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Government appears to have given a quiet burial to the controversial proposal to set up anti-terror hub NCTC, mooted by the previous UPA regime, as it announced on Tuesday that the plan has been "kept in abeyance". "Operationalisation of the National Counter Terrorism Centre has been kept in abeyance," Minister of State for Home Kiren Rijiju told Lok Sabha in a written reply to a query.
The Minister said the issue of NCTC was discussed during the conference of Chief Ministers held on June 5, 2013 but the discussion remained inconclusive. The proposal to set up NCTC was first initiated by the then Home Minister P Chidambaram but faced stiff opposition from many Chief Ministers, including Narendra Modi who was at that time heading the Gujarat government.
Those who opposed NCTC included chief ministers Mamata Banerjee (West Bengal), Jayalalithaa (Tamil Nadu), Raman Singh (Chhattisgarh) and Shivraj Singh Chouhan (Madhya Pradesh) and Punjab Deputy Chief Minister Sukhbir Singh Badal. The then Bihar Chief Minister Nitish Kumar was also against it.
The Chief Ministers opposed NCTC on the ground that it would hurt the country's federal structure by allegedly giving unilateral powers to the central agencies to carry out operations against terror suspects. Even though the proposal was modified when Sushilkumar Shinde assumed charge of Home Ministry by giving more say to the state governments, there were few takers for the watered-down proposal. Even Congress chief ministers Prithviraj Chavan (Maharashtra), Siddaramaiah (Karnataka) and Tarun Gogoi (Assam) have expressed reservations on the revised NCTC proposal. At the June 5, 2013 Chief Ministers' conference on internal security, Shinde had said a decision on setting up NCTC will be taken only after a full consensus. The NDA government, headed by Modi, assumed charge on May 26.


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Bubba (9) Lukey (5) Fat Baby (2) Me
Elizabeth wife to Matt , mom to Logan (2/21/01) , and little man Desmond (9/23/08)
Mourning the loss of her father: Robert Edward Dillon 5/31/52 - 01/03/2011
Wife to DH (06/10) and Mummy to DD (07/08).
After a bit more thought, it sounds like his family took a vote and decided that she would be the better wife. I always hear "elect" tacked onto the end of a political position.
Bubba (9) Lukey (5) Fat Baby (2) Me
Student/Working Mama
to DD 1 & DD 2 & engaged to DF
AFAIK, "bridegroom" is the original term. I think it was to differentiate from a stable groom. In any case, I've never heard "bride-elect" and I think it sounds kind of tacky. I much prefer fiancee. If they absolutely must toss the term "bride" in there, why not just say, "intended bride"?
Kristy, wife to Josh proud mama to Katie: since 3/08 and Emma since 8/12.
Apparently bride elect is a woman who has been chosen for marriage to someone. I am thinking it probably dates back to when women were property and a bride was quite literally picked out as "most worthy of being a bride".*shudder*
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text:
Amber Rose Files for Divorce From Wiz Khalifa
Just when we thought the breakup rumors in hip-hop were over, Amber Rose and Wiz Khalifa are calling it quits.
Just when we thought the breakup rumors in hip-hop were over, Amber Rose and Wiz Khalifa are calling it quits.
Wiz Khalifa helped Tom Hanks spread some yuletide laughter on Tuesday's episode of 'Jimmy Kimmel Live!' The rapper and famed actor gave an audience member a surprise gift -- a Christmas picture with the two, but with a twist.
DJ Felli Fel's new track "Reason to Hate" is my Banger of the Week. A track that sounds best loud with the windows down. There isn't a video for the track yet, but you can take a listen below.
This week's banger is "Beat It" from Sean Kingston featuring Wiz Khalifa and Chris Brown. The trifecta of hit makers comes through with an easily digestible track that you're sure to hear everywhere soon
Tyga is half-man, half-machine in his futuristic video for 'Molly,' featuring Wiz Khalifa and Mally Mall.
Rapper Wiz Khalifa is already enjoying fatherhood after his son, Sebastian "The Bash" Taylor Thomas, entered the world just mere hours ago.
Wiz is a bit hit or miss with me. On "Work Hard, Play Hard" Mr. Khalifa brings a smooth hooky story of enjoying the fruits of his hard. Listen for the track at 3:05pm, or listen for it below.
This week's new music was interesting. Maroon 5 with Wiz Khalifa comes out of nowhere with "PayPhone". Rihanna asks Where Have You Been? Jason Mraz won't give up and a Drake sound similar has a drank in his cup. Check out the songs and videos here!
After months of speculation, Wiz Khalifa has finally revealed the meaning behind the acronymous title of his second album 'O.N.I.F.C.,' which is the follow-up to his platinum-selling debut 'Rolling Papers.' The title stands for "Only N—a in First Class" and it was inspired by New York rapper Prodigy's 2000 album 'H.N.I.C.'
Rapper Wiz Khalifa is keeping himself busy in 2012 as he's locked in the studio working hard on his new LP 'O.N.I.F.C.,' which will be his follow-up to his platinum-selling debut 'Rolling Papers.'
This does happen all of the time to pretty much every song writer that ever had a hit. Wiz Khalifa is being sued by a Pennsylvania rapper named Maximillion. Maximillion has a track called "Pink and Yellow" that he put out in 2008. Obviously the two names are similar, but it takes more than that to be actual theft doesn't it? Wiz says he has no clue who the dude is and has never heard his song. According to XXL.com Wiz and his people are not open to a deal to settle with this guy. Take a listen to both tracks and see what you think.
Of course I love Wiz Khalifa so when I saw Wiz on a remix with the one and only Cee Lo Green I had to check it out and was not disappointed. This music video is a littler sexier than most of Cee Lo Greens videos but maybe thats why he put Wiz on it:)
Definitely worth checking out, hope you enjoy it!


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Alan Paller, Director of research, SANS Institute
Click to hear the interview.
Jump to main content.
Wednesday - 5/5/2010, 7:41pm EDT
Click to hear the interview.
We told you yesterday that a number of websites belonging to the Department of the Treasury were hacked.
And those sites were in the cloud.
The security issue has been dogging cloud computing advocates for some time. Will this incident change that discussion -- and should it?
Alan Paller is director of research for the SANS Institute and brings us analysis.


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September's Here – High 5
Bumble & Bumble Texture Hair (un)dressing Crème
I recently got my hair chopped. This is good as I now have a considerable less amount of hair on my head, (taraa, Chewbacca) but bad as it now requires a hell of a lot more maintenance. On a morning I still wake up with a lion-esque mane, however it's now just too short to throw back in a bobble without a thousand pins either side. Unfortunately poker straight hair and me just don't go, so I decided to embrace the bed-head, and get my hands on some funky texture-adding hair stuff. Obviously I went straight to trusty Bumble & Bumble, on the lookout of the Texture Hair (un)dressing Crème, which by the way, is rad. Working through damp locks gives the whole, tousled, un-done-yet-done look, with just that extra bit of grit. I wouldn't go as far as saying it's the perfect hair product for me, but then again, screw it, yes I would – it rocks.
Blah, blah, blah. I like Paramore, big shocker. I kinda, sorta think the band may have cropped up on one of my High Fives many moons ago, however I think it's well and truly time to remind ourselves just how freakin' awesome they are. Did you see their performance at Leeds/Reading recently? Did ya? Cos you bloody well should, they were rad. High five to Paramore, once again.
Body Moisturiser
A lot of the time, moisturising one's body can be a bit of a chore. It's a pretty damn boring procedure, however once you get in the routine of doing so regularly (like I have done the past month or so), you'll notice a huge difference in your skin, which is kind of a necessity now the weather's turning colder. This whole body moisturising-themed sentence even happens to sound snore worthily dull, but trust me, do it and you'll have the softest butt ever known to man, and who doesn't want that, right?
As Gok Wan says, 'it's all about the confidence', and boy is he right. I sure ain't the most confident of gals on the block, however grasping a little of the stuff in yourself, others and life in general isn't a bad thing. Negativity sucks, and with that frame of mind it can often bring around even more negativity, which obviously, isn't cool. So this week, confidence is coming up top for us Saint Kidders, hell yeah.
The Fault In Our Stars
If The Notebook, P.S. I Love You, and Dear John are your thing, (a.k.a cheesy love films) then I suggest perhaps watching The Fault In Our Stars. I did, and I liked it. Yes, it is a love story, however like the others mentioned, it has its fair share of tragedy, too. It's the kind of movie that reminds you that a lot of the little things we fret about in life aren't half as bad as we think they are, and yes, I admit I maybe did cry just a tad, however I think I may now have to go out and buy the book as minus the tears, I thoroughly enjoyed the film.
What's been rocking your world this week?
Style Guide: Denim Skirts
The Summer is drawing to a close, meaning any leg baring opportunities are lessening by the day. Though I'm not normally one to get my pins out on a regular basis, the recent heat wave (which is now clearly over) has meant it's been the more appealing option out of roasting and getting semi-naked.
The denim skirt is a total staple for any girl's wardrobe. (sorry boys) In the summer, it's the perfect option for keeping cool, however once the A/W season strikes, you've got a rad alternative to jeans. So long as you add tights, that is…
The trusty denim skirt goes with everything. Every style, every colour, and almost every occasion, and just like the favoured skinny jeans, you can dress it up or down. Winner. Not only that, but it also happens to be a pretty cool looking piece of fabric, too. I picked mine up for around the £20 mark, however if you're looking to invest, you can also snap one up for a great deal more.
When sporting a denim skirt, I like to keep the rest of my look fairly casual, teaming a plain tee with a classic tartan number and of course, my leather, just on the off chance that rain chooses to emerge. Which when you're living in the UK, nine out of ten times it will.
Are you a fan of the denim mini? How do you like to wear yours?
Blog by @BryDodds
The Basalisk Lizard
So who of my lovely Saint Kidd readers loves the X-men? Or maybe super hero films like The Avengers, Iron Man or Thor?
Read more…
The Highest of Fives
The Loved Ones
Now this one's strictly for all you readers over the age of 18. Read more…
High Five: What we need this August…
Perhaps my favourite hair wash in the whole entire world, Read more…
The Bullet Ant
Germany may have won the world cup last month but Brazil and South America still kick ass when it comes to awesome animals and wildlife right? Read more…
Style Guide: Pinafore
In the history of all style guides on this here blog my legs have been concealed by either jeans, tights or some other form of cloth. Read more…
High Five: August
Loom bands
Seemingly the current 'in' jewellery trend, loom bands are seriously taking over the accessory world. Read more…
Sasquatch…Part 2
First up guys, if you haven't read part 1, where the heck have you been? Read more…


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Images on the 2013 event are available.
Higher resolution images are sometimes available for purchase, depending on the photographer.
If you need Hi-Res images try contacting the photographer directly.
Click the links below to view the Galleries.
LightHawkPhoto by Andy Wright (this gallery is off-site)
These images can be purchased directly from Andy and he will donate 100% of the proceeds to BSM
Images from Kurtis Ostrom Photography


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14 December 2012 23:59 [Source: ICIS news]
LONDON (ICIS)--European acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) December contracts have settled at a rollover, buyers and sellers confirmed on Friday.
Compounding grade (natural) was assessed at €2,165-2,205/tonne ($2,849-2,901/tonne) FD (free delivered) NWE (northwest Europe), injection moulding (natural) at €2,255-2,310/tonne FD NWE and extrusion grade (natural) at €2,180-2,310/tonne FD NWE according to ICIS.
Producers kept prices stable, because reductions of €20-25/tonne in feedstock acrylonitrile (ACN) and €40/tonne in feedstock butadiene (BD) December contract prices balanced out the €15/tonne increase in the styrene December contract price.
Some consumers were able to secure reductions of up to €20/tonne on their December contracts, but this was done on a case-by-case basis, and was not representative of the market as a whole.
Demand is relatively good for the time of year. There is very little product in the supply chain, and some buyers may be purchasing product now, ahead of expected price increases in January, causing demand levels to pick up.
"Demand is picking up, had some request for product for December delivery because customers are too low in stock, and also possibly because of expectations that prices will rise," a distributor said.
General sentiment in the market is that January will see an increase in feedstock styrene costs, and therefore most players expect ABS prices will follow suit, triggering increased demand.
"It only takes a few signals that feedstock [costs] will go up and… demand [could] go up," a major ABS producer said.
Supply remains balanced despite some producers running at reduced rates. A producer had planned to lower its production capacity to below its current level of 70%, but increased demand meant it has decided to keep levels as is.
Styron has announced the restart of its ABS train at Terneuzen, which should help availability of ABS if demand spikes in January.
($1 = €0.76)
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Asian Chemical Connections


text:
Cleansing and Detox Diets Center - Kettering, OH
WebMD Physician Directory
Kettering, Ohio
Cleansing and Detox Diets
Cleansing and detox diets introduction
If you're looking for a way to lose weight quickly and feel better (and who isn't?), you might be tempted to try a fad "detox" diet or a "cleanse" method." These die...
Other Related Cleansing and Detox Diets Articles
Emergency Contact for Kettering
Nearby Kettering Hospitals *
Kettering Medical Center
Kettering Behavioral Medicine
Miami Valley Hospital
Southview Hospital
Children's Medical Center
Grandview Medical Center
VA Medical Center-Dayton
Lifecare Hospitals Of Dayton
Sycamore Medical Center
Soin Medical Center
Good Samaritan Hospital
Wright-Patterson Medical Center
Greene Memorial Hospital
Atrium Medical Center
Warren Correctional Institution
Lebanon Correctional Institute
Clinton Memorial Hospital
Springfield Reg Med Center
UC Health Surgical Hospital
West Chester Hospital
Upper Valley Medical Center
Fort Hamilton Hospital
Bethesda North Hospital
Mercy Hospital Fairfield
Mccullough-Hyde Memorial Hosp
*Provider Directory Terms of Use:
The WebMD 'Provider Directory' is provided by WebMD for use by the general public as a quick reference of information about Providers. The Provider Directory is not intended as a tool for verifying the credentials, qualifications, or abilities of any Provider contained therein. Inclusion in the Provider Directory does not imply recommendation or endorsement nor does omission in the Provider Directory imply WebMD disapproval.


text:
So in 3-move draw, shares top spot
Final Standings:
8.0 points—GM Pavel Eljanov (Ukraine), GM Wesley So (Philippines), GM Bassem Amin (Egypt); 7.5—GM Anish Giri (Netherlands), GM Ivan Cheparinov (Bulgaria), IM Wei Yi (China), GM Marcin Dziuba (Poland), GM Deng Liren (China), NM Yaacov Norowitz (US), GM Gawain Jones (England), GM Ivan Sokolov (Netherlands)
GRANDMASTER Wesley So opted for a quick draw with GM Pavel Eljanov Wednesday night and settled for a three-way tie for first with his Ukrainian foe and Egyptian GM Bassem Amin in the Reykjavik Open in Iceland.
Handling the black pieces, So found no need to exert more effort and offered a draw to Eljanov after just three moves of a Gruenfeld Defense.
Eljanov accepted, giving them 8.0 points each, the same total posted by Amin, who toppled GM Grzegorz Gajewski of Poland after 52 moves of a Sicilian Defense in the 10th and final round.
They divided the combined purse of 8,250 euros (about P441,500) for the top three placers, with Eljanov getting a slightly bigger share after emerging topnotcher after the Bucholz tiebreak was applied.
So finished second and Amin third.
More importantly, So became the first Filipino to break the 2700 Elo barrier with a live rating of 2701, good for 51st place in the world rankings. Before the tournament, So was at 66th spot with an Elo of 2684.
So posted a performance rating of 2753 for the event that lured 36 GMs. Roy Luarca
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text:
Craftsy Member since February 2012
I'm enrolled in these Craftsy classes:
Help! How Do I Quilt It?
A New Look at Longarm Quilting
2015 Craftsy Block of the Month
Machine Savvy: Tips for Creative Sewing
Creative Ways With Whole Grains
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Finishing School: Better Borders
How to Make Gnocchi Like a Pro
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Piece, Patch, Quilt: Basic Quiltmaking Skills
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Machine Quilting Negative Space
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2014 Block of the Month: Craftsy Color Theory
Pre-Cut Piecing Made Simple
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QuiltCon Lecture Series 2013
Sewing Machine Feet from A to Z
Craftsy Block of the Month 2013
Big Techniques from Small Scraps
Creative Quilt Backs
Re-Piecing the Past
Beyond Basic Machine Quilting
Quilting Big Projects on a Small Machine
Craftsy Block of the Month 2012
Quick-Strip Paper Piecing
Bag-Making Basics: Reversible Tote & Zipper Pouch
Bag-Making Basics: Drawstring Bag & Bucket Bag
Free Motion Quilting a Sampler


text: Shapeways: Bring your creativity to life in 3D http://www.shapeways.com/forum/index.php Shapeways: Bring your creativity to life in 3D Puzzle Rings by OSKAR http://www.shapeways.com/forum/index.php?t=rview&goto=5198&th=1109#msg_5198 Here are some photos of three innovative puzzle ring designs by Bram Cohen, 3D designed by me and 3D printed by Shapeways. Buy the rings: http://www.shapeways.com/model/34027/cross_rings.html http://www.shapeways.com/model/34003/take_five.html http://www.shapeways.com/model/34019/sixth_sense.html Watch the YouTube clips: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U3G3Z3wyHms http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iUhUZkO9aeY http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EdjWlmrYu1k The photos below feature different materials -White Strong & Flexible, dyed red, green and yellow -Transparent Detail -White Detail -Black Detail The rings are also available in metal. Enjoy! Oskar ]]> Oskar_van_Deventer 2009-07-12T18:49:35-00:00 Re: Puzzle Rings http://www.shapeways.com/forum/index.php?t=rview&goto=5243&th=1109#msg_5243 omcdesign 2009-07-15T20:23:43-00:00 Re: Puzzle Rings http://www.shapeways.com/forum/index.php?t=rview&goto=5305&th=1109#msg_5305 It would be super-cool in steel though. Can you let us know when they are available in that? I think I see a ring or two I want. ]]> MaxSMoke777 2009-07-20T12:15:50-00:00 Re: Puzzle Rings http://www.shapeways.com/forum/index.php?t=rview&goto=5307&th=1109#msg_5307 I agree these are great designs for metal. Only $20 made from stainless steel! The puzzle rings I've played with are easy to take apart. But putting them together can be quite difficult.]]> gibell 2009-07-20T13:50:51-00:00


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Agent dismisses Zenit link for Roma midfielder Brighi
The agent of Roma midfielder Matteo Brighi has played down talk of a move to Zenit St Petersburg.
Brighi has been linked with the Russian giants following the appointment of former Roma coach Luciano Spalletti.
Agent Vanni Puzzolo said: "Matteo's had some injuries and hasn't found the continuity to get match fit, but when he plays as a ball-playing midfielder he finds himself well.
"It's also true that right now he has the legs and the timing to be the 'Perrotta'of the situation, but he's at Ranieri's disposition and obviously will be ready when he's called to the cause.
"Matteo is fine in Rome. In reality there has never been a serious deal that Roma has taken into consideration and honestly there isn't any motive for them to sell him.
"For now, talk of Zenit is just chatter."


text:
- Silver over Black interior- Believed to be 62,632 miles - Meticulously maintained by the previous owner - Over $35,000 has been invested in... More
I have owned this Alfa Spider since 1991 and I believe I am the third owner. When I purchased the car it had 34,555... More
The '73 GT Junior (top photo) is a beautiful and dry example that has undergone a thoughtful and sympathetic restoration. It is a wonderful... More
1971 Alfa Romeo 1750 Coupe '71 Alfa Romeo 1750 Coupe in brown with red interior and equipped with a manual transmission. Excellent original car... More
1965 Alfa Romeo Giulia Veloce Spyder '65 Alfa Romeo Giulia Veloce Spyder chassis#AR390528 engine#AR0012102165 in red with black interior. Excellent original car with lots of... More
A very collectible and very well maintained 1991 Alfa Romeo Spider Convertible. Presented in the stunning color of Grigio Chiaro Metallic complemented with Tan... More
1984 Alfa Romeo Spider Veloce convertible in very good condition: red, with black canvas top and (good) medium brown leather upholstery. Garaged for 15... More
?1958 Alfa Romeo Giulietta Spider '58 Alfa Romeo Giulietta Spider in blue with black interior and comes with a soft top and solid wheels.... More
1972 Alfa Romeo Montreal Chassis No. AR1426432 Engine No. AR00564*01278* Iconic Red/Black Montreal, Showing 46,000 Kilometers Recently Discovered amongst an Italian Sports Car Collection A Complete Example with Great Appeal Race-Bred, Tipo... More
1969 Alfa Romeo 1750 Spyder, Outstanding driving car, we have driven the car 1000 trouble free miles over the last year with nothing but... More
Descended from the Turismo Internazionale class of Italian saloon car racing, the Giulia Super and its homologated racing variant the Super Ti, are among... More
Alfa Romeo gained fame in the early 1930's for their line of twin-cam, straight six powered Grand Touring cars. Following World War II, the... More
The Giulietta is the car that took Alfa Romeo from being a relatively small production company to being an economically viable and successful firm.... More
The Giulietta is the car that took Alfa Romeo from being a relatively small production company to being an economically viable and successful firm.... More
1932 Alfa Romeo 8C 2300 Monza by Pur Sang s/n PS0311 Dark Blue with Burgundy Leather Interior The Alfa Romeo 8C is widely considered to be the... More


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A number of regulations and standards from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, OSHA, and other organizations have recently been revised and/or updated. TRC has prepared a Regulatory Update summarizing the changes with anticipated impacts in 2014.
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text:
Killer camo
The armed forces have generated loads of sartorial inspiration over the years-army greens, cargo pants and army jackets. But lately, the military's signature print has caught our eye again
Photography DIX PEREZ
Sittings editor KAT CRUZ
Styling and text IZA SIM
Makeup CHRISTINE ROJAS-LAVIÑA using BECCA
Hair GENSTEIN YUZON
Model MARIANNA of RECO MODELING AGENCY
Shop directory
A/X G/F Glorietta 4, Ayala Center, Makati CityFolded & Hung 2/F, SM Megamall, Bldg. A, Ortigas Center, PasigForever 21 2/F SM Megamall, Bldg. A, Ortigas Center, Pasig CityJellybean 3/F SM Megamall Bldg. B, Ortigas Center, Pasig CityMaco Custodio tel. 0922-8886226 or 0917-8886226Mango G/F Glorietta 3, Ayala Center, Makati CityMassimo Dutti G/F Greenbelt 5, Ayala Center, Makati CityMichael Kors G/F Glorietta 5, Ayala Center, Makati CityMiss Selfridge G/F Greenbelt 5, Ayala Center, Makati CityParfois G/F Glorietta 4, Ayala Center, Makati CitySteve Madden G/F Greenbelt 5, Ayala Center, Makati City Terranova G/F Glorietta 4, Ayala Center, Makati City Zara G/F Greenbelt 5, Ayala Center, Makati City
Explosive trick
Army green traditionally says "male," so the trick to balancing the look is to add a few girly elements for a good masculine-feminine mash-up!
Michael Kors black sleeveless top; Terranova army-green long-sleeve top; Miss Selfridge black leatherette skirt; Massimo Dutti gray scarf; Jellybean black quilted sling bag; Mango maroon socks; black Warden wedges from Steve Madden
Into the wild
Pair stripes with this camo-print jacket, a delightful and exciting contrast fit for the wild ones.
Striped top, denim shorts and camouflage jacket with rhinestone details, all from Zara; Maco Custodio tan leather visor
Keep it together on the runway with tailored and sleek pieces.
Mango army-green top; Zara army-green shorts; A/X leopard-print blazer; Mango fringe bag; Forever 21 camo belt and boots
Armed forces
Camo prints are all the rage this season, and so too are camo pants.
Forever 21 black lace corset; oversized denim vest, camouflage skinny pants and tan suede lace-up booties, all from Zara
Lady chameleon
Try wearing an army green jacket with softer pieces to give the look a more feminine and modern edge.
Massimo Dutti lace-detailed dress; black studded boots and army-green jacket, both from Zara
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text:
- Powerhouse Multimedia PCs
- Dell XPS 420
- HP Pavilion Elite m9200t
- Velocity Micro Vector Campus Edition (2008)
- Cerise Quad-Core Workstation
For the second straight year, Velocity Micro has served up a student-oriented PC worthy of our Editors' Choice for sub-$1,000 desktops. The Vector Campus Edition ($999 direct) provides great multimedia and solid gaming performance (to cover both academics and leisure), some flash, and a system that should last for the four to six years it may take for a student to make it through high school or college. That said, the computer's features and price make it attractive to adult "students of life," as well.
Read the full review: Velocity Micro Vector Campus Edition (2008)


text:
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The SANUS Foundations Vertical Series VF2022 is a double-column AV component system that mounts directly under wall-mounted TVs for a sleek, streamlined look. Its two columns are vertically adjustable for perfect alignment under a wall-mounted TV, even after hanging. Each column features two integrated channels with over four square inches of space for easy power cable and signal wire routing. Thick tempered-glass shelves support up to 50 lbs each and can be vertically adjusted to accommodate any AV component arrangement.
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Page 1
Page 1 of 8
(page number not for citation puroposes)
South America is a large continent located in the western
hemisphere. Most of its landmass is situated within the
tropical zone (which extends from the equator to the
north and south parallels of 23°30'), which provides a
very suitable environment for many kinds of arthropods
(e.g., ticks, mosquitoes and phlebotomine sandflies) that
can act as vectors of a number of pathogens. As a
corollary, people living in South America are exposed to a
number of arthropod-borne diseases, including malaria,
leishmaniosis and dengue fever. Similarly, dogs are also
affected by many arthropod-borne diseases, including
ehrlichiosis, babesiosis, dirofilariosis and leishmaniosis
Canine leishmaniosis is widespread in South America and
it is among the most important canine vector-borne
diseases occurring in this region, mainly because of its
major zoonotic relevance [1-4]. The present article
provides an overview on key aspects related to canine
leishmaniosis in South America, emphasising future
research needs.
Parasites & Vectors
Canine leishmaniosis in South America
Filipe Dantas-Torres*
Address: Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy
Email: Filipe Dantas-Torres* - email@example.com
* Corresponding author
from 4th International Canine Vector-Borne Disease Symposium
Seville, Spain. 26–28 March 2009
Published: 26 March 2009
Parasites & Vectors 2009, 2(Suppl 1):S1 doi:10.1186/1756-3305-2-S1-S1
This article is available from: http://www.parasitesandvectors.com/content/2/S1/S1
© 2009 Dantas-Torres; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0),
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Canine leishmaniosis is widespread in South America, where a number of Leishmania species have
been isolated or molecularly characterised from dogs. Most cases of canine leishmaniosis are
caused by Leishmania infantum (syn. Leishmania chagasi) and Leishmania braziliensis.The only well-
established vector of Leishmania parasites to dogs in South America is Lutzomyia longipalpis,the main
vector of L. infantum, but many other phlebotomine sandfly species might be involved. For quite
some time, canine leishmaniosis has been regarded as a rural disease, but nowadays it is well-
established in large urbanised areas. Serological investigations reveal that the prevalence of anti-
Leishmania antibodies in dogs might reach more than 50%, being as high as 75% in highly endemic
foci. Many aspects related to the epidemiology of canine leishmaniosis (e.g., factors increasing the
risk disease development) in some South American countries other than Brazil are poorly
understood and should be further studied.A better understanding of the epidemiology of canine
leishmaniosis in South America would be helpful to design sustainable control and prevention
strategies against Leishmania infection in both dogs and humans.
Open Access
Page 2
Leishmania species infecting dogs in South
A number of Leishmania species have been isolated or
molecularly characterised from dogs in South America
(Table 1). They include Leishmania amazonensis, Leishmania
braziliensis, Leishmania colombiensis, Leishmania infantum
(syn. Leishmania chagasi), Leishmania mexicana, Leishmania
panamensis, Leishmania peruviana, and Leishmania pifanoi
[5-12]. With the exception of L. amazonensis, which has
not been isolated from dogs so far, the other species have
been isolated and characterised by traditional methods
(e.g., isoenzyme electrophoresis) [5-11]. In the cases of
canine leishmaniosis by L. amazonensis reported in São
Paulo, south-eastern Brazil, the species identification was
performed by using a Leishmania-specific rDNA-based
PCR assay on lymph node samples, followed by
hybridisation with a L. amazonensis-specific probe [12].
Leishmania infantum is the most important causative agent
of canine visceral leishmaniosis in South America. Dogs
have been regarded as the main reservoir hosts of
L. infantum, which is a parasite of major zoonotic con-
cern, particularly in Brazil where ~3500 cases of human
visceral leishmaniosis are reported annually; about 10%
of the cases have resulted in a fatal outcome [13]. Dogs
infected by L. infantum can develop a life-threatening
disease characterised by lymphadenomegaly, muscular
atrophy, skin ulceration, weight loss and onychogryphosis
(Figure 1). It is a common concept that all dogs with
visceral leishmaniosis in South America are infected by L.
infantum. However, in Venezuela, a strain characterised by
isoenzyme analysis as L. colombiensis was isolated from a
dog presenting visceral leishmaniosis [7]. In Brazil, two
dogs diagnosed as having visceral leishmaniosis were
actually infected by L. amazonensis [12]. These reports
highlight the importance of using proper diagnostic tools
to identify the species of Leishmania involved in each case
of canine leishmaniosis irrespective of the clinical form.
Leishmania braziliensis is the main causative agent of
cutaneous leishmaniosis in dogs in South America [10].
Most of the dogs infected by L. braziliensis live in rural areas
and they may present single cutaneous or mucosal lesions
(Figure 2) [14]. Dogs have been suspected to play a role in
the domestic transmission cycle of L. braziliensis and L.
peruviana in some areas of South America, but there is only
circumstantial evidence supporting this hypothesis [10]. In
Parasites & Vectors 2009, 2(Suppl 1):S1http://www.parasitesandvectors.com/content/2/S1/S1
Page 2 of 8
(page number not for citation puroposes)
Table 1 - Leishmania species infecting dogs in South America.
Species Disease formSuspected/proven vectors a
Geographical distribution
L. amazonensis
L. braziliensis
L. colombiensis
L. infantum
Lu. whitmani, among others
Lu. longipalpis, Lu. evansi, Lu. youngi,
among others
Lu. ayachuchensis
Lu. trapidoi
Lu. peruensis, Lu. verrucarum
Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Peru,Venezuela
Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana b,
Colombia, Ecuador
L. mexicana
L. panamensis
L. peruviana
L. pifanoi
aLutzomyia spp. that have been suspected to be involved in the transmission of Leishmania spp. to dogs in South America. Further information on the
phlebotomine sand flies have been implicated as vectors of Leishmania spp. in this region can be found elsewhere [15,23].
bAutochthonous transmission in French Guiana is uncertain (see text for details).
Figure 1 - Canine visceral leishmaniosis.
A Leishmania-seropositive dog showing facial muscular
atrophy, skin lesions, loss of weight, and onychogryphosis.
Page 3
fact, the role of dogs in the maintenance of these parasites
is probably minor [3].
Hybrid Leishmania strains have also been isolated from
dogs in South America. For example, L. braziliensis/
L. peruviana and L. braziliensis/L. guyanensis hybrid strains
have been isolated from dogs in Peru and Venezuela,
respectively [10]. The hybrid strains have phenotypic and
genotypic features of two Leishmania species, and it has
been suggested that these hybrids might represent strains
that originated directly from a common ancestor or that
they might be the result of genetic exchange [15].
In certain areas, the enzootic transmission cycles of
different Leishmania parasites might overlap and dogs
might become co-infected. For instance, cases of co-
infection by L. infantum and L. braziliensis in dogs have
been reported in south-eastern Brazil [16,17]. Co-
infection by L. infantum and other trypanosomatids (e.g.,
Trypanosoma evansi) in dogs have also been reported [18].
For instance, a new species of Trypanosoma (namely
Trypanosoma caninum) has recently been isolated from a
dog co-infected with L. braziliensis in south-eastern Brazil
[19]. Co-infections might be relevant in terms of
diagnosis because of the possibility of serological cross-
reactions among different Leishmania species [20] and
with other related trypanosomatids [19,21].
Transmission of Leishmania parasites to dogs
The primary mode of transmission of Leishmania parasites
from dog to dog is through the bite of an infected
phlebotomine sandfly. In South America, the vectors of
Leishmania parasites belong to the genus Lutzomyia
(Figure 3). Over 70 species of Lutzomyia have been
suspected to be implicated in the transmission of the
eight Leishmania species known to infect dogs in South
America [15,22-29]. However, the only well-established
vector of Leishmania parasites to dogs in South America is
Lutzomyia longipalpis [24]. This phlebotomine sandfly is a
proven vector of L. infantum, widespread in South
America [23], and has an opportunist feeding behaviour.
However, it is interesting to note that in some areas dogs
are not the preferred source of blood of Lu. longipalpis. For
instance, in a recent study carried out in central-western
Brazil, it was found that Lu. longipalpis fed preferentially
on birds, rodents, humans, opossums, oxen, horses and
dogs, in decreasing order of importance [30]. In these
areas, the role of dogs as reservoir hosts of L. infantum
could be of minor relevance.
Molecular biology techniques, in particular PCR-based
tools, have impacted many fields of parasitology,
including the study of a number of parasites and their
respective arthropod vectors. The development of PCR-
based tools for the detection of Leishmania DNA in
phlebotomine sandflies has increased the number of
putative vectors of Leishmania parasites in South America,
see, for example, [25-29]. However, the detection of
Leishmania DNA in a given Lutzomyia species, the mere
detection per se, does not necessarily mean vector
competence. In fact, experimental transmission studies
are needed to prove the role of a given phlebotomine
sandfly species as a vector of Leishmania parasites, even
though these studies might be expensive, time-consuming
and require considerable expertise on phlebotomine
sandfly rearing.
Parasites & Vectors 2009, 2(Suppl 1):S1http://www.parasitesandvectors.com/content/2/S1/S1
Page 3 of 8
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Figure 2 - Canine cutaneous leishmaniosis.
A Leishmania-seropositive dog presenting a mucocutaneous
lesion on nose.
Figure 3 - Lutzomyia sand flies.
A female (a) and a male (b) of Lutzomyia migonei, a putative
vector of L. infantum in some regions of Brazil [24,32].
Page 4
The absence of Lu. longipalpis in some areas where cases of
canine leishmaniosis have been reported [31,32] has
suggested the participation of other phlebotomine
sandfly species or the existence of secondary modes of
transmission. Secondary modes of transmission that have
been suggested in the literature include transplacental
transmission [33], via blood transfusion [34], and
venereal transmission [31,35]. However, the relevance of
alternative ways of transmission is unknown. In a similar
way, fleas and ticks have long been regarded as putative
vectors of L. infantum in Brazil [36-39], but an
overwhelming proof that they are competent vectors of
Leishmania parasites has never been provided.
Geographical distribution
Canine leishmaniosis is a widespread disease in South
America (Figure 4). Infection by Leishmania parasites in
dogs have been reported in all countries except Chile,
Uruguay, Suriname, and Guyana (see Table 1). Cases of
canine visceral leishmaniosis by L. infantum (zymodeme
MON-1) have been diagnosed in French Guiana,
although autochthonous transmission has not yet been
demonstrated [31].
Leishmania braziliensis and L. infantum are the most
widespread species infecting dogs in South America and
their distribution is probably wider than it is actually
conceived. In recent years, there has been a southward
spreading of canine leishmaniosis caused by L. infantum
in South America. For example, the disease has recently
been diagnosed in previously free areas of southern Brazil
[40] and northern Argentina [41].
For a long time, canine leishmaniosis was considered to
be a disease confined to rural areas. Nowadays, the
disease is well-established in large urbanised areas such as
the metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte, south-eastern
Brazil [42]. Many factors could favour the spreading of
canine leishmaniosis in South America, including the
movement of dogs between endemic and non-endemic
areas [31] and changes in vector ecology. Lutzomyia
longipalpis is widespread in South America [23] and it is
adapted to colonise environments modified by man [24].
In the State of Pernambuco, north-eastern Brazil, sparse
spots of modified Atlantic rainforest can be found in
highly urbanised areas. These remnants of Atlantic
rainforest are potentially inhabited by phlebotomine
sandflies of many species [43], including Lu. longipalpis
[44]. It means that the introduction of a Leishmania-
infected dog into a non-endemic area where the potential
vectors are present could result in the establishment of a
new focus of disease. In fact, if the current tendency
continues [40,41], new foci of the disease should be
expected to be detected in the future.
Prevalence of infection
Most information on the prevalence of infection among
dogs came from serological surveys conducted in Brazil,
see, for example [45-48], and at a much lesser extent in
other countries such as Argentina [49], Colombia [50]
and Venezuela [51]. Although the prevalence of
Leishmania spp. infection in dogs in South America can
vary widely from region to region, and according to the
diagnostic method used, it is usually over 25%
[21,47,49,51,52] and might be as high as 75% in highly
endemic foci [53]. However, it is difficult to estimate the
overall prevalence of Leishmania infection in dogs in South
America because of the limited amount of published data
from some countries (e.g., Paraguay), the existence of
methodological differences among studies (e.g., sample
size and criteria of positivity) and the inherent limitations
of serology (e.g., possibility of cross reactions).
Parasites & Vectors 2009, 2(Suppl 1):S1 http://www.parasitesandvectors.com/content/2/S1/S1
Page 4 of 8
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Figure 4 - Distribution of Leishmania spp. infecting
dogs in South America.
The distribution of some species is probably wider than
currently known. For instance, L. braziliensis and L. infantum
are endemic in Paraguay [15], but there are no published
reports of infection in dogs.
Page 5
An important epidemiological feature that has been
observed in South America (and also in the Mediter-
ranean basin) [54] is that the majority of the dogs
infected by L. infantum are apparently healthy, exhibiting
no visible clinical signs of visceral leishmaniosis. In some
foci in Brazil, over 80% of the seropositive dogs might be
clinically healthy [47,55]. This information might be
relevant because seropositive but apparently healthy dogs
can also serve as a source of infection to phlebotomine
sandflies [56,57].
Risk factors associated with infection and
Studies attempting to assess the risk factors associated to
infection in dogs in South America have been conducted
mainly in Brazil. In some areas, there is a higher
prevalence of anti-Leishmania antibodies among males
when compared with females [47], but in others there has
been no association between gender and seropositivity
[48]. In some areas, there is a higher seroprevalence in
young dogs (< 1 year) [47], whereas in other areas older
dogs (1–6 years) are at a higher risk of infection [48]. This
apparent disagreement among studies might reflect the
local nature of canine leishmaniosis. The epidemiology of
the disease varies widely among different regions and risk
factors associated to infection in different disease foci
might be difficult to predict. One important risk factor is
the dog's lifestyle. For instance, guard dogs that are kept
outside houses during the whole night are more exposed
to sandfly bites and therefore are at a higher risk of
infection as compared with companion dogs that are kept
inside houses [48,58]. In some rural areas, dogs (Figures 5
and 6) are highly exposed to phlebotomine sandflies,
which can be found inside houses, in animal shelters and
forested areas [59].
The risk factors underlying the outcome of infection by
Leishmania parasites in dogs in South America are poorly
understood. The majority of the dogs living in rural and
suburban areas are mongrel dogs [47] and the suscep-
tibility to L. infantum infection in these dogs has been
shown to be associated with MHC class II polymorphism
[60]. The relationship between nutritional status (which
is a known risk factor for human visceral leishmaniosis)
and the susceptibility to L. infantum infection in dogs
should be further investigated.
Control of canine leishmaniosis in South
Vector control
Vector control is probably the most effective way to prevent
Leishmania infection. For instance, a study conducted in
Brazil has shown that deltamethrin-impregnated collars
have potent anti-feeding and insecticidal effects on Lu.
longipalpis and Lutzomyia migonei [61] and could reduce the
risk of infection in dogs. The impact of this strategy within
a community is dependent on collar coverage (i.e., number
of dogs using the collar within a community) and loss rate
[62]. In reality, the use of deltamethrin-impregnated collars
is not very popular among dog owners living in rural and
suburban areas, probably because of their costs. Usually,
the poor social and economic conditions of many dog
owners living in rural and suburban areas in South America
do not allow them to afford even basic needs of life.
Perhaps, a systematic control of phlebotomine sandflies in
these areas, by using deltamethrin-impregnated collars or
Parasites & Vectors 2009, 2(Suppl 1):S1http://www.parasitesandvectors.com/content/2/S1/S1
Page 5 of 8
(page number not for citation puroposes)
Figure 5 - Dog's lifestyle can increase the risk of
Leishmania infection.
This picture shows a free-roaming dog (black arrow), an
animal shelter (white arrow), a spot of modified Atlantic
rainforest (black arrowhead), and an area of deforestation
(white arrowhead) for agriculture. In this rural area, dogs are
highly exposed to sand flies, which can be found inside
houses, in animal shelters and forested areas.
Figure 6 - Skin lesions in a Leishmania-seropositive
Skin lesions on the ears of a dog, the same indicated in
Figure 5, which was positive for anti-Leishmania antibodies.
These lesions were possibly caused by L. braziliensis, which is
highly prevalent in this area (municipality of Amaraji,
Pernambuco, north-eastern Brazil) [59].
Page 6
other strategies (e.g., spot-on combination of permethrin
and imidacloprid) [63] could be possible, if supported by
local public health authorities.
Culling of seropositive dogs
While not universally accepted, the culling of seropositive
dogs has long been recommended in Brazil [64]. However,
in addition to be ethically arguable, the culling of
seropositive dogs has had limited impact on the incidence
of human visceral leishmaniosis. From 1990 to 1994, more
than 80,000 dogs were culled in Brazil and during the same
period there was an increase of almost 100% in the
incidence of human visceral leishmaniosis [4]. The
possible reasons (e.g., replacement of the culled dogs for
susceptive puppies, low sensitivity and specificity of
serological tests used to screen dogs to be culled, owners'
unwillingness to cull their seropositive dogs) for the failure
of this strategy have been extensively discussed in recent
years [64-66]. One important feature that counts against
this strategy is the fact that many culled dogs are not
actually infected by L. infantum. In Rio de Janeiro (south-
eastern Brazil), for example, a parasitological study of 66
dogs positive for anti-Leishmania antibodies revealed that
12 dogs were infected only by L. braziliensis [17]. In areas
where both L. infantum and L. braziliensis are endemic, the
use of contemporary techniques to identify the species
involved in each case is imperative to avoid the culling of
seropositive dogs that are actually infected by L. braziliensis.
Until recently, there were no commercially available
vaccines against canine leishmaniosis. Two vaccines have
been licensed for use in Brazil. The first vaccine
(Leishmune®, Fort Dodge Animal Health) consists of a
Leishmania donovani glycoprotein fraction and presents
76–80% of efficacy [67]. The second vaccine (Leish-Tec®,
Hertape Calier Saúde Animal) [68] consists of adenovirus
expressing a L. donovani A2 antigen, but the results from
phase-III trials have not been published yet. These
vaccines are expected to become more and more popular
among veterinarians and dog owners. Perhaps, the
vaccination of dogs in association with a systematic vector
control could replace the indiscriminate culling of
seropositive dogs in endemic areas.
Final considerations and research needs
Canine leishmaniosis is widespread in rural and urban
areas in South America, although the factors associated
with risk to Leishmania infection in dogs from this region
are still poorly understood. Dogs are exposed to infection
by a number of Leishmania species, which are potentially
transmitted by different Lutzomyia species. Moreover,
secondary modes of transmission might be involved and
could be relevant for the establishment of new foci of
canine leishmaniosis in non-endemic areas. Overall, this
illustrates how complex is the epidemiology of canine
leishmaniosis in South America and highlights the future
research needs.
Little is known about the genetic relationship among the
Leishmania parasites isolated from dogs, Lutzomyia
sandflies and humans in many areas where canine
leishmaniosis is endemic in South America. In this
context, new attempts to isolate and characterise the
species of Leishmania parasites circulating among dogs
from urban and rural areas in different South American
countries should be encouraged.
Despite of the long list of putative vectors, the only well-
established vector of Leishmania parasites to dogs in South
America is Lu. longipalpis. Indeed, dogs can serve as a
source of Leishmania infection to different Lutzomyia species
(e.g., Lutzomyia whitmani, Lutzomyia evansi and Lutzomyia
youngi) [69-71]. However, it has yet to be proved that these
Lutzomyia species are able to transmit the infection to a
susceptible dog during a subsequent blood feeding.
In the same way, it is important to investigate the factors
associated with risk to Leishmania infection in dogs,
keeping in mind that these concepts cannot be generally
extrapolated because canine leishmaniosis is a focal
disease, whose epidemiology may vary widely from
region to region. Some aspects (e.g., poor nutrition)
might increase the risk of disease development, but so far
this relationship has not been fully addressed in South
American dogs. The factors dictating which dog will
become sick (and when it will do so) should be addressed
in future studies.
For some time, researchers working in South America
have focused most of their efforts on canine leishmaniosis
by L. infantum and L. braziliensis. Despite the inarguable
importance of these two parasites, the study of canine
leishmaniosis caused by other Leishmania species (e.g.,
L. amazonensis and L. colombiensis) would deserve more
attention in the future. This constitutes a neglected issue
that could provide new insights into the knowledge of the
natural history of Leishmania parasites and the diseases
they cause.
Competing interests
The author declares that they have no competing interests.
I would like to express my sincere thanks to Professor Domenico Otranto
and Dr.Luciana A.Figueredo for their valuable comments on a draft of the
This article is published as part of Parasites & VectorsVolume 2 Supplement
1, 2009: Proceedings of the 4th International Canine Vector-Borne Disease
Parasites & Vectors 2009, 2(Suppl 1):S1 http://www.parasitesandvectors.com/content/2/S1/S1
Page 6 of 8
(page number not for citation puroposes)
Page 7
Symposium. The full contents of the supplement are available online at
Publication of the supplement has been sponsored by Bayer Animal Health
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(Viannia) braziliensis
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Janeiro, Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2006, 100:442-445.
17.Madeira MF, Schubach AO, Schubach TM, Pereira SA, Figueiredo FB,
Baptista C, Leal CA, Melo CX, Confort EM, Marzochi MC: Post
mortem parasitological evaluation of dogs seroreactive for
Leishmania from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2006, 138:
18.Savani ES, Nunes VL, Galati EA, Castilho TM, Araujo FS, Ilha IM,
Camargo MC, D'Auria SR, Floeter-Winter LM: Occurrence of co-
and Leishmania
infection by Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi and Trypanosoma
(Trypanozoon) evansi in a dog in the state of Mato Grosso do
Sul,Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2005,100:739-741.
Madeira MF,Sousa MA,Barros JH,Figueiredo FB,Fagundes A,Schubach
A, de Paula CC, Faissal BN, Fonseca TS, Thoma HK, Marzochi MC:
Trypanosoma caninum n. sp. (Protozoa: Kinetoplastida)
isolated from intact skin of a domestic dog (Canis familiaris)
captured in Rio de Janeiro,Brazil. Parasitology,in press.
Vale AM, Fujiwara RT, da Silva Neto AF, Miret JA,Alvarez DC, da Silva
JC,Campos-Neto A,Reed S,Mayrink W,Nascimento E:Identification
of highly specific and cross-reactive antigens of Leishmania
species by antibodies from Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi
naturally infected dogs. Zoonoses Public Health 2009,56:41-48.
Romero M, López M, Echeverry M, Rivas F: Leishmaniasis visceral
canina:pruebas diagnósticas no identifican estados reales de
la infección. Rev Salud Publica (Bogota) 2008, 10:290-298.
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a review. Med Vet Entomol 1990, 4:1-24.
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de Pita-Pereira D, Alves CR, Souza MB, Brazil RP, Bertho AL, de
Figueiredo Barbosa A, Britto CC: Identification of naturally
infected Lutzomyia intermedia and Lutzomyia migonei with
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revealed by a PCR multiplex non-isotopic hybridisation
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Jorquera A, González R, Marchán-Marcano E, Oviedo M, Matos M:
Multiplex-PCR for detection of natural Leishmania infection
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cutaneous leishmaniasis in state of Sucre,Venezuela.Mem Inst
Oswaldo Cruz 2005, 100:45-48.
Carvalho GM,Andrade Filho JD,Falcao AL,Rocha Lima AC,Gontijo CM:
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de Pita-Pereira D,Cardoso MA,Alves CR,Brazil RP,Britto C.Detection
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using a PCR multiplex assay. Acta Trop 2008,107:66-69.
Savani ES, Nunes VL, Galati EA, Castilho TM, Zampieri RA, Floeter-
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da Bodoquena, Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2009, 160:18-24.
Missawa NA, Lorosa ES, Dias ES: Preferência alimentar de
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Carvalho MR,Lima BS,Marinho-Júnior JF,Silva FJ,Valença HF,Almeida
FA, Silva AL, Brandão-Filho SP: Phlebotomine sandfly species
from an American visceral leishmaniasis area in the
Northern Rainforest region of Pernambuco State,Brazil. Cad
Saude Publica 2007, 23:1227-1232.
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placental transmission of a North American isolate of
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Silva FL,Oliveira RG,Silva TM,Xavier MN,Nascimento EF,Santos RL:
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37. Coutinho MT, Bueno LL, Sterzik A, Fujiwara RT, Botelho JR, Maria M,
Genaro O,Linardi PM:Participation of Rhipicephalus sanguineus
(Acari: Ixodidae) in the epidemiology of canine visceral
leishmaniasis. Vet Parasitol 2005, 128:149-155.
Coutinho MT, Linardi PM: Can fleas from dogs infected with
canine visceral leishmaniasis transfer the infection to other
mammals? Vet Parasitol 2007, 147:320-325.
Silva OA,Silva PB,Silva OV,Braga GM,Albuquerque Júnior A,Queiros
Neto V, Rocha ME, Silva EF: La leishmaniose viscérale canine
dans le Nord-Est du Brésil:aspects épidémiologiques.Bull Soc
Pathol Exot 2007, 100:49-50.
Krauspenhar C, Beck C, Sperotto V, Silva AA, Bastos R, Rodrigues L:
Leishmaniose visceral em um canino de Cruz Alta, Rio
Grande do Sul, Brasil. Ciênc Rural 2007, 37:907-910.
Salomon O,Sinagra A,Nevot M,Barberian G,Paulin P,Estevez J,Riarte
A, Estevez J: First visceral leishmaniasis focus in Argentina.
Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2008, 103:109-111.
Margonari C, Freitas CR, Ribeiro RC, Moura AC,Timbó M, Gripp AH,
Pessanha JE, Dias ES: Epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis
through spatial analysis,in Belo Horizonte municipality,state
of Minas Gerais,Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2006,101:31-38.
Balbino VQ, Coutinho-Abreu IV, Sonoda IV, Marques da Silva W,
Marcondes CB:Phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera:Psychodidae)
of the Atlantic forest in Recife,Pernambuco state,Brazil:the
species coming to human bait, and their seasonal and
monthly variations over a 2-year period. Ann Trop Med Parasitol
2005, 99:683-693.
Dantas-Torres F, Almeida FA, Brandão-Filho SP: Phlebotomine
sandflies of an urban focus of visceral leishmaniosis,
Pernambuco State. Rev Patol Trop 2006, 34:157-160.
Paranhos-Silva M, Freitas LA, Santos WC, Grimaldi G Júnior, Pontes-
de-Carvalho LC, Oliveira-dos-Santos AJ: A cross-sectional
serodiagnostic survey of canine leishmaniasis due to
Leishmania chagasi. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1996, 55:39-44.
França-Silva JC, da Costa RT, Siqueira AM, Machado-Coelho GL, da
Costa CA, Mayrink W,Vieira EP, Costa JS, Genaro O, Nascimento E:
Epidemiology of canine visceral leishmaniosis in the
endemic area of Montes Claros Municipality, Minas Gerais
State, Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2003, 111:161-173.
Dantas-Torres F, Brito ME, Brandão-Filho SP: Seroepidemiological
survey on canine leishmaniasis among dogs from an urban
area of Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2006, 140:54-60.
Rondon FC, Bevilaqua CM, Franke CR, Barros RS, Oliveira FR,
Alcântara AC, Diniz AT: Cross-sectional serological study of
canine Leishmania infection in Fortaleza,Ceará state,Brazil.
Vet Parasitol 2008, 155:24-31.
Padilla AM,Marco JD,Diosque P,Segura MA,Mora MC,Fernández MM,
Malchiodi EL, Basombrío MA: Canine infection and the possible
role of dogs in the transmission of American tegumentary
leishmaniosis in Salta,Argentina. Vet Parasitol 2002,110:1-10.
Fernández J, Bello F, López MC, Moncada LI, Vargas JJ, Ayala MS,
Nicholls RS, Lozano CA: Seroprevalencia de leishmaniosis
visceral canina en la comuna 8 de Neiva y en cuatro
municipios de Huila, Colombia. Biomedica 2006, 26:121-130.
Zerpa O, Ulrich M, Borges R, Rodríguez V, Centeno M, Negrón E,
Belizario D, Convit J: Epidemiological aspects of human and
canine visceral leishmaniasis in Venezuela. Rev Panam Salud
Publica 2003, 13:239-2345.
Zanzarini PD,dos Santos DR,dos Santos AR,de Oliveira O,Poiani LP,
Lonardoni MV,Teodoro U, Silveira TG: Leishmaniose tegumentar
americana canina em municípios do norte do Estado do
Paraná, Brasil. Cad Saude Publica 2005, 21:1957-1961.
Cortada VM, Doval ME, Souza Lima MA, Oshiro ET, Meneses CR,
Abreu-Silva AL,Cupolilo E,Souza CS,Cardoso FO,Zaverucha do Valle
T, Brazil RP, Calabrese KS, Gonçalves da Costa SC: Canine visceral
leishmaniosis in Anastácio,Mato Grosso do Sul state,Brazil.
Vet Res Commun 2004, 28:365-374.
Otranto D,Paradies P,de Caprariis D,Stanneck D,Testini G,Grimm F,
Deplazes P, Capelli G: Toward diagnosing Leishmania infantum
infection in asymptomatic dogs in endemic area. Clin Vaccine
Immunol, in press.
Queiroz PV,Monteiro GR,Macedo VP,Rocha MA,Batista LM,Queiroz
JW, Jerônimo SM, Ximenes MF: Canine visceral leishmaniasis in
urban and rural areas of Northeast Brazil. Res Vet Sci 2009,86:
56. Costa-Val AP, Cavalcanti RR, de Figueiredo Gontijo N, Michalick MS,
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relationships between clinical status, humoral immune
response,haematology and Lutzomyia (Lutzomyia) longipalpis
infectivity. Vet J 2007, 174:636-643.
Michalsky EM,Rocha MF,da Rocha Lima AC,França-Silva JC,Pires MQ,
Oliveira FS,Pacheco RS,dos Santos SL,Barata RA,Romanha AJ,Fortes-
Dias CL, Dias ES: Infectivity of seropositive dogs, showing
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leishmaniose visceral (calazar) em uma área endêmica do
estado da Bahia,Brasil (1995–2000). Cad Saúde Publica 19:1681-
Brandão-Filho SP, de Carvalho FG, de Brito ME, Almeida FA,
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David JR, Stamm LM, Bezerra HS, Souza RN, Killick-Kendrick R, Lima
JW: Deltamethrin-impregnated dog collars have a potent
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and Lutzomyia migonei. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2001, 96:839-847.
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Are insecticide-impregnated dog collars a feasible
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Otranto D, Paradies P, Lia RP, Latrofa MS, Testini G, Cantacessi C,
Mencke N, Galli G, Capelli G, Stanneck D: Efficacy of a
combination of 10% imidacloprid/50% permethrin for the
prevention of leishmaniasis in kenneled dogs in an endemic
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Brazil:revisiting paradigms of epidemiology and control. Rev
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program in the dynamics of canine Leishmania transmission.
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Nunes CM, Lima VM, Paula HB, Perri SH, Andrade AM, Dias FE,
Burattini MN:Dog culling and replacement in an area endemic
for visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2008,153:19-23.
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prevention and control of canine visceral leishmaniosis and
its potential as a transmission-blocking vaccine. Vet Parasitol
2006, 141:1-8.
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MN, Luiz Tafuri W, Resende Dde M, Hermont V, Abrantes Cde F,
Gazzinelli RT: Protective immunity against challenge with
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Biomedica 2006, 26:242-248.
Parasites & Vectors 2009, 2(Suppl 1):S1 http://www.parasitesandvectors.com/content/2/S1/S1
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El ChavalTwitter Statistics
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Job Number226 Job TitleDirector, FP&A Job FunctionFinance Axiom OfficeSan Francisco Description Who We Are Axiom, a recognized leader in the business of law, is the world?s largest and fastest growing legal services firm. Combining deep legal and business expertise with4/19/2015 San Francisco, CA Save This Job
Voltage Security, Inc., an enterprise security company is looking for a Product Specialist to help our customers get the most from their Voltage SecureData products. This position?s primary responsibility is to provide information, by way of sample applications, developer forums,4/19/2015 Palo Alto, CA Save This Job


text:
Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) has won a contract from the Home Office of the United Kingdom government to manage the technology needs and support services of the newly formed disclosure and barring service (DBS).
The multi-million, multi-year contract is to implement a programme to transform DBS, a statement from TCS said. This will include introduction of electronic applications and improved online services to enhance user experience. As per the agreement, TCS will provide end-to-end process, technology and operations support for an initial period of five years.
TCS will also build new integrated case management system to support seamless integration and information gathering between disclosure and barring services.
Keywords: Tata Consultancy Services, Contract, UK Home Office


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Faculty with expertise across disciplines shape the Media and Technology Program curriculum and research, and practitioners bring real-world scenarios into the classroom every week.
Professor Miklos Sarvary participates in the Associated Press panel "Setting or Chasing the Agenda: Who Controls the News?", February 2015
Professor Miklos Sarvary presents "The Truth about Mobile Advertising: Does It Even Work?" at BRITE '13 conference:
Adjunct Professor Jonathan Knee moderates "Online Video Revenue and Measurement Opportunities and Challenges" panel at BRITE '13 conference:
Professor Oded Netzer presents "(Data) Mine Your Own Business" and his efforts to text mine the internet footprints left by contributors that express consumers' thoughts, beliefs, experiences, and interactions.


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Acura ILX Repair and Maintenance
A guide to problems, costs, maintenance and repair for your Acura ILX
- Maintenance Service A $27 - 60
- Oil and Filter Change $27 - 60
- Spark Plug Replacement $136 - 212
- Maintenance Service B $27 - 60
- Brake Caliper Replacement - Rear $245 - 619
Acura ILX Questions
Im looking for something really really fast that i can street race (on legal tracks). I also want it to be a smooth ride and comfortably fit 4 people in it with a good amount of backseat room. Are there any cars out there like this that would be around $12k or less?
Acura ILX Recalls
If the manual or power door lock is activated while an interior front door handle is being operated, the cable connecting the interior door handle to the door latch mechanism may become loose and move out of position. There is a possibility that the cable can move far enough out of position to prevent the door from properly latching. If the door is not fully latched, the door may open while driving or during a crash, increasing the risk of personal injury to the vehicle occupants. Dealers will replace the front door latch assemblies in the affected vehicles. Additionally, the interior front door handles in certain Honda CR-Vs will also be replaced to correct this concern. The Honda recall campaign numbers are S45/S46/S47.


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Cheap MXP to Cockburn Harbour flights
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Browse the most popular airlines servicing the Milan (MXP) airport. Visit their flights pages to learn more about the most popular routes these carriers fly.


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anywhere the vibe is good!
documentries, I love learning! Ghost Adventures is one of my favorite shows. Enjoy Animal Planet, and some "reality" TV, love the History Channel. good books and art! love the beach and sushi!
movies, art, fashion, music, dancing, out doors, traveling, flea markets, antique shops, 80's music, techno, craft beers - love ciders!, South Town of San Antonio / King William District
Night by Eli Wiesel
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What she is looking for
|5'9" (175cms)
|5'10" (177cms) to 6'11" (210cms)
|Body type:
|About average, Athletic and toned, A few extra pounds, Stocky
|No preference
|Dark brown
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|No Way
|Social Drinker
|Social Drinker
|Other profession
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|$25,001 to $35,000
|$25,001 to $35,000, $35,001 to $50,000, $50,001 to $75,000
|Currently Separated
|Never Married, Currently Separated, Divorced
|Have kids:
|Yes, and they live at home (1)
|Yes, and they sometimes live at home, No, Yes, and they live away from home, Yes, and they live at home
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|Someday, Not sure, No, but it's OK if my partner has kids
|Latino / Hispanic
|Latino / Hispanic, Native American, White / Caucasian
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|Some college
|Some college, Associates degree, Bachelors degree
some college


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Results 1 to 2 of 2
Thread: Best "Draw-on-the-go" pc?
June 18th, 2011 #1
Best "Draw-on-the-go" pc?
I've seen a lot so far as sketching and drawing on the go, but which is the most effective for the least cost?
I've heard iPad has been trying to make drawing easier, though I've been eyeing the Asus eee note that's made for not taking and sketching since I don't really need a whole computer and rather just a portable...tablet pc thing...
Are there any others?
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Confidence isn't saying, 'I've reached the best I can be--I can go no further.' It's saying 'I know what I'm doing, but I can always get better.'
Hide this ad by registering as a memberJune 18th, 2011 #2
Pencil and Paper with your brain intact...
There really isn't one because it depends on what you want to do and how you want to draw.
Each has their own pros and cons.
IE ipad isn't wacom enabled tech like some tablet pcs, so no pressure sensitivity, and the stylus has to be conductive (basically to read like your finger) but has a lot of battery life compared to tablet pcs. You can still use your finger too. Depending on the app your options may get limited or results aren't great when you transfer items. This is changing though.
Tablet PCs are less pressure sensitive than regular wacoms -256 levels of pressure sensitivity. Some can be more annoying to take around even as a laptop, viewing angles can be a pain in the ass depending on screens (iPad may have this issue too). Depends if you like convertible or slate pcs. Startup can be time consuming compared to iPad launch times. On the other hand, depending on the kind of tablet PC you can run programs like Paint Tool Sai (windows) or other native programs that you would use at home. This may depend on the power of the laptop ($$$) and its graphic card which you cannot swap. If you want more pressure sensitivity it also means lugging around a wacom - so that is an additional power drainer and setup/startup time waster.
I'd suggest checking other threads on various laptops and the Wacom forum, since there is a long post about the LE1700 to get more information.
Really? I'll be perfectly honest....that first sentence I said is the truth after trying all these other options. Really it can just be a waste of money if you're not developing your foundations and trying the cutest digital craze. I still default to pencil and paper and my sketchbooks for most of my drawings and studies. It also transfers better in the long run.
That does not mean "Do not use digital or do not find a portable laptop" but consider if you probably could use some more foundational skills and work on pencil and paper along with digital.
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Special Correspondent
HYDERABAD: Ramon Magsaysay awardee, Sandeep Pandey on Tuesday wanted the government and the A P State Information Commission, to implement the suggestions made in the appraisal report prepared by the United Forum For RTI (right to information) Campaign.
In a statement, Mr. Pandey said the appraisal was objective and comprehensive and the suggestions included rationalisation of work allocation among the Commissioners, measures to ensure that all the public authorities accept cash along with other modes of payment and ensure that they reveal all disclosures that are mandatory.
More Information Commissioners were needed to be appointed in consultation with civil society to share the increased work load, MR. Pandey said.
The forum's effrt will go a long way in making the commission more accountable and effective, he added.


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No, this is not a joke. If you're a PAX East attendee, then Saturday, March 27, for the low low price of free, you can join your friends from Joystiq as we collectively enjoy the planet's finest cereal: Blueberry Muffin Tops. The only catch? You're going to have to have one of 600 bracelets that will be distributed at the show. If you want details on how you can get one, you can find them after the jump. You're also gonna want to head to the event's Facebook page and follow it on Twitter: @JoystiqBBMT.
If you think that's great (and it is, make no mistake) wait until you see what else we have planned ...
First off, thank you so much to Malt-O-Meal's Blueberry Muffin Tops for sponsoring this event, it absolutely would not have been possible without their support and delicious, delicious cereal.
Details of the event: Due to the overwhelming number of people coming to PAX East and the fact that the room can only hold 300 people at a time, we've decided to implement a bracelet system for entry. To obtain the bracelet, we'll post Alexander Sliwinski's location and picture here at Joystiq.com on Facebook and on Twitter @JoystiqBBMT at 6 a.m. on Saturday morning. He'll be in very close proximity to the convention center. To obtain a bracelet you'll need to show your PAX East badge to him when he arrives at 8 a.m., as the breakfast will occur within the convention center. You'll receive one of two colored bracelets and the specific location of the event at that time. One color will be able to get into the room from 9-9:50AM, the next group from 10-11AM. First-come, first-served and you'll be able to select which time you prefer at that time (if that bracelet color is still available). Also: One per person, which means you shouldn't send a friend to pick yours up. Thank you everyone for your enthusiasm and we look forward to seeing you that morning!


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If you're busy on social media platforms you know it can be hard to find the good content, the content that's actually worth your time, the stuff you really want to see. In order to quit wasting your time, you may consider checking out one of the tools below which can help you sift through the junk and get to the good stuff. Let's face it: it can be a pain to login to multiple websites or apps to check in on what's new. The idea behind these services is that good content should surface automatically. Rebel Mouse is the newest startup in this space and is generating a lot of positive buzz. It's still in beta for now, but you can check out the other 4 options below while you wait to try it out.
Have you used any of these services before? How do you like them? Did I miss anything good? Leave me a comment below to let me know.
Also read: The 50+ Best Ways to Curate and Share Your Favorite Social Media and News Content
Rebel Mouse
Rebel Mouse is your social front page. (Beta)
Prismatic surfaces the most interesting and relevant news based on people you follow.
Bottlenose is a social media dashboard that helps you surf the social media stream instead of drown in it.
PostPost toplines content from the people you follow on Twitter.
Engagio is not just your Inbox for social conversations. It is your dashboard for social conversations.
6 comments
These are all great services. I noticed that PostPost only examines Twitter. If you check out Memolane.com you will see that it supports over 10 different social media services and organize them in a social media time machine.
I got my invitation to Bottlenose through Klout Perks. It's basically the most awesome way for me to curate content for re-shares on Twitter. In combination with Paper.li, I feel pretty much covered.
[…] out this post from DAILY TREK's recent blog and "find the good content, the content that's actually […]
Thanks for mentioning Engagio.
The app also helps you discover where your friends are engaging, so it's a great way to keep up with interesting content and conversations, as well as meeting new people in your fields of interests.
William Mougayar
Founder/CEO, Engagio
Awesome list. I use Prismatic and Engagio on a daily basis. For searching news, Prismatic is my favourite. For tracking and engaging with conversations across my social networks, Engagio has become indispensable
This is a great list and there are some new things I'll need to check out. Bottlenode looks very interesting.
Carol Skelly
Founder in1.com
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