machine. The outcome was better than they imagined.
Ben submitted a photo and letter to Browning explaining the experience they shared preparing for the competition. Soon after his submission, Ben received an exciting letter. The Imels' unique submission had captured Browning's attention. They were pleased to announce the dynamic father-son duo as the winners of the competition."
Ben received the X Bolt 7 MM Remington Magnum rifle as promised. Ben has always enjoyed hunting with his son Parker, and wanted the gun to be passed down for generations to come. He gave the rifle to Parker as a thank you for his hard work in the construction of the Buckmark.
One day, Parker will pass the gun down to his son and with it the story of how this rifle became a part of the family.
Love Browning? We do too! Check out these fantastic Browning products:


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Posted 03 February 2013 - 22:31
Posted 03 February 2013 - 22:41
Hey Everyone -
I am taking an intro class to VB and we are working on the Light Bulb project (some of you may have heard of it). Essentially the way it works is you click on a picture of a light bulb to "turn it on" and you get a message that tell you to turn it off, so you click it again to turn it off and the process restarts. It's setup so that you can change the color of the output text (which I have working) and I also have the concatenation working, but not tied to the light bulb yet.
Unfortunately, the text book for this course is EXTREMELY vague with respect to the project, so if you're stuck; like me, well, you're on your own. I've done some Google searches and I found a blog from someone who did this project, but their code in my opinion is less than stellar, it just doesn't make sense because it appears that some of the methods she used, we haven't learned yet.
Anyway, on to my problem. I have the light bulb working (sort of). When I run the program within VB to debug the program starts with the light off, which is what it's supposed to do, you can click it again and it turns on, which is what it's supposed to do, however, when you click it again to turn it back off, it just disappears completely and you can't get it back without exiting and re-running the project. I know it's something I'm missing in the code (obviously), but what it is that I am missing, I haven't a clue. I've read the chapter backwards and forwards and I'm not seeing what I am missing. I am sure it's mentioned, but probably only in passing or in a very small paragraph. It mentioned concatenation in this manner, I had to figure it out by trial and error.
Is anyone familiar with this project or program? I don't have it with me currently, but I can email it (or attach it to this post) to whomever might be willing to help me out if you need to see the project or code. We haven't gotten into If, then, else statements or anything like that, so I'm pretty sure there is another method to get this working correctly.
Any help anyone can provide would be greatly appreciated.
Posted 03 February 2013 - 23:16
Dim x as integer x = 1 Do until x = 2 'Notice that the variable never changes LightBulb.Visiible = Not LightBulb.visible 'Assuming the "Light Bulb" is a control such as a image MessageBox.Show("Click to change light") Loop
Posted 03 February 2013 - 23:45
Posted 04 February 2013 - 01:19
Posted 04 February 2013 - 03:17
The issue is probably that the "On" picture box is set to invisible, but the "Off" picture box is not set back to visible, so none of them display.
The way it works is there are two picture boxes one on top of the other. One box shows the bulb off, the other shows it on. So when you click on it repeatedly, it makes it look like it's turning on and off. And then when clicking it a message displays. Basically turning the light off gives a message that tell you to turn it on and vice versa. The problem is when I try to go from on to off, the control disappears completely. As I said, the book is VERY vague in my opinion.
Posted 04 February 2013 - 06:10


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Parkinson's UK "awareness campaign" by The Assembly
The Assembly has created a national awareness campaign for the charity Parkinson's UK. The work mixes up images of six everyday tasks that are difficult for those affected by the condition, including making a cup of tea and tying a tie. The outdoor and press campaign will be supported by digital and social media and run for two weeks from 10 December. It was written by Sean Doyle and art directed by Alexandra Taylor.


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(A selection of Colorado Rapids U-13s is in Costa Rica participating in the Saprissa Cup. The kids, ranging from 10-13 years-old, provide updates from their trip).
By Max & Vince
Final game Vs. Saprissa
The game was at 10:00 a.m. at a FIFA field. We arrived and got ready in the locker room. Then we went on to the field and started to warm up. Coach Gary told us the starting 11 and then the game started. We gave Saprissa Rapids key chains and they gave us Saprissa flags, magazines, and wristbands. We were wearing all white, while they were wearing all burgundy.
The first half ended 0-0. We had better chances at goal, but the possession went to Saprissa. The line-up changed a little and the second half started. Saprissa came and scored a goal, then another one. We didn't give up. Juan was 1v1 with keeper and took a big touch. The keeper got to the ball first and tried to kick it out, but Juan ran as fast as he can and threw his body. The ball hit Juan and went in the goal. We kept playing hard, but the game ended. We lost 2-1.
Even though we lost, we knew we played well. We won three, lost twice, and tied once.
By Cade, Triston and Marko
Game vs. Saprissa
On Sunday morning, we woke up at 7 o'clock. We got to eat breakfast off the buffet and when we had finished we got on our bus to the FIFA Training field. It was huge and pretty. The result of the game was 2-1 Saprissa.
After the game we had a barbeque at one of the Saprissa's player's houses. It was really fun. We danced, threw water balloons and ate a lot. It was a lot of fun and really relaxing. After lunch we said our goodbyes to the player including Hayden giving his shin guard bands for a pair of shorts.
After that it was a long ride back to our hotel. When we got there we dropped off all of us were really tired. Gary then treated us to the pool from 6 to 7. After that we headed to dinner. It was some soup with slow roasted pork and rice. Lastly, we packed and took pictures with the waiters it was really sad. It was a great trip.
(A selection of Colorado Rapids U-13s is in Costa Rica participating in the Saprissa Cup. The kids, ranging from 10-13 years-old, provide updates from their trip).
Thibbs, Toby, and Jake
We had breakfast at 8:30 for a training session at 10. As we started walking to the field, we see German, a Saprissa coach, walking towards us with a team trailing him. German started talking with Gary and Brian about what he wanted to do. We had no idea this was coming, but German wanted to scrimmage our team. 20 minute halves, and a 40 minute game, even a referee showed up.
We got to kick off, and kept possession for quite a while. We finally lost possession after a couple of minutes because the ball went out. We had way more possession, in the first half. The other team could barely keep the ball for over a minute. Although we had our opportunities, we were not able to finish them. Going into halftime, the score was 0-0.
In the second half, we still had a lot of possession, but had more of an attack going; therefore we lost the ball more. Finally we got on the board after Juan crossed the ball for Jake to just tap in at the far post. Not too long after, Toby played a through ball to Jake around the 18 yard box that Jake scored off. Right after that Jake crossed the ball to Juan who had a beautiful finish right into the corner. The game was totally in our favor, even up to the point where Win tried to dribble and cut someone in his own 6 yard box, but the other player stuck his foot out for the tackle, deflecting the ball into the goal.
The game ended at the score of 3-1. Afterwards, Gary nicknamed Win, Winaldinho for his amazing dribbling skills. The game was another good one for us, another W.
Dani, Hayden, Marco
We woke up 8:30 to eat breakfast, we had omelets and fruit. We then got our gear and went to the fields with the hotel owner's grandson, Daniel. At practice we scrimmaged another team and won. After we had lasagna and vegetables for lunch. After lunch we said goodbye to Gustavo because they thought that there baby was going to be arriving either today or Sunday.
After we said goodbye, Coach Gary (right, with hotel owner's son, Daniel) took us to the pool where we played handball in the water for around an hour Wins team won 8-0…….. because they had all the tall people. After the pool we rested till 7:00 and ate dinner. At dinner we ate rice, chicken, and beans. For dessert we had vanilla ice cream covered in chocolate sauce, while the coaches had cheesecake. Then we went to bed prepared for our early, intense game tomorrow!!!!!!!!
(A selection of Colorado Rapids U-13s is in Costa Rica participating in the Saprissa Cup. The kids, ranging from 10-13 years-old, provide updates from their trip).
By Hank, Cal, and Connor
We woke up at 8:15 for a 9:00 am breakfast of perfectly cooked brownish yellow French toast with fresh fruit and orange juice. After the breakfast was over and we had to say goodbye to our favorite restaurant men Miguel and Saul, we went back up to our rooms for some peace and quiet to rest up for that night's game.
We had hung out in the rooms eating whatever food we could manage to scrub up for about 2 hours before we met Brian at the elevator. He told us we were going to a peaceful place to stretch and get ready for the big game tonight. We went to the pool to do this because it was quiet and relaxing. Brian gave us some stretches to do before we came up with our own, and eventually it just turned into a lounging game.
We then headed for lunch with the game in the back of our minds and got settled at the white table clothed wooden table to get the food into our bodies and energize us for the game. The lunch was an extraordinary blend of spaghetti and beef with fresh fruit and iced tea to quench our thirsts. After the food had been consumed by us like a pack of wolves that hadn't eaten in a week, we got dressed and headed out for the fields.
The field was incredible! It was a perfectly placed turf field with the white marking lines running straight and parallel to each other. But now it was time to focus in and get set for tonight's key match.
The game started and the half wore on with Uruguay controlling and eventually getting two goals on us before the half was over. It was 2-0 at halftime. Then, the Rapids that I, and everyone else knew showed up. The final score was 4-2 we won!
On the bus ride home the team was overcome with a mix of joy and happiness and we got back to the hotel in a bundle of excitement. But that was all put out the window when the word, "dinner," was mentioned. Everyone was SUPER hungry when we got back and probably set a world record for "most food eaten in 10 minutes by a soccer team" in the process. We had sandwiches and french fries with fruit, iced tea, and bread. It was really good and we had a blast talking to each other, but we were all really tired and as soon as we got the chance we high tailed in out of the restaurant and into our beds to call it a day, and get some sleep.
By Juan, Win, and Paul
We took a long bus ride to the field which took about 30 Minutes. We started out with a warm up we did monkey in the middle and another game. Then, Gustavo did our workout part of our warm up; we did sprints, high knees, and other things to stretch out our muscles. Next, Gustavo did a shooting drill which had a pass to him and he laid it off for a finish to goal.
Then the game began, in the first half we got scored on twice. One of the goals was a header and the other one was just a regular finish. We were down 2-0 at half time.
Then in the second half we stepped up our game and we played a lot better. Danny scored half way through the half to make the game 2-1. That's when it all began.
It was back and forth for a while and then finally we got possession for a while and the other team got frustrated, then with 3 minutes left and Tristan scored a header off of Juan's cross. And we were tied 2-2. The whole bench went crazy. Then Marco Rios hit the post and ever body was disappointed.
Then Marco Rios curved it into the far post and then the score was 3-2 rapids! Finally right after that goal Marco blasted a shot and it hit off of one of their players and it went into the goal. As soon as the goal happened the game ended and every one went insane.
(A selection of Colorado Rapids U-13s is in Costa Rica participating in the Saprissa Cup. The kids, ranging from 10-13 years-old, provide updates from their trip).
By Max and Vincent
On Thursday morning we woke up really early in the morning. At 7 we had breakfast of fruit and pancakes. It was really good.
After, we got on our bus to head to the school for our community service. When we first arrived we were all very excited and ready to help the local school. At first we walked up a long staircase where many of the kindergartners lined up to welcome us. Then when we reached the top, there was a stage. Many of the kids sang Costa Rica ́s National anthem. Then they began dancing and the invited all of the staff and team to dance with them. First was Win then everybody joined in and Thibbs got to dance with a really hot muchahcha and they fell in loooooove. HAHA <3 <3 <3
Also many of the girls fell to Hayden ́s knees because of his good looks .HAHA <3 <3 <3
Then after the interaction with the many children we headed up to the back of the school where we could do some work. What we did was we scrubbed a wall with tons of moss on it. They were so grateful that we did that small deed because they could pay someone to clean of they could feed a child their only meal of the day. For all of us it was a real eye opener to see how privileged we are.
After the school we took a 30 min. ride to the Saprissa stadium. When we arrived the burgundy color was everywhere. First we got to walk down the team hallway under the stadium and here's a cool fact. When the other team was in their locker room the Saprissa fans would jump up and down making the stadium shake like an earthquake. This would make the other team almost pee their pants.
When we came out of the tunnel the stadium was huge and the field was just rocks. It was because they were re-turfing the field for the u17 women ́s world cup.
Finally, we left the stadium to go to the mall. It was huge and there were at least 20 different American food outlets to choose from. Most of us went to Wendy's. After lunch we went our groups to look and buy some clothing and gear. Many of us got Saprissa jerseys.
After about 2 hours we left but Paul bought Grand Theft Auto and Brian made him switch it out for a more appropriate game. After the mall we traveled back to our hotel for dinner and a 30 min swim in the pool. For dinner we had steak and a salad and it was really good. That was Thursday.
(A selection of Colorado Rapids U-13s is in Costa Rica participating in the Saprissa Cup. The kids, ranging from 10-13 years-old, provide updates from their trip).
By Max and Vincent
Our third game was on a Wednesday, June 19, against Escazu. We arrived at the field and started to warm up. While warming up, it was pouring rain and everyone was soaked. We went to our locker room after warm up and changed into our white uniforms. We came back onto the field and the rain stopped and then the game started. Ten seconds into the game Juan dribbled the ball down the field and scored. After that, we felt more confident and started to play harder. We scored eight more goals and Escazu with none. Juan and Dani both had a hatrick.. Paul, Jake, Triston all scored one. We played three periods thirty minutes each. After the ninety minutes, the final score was 9-0.
(A selection of Colorado Rapids U-13s is in Costa Rica participating in the Saprissa Cup. The kids, ranging from 10-13 years-old, provide updates from their trip).
By Hayden Marco and Danni
After the coffee plantation Chucho brought us on the bus to go to volcano. When we got off the bus it was a little chilly, we walked around 5 minutes up the hill and it started to get warmer and more humid.
Once we got to the top there was an awesome view of the volcano with rain build up in the middle. There was a lot of steam because of it that filled up the skies with steam. We could hardly see anything it was really hard to see.
Chucho gave us a lesson about when the volcano last erupted. Then we walked 10 minutes up a path to a lagoon where we took pictures and through these awesome ninja leaves at each other. We saw a underwater volcano but we didn't see because it was covered with rain water. After we took a long 20 minute walk down to the bus and it was very steep. Finally we got on the bus and we headed off to the waterfall.
By Thibbs, Toby, and Jake
When we got off the bus, Choochoo took us to a very nice cafeteria. There we had salad, noodles, pizza, garlic knots and pineapple.
After we ate lunch, we all had to use the bathroom. When we walked in, we thought it was soo cool. The sinks were almost waterfalls. When you turned the rock, which was the handle, the "waterfalls" turned on.
After that we went to the zoo part where we were able to see all of the animals. The birds were the first animals we saw. There were toucans, hawks, and some parrots. Then we went to the butterfly room. Hayden was scared out of his mind of them. After the butterflies, we got to see the monkeys. WE would feed the monkeys, and the monkeys would run around to wherever they could get fed. The Ocelots looked like mini versions of the Jaguars, with their spotted tails. The jaguar was much cooler. It would paste back and forth so no one could get a picture.
There was also a hanging play toy that he did not want. Even at one point, the Jaguar decided to pee at us. We saw huge bulls later on in the walk. The dears were quite skittish if you got close to them. We also passed through the frog habitats where frogs could roam free. Some were even poisonous.
The walk to the waterfalls took a while. Everyone was pushing to take pictures. Once we headed back to the bus, we went to the gift shop. The bus ride home took almost 2 and a half hours.
(A selection of Colorado Rapids U-13s is in Costa Rica participating in the Saprissa Cup. The kids, ranging from 10-13 years-old, provide updates from their trip).
By Connor, Cal, and Hank
We started out at about 3:00 pm on the bus that was going to take us to the game. It was fun to look at all of the neat things on the streets of Costa Rica that you wouldn ́t be able to see in America like the food stands and all of the people out and about.
Once we arrived at the fields, we headed into our own locker room which was really cool! We got changed into our warm up stuff, used the bathrooms, and then headed out for our warm up which was SUPPOSED to be on the field. The problem was though that some other little teams thought it was their day to practice on the field and so we decided to take the high road and let them have the field for a while. Once they had finally finished we went into the locker rooms and got dressed for the game.
Once the whistle blew the team we were playing, Belen, came out hot and we came out flat after not having our usual warm up. Belen got a quick goal in about the 10th minute to take the lead 1-0. The game dragged on for a long time in the first half with Belen controlling the game before Belen had a chance to really hit us with a dagger. They had a penalty kick. The tallest kid on the team who looked like his number 24 was actually his age came up and put the penalty where no professional could even save it. 2-0 was the score heading into halftime.
With a brief talk about defensive pressure, and substitutions with fresh legs, we were able to control the game in the second half, which was a total change from the way the first half went. In the 50th minute we had won a free kick from about 25 yards out and had Marco Rios ready to take it, and take it he did. He put the ball in the left side netting.
Our break-through had come and now we were fired up and on the scoreboard. 10 minutes later Marco Rios received a bouncing pass from the same left wing and took a quick turn shot from 17 yards out and put it in the same corner he had earlier. Now we had the momentum. We were dominating play, but one fast break for Belen off of a turnover and they put the ball in our corner of the net off of their break away. 3-2 was the final score and Belen had beaten us.
Even though it was an extremely tough loss for us, we never stay down long and there is absolutely no way that this is going to hold us back from reaching our full potential on this incredible trip.
(A selection of Colorado Rapids U-13s is in Costa Rica participating in the Saprissa Cup. The kids, ranging from 10-13 years-old, provide updates from their trip).
Cade, Triston, and Marko
On Monday morning we had woken up at 7:30 am to go eat breakfast. The bad part was that everyone was pretty tired; Tibbs even had bags under his eyes. When we arrived at breakfast there was a bowl of fruit waiting for us. And ten minutes later pancakes were in front us. Everyone was so excited that we had pancakes.
Paul had quoted, "this is the business."
When we had finished up breakfast, we had a meeting at the pool. The meeting was about our trip so far. It was fun for us to hear each other's thoughts. After that, we all headed to our hotel rooms to get ready to go for a walk around the hotel's courtyard. It was beautiful. We saw lizards and a bunch of amazing plants and flowers. Furthermore, that was Monday Morning.
Next - Monday's lunch was one of the best we had. Our lunch was fried chicken with a side of fries, and let me tell you, it was really good after having a bunch of crazy things to eat and try. We also had desert! The desert didn't exactly hit the spot. It was like cake/jello, it was weird but fun to play with. We still appreciated their effort, Cade remarked.
Finally it was the game. We arrived two hours early for warm-ups but another group of kids were taking the field for their practice! We only warmed up for 30 minutes. The outcome was 3-2 Belen.
When we got back to the hotel it was 8:45. For diner we had Heart of Palm( literally) and a side of salad. It was delicious.
(A selection of Colorado Rapids U-13s is in Costa Rica participating in the Saprissa Cup. The kids, ranging from 10-13 years-old, provide updates from their trip).
By Marco Rios, Dani Haddad, and Hayden
We had breakfast at 7:30, then got our gear and went to practice. Hank didn't go to practice because he wasn't feeling good.
After practice Gustavo took us around and showed us the Costa Rica national stadium with his wife.
Then we had a snack at the hotel, while we were eating coach Brian came. We went to the pool and we did races in the pool. After all that we all rested and then went to dinner.
Right after dinner we had a meeting with Brian, Gary, and Drew. The meeting was at the pool and we talked about many things like what's different and what we liked about it. Finally we went to our rooms and rested. While we were resting there was a power outage and it was completely dark. But then the lights turned back on. Eventually we fell asleep and woke up ready for tomorrows game.
Sunday after practice
Max and Vincent
Today after practice, we went to go see the Costa Rican National soccer stadium in the city. When at the field, our host Gustavo tried to get us a tour of the stadium, but the guards did not let us in, so instead we went around the stadium.
We saw pro baseball games, animals, and people playing soccer. Baseball in Costa Rica isn't popular and while we were there, we started to watch a professional game. Even though it was a championship game, you could watch for free and there were about 15 people in the crowd. It felt like watching a little league game.
In Costa Rica, there is about 90,000 different species of animals, but we only saw three. We saw ducks that didn't look like ducks. They were black with a red face and looked more like chickens than ducks. We also saw horses that you can ride for about $2 U.S. There were kids riding horses at the age around 7, riding horses with no adult supervision right by the edge of the lake. The last animal we saw was dogs. We saw a vicious Labrador puppy, a British mop dog that was black and white, and a small beagle puppy. We also saw dogs at the practice fields. There was a dog barking at us loud and spinning all at once. Dogs in Costa Rica are scary.
While we were walking around, all we saw was soccer. There was street soccer, pick-up games, and adult leagues. Even though the fields weren't the best, they just wanted to go out and play.
When we were walking, there were people staring at us and whispering to each other. Some people would even approach us and ask for autographs. While we were at the airport, there was a man who helped us with our luggage trying to make a few dollars. Costa Ricans are friendly and look up to us. They're different than Americans. They´re different in a good way. After dinner, while we were writing this paper, the whole town´s power went out for about 10 seconds. It was even scarier than the dogs.
(A selection of Colorado Rapids U-13s is in Costa Rica participating in the Saprissa Cup. The kids, ranging from 10-13 years-old, provide updates from their trip).
By Win, Juan and Paul
In the morning we had interesting oatmeal and eggs. We also killed a huge spider with a remote. Then we met at the elevator so we could get on the bus to go to our game. We saw a crazy dog that marked and spun in circles. Finally we got back after an exhausting game. Then we had our best meal, it was a mushroom marinated steak and some potatoes.
Then we went to German´s presentation of biodiversity and soccer in Costa Rica. Then we found out that he was a goalkeeper. He takes all kinds of pictures in Costa Rica´s tropical rain forest. We had so much fun learning about the wide variety of wildlife and soccer.
Later that day we went to our own rooms and we went on the balcony and we were talking with our teammates from the other rooms. We were out there for a little while and then we went inside to go to sleep and wake up the next morning.
By Thibbs Jake and Toby
We woke up at 7 for a 10 o'clock game time. When we arrived, the whole team, and their parents were staring at us. Before the game, the starters from both teams as well as the referees, walked onto the field to shake hands. We didn't get the kick-off, but Hank got to defend the goal he wanted.
With the extremely hot humidity making us all sweat like we never have before, about halfway through the first half, Marco sent a left-footed cross into the box for Paul to head in. Then the half ended.
We kicked off for the second half. One of Saprissas forwards took the ball down the right side and crossed it. We made a mistake in the defense which led to a goal for the other team. We kicked off again. A little while after that, one of their forwards dribbled down the left side. Then he took a left-footed shot and placed it in the back right corner. 2-1 them.
From this point we were getting frustrated, but with 4 minutes to go, Juan took a shot from outside the box and it hit the crossbar and went in. We got even and gained momentum for the rest of the game. At the end of the game we had a cool down which involved stretching and light jogging.