text:
A unified design strategy takes into account different subsystems within an overall electro-optic imaging system. In one implementation, the design methodology predicts end-to-end imaging performance using a spatial model for the source and models for the optical subsystem, the detector subsystem and the digital image processing subsystem. The optical subsystem and digital image processing subsystems are jointly designed taking into account the entire system. The intermediate image produced by the optical subsystem is not required to be high quality since, for example, the quality may be corrected by the digital image processing subsystem.
1. A computer-implemented method for designing an electro-optic imaging system for imaging a source, the electro-optic imaging system including an optical subsystem, a detector subsystem and a digital image processing subsystem, the method comprising executing instructions to cause a processor to effect the steps of:
modeling propagation of the source through the optical subsystem, the detector subsystem and the digital image processing subsystem based on a spatial model of the source, wherein the spatial model of the source includes a statistical model of the source, and wherein propagation through the optical subsystem and detector subsystem is modeled by y=Hs+n, where y is an image of the source after propagation through the optical subsystem and the detector subsystem, s is an ideal sampled image of the source, H is a sampled point spread function accounting for both the optical subsystem and the detector subsystem, and n is noise; and
jointly designing the optical subsystem and the digital image processing subsystem based directly on a post-processing performance metric that is a function of a mean square error between an ideal image of the source and an image predicted by the modeled propagation of the source through the optical subsystem, the detector subsystem and the digital image processing subsystem.
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generating a description of the optical subsystem.
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generating linear filter coefficients for the digital image processing subsystem.
26. A computer readable storage medium containing instructions to cause a processor to design an optical subsystem of an electro-optic imaging system by executing the following steps:
modeling propagation of a source through an electro-optic imaging system; the electro-optic imaging system comprising an optical subsystem, a detector subsystem and a digital image processing subsystem; wherein modeling propagation is based in part on a spatial model of the source, wherein the spatial model of the source includes a statistical model of the source, and wherein propagation through the optical subsystem and detector subsystem is modeled by y=Hs+n, where y is an image of the source after propagation through the optical subsystem and the detector subsystem, s is an ideal sampled image of the source, H is a sampled point spread function accounting for both the optical subsystem and the detector subsystem, and n is noise; and
jointly designing the optical subsystem and the digital image processing subsystem based directly on a post-processing performance metric that is a function of a mean square error between an ideal image of the source and an image predicted by the modeled propagation of the source through the optical subsystem, the detector subsystem and the digital image processing subsystem.
27. The computer readable storage medium of
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generating linear filter coefficients for the digital image processing subsystem.
32. An optical subsystem that is part of an electro-optic imaging system, the electro-optic imaging system further comprising a detector subsystem and a digital image processing subsystem, the optical subsystem designed by the process of:
modeling propagation of the source through the optical subsystem, the detector subsystem and the digital image processing subsystem based on a spatial model of the source, wherein the spatial model of the source includes a statistical model of the source, and wherein propagation through the optical subsystem and detector subsystem is modeled by y=Hs+n, where v is an image of the source after propagation through the optical subsystem and the detector subsystem, s is an ideal sampled image of the source, H is a sampled point spread function accounting for both the optical subsystem and the detector subsystem, and n is noise; and
jointly designing the optical subsystem and the digital image processing subsystem based directly on a post-processing performance metric that is a function of a mean square error between an ideal image of the source and an image predicted by the modeled propagation of the source through the optical subsystem, the detector subsystem and the digital image processing subsystem.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to the design of electro-optic imaging systems, and more particularly, to the "end-to-end" design of these systems.
2. Description of the Related Art
Electro-optic imaging systems typically include an optical subsystem (e.g., a lens assembly), an electronic detector subsystem (e.g., CCD detector array) and a digital image processing subsystem (e.g., typically implemented in dedicated chips or software). Traditional methods for designing these systems generally involve two discrete stages. First, the optical subsystem is designed with the goal of forming a high quality intermediate optical image of the source (subject to cost, physical and other non-imaging constraints). Next, after the optical subsystem has been designed, the digital image processing subsystem is designed to compensate for remaining defects in the sampled intermediate optical image.
The two design stages typically occur with very little coordination between the optical designer and the image processing designer. The separation of these stages is a reflection of the significant differences between the fields of optics and image processing in their methods, tools, goals and constraints. For example, each field covers a large swath of potential applications but there typically is little overlap between the two fields other than the design of electro-optic imaging systems. The design of conventional microscopes, telescopes, eyeglasses, etc. typically does not consider any significant image processing. Likewise, areas of image processing such as compression, computer graphics, and image enhancement typically do not involve any significant optics. As a result, each field has evolved independent of the other and with its own unique terminology, best practices, and set of tools. In general, the familiarity required to master each of these domains hinders a unified perspective to designing electro-optic imaging systems. One important challenge to a unified perspective is the lack of a common language with which to describe the problems and approaches between the two distinct fields. One prominent example can be seen in the thinking about the fundamental conceptual elements associated with each field. Optical designers deal with rays of light and passive optical elements whereas image processers deal with bytes of information and active algorithms. The laws and constraints governing these two fundamental classes of entities differ in numerous ways.
One drawback to the traditional design approach is that synergies between the optical subsystem and the digital image processing subsystem may be overlooked. The optical designer creates the "best" optical subsystem without knowledge of the digital image processing subsystem. The image processer creates the "best" digital image processing subsystem without the ability to modify the previously designed optical subsystem. These subsystems are then "glued" together to form the electro-optic imaging system. The concatenation of two independently designed "best" subsystems may not yield the "best" overall system. There may be unwanted interactions between the two independently designed subsystems and potential synergies between the two subsystems may go unrealized.
Thus, there is a need for design approaches based on an end-to-end design of the electro-optic imaging system, especially where the entire electro-optical system is considered as a whole, and designed for optimized performance.
The present invention overcomes the limitations of the prior art by providing a unified design strategy that takes into account different subsystems within the overall electro-optic imaging system. In one implementation, the design methodology predicts end-to-end imaging performance using models for the source, the optical subsystem, the detector subsystem and the digital image processing subsystem. The optical subsystem is then designed taking into account these other subsystems. For example, the optical subsystem and the digital image processing subsystem may be designed jointly based on a post-processing performance metric that takes into account the effects of the image processing. Unlike in conventional approaches, the intermediate optical image produced by the optical subsystem is not required to be high image quality since, for example, the image may be subsequently improved by the digital image processing subsystem.
The design methodology views the combined electro-optic imaging system as a whole and attempts to optimize a set of design parameters for a desired output. In this way, this framework offers a unified perspective and language with which to evaluate the end-to-end performance of an electro-optic imaging system. In effect, such a method relaxes the traditional requirement that the intermediate optical image formed by the optical subsystem be high image quality, as measured by traditional optical figures of merit such as wavefront error or spot size.
In one implementation, the design approach includes modeling propagation through the electro-optic imaging system based on a spatial model of the source. The optical subsystem and the digital image processing subsystem are then jointly designed based directly on a post-processing performance metric, where the metric is calculated based on the modeled propagation. The optical subsystem may be designed based on optimizing the post-processing performance metric, for example, assuming that the image processing parameters are chosen to give a globally optimal performance. This is done without requiring that the optical subsystem form a high quality intermediate optical image of the source.
The specific implementations will depend on the particular application. For example, the spatial model of the source may be based on a luminance function of the source, the source may be modeled by a power spectral density function, and/or the source model may be derived from physical principles or from empirical data. The source model may also account for factors such as the nature of the source (e.g., a binary source for certain types of scanned documents) or variations in the source or its presentation (e.g., motion or uncertainty in position). Similarly, propagation through the optical subsystem and detector subsystem can be modeled in different ways. Ray tracing, the point spread function, the modulation transfer function and/or optical transfer function are common approaches for modeling the optical subsystem. The detector subsystem can be modeled by a spatial filter followed by sampling. If a linear systems approach is used, the optical subsystem and detector subsystem can be modeled using y=Hs+n, where y is the predicted image, s is an ideal sampled image of the source, H is a sampled point spread function accounting for both the optical subsystem and the detector subsystem, and n is noise.
Propagation through the digital image processing subsystem will depend in part on the design space (i.e., the type of digital image processing being implemented). For example, the design space can be limited to digital image processing subsystems that restore degradation caused by the point spread function of the optical subsystem and/or the detector subsystem. It can also be limited to linear techniques or certain classes of linear techniques. Linear techniques are more likely to have a closed form solution or other solutions that are well behaved and that can be calculated in an efficient manner. However, the invention is not limited to just linear techniques.
The post-processing performance metric will also vary by application. A preferred digital image performance metric is the mean square error between an ideal image of the source and the image produced by propagation of the source through the electro-optic imaging system. For applications where the end goal is some sort of recognition (e.g., character recognition or bar code reading), the post-processing performance metric may be a measure of the accuracy of recognition, for example the error rate, rate of false positives, etc.
One advantage of this approach is that the resulting electro-optic imaging system may achieve the same system performance as a traditionally designed system, but possibly with fewer components, smaller "footprint" (spatial extent), lower cost, faster development time or less sensitivity (e.g., to manufacturing or environmental variations). This is because the intermediate optical image is no longer required to be of high image quality, thus opening up new areas in the design space. In these designs, the overall system performance may be the same or better than that of a traditionally designed system, even though the optical subsystem may form an intermediate optical image that is significantly worse in image quality than that formed by the traditionally designed optical subsystem. In these designs, the optical subsystem may introduce significant aberrations in the intermediate optical image so long as these are adequately corrected by the digital image processing subsystem.
Other aspects of the invention include software and tools to implement the design methods described above, and devices, systems and subsystems created by this design approach.
The invention has other advantages and features which will be more readily apparent from the following detailed description of the invention and the appended claims, when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
The design space for the electro-optic imaging system is also defined 220. In
A post-processing performance metric 190 is also defined 230. The performance metric is post-processing in the sense that it is based on performance after image processing rather than before image processing. For examples, measures of the wavefront error or spot size of the intermediate optical image produced by the optical subsystem alone may be conventional error metrics for the optical subsystem but they are not post-processing performance metrics. In
The design step 240 can be described as selecting a design within the design space that optimizes the post-processing performance metric 190, possibly subject to certain constraints (e.g., limits on certain costs 170). The optical subsystem 110 and the digital image processing subsystem 130 are designed together, rather than sequentially as is the case in conventional design approaches. Mathematically, using the notation of
A number of optimization algorithms can be used. For some linear cases, parameters may be solved for analytically or using known and well-behaved numerical methods. For more complicated cases, including certain nonlinear cases, techniques such as expectation maximization, gradient descent and linear programming can be used to search the design space.
Note that in both
Beginning with the source 150, the design method of
In one approach, suppose that there exists a three-dimensional source luminance function, sobj(x1, x2, x3, λ), which results from the complex interaction between three-dimensional scene geometry, reflectance, and illumination. In this simplified spatial model, assume that the signal represents the radiant intensity of incoherent light with wavelength λ emanating from points in the three dimensional space defined by (x1, x2, x3). The purpose of the electro-optic imaging system 100 is to capture the two-dimensional projection of this source signal.
In one embodiment, the post-processing performance metric 190 is based on a comparison of the actual (or simulated) image 180 to some ideal image 155. The ideal image 155 can be modeled in different ways, one of which is presented below. In this example, in the case of a monochromatic camera system at wavelength λ0, the idealized forward model can be modeled as
Information used to produce the spatial model of the source 150 may take several forms. The designer may possess detailed information about the three-dimensional geometry of the scene under consideration. Such information is commonly used to constrain the optics used in an imaging system. For instance, the optical designer typically desires to match the depth of focus of the optics with the expected depth of field of the scene in question to produce an image, free from defocus related optical aberrations. The optical designer, however, typically satisfies only very generic geometric constraints such as the bounding box of expected object depth. With more specific depth related information at his/her disposal, the system designer is capable of developing better designs for imaging systems.
The spatially varying luminance properties of the scene may also be used to model the source 150. For instance, when dealing with text or textual document images, the designer may have information relating to the language of the imaged text, or that the signal represents a binary source, etc. In the following examples, the information about the source signal is assumed to be statistical in nature and is modeled by a power spectral density function. Such information might be extracted from a corpus of scanned documents representative of those to be scanned by the fielded system or modeled from physical first principles. This knowledge can be especially useful in designing the digital image processing subsystem. Many image processing techniques rely on prior information regarding the contents of the scene under observation as imaged by an idealized imaging system. Note that this prior information may be derived from physical first principles or learned from a large collection of data. In one approach, a high quality imaging system captures data under a variety of imaging scenarios in an effort to learn the underlying statistics of the scene.
In the following examples, for simplicity, the source signals are restricted to those which represent one-dimensional horizontal cross-sections of a text document (planar surface) imaged under monochromatic illumination. The source is modeled as a scalar function sobj(x). Such slices capture the desired signal output of a line scanner inside a copier or some other linear scanning device. For example,
To estimate the statistical distribution of the source signal, a collection of slices through a page of 12 point text was selected.
Moving now to the optical subsystem 110, one convenient aspect of an incoherent optical subsystem is that it can be modeled as a linear system. To simplify the presentation, henceforth, the discussion will be based on the one-dimensional analogue of the full two-dimensional image signal. The extension to full two-dimensional signals is straightforward. In one approach, the effect on the idealized imaging system is modeled as a Fredholm integral equation of the first kind
In conventional lens design, the goal is to produce a faithful, or high fidelity intermediate optical image, and the ideal imaging subsystem has a point spread function of the form
The point spread function for a given optical subsystem depends on the geometric aberrations of the subsystem through what is commonly known as the wavefront error or optical path difference (OPD). In an ideal imaging system, the wavefront at the exit pupil of the lens system would have a perfect spherical shape whose center is in the image focal plane. The geometric rays associated with such a wavefront would converge to a single point. Geometric aberrations of the image system correspond to a departure of the actual wavefront from this ideal reference sphere. The difference between the reference sphere wavefront and the actual wavefront measured at the exit pupil is known as the OPD. The OPD thereby captures the collection of a variety of geometric aberrations.
The wavefront error is related to the imaging system point spread function according to
The overall goal of a traditional lens designer is to choose the set of optical design parameters θo to produce an optical subsystem with minimal wavefront error while satisfying other constraints such as minimum element edge width, minimum element spaceding, etc. Since aberrations cannot be removed completely, the job of the traditional lens designer is to find a good balance between the different aberrations for the given application, costs, and related constraints. To accomplish this, the lens designer typically uses optical design software to vary the optical design in a manner that directly minimizes a merit function based on the aberrations or wavefront error.
Unfortunately, aberrations can be reduced only so much in a lens system of a given complexity (e.g., limited to a specific number of elements). Thus, the typical paradigm for achieving high-quality imaging systems invariably requires adding more lens elements to the optical subsystem, at a significant increase in overall cost. For example, a common approach to reducing spherical aberration involves splitting the required power of the overall lens system over a larger number of lenses in order to reduce the surface curvature at each lens. In the example described later, the end-to-end design method reduces the traditional costs associated with improving imaging performance.
The optical subsystem can also be modeled by its optical transfer function (OTF) or modulation transfer function (MTF). The OTF is the Fourier transform of the point spread function at a particular image coordinate x′:
In many cases, certain aberrations are more correctable by the digital image processing subsystem than others. The end-to-end design approach typically takes advantage of this, while the traditional lens design approach typically does not. To oversimplify for purposes of illustrating this point, assume that all aberrations can be rated according to their correctability via image processing techniques. The aberrations at the correctable end of the scale can be mostly or fully compensated by the digital image processing subsystem while those at the non-correctable end of the scale cannot. In a traditional design, the distinction between correctable and non-correctable aberrations is not recognized. Instead, the optical subsystem is designed to create an intermediate optical image of high image quality. Thus, for example, the lens system may be designed to reduce correctable and non-correctable aberrations equally to some moderate level. During subsequent digital image processing, the correctable aberrations are further reduced to a lower level digitally, but the non-correctable aberrations remain at their moderate level. Furthermore, correctability can vary significantly depending on the characteristics of the source, which typically is not accounted for in traditional approaches to designing optical subsystems.
In contrast, in the end-to-end design approach, it is recognized that the correctable aberrations can be compensated for by the digital image processing subsystem. Thus, the optical subsystem emphasizes reduction of those aberrations which are difficult to correct during subsequent image processing. The intermediate optical image may contain a lower level of non-correctable aberrations and a higher level of correctable aberrations. As a result, the intermediate optical image may be of lower image quality due to the higher level of these correctable aberrations. However, these are subsequently reduced by the digital image processing subsystem to a lower level so that the overall electro-optic imaging system has high performance. The end-to-end approach allows the designer to allocate correction between the various subsystems. For example, if digital image processing is inexpensive compared to lenses, the designer may select a simple but low performance optical subsystem followed by a complicated digital image processing subsystem.
For example,
At the point of wavefront minimizing focus (
A traditional designer might select the design of
Moving now to the detector subsystem 120, modeling the detector bridges the divide between the realm of light rays and the realm of bits and image pixels. As indicated in Eqn. 3, the ideal projected image sproj(x′, λ) would be filtered by an ideal bandpass filter matched to the spatial sampling period T. The bandpass filter would prevent aliasing while perfectly maintaining the spectral properties of the image within the sampling bandwidth.
In practice, the bandpass filter is determined in large part by the sensor geometry. In many imaging sensor devices, such as charge coupled devices (CCDs), the sensing area of the detector associated with an individual pixel corresponds to a rectangular shape whose area is a percentage of the overall pixel size. The percentage of the pixel spacing which captures photons is known as the fill factor. Detectors with larger fill factors offer the advantage of capturing more light as well as eliminating aliased image content.
In the following examples, it is assumed that the image signal contains negligible amounts of information above the sampling rate. Therefore, the effects of aliasing are ignored. Assuming monochromatic illumination, the imaging system can be modeled using vector notation. Let s be the ideal sampled image and H be the sampled point spread function of the combined optical and detector subsystems. Each element of the matrix H is given by
To capture the statistics of the imaging detector, the noise n is modeled as additive white Gaussian noise with variance σ2=1/min(P,1), where P reflects the ratio of the total number of photons striking the detector over the given integration period divided by the well capacity of the detector. To normalize the entire process, assume that s represents some power-normalized sampled signal whose gray level values fall in the range of 0 to 255 (i.e., an 8-bit system). Furthermore, assume that enough photons are captured by the detector such that other noise contributions (thermal, dark current, etc.) are negligible compared to the photon or shot noise. Photon or shot noise represents the statistical variability associated with an individual photon being registered by the detector. Also make the simplifying assumption that the noise power is not spatially dependent on the signal s, but instead depends on the overall signal power as reflected by the total number of photons. As such, the general noise power σ2 is normalized in the sense that at maximal detector well capacity (P=1), the noise power corresponds to 1 bit (a conservative estimate). When P<1 (fewer photons available), however, the effective noise power is increased. The proportion of available photons depends on the product of the aperture area and the integration time. The idea can be extended to other noise statistics such as Poisson, Poisson plus Gaussian, etc.
Consider now the digital image processing subsystem 130. There exists a wide range of possible image processing techniques for improving performance of the electro-optic imaging system and it is not feasible to discuss here all possible image processing techniques. In the following example, the digital image processing subsystem uses techniques aimed at restoring the signal degraded by the point spread function (PSF). Furthermore, the restoration problem is approached from an estimation theoretic perspective in this example.
In general, there exists a wide range of possible restoration approaches that can be used to restore a signal s from the observed signal y, ranging from simple linear filters to iterative nonlinear techniques. The following examples describe certain techniques that each seek an optimum to well-defined performance measures and that exhibit predictable performance. In addition, while the following examples are based on post-processing performance metrics that compare ideal and actual images, other implementations might seek to optimize some empirical or nonanalytic measure, for instance the recognition accuracy in optical character recognition or in a bar code reader.
One class of restoration techniques is based on linear processes. These are generally simple to analyze formally and easy to implement in an actual system. In the linear framework, the original signal is estimated using a linear operator of the form:
Utilizing nonlinear restoration techniques widens the space of possible post-processing performance metrics. For instance, the class of nonlinear iterative restoration techniques is often statistically motivated, such as Maximum Likelihood (ML) or Maximum A-Posteriori (MAP). Such approaches have the benefit of being asymptotically unbiased with minimum error variance, which are stronger properties than MMSE.
For instance, assuming that the signal s is a deterministic, yet unknown signal, the ML estimate of the signal satisfies
When statistical prior information exists about the unknown signal, the MAP cost function becomes
The end-to-end design approach described above can be implemented in many different ways.
The implementation of
The post-processing performance metric module 730 may have self-contained loops or optimizations. For example, a different digital image processing subsystem may be designed for each new OTF and this process may or may not be iterative. Module 730 outputs the post-processing performance metric, which is used by the optimization module 720 to iterate the design of the optical subsystem. Note that the design of the digital image processing subsystem changes as the design of the optical subsystem changes. Different image processing is used to compensate for different errors introduced by different optical subsystems. Thus, the optical subsystem and the digital image processing subsystem are jointly designed based on the post-processing performance metric. For example, the design software may generate linear filter coefficients, as well as the final optical subsystem design.
The design approach described above is now applied to a specific example, comparing the results to those achieved by a conventional design approach. This example is the design of a simple document scanning system. This scanner system has the following specifications
A set of sixteen document slices of a 12 pt text document sampled at 300 dpi was used to build the source model. The test slices used were selected by hand to ensure that the slice captured a line of text. The MSE is used to quantify the performance. The MSE is calculated by simulating the sixteen slices as they are aberrated by the imaging system's point spread function and then taking an average over the sixteen slices.
To simulate the traditional design approach, the optimal set of lens parameters are determined by using the OPD-RMS as the design merit function. The optimization uses three field locations x′ corresponding to the object field points of [0, 105, 150] mm when evaluating the OPD-RMS. In this example, only the first and third order terms of the aberration polynomial are used during optimization. In other words, only the Seidel aberrations are used when calculating the OPD. While such a method ignores the higher-order aberrations, the majority of the aberration power is contained in these lower order terms in simple lens systems, although in other cases, standard ray tracing software can be used to compute the complete OPD. Using Matlab's fminunc function to find the optimal set of design parameters that directly minimizes the centroid-referenced OPD-RMS yielded a set of lens parameters θo=[18; −0.0068, −1.125]T. These design parameters were similar to those produced using the ZEMAX default wavefront RMS optimization routine, which directly minimizes the RMS wavefront error. The minimized OPD-RMS was 2.22 waves of wavefront error.
Continuing the conventional design approach an optimal linear restoration filter matrix R was designed using Eqn. 13 to match this optical subsystem, assuming uncorrelated, additive noise with power of σ=1. The per-pixel RMSE averaged over the sixteen test scans for this conventionally designed electro-optic imaging system was 6.78 gray levels, which is rather poor performance.
For comparison, another electro-optic imaging system was designed using the end-to-end approach described above, assuming that the digital image processing subsystem implements optimal linear restoration. A coarse local optimization of the conventional design was performed using the RMSE of Eqn. 14 as the post-processing performance metric. The resulting optical subsystem was θo=[14; −0.0004, −0.15]T with an RMSE of 2.25 gray levels of error, compared to 6.78 gray levels for the conventional design. The corresponding OPD-RMS for the intermediate optical image was 6.3 waves of error, compared to 2.22 waves for the conventional design. Thus, although the end-to-end designed optical subsystem produced an intermediate optical image with significantly greater wavefront error (6.3 waves versus 2.22 waves), the final digital image had a significantly lower RMSE (2.25 gray levels versus 6.78 gray levels).
The doublet design includes two optical elements separated by a distance d with an aperture stop located between the lens elements at a distance t from the back of the first element. Both optical elements are assumed to be BK7 glass with an index of refraction of 1.52 and a thickness of 8 mm. The design variables for the doublet lens system are θo=[d; t; C1, C2, C3, Δi]T where the Ci terms define the surface powers of the lens elements.
The conventionally designed doublet system is designed in the same manner as the singlet system. First, the optical subsystem is designed to directly minimize the wavefront OPD-RMS merit function. The optimization produces a design of θo=[21.63, 5:57, 0.0527, 0.0739, −0.0094, 0.278]T, with a wavefront error of 0.51 waves of OPD-RMS error. Adding the additional lens improves the wavefront error to nearly ⅕ of that associated with the single lens system. As before, the optimal restoration filter is selected for this particular optical subsystem, yielding a final RMSE error of 3.01 gray levels. While the traditionally designed doublet system reduces the RMSE error by more than half, the singlet system designed using the end-to-end approach is still slightly superior (2.25 gray levels). Thus, using the end-to-end design approach yielded a simpler, and hence cheaper, singlet optical subsystem where the overall performance of the electro-optic imaging system was comparable to that using a more expensive doublet lens system designed in a traditional fashion.
Although the detailed description contains many specifics, these should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention but merely as illustrating different examples and aspects of the invention. It should be appreciated that the scope of the invention includes other embodiments not discussed in as much detail above, such as the full two-dimensional detector arrays, higher order aberrations, and nonlinear image processing.
As another example, in the description above, the source object geometry was a simple plane at a known distance. One variation is to apply a probability distribution on the distance zo of the object to account for possible mechanical tolerances or defocus. As another example, for purposes of clarity, the cases described above were primarily monochromatic. Polychromatic cases can also be accommodated. The models used could include wavelength information and/or color sampling equations. Also, while the example optical subsystems are all lens-based, this is not a requirement. Mirrors, diffractive and other optical elements can also be used.
Various other modifications, changes and variations which will be apparent to those skilled in the art may be made in the arrangement, operation and details of the method and apparatus of the present invention disclosed herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
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Hi all,
I have no coding background, just HTML and CSS knowledge, I usually outsource all my script/code needs.
One issue I have come across repeatedly is that if I want to use several Jquery plug-ins on the same page they often don't work because they use different versions of Jquery or because they conflict.
If I use for example a slider, a Carousel, a Light Box etc all on the same page and they all need versions of Jquery what's the best practice to achieve that?
Can I "stack" different versions? (I found "Jquery no conflict") googling. Or can I call Jquery from an online location which does this for me? (is tis what the Google CDN thingy is about?)
What a good way of knowing whether a plug-in will continue to be functional when I upgrade Jquery to use another?
If you could explain in humanly understandable words that would be nice
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RF module operates in 868-MHz ISM band
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One RF Technology has introduced a low-cost, 868-MHz RF module dubbed TinyOne Lite that is optimized for low-power radio communication at a competitive cost and available with or without an integrated antenna.
High-power diode laser bars offer simplified integration
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PulseLife Horizontal Arrays are Coherent Inc.'s new series of diode laser packages that deliver high-power output while offering simplified water-cooling requirements.
CEO interview: Microchip's Steve Sanghi
News & Analysis
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In 1990, Steve Sanghi joined Microchip Technology Inc. when the firm was flat on its back and near liquidation.
Nu Horizons expands European presence
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Electronics distributor Nu Horizons opens a subsidiary in Munich. From here, the company plans to serve Germany and its eastern neighbor countries.
Linear launches quad-channel 2.25-MHz DC/DC converter
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Linear Technology has developed a quad channel, high efficiency, 2.25-MHz, synchronous buck regulator that delivers up to 300mA, dual 200mA and 100mA continuous outputs from a 3mm x 3mm QFN package.
DC/DC converter is drop-in replacement for old, new designs
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Ericsson Power Modules' latest DC/DC converter platform, the PKY4716PI, uses the industry-standard full-brick format and footprint, making it a suitable drop-in replacement for applications in the telecom and industrial sectors.
IRCONA joins the Lattice LEADER design services program
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Lattice welcomes new partner IRCONA's electronic product development expertise to the Lattice LEADER design services program.
U.S. will not oppose IEEE patent disclosure policy
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The Justice Department said it will not oppose on antitrust grounds the IEEE's proposed policy for disclosing patents in standards deliberations.
1 W DC/DC converter suitable for small-design applications
Product News
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C&D Technologies extended their NMJ series of low-power DC/DC converters to include eight single-output models. The devices are UL60950 safety-standard approved, 1 W converters.
PMICs enable smaller design of DC/DC converters, LDOs
Product News
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Maxim Integrated Products introduced the MAX8667/MAX8668, a 4-channel power-management ICs (PMICs) in a 9 mm
TQFN package. These PMICs minimize total design size by integrating two step-down DC/DC converters and two low-input, low-dropout regulators (LDOs), as well as all feedback networks.
HD-AVC/DOCSIS platforms target high-definition PVR applications
Product News
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Conexant Systems announced the availability of two OpenCable-compliant cable set-top box (STB) reference designs for high-definition (HD) personal video recording (PVR) applications.
Compact MEMS flow sensors detect clogged filters, protect equipment
Product News
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Omron Electronic Components developed the D6F-W and D6F-V series of MEMS flow sensors, which have the ability to measure air velocity and volume. The D6F-W01A1 measures a flow range of 0 to 1 m/s and the D6F-W04A1 a range of 0 to 4 m/s. Both exhibit a ±5% full-scale repeatable accuracy, while the D6F-V measures a flow range of 0 to 3 m/s with a ±10% full-scale repeatable accuracy.
GUI console targets SNMP-capable midspans
Product News
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Phihong developed a GUI (graphical user interface) console for use with their simple network management protocol (SNMP)-capable midspans.
Micro fuel cells to hit mainstream in 2010
News & Analysis
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Despite a flurry of announcements and investments in micro fuel cells for portable devices, the technology is not expected to become a mainstream product until 2010 or so, according to an expert in the arena.
MSC to distribute Hitachi displays in France
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Seeking to expand its market share in Europe, Hitachi Display Products Group has added MSC to its distribution network in France.
Sager, APP pen distribution pact
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Sager Electronics announced it has been selected to distribute Anderson Power Products throughout North America.
Cradle rescued by funding, says analyst
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After nearly going under, Cradle Technologies Inc. has secured some funding to sustain its operations, according to an analyst.
Town hall to discuss nanotech standards
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The IEEE will hold a town hall meeting at the NSTI Nanotech Conference 2007 next month to discuss its completed Nanoelectronics Standards Roadmap (NESR).
MP3 chip market sees new landscape
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Despite the growth of MP3 player sales, the market for controller chips for these products is seeing intense price erosion as new competitors enter the fray, according to iSuppli Corp.
Epoxy preform remains flexible under thermal cycling
Product News
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Designed for under-the-hood automotive applications, Multi-Seals Inc. introduces the Uni-Form M5-82 linear epoxy preform that remains flexible under temperature changes.
IC Manage announces hardware/software design management platform
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GDP (Global Design Platform) from IC Manage facilitates scalable, collaborative, IC (FPGA, ASIC, SoC) and system-level electronic designs.
Tiny encoder delivers 318 LPI resolution
Product News
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Avago says its high resolution AEDR-8400-14x surface-mount optical encoders are the industry's smallest with dimensions of 3 x 3.28 x 1.26-mm.
ST selects Obducat nano-imprint litho for R&D
News & Analysis
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STMicroelectronics has placed an order for a nano-imprint lithography (NIL) R&D system from Obducat AB to be used in a post-silicon R&D unit for development purposes. Obducat has also produced stampers that are being used in this assessment project.
Electronic displays to revolutionize lighting
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An international three-year project, partly funded by the European Union, has been launched with the objective to mass-produce organic light emitting devices (OLEDs).
Hidden IP: booby trap or buried treasure?
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Standards bodies are reviewing their procedures for dealing with intellectual-property (IP) rights, many of them focusing on patent and licensing disclosure.
Qimonda's Loh banking on DRAM market comeback
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One year into his tenure as CEO of the world's third largest DRAM maker, Qimonda's Kin Wah Loh is out to prove that his company can be nimble and aggressive rather than a problematic memory division of its parent company, Infineon Technologies AG.
Israeli tech companies raised $406 million in 1Q
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During the first quarter of 2007, 121 Israeli high-tech companies raised $406 million from venture investors — both local and foreign.
Ixia moves test chassis to desktop
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Nomination du président du directoire de l'AII
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LAgence de lInnovation Industrielle a annoncé la nomination, par décret du Président de la République en date du 10 avril 2007, de Jacques Bongrand en tant que membre et président du directoire.
Under the Hood: Inside Microsoft's Xbox 360 Elite
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In the wake of its Sony Playstation 3 and Nintendo Wii video teardowns, Semiconductor Insights kept the cameras rolling as it took apart the new Xbox 360 Elite to see just how Microsoft plans to stay competitive in the hotly contested, three-way gaming platform market.
Carbon film resistors offer less than 3 watts for commercial apps
Product News
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IRC offers the CCF series of commercial-grade low-power carbon film resistors for consumer electronic devices.
Micro fuel cells to hit mainstream in 2010
Product News
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Despite a flurry of announcements and investments in micro fuel cells for portable devices, the technology is not expected to become a mainstream product until 2010 or so, according to an expert in the arena.
Atmel blames ex-CEO for option snafu
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Atmel Corp. announced that its board has completed its independent investigation regarding the company's past stock option grants and practices.
Analysts see positive chip indicators
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There was a lot of doom and gloom in the air about semiconductors until now. Analysts are slightly more bullish about the industry after relatively strong chip sales in March.
Qimonda's Loh banking on DRAM market comeback
News & Analysis
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Kin Wah Loh, CEO of Qimonda, is out to prove that his company can be nimble and aggressive rather than a problematic memory division cramping the style of its parent company, Infineon Technologies.
Interactive Intelligence Completes IP PBX
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Integration for Microsoft Exchange Server 2007 Unified Messaging aims to minimize the cost and complexity of custom unification.
K&S posts loss, sales drop
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Chip-equipment provider Kulicke & Soffa Industries Inc. (K&S) said net revenue from continuing operations for the second quarter was $142.7 million, compared to $152.3 million for the previous quarter and $160.3 million for the comparable year-ago quarter.
Promise, peril in going green
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Don't worry, this is not another commentary about climate change, although I do know that simulations can be very sensitive to assumptions in their underlying models and to errors in the input data. (As physics Nobel laureate Niels Bohr said, "Prediction is very difficult, especially if it's about the future.") My concern is about the R&D structure that will arise as society attempts to reduce the possibility of global warning through new and improved energy sources, greater efficiency and
Pushing for 'another record year'
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Despite a seasonal slowdown in the overall semiconductor industry, Microchip Technology Inc. last week smashed Wall Street's estimates for its fourth fiscal-2007 quarter and broke the $1 billion plateau in annual sales for the fiscal year.
CEO interview: Microchip's Steve Sanghi
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Steve Sanghi joined Microchip Technology Inc. as president and CEO in 1990--when the company was near liquidation--and engineered a remarkable turnaround. Today Microchip is the world's leading supplier of 8-bit microcontrollers, has branched out into 16-bit MCUs and analog, and surpassed the $1 billion sales mark in fiscal 2007, ended March 31. In an interview with EE Times' Mark LaPedus, Sanghi pulled no punches as he weighed in on the chip industry at large, the private-equity steamroller,
Hidden IP: booby trap or buried treasure?
News & Analysis
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If the process by which technology standards are forged and implemented isn't broken, it is surely straining under the weight of globalization, relentless technological change, patent-infringement and antitrust lawsuits as well as increasingly noisy standards battles among competing industry consortia.
IEEE's patent policy fails to quell EDA standards row
News & Analysis
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Hoping to head off intellectual-property disputes in standards efforts, the IEEE Standards Association (IEEE-SA) is clarifying and strengthening its patent protection policy. But the changes don't appear to resolve an EDA standards dispute that's based in part on IP protection concerns.
Designer's woes inspire FPGA verification tool
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There are far more FPGA design starts than ASIC design starts, but far fewer FPGA verification tools.
Line blurs between phones, PCs
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Mainstream notebook PCs and mobile phones are worlds apart when it comes to cost, size and design metrics. But trends revealed in recent teardowns on ultramobile PCs from Sony, Samsung and Tablet- Kiosk show the chasm is closing when UMPCs are compared with a recent ultrahigh-segment smart phone from HTC.
Networks: Ethernet card challenges Infiniband
News & Analysis
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NetEffect Inc. (Austin, Texas) claims that its dual-port 10-Gbit/second Ethernet card closes in on the throughput, latency and cost of Infiniband, currently the performance leader in data center networking. The NE020 card implements the iWarp standard, defined more than five years ago to create a high-performance version of Ethernet using the techniques baked into Infiniband.
Samsung uses direct metal links in DRAM stack
News & Analysis
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Samsung Electronics scored a win last week in what is shaping up to be an industrywide effort to accelerate the development of direct metal connections between chips. Samsung completed the task in an all-DRAM stacked package--the first of its kind, according to the company.
Cisco rolls deep-packet-inspection ASIC for Catalyst card
News & Analysis
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Cisco Systems Inc. is adding a deep-packet-inspection ASIC to its 65xx Catalyst switching line, challenging com- petitive single-function appliances for local-area networks.
Does the market know something analysts don't?
News & Analysis
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After a trip to China last month, I've begun drinking green tea as a follow-up to my morning cup of coffee. I like watching the tea leaves swirl around in the bottom of the cup.
A path around patent ambushes
News & Analysis
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The rules for licensing the patents essential for standards are hard to understand, even for experts. Participants in standards bodies, whether or not ANSI-accredited, have claimed that their duty to disclose essential intellectual-property rights (IPR) is unclear and that the obligation to license IP on "fair, reasonable and nondiscriminatory" (FR&ND) terms has no legal content.
Japan rolls Li-ion battery safety plan
News & Analysis
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Tales of burning notebook PCs that hit the news last summer raised serious concerns among consumers about the safety of lithium-ion batteries. Responding to those fears, Japan's battery and PC industries have jointly hammered out guidelines for the safe use of Li-ion batteries. The industries' task force has also presented its proposal to the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC).
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Most Recent Comments
rick merritt
Whatever happened to the Xeon Phi as an accelerator? Also, Microsoft's work with Bing on FPGAs sounds promising, but I wonder where BK gets his figure of 30% of data center chips...
rick merritt
Whatever happened to the Xeon Phi as an accelerator? Also, Microsoft's work with Bing on FPGAs sounds promising, but I wonder where BK gets his figure of 30% of data center chips...
Hi Adam, Thanks for the comment. The SVRF usage legal limitations might be an obstacle, but eventually the role of the EDA industry is to service the 50x bigger semiconductor...
rick merritt
I think the greatest challenge will be convincing data centers to change their software, especially if it means using arcane FPGA tools, something the Microsoft Bing folks lamasted...
Somehow I find using this in the wearable market a little unlikely. Was there any mention of how much power these systems consume? To my mind the sheer processing power needed...
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I don't understand why everyone's speculating. Brian said exactly what they intend to do with FPGAs and why this deal make sense to Intel: "Were talking about [merged chips with...
From this perspective, call it addition by subtraction! :)
It is not to hurt competitors as a main goal, but to increase your own foundry business. It takes many years to build the foundry business, to build FPGA for Altera, it took...
I've always thought that keeping cheese out of this forum had been a great mistake so I'm glad to see that this omission is remedied. I thank you, Mag Max...
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Authorities search for missing teen girl
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Southern New Mexico man remains missing after two years
It's now been more than 2 years since a La Mesa, New Mexico man vanished, and detectives need your …
Family of Centennial teacher returns to the scene of his death
Today JD Welch's family returned to the scene of his death, determined to find the cow that …
Centennial HS teacher killed in motorcycle crash
An evening motorcycle ride turned tragic for a Centennial High School teacher and his wife after …
Lane solid in 7-4 Chihuahuas victory
El Paso starting pitcher Jason Lane threw 8.2 innings in the Chihuahuas 7-4 win over the Omaha …
Former UTEP Linebacker on the CFB Hall of Fame Ballot
The ballot for the 2016 College Football Hall of Fame released Tuesday includes former UTEP Miner …
FIFA: What Sepp Blatter's resignation means
If you think big changes are coming to FIFA now that Sepp Blatter says he's stepping down, don't …
Yahoo wins rights to live-stream NFL game this October
Yahoo has scored the rights to the NFL's experimental live-stream of a football game this October. …
Djokovic ends Nadal's Paris reign
Novak Djokovic overcame the French Open's history maker and now the Serb is moving ever closer to …
Close calls highlight USBC bowling championships weekly glance
As the 2015 United States Bowling Congress Open Championships approaches its final month of …
First Tee of El Paso prepping for big summer
Summer is here. We have a huge summer planned for the kids. Our Summer session 1 begins June 13 …
Local athletes sign to college, including three to cheer at UTEP
At Hanks High School Monday, June 1, three cheerleaders signed to UTEP, Samantha Romero, Kyra …
Goodell to hear Brady appeal
Commissioner Roger Goodell informed the NFLPA its request to have Goodell removed from Tom Brady's …
College Football Hall of Fame ballot list announced
The ballot for the 2016 College Football Hall of Fame released Tuesday includes former Southern …
Suspect in Anthony, NM shooting found dead in El Paso
The suspect in a Tuesday afternoon shooting in Anthony, New Mexico was found dead of an apparent …
4 Doña Ana County employees, 3 others arrested in fraud scheme
It was a crazy scene inside the Doña Ana County Clerk's office Monday morning - with sheriff's …
Police identify man electrocuted while stealing copper at Asarco site
A man who died by electrocution at the old Asarco site Saturday morning has now been identified by …
District-wide lockdown in Canutillo lifted
Update (11:20am): District officials say the lockdown at all Canutillo campuses is lifted. The …
40 DWI related cases over Memorial Day Weekend
The El Paso Police Department initiated 40 Driving While Intoxicated (DWI) related cases over the …
EPPD responding to officer-involved shooting in NE El Paso
Update (5/22): El Paso Police have identified the man they say was shot and killed by police as …
Murder charges filed against NM inmate in connection to fellow inmate death
New Mexico State Police have charged an inmate at the Southern New Mexico Correctional Facility in …
Two LCPD officers fired after internal investigation
Two Las Cruces Officers involved in a brutal beating of a man inside a holding cell at the Las …
Men suspected of shooting guns near Union Plaza identified
El Paso Police have released the identities of the men suspected of firing guns outside Union Plaza…
Alleged credit card thief arrested
Melissa Quinteros, 25, was arrested in New Mexico and brought to El Paso Friday.
Two war heroes will be awarded the nation's highest military honor
'Hire our Heroes' job fair this Wednesday
Fort Bliss soldiers honored today
Developments made in Hazlewood Act
Soldiers began placing flags at Arlington National Cemetery
CSM Barreras' name added to Field of Honor Memorial
Free riding program offered for military members
Security level raised at Fort Bliss
Clint Black to perform at Freedom Crossing as part of summer concert series
Country's oldest living veteran is 109-years-old


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RC Bluetooth
50,000 - 100,000 downloadsAdd this app to your lists
+ By ASUSTeK COMPUTER INC.
Overclock: Allows you to overclock your computer on-the-fly using your Android Phone. This feature gives you all the tweaking options required for overclocking your computer.
Monitor: Provides you with real-time monitor system information, critical part's temperatures, voltages, frequencies, and fan speeds on your PC.
RC Remote: Allows you to Power On, Power Off, and Restart your system. You may also clear CMOS settings with this function.
RC Poster: Provides you with system POST status.
*Before tweaking your computer, you need to follow these steps:
1. Download and install RC Bluetooth on your Android Phone
2. Set up the Bluetooth connection between your computer and your Android Phone.
*Learn how to set up the connection, you need to:
Go to Support Site (http://support.asus.com) >> Search for Model & Manual >> Select Operating System >> Download RC-Bluetooth Quick Start Guide. (If using Maximus IV Extreme motherboard, please download ROG Exclusive Feature Guide.)
Tags: rc bluetooth, rcbluetoothv1.0.3.apk, asus mobilink, rcbluetooth quick start guide, rc bluetoothv1.0.3.apk, rc bluetooth quick start guide, bluetooth rc, rcbluetooth, rc bluetooth 1.0.11 crosshair 4 extreme, remot control bloutouthe apk.
1. Support Android API level 10 and 11.
2. Support network and system information for Windows 32/64bit Vista & 32/64bit 7.
*Before monitoring network and system information, you need
to follow these steps:
(1) ROG ThunderBolt card is completely seated on the PCIe
slot and the LAN Driver is correctly installed.
(2) Install PC Client software-ASUS Mobilink on your computer.
(64 stars)
(64 stars)
Can't get it to connect to my maximus v extreme. Got BT linked and RC connect button on. Still nothing.
(64 stars)
Won't work on the ASUS Rampage IV Black Edition
(64 stars)
Never been able to logon the main maschine. Even when the bluetooth connection is available and the machines are linked. Keep,staring to the connect message. Main software will not install because i have to use another installer wizzard
(64 stars)
Rc bluetooth
(64 stars)
Great help!
(64 stars)
Tried with the new motherboard doesn't work..


text:
- Table View
- List View
Brave New Worlds: Dystopian Storiesby Ursula K. Le Guin Kate Wilhelm Orson Scott Card Shirley Jackson Ray Bradbury Neil Gaiman Philip K. Dick Cory Doctorow Carrie Vaughn Kurt Vonnegut Jr. Paolo Bacigalupi
Brave New Worlds collects over 30 of the best tales of dystopian menace by some of today's visionary writers.
El cementerio de barcosby Paolo Bacigalupi
UN JOVEN HÉROE. UN MUNDO PELIGROSO. UNA GRAN AVENTURA.Cable de cobre. Planchas de hierro. Chatarra. A veces aceite o incluso un bidón de petróleo, un recurso de otra época. Estos son los tesoros que el joven Nailer rescata de los barcos varados en la playa.En la costa de lo que una vez fue el golfo de México, la gente sobrevive desguazando antiguos petroleros y buques mercantes, y malvendiendo a las grandes empresas. Nailer y sus compañeros, la «cuadrilla ligera», afrontan el trabajo más arriesgado: meterse en las entrañas de los barcos. Es una profesión dura en un mundo duro, en el que nadie cuida de nadie y gana quien es más rápido. Solo hay una manera de escapar: con un golpe de suerte.Y la suerte sonríe a Nailer el día que descubre un hermoso velero, uno de los clíperes con los que siempre ha soñado, encallado en las rocas. Con lo que saque del naufragio, podría abandonar la playa. Aunque dentro también hay una chica prisionera: si la mata, será rico; si la ayuda a regresar con los suyos... empezará la aventura.«Una aventura fascinante en un mundo devastado ... EL CEMENTERIO DE BARCOS es una de las mejores novelas que he leído en los últimos tiempos.» SCOTT WESTERFELD«A los lectores que saborearon ese mundo sombrío y duro de LOS JUEGOS DEL HAMBRE y están buscando una historia distinta, les encantará EL CEMENTERIO DE BARCOS. El futuro que imagina y los maravillosos personajes hacen de esta novela una lectura inolvidable.» SUITE101.COM«Un mundo extraordinariamente bien imaginado; unos personajes excelentes; un ritmo imparable; ni un segundo de aburrimiento.» SF SIGNAL«Una novela de aventuras con una historia trepidante, un ritmo exquisito y unos protagonistas llenos de vida.» THE ZONE
La chica mecánicaby Paolo Bacigalupi
Bienvenidos al siglo XXII.Anderson Lake es el hombre de confianza de AgriGen en Tailandia, un reino cerrado a los extranjeros para proteger sus preciadas reservas ecológicas. Su empleo como director de una fábrica es en realidad una tapadera. Anderson peina los puestos callejeros de Bangkok en busca del botín más preciado para sus amos: los alimentos que la humanidad creía extinguidos. Entonces encuentra a Emiko...Emiko es una «chica mecánica», el último eslabón de la ingeniería genética. Como los demás neoseres a cuya raza pertenece, fue diseñada para servir. Acusados por unos de carecer de alma, por otros de ser demonios encarnados, los neoseres son esclavos, soldados o, en el caso de Emiko, juguetes sexuales para satisfacer a los ricos en un futuro inquietantemente cercano... donde las personas nuevamente han de recordar qué las hace humanas.
The Doubt Factoryby Paolo Bacigalupi
In this page-turning contemporary thriller, National Book Award Finalist and New York Times bestselling author Paolo Bacigalupi explores the timely issue of how public information is distorted for monetary gain, and how those who exploit it must be stopped.Everything Alix knows about her life is a lie. At least that's what a mysterious young man who's stalking her keeps saying. But then she begins investigating the disturbing claims he makes against her father. Could her dad really be at the helm of a firm that distorts the truth and covers up wrongdoing by hugely profitable corporations that have allowed innocent victims to die? Is it possible that her father is the bad guy, and that the undeniably alluring criminal who calls himself Moses--and his radical band of teen activists--is right? Alix has to make a choice, and time is running out, but can she truly risk everything and blow the whistle on the man who loves her and raised her?
The Drowned Citiesby Paolo Bacigalupi
Soldier boys emerged from the darkness. Guns gleamed dully. Bullet bandoliers and scars draped their bare chests. Ugly brands scored their faces. She knew why these soldier boys had come. She knew what they sought, and she knew, too, that if they found it, her best friend would surely die.In a dark future America where violence, terror, and grief touch everyone, young refugees Mahlia and Mouse have managed to leave behind the war-torn lands of the Drowned Cities by escaping into the jungle outskirts. But when they discover a wounded half-man--a bioengineered war beast named Tool--who is being hunted by a vengeful band of soldiers, their fragile existence quickly collapses. One is taken prisoner by merciless soldier boys, and the other is faced with an impossible decision: Risk everything to save a friend, or flee to a place where freedom might finally be possible.This thrilling companion to Paolo Bacigalupi's highly acclaimed Ship Breaker is a haunting and powerful story of loyalty, survival, and heart-pounding adventure.
I'm With the Bearsby Margaret Atwood Bill Mckibben Lydia Millet Paolo Bacigalupi Mark Martin
The size and severity of the global climate crisis is such that even the most committed environmentalists are liable to live in a state of denial. The award-winning writers collected here have made it their task to shake off this nagging disbelief, bringing the incomprehensible within our grasp and shaping an emotional response to the deterioration of our global habitat. From T. C. Boyle's account of early eco-activists, to Nathaniel Rich's vision of a near future where oil sells for $800 a barrel--these ten provocative, occasionally chilling, sometimes satirical stories bring a human reality to disasters of inhuman proportions.Royalties from I'm With the Bears will go to 350.org, an international grassroots movement working to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
Pump Six and Other Storiesby Paolo Bacigalupi
Paolo Bacigalupi's debut collection demonstrates the power and reach of the science fiction short story. Social criticism, political parable, and environmental advocacy lie at the center of Paolo's work. Each of the stories herein is at once a warning, and a celebration of the tragic comedy of the human experience.The eleven stories in Pump Six represent the best Paolo's work, including the Hugo nominee "Yellow Card Man," the nebula and Hugo nominated story "The People of Sand and Slag," and the Sturgeon Award-winning story "The Calorie Man."
Ship Breakerby Paolo Bacigalupi
In America's Gulf Coast region, where grounded oil tankers are being broken down for parts, Nailer, a teenage boy, works the light crew, scavenging for copper wiring just to make quota--and hopefully live to see another day. But when, by luck or chance, he discovers an exquisite clipper ship beached during a recent hurricane, Nailer faces the most important decision of his life: Strip the ship for all it's worth or rescue its lone survivor, a beautiful and wealthy girl who could lead him to a better life. . . .In this powerful novel, award-winning author Paolo Bacigalupi delivers a thrilling, fast-paced adventure set in a vivid and raw, uncertain future.
The Windup Girlby Paolo Bacigalupi
What Happens when bio-terrorism becomes a tool for corporate profits? And what happens when said bio-terrorism forces humanity to the cusp of post-human evolution? In The Windup Girl, award-winning author Paolo Bacigalupi returns to the world of "The Calorie Man" (Theodore Sturgeon Memorial Award-winner, Hugo Award nominee, 2006) and "Yellow Card Man" (Hugo Award nominee, 2007) in order to address these questions.
The Windup Girlby Paolo Bacigalupi
Recipient of the Sturgeon Award, Paolo Bacigalupi's writing has appeared in The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction, Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine, and the environmental journal High Country News. His non-fiction essays have appeared in Salon.com and High Country News, and have been syndicated into numerous western newspapers.
Zombie Baseball Beatdownby Paolo Bacigalupi
In this inventive, fast-paced novel, New York Times bestselling and Printz Award-winning author Paolo Bacigalupi takes on hard-hitting themes--from food safety to racism and immigration--and creates a zany, grand-slam adventure that will get kids thinking about where their food comes from. The zombie apocalypse begins on the day Rabi, Miguel, and Joe are practicing baseball near their town's local meatpacking plant and nearly get knocked out by a really big stink. Little do they know the plant's toxic cattle feed is turning cows into flesh-craving monsters! The boys decide to launch a stealth investigation into the plant's dangerous practices, unknowingly discovering a greedy corporation's plot to look the other way as tainted meat is sold to thousands all over the country. With no grownups left they can trust, Rabi and his friends will have to grab their bats to protect themselves (and a few of their enemies) if they want to stay alive...and maybe even save the world.
Select your format based upon: 1) how you want to read your book, and 2) compatibility with your reading tool. To learn more about using Bookshare with your device, visit the "Using Bookshare" page in the Help Center.
Here is an overview of the specialized formats that Bookshare offers its members with links that go to the Help Center for more information.
- Bookshare Web Reader - a customized reading tool for Bookshare members offering all the features of DAISY with a single click of the "Read Now" link.
- DAISY (Digital Accessible Information System) - a digital book file format. DAISY books from Bookshare are DAISY 3.0 text files that work with just about every type of access technology that reads text. Books that contain images will have the download option of 'DAISY Text with Images'.
- BRF (Braille Refreshable Format) - digital Braille for use with refreshable Braille devices and Braille embossers.
- MP3 (Mpeg audio layer 3) - Provides audio only with no text. These books are created with a text-to-speech engine and spoken by Kendra, a high quality synthetic voice from Ivona. Any device that supports MP3 playback is compatible.
- DAISY Audio - Similar to the Daisy 3.0 option above; however, this option uses MP3 files created with our text-to-speech engine that utilizes Ivona's Kendra voice. This format will work with Daisy Audio compatible players such as Victor Reader Stream and Read2Go.


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LifeBridge Health offers a variety of wellness education classes, lectures and screenings every week. These community events range from breastfeeding support groups to stress reduction and relaxation classes. They are all part of LifeBridge Health's commitment to making sure that the local community is leading a healthy lifestyle.
So, what are the upcoming events for the month of January? (Click on the links to learn more and register).
1/2/13 - Caregiver Education and Support Group - Monthly support group for those caring for adult family members. Discussion includes stress management, emotions, taking care of yourself, communication and community resources. Pre-registration is required. Held on the first Wednesday of each month.
1/7/13 - Breastfeeding Support Group – Mommy and Me: New Beginnings - Mondays at 10 a.m. Offered by the lactation team at Sinai Hospital. Learn from other moms who are experiencing the same things you are and share your own success stories. For more information or to sign up, call the Lactation Resource Center at 410-601-5193 or the Nursery at 410-601-5195.
1/7/13 - Sinai Bariatrics Information Session - Interested in losing weight? Join us for a free information seminar to learn if bariatric surgery is right for you. Hosted by Christina Li, MD, FACS, Division Head of Minimally Invasive Surgery at Sinai Hospital and Advanced Laparoscopic and Bariatric Surgeon or by Cynthia Long, MD, FACS, Advanced Laparoscopic and Bariatric Surgeon. These sessions are for new patients in the Baltimore area.
1/8/13 - Up in Smoke – FREE Stop Smoking Program – Northwest Hospital - Six-week quit smoking program funded by a grant from the Baltimore County Health Department will be held on January 8, 15, 22, 29, February 5, 12 (snow date is February 19). Class includes nicotine replacement (gum, patches, lozenges), behavioral modification, and support. Pre-registration is required. Space is limited.
1/9/13 - Heart Health & Lifestyle Screening – Randallstown - For men & women ages 18-70, includes blood pressure, cholesterol/triglycerides, comprehensive metabolic panel blood profile, body composition analysis, personal lifestyle questionnaire, and brief health education counseling with a registered nurse. $20 fee. Appointment required.
1/12/13 - ThyCa – Thyroid Cancer Support Group - Second Saturday of each month – Pre-registration is required.
1/13/13 - Prepared Childbirth – Sunday Class - Usually held on the second Sunday of the month; includes continental breakfast and lunch. Detailed information is provided regarding the phases of labor and the birth process. Taught by a certified childbirth instructor. Take this class in your seventh month. Bring 2 pillows to class. Pre-registration is required.
1/17/13 - Breast Friends (Young Survivors) Support Group - Usually held on the 3rd Thursday of the month. Support, education, and advocacy for women age 40 and younger who are breast cancer survivors. Call for more information. Pre-registration required.
1/24/13 - Northwest Bariatric Information Session - Interested in losing weight? Join us for a free information seminar to learn if bariatric surgery is right for you. Hosted by Kuldeep Singh MD., Division Head of Bariatric Surgery at Northwest Hospital.
1/29/13 - A Heart to Heart about "How to Prevent Hardening of the Arteries" - There are many effective ways to treat heart disease once you have it. However, everyone's main goal is to avoid getting it all together or delay complications from it. That's where Warren Israel, M.D. can help. Join him for his free talk, "How to Prevent Hardening of the Arteries." Dr. Israel will explain what atherosclerosis is, how to modify the situation and what the risk factors are for developing it.
1/29/13 - Sinai Bariatrics Information Session – Elkridge - Interested in losing weight? Join us for a free information seminar to learn if bariatric surgery (weight-loss surgery) is right for you. Hosted by Christin Li, MD, FACS , Division Head of Minimally Invasive Surgery at Sinai Hospital and Advanced Laparscopic and Bariatric Surgeon, these sessions are for new patients in the Elkridge area.
Click the image to view the entire list of LifeBridge Health community events:


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About Bettina
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2011) Bettina Gender Female Other names Related names Elizabeth, Tina, Beth Look up Bettina in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Bettina is a female name of Hebrew and Latin origins predominantly found in the Italian and German languages. Pronounced depending on how it's spelled, this name has various interpreted meanings. Bettina can be found in the Italian language originating from the name Benedetta. Benedetta is the feminine form of Benedict which means blessed. (M-Benedetto/L-Benedictus/E-Benedict). The German version of Bettina comes from the Hebrew name Elizabeth. In its older form Elizabeth was known as Elisheba and Elisheva. Many sources will claim that Bettina has origins in various cultures such as Greece, The Netherlands, Russia, etc. However this is not the case. This is generally due to the false attribution to Elizabeth. The name Elizabeth permeates nearly every western language. The fact that one can find the name Elizabeth in most European cultures leads some sources to mistakenly attribute the etymology of Bettina (its diminutive) to those cultures. The name Elizabeth can be found in a culture, ergo Bettina must come from that culture as well. This is just not the case. And this is the same reason Bettina is often mistakenly attributed to Elizabeth in the Italian culture instead of from where it is really derived: Benedetta. Bettina is also an Indonesian word meaning; a female animal Because it has two distinct origins, the name Bettina also has two distinct meanings that can be ascribed to it. The Italian version of Bettina basically means "Blessed". However the German meaning is not as simple. Due to its relatively ancient roots, the translation of the name has brought forth changes in its meaning. Some of the German interpretations are: God is my oath, consecrated to God, dedicated to God, oath to God, sacrificed to God, God's promise, etc. All very similar and all just slightly different. There are 6 variants for the name Bettina: Battina, Betiana, Betina, Bettine, Ina and Tina. However, the common nicknames for Elizabeth and Benedetta such as Betty, Bette and Beth are also used for Bettina. People with the name Bettina: It is the stage name used by Bettina Bush, a voice actor and singer who was the original voice of Rainbow Brite. It also was the professional name of Simone Micheline Graziani, one of the most famous fashion models of the 1950s and an early muse of designer Hubert de Givenchy - Simone was given the name "Bettina" by designer Pierre Balmain. Bettina d'Andrea (b. unknown, d. 1335), Italian lawyer and professor, Bettina Sabatini (b. 1966), Italian marathon runner, Bettina Jacquard (b 1996) canada Bettina Werner (b 1965) artist, Places: There was also a very short-lived town named Bettina, Texas, named after Bettina von Arnim, across the Llano River from Castell, Texas. ^ Lich, Glen E. "Bettina, Texas". The Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 2008-10-19.
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Ron Csillag RSS
is JTA's correspondent in Toronto. He was a reporter for the Canadian Jewish News for 20 years. He is currently a freelance writer for the Globe and Mail, Toronto Star, and Religion News Service in Washington. He has a journalism degree from Concordia University in Montreal and has been awarded both a Lilly and Gralla fellowship in religious journalism.
Canada mounted intensive campaign against U.N. Palestinian statehood voteApril 10, 2012 4:29pm
Canada mounted an intensive lobbying campaign last year to persuade other countries to oppose a United Nations vote on Palestinian statehood, a Canadian newspaper reported.
Montreal city bans parades over tension with Chasidic communityApril 8, 2012 12:13pm
City officials in a Montreal borough have banned all street parades and processions in response to escalating tensions with the Chasidic community.
Canada orders extradition of suspect in 1980 Paris shul bombingApril 6, 2012 4:35pm
An Ottawa professor has been ordered extradited to France, where he faces charges related to the 1980 bombing of a synagogue in Paris that killed four people.
Jewish group rips Canadian party's questioning of ritual slaughterMarch 19, 2012 10:50am
Canada's Centre for Israel and Jewish Affairs is accusing a Quebec legislator of raising "a false issue" when he questioned ritual slaughter practices in the province.
Canadian political parties rail against ritual slaughterMarch 15, 2012 4:48pm
Two political parties in Quebec are speaking out about the ritual slaughter of animals, but a Jewish advocacy group is confident that kashrut is not being targeted.
Volunteer Jewish security team to launch in CanadaMarch 13, 2012 3:03pm
Canada's Centre for Israel and Jewish Affairs is forming a volunteer network to provide security at Canadian synagogues and Jewish community facilities.
Canadian ombudsman declares journalist's Israel reporting biasedFebruary 19, 2012 1:35pm
A Canadian journalist's reports from Israel have been declared biased and inaccurate by her own news outlet's standards watchdog.
Reform leader Rabbi Gunther Plaut diesFebruary 9, 2012 9:23pm
Rabbi Gunther Plaut, a major figure in Reform Judaism, died in Toronto.
Orthodox rabbi proclaims new Boteach book 'forbidden'February 2, 2012 3:10pm
A prominent Orthodox rabbi in Toronto has condemned the latest book by celebrity rabbi Shmuley Boteach and pronounced it is "forbidden" for anyone to buy or read it.
Jewish group pickets Quebec mayor for anti-Israel remarksJanuary 29, 2012 1:15pm
A Jewish group is demanding the resignation of a Quebec mayor who said Israel should not exist.


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My interpretation of a peacock on cake.
This cake is a two tier wedding cake.This cake was made for a bride who loves peacocks.I have given an artistic bend to the peacock on the cake.The cake can be of any flavour as per the clients.The cake is iced with fondant and the peacock is made with sugarpaste.
Tags: wedding cake