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Resilience Dialogue: Preparing for a Changing World
Rapid urbanization and climate change are reshaping and exacerbating disaster risk. Together, they have added urgency to the task of building resilience in communities and countries around the world.Climate... Show More +
Date: April 25, 2012
Type: Feature Story
Language: English
Sanctions Board to Post Decisions on Corruption, Fraud Cases
December 9, 2011 - More than a dozen firms vied for contracts on a World Bank-financed transportation project. But that bidding competition largely turned out to be a sham. A Bank investigation revealed... Show More +
Date: December 9, 2011
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Climate Change Portal Helps Visualize World Climate, Expand Access to Data
Adds World Bank Climate Change Envoy Andrew Steer: "This Climate Change Knowledge Portal enables ministers, development institutions, and non-governmental organizations in developing countries to... Show More +
Date: November 23, 2011
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One valve for inflating, one valve for deflating the whole kite.
Easy and efficient.
Invented by north
These loops attached to the inside of the wingtips make it easier to hold the kite for bodydrag rescue.
These connectors prevent one cause of kite accidents by ensuring that front lines cannot be attached to the back of the kite and back lines cannot be attached to the front.
Invented by north
Since 2012, Rebel, Evo, Neo and Fuse will feature the new "Adaptive Tip". In recent years, there has been a trend leaning towards more reactive kites with even lighter sheeting forces than in the past. Such kites are really comfortable, lively for wave riding and offer more forgiving kite loops because they pivot around the wingtip. However, comparison tests have shown that our team riders and testers actually prefer kites with a harder bar feel because they offer better feedback, precise steering and more dynamic turning, which in turn creates more power.
The new "Adaptive Tip" allows users to easily change the sheeting force and turning performance through a simple back pigtail adjustment, allowing you to customize your kite to your desired style and feel.
Invented by north
TE force control
The Trailing Edge Force Control describes the smooth power distribution between the different materials of the kite, forcing the tensions in the
right directions.
Compared to 2013 the waves are higher and wider to eliminate stress points between the Dacron Trailing Edge and the D2 Canopy Material. This change in construction reduces flattering marks and ensures that the material is not wearing out.
Shows the ability if a kite can be transformed from a 4 line kite into a 5th line kite.
Invented by north

subset: commoncrawl


text: Nothing defines a man's wardrobe as much as their coats and jackets. From casual sports jackets, smart trenches and waterproof coats to super stylish leather jackets, we've got the fit for you. So as the weather changes, make sure you turn out in style with our collection of this seasons men's coats and jackets.


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with Auto Delivery on this and all future orders of this item with our
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Only Natural Pet's Kidney Support Plus has been formulated with key factors which help maintain optimal kidney function, balance urine pH and mineral levels, normalize circulation, and support the immune response to foreign material in the urinary tract and kidneys. This advanced formula is a combination of synergistic ingredients that work to normalize homocysteine levels, support renal blood flow, aid in detoxification, and promote proper mineral balance. Only Natural Pet Kidney Support Plus is appropriate for older pets that need kidney support.
Kidney Support Plus has been formulated to support the kidney's optimal function for the animal that needs prevention, maintenance, and care for stressed kidneys. We suggest consulting your veterinarian if you are unsure about this product for your pet. Kidney Support Plus for Dogs is a smoke-flavored chewable tablet which dogs find very palatable. Kidney Support Plus for Cats is a fish flavored chewable tablet which cats find very palatable.
If you have any questions about the supplements or products you have purchased, please call our toll-free number or email us at [email protected].
Tablets too big for your pet? Try the All-in-One Pill Crusher & Splitter.
Review Rating: 4.5
Country of Origin: USA
Manufacturer: Only Natural Pet
Kidney Support Plus for Dogs
Active Ingredients Per TabletEicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) 40 mgDocosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) 18 mgAstragalus Root Powder 120 mgRehmannia glutinosa (Root) Extract 100 mgNettle (Urtica dioica) Seed Extract 100 mgCordyceps sinensis Extract 100 mgLecithin 100 mgL-Arginine 100 mgN,N-Dimethylglycine HCl 50 mgPotassium (as Potassium Gluconate) 16.5 mgInositol 16 mgVitamin B6 (Pyridoxal 5-Phosphate) 16 mgThiamine (Vitamin B1) 8 mgRiboflavin (Vitamin B2) 8 mgCholine 8 mgFolic Acid 0.30 mgMethylcobalamin (Vitamin B12) 0.10 mg
Inactive Ingredients - brewers yeast, microcrystalline cellulose, silica, smoke flavor, stearic acid, vegetable stearate
Kidney Support Plus for Cats
Active Ingredients Per 2 TabletsEicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) 20 mgDocosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) 9 mgAstragalus Root Powder 60 mgLecithin 50 mgRehmannia (Root) Extract 50 mgL-Arginine 50 mgNettle (Urtica dioica) Seed Extract 50 mgCordyceps sinensis Extract 50 mgN,N-Dimethylglycine HCl 25 mgPotassium (Gluconate) 8.25 mgVitamin B6 (Pyridoxal 5-Phosphate) 8 mgInositol 8 mgVitamin B1 4 mgVitamin B2 4 mgCholine 4 mgFolic Acid 0.15 mgMethylcobalamin (Vitamin B12) 0.050 mg
Inactive Ingredients - brewers yeast, chicken flavor, fish flavor, microcrystalline cellulose, silica, stearic acid, vegetable stearate
Suggested Use
The reviews below are presented for informational purposes only and are not intended as an endorsement of any product. The information is not intended to be a substitute for visits to your local veterinarian. Instead, these testimonials offer the reader information and opinions written by pet owners and/or veterinarians concerning animal health and products that they have used.
(based on 29 reviews)
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Effective kidney support.
By Aoife
from Massachusetts
About Me Long-time Pet Owner
Comments about Only Natural Pet Kidney Support Plus:
I selected this product as an alternative to a nutriceutical chew that I had been using for a year or so without any difficulty but which my cat was suddenly rejecting. Without effective kidney support, my usually robust and saucy Maine Coon began to lose weight and seemed nervous and depressed. I reasoned that even if she did not care for the taste of this supplement, at least it could be administered as a tablet and, indeed, this is how she takes it. I pill her four times each day - fortunately, she is quite amenable to pillng - and the result has been very gratifying. She has regained weight and energy, her coat is lustrous and healthy looking again, and she is as delightful and impertinent as ever. Certainly, I wish she enjoyed the taste, but, regardless, this product works and that's the most important thing. She is due for blood testing and urinalysis in a few months and given her postive response to the tablets, I am encouraged that her results will be stable.
Bottom Line Yes, I would recommend this to a friend
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(1 of 1 customers found this review helpful)
Cats love it
By dl
from Indiana
I just break it up in their food and its easy to use. Has at least helped maintain kidney levels. Have one with kidney disease and use this daily.
(3 of 3 customers found this review helpful)
I will buy this product again
By Shelia and Paula
from Georgia
My 14 year old cat takes this daily for her early stage renal disease. It seems to really help her. I will order this again.
very well pleased with the results.
By Ken
from Palatine Il
I give Koko a tablet a day along with proin and if i limit her water in take at night she will stay dry until ths e morning.
Very Hopefull
By Fivek friend
from Decatur, IL
I have an 18 year old finicky eater female cat that has kidney disease. I have been looking for some natural supplements to help her and found this one the best she loves the smell of these. I just crush it up and she eats every crumb. I just started her on them today but I'm so relieved that she will eat them. I have tried several other options but she refuses to eat those.
Our cat thinks they're treats
By J.B.
from philadelphia pa
Well, it's only been a few weeks so I can't tell how effective these are for our male senior cat who suffers from kidney failure, but I can say that he eats them up like treats, so at the very least they're like "Temptations", only they happen to be for kidney support.
Kidney support, my cat loves it!
By Nor
from Lempster, NH
My 5 year old cat recently had bladder issues with crystals found in his urine. The past couple years I had changed his diet to dehydrated raw food mixed with canned food with supplements. I thought I was doing everything right & couldn't understand why he got this! After the medicine from the vet his symptoms would return, I gave him 2 caps daily & it seems to work, the bonus is that he loves it and steels the whole vitamin from me before I get to mash it up to put in his food! (I am now also only feeding him grain free food, I don't like the stuff that the vet recommends!)
Cat refused to eat this
By Gin
from Long Hill Township,NJ
Lily refused to eat this,even when I smashed it up & mixed it in her canned food...Why don't you make this formulation in a liquid form?
Bottom Line No, I would not recommend this to a friend
Merchant response: Have you tried putting it in something stinky but yummy, like tuna water or cream cheese? We have given your feedback to the product development team, so perhaps in the future we may offer more liquids for cats products.
(2 of 2 customers found this review helpful)
great supplemental help.
from indiana
Coupled with much prayer, I have began using the product along with a probiotic digestive in my cats daily food to help support good kidney health. After having lost several to kidney failure and having an older one going through kidney problems I began using combinations to add to all their food to help in their daily needs.
Try it!
By Wendy
Decided to try this product after being told by our vet that "this just happens as a dog gets older"....It seems like her kidneys are working better, she's not over-drinking water now as much and doesn't seem so "desperate" around our previous going out to pee schedule. She seems more lively and playful. I can only assume this is the reason, because she isn't getting any younger! I'd recommend someone see their vet first.
© 2015 Only Natural Pet LLC - All Rights Reserved


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For the Love of Safety
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text:
This Is Not Wisconsin. It's Worse.
Let's clear one thing up. "Right to work" laws, which permit employees working at a unionized workplace to refuse to join the union or to pay the union the cost of representing the worker, are designed to weaken the economic and political power of organized labor and, by extension, wage workers. Full stop. They allow workers to "free ride" all the benefits of a collective-bargaining agreement (increased wages, benefits, rights to adjudicate a dispute with a supervisor, safety and health requirement beyond those mandated by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, etc.) negotiated by the union without paying any of the union dues their fellow employees pay.
The vaunted libertarian argument in support of right to work would be far more convincing if libertarians supported the rights of employees to reject at their discretion the countless rules and obligations that employers mandate as a condition of employment. The argument seems to be that employees are free either to quit a job or not take it in the first place if they find various company requirements—e.g., what time they are to come to work—onerous or unpleasant. Libertarians do not argue, however, that workers have the right to retain their employment yet arrive at work at noon if their employer wishes them to arrive at 9. Don't start, or quit, but if you're on the job, follow the boss's rules, right?
Yet we are to believe that only the requirement that workers must join a union or else compensate the union for work it will do on his or her behalf constitutes a grave blow to the worker's economic freedom. Despite the high-minded justifications proffered by some of its defenders, right to work has no distinguished, abstract theoretical pedigree, no elevated standing in the mansion of Western political theory. It's a snarling pit bull of a policy that disempowers the institutional voice of employees—unions—for the benefit of corporations. Most of the wealthy states don't have right-to-work laws, and most of the poor ones do. Workers in right-to-work states make less than those in non-right-to-work states, and their unions have fewer resources to fight the corporations and politicians who benefit from this lopsided system. That's the idea.
To understand why the impending transformation of Michigan into a right-to-work state is so mortifying to labor and its supporters—far worse, even, than what happened in Wisconsin and Ohio—one must consider the totemic status of the United Auto Workers (UAW). Although there are, despite all you have heard, many good reasons for public-sector workers to have the right to unionize, nobody ever made a movie or wrote a song about a public-sector worker; public-sector organizing campaigns are pretty tame affairs. But if someone were to write a book titled (with apologies to Vivian Gornick), The Romance of 20th Century American Unionism, it would likely be a dual case study. One story would be about the United Farm Workers of the 1960s and 1970s, courageously built from the grape and lettuce fields by migrant Latino laborers in California.
The other would span from the mid-1930s until about 1970 and tell the story of the United Auto Workers, the union that the Prospect's Harold Meyerson correctly called the other day the "best" American union. Mass industrial workers, whom many believed were impossible to organize, spawned the UAW. These workers, the immigrant laborers of their time, shocked the nation with the imaginative militancy of their factory-floor sit-downs and "flying picket" lines at the legendary Flint, Michigan, strike in 1937. The union's brilliant, incorruptible president, Walter Reuther—himself beaten and bloodied in organizing campaigns—sought, with the power of his union and his ideas, to leverage the United States into something resembling the social democracies of Western Europe. He had to settle for millions of working-class people ascending into the middle class in the 25 years following World War II, benefiting directly from UAW collective-bargaining agreements, or seeing their own wages and benefits tied to those of the UAW (and Steelworker's union) standard.
Reuther, furthermore, supported both the nascent civil-rights movement (and fought hard to cleanse his own union of racism), the New Left, and even supported the beginning of modern environmentalism. The Port Huron statement—the founding, now canonical, document of Students for a Democratic Society—was written in 1962 at a UAW-owned campground for use by its members. You can see Reuther standing behind Dr. Martin Luther King during the "I Have a Dream" speech on the Mall in 1963, while George Meany's AFL-CIO, from a mixture of racism and red baiting, shied away.
The UAW had enormous political clout, too. It couldn't change the political economy of the country, but it was a powerful member of the Democratic Party coalition. Reuther had the ear, and vice versa, of every Democratic president and candidate of the postwar era. During this era, the presidential election campaign would begin for the Democratic candidate in—where else?—Cadillac Square in Detroit before a throng of union, mostly UAW, members. One can measure the changes in the Democratic Party, Michigan, and the country from, for example, reading the text of JFK's 1960 Cadillac Square speech.
When Reuther died in a private plane crash in 1970, every auto plant in the country stopped its assembly lines for one minute in silent tribute—thus the "Big Three" car companies honored their remarkable adversary and the formidable institution he and his members built.
No need to rehearse the later decline of the union, the domestic auto industry or the larger labor movement yet again. It is certainly true that the UAW has made more than its share of miscalculations and mistakes, and never developed the strategic competence to first anticipate and then aggressively organize the Japanese and German transplants that opened up across the middle and deep South. It should be noted, however, that when section 14-B of the 1947 Taft Hartley Act gave states the right to permit prospective employees to refuse union membership (right to work) it was not with states like Michigan in mind. The strategy of the act—a successful one over the decades—was to cordon off the union-strong states of the Midwest and Northeast and surround them with anti-union states. No state was stronger than Michigan. When Kennedy gave his Cadillac Square speech in 1960, its unionization rate was probably around 40 percent. Sure enough, all the states of the Confederate South, and most of the States of the Plains and Mountain states passed right-to-work laws or state constitutional amendments. You might say that right to work was the "marriage shall be between only a man and woman" cause of its time, a reflexively oppositional position ardently advanced in the most reactionary regions of the country against a rising progressive force. But, unlike with the cause of same-sex marriage, labor has long ago given up that it could ever repeal section 14-B of Taft Hartley.
Now Michigan's unionization rate is 17.5 percent, still high by today's low state-by-state union standards, but far from its peak in the Reuther era. Michigan's labor movement looked at the aggressive moves over the past two years by Republicans throughout the Midwest—Wisconsin, Ohio, Indiana—to roll back union rights. This past year, calculating that they were diminished, but not too diminished, the remnants of the UAW and the rest of the state's labor movement took a chance. Via a referendum question, Proposal 2, it tried to permanently inscribe the right to collectively bargain into the state constitution in order to forestall a right-to-work move in the very birthplace of the once great UAW.
The unions went all in, with a comprehensive, expensive campaign. They had several advantages that their peers in Wisconsin did not have when unions there attempted to recall Governor Scott Walker. The referendum was easy to understand, up or down on the constitutional right to collective bargaining. The referendum ran during a hard-fought presidential campaign, with Michigan, as always, a key state. Democratic turnout, and, thus, presumably, support for the union position would be high.
But Proposal 2 ran 12 points behind Barack Obama and lost 58-42. The decline that compelled the unions to lock in their rights paradoxically guaranteed they would lose. During the heyday of Cadillac Square, the right to collectively bargain was a potent fact on the ground. A constitutional imprimatur was beside the point.
The loss provided what is called in an organizing drive a convenient "headcount" for corporations and their conservative Republican allies. The headcount said simply that the UAW and allied unions did not have the unqualified support of most Michigan voters. The unions could, and are, making some noise, but they wouldn't create sufficient civil strife to defeat a right-to-work flip. The unions could be rolled, the more quickly the better, even during a lame-duck session. The savvy president of the UAW, Bob King, one of the most progressive union leaders in the country, promises not to give up and threatens recall elections. But state right-to-work laws have only been repealed once, in Indiana in 1965. Indiana reinstated right-to-work laws earlier this year.
There is an argument sometimes made by union activists that unions should run persuasion campaigns to collect dues because the workers are more invested and supportive of an energized organization than when dues are passively/invisibly collected on a union's behalf. There is some evidence that this is true. For example, the most powerful local union in the country, Culinary 226 in Las Vegas—a political powerhouse that ensures middle-class wages and benefits for hotel housekeepers—operates in a right-to-work state and gets close to 100% dues compliance. Thus the Culinary local has the classic "free rider" problem—but the union solves the problem itself through its intense advocacy.
However, the invisibility and ease of collecting union dues in the non-right-to-work states has paradoxically made unions more dependent on these "automatic" functions than ever. In short, most local unions today are logistically and, often, intellectually, atrophied. They lack the esprit, borne of success and militancy, of Culinary 226. Unfortunately, on balance, and in most situations, unions need automatic dues collection just to function at a reasonably high level. The medicine may make them weaker, but to take them off it immediately could be fatal.
Whatever the ambivalent benefits of mandatory union membership (or a compensating "agency fee" for workers who wish not to join), the coldly efficient legislative move in Michigan must and will be contested by labor. Unions are struggling. But, as most labor fights are these days, labor will gear up for yet another defensive fight.
You might think I'm sentimental, with all of this twaddle about union "romance" and the blood and guts of struggle. There surely is a more rigorous, antiseptic discussion to have about the efficacy of unions, how they fit into 21st-century liberal capitalism. Another day. This isn't Wisconsin. It's worse. It's Michigan and it's the UAW. As Matt Yglesias suggested in a recent Slate post, for a long time, there has been a cold peace between right-to-work and non-right-to-work states. Taft Hartley stopped labor's growth, but it didn't penetrate its residual strongholds. But if Michigan can become a right-to-work state within a few days, pretty much any state can with a change in government. A specious argument extolling American individualism is camouflaging a power and money grab by the usual suspects, the kind of companies and propagandists that those farm workers and auto workers fought back in the day. To paraphrase Brecht, these suspects are in heat once more. It is again time to restrain them.
Tue, 2012-12-11 10:02
Here in Connecticut, the unions stopped educating and rallying their members years ago, and now there is pretty much no unions anymore. Those that exist do not have members that are willing to sacrifice for their fellow members. Except for a few militants, they do not show up for meetings, they do not show up for strike lines. You cannot have an active union of workers that has few active members who appreciate what the union does.
Tue, 2012-12-11 11:21
For centuries, Unionism once had a prominent place in Western commerce for a good reason: strength in numbers to improve working conditions (safety, benefits, etc). And during the previous century, many of those improvements were enshrined into law at the federal and state level (osha, work comp, wage & hour, eeoc, etc).
Nowadays, hordes of personal injury attorneys get rich suing employers for infractions and damages. As such, automation is preferred to apprenticeship; a company's HR dept. is a defensive strategy; university degrees are vetting agents; and contract lawyers are built into the cost of products.
And that's the trouble with unionism today: it's an anachronism in search of a purpose. To much of the public, a union's main function is to undermine private property rights of owners and stockholders in order to enrich themselves, even if it means the economic ruin of their employer! (Hostess bakeries is the most recent example of that union madness)
"If union adversaries can pass a right-to-work law in the home of the once-powerful United Auto Workers, they can pretty much do it anywhere."
I say GOOD.
Tue, 2012-12-11 15:52
In your example of "Hostess bakeries" and "union madness", the workers were paid back by the "private property rights of owners and stockholders" by having their employee pension fund raided.
Hostess took the money that was supposed to go into employees' pensions and used it to pay their CEO and other executives their "golden parachutes". Apparently this, according to "experts", wasn't illegal (fraud) because the pension fund money didn't come DIRECTLY from employees. A technicality, of course.
I'm sure neocon/libertarians will find this type of grift/fraud eminently fair. Tit for tat.
Unless, of course, YOU'RE the victims.
Tue, 2012-12-11 16:38
It is a sad side note to the origins of this event that the Michigan Democratic Party has made a trend, if not a habit, of not supporting gubernatorial candidates (see Bernero, Vince & Fieger, Geoffrey) chosen by the vox populi in the primaries in contrast to the party powers choice. And some of those party powers were union if not directly UAW. In the election that Snyder won, I received no phone calls, robo or otherwise, and I might have received one (1) postcard for the Democrats during the entire campaign.
Granted, Mr. Fieger had no previous electoral standing, though he was well known, was a trial lawyer who supported the underdogs, and came from a union family background.
But Mayor Vince Bernero of Lansing should have been fully backed after defending the unionized auto and other companies on national television, and not running to layoffs as a quick solution to Lansing's fiscal stresses.
Perhaps Bernero would have been supported if he had been running a year after the Occupy protests instead of a year before. But we'll never know that.
It will now be difficult for existing unions to adapt to this. It will make new unionizing efforts very, very difficult. That's insult aimed at all Michigan citizens in this series of heavy-handed moves by the Republican governor and lame duck legislature.
Thu, 2012-12-13 20:15
Dear Sir:
My father worked for Ford for 55 years, and my grandfather for 46 years. Both were heavily involved in the unionizing struggles and my family benefitted from that. But in the ensuing years, the UAW has become just another bloated, bureaucratic monopoly organization, rather more like a utility company than an aggressive, rights-enforcing group, with over $120Million of its $245 Million in dues revenues going to pay salaries and benefits of its Officers! What a tragedy. And in the latest UAW contracts, what did the UAW bosses do? They sacrificed the entry-level, poorest paid workers in order to benefit the oldest workers with lavish, unsustainable benefits, abandoning the workers most in need of REAL union representation. Shameless.
You decry the "free riders" who "obtain all the benefits of a collective-bargaining agreement negotiated by the union without paying any of the union dues their fellow employees pay." If so, then you must also decry the "free riders" in the US population who obtain all the benefits of the United States (military defense, standard of living, personal safety, and in particular freedom) without paying any taxes whatsoever! Think about that before you reflexively curse me as some republican troll. The analogy is accurate, and both groups are selfishly benefitting from the efforts of others. In my own view, which is probably something like being a left-leaning Libertarian, the unions do, still, have a key role to play, but it is not in fighting the last war. Unions should aggressively compete for the hearts and minds of the workers, particularly the least skilled, or those stuck in dead-end positions, to force companies to carry out training programs, skills improvement plans, and otherwise improve the upward mobility of workers, something that most companies resist doing because it is cheaper and more productive to keep people in place for ages. Unions should also be aggressively invoved in community efforts, particularly improving the schools in their communities. They should also demand to be involved more in managing the companies, like European and Japanese unions, in order to forestall the egregious financial mismanagement and fraud that is common (like in GM and Chryler!!). These tactics appeal to the intelligent and dedicated workers of today, and would improve the collection of dues over time.
rwbyW01 (not verified)
Tue, 2013-08-13 03:35
"Right-to-work" laws do not, as the short phrase might suggest, aim to provide a general guarantee of employment to people seeking work, but rather are a government regulation of the contractual agreements between employers and labor unions that prevents them from excluding non-union workers, or requiring employees to pay a fee to unions that have negotiated the labor contract all the employees work under.
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Sat, 2013-08-17 23:45
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Thu, 2013-08-22 02:02
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I'd just like to take a minute here to do something that's long overdue and thank the Apple Valley Wrestling Program for their generosity and their dedication to Jacob Schlottke that they worse on last years State Wrestling Tee-Shirts.
I contacted the School's head coach at the time, coach Jackson, and requested to purchase a large number of the shirts for my family, Jacob's immediate family; Marylin and Duane his parents, Craig, Martha and Duane Jr his siblings, his widow, as well as one of his closest friends.
The school graciously ordered additional shirts and said they would send them out free of charge and only charge for shipping and handling.
The spirit coordinator, a man named Kevin has made sure this gets done and has been great to deal with along the way.
I know it's been a while for most on here, so this post may seem about a year late, but Jacob remains very close to our hearts and in our memories.
And while they're simply tee-shirts, they're a great deal more to us.
So again, thank you to Apple Valley for honoring Jacob so graciously, and for so generously giving the family those shirts.
-Paul Schlottke


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Wilson College is hosting an art exhibition entitled Lou Schellenberg, From Observation to Abstraction, through Feb. 8, 2014, in the Bogigian Gallery, which is located on the second floor of Lortz Hall. The exhibit, which is free and open to the public, "includes paintings that depict a sense of place, including structures and buildings in the landscape," said Schellenberg, who teaches art at Elizabethtown College and has won numerous awards for her work.


text:
Color or colour is the visual perceptual property corresponding in humans to the categories called red, yellow, blue and others. Color derives from the spectrum of light (distribution of light energy versus wavelength) interacting in the eye with the spectral sensitivities of the light receptors. Color categories and physical specifications of color are also associated with objects, materials, light sources, etc., based on their physical properties such as light absorption, reflection, or emission spectra.
Typically, only features of the composition of light that are detectable by humans (wavelength spectrum from 400 nm to 700 nm, roughly) are included, thereby objectively relating the psychological phenomenon of color to its physical specification. Because perception of color stems from the varying sensitivity of different types of cone cells in the retina to different parts of the spectrum, colors may be defined and quantified by the degree to which they stimulate these cells. These physical or physiological quantifications of color, however, do not fully explain the psychophysical perception of color appearance.
The science of color is sometimes called chromatics. It includes the perception of color by the human eye and brain, the origin of color in materials, color theory in art, and the physics of electromagnetic radiation in the visible range (that is, what we commonly refer to simply as Light).
|wavelength interval
|frequency interval
|~ 700–630 nm
|~ 430–480 THz
|~ 630–590 nm
|~ 480–510 THz
|~ 590–560 nm
|~ 510–540 THz
|~ 560–490 nm
|~ 540–610 THz
|~ 490–450 nm
|~ 610–670 THz
|~ 450–400 nm
|~ 670–750 THz
|/1014 Hz
|/104 cm−1
|/kJ mol−1
|Near ultraviolet
|Far ultraviolet
Most light sources emit light at many different wavelengths; a source's spectrum is a distribution giving its intensity at each wavelength. Although the spectrum of light arriving at the eye from a given direction determines the color sensation in that direction, there are many more possible spectral combinations than color sensations. In fact, one may formally define a color as a class of spectra that give rise to the same color sensation, although such classes would vary widely among different species, and to a lesser extent among individuals within the same species. In each such class the members are called metamers of the color in question.
The color table should not be interpreted as a definitive list – the pure spectral colors form a continuous spectrum, and how it is divided into distinct colors is a matter of culture, taste, and language. A common list identifies six main bands: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet. Newton's conception included a seventh color, indigo, between blue and violet – but most people do not distinguish it, and most color scientists do not recognize it as a separate color; it is sometimes designated as wavelengths of 420–440 nm.
The intensity of a spectral color may alter its perception considerably; for example, a low-intensity orange-yellow is brown, and a low-intensity yellow-green is olive-green.
For discussion of non-spectral colors, see below.
The color of an object depends on both the physics of the object in its environment and the characteristics of the perceiving eye and brain. Physically, objects can be said to have the color of the light leaving their surfaces, which normally depends on the spectrum of the incident illumination and the reflectance properties of the surface, as well as potentially on the angles of illumination and viewing. Some objects not only reflect light, but also transmit light or emit light themselves (see below), which contribute to the color also. And a viewer's perception of the object's color depends not only on the spectrum of the light leaving its surface, but also on a host of contextual cues, so that the color tends to be perceived as relatively constant: that is, relatively independent of the lighting spectrum, viewing angle, etc. This effect is known as color constancy.
Some generalizations of the physics can be drawn, neglecting perceptual effects for now:
For further treatment of the color of objects, see structural color, below.
To summarize, the color of an object is a complex result of its surface properties, its transmission properties, and its emission properties, all of which factors contribute to the mix of wavelengths in the light leaving the surface of the object. The perceived color is then further conditioned by the nature of the ambient illumination, and by the color properties of other objects nearby, via the effect known as color constancy and via other characteristics of the perceiving eye and brain.
At the same time as Helmholtz, Ewald Hering developed the opponent process theory of color, noting that color blindness and afterimages typically come in opponent pairs (red-green, blue-yellow, and black-white). Ultimately these two theories were synthesized in 1957 by Hurvich and Jameson, who showed that retinal processing corresponds to the trichromatic theory, while processing at the level of the lateral geniculate nucleus corresponds to the opponent theory.
In 1931, an international group of experts known as the Commission Internationale d'Eclairage (CIE) developed a mathematical color model, which mapped out the space of observable colors and assigned a set of three numbers to each.
The ability of the human eye to distinguish colors is based upon the varying sensitivity of different cells in the retina to light of different wavelengths. The retina contains three types of color receptor cells, or cones. One type, relatively distinct from the other two, is most responsive to light that we perceive as violet, with wavelengths around 420 nm. (Cones of this type are sometimes called short-wavelength cones, S cones, or, misleadingly, blue cones.) The other two types are closely related genetically and chemically. One of them (sometimes called long-wavelength cones, L cones, or, misleadingly, red cones) is most sensitive to light we perceive as yellowish-green, with wavelengths around 564 nm; the other type (sometimes called middle-wavelength cones, M cones, or, misleadingly, green cones) is most sensitive to light perceived as green, with wavelengths around 534 nm.
Light, no matter how complex its composition of wavelengths, is reduced to three color components by the eye. For each location in the visual field, the three types of cones yield three signals based on the extent to which each is stimulated. These values are sometimes called tristimulus values.
The response curve as a function of wavelength for each type of cone is illustrated above. Because the curves overlap, some tristimulus values do not occur for any incoming light combination. For example, it is not possible to stimulate only the mid-wavelength/"green" cones; the other cones will inevitably be stimulated to some degree at the same time. The set of all possible tristimulus values determines the human color space. It has been estimated that humans can distinguish roughly 10 million different colors.
The other type of light-sensitive cell in the eye, the rod, has a different response curve. In normal situations, when light is bright enough to strongly stimulate the cones, rods play virtually no role in vision at all. On the other hand, in dim light, the cones are understimulated leaving only the signal from the rods, resulting in a colorless response. (Furthermore, the rods are barely sensitive to light in the "red" range.) In certain conditions of intermediate illumination, the rod response and a weak cone response can together result in color discriminations not accounted for by cone responses alone.
While the mechanisms of color vision at the level of the retina are well-described in terms of tristimulus values (see above), color processing after that point is organized differently. A dominant theory of color vision proposes that color information is transmitted out of the eye by three opponent processes, or opponent channels, each constructed from the raw output of the cones: a red-green channel, a blue-yellow channel and a black-white "luminance" channel. This theory has been supported by neurobiology, and accounts for the structure of our subjective color experience. Specifically, it explains why we cannot perceive a "reddish green" or "yellowish blue," and it predicts the color wheel: it is the collection of colors for which at least one of the two color channels measures a value at one of its extremes.
The exact nature of color perception beyond the processing already described, and indeed the status of color as a feature of the perceived world or rather as a feature of our perception of the world, is a matter of complex and continuing philosophical dispute (see qualia).
Afterimage effects have also been utilized by artists, including Vincent van Gogh.
The trichromatric theory discussed above is strictly true only if the whole scene seen by the eye is of one and the same color, which of course is unrealistic. In reality, the brain compares the various colors in a scene, in order to eliminate the effects of the illumination. If a scene is illuminated with one light, and then with another, as long as the difference between the light sources stays within a reasonable range, the colors of the scene will nevertheless appear constant to us. This was studied by Edwin Land in the 1970s and led to his retinex theory of color constancy.
Different cultures have different terms for colors, and may also assign some color names to slightly different parts of the spectrum: for instance, the Chinese character 青 (rendered as qīng in Mandarin and ao in Japanese) has a meaning that covers both blue and green; blue and green are traditionally considered shades of "青."
In the 1969 study Basic Color Terms: Their Universality and Evolution, Brent Berlin and Paul Kay describe a pattern in naming "basic" colors (like "red" but not "red-orange" or "dark red" or "blood red", which are "shades" of red). All languages that have two "basic" color names distinguish dark/cool colors from bright/warm colors. The next colors to be distinguished are usually red and then yellow or green. All languages with six "basic" colors include black, white, red, green, blue and yellow. The pattern holds up to a set of twelve: black, grey, white, pink, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple, brown, and azure (distinct from blue in Russian and Italian but not English).
Most light sources are mixtures of various wavelengths of light. However, many such sources can still have a spectral color insofar as the eye cannot distinguish them from monochromatic sources. For example, most computer displays reproduce the spectral color orange as a combination of red and green light; it appears orange because the red and green are mixed in the right proportions to allow the eye's red and green cones to respond the way they do to orange.
A useful concept in understanding the perceived color of a non-monochromatic light source is the dominant wavelength, which identifies the single wavelength of light which produces a sensation most similar to the light source. Dominant wavelength is roughly akin to hue.
Of course, there are many color perceptions that by definition cannot be pure spectral colors due to desaturation or because they are purples (mixtures of red and violet light, from opposite ends of the spectrum). Some examples of necessarily non-spectral colors are the achromatic colors (black, gray and white) and colors such as pink, tan, and magenta.
Two different light spectra which have the same effect on the three color receptors in the human eye will be perceived as the same color. This is exemplified by the white light that is emitted by fluorescent lamps, which typically has a spectrum consisting of a few narrow bands, while daylight has a continuous spectrum. The human eye cannot tell the difference between such light spectra just by looking into the light source, although reflected colors from objects can look different. (This is often exploited e.g. to make fruit or tomatoes look more brightly red in shops.)
Similarly, most human color perceptions can be generated by a mixture of three colors called primaries. This is used to reproduce color scenes in photography, printing, television and other media. There are a number of methods or color spaces for specifying a color in terms of three particular primary colors. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages depending on the particular application.
No mixture of colors, though, can produce a fully pure color perceived as completely identical to a spectral color, although one can get very close for the longer wavelengths, where the chromaticity diagram above has a nearly straight edge. For example, mixing green light (530 nm) and blue light (460 nm) produces cyan light that is slightly desaturated, because response of the red color receptor would be greater to the green and blue light in the mixture than it would be to a pure cyan light at 485 nm that has the same intensity as the mixture of blue and green.
Because of this, and because the primaries in color printing systems generally are not pure themselves, the colors reproduced are never perfectly saturated colors, and so spectral colors cannot be matched exactly. However, natural scenes rarely contain fully saturated colors, thus such scenes can usually be approximated well by these systems. The range of colors that can be reproduced with a given color reproduction system is called the gamut. The CIE chromaticity diagram can be used to describe the gamut.
Another problem with color reproduction systems is connected with the acquisition devices, like cameras or scanners. The characteristics of the color sensors in the devices are often very far from the characteristics of the receptors in the human eye. In effect, acquisition of colors that have some special, often very "jagged," spectra caused for example by unusual lighting of the photographed scene can be relatively poor.
Species that have color receptors different from humans, e.g. birds that may have four receptors, can differentiate some colors that look the same to a human. In such cases, a color reproduction system 'tuned' to a human with normal color vision may give very inaccurate results for the other observers.
The next problem is different color response of different devices. For color information stored and transferred in a digital form, color management technique based on ICC profiles attached to color data and to devices with different color response helps to avoid deformations of the reproduced colors. The technique works only for colors in gamut of the particular devices, e.g. it can still happen that your monitor is not able to show you real color of your goldfish even if your camera can receive and store the color information properly and vice versa.
Pigment manufacturers assume the source light will be white, or of roughly equal intensity across the spectrum. If the light is not a pure white source (as in the case of nearly all forms of artificial lighting), the resulting spectrum will appear a slightly different color. Red paint, viewed under blue light, may appear black. Red paint is red because it reflects only the red components of the spectrum. Blue light, containing none of these, will create no reflection from red paint, creating the appearance of black.
Structural color is responsible for the blues and greens of the feathers of many birds (the blue jay, for example), as well as certain butterfly wings and beetle shells. Variations in the pattern's spacing often give rise to an iridescent effect, as seen in peacock feathers, soap bubbles, films of oil, and mother of pearl, because the reflected color depends upon the viewing angle. Numerous scientists have carried out research in butterfly wings and beetle shells, including Sir Isaac Newton and Robert Hooke. Since 1942, electron micrography, has been used, which has helped studies and practical products derrived from the, for eaxmple a range of "photonic" cosmetics using structural color.
Structural color is studied in the field of thin-film optics. A layman's term that describes particularly the most ordered or the most changeable structural colors is iridescence.


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I've probably asked this before, but what the heck.
Can you play Region 1 DVDs on a laptop, or does it have to be re-jiggered/coded like DVD players do?
Moderators: Tonyblack, Jason, Toothy
Bouncy Castle wrote:Not so much that, as I'm not a fan of heights (even a chair) and it requires turning a very heavy (one of the old, square box type, TV round to get at the cabling. Then pulling the DVD player out from under the PVR without dropping the PVR!
Tonyblack wrote:What's a PVR?
Dotsie wrote:Tonyblack wrote:What's a PVR?
Is that you just pretending you don't know stuff again? Well this one's not mucky, so the joke's on you!
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WholeFoods Magazine SourceBook: The Natural Products Directory
Promotions, new hires, retirements and more.
Acquisitions, mergers, awards, charity work, certifications, company news and more.
Are you a salesperson? Whether you own your natural products store or just work in one, if your job duty is to interact with customers, you are in sales. You may not think of yourself primarily as a salesperson—maybe you are a nutritionist—but your customer does.
News from industry food companies.
New York, NY—The United Nations (UN) Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has further increased existing concern over world food supply and prices by announcing alarming predictions for the near future. FAO chief economist Abdolreza Abbassian summarized the situation in a widely-circulated statement, saying ,"We are entering danger territory."
Washington, D.C.—The Food Safety Modernization Act, since WholeFoods last updated its status in January, has been signed into law by President Barack Obama. But, the new year has brought some challenges to the implementation of the new law's measures. The Act, which broadens the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) power to regulate food safety, has an uncertain future in terms of funding.
Packaging for many ground or chopped meat and poultry products will now feature nutrition facts panels, according to a new rule established by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). Forty of the most common cuts of meat, as well as whole, raw meat and poultry products will be required to present this information on a label, or have the nutrition facts available at the point-of-purchase. The rule is to become effective on Jan. 1, 2012.
Brattleboro, VT—A jointly sponsored study by the Organic Trade Association (OTA) and KIWI magazine found that U.S. families are enjoying organic food in greater quantities and in a broader range of categories. Some 41% of parents reported buying more organic food than in the previous year, and over three-quarters of U.S. households were found to use some organic products.
Chico, CA—Natural fruit beverage manufacturer R.W. Knudsen will commemorate its 50th anniversary in business with consumer promotions throughout the year.
Arlington Heights, IL—...
all products


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Protocol for the determination of protein using UV absorption.
Protein Determination by UV Absorption Protocol, ( Modified from the protocol by Alastair Aitken and Michèle P. Learmonth)
Materials for UV Protein Concentration
1. 0.1 M K2SO4 (pH 7.0).
2. 5 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0.
3. Nonionic detergent (0.01% Brij 35)
4. Guanidinium-HCl.
5. 0.2-µm Millipore (Watford, UK) filter.
6. UV-visible spectrometer: The hydrogen lamp should be selected for maximum intensity
at the particular wavelength.
7. Cuvets, quartz, for <215 nm.
Protein Concentration UV Method
Estimation of Protein by Near UV Absorbance (280 nm):
1. A reliable spectrophotometer is necessary. The protein solution must be diluted in the
buffer to a concentration that is well within the accurate range of the instrument (see Notes 1 and 2).
2. The protein solution to be measured can be in a wide range of buffers, so it is usually no problem to find one that is appropriate for the protein which may already be in a particular buffer required for a purification step or assay for enzyme activity, for example (see Notes 3 and 4).
3. Measure the absorbance of the protein solution at 280 nm, using quartz cuvets or cuvets that are known to be transparent to this wavelength, filled with a volume of solution sufficient to cover the aperture through which the light beam passes.
4. The value obtained will depend on the path length of the cuvet. If not 1 cm, it must be
adjusted by the appropriate factor. The Beer-Lambert law states that: A (absorbance) = ε c l where ε = extinction coefficient, c = concentration in mol/L and l = optical path length in cm. Therefore, if ε is known, measurement of A gives the concentration directly, ε is
normally quoted for a 1-cm path length.
5. The actual value of UV absorbance for a given protein must be determined by some absolute method, e.g., calculated from the amino acid composition, which can be determined by amino acid analysis. The UV absorbance for a protein is then calculated according to the following formula: A280 (1 mg/mL) = (5690nw + 1280ny + 120nc)/M
where nw, ny, and nc are the numbers of Trp, Tyr, and Cys residues in the polypeptide of
mass M and 5690, 1280 and 120 are the respective extinction coefficients for these residues (see Note 5).
See also Protein Concentration Protocols from other labs.
Other Protein Articles:
Recombinant Protein Expression Systems
display_block('protein_concentration'); ?>


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Quarterly Report: 2008, April - June (Q4), Kasaan
Lawrence Blood
DCRA Regional Office:
Gov't Type:
Second Class City
Agreement Date:
City of Kasaan
Assessment Status:
Assessment Date:
Exp Date:
Last Updated:
Community Sanitation Overview:
The City of Kasaan operates and manages a piped water system. The City Council is the policy making body for the utility. Water is derived from a water infiltration gallery (impoundment) at Linkum Creek, is treated, and piped to all homes in the core area. Homes use individual septic tanks and 95% are fully plumbed. A feasibility study to examine water and sewer service for a new 121-lot subdivision is underway under the auspices of Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium (ANTHC). A landslide damaged the City's potable water system in 2003 causing a 'Boil Water Notice', and inclusion on the list of significant non-compliers (SNC). Repairs to the water treatment plant and corresponding infrastructure were completed in 2004. The City collects and deposits refuse weekly at the Thorne Bay landfill. Electricity is provided by Alaska Power and Telephone Company. Kasaan is connected via gravel road to the Prince of Wales Island road system.
RUBA Status & Activities This Qtr:
The most recent assessment of management capacity indicators was completed on May 24, 2007. At that time, the City of Kasaan successfully met all essential indicators. The community continues to submit supporting documentation on a quarterly basis consisting of monthly financial reports; however, the city has not yet completed their FY-08 budget. Until the budget is finalized and adopted by the council, the City does not meet any of the essential or sustainable indicators involving budget issues.
RUBA Activities for the Coming Qtr:
RUBA staff will continue to provide assistance as requested to improve sustainable indicators in the areas of Utility Finance, Personnel System, and Operation of Utility. The one specific goal for this quarter is the completion of the FY-08 budget and preparation of an FY-09 Budget.
Essential Indicators:
24 of 26
Sustainable Indicators:
16 of 27
Total Score:
40 of 53
Essential Indicators
All revenues and expenses for the utility are listed in the utility budget.
The utility has adopted a balanced realistic budget.
Monthly financial reports are prepared and submitted to the policy making board.
The utility is current in paying all water/wastewater electric bills.
The utility has on hand a year's adequate fuel supply or it has a financial plan to purchase an adequate supply.
The utility is receiving revenues (user fees or other sources) sufficient to cover operating expenses.
Sustainable Indicators
The utility is receiving revenues (user fees or other sources sufficient to cover operating expenses and Repair & Replacement (R) costs.
YTD revenues are at a level equal to or above those budgeted.
YTD expenditures are at a level equal to or below those budgeted.
A monthly manager's report is prepared.
Budget amendments are completed and adopted as necessary.
Finances Comments
The city has not yet completed their FY-08 budget. A draft budget has been prepared and is waiting to be adopted by the Council The governing body is fully aware that user fees do not produce sufficient income to cover operating expenses or repair and replacement (R and R) cost. It has been a general practice for the City to use other sources, such as the general fund, to subsidize utility operating expenses and savings are used for unexpected repairs. The community has adequate savings for unexpected repairs and equipment replacement. The Mayor, who also serves as the Utility Manager gives a verbal status report to the Council at monthly meetings and provides adequate financial reports including a profit and loss statement, balance sheet, and budget vs. actual profit and loss. The community has a City-owned bulk fuel facility which includes propane, gasoline and diesel storage tanks. The City receives fuel deliveries from Petro Marine Alaska in Thorne Bay, then retails this fuel to community members on a break even basis. The City has adequate funds available and purchases fuel as needed. The City usually maintains a one to three month fuel supply in the summer months and a slightly higher level of fuel reserve during the winter. Electricity is provided through Alaska Power and Telephone and the City is current on its electric account. No budget amendments have been made during the last fiscal year. As an informal city policy, amendments are only considered if actual revenue or expenditures for a particular line item deviates from budgeted projections by plus or minus $2,500.00. Even though this policy would normally be acceptable, the community was assessed as being deficient in reference to this sustainable indicator because given the criteria with this unofficial policy, water utility user fees have deviated from budgeted projections by over $5,000.00 last year with no budget corrisponding budget amendment to address this shortfall.
Accounting Systems
Essential Indicators
The utility has adopted a collection policy and actively follows it.
The utility bills customers on a regular basis.
An accounts receivable system is in place which tracks customers and reports past due accounts and amounts.
An accounts payable system is in place.
The payroll system correctly calculates payroll and keeps records.
A cash receipt system is in place that records incoming money and how it was spent.
The utility has a cash disbursement system that records how money was spent.
Sustainable Indicators
A chart of accounts is used that identifies categories in a reasonable, usable manner.
Monthly bank reconciliations have been completed for all utility accounts.
The utility has a purchasing system that requires approval prior to purchase, and the approval process compares proposed purchases to budgeted amounts.
Accounting Systems Comments
The City of Kasaan has adopted a collections policy and follows their policy as much as realistically possible. The City Administration reports that utility billing collections are becoming increasingly difficult due to mounting customer dissatisfaction with water quality. In late 2003, the water system's intake was destroyed and the treatment facility was damaged due to a large landslide. Due to this unforeseen interruption in service, the community was placed on a DEC issued Boiled Water Notice for the entire 2004 year. Starting in 2005, the water system was again in operation. Once the community resumed water treatment they were required to continue state and federal water sampling and reporting requirements including the fairly new requirement to monitor for Total Trihalomethanes and Haloacetic Acids (TTHM/HAA5) as required by the Stage 1 Disinfectant/Disinfection By-Product Rule. In the City's June 29, 2005 Community Confidence Report (CCR) they reported for the first time exceeding TTHM and HAA5 allowable limits. Prior to this natural disaster and the issuance of the unfavorable CCR, a RUBA assessment that was performed in May 2003, reported that the utility had an outstanding collection rate and strict adherence to their collection policy. Utility bills are still being distributed on a monthly basis and the provisions contained in the municipal code for the collection of delinquent accounts is followed. Collection actions include the establishment of payment agreements, service charges to restore service, and a 7.5% monthly service charge on delinquent accounts. Disconnection notices are sent to customers 5 days after the account becomes delinquent including the date of service disconnection. The city has recently discovered that service disconnections are for the most part an unenforceable provision of their collection policy. Due to the age and condition of the distribution system and the lack of adequate planning and utility easements, a large proportion of the curb stops are either inaccessible or inoperable. The community is currently discussing the possibility of pursuing delinquent accounts through small claims actions and / or with the aid of a collection agency. The City is currently using QuickBooks Pro for their accounts receivable, accounts payable, and payroll which was originally installed through a RUBA sponsored QuickBooks onsite installation and training grant. The City has an adequate chart of accounts. The account receivables system documents customer payments and reports past due accounts with corresponding amounts. The City Administrator / Bookkeeper completes monthly bank reconciliations and the City uses a purchase order system for all purchases and maintains a cash disbursement system to track expenditures. The City provides water utility services to the local population for the following fees: Elder Residential = $40.00 per month Residential = $60.00 per month Commercial = $70.00 per month
Tax Problems
Essential Indicators
The utility has a system to accurately calculate, track, and report payroll tax liabilities.
The utility is current on filing tax reports.
The utility is current on making tax deposits.
If there are any past due tax liabilities or recorded tax liens, a lien release has been issued or a repayment agreement has been signed and repayments are current.
Tax Problems Comments
The City of Kasaan uses QuickBooks Pro to calculate, track, and report payroll liabilities. The City of Kasaan is current with tax reports and tax deposits. The City has not received any DOL or IRS letters within the past year.
Personnel System
Essential Indicators
The utility has a posted workers compensation insurance policy in effect.
Sustainable Indicators
The utility has adopted and uses a Personnel Policy, which has been reviewed by an attorney, AML or Commerce for topics and language.
The utility has adequate written job descriptions for all positions.
The utility has adopted and follows a written personnel evaluation process that ties the job description to the evaluation.
The utility has an adequate written hiring process.
The utility has personnel folders on every employee that contain at least: I-9, Job Application and Letter of Acceptance.
The utility has a probationary period for new hires that includes orientation, job training/oversight, and evaluations.
The utility provides training opportunities to staff as needed and available.
Personnel System Comments
The City currently carries workers' compensation insurance through AML/JIA. The policy runs from 07/01/07 through 06/30/08. The policy covers work-related accidents and occupational diseases up to the Alaska statutory limits for each occurrence. A copy of the workers' compensation policy is posted in accordance with state statute at the following locations: City Hall, Water Treatment Plant, and the Post Office. Kasaan has an implemented personnel policy; however, since the City only has two paid employees, having a written hiring process, job descriptions, and a formal evaluation process has not been a high priority. There are personnel folders for both current municipal employees which contain recommended documentation including an I-9, job application, and other miscellaneous documents. The City does not use letters of acceptance for municipal positions. Despite not having a formal hiring procedure, the City has traditionally required a 90 day probationary period for new hires which includes work place orientation, job training, oversight, and performance evaluations. The City provides training opportunities as needed.
Organizational Management
Essential Indicators
The entity that owns the utility is known; the entity that will operate the utility is set.
The policy making body is active in policy making of the utility.
The policy making body enforces utility policy.
The utility has an adequately trained manager.
The utility has an adequately trained bookkeeper.
The utility has an adequately trained operator or operators.
The utility has adopted the necessary ordinances (or rules and regulations) necessary to give it the authority to operate.
Sustainable Indicators
The utility has adopted an organizational chart that reflects the current structure.
The policy making body meets as required.
The utility complies with the open meeting act for all meetings.
Organizational Management Comments
The City Council meets monthly, complies with open meeting requirements and is active in policy making for the utility. The City operates a small level T (treated) drinking water system. The City has one operator working on the sanitary systems who provides services to the utility as an independent contractor. The operator has a Small-T certification, which is appropriate given the classification of the facility. The utility operator Russell Zeman has the following certificates: Water Treatment OIT Exp. 12/31/08 Water Distribution OIT Exp. 12/31/08 Small-T (Water Treatment) Exp. 12/31/07 The utility has adopted an organizational chart which is included in their utility business plan. The City Administrator who also acts as the City Bookkeeper is a Certified Public Accountant (CPA) and runs his own bookkeeping business in the City of Klawock. He also successfully completed a financial UTM course in Kodiak on March 13, 2006.
Operation of Utility
Essential Indicators
The utility operator(s) are actively working towards necessary certification.
The utility has a preventative maintenance plan developed for the existing sanitation facilities.
Sustainable Indicators
The manager receives a monthly O&M report from the utility operator and routinely "spot checks" the facilities to see that the maintenance items are being completed.
The utility has a safety manual and holds safety meetings.
Utility facilities have not suffered any major problems/outages due to management issues that are unresolved.
The utility is operating at the level of service that was proposed.
The operator provides status reports to the manager on a routine basis.
The utility has completed and distributed its "Consumer Confidence Report".
The utility is not on the "Significant Non-Complier" (SNC) list.
The utility maintains an inventory control list.
The utility maintains a critical spare parts list.
Operation of Utility Comments
The operator has achieved the necessary certifications to operate the current sanitation facilities. The operator has a preventive maintenance plan for the sanitation facilities contained within the utility operations manual. The utility could not locate a safety manual and, as the operator is an independent contractor, he does not participate in any kind of administrative meetings including safety meetings. The utility operator consults with the City Administrator and Mayor on a regular basis and provides verbal status reports. The Mayor, who also serves as the utility manager, does visit the facilities and conducts random spot checks for maintenance items. The utility completes and distributes its Community Confidence Report (CCR) in compliance with State and federal regulations. As of the latest Significant Non-Compliance (SNC) list, the City of Kasaan was not listed. However, on March 7, 2007 the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation issued a Notice of Violation for the City of Kasaan. The Notice of Violation was issued for the following violations: ' Failure to meet filtration requirements under the Surface Water Treatment Rules. ' Failure to monitor Total Trihalomethanes and Haloacetic Acids as required by the Stage 1 Disinfectant/Disinfection By-Product Rule ' Failure to meet Maximum Contaminant levels for Total Trihalomethanes and Haloacetic Acids as required by the Stage 1 Disinfectant/Disinfection By-Product Rule ' Exceedance of the Action Level for Lead. Additionally, on May 31, 2007 the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation (ADEC) issued another Boil Water Notice because the system was temporarily by-passing its filtration. The type of filters that the system is currently using are no longer being manufactured and the utility has exhausted its supply of replacement filters. Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium (ANTHC) and ADEC have been working on the filtration situation to correct the recent NOV and boil water notice. On June 11, 2007, ANTHC installed a new type of filter system to experiment with the practicality of using this type of filters with this particular water treatment system. The test of the new filters was unsuccessful and concluded after only one day of testing. Premature plugging of the new filters forced the end of the trial after producing less than 10,000 gallons. ANTHC is still working with industry representatives to come up with other feasible solutions. Apart from the water filters, the operator maintains an adequate level of supplies and some spare parts for the utility, however does not maintain an inventory control or critical spare parts list.
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PCC Bakery Chocolate Cupcake with Vanilla Buttercream
Ingredients: Chocolate cake batter (organic cane sugar, organic unbleached wheat flour, organic buttermilk, organic high oleic sunflower oil, cocoa powder, cage free organic egg, baking soda, sea salt, vanilla), buttercream frosting (unsalted butter (milk), powdered sugar (corn starch), organic cane sugar, egg whites, vanilla, sea salt)
Nutrition Facts
Note: This database includes nutritionally verified dishes created by the PCC Bakery (hence, it does not include occasional items such as daily specials). As a seasonal grocer, please remember that not every item listed is available year-round. Also, not all items are available at all stores, as each PCC Bakery offers a seasonal selection tailored to its shoppers. Please call ahead to your neighborhood PCC Bakery to determine availability.
If you have questions or comments, please email firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Want to join EWN's original e-fed? Join EWNCW NOW!Want details? Just ask me!
Originally Posted by B-MCINTYRE
Go to hell.
Recently Played (out of ten):
Mario Kart 8 (Wii U)- 9.5
Wolfenstein: The New Order (PS4)- 8
Shovel Knight (Wii U)- 9
The Last Of Us: Remastered (PS4)- 10
Kirby: Triple Deluxe (3DS)- 8.5
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Wallpapers: our best shots of 2013
Fresh from the Top Gear Portfolio, here are just some of our favourite car photos of the year
Posted: 30 Dec 2013
2013 has witnessed the release of some truly stunning cars. And, in a bid to make your eyes happy, we've spent a year diligently chasing them around the world with our cameras.
So as a little thank you for all your support over the last year, we've taken some of the finest pictures from the pages of this year's Top Gear Portfolio and digitised them into a set of beautiful wallpapers.
All you need to do is scroll through the gallery, click the size that takes your fancy and add it to your desktop background.
And if you want to more of the world's greatest cars shot by the world's greatest photographers, go out and pick up a copy of the Top Gear Portfolio, on sale now. Do it for your eyes.
Click here to download at 1920x1080
Click here to download at 1280x1024
Photography: Thomas Wieleki


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Tuition and Fees
WVU Parkersburg Tuition and Fees
The West Virginia University at Parkersburg Board of Governors and the West Virginia Community and Technical College Council have approved the following tuition and fees:
Tuition Payment Options
Tuition may be paid by cash, check, credit card (American Express, Discover, MasterCard or Visa) or an installment payment plan. It can also now be paid online by clicking here. Additional information is available from the Business Office or the Jackson County Center Office.
Tuition Penalty Schedule
The Tuition Penalty Schedule is available on line with corresponding dates and penalty assessment percentages. Additional information is available by contacting the Business Office, 304-424-8223.
Financial Aid
Every attempt is made to make attending West Virginia University at Parkersburg affordable. Students have the opportunity to receive scholarships, need-based grants, loans and employment opportunities. More than 50% of all WVU at Parkersburg students receive some type of financial aid.
Ohio In-State Tuition Rate Information
West Virginia University at Parkersburg provides the opportunity for Ohio residents to attend WVU Parkersburg at WV tuition rates. Eligibility information is available here.