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This invention relates generally to new and improved methods and apparatus for displaying volumetric 3D images with colors and for barrier-free interaction with the 3D images. A raw 3D dataset is first processed into a viewable data with a geometry description in the form of a collection of scattered points, curves and surfaces, and a corresponding color description. One of the four color combination methods, exact, spatial, temporal, or spatio-temporal, is the used to process the viewable data into three data subsets, each of a collection of points and of a different color frequency. A set of separate image patterns, each pattern of a different color frequency, is then displayed on a color display system according to the content of the three data subsets. In the final step, the set of separate image patterns is recombined and displayed on a volumetric display device to form color volumetric 3D images.
1. Method of displaying in actual 3D space a set of 3D data containing densely spaced data points, the method comprising the steps of:
(1) determining in said set of 3D data a number of spatial regions, each said region being of a different property or of a different range of data value;
(2) creating a number of surfaces or curves along the boundary of each said region, each said surface or curve enclosing and separating a said region;
(3) creating a number of sets of scattered points of different spatial distribution density, each said set of scattered points corresponding to one of said regions;
(4) collecting the data of said surfaces, said curves, and said scattered points into a set of viewable data;
(5) displaying said viewable data in actual 3D space by using a volumetric 3D display.
2. Method of
(1) processing said viewable data into a displayable data; said displayable data having a number of subsets of data points, each subset being of a different predetermined color;
(2) generating a set of separate image patterns according to said displayable data, each said separate image pattern being of a different predetermined color and comprising a series of image frames; and displaying the image frames of each separate image pattern in sequence and repeatedly on a color display system;
(3) projecting and displaying the image frames from each separate image pattern in sequence at pre-determined positions in actual 3D space repeatedly and recombining said separate image patterns into volumetric 3D images with colors or gray scales.
3. Method of
said exact combination having each primary color component of each voxel in the recombined separate image patterns appear at the same location in the display space and in the same repeated display sequence,
said spatial combination having each primary color component of each voxel in the recombined separate image patterns appear in slightly different locations in the display space but in the same repeated display sequence;
said temporal combination having each primary color component of each voxel in the recombined separate image patterns appear in the same location in the display space but in different repeated display sequences,
said spatial-temporal combination having each primary color component of each voxel in the recombined separate image patterns appear in slightly different locations in the display space and in different repeated display sequences.
4. Method of
(1) at least one color-pixel display panel; said color-pixel display panel comprising an integrated 2D arrays of switchable color filters; or
(2) two or more monochrome display panels; each illuminated with a different predetermined color; or
(3) at least one plural color-triad display panel; or
(4) at least one plural film based display.
5. Method of
(1) sweeping a projection screen in said actual 3D space repeatedly, said projection screen carrying a pattern of color triads on the surface;
(2) projecting the image frames onto the projection screen and aligning the image frames to the pattern of color triads to create color image frames.
6. Method of displaying a 3D surface of color or gray scale in actual 3D space, the method comprising the steps of:
(1) creating a number of sub-surfaces corresponding to said 3D surface, each surface having a predetermined color and a 3D shape similar to said 3D surface;
(2) displaying and closely stacking said sub-surfaces in the display space of a volumetric 3D display, the stacked sub-surfaces forming an integrated surface, said integrated surface having a surface thickness of a few voxels of said volumetric 3D display, said integrated surface recreating the shape of said 3D surface and recreating the colors or gray scale of said 3D surface by mixture of colors of all the stacked sub-surfaces.
7. Method of displaying color volumetric 3D images comprising the steps of:
(1) generating a set of color image frames in sequence on a color display system, said color display system including one of the following color image display means:
at least one color-pixel display panel; said color-pixel display panel comprising an integrated 2D arrays of switchable color filters; or
two or more monochrome display panels; each illuminated with a different predetermined color; or
at least one plural color-triad display panel; or
at least one plural film based display;
(2) separating each said color image frame into a number of sub-frames by a color switching means, each of said number of sub-frames having a different predetermined color and propagating separately in time domain in a fixed order;
(3) projecting each of said color image frames in sequence and displaying the corresponding sub-frames of each of said color image frames according to said fixed order at different pre-determined locations in actual 3D space repeatedly.
8. Method of
9. Method of
(1) generating at least one new set of color image frames in sequence;
(2) separating each frame of the new set into a number of sub-frames, the number being the same as said number of sub-frames of each color image frame in the original set; each of the number of sub-frames having a different predetermined color and propagating separately in time domain but in a new order different from said fixed order in the original set;
(3) projecting each sub-frame from said new set of color image frames according to the new order and superimposing each sub-frame from the new set and the original set to form a set of superimposed image frames; each frame of the superimposed image frames containing a number of sub-frames, each of a different color and originated from a different set of color image frames;
(4) projecting and displaying the superimposed image frames at different pre-determined locations in actual 3D space repeatedly.
10. System for displaying volumetric 3D images comprising
(1) an image projector;
(2) a rotating screen with a set of central and side reflectors rotating in unison with the screen;
(3) an optical interfacing mechanism rotating at half the speed of the screen, said optical interfacing mechanism comprising one of the following means:
a. a reflector assembly including at least one 90 degree reflector, said 90 degree reflector comprising two flat reflectors arranged at an angle of 90 degree with each other; or
b. a reflector assembly including at least one 90 degree reflector, said 90 degree reflector comprising two flat reflectors arranged at an angle of 90 degree with each other; the reflector assembly further comprising at least one 4-reflector setup; said 4-reflector setup comprising: a first reflector receiving a projection beam from the image projector and reflecting the beam to the 90 degree reflector; a second and a third reflector together guiding the beam from the 90 degree reflector back to the original projection direction; or
c. a reflector assembly comprising it least one 5-mirror setup; said 5-mirror setup comprising: a first mirror receiving a projection beam from the image projector and reflecting the beam away from the rotating axis to a second mirror; a third and a fourth mirror sending the beam back toward the rotating axis; a fifth mirror sending the beam back to the original projection direction; or
d. a pair of orthogonal reflectors; or
e. a set of cylindrical lens capable of projecting flipped images, said set of cylindrical lens being a past of the projection lens of the image projector.
11. System for displaying volumetric 3D images comprising
(1) a projection screen revolving about an axis;
(2) at least one display panel and a set of projection optics; both the display panel and the projection optics rotating in unison with the screen; the display panel being capable of displaying a set of 2D image frames in sequence; the projection optics being capable of projecting images displayed on said display panel onto said projection screen when the display panel and the projection optics being properly illuminated;
(3) a stationary light source illuminating the display panel and the projection optics via an illumination path traveling along said axis;
(4) a plural slip-ring system for passing control signals and image signals to said display panel.
12. Method for displaying a set of 3D data in actual space comprising the steps of:
(1) processing said 3D data into data representing a set of 2D image frames, said 2D image frames recreating a volumetric 3D image of said 3D data when each frame being distributed to and displayed at a predetermined different location in actual space;
(2) rotating a display plane about an axis while keeping said display plane always facing a fixed direction, said display plane sweeping through actual 3D space and defining a display volume;
(3) displaying said 2D image frames in sequence on said display plane; each of the 2D image frames being distributed to and displayed at a predetermined different location in said display volume;
wherein said step of displaying said 2D image frames comprising the step of projecting said 2D image frames onto the relating display plane.
13. Method of
14. Method for displaying a set of 3D data in actual space comprising the steps of:
(1) processing said 3D data into data representing a set of 2D image frames, said 2D image frames recreating a volumetric 3D image of said 3D data when each frame being distributed to and displayed at a predetermined different location in actual space;
(2) providing a body of photoluminescent media with the property of two-step excitation;
(3) sweeping a planar light beam through said body of photoluminescent media periodically in rotating motion or in reciprocating motion; said planar light beam being of light of the first frequency corresponding to the two-step excitation property; said planar light beam intersecting said body of photoluminescent media and thereby forming a moving plane;
(4) projecting said 2D image frames by way of an optical interfacing mechanism onto said moving plane in sequence and thereby displaying each of said 2D image frames at a predetermined different location in said body of photoluminescent media; said 2D image frames being projected with a light of the second frequency corresponding to the two-step excitation property; said optical interfacing mechanism keeping the size, orientation and focus of said 2D image frames invariant with respect to said intersecting plane.
15. Method for interacting with a 3D image data in actual 3D space, comprising the steps of:
(1) displaying the 3D image in actual 3D space by using a plural volumetric 3D display; the volumetric 3D display being connected to a computer;
(2) providing a manipulating device; said manipulating device having a physical end and a virtual end, said physical end being able to be moved about outside the display volume of the volumetric 3D display, said virtual end being defined as an extension of the physical end in the form of coordinate data points in reference to said physical end; the relative position of each said coordinate data point with respect to any one point on said physical end being fixed;
(3) providing a plural position tracker for tracking the relative position and orientation of said physical end with respect to the volumetric 3D display; the position tracker being connected to said computer;
(4) computing the relative position of each data point defining the virtual end with respect to the volumetric 3D display according to the position and orientation of said physical end and according to the predefined spatial relation between said virtual end and said physical end;
(5) determining the portion of the virtual end that locates within the display volume of the volumetric 3D display, and determining the location and orientation of said portion of the virtual end inside the display volume, and then displaying the image of said portion of the virtual end in the display volume accordingly;
(6) providing a computer program for interaction between the virtual end image and the 3D image.
16. Method of
17. Method of
18. Method of
This invention is related to U.S. Pat. No. 5,754,147 issued May 19, 1998 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/702,047 filed Aug. 23, 1996.
A volumetric 3D display displays 3D images in a real 3D space. Each "voxel" in a volumetric image locates actually and physically at the spatial position where it is supposed to be, and light rays travel directly from that position toward omni-directions to form a real image in the eyes of viewers. As a result, a volumetric display possesses all major elements in both physiological and psychological depth cues and allows 360� walk-around viewing by multiple viewers without the need of special glasses.
For convenience of communication in this specification, the term "volumetric 3D image" or "volumetric image" is used to describe a 3D image that actually occupies an actual space (that is, a physical and real space) and has each of its voxels (or volumetric elements forming the image) located physically at a spatial location relative to the physical locations of other voxels. The term "volumetric 3D display" or "volumetric display" is used to represent a display system that is capable of displaying volumetric 3D images. In contrast, a 3D image displayed in perspective views on a conventional CRT monitor, or in a stereoscopic display, do not actually occupy a real space. It is displayed in a virtual space.
There have been two major types of volumetric display using scanning lasers as the image source. The first type projects the scanning laser spots directly on a moving display screen to form images [Garcia, Garcia and Williams, Batchko, Lasher et al., Belfatto]. The second type is based on the principle of two-stage excitation [Korevaar, Downing et al.], which uses the intersection of two laser beams to excite a photoluminescent media to create images. In another approach based on two-stage excitation of a photoluminescent media, two matrices of collimated beams are used to give many intersections in a volume [Thompson]. For displaying color images, the major disadvantage of direct projection of scanning lasers is the limited number of voxels. State of the art laser projection volume display reports 20,000-40,000 voxels per volume [Lasher et al.], which is good for displaying wire-frame images but not enough to render complex color images. In the case of two-stage excitation using solid materials [Downing et al.], the disadvantage is the need of three different materials for the three primary colors. In the case of two-stage excitation using gaseous materials, the main issue may be safety as typical gases used are toxic.
Another approach uses electron beams and phosphor to create images. There are also two types of systems: one uses a moving screen coated with phosphor to receive electron beams emitted from stationary sources[Blundell], and one based on two-stage excitation of a phosphorescent gas[Rowe]. In the rotating screen approach, it would require precise registration of electron beams to phosphors of different colors on a screen which is constantly rotating. As to the two-stage excitation approach by electron beams, it would be difficult to display color images.
Another approach of volumetric display uses a rotating LED (light emitting diode) panel[Berlin]. Optic fibers have also been used to replace LEDs [MacFarlane]. The main issue of this approach is the complexity of assembling the matrix of light sources.
Still another category of volumetric display uses "whole frame display" instead of "point scanning" of lasers or electron beams. One approach uses a stack of electrically switchable liquid crystal display layers[Hattori, Sadovinik]. Another approach uses a piezo-based fast focusing lens to project image frames to a stack of PDLC screens [Paek]. Both approaches have limited resolution because the number of LCD panels or screens in the stack is physically limited. Still another approach projects images composed of collimated light beams directly to a moving screen [Thompson]. A different approach using an optical interfacing mechanism, which smoothly delivers whole frame images created on a stationary projection device onto a moving screen (rotating or reciprocating), allows creation of volumetric 3D images using conventional 2D projection optics, thus removing the requirement of collimated image beams [Tsao et al., Tsao].
To display color 3D volumetric images, approaches based on "whole frame display", especially the one using an optical interfacing mechanism, have the advantages of high voxel number and are capable of applying many techniques used for 2D displays. Based on this approach, this invention is therefore to provide new and improved methods and systems for displaying color volumetric 3D images. This invention is also to improve the interaction between the users and the volumetric display system.
This invention relates generally to new and improved methods and apparatus for displaying volumetric 3D images with colors or gray scales. The basic concept includes four steps:
1. Process a set of raw 3D data into a viewable data: The viewable data contain a geometry description in the form of a collection of scattered points, curves and surfaces, and a corresponding color description.
2. Process the viewable data into a set of displayable data: One of four color combination methods is the used to process the viewable data into three data subsets, each of a collection of points and of a different color frequency, which can later be combined in a space to form volumetric images with colors. The four color combination methods are: (1) Exact combination: all primary colors in one voxel appears in the same location in the same volume sweep. (2) Spatial combination: primary colors for one voxel appear in slightly different locations but in the same volume sweep. (3) Temporal combination: primary colors for one voxel appear in the same location but in different volume sweeps. (4) Spatio-temporal combination: a combination of (1) and (2).
3. Generate and display a set of separate image patterns on a color display system: A set of separate image patterns, each pattern of a different color frequency, is generated on a color display system according to the content of the displayable data.
4. Recombine and display the set of separate image patterns on a volumetric display system: In the final step, the sets of separate image patterns are recombined and displayed on a volumetric display device to form color volumetric 3D images.
This invention also improves the interaction between the user and the images in the volumetric display by using a concave mirror to project the images in a volumetric display the user's space, and by using a method of virtual manipulating device to extend user's motion into the volumetric display space.
The invention can be described in details with the help of the following drawings:
FIGS. 1a-f illustrates examples of the viewable data structure according to the invention;
FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary Viewable Data of a solid object;
FIG. 3 illustrates the method of exact color combination according to the invention;
FIG. 4 illustrates the method of temporal color combination according to the invention;
FIG. 5 illustrates the method of spatial color combination by color triads according to the invention;
FIG. 6 illustrates the method of spatial color combination by color sub-surfaces according to the invention;
FIG. 7 illustrates the first preferred embodiment of the color image projection system according to the invention;
FIG. 8 illustrates the second preferred embodiment of the color image projection system according to the invention;
FIG. 9a illustrates the third preferred embodiment of the color image projection system according to the invention;
FIG. 9b illustrates the third preferred embodiment of the color image projection system with a rotating color wheel as alternative color switching mechanism;
FIG. 10 illustrates the fourth preferred embodiment of the color image projection system according to the invention;
FIG. 10a illustrates an exemplary embodiment of the screen for the apparatus according to the invention;
FIG. 11 illustrates the sixth preferred embodiment of the color image projection system according to the invention;
FIG. 12 illustrates the preferred method of driving the display panel according to the invention;
FIG. 13 illustrates the first preferred volumetric display apparatus according to the invention;
FIG. 14 illustrates a first exemplary embodiment of the optical interfacing mechanism for the apparatus of FIG. 13;
FIG. 15 illustrates a second exemplary embodiment of the optical interfacing mechanism for the apparatus of FIG. 13;
FIG. 16 illustrates a third exemplary embodiment of the optical interfacing mechanism for the apparatus of FIG. 13;
FIG. 17 illustrates the second preferred volumetric display apparatus according to the invention;
FIG. 18 illustrates the third preferred volumetric display apparatus according to the invention;
FIG. 19 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of the rotating screen setup for the volumetric display apparatus according to the invention;
FIG. 20 illustrates the fourth preferred volumetric display apparatus according to the invention;
FIG. 21 illustrates the fifth preferred volumetric display apparatus according to the invention;
FIG. 22 illustrates the sixth preferred volumetric display apparatus according to the invention;
FIG. 23 illustrates the seventh preferred volumetric display apparatus according to the invention;
FIG. 24 illustrates the eighth preferred volumetric display apparatus according to the invention.
The basic concept of the current invention includes four steps:
1. Process a set of raw 3D data into a Viewable Data;
2. Process the Viewable Data into a Displayable Data;
3. Generate and display a set of separate image patterns on a color display system;
4. Recombine and display the set of separate image patterns on a volumetric display system.
Based on our experimental observation, there are three basic geometric forms that viewers are able to clearly perceive their spatial distributions in a 3D real space: scattered points, curves (including lines), and surfaces (including planes).
For example, an X-ray CT (computed tomography) 3D data can be in the form of a collection of densely spaced points, each data point represents an attenuation coefficient of a different value which may represent the density of the tissue and could be transformed into a measure of brightness or gray scale. If all points in the data set are displayed in a real 3D space, it will be difficult for viewers to perceive the density (or brightness) distribution, because the points close to the tissue surface will then block points in the interior, just like one can not see through a tank of muddy water, even if the mud density in the water varies from location to location.
Therefore, in the first step, a raw 3D data has to be converted into a data form, hereby called Viewable Data, of a combination of the three basic geometric forms, which do not have the problem of blocking and confusing the scene. In general, a Viewable Data has a geometry description capable of defining its shape and a color description capable of defining colors of its various portion. The geometry description is in the form of a collection of scattered points, curves, and surfaces.
Back to the example of X-ray CT data, the original data can therefore be represented by a set of boundary surfaces, each boundary surface separating regions of different properties such as densities. Because different tissues usually give different values of attenuation coefficient in medical imaging data, the boundaries of different tissues can therefore be found from the original data. In cases where attenuation coefficient changes without abrupt boundaries, contour boundaries, i.e. boundaries of regions having the same ranges of attenuation coefficient, can be defined. FIG. 1a illustrates the idea with an example, wherein a human head data is represented by three layers of boundary surfaces: the skull 110, the brain 120, and an internal malign tissue 130. In addition, scattered points can be added into the space surrounded by the boundary surfaces to indicate the interior properties, as illustrated in FIG. 1d, at 160 and 170.
In viewing 3D medical data, and many other types of 3D data, sections (cross-sectional images) are very useful. A section is a plane of data and therefore is a Viewable Data. It is further noted that boundary surface or a section can be fully rendered or selectively rendered. When they are fully rendered, they are rendered by dense points, just as bitmap images except they locate in a real 3D space. When they are selectively rendered, they are rendered by scattered points or curves. For example, FIG. 1b illustrates the idea, wherein a section 140 of a human head is superimposed to a boundary surface representation of the head 100. The section is fully rendered so that the bitmap area 142, which is surrounded by curve 145, represents the brain tissue, and similarly the bitmap area 143, surrounded by curve 146, represents the malign tissue. Curve 144, 145, and 146 are the cross-sections of the boundary surfaces 110, 120, and 130 respectively. Alternatively, the section can also be rendered only by those curves, as shown in FIG. 1c 140.
In case the 3D data are solid objects and there is no interest in the interior of the solids, as in the case of a machine assembly, then boundary surfaces are sufficient to represent the solids. FIG. 1(e) illustrates a cube, wherein the three sides of it are represented by three planes 101-103 (the other three sides not shown), each plane being fully rendered as a bit map. No additional data is needed in its interior. Alternatively, the cube can also be represented by a wire-frame (lines), as shown in FIG. 1(f), where a plane, e.g. 101, is represented by four lines, 104-107.
In the second step, the Viewable Data is processed into separate data subsets which can later be combined in a space to form volumetric images with colors. Each data subset is composed of a collection of points and has a different color frequency. When these separate subsets are combined in a real space, they form an image with the geometry and the color as defined by the Viewable Data. This new set of data is suitable for the color display devices to display, while the Viewable Data itself is not. The new data set is hereby called Displayable Data.
The formation of the Displayable Data, i.e. how points are distributed to different color frequencies at suitable locations, depends on the method of color combination used to create color images. For convenience of explanation, an exemplary Viewable Data of a solid object is illustrated in FIG. 2. A fully rendered boundary surface 210 represents the object in the display volume 200. A portion of its surface 220 is illustrated with locations of surface points, which also carry color information, for example at 221. Plane 201 represents the location of one projected frame at some instance during a volume sweep, and a small portion of the cross section at that plane 202 is enlarged to show some points of the Viewable Data 203, where four white squares, 222-225, represents four selected points on the boundary surface of the object 210.
There are four basic methods of color combination. The first is "exact combination", which makes all primary colors in one voxel appear in the same location in the same volume sweep. As illustrated in FIG. 3, the Viewable Data 210 is processed into the Displayable Data, which includes three subsets of data 320R, 320G, and 320B, each is of a different primary color, for example, R(red), G(green) or B(blue). Each data point, e.g. 325R, 325G, and 325B, in the subsets locates at the same corresponding position as in the Viewable Data, e.g. 225. As a result, the three subsets can be recombined 310 to the same geometry and color as defined in the Viewable Data 210.
There are occasions where "exact color combination" is economically not desirable. The second method of color combination is "temporal combination", which makes primary colors for one voxel appear in the same location but in different volume sweeps. Based on our experimental observation, a volume refresh rate of 10-15 Hz can generally give good volumetric 3D images. Therefore, if the volume refresh rate is increased to, say, 30-45 Hz, then three data subsets, each carrying a different primary color, can be displayed successively to present a combined color image. As illustrated in FIG. 4, the Viewable Data 210 is processed into the Displayable Data, which includes three subsets of data 420R, 420G, and 420B, each is of a different primary color and is shown in a different but successive volume. Each data point, e.g. 425R, 425G, and 425B, in the subsets locates at the same corresponding position as in the Viewable Data, e.g. 225. As a result, the three subsets can be recombined 410 to the same geometry and color as defined in the Viable Data 210.
The third color combination method is "spatial combination", which makes each primary color for one voxel appear in a slightly different location but in the same volume sweep. As illustrated in FIG. 5, each data point, e.g. 225, in the Viewable Data 210 is processed into three slightly offset sub-points, e.g. 525R, 525G, and 525B, of different primary colors. The three closely spaced subpoints appear as one point with the color corresponding to the original data point. In combination, the geometry and color of the Viewable Data can be recreated 510.
This is similar to the "color triads" technique used in many 2D displays, which uses three sub-pixels of different primary colors to form one pixel. However, in 2D displays the number of sub-pixels for one pixel is limited by their sizes. In volumetric 3D displays, there is additional space to put more sub-voxels to create more color level. It has been pointed out that the volumetric images of 3D objects are mostly composed of boundary surfaces. Therefore, by closely stacking a number of sub-surfaces, each of a different primary color but a similar shape, an integrated surface with a mixture of colors of all individual sub-surfaces can be created. As illustrated in FIG. 6, the surface 220 in the Viewable Data is processed into three sub-surfaces, 620R, 620G, and 620B, each of a different primary color. The three sub-surfaces are closely stacked. As illustrated in an enlarged view 603 of a portion of the integrated surface 620, for example, points with color blue 620B-1, 620B-2, and 620B-3 form part of subsurface 620B. The cases for surfaces 620R and 620G are similar. The mixture of colors of the three sub-surfaces recreates the color of the original data. For example, the combination of points 620R-1(red), 620G-1(green), and 620B-1(blue) appears to be white, as the color of the corresponding point 225 in the original data. It should be noted that the line of sight of a viewer, when viewing the surface 620, is mostly parallel to the xy plane and is therefore mostly perpendicular to the sub-surfaces, as indicated by arrow 601. As a result, the increase of "thickness" of a surface, which is in directions perpendicular to the surface, does not translate to loss of spatial resolution, which is measured in directions parallel to the surfaces. Therefore, each sub-surface can have a "thickness" of several points without affecting the spatial resolution. More points result in more levels of color. This method of "color sub-surfaces" can thus produce more colors for volumetric 3D images than the "color triads" method.
The forth color combination method is "spatio-temporal combination", which is simply a method applying both spatial and temporal color mixing.
In the third step of the current invention, a set of separate image patterns, each of a different primary color, are generated and displayed on a color display system, preferably a projection system, according to the Displayable Data.
An ideal image source for the color projection system is a display panel with each of its pixels capable of displaying different colors. Using such a "color-pixel panel" can easily generate volumetric images with colors of "exact combination". In principle, any light emitting, reflecting or transmitting devices that can be tuned, preferably by electricity, to change or select the frequency of light being emitted, reflected or transmitted can be micro-fabricated and integrated to make a "color-pixel panel". One typical example is high speed switchable color filters made of FLC (ferroelectric liquid crystal), which can filter selected frequency spectrum of light through changing combinations of applied voltages[Displaytech]. A "color-pixel panel" can therefore be made with each pixel acting as a switchable color filter independently. FIG. 7 illustrates the first preferred embodiments of the color image projection system. A "color-pixel panel" 710, composed of a matrix of independently controlled FLC switchable color filters 711, is used as the image source. A condenser lens 720 collects the white light from a lamp 730 and illuminates the color display panel. A projection lens 740 projects the image displayed on the color display panel. To create even more color level, more than one "color-pixel panels" can be used. Projected images can be superimposed to create more color levels.
More commonly, the display panels are monochrome, which require a color illumination to produce color images. FIG. 8 illustrates the second preferred embodiment of the color image projection system, which uses three monochrome display panels, 810R, 810G, and 810B, as the image source. Light beams of three primary colors, 831R-B, illuminate the three panels respectively, through the condenser lens 720. As the display panel depicted here is a reflective panel, a TIR (total internal reflection) prism 850 is used to send the images on the panel to the projection lens 740. If liquid crystal panels are used, polarizers are usually needed, which are not shown in FIG. 8. If the display panel is transmissive, then the optic setup will take the form similar to FIG. 7. The color illumination 831R-B can be generated by using one white light source with a set of dichroic color filters, which is a common practice in optical engineering. To recombine the images on the three panels, a similar dichroic filter system can be used, which include a red reflector 860B, a blue reflector 860G, and a mirror 860M. The OPL (optical path length) from each display panel to the output blue reflector 860B should be kept equal so that the three separate image patterns can be recombined properly.
The third preferred embodiment of the color projection system uses one monochrome display panel with a switchable color illumination system. As shown in FIG. 9a, the monochrome display panel 810 is in the projection optics similar to that in FIG. 8, except that a switchable color filter 910 is used to switch the color of the light beam 831. The switching of the color filter is synchronized to the display panel such that each primary color illuminates the panel when the image pattern corresponding to the same primary color is displayed. Each color switching is also synchronized to every volume refreshing. Color volumetric images can thus be displayed by "temporal combination" method. An alternative color switching mechanism is a rotating color wheel 920, as shown in FIG. 9b.
The fourth preferred embodiment of the color projection system uses a display panel with color triads as the image source. As shown in FIG. 10, the display panel 1010 has a mosaic of pixels of three primary colors as illustrated in an enlarged view of the panel 1011. There can be of course various forms of color triads arrangement. The projection optics in this case is again similar to that in FIG. 8. In order to obtain more color levels, three color-triad panels can be used and their image patterns can be superimposed.
The fifth preferred embodiment, an alternative color triads approach, is to use a monochrome display panel and a projection screen with color triads coatings. As shown in FIG. 10a, a projection screen 1050 of a volumetric display device is composed of two color filter films or coatings of a color triad format (in stripes as depicted) 1051 sandwiching a translucent and diffusive center material 1052. The image pattern 1060 projected from the monochrome display panel onto the screen are white light points. Points projected onto a red stripe 1060R appear as red points; and points onto blue or green stripes appear as blue or green points, 1060B and 1060G. Alternatively, the color triads on the screen can also be made of a diffusive material with three different colors, coated or printed on a transparent base layer.
The sixth preferred embodiment of the color projection system uses three display panels with color triads together with a switchable color illumination system as the image source. As shown in FIG. 11a, the system is an assembly of three subsystems 1100A-C, each is essentially the embodiment of FIG. 10, except that a switchable color filter 910A-C is used to control the color of illumination to the display panels. The projected images of the three subsystems coincide at a distance 1190 to create a superimposed frame image.
For volume displays based on whole frame projection, the frame rate of the image panel determines the image resolution in the direction of volume sweeping. The embodiment of FIG. 11a can create color images with a resolution (in the direction of volume sweeping) higher than this limit. The operation concept is explained below. Any one frame of image pattern displayed on the color-triad display panel 1010 contains three subframes: the red pattern, the green pattern, and the blue pattern. Using the switchable color illumination system, these three subframes can be separately and independently projected. For example, a typical switchable FLC color filter has a switch transition time of ˜100 micro second (10 K Hz). A typical FLC display panel has a frame rate of 3 K Hz (˜3000 frame per second) [Displaytech]. Therefore, a switchable color filter can run one R-G-B cycle within the duration of one frame of the FLC display panel. By using three such subsystems 1100A-C and superimposing each subframe projected from the three subsystems in a manner such that at any moment the superimposed image frame contains three subframes, each from a different display panel and of a different primary color, color volumetric images with a resolution (i.e. total subframe number per volume) three times of that limited by the frame rate of the display panel can be created. A typical projection sequence is as follows:
The content of each frame displayed on each display panel should therefore be designed (or programmed) according to the above projection sequence so that the superimposing of the R, G and B subframes from panel 1-3 can create desired color subframes f1, f2 . . . .
An alternative method to switch color illumination is to use a color wheel. As shown in FIG. 11b, the light beam is converged by a lens 1120 so that it passes the color wheel 1110 at its smallest diameter 1130. The color wheel contains a number of small color filter stripes in an orderly fashion as shown in FIG. 11c. The focused light beams 1130A-C from the three light sources are positioned such that each beam is filtered by a stripe of different color at any instance.
In general, this "subframe method" is used to create color images with higher frame numbers per volume. However, this method is not limited to creating color image. If necessary, more than three subdivisions of a frame can be done by using more than three color filters system to generate even higher resolution in the direction of screen motion. This method is also not limited to display panels of color triads. Any display panel capable of multiple color patterns can be applied, which includes the color-pixel display described in the first embodiment of the color projecting system, as well as film-based displays.
Again, an alternative system to the one of FIG. 11a is to replace the three display panels of color triads 1010 with monochrome display panels and place the color triads on the projection screen.
The preferred method of driving the display panels is a "vector driving" method. It has been pointed out in the prior arts [Tsao et al., Tsao] that the image projection device needs to have a high frame rate in order to create satisfactory volumetric 3D images. This means the image data must be uploaded to the display panel at a high speed too. For color display, this speed requirement can be higher since there is now additional data of colors. The mostly adopted driving method for current 2D displays is "rastering", which updates every pixels of the display panel no matter what the content is. In the current invention, one can see that the image data frames to be uploaded to the display panel are mostly in the form of scattered points and curves, as illustrated in FIG. 121205, because the 3D Displayable Data are basically in the form of boundary surfaces, curves, and scattered points. That is, a significant portion of the display panel is blank, and only those data points on the boundary curves are effective data. Therefore, if the format of image data storage (frame buffer) and the method of addressing pixels were changed into the "vector" form, instead of the "raster" form, then the requirements on memory buffer size and image data transfer speed for the image driver can be greatly reduced. FIG. 12 illustrates this concept. Under the vector driving method, the frame buffer 1210 no longer stores a full matrix of data entries equal to the pixel numbers of the display. Instead a smaller data array containing addresses and data values (e.g. gray scale number) of only effective pixels (non-blank pixels) is stored 1211. When displaying a frame, the CPU 1220 of the image driver circuit assigns each data value in the array to its corresponding address, i.e. to the corresponding pixel. This is similar to the method of addressing a random access memory (RAM). Many current 2D display devices are actually based on DRAM or SRAM VLSI structure, and therefore can be driven by this vector method.
In the fourth step of the current invention, the sets of separate image patterns are recombined and projected onto a volumetric display device to display the final volumetric 3D color images. The volumetric display systems disclosed in [Tsao et al] and [Tsao] can be used for the current invention, which use an optical interfacing mechanism to deliver whole frame images displayed on a stationary projection device onto a moving screen (either rotating or reciprocating).
One of the rotating screen system, as illustrated in FIG. 13, features three major portions: a rotating screen unit 1330 (including a screen 1331, a central reflector 1332, and a side reflector 1333); a high frame rate image projection system 1310; and a optical interfacing mechanism 1320, which relays the optical image projected from the image projector onto the screen for displaying, while keeping the size, orientation and focus of the projected image invariant as the screen rotates. The preferred optical interfacing mechanism is an optical image rotator rotating at half the speed of the screen. Besides the preferred interfacing mechanisms disclosed in [Tsao et al] and [Tsao and Chen], there are several other image rotators that can be used, including image rotating prisms such as Dove prism (or K-mirror) and Pechan prism. However, these prisms have a long internal optical path length, which is not advantageous for projection optics. One preferred optical interfacing mechanism is based on a 90� reflector, which is capable of flipping an image and therefore can be used as an image rotator. As illustrated in FIG. 14, reflector 1410 takes a light beam coming along the rotating axis and sends it to the 90� reflector 1420, which flips the image; reflector 1430 and 1440 return the beam back to the rotating axis 1301. As shown in FIG. 14, the 90 degree reflector comprises two flat reflectors arranged at an angle of 90 degree with each other. As the whole reflector assembly rotates, the output image will rotates at twice the speed of the reflector assembly. In the preferred system, a configuration consisting of two sets of the 4-reflector setup arranged in symmetry is used. This arrangement reduces reflector sizes and shortens off-axis optical path length. Front surface mirrors, instead of prisms, are used to reduce weight.
Another preferred optical interfacing mechanism consists of 5 mirrors in a different setup, as shown in FIG. 15. The 5-mirror system inverts the image such that as the whole mechanism rotates, the projected image frame rotates at twice the speed. This system can also be made into a 10-reflector assembly consisting of two 5-mirror system arranged in symmetry, to reduce reflector size and shorten off-axis optical path length.
Still another preferred optical interfacing mechanism consists of two pairs of cylindrical projection lens, with their power meridians set in orthogonal directions, as shown in FIG. 16. The powers of the lens are selected such that the projected image is inverted in x direction, by lens 1610 and 1620, and is erect in y direction, by lens 1630 and 1640, but the image locations and the magnifications are the same. This is possible because cylindrical lens work only in the directions of the power meridians. The optics thus invert the image such that as the whole mechanism rotates, the projected image frame rotates at twice the speed. In this mechanism, image rotation and image projection are combined.
FIG. 17 illustrates another preferred embodiment of the volumetric display system. This system places the display panel 1710 and the projection optics all on the rotating unit 1730 where the screen 1731 and side reflector 1733 sit. Because the projection system rotates with the screen, there is no need of the optical interfacing system. The light source 1750 does not need to rotate. The light beam 1751 can travel along the rotation axis to reach the display panel. A slip ring system 1760, or the like, is needed in order for sending data into the rotating unit. Depending on the method of color combination used, switchable light shutters or color filters may be placed on the rotating unit or out side of it with the stationary light source. This system works best when the display panel and the projection optics are of small dimension and lightweight.
[Tsao et al.] disclosed a volumetric display system using a single reflector as the interfacing mechanism. That system can be modified by using a pair of orthogonal reflectors as the interfacing mechanism. As shown in FIG. 18, the two reflectors 1820 are mounted at an angle of 900, and revolves around a common axis 1801 passing through the roof edge 1825 where the two reflectors contact. The reflection surface is on the convex sides 1820A & B. The translucent screen 1831 and two side reflectors 1833A & B, in opposite positions, also revolve around the common axis, at a speed twice that of the orthogonal reflectors. Two image projection systems 1810A & B at opposite sides of the orthogonal reflectors are used. From one screen revolution to the next, the two projection systems take turns projecting image frame to the screen through the orthogonal reflectors. Within each screen revolution, which has two volume sweeps, one reflector and one side reflector (e.g. 1820A and 1833A) relay the projected image frame onto one side of the screen during the first volume, the other reflector and the other side reflector (e.g. 1820B and 1833B) relay the projected frames to the other side of the screen during the second volume sweep. Two light shutters 1811A & B are used to regulate the projection beam from the image projection systems to make sure the projection beam reaches the correct reflector. The light shutter has two independent shutter areas, as disclosed in [Tsao].
FIG. 19 is a preferred embodiment of the rotating screen unit using more than one side reflectors, e.g.1933 and 1934, to accommodate the increase of screen size (i.e. the display volume) without increasing the diameter of the rotating unit 1930.
[Tsao] also disclosed several volumetric display systems based on a reciprocating screen. FIG. 20 illustrates an improved reciprocating screen system which uses a smooth rotational mechanism to create the reciprocating screen motion. The core mechanism has two pairs of rotary arms 2035A-D rotating in unison. The rotary arms can be mounted on an integrated machine base (not shown) and powered by a motor with a timing belt system (not shown). A translucent screen 2031 is attached at its both ends to two rods 2036, which are mounted to the two pairs of rotary arms with rotary bearings. As the arms rotates, the screen moves accordingly and a display volume 2040 can be created by the screen sweeping. Because the four rotary arms rotate in unison, there is basically no stress imposed upon the screen and rod assembly daring the rotation. The screen and the rods can therefore be made of lightweight materials. Each rotary arm can be balanced with a proper weight distribution. As a result, the rotation can be smooth and well balanced. The image projection system 2010 projects image frames through an optical interfacing mechanism 2020 onto the screens. The optical interfacing mechanism is one of the mechanisms disclosed in [Tsao], which can be synchronized to the screen motion, through an actuator-sensor system. In this improved reciprocating screen system, the nature of motion of the screen is in fact rotational. In the general sense, the screen rotates about an axis and always keeps its surface facing a fixed direction. In terms of FIG. 20, the screen 2031 rotates about an axis, which is parallel to the x-axis of the coordinate system, and keeps its surface always facing the z-direction. The major advantage of this motion mode is creating reciprocating screen sweep by rotating mechanism. Mechanically, this rotating mechanism is simple and reliable when compared to other reciprocating mechanisms such as using slider and crankshaft. Due to the nature of the motion, the length of the screen must be larger than the length of the display space 2040, in order to capture the projection beam at all time, as illustrated in FIG. 20.
Still another preferred embodiment of volume display system combines the two-stage excitation approach with the optical interfacing mechanism. The basic concept is to replace the physical screen with a planar light beam (the first stage excitation) in a photoluminescent material and project a whole frame of image to the planar light beam (the second stage excitation). FIG. 21 illustrates a rotating approach. A planar beam 2131 is created by a laser 2135 of a first frequency and a planar beam converter 2136, which can either be a set of cylindrical lens or diffractive optics. By rotating the planar beam converter, the planar beam sweeps the photoluminescent material enclosed in a dome shaped container 2138. The image projection system 2110 projects image frames of a second frequency to intersect the planar beam, a whole frame at a time. The planar beam converter and the center reflector 2132 rotate in synchronization and the optical interfacing mechanism 2120 rotates at half their speed. To further reduce the number of rotating parts, the rotating side reflector in FIG. 13 can be replaced by a band of reflective coating 2133 around the interior of the dome. Since this reflective band is spherical, not flat, a correction lens or mirror must be added to the projection light path (not shown). FIG. 22 illustrates a reciprocating approach. A planar beam 2231 is again created by a laser and a planar beam converter. There can be many ways to create parallel scan planes 2239 in the container of photoluminescent material. One example is using a parabolic reflector 2241 and a scanning mirror 2242 at its focal line 2243, as shown in figure. The image projection system 2210 projects image frame of light of a second frequency. The optical interfacing mechanism 2220 is the one disclosed in [Tsao], which can be synchronized to the motion of the scanning mirror through an actuator-sensor system.
The volumetric 3D display systems can further be modified to provide a better human systems interface. One desirable feature is to allow the user to "reach into" the 3D data image to perform desired data handling or manipulation. FIG. 23 illustrates one preferred embodiment of such a "barrier free" display system, which combines a volumetric display 2310 with a concave mirror 2320. The display volume of the volumetric display system is placed at a location near the optical axis of a concave reflector 2321. By principle of optics, the volumetric images displayed in the display volume can be projected as real images floating in mid air 2350 near the optical axis of the concave reflector, as shown in the figure. The image is 3D and appears popping outside of the reflector. This system is hereby called "volumetric image projector". A 3D input device 2360, such as a position tracking system, a 3D coordinate measurement arm, or a haptic interface, can be integrated with the system to allow the user 2370 interact directly with the 3D images.
Another embodiment of the "barrier free" volumetric display system uses a "virtual manipulator" to allow the user interact with the images directly. Instead of reaching the arm or fingers into the display space directly, the user uses a manipulating device 2470 outside the display volume 2411, as shown in FIG. 24. The manipulating device, however, has a "virtual end" 2471 that is defined only in the form of image data, not in physical form. A position tracking system 2460 tracks the 3D position and orientation of the manipulating device and therefore the position and orientation of the "virtual end" is always known to the computer 2480 that controls the system. When the computer detects any part of the "virtual end" moving into the display volume 2411, a volumetric 3D image 2471A of that part of the virtual end will be displayed in the display volume at the corresponding location and orientation. As a result, the user can use the manipulating device as if he or she has a tool that can reach directly into the 3D images. It should be noted that this "virtual manipulator" concept is different from the existing 3D input systems such as a 3D mouse. The operation of a 3D mouse relies on relative hand-eyes coordination, because the position mapping between the 3D mouse and the image is relative. The "virtual manipulator" operation uses absolute mapping of position and orientation between the manipulating device 2470 and its virtual end and therefore allows direct hand-eyes coordination. In the general sense, the virtual manipulator is a user interface that bridges the world inside the display volume and the outside world. Since in general one can not reach a physical object into the display volume of a volumetric 3D display, the virtual manipulator has its two portions serving the two different worlds. The virtual end can move about and perform manipulation in the display volume while the physical end can be held by hands and move about outside. And most important, the connection (i.e. spatial relation) between the virtual end and the physical end is a fixed, absolute spatial connection. As a result, a user can hold the physical end and then move the virtual end in the display volume as if the virtual end is a physical extension attached to the actual physical end. Because of this and because volumetric 3D images actually occupy space in the display volume, user can point to and manipulate volumetric 3D images as if these images are physical objects. In contrast, because 3D images displayed in perspective view on conventional 2D display do not actually occupy space, the concept of virtual manipulator does not apply well. Haptic interface such as force-feedback systems can be integrated with this system to create "virtual tools". For example, as illustrated in FIG. 24, the manipulating device is a virtual tweezers with two force-feedback actuation points 2472 and 2473. The user can use two fingers to hold the two action points and applies force. The "virtual end" 2471 can be defined as two tips of the tweezers, which move as the user manipulates the two actuation points. With a suitable computer programming and control, the user can then use the virtual tweezers to "pick up" a tissue surface 2490, with both the tweezers tips and the tissue in the form of volumetric 3D images in the display volume. The "virtual manipulator" concept can, of course, also be used in the "volumetric image projector".
This current invention also includes creating volumetric color images using film-based displays. The display panels in many preferred embodiments of image projection systems can be replaced by a film projector. The "color sub-surface method" and "subframe method" can also be extended to film-based image sources. The film based systems should include films for creating light patterns of both visible and non-visible light.
In addition to the preferred embodiments discussed above, many other volumetric display systems, such as those discussed in the section BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION, can also be used with this current invention. It should also be noted that many methods of the current invention are not limited to volumetric displays based on projection systems. For examples, the method of "color sub-surfaces" and the "sub-frame method" can both be applied to volumetric displays based on rotating LEDs or based on multiple layers of LCDs.
It should be further noted that the term "color" used in the current invention generally includes both color and gray scale representation. It should also be noted that the term "color triads" generally includes various layout arrangements of pixels of different color frequencies, including color stripes or matrix or other arrangements. The techniques used to create those color triads include those using color filters, in the form of triads or stripes or other forms, and those requiring no color filters, such as spatio-chromatic colored illumination techniques using diffractive optics or holographic elements. In addition, the term "display panel" generally includes various types of image sources capable of producing a 2D image pattern, including SLMs (spatial light modulators), matrix of lasers, LEDs, CRTs, and others. It should also be noted that although "three primary colors" and "three panels" are used to describe the general concept of color combination, any two colors of significantly different frequencies is enough to perform color combination to create variations of colors, if not full-color.
Batchko, R. G. "Rotating Flat Screen Fully Addressable Volumne Display System", U.S. Pat. No. 5,148,310, 1992
Belfatto, R. V. et al. "Commercialization of a Fully Illuminated Volumetric Display", presented at the Conference of the International Society for Optical Engineering, Jan. 24-30, 1998, San Jose, Calif.
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Garcia, F. Jr., "Three Dimensional Color Display and System", U.S. Pat. No. 4,871,231
Garcia, F. Jr. and Williams, R. D., "Real Time Three Dimensional Display with Angled Rotating Screen and Method", U.S. Pat. No. 5,042,909
Hattori, T. et al. 1992 "Spatial Modulation Display using Spatial Light Modulators", Optical Engineering, vol. 31, No. 2 p. 350
Korevaar, E. J. "Three Dimensional Display Apparatus", U.S. Pat. No. 4,881,068, 1989
Lasher, M. et al., "Laser Projected 3D Volumetric Display", in Projection Display II, Ming H. Wu, Editor, Proc. SPIE 2650, pp. 285 (1996)
MacFarlane, D. "Volumetric Three-dimensional Display", Applied Optics, November 1994, v. 33, n. 31, p. 7453
Paek, E. G. et al. "A 3D Projection Display using PDLCs", presented at the Conference of the International Society for Optical Engineering, Jan. 29-Feb. 2, 1996, San Jose, Calif.
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Patent Citations
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Salamando is an eccentric writer of female domination/male submissive stories with a specific focus on women using psychic, magic, or superhuman physical powers to sexually play with or dominate men. He has always found it frustrating that such stories are virtually impossible to find anywhere, and thus decided to help pioneer the trend himself!
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Former Marine Capt. Anu Bhagwati said military culture will not change until the military justice system is reformed and service members are given access to civil courts to file suits in cases of retaliation and discrimination.
"There is no outside redress," said Bhagwati, who leads the Service Women's Action Network.
Thompson said she paid heavily for reporting the assault.
The investigator called her a liar, and military authorities checked her hands for needle pricks after accusing her of using drugs. She said she never used drugs. She was reassigned to another unit, removed from her job and told to report to an office with nothing to do.
Then she was kicked out. She continues to suffer from her other-than-honorable discharge, which stripped her of her benefits and she believes has led to her missing out on Defense Department jobs.
"I felt the Marine Corps re-victimized me again after getting raped," said the 32-year-old mother of three.
Thompson said then she shut down, refusing to talk about her rape. She was afraid of men, especially Marines. To this day, she keeps her dog nearby when she showers and sleeps with lights on in her house, even when her combat Marine husband is home.
"That fear is still with me 14 years later," she said.
But the fight is there too. Thompson requested her records in December. She said they showed the drug use allegations against her came from her perpetrator's friends.
She is now appealing her case to the Department of Veterans Affairs and is seeking compensation related to military sexual trauma. After that, she plans to also appeal her discharge status to get it upgraded to honorable.
The Associated Press


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University chief proposes furloughs to cut costs
OAKLAND, Calif. Tens of thousands of University of California employees would be forced to take furloughs and lose pay under a plan proposed Friday to offset deep funding cuts to the 10-campus system.
UC President Mark Yudof proposed the furloughs for roughly 80 percent of the system's 180,000 employees as part of a broader plan to deal with an anticipated 20 percent reduction in state funding.
"There is no question that the cuts to come will hurt," Yudof said. "But we have worked hard to bring fairness to the process."
The UC Board of Regents is scheduled to discuss and vote on Yudof's plan when it meets in San Francisco next week. If approved, the furlough plan would go into effect Sept. 1.
Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger and the Legislature are proposing unprecedented cuts to state colleges and universities to help close a $26 billion budget deficit.
Many state offices were closed Friday after the governor imposed furloughs for many state employees, effectively cutting their pay by 14 percent. Some offices will close three days a month.
The governing board of the 23-campus California State University system is also considering a plan to furlough nearly all of its employees for two days a month to offset a 20 percent cut in state funding.
Under Yudof's plan, UC employees would see pay reductions ranging from 4 percent to 10 percent, with higher paid workers taking bigger pay cuts and receiving more days off. Most furloughed employees would have flexibility in deciding when to take their days off.
The furlough plan would not apply to employees who receive funding from the federal government or other outside source or employees at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
UC officials would have to reach agreements on furloughs with unions that represent about 35 percent of university employees.
The University Professional and Technical Employees union, which represents more than 10,000 workers, issued a statement denouncing the furlough plan, saying UC should instead tap its reserves or find new ways to raise funds.
"For me, it's going to be devastating," said Elizabeth Wilks, an accountant at UC Santa Barbara who protested with other union members outside UC headquarters in downtown Oakland.
If approved, the furloughs would offset about a quarter of an anticipated $813 million reduction in state funding. The remainder of the funding shortfall would be made up by refinancing debt, a previously approved 10 percent student fee increase and about $300 million in cuts at individual campuses.
UC campuses are already taking action to cut costs. More than 700 employees have been laid off, and most campuses are deferring at least half of planned faculty hires, UC officials said.
In addition, UC Irvine has halted admissions to its education doctoral program, the UC Davis Medical Center has eliminated its liver transplant program, and UC San Francisco is closing its poison control center.
"There will be real pain on every campus," Yudof said. "There is no way that we are going to be able to look every student in the eye and say the University of California will be the same as it was yesterday."


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Washington Underground >> X Fighting Championship
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Okay, here are the results from the X Fighting Championship at the Tacoma Dome last month. There are also some great pics and a full write up at GroundnPound.org Bout 1 - Chilo Gonzales (Conga-Do Fight Team) def. Justin Davis (ATT/Victory Athletics) by tapout (arm bar) at :36 R1 Bout 2 - Jeff Willingham def. Josh Buck by KO (RNC - choked unconscious) at 2:04 R1 Bout 3 - Clyde Jenkins def. Cyle Burgess by tapout (arm bar) at 4:14 R1 Bout 4 -Craig Salazar def. Nathan Burbank by TKO (strikes) at 2:23 R1 Bout 5 - Paul Purcell (ATT/Victory Athletics) def. Demarques Johnson by TKO (strikes) at :17 R1 Bout 6 - Jeremy Peterson def. Damie Lasater by tapout (strikes) at :42 R2 Bout 7 - Josh Haynes def. Marcos Oliveria (ATT) by tapout (guillotine) at 3:21 R3 Bout 8 - Charlie Fortik def. Chad Nelson by KO (punch) at :53 R1 Bout 9 - Brandon Melendez def. Travis Doerge (ATT) by verbal submission (strikes) at 2:33 R1 ** Doerge reportedly suffered fractures to his left orbital and cheek bones** Main Event Jeremy Horn (Elite Performance) def. Josh Burkman (Team Quest) by KO (guillotine- choked unconscious) at 1:14 R1 X Fighting Championships Saturday, April 30, 2005 Bout 1 - Chris Wilson (Team Quest) def. Jerome Isaacs (Elite Performance) by tapout (triangle) at :57 R1 Bout 2 - Enoch Wilson (Oregon Jiu Jitsu) def. Duane Oliver (ATT) by verbal submission (slam) at 3:52 R2 Bout 3 - John Jordan (Pedro Sauer Jiu Jitsu) def. Casey Beckstead (Elite Performance) by tapout (armbar) at 1:37 R1 Bout 4 - Rich Guerin (ATT) def. Shannon Ritch (Team Cannon) by verbal submission (strikes) at 2:32 R1 Bout 5 - Frank Watts (Primal Tribe) def. John Gunderson (ATT/ Desert Dogs) by KO (guillotine - unconscious) at :47 R1 Bout 6 - Donnie Liles (Conga-Do Fight Team) def. Tyler Tomlinson (Elite Performance) by tapout (RNC) at 2:58 R1 Bout 7 - Scott Norton (Ring Sports United) def. Jacob Thompson (Primal Tribe) by tapout (RNC) at 4:31 R1 Bout 8 - Matt Horwich (Team Quest) def. Brian Wieber (Challenger Boxing) by tapout (RNC) at 2:37 R1 Main Event Dennis Hallman (ATT/Victory Athletics) def. Cedric Marks (Tony Galindo's Bulls Pen) by tapout (triangle choke) at 2:48 R1 www.RiotGearOnline.com
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*Geyser Tube Blister Card by Be Amazing! Toys *Make a 25 foot soda geyser *Just add Mentos pull the trigger and run away! *Recommended for ages 8+ *Brand new in manufacturer packaing
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WebMD Physician Directory
Fairfield, California
Snake Bite (Snake Bite)
What is a venomous (poisonous) snake bite?
A venomous (poisonous) snake bite is a bite or a puncture wound made by a snake that is capable of injecting, secreting, or spitting a toxin into the penetrated ...!--*ICCChunk-4095*-->
Other Related Snake Bite Articles
Emergency Contact for Fairfield
Nearby Fairfield Hospitals *
North Bay Medical Center
David Grant USAF Medical Center
California Medical Facility
North Bay Vaccavalley Hospital
Napa State Hospital
Sutter Solano Medical Center
Kaiser Permanente Medical Ctr
St Helena Center Behaviorl Hlth
Queen Of The Valley Medical Ctr
Contra Costa Reg Med Ctr
John Muir Behavorial Health Ctr
John Muir Medical Center
Sonoma Valley Hospital
John Muir Medical Center
Sutter Delta Medical Center
Kaiser Permanente Medical Ctr
Doctors Medical Center
Sutter Davis Hospital
Sonoma Developmental Center
Kaiser Permanente Medical Ctr
Alta Bates Med Ctr Herrick Cmps
Alta Bates Summit Medical Ctr
Sutter Health Novato Comm Hosp
Children's Hospital & Research
Thunder Rd Adolescent Trtmnt Ct
Kaiser Permanente Mdcl Ctr
Woodland Memorial Hospital
Alta Bates Summit Medical Ctr
Alta Bates Summit Medical Ctr
Petaluma Valley Hospital
MPI Chemical Dependency Hosp
Kaiser Permanente Medical Ctr
Alameda County Medical Center
Saint Helena Hospital
San Ramon Regional Medical Ctr
Gladman Mental Health Rehab Ctr
Garfield Neurobehavioral Center
Marin General Hospital
Kentfield Rehab/Specialty Hosp
*Provider Directory Terms of Use:
The WebMD 'Provider Directory' is provided by WebMD for use by the general public as a quick reference of information about Providers. The Provider Directory is not intended as a tool for verifying the credentials, qualifications, or abilities of any Provider contained therein. Inclusion in the Provider Directory does not imply recommendation or endorsement nor does omission in the Provider Directory imply WebMD disapproval.


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Jessica Alba sports a multi-colored scarf while stopping for coffee at Starbucks in Santa Monica, CA on May 30.
Ilya S. Savenok/Getty Images
Jay-Z and Skylar Diggins attend welcome reception for Skylar Diggins hosted by Roc Nations Sports at 40 / 40 Club on May 30 in New York City.
Kristin Cavallari arriving on a flight at LAX airport in Los Angeles, CA on May 30.
Thomas Lohnes/Getty Images
Heidi Klum reacts during the final of 'Germany's Next Top Model by Heidi Klum ' TV show at SAP Arena on May 30 in Mannheim, Germany.
Lisa Rinna filling up her car with gas at a gas station in Studio City, CA on May 30.
Kendall Jenner visits the Andy LeCompte Salon in West Hollywood, CA on May 30.
David Beckham sits court side at the Miami Heat/Indiana Pacers playoff game on May 30 in Miami, Florida.
Splash News
Christie Brinkley seen going inside her car after eating lunch on Madison Avenue in New York City on May 30th.
Reese Witherspoon heads to the gym for a morning workout on May 30 in Brentwood, CA.
Matt Damon and Jean Dujardin on the set of 'The Monuments Men' filming on location in Buckinghamshire, UK on May 30.
Emma Stone on set of Amazing Spider Man 2 in New York City on May 29.
Rose Byrne attends The Internship Premiere held at The Regency Village Theatre in Westwood, CA on May 29.
Gavin Rossdale picking up his son Zuma from school in Los Angeles, CA on May 29.
Owen Wilson and Vince Vaughn atThe Internship Premiere held at The Regency Village Theatre in Westwood, CA on May 29.
Penelope Cruz looks ready to pop while out and about with friends in Madrid, Spain on May 29.
Trey Smith, Willow Smith, Jaden Smith, Will Smith and Jada Pinkett Smith attend the premiere of 'After Earth' at the Ziegfeld Theater in New York City on May 29.
PHIN – a film by brothers about brotherly love. PHIN will screen as part of L.A.'s Dances With Films at TCL Chinese 6 Theatres at Hollywood & Highland Friday May 31st at 5pm. For more details go to www.phinthemovie.com. Don't miss it!!
Julianne Hough leaves the gym after a workout on May 29 in Studio City, CA
PHIN – A film by brothers about brotherly love!! PHIN will screen as part of L.A.'s Dances With Films at TCL Chinese 6 Theatres at Hollywood & Highland on Friday May 31st at 5pm. Don't miss it! Check out it out online www.phinthemovie.com
Reese Witherspoon goes for a jog with a trainer in Brentwood, CA on May 29.
Neil P. Mockford/FilmMagic
Jennifer Lopez seen at BBC Radio One on May 30 in London, England.
Busy Philipps spotted out at the Palihouse in West Hollywood, CA on May 29.
Elton John and his partner David Furnish arrived in Venice, Italy with their two sons, Zachary and Elijah on May 29.
Stephen Lovekin/Getty Images
Jenny McCarthy and Nick Cannon attend The UJA-Federation Of New York Entertainment, Media And Communications Leadership Awards Dinner at Pier Sixty at Chelsea Piers on May 28 in New York City.
Rose McGowan leaving the Drybar hair salon after getting her hair done in West Hollywood, CA on May 29.
Marcia Cross stops for a drink after going to a gym in Venice, CA on May 29.
John Krasinski stops by a gym for a work out in West Hollywood, CA on May 28.
Noel Vasquez/Getty Images
Connor Cruise, Cruz Beckham, Brooklyn Beckham, Harper Beckham, David Beckham and Tom Cruise attend an NHL playoff game between the San Jose Sharks and the Los Angeles Kings at Staples Center on May 28 in Los Angeles, CA.
Julianne Hough leaving the gym in Studio City, CA after working up a sweat on May 28.
David Beckham takes his children Brooklyn and Harper shopping in Los Angeles, CA on May 28.
Cindy Crawford leaving Bungalow Salon in West Hollywood, CA on May 28.
Alexandra Wyman from Invision/AP Images
Maria Menounos enjoying a laugh while touching up her hair with products courtesy of Sexy Hair at The Gracie Awards in Beverly Hills.
Alexandra Wyman from Invision/AP Images
E! News pals Ashlan Gorse and Giuliana Rancic catching up in the Sexy Hair beauty lounge at The Gracie Awards in Beverly Hills.
Splash News
Emma Stone on location for "The Amazing Spider-Man 2" in Manhattan, NY on May 28.
MOVI Inc.
Former Miss USA, model and actress Ali Landry spotted shopping in Los Angeles, checking out celebrity favorite "Belly Bandit"
I.C.O.N. products
The Bridesmaids star Melissa McCarthy gets her hair done with celebrity stylist Linda Flowers. McCarthy using "hair-yurvedic" from I.C.O.N. products. Melissa loves the healing properties and Amber fragrance of their INDIA line. She said it makes it shiny!
Michael Stewart/Getty Images
Child actor Jorge Vega and Andrew Garfield on the set of 'The Amazing Spider-Man 2' on May 27 in New York City.
Gennadi Avramenko/Epsilon/Getty Images
Will Smith and his son Jaden Smith pose on the wing of Russian spacecraft Buran during the After Earth - Photocall in Gorky park on May 27 in Moscow, Russia.
Eugene Gologursky/Getty Images for Hamptons Magazine
Hamptons magazine's Memorial Day issue cover star Brooke Shields helped the glossy kick off the summer season and celebrate its 35th anniversary at a Russian Standard Vodka sponsored cover party at the Southampton Social Club in Southampton, NY.
Pacific Coast News
Candice Swanepoel causes a sensation on the beach in a tiny yellow bikini in Miami on May 27.
Elsa Pataky and her daughter India Hemsworth leaving Geoffrey's after dinner in Malibu, CA this memorial day weekend.
Cameron Diaz smiles for photographers at at the F1 Monaco Grand Prix at the Circuit de Monaco in Monte Carlo on May 26.
Tim P. Whitby/Getty Images
Demi Lovato signs copies of her new album 'Demi' at HMV, Oxford Street on May 28 in London, England.
Pacific Coast News
On May 27 Rob Lowe is seen leaving a Memorial Day party in Malibu, CA.
Splash News
Katie Holmes and a tired looking Suri arrive to catch a flight at JFK Airport in New York on May 27.
Happy Big 3-0! Scott Disick celebrates his 30th birthday 'Lord Disick-Style' at Hyde Bellagio in Las Vegas with Kourtney Kardashian and Kris Jenner on May 27.
Pacific Coast News
On May 27 Kate Beckinsale and Len Wiseman seen leaving Memorial Day party in Malibu, CA.
Pacific Coast News
Olivia Wilde and fiance Jason Sudeikis hit the beach for some fun in the sun in Hawaii during Memorial Day Weekend.
Gavin Rossdale takes his son Zuma to the Joel Silver Memorial Day party on the beach in Malibu, CA on May 27.
Channing Tatum and his pregnant wife Jenna Dewan hold hands as they take their dogs for a walk on May 27 in London, England.
Pacific Coast News
Andrew Garfield is photographed in his Spiderman costume, on set witha mini-spiderman, filming 'The Amazing Spider-Man 2′ in NYC on May 26.
Guests such as Gabrielle Union and Jack Osbourne attending the Opening of Light Night Club at Mandalay Bay Las Vegas and enjoyed ZEDD in the DJ both.
Getty Images
Nicole Kidman is stunning at the Premiere of 'Zulu' and the Closing Ceremony of The 66th Annual Cannes Film Festival on May 26 in Cannes, France.
Getty Images
Heidi Klum strikes a pose at a photo call for Germany's Next Topmodel at the Waldorf Astoria hotel on May 27, in Berlin, Germany.
Fergie and her growing baby bump arrive on a flight at LAX in Los Angeles on May 26.
Ireland Baldwin and boyfriend Slater Trout spend some time paddle boarding in the blue waters off Maui, Hawaii on May 26.
Actress Olympia Dukakis kneels next to her star as she poses with US actors Diane Ladd, Ed Asner and Leron Gubler from the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce during a ceremony honoring her with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in Hollywood, California on Friday, May 24.
Tom Cruise was spotted at sbe's HYDE Lounge in West Hollywoodin support of his son and DJ, Connor Cruise, who was spinning inside the club Sunday night. The "Oblivion" star arrived around midnight in a black SUV alongside with friend and music producer, Adam Anders. Onlookers say the actor was beaming with pride as he was focused on Connor spinning and seemed to be very impressed with his development as a DJ over the last year and a half.
Hailey Glassman posed with The Real L Word star Whitney Mixter last week at a girl party in New York City called Sassy at Splash, presented by HGPR & Events.
Rob Kardashian arrives at 1 OAK Nightclub at The Mirage Hotel & Casino for a Memorial Day weekend celebration on May 25, 2013 in Las Vegas, Nevada.
Flo Rida performs at 1 OAK Nightclub at The Mirage Hotel & Casino for a Memorial Day weekend celebration on May 25, 2013 in Las Vegas, Nevada.
Splash News
Newly single Kellan Lutz was seen partying with a group of pretty ladies on the Amber lounge yacht in Monaco. Kellan was relaxing with friends including Formula One Star Eddie Irvine while on a break from filming 'Hercules 3D' in Bulgaria.


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Degenerative disc disease in neck is not actually a disease at all. It's a process that happens to everyone with aging. The spinal discs go through natural changes as we age. Degeneration of the disc usually happens in the lumbar area or in the neck, but it can occur anywhere along the spine.
When this process happens, the disc can cause pressure on the spine and the nerves and may affect nerve function and cause pain. Though this happens to all of us, most people won't experience pain.
What Causes Degenerative Disc Disease in Neck?
The discs are natural shock absorbers. As they break down with age, there's a loss of fluids makes the discs thinner and decreases the gap between the vertebrae. Muscle imbalances (one set of muscles over powering another) cause postural dysfunctions that increases wear and tear of the discs.
Eventually, the weak spot gives way and makes contact with the nerve, bringing pain. Except for cases of trauma, this process takes a long time before the pain begins.
Common Treatments and Why They Usually Fail
Common treatments include non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), cortisone injections, ultrasound, hot packs, electrical stimulation, therapeutic exercises and surgery.
Common Treatment No.1 – Non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs
This is usually the first treatment your doctor will recommend, in order to relieve the awful pain and even immobility that are the symptoms of degenerative disc disease. This step is necessary because you can't just live with this pain.
The problem
These drugs often cause unwanted side effects (acute liver failure, perforated ulcers and gastrointestinal bleeding, higher risk of heart attacks and more…); potential long-term kidney and liver damage and lastly they only treat the symptom so they don't provide a long-term solution to the problem. Who wants to take medication for the rest of their lives?
Natural Pain Relievers have the same effect – without the side effects. Proteolytic enzymes treat systemic inflammation (inflammation causes the pain) and combining them with anti inflammatory herbs can relieve your pain without becoming addictive or damaging to your kidneys and liver. Make sure you consult with your doctor before taking them because they can't be taken along with some types of prescription and OTC drugs.
Common Treatment #2 – Cortisone Injections
Cortisone injections are a more aggressive way to treat the inflammation (than NSAIDs). For some people they just don't work. For others they do work but again, who wants to have cortisone injections for the rest of their lives?
Again, these shots only treat the Outcome of the disc problem and not the real cause of it – So you can expect the problem to continue in your future and possibly get worse.
The same alternative for NSAIDs – natural pain relievers. Same outcome – no side effects, no addiction and dependency.
Common Treatment #3 – Surgery
Surgery is also an option, with the two main goals being to take pressure off the nerve and stabilize the joints.
The major danger with any back surgery is the resulting scar tissue. It can cause more of a problem than you had before the operation.
All operations are a "crap shoot". Some work, and some don't. Some can leave you worse than you were before. First thing you can do is ask your doctors as to the odds of success for this particular operation. Next, try everything you can before deciding on surgery.
Degenerative Disc Disease in neck is a loss of height of the disc and combining multiple treatment approaches together in order to decompress and generate balance and stability in the spine is very important for long-term results. These are the treatments you can consider combining to finally get back to your pain-free life:
I have mentioned a few methods and treatments in this article, this is where to find them:
Systemic enzyme therapy
Inversion table free trial
Hope this helps!:)


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The World sees our National Debt (investing in our T-Bills) as a "Flight to Safety;" as Opportunity.
In fact, a significant portion of Americans see it the same way: Don't bet against America -- but rather Invest in America.
Flight to Safety and U.S. Treasury Securities (pdf)
by Bryan Noeth and Rajdeep Sengupta
Government debt of the United States is typically issued in the form of U.S. Treasury securities. These securities—simply called Treasuries -- are widely regarded to be the safest investments because they lack significant default risk. Therefore, it is no surprise that investors turn to U.S. Treasuries during times of increased uncertainty as a safe haven for their investments. This happened once again during the recent financial crisis. In fact, the increase in the demand for Treasuries was sufficiently large so that prices actually rose with an increase in the supply of government securities.
In summary, there has been a large expansion in the amount of Treasury security offerings while yields on Treasuries have actually declined. Stated differently, the prices on Treasury securities have actually increased in the face of a rapidly expanding supply of these securities. This anomalous behavior in the market for Treasuries can be explained by a significant increase in the demand for Treasuries -- "the flight to safety" in the event of a financial crisis. Evidently, the effect of the increase in the supply of securities in government auctions was more than offset by the increase in investors' demands for safer investments.
Who Holds This Debt?
Figure 3 shows the quarterly flow of funds data on the holdings of U.S. Treasuries by various sectors of the economy. Prior to the crisis, the proportion of Treasury securities held by each sector of the economy was roughly unchanged over the early part of this decade. The largest shares of available Treasury securities have been held by the domestic financial sector and the rest of the world. Post-crisis, these two sectors saw the most dramatic increases in their share of Treasury securities holdings. Interestingly, it seems that although the U.S. was at the epicenter of the financial crisis, both foreign and domestic investors still sought the safety of U.S. government debt instruments. These data present evidence in support of the hypothesis that investors see U.S. Treasuries as relatively risk-free. However, it will be interesting to see how investors view U.S. securities in the future as debt levels continue to rise.
Rajdeep Sengupta is an economist at the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.
Bryan Noeth is a research analyst at the Bank.
That widening tan band in the chart, looking from left to right -- that's "The World" stepping up to invest in America, in these sketchy times of global economic turmoil.
That smaller, but widening dark-blue band in the chart, looking from left to right -- that's "US Households" who know better than to actually bet against America. Not in the long run.
In fact, Lending money TO the USA (ie buying in our T-Bills) is such an attractive "piggy bank" for some countries -- that some are willing to PAY US for that privilege -- willing to take on Negative Bond Rates, all to have a guaranteed seat on that Flight to USA Safety.
It's a chaotic world out there. Some Economies become mired in recession. Demand and growth trends can falter. Brutish rulers can get overthrown.
One thing remains certain though, the USA is NOT going away -- not any time soon.
Recently, the US Treasury made it "easier" for foreign countries (other than China) to stake their claim in this US "sense of certainty" -- they began offering T-Bills more suitable to worldwide market demand for them.
They will be offering T-Bills which easily support Negative Interest Rates (payback rates). For those fledgling countries, intent on owning a "piece of the Rock" too.
U.S. Treasury Plans Floating-Rate Notes in Year or More
by Meera Louis & Cheyenne Hopkins, bloomberg.com -- Aug 1, 2012
The U.S. Treasury Department said today it is developing a floating-rate note program that could be operational in a year or more, while it is preparing for possible negative-rate bidding.
Record Low
The Treasury also said it is "in the process of building the operational capabilities to allow for negative-rate bidding in Treasury bill auctions, should we make the determination to allow such bidding in the future."
Investors who bid at auctions for Treasury bills at negative yields would pay more than face value for the securities, ensuring that if they hold the debt to maturity they will get back less than they paid.
Now this is more than green-shaded bean-counter chatter. This "flight to safety" is a powerful and direct counterpoint to the hysteria about the "out-of-control" National Debt, that the Tea Party props are constantly whining about.
Austerity Hawks like them are actually afraid to invest in the future of America. Funny, the rest of the world isn't. Funny that.
This global T-Bill trend was not loss one Progressive thinker-economist, who saw it for the Economic-engine it really is ... if only we were brave enough to leverage it.
Ezra Klein astutely notice this frame-twisting factoid:
Nations are willing to PAY us, to LEND us money ...... to keep their money safe and secure.
That's simply amazing. That is simply not understood well enough.
Ezra Klein:
You see all those minus signs, they mean people are lending us money (once you account for inflation) at negative interest [rates].Ezra Klein:
They are PAYING us to hold onto their money -- safely -- because 'We are America' and the world is scary right now. And we are not scary.
The time for investing in our infrastructure is now. Right Now.
Doing anything less, isn't just missing an opportunity -- it is Financial Mismanagement on an epic scale.
Ezra for Rachel, last July:
"Runways are NOT supposed to be Gooey."
by jamess -- Jul 27, 2012
Silly US, for not taking them up on the offer ... all because Austerity Hawks are too afraid to invest in the Jobs of the 21st century.
In their world view, all our aging bridges and roads, and broken water lines, and last century power grids, and aging airports, and crumbling and understaffed schools,
-- that those things will all just somehow, FIX THEMSELVES ... by some sort "Republican osmosis."
Otherwise known as "pinching pennies" ... "No stitch in time" ... "straining at gnats"
Penny wise, dollar foolish. ... No guts, no
glory future!
Republican osmosis: Keep bailing ... the storms will end soon. (We think.)
PS. The Tea Party assures us, we cannot afford to Fix the Roof. Not now. Not ever.


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2014-2015 Transylvania Rambler Staff
Rachel Smith
firstname.lastname@example.com Rachel is the daughter of Greg and Pam Smith who hails from Mayfield, Ky. A senior international affairs major who has a minor in communications,...
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Etc. Editor
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Which sex is the worst about washing up? Why is it so important? We've got the dirty truth on how and when to wash your hands.
Nonmilk Sources of Calcium
Topic Overview
Milk, yogurt, and cheese provide a lot of calcium. But there are other foods that have calcium, such as kale, broccoli, and Chinese cabbage. You can also get calcium by eating the soft bones of canned sardines and canned salmon. And calcium is sometimes added to tofu, soy and rice drinks, fruit juice, and cereal.
The following nonmilk foods can provide calcium for people who don't include milk in their diets.1
Food, serving size
Milligrams of calcium
Almonds, 1 oz (about 24 nuts)
Sunflower seeds, 1/4 cup
Food, serving size
Milligrams of calcium
Broccoli, cooked, 1 cup
Kale, cooked, 1 cup
Chinese cabbage, cooked, 1 cup
Food, serving size
Milligrams of calcium
Tofu (with added calcium), 1/4 block
Canned salmon with bones, 3 oz
Calcium-fortified orange juice, 1 cup (8 fl oz)
Calcium-fortified soy milk, 1 cup (8 fl oz)
Notice that some greens, notably spinach and Swiss chard, are not included in this list. Even though these foods have a lot of calcium, very little calcium from these foods is available to the body, because the foods contain binders that prevent the calcium from being absorbed.
Some people who avoid dairy foods take supplements to be sure they are getting enough calcium and vitamin D.
If you are concerned about your diet and calcium intake, talk to a registered dietitian.
WebMD Medical Reference from Healthwise
Nonmilk Sources of Calcium Topics
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Search the Collection
Richard Burton (1925-1984), Actor
Sitter in 11 portraits
The Welsh-born Burton made a name for himself as a classical actor in the West End and Stratford in the early 1950s before being lured to Hollywood. He is best remembered for the brooding realism he brought to his performances in the film of John Osborne's play Look Back in Anger (1959) and Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966) in which he played opposite his wife Elizabeth Taylor. Also appeared in The Spy Who came in from the Cold (1965) and Equus (1977).
Michael Pickersgill Benthall; Richard Burton as Hamlet; Claire Bloom as Ophelia
by Norman Parkinson
NPG x30028
by Norman Parkinson
NPG x30028
Exhibitions and displays
- Curators' Choice: Photographs from the Terence Pepper Gift
Until 24 January 2016


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Cloud Insights from Brad Anderson, Corporate Vice President, Enterprise Client & Mobility
In this episode, I discuss what to expect from TechEd North America (June 3) and TechEd Europe (June 25), as well as some of the big themes in my Day 1 keynote at both events.
This is a huge event for the tech industry, and I look forward to seeing a lot of friends and partners in both cities! If you haven't registered for TechEd yet, visit the official site here.