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A process and apparatus for selectively removing a plastic layer laminated to a metal substrate. A high intensity laser beam is precisely directed to open areas of a thin metallic mask overlying the plastic layer. During removal of the plastic layer from the metal substrate, the system also removes the adhesive resin which attaches the layers. A movable table transfers the sample to be skived across the laser beam and the beam is caused to sweep the sample in a rotating pattern by means of a rotating wobble-plate mirror system. The plastic layer and the adhesive resin which attaches it to the metal substrate are removed by a sequential combination of vaporization and explosion processes.
1. A method of removing selected portions of a plastic cover layer which is attached to a metallic substrate by means of an adhesive material, without vaporizing the metallic substrate, comprising the steps of:
(a) masking said plastic cover layer such that only said selected portions are exposed;
(b) exposing said selected portions to a rotating beam of high intensity light energy;
(c) controlling said beam in intensity, duration, and point of application such that said selected portions and said adhesive material absorb more infrared light energy than is absorbed by said metallic substrate and said metallic substrate is not vaporized;
(d) causing the concurrent vaporization of said selected portions and said adhesive material to produce a volume of gas under pressure between said selected portions of said cover layer and said metallic substrate such that any of said selected portions not removed by vaporization of said plastic cover layer are removed from said metallic substrate by explosion of said volume of gas produced by vaporization of said adhesive material.
2. A system for skiving a plastic cover layer off of a workpiece having a metallic substrate, without destruction of the substrate, including, in combination; laser means for producing a beam of high intensity light energy, reflection means for accepting said beam from said laser means and transmitting said beam to a plurality of specific points of application on said workpiece for precisely skiving selected portions of said plastic cover layer, said reflection means including first mirror means for transmitting said beam to said workpiece in a moving pattern, rotation and wobble means for causing said first mirror means to rotate and to concurrently wobble within a plurality of different planes of rotation, table means for supporting said workpiece and for selectively linearly moving said workpiece during said skiving of said selected portions, control means for controlling said movement of said table means and said movement of said first mirror means, the combined effects of movements of said table means and said first mirror means producing a beam sweep trace of said plurality of specific points characterized by a plurality of overlapping circles on said selected portions of said plastic cover layer, said beam sweep trace exposing said plurality of specific points in a selectively duration controlled transitory manner.
3. The invention of claim 2 wherein said first mirror means include a flat surfaced disc-shaped mirror at least partially mounted upon shaft means, said shaft means being connected to motor means for drivingly rotating said disc-shaped mirror.
4. The invention of claim 2 further including mask means having at least one specifically defined opening therein for permitting the passage of light energy therethrough and having at least one specifically defined closed portion for blocking the passage of light energy, said mask means being adapted for attachment to said workpiece in proximate contact with said plastic cover layer for permitting said beam to skive only said selected portions of said plastic cover layer.
5. The invention of claim 2 wherein said reflection means include second mirror means for transmitting said beam from said laser means to said first mirror means.
6. The invention of claim 5 wherein said second mirror means include a relatively fixed parabolic mirror.
7. The invention of claim 2 wherein said table means include means for selectively linearly moving said workpiece in a plurality of directions during said skiving of said selected portions, fastening means for firmly removably attaching said workpiece to said table means.
8. The invention of claim 2 wherein said reflector means of said system further function to transmit said beam to said plurality of specific points in controlled duration and further means function to control the intensity of said laser means so that said selected portions of said plastic cover layer absorb more of the infrared portions of said beam than are absorbed by said metallic substrate and said portions of said plastic cover layer are skived by means of a combination of vaporization of the plastic cover layer and explosion processes.
This invention relates to an apparatus and a process for removing a laminated layer of non-metallic material from a metallic substrate with precision of depth and lateral dimension and without damage to the metallic substrate.
A fast and economic approach to the problem of stripping or skiving non-metallic layers from metallic substrates for various purposes has been long sought. For example, laminated flexible circuits consisting of the polyimide, known by the trademark Kapton, over FEP (fluorinated ethylene-propylene) Teflon adhesive over a copper substrate are widely utilized in electrical components by the electronics industries. A given circuit design may be produced from a blank laminated sample through the selective removal of portions of the non-metallic layers to expose bare copper. The precision required depends upon the particular application for the circuit and its electrical tolerances.
In the past, such selective removal of plastic laminate layers over metal substrates were produced in mechanical skiving operations. Such operations include a scribe or other cutting tool to physically penetrate the non-metallic layers and expose given amounts of the metallic substrate. Unfortunately, mechanical skiving has not been satisfactory where high precision and quality control are required. Unless extraordinary care is taken in a mechanical system, some portion of the metallic substrate can be is either scored or removed entirely along with the plastic cover layers. Such results are often variable and can lead to weakening or failure of the resultant circuit.
In addition to the difficulty in controlling the depth of cut in a mechanical skiving operation, the area, or lateral width of the cut, has also been a vexing problem. It has been extremely difficult to achieve a clean sharp edge in the plastic laminate at the cut boundary.
Starting with the premise that a metal substrate, such as copper, is more energy reflective in the infrared light region than a plastic laminate coating, a system has now been devised for virtually elminating the problems of precision depth and width skiving through the utilization of nonmechanical means for producing the skiving action.
The present invention utilizes a high intensity continuous wave CO2 laser having a masked mirror-focused beam which is caused to nutate and expose selected areas of a masked sample mounted upon a translatable bed. The sample is exposed, for precisely calculated time intervals, to a linearly circularly sweeping high intensity beam which removes a non-metallic laminate over-layer through a combination of vaporization and explosion processes.
Numerous attempts have been made in the past for utilizing laser systems in drilling and cutting operations. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,832,948 to Barker discloses the utilization of a laser beam for selectively removing portions of a top layer from a laminated substrate. It should be noted, however, that the patented system is adopted for removing a thin metallic film over a plastic substrate and it relies upon the ability of the thin metal film to absorb visible or near visible laser light to create heat which breaks down the metallic structure. Barker discloses the use of a very lower power laser with which the problem of controlling lateral spread in the hole or cut produced is virtually non-existant. Also, in the Barker system one must alter the laser to utilize wave lengths in the infrared zone, which are absorbed by plastics, when removal of the plastic substrate is desired.
In contradistinction to the Barker system, the present invention comprises a one-step process for removing a plastic film over a metallic substrate with virtually no removal of the metallic substrate. Utilizing a high intensity laser, it operates through the absorption of infrared light by the plastic and through reflection of such light by the metal substrate to provide a combination vaporization and explosion removal of the plastic material in a precisely controlled area. The specialized purpose of this invention is to free selective metallic regions which are encapsulated in plastic for the purpose of making clean electrical connections without affecting surrounding plastic or metal.
An example of a prior art hole "punching" system, using a laser, is taught by U.S. Pat. No. 3,742,182 to Saunders. The Saunders device is capable of scanning across open areas of a mask to affect underlying surface material. Saunders discusses a method for scanning a laser beam in a circular path, but the disclosed technique is apparently adapted for boring or punching a hole through a thin piece of nonmetallic material. In Saunders, a binder material in a ceramic particulate base is vaporized and physically blown away from a hole by means of a jet of compressed air. The patentee states that his concern is producing holes in "sheets of non-homogenous material having finely divided particles held together by a binder".
Saunder's type systems would not be useful in the context of the present invention wherein the punching of holes through a non-homogenous material is not involved. A very precise system must be utilized when it is intended to remove select portions of a homogenous plastic coating over a metal substrate with no injury to the substrate and without external mechanical devices, such as pumps, to remove materials affected by the laser beam.
Unlike in the prior art system, the present invention utilizes a mask to assist in controlling the size, location, and shape of material being removed from a given area. Through the circular scanning of a laser beam within the confines of a given mask opening, the precise time and area of exposure of the beam to the plastic may be controlled. If one were to look microscopically at an area to be skived, the time of exposure of any given particle of plastic to the laser beam would be seen to be the same as that of any other particle. This is impossible with prior art systems.
In the present invention, a high powered laser, having a beam intense enough to vaporize and explode materials to be removed, is used. Only the vertical components of a nutating laser beam are used, with an exposure time interval brief enough that material which is not to be removed is "unaware" that the process is taking place.
Other prior art patents which are directed to certain per se aspects of the present invention are U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,965,327 and 3,786,224 to Ehlscheid et al. and Heywang et al., respectively.
The instant skiving system comprises a high intensity laser source which directs a beam to a fixed off-axis parabolic mirror which in turn directs the beam to a skew mounted rotating flat mirror which produces and precisely directs a nutating beam of energy through open areas of a mask onto a determined portion of plastic material over a metal substrate. Exposure of the plastic material and an adhesive resin material which binds the plastic to the metal substrate causes tremendous instantaneous absorption of heat energy by both the resin and the plastic. The resin material absorbs more infrared light than the plastic layer and gives off gases as it vaporizes which gases are entrapped between the metal substrate and the plastic layer. At a precise time, when the plastic layer has absorbed enough heat to substantially vaporize and when the entrapped gases from the binder layer have built in pressure, they "explode" through the weakened plastic layer, thus cleaning all plastic from the area precisely demarked by the mask.
The primary object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus and process for quickly, efficiently, and economically removing precisely demarked areas of a plastic layer over a metal substrate.
Another object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus having means for automatically and controllably nutating a beam of laser light for the precision direction of such beam upon a plastic layer.
A further object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus having means for automatically linearly moving a sample to be skived in relation to a nutating laser beam for precise control of skiving area and depth.
Other objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following drawings and description.
The accompanying drawings show, by way of illustration, the preferred embodiments of the present invention and the principles thereof. It should be recognized that other embodiments of the invention, applying the same or equivalent principles, may be used and that structural changes may be made as desired by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the invention.
FIG. 1 is a sectional view of a plastic over metal substrate flexible circuit sample, the skiving of which is the subject of this invention;
FIG. 2 is a plan view of the circuit component of FIG. 1 showing a typical circuit pattern which results from the removal of the plastic layer from the copper substrate;
FIG. 3 is a sectional view of a circuit component, the plastic of which has been skived by a prior art method;
FIG. 4 is a schematic plan view of the present laser skiving system showing the major components thereof;
FIG. 4a is a view showing an alternate mirror mounting arrangement;
FIG. 5 is a greatly enlarged sectional view of the sample to be skived, similar to that of FIG. 1, but showing an open mask area and showing the effects of light energy absorption by the layers of material;
FIG. 6 is a greatly enlarged sectional view of a material sample shown at the moment of resin explosion and removal of the plastic layer; and
FIG. 7 is an enlarged partial plan view similar to FIG. 2, and showing the path taken by the skiving beam as it moves across the sample.
With reference to FIG. 1 in the drawings, the purpose of and the materials upon which the present invention is intended to act may be appreciated. FIG. 1 illustrates a typical flexible electric circuit component comprised of a plurality of layers of disparate materials. A plastic cover layer 1, such as Kapton, is bonded to a copper circuit layer or substrate 2 by means of an adhesive resin material 3, such as FEP Teflon. The copper layer is similarly protected on its reverse side by plastic and bonding layers 4 and 5 respectively. The present system is designed to remove layers 1 and 3 from certain select areas to expose portions of the copper substrate 2 to provide a predictable circuit pattern, such as shown in FIG. 2. FIG. 1 also shows a portion of a metallic mask layer 6, fabricated of aluminum, steel or like material, having an open area 7 corresponding in dimension to the areas of plastic to be removed.
FIG. 2 shows a plan view of an electric circuit component from which the layers 1 and 3 have been removed exposing the copper substrate 2 in precise circuit paths.
FIG. 3 shows an enlarged cross-section view of layered component, similar to that shown in FIG. 1, from which the Kapton and Teflon layers have been removed from the copper substrate by prior art methods. It may be noted that the copper substrate surface is irregular and depressed, indicating that some destruction of the copper substrate has occurred. It may also be noted that the lateral edges of the cut area are not regular. On the lefthand side 9 of the skive area some plastic remains and extends, cantilever fashion, beyond the confines of the copper and Teflon areas therebeneath. In early experiments with the present invention using fixed beam systems, laser "spray" or lateral dispersement of heat energy and vaporization of materials caused such a result. On the right-hand side of the figure, at 10, it may be noted that the cut is not a precise vertical line but is rather a gradual slope from the top surface of the plastic layer down to the copper substrate. Such a result, possibly caused by a non-vertical beam angle, would be totally unacceptable in a precision circuit requiring exacting tolerances.
With respect to FIG. 4, the major components of the present apparatus which produces precise plastic skiving, such as that shown in FIGS. 2 and 6, may be appreciated. At 20, is schematically shown a high intensity continuous wave CO2 gas transport laser source capable of laser intensities on the order of 7.73�104 W/cm.2. The beam, the width of which is demarcated by the arrows shown, is emitted from the laser source to a reflective device such as a fixed parabolic mirror of glass or other suitable material 21. At 23, a flat mirror surface comprised of polished aluminum is provided. The mirror is fixed upon an axle 24 of an electric motor capable of a range of speeds from 0 to 2,000 r.p.m. The mirror 23 is fixed obliquely to the shaft or axle 24 so that, upon rotation of the shaft, the mirror wobbles or rotates in a plurality of planes. With momentary reference to FIG. 4a, an alternate system for producing "wobble" in the mirror 23 may be seen. In the alternate arrangement, two shafts 24', which may be equipped with camming surfaces between the mirror 23 and the electric motor, are provided in addition to the central shaft 24.
The precise details of the laser source, the motor, and the wobble-plate mirror, are not, in themselves, subjects of the present invention and other types of such components could be used provided that the operative characteristics, in combination, are as set forth. However, one laser found to be particularly useful is a SYLVANIA Model 971, CO2 Gas Transport Laser. It operates at a wavelength of 10.6 microns in one mode, with a maximum power output of 1000 watts. The gas is premixed; 78.92% helium, 17.1% nitrogen, and 3.98% carbon dioxide. The optical cavity in the Gas Transport Laser has a total length of approximately 9 meters between the end mirrors. Folding mirrors at each end force seven passes through the discharge region. The beam diameter is specified to be 13 millimeters with a beam jitter of less than 0.6 milliradian. The power supply for the system is direct current with 0 to 1750 volt capacity. Its maximum capability is 3.5 kilowatts--approximately one and a half times that required to drive the laser at the rated power. Power output stability is �5%.
At 27, is shown a table or jig for holding the sample 28 to be skived. Suitable clamping means 31 are provided for holding the sample 28 and a mask 6 in place during the skiving operation. The table 27 is linearly movable in the direction of the arrows at rates in the range of 0.00-0.75 c.m./sec. Any suitable linkage and drive means may be utilized for control of linear movement of the table. As may be readily appreciated from FIG. 4, the components of the laser beam "a" and "b" are directed by the parabolic mirror into converging patterns onto the rotating mirror 23 from which they continue to converge to a focused point "c" at the surface to be skived. At "c'" may be seen a displaced focal point which results from incidence of the beam components "a" and "b" upon the mirror 23 as it rotates from the plane 23' to the plane 23" due to its oblique connection to the shaft 24. Thus, a beam is created which nutates from the surface of the mirror 23 to a circle having a diameter C--C'.
With reference to FIG. 7, which shows a partial elevation of the clamped work piece of FIG. 4, phantom lines demarcate the overlapping circular sweep pattern of the laser beam focal points "c", "c'" upon the surface of the plastic layer 1. The incidence of the converging beam components on the rotating mirror 23 causes a conical beam projection from the mirror to the work surface 1.
Linear movement, occasioned by movement of the table 27 in the directions shown, is from the point X to the point Y. Such linear movement of the work piece, concurrently with the nutating beam pattern, produces the trace shown in phantom which comprises a series of overlapping circles. It is this overlapping circular pattern and the linear movement of the sample which provides a minimization of exposure time to the high intensity laser beam and which produces the precise cutting depth and edge clarity achievable only with the present invention.
The present invention contemplates, of course, that the sweep area, and the speeds of both the rotating mirror and the moving table are all adjustable depending upon the particular requirements of a given sample. It is apparent that skiving depth and speed may be selectably varied through the judicious control of one or more of such parameters.
The actual physical processes through which the instant invention operates may be readily appreciated with concurrent reference to FIGS. 5 and 6. FIGS. 5 and 6 show a greatly enlarged sectional view of a small portion of the sample shown in FIG. 4.
In FIG. 5, beam exposure has just begun. It may be noted, that the resin layer 3 has already absorbed more heat energy than the Kapton layer 1. This results in a vaporization of the resin layer and the production of gas in the area 35 and light pressure between the plastic layer and the copper substrate 2. It may also be noted that some of the upper surface of the Kapton layer has begun to evaporate, reducing its thickness appreciably.
With reference to FIG. 6, one may note that, when substantial vaporization and thickness reduction of the plastic layer has reduced its strength sufficiently, the gas produced by the resin vaporization at 35 literally "explodes" through the open area of the mask 6 carrying with it any particulate from the resin and plastic layers which has not vaporized and leaving the surface of the copper substrate clean and undisturbed by exposure from the laser beam. It may also be noted that the edges of the plastic and resin layers are precisely coterminous with the edges of the open mask area. This result may be compared with the results obtainable through prior art skiving methods, such as that shown in FIG. 3.
In a typical installation, good results may be obtained by skiving the Kapton and FEP layers from a copper substrate using the following parameters. Utilizing a continuous wave CO2 gas transport laser having a laser intensity of 7.73�104 w/cm2, the table 27 could be moved at the rate of 0.50 cm/sec. and the nutating beam diameter produced by the mirror 23 would be 19 mm. It is critically important that the mask thickness be kept to an absolute minimum. The best edge quality is obtainable with a mask 6 having a thickness of no more than 1 mm. The rotational speed of the mirror 23 can be held at 2,000 r.p.m. With these parameters, no charring or burning will occur and extremely clean edges and copper substrate surfaces will be obtained.
Thus, the preferred embodiments of the invention have been illustrated and described. It must be clearly understood that the preferred embodiments are capable of variation and modification and are not limited to the precise details set forth. For instance, it is apparent that the apparatus and procedure for using same is not limited to Kapton over FEP over copper laminates. Any plastic over metal substrate can be treated. For example, the apparatus has been successfully utilized for removing Kapton over aluminum, in solar cells encapsulated in plastic, and in plastic over silver substrates with no damage to the silver areas. Polyester over copper has also been successfully treated. This invention includes all such variations and modifications as fall within the scope of the appended claims.
Patent Citations
Non-Patent Citations
Referenced by
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Originally written on The Victory Formation | Last updated 11/14/14
SEATTLE - SEPTEMBER 13: Justin Forsett #20 of the Seattle Seahawks runs against the St. Louis Rams at Qwest Field on September 13, 2009 in Seattle, Washington. (Photo by Jonathan Ferrey/Getty Images)
Justin Forsett recorded the longest run in Houston Texans history in their Thanksgiving Day game against the Detroit Lions. It appeared as if Forsett was dropped after a decent gain, but the whistle was not blown and he continued running as everyone else let up. He ended up in the end zone 81-yards later. Watching [...]
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Records show runaway Calif bus had past violations
Investigators will determine if mechanical failure or driver error was to blame. The bus driver, who survived but was injured, told investigators the vehicle had brake problems.
"It appears speed was a factor in this collision," Lopez said.
The National Transportation Safety Board was sending a team to the scene.
Lettering on the 1996 bus showed it was operated by Scapadas Magicas LLC, based in National City, Calif.
Federal transportation records show the company is licensed to carry passengers for interstate travel and that it had no crashes in the past two years.
However, buses operated by the firm flunked 36 percent of random inspections on its vehicles- in some cases for brake and tire problems, the U.S. government records indicate.
That's higher than the national average for similar companies - a 21 percent failure rate.
The California company had an overall "satisfactory" rating from the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration - but records show three-quarters of similar companies had better safety records.
No one answered the door at the Scapadas Magicas office in a sprawling complex that houses more than 1,300 storage lockers and about 30 small offices.
Greg Etter, general manager of Acropolis Space Center, said the company didn't run buses out of the facility. He declined to comment further on the tenant.
The bus was carrying dozens of men, women and children who had spent Sunday at a winter recreation area, authorities said.
Crews worked through the night to recover the dead, but one body remained aboard the bus early Monday, said Rocky Shaw, a San Bernardino County coroner's investigator.
Officials hadn't been able to retrieve the body because the front end of the bus was dangling over the edge of the roadside.
Investigators were trying to pick up any personal property to help identify victims.
More than three dozen people were injured, and at least 17 were still hospitalized, including at least five in critical condition. One is a girl.
One person in the pickup truck was injured. The fate of the passengers in the car was not clear, but at least two people were in the Saturn, Lopez said.
Jordi Garcia, marketing director of Interbus, said his company rented the bus from Scapadas Magicas, which supplied the driver.
Interbus offers Mexicans near-daily bus tours to the western U.S. from Tijuana. Its office in a Tijuana strip mall displays photographs of some of its destinations, including Hollywood, the Las Vegas Strip and the San Diego Zoo.
There were 38 people aboard the bus that crashed, including the driver and a tour guide, Garcia said. The bus left Tijuana at 5 a.m. Sunday, with the itinerary calling for a return late that night.
"Everything points to faulty brakes," Garcia said.
He said he spoke briefly with his tour guide, who suffered bruises. She told him she heard a loud pop before the crash.
Garcia said he believed all passengers were Mexican citizens and that there were no U.S. citizens aboard. He was referring victims' families to the Mexican consulate in Los Angeles, the California Highway Patrol and the San Bernardino County fire department.


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Serial lift robber nabbed with help from police cameras
Published on May 23, 2014 3:28 PM
SINGAPORE - A 55-year-old man was arrested on Thursday for allegedly robbing elderly female victims in two separate incidents. The arrest was made possible with the help of police CCTV cameras, the police said.
The first case happened on April 30 near Jalan Bukit Merah, and involved a 66-year-old victim; the more recent case occurred on May 17 near Indus Road, River Valley, with the victim a 73-year-old woman. In both cases, the suspect confronted the victims in lifts and pointed a sharp object at them before taking their gold chains.
Officers from Tanglin Police Division went through the footage from the police cameras installed in the vicinity of both crimes, and the suspect was later identified, located and arrested near Indus Road.
Police are advising members of the public to beware of suspicious persons loitering near them, and to avoid ostentatious displays of wealth in public, such as the wearing of expensive jewellery, to avoid falling prey to such criminals.
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Karl M. Purnell reported frequently from Vietnam for The Nation, during the war.
This article, from the August 26, 1968, issue of The Nation, is a special selection from The Nation Digital Archive. If you want to read everything The Nation has ever published on war and politics, click here for information on how to acquire individual access to the Archive--an electronic database of every Nation article since 1865.


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Calendar: 04.09.06
BUC DAYS RAFFLE: The Buccaneer Commission grand prize for the 2006 Buc Days Super Raffle, a 2007 Saturn Sky, will be on display at Padre Staples Mall from noon to 6 p.m. in support of the third annual Saturn of Corpus Christi Buc Days Super Raffle. Cost: $5. Information: 882-3242 or 852-0934.
FOLKLORICA DEL MAR: Buc Days Competencia Folklorica Del Mar continues at 9:30 a.m. with an awards ceremony at Selena Auditorium, 1902 N. Shoreline Blvd. Cost: $5. Information: 882-3242.
CELESTINE PROPHECY: Unity by the Sea Church, 3100 S. Alameda St., will host a sneak preview of the film "The Celestine Prophecy" at 7 p.m. at the church. Cost: $10. Information: 882-8363 or 949-8942.
GAME FEAST: Ingleside United Methodist Church, corner of Church Street and Farm to Market Road 1069, will host a game feast from 3 to 6 p.m. The event features food, games, face painting, Bible bingo and talent show. Cost: $6/adults; $3/children under 12; ages 3 and under are free. Information: (361) 776-2820.
CAMP MEETING: The Church of Acts, 3811 Carroll Lane, presents spring camp meeting at 10 a.m. and 6 p.m. with singer/songwriter James Payne. Free. Information: 852-3551.
ART MARKET: Art Market Sunday Sale is from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. at the Art Center of Corpus Christi, 100 N. Shoreline Blvd. Artist have their art work for sale. Free admission. Information: 884-6406.
CHAMBER ORCHESTRA: Corpus Christi Chamber Orchestra performs at 4 p.m. at Del Mar College, Wolfe Recital Hall, Fine Arts Center Music Building, Del Mar College East, Ayers at Kosar. Free. Information: 698-1223 or tehle@ delmar.edu or tehle@ delmar.edu).
EASTER DRAMA: The annual Easter Sunrise drama is in need of cast and crew members. Rehearsals at Cole Park will be held from 2 to 5 p.m. Information: 882-6191 Ext. 358
EASTER SERVICES: St. Bartholomew's Episcopal Church, 622 Airline Road, will host Palm Sunday service at 7 p.m. today; Holy Eucharist at 5:45 p.m. and Lenten Supper at 6:30 p.m. Wednesday. Maundy Thursday begins at 7 p.m. Good Friday services from noon to 3 p.m. with Stations of the Cross at 7 p.m. Free. Information: 991-2954.
PASSION: Palm Sunday worship begins with the musical production "For Such a One as This'' at 10:45 a.m.at First Baptist Church, 312 W. King Ave., Kingsville. Free. At 6:30 p.m. "The Passion of the Christ'' movie in the worship center. Free. Information: (361) 592-3344, Ext. 15.
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CB Davis (Concussion) Limited at Practice Wednesday
by Mike Chiari
The Indianapolis Colts were without cornerback Vontae Davis in Week 14 as he recovers from a concussion. He's active for Week 15. Continue for updates. Davis Active for Week 15 Sunday, D... Read More »
Vontae Davis Deserves to Make Pro Bowl
by Kyle J. Rodriguez
Although the NFL 's season is less than two-thirds of the way done, Pro Bowl voting is well underway. NFL.com released the early results of fan voting last week, announcing the top vote-getters ... Read More »
Colts' Davis Having Pro Bowl-Worthy Season
by Kyle J. Rodriguez
There were a lot of questions about the Indianapolis Colts defense this offseason. Who would step up and be the Colts' stalwart without Robert Mathis? How would the secondary ... Read More »
Vontae Davis Fueling Colts Defense
by Rivers McCown
A week after Pittsburgh's thrashing of the Colts defense, Indianapolis doesn't really seem so alone in that regard... Read More »
Colts' Davis Leaves with Knee Injury
by Matt Fitzgerald
Updates from Monday, Nov. 3 Vontae Davis is officially active confirms Colts owner Jim Irsay via Twitter: Updates from Saturday, Nov. 1 Kevin Bowen of Colts... Read More »
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Bears' Briggs speaks for first time about injury
By Nick Wilder
Bears linebacker Lance Briggs is just one of many of the team's key players who have sustained injuries recently.
Briggs offered an update on "The Lance Briggs Show" regarding his current status.
"The way injuries go, the doctors said I'm supposed to be out 4-6 weeks," Briggs said. "I feel more like I'll be out 2-3 (weeks). We'll meet somewhere in the middle."
[MORE: Rare feat: Bears could start a second rookie tandem for '13]
Also, the All-Pro linebacker explained what exactly happened during the game after being injured in the third quarter vs. Washington.
"I think the roughest part for me was when I went down and the guy was laying on me and my arm was separated," Briggs said. "When I stood up I kind of knew something was wrong. I tried to get it taped up and come back out, but right before I was trying to come back on the field, I couldn't put my helmet on. If I can't put my helmet on, I don't need to be out on the field."
[WATCH: Briggs says it's tough to miss game vs. Packers]
Watch the full interview on Comcast SportsNet tonight at 11 p.m. during "The Lance Briggs Show."


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Specializing in
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Serving the Jersey Shore for over 30 years.
The office began in 1977 as Feltz Associates Architects and Planners when its founder Carl Feltz, Jr. decided to leave New York to start his own firm. His father, a retired hospital architect who decided to become active again, and his brother Joseph Feltz joined the firm, making it truly a family practice. Carl's sons eventually became draftsmen and the firm grew to six people. Verity Frizzell first worked here during summer breaks from college before she went to Texas for graduate school. Joe eventually opened his own office in Lincroft, Carl's sons went their separate ways to pursue their own careers, and Mr. Feltz Sr. finally retired at age 89. Ms. Frizzell returned in1995 and when she became a partner in 1999 the firm name changed to Feltz & Frizzell Architects, LLC.
The firm has remained deliberately small, dedicated to individual customer attention and service. It is our desire to create spaces which meet the needs of the user while respecting the site and larger community; for a building is part of a larger fabric which must be acknowledged and respected. Good design is about proportion and scale as much as it is about functionality and usefulness. A beautiful building which does not meet the needs of the client is every bit as unsuccessful as an uninspired building that fills every practical need. Attention to detail and thoughtfulness produce clear, accurate and technically thorough plans, which ultimately result in a successful project. We strive to find solutions which meet both the client's practical requirements and aesthetic sensibilities.
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What Score Do You Give Crysis?
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Join Date: Dec 2006
Posts: 3,994
Re: What Score Do You Give Crysis?
Originally Posted by
10, I'm not afraid to hand out the big numbers to the kind of games that I wait for for years and finally delivers. Much can be said about Crysis but bottomline is (and I've just finished the game) that I haven't been this immersed, captivated, entertained and impressed for a long time, and compared to just about anything else on the market, Crysis is in leage of it's own. It makes most other FPS seems like amateur work. Half-Life was a 10, Deus Ex was a 10, Half-Life 2 was a 10 and Crysis is definently a 10 also. It's that special score that you award games that aren't necessarily perfect (this is an important point), but just delivers an experience way out of the ordinary
I'm a bit curious what kind of FPS deserved 10 in the eyes of those giving it 8. Very curious indeed...
Very well said. There hasn't been a game in the last 10 years that has captured and wow'ed all aspects of my attention as much as Crysis did. I didn't want it to end.
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Nestled between two federally designated Wild and Scenic Rivers, with close to 50 percent of its land mass a part of the Allegheny National Forest and hosting Cook Forest State Park, our County is truly one of Pennsylvania's best kept secrets.
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Hotel Le Walt
No availability found through our partners. Please contact the business directly or check some of our recommended alternatives.
How has this hotel rated in the past?
- Drycleaning onsite
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Historical Traveler Reviews Hotel Le Walt Paris
April in Paris....... We'll be back.....
My wife and I feel so fortunate to have spent all of last week at this wonderful hotel in an excellent area within the Left Bank. Although the hotel has such favorable qualities, the foremost quality was in the personality and subtle excellence of all members of this hotel staff.... even the courteous manager was always present, and was approachable in all issues, which were generally of a complimentary nature with us, as the cordial staff made efforts to become acquainted with all the residents, and they were very attentive to accomodating all areas of requests for information and assistance..... this is certainly not the norm in Paris hotels.
I have read reviews of people who were critical of the noises near the hotel... well, this is Paris, an exciting and vibrant city in the world, and the sounds of the city are to be expected, and actually help constitute the uniqueness of Paris. Should someone want "piece and quiet", don't go to Paris, but ask your local bank if you can stay in their lobby for the week-end so you can have your solitude.
This hotel excites the senses with its flair, staff, and location.... excellent eating establishments are simply within walking distancs (including within the hotel restaurant), bakeries, speciality shops, shoe, candy, floral, and outside markets..... plus the fabulous Le Bon Marche for items that may never arrive in America.
Although we have stayed at other hotels, we are very confident that our "hotel evaluations" are over..... we will joyfully return to the Hotel le Walt at every opportunity.
Good use of small space.......
This hotel boasts modern interiors with very french styling. It is only small but uses excellent use of the space by dividing the dining area from the foyer with coloured voille. The staff are very friendly and speak good English. The rooms are small and there is very little storage space but it is clean and has nice bathrooms with very modern sinks.
Breakfast is not included in the price but can be obtained for 12 Euro's each which is expensive considering it is only fresh fruit, cereal and some French pastries.
The hotel is literally minutes from the Eiffel Tower and has a tube station right outside it. The surrounding restaurants are a bit pricey, however cheaper ones can be found if you are prepared to walk a short distance.
I would certainly recommend this hotel.
This was one great place!
My new wife and I arrived in Paris on January 24th, 2005. We were welcomed with open arms. The hotel is simply gorgeous. Obviously, this is Europe, so the room was smaller than I was used to, but absolutely wonderful. Our view was spectacular. We were on the top floor with a perfect view of the Eiffel Tower. Our room came with many nice accommodations. We had a mini-fridge in our room, fully stocked with drinks and snacks. We had a DVD player and nice-sized color television. The bed was the most comfortable I have ever slept on, including my own home bed. The comforter and sheets were soft and luxurious. My wife and I joked about buying the bedding from the hotel. Where it really took my breath away was the bathroom. Beautiful fixtures and big tub with good water pressure. Throw in the towel warmer and I am hooked. I want to redo our bathroom at our house to include a few of these accommodations. The staff was very helpful. They did their best to speak English and even helped us with some French. Internet access in the lobby seemed to be limited to the daylight hours. I did not bring a laptop with me to take advantage of supposed room access. There is a supermarket across the street and a bar next door. The tube station is right across the street. Eiffel Tower is an easy walk away, maybe 4 minutes. All in all this was the single best hotel room stay I have ever had. Do not think twice about booking here.
Scored great brownie points with my wife!
This hotel must have been recently been completely renovated because it appears brand new. Interior stylings are just like the more well known Hotel W chain. You feel like the staff are catering just to you. One-half block from the Metro. One half block away from a street which hosts a busy outdoor market each day. Next door to a popular brasserie. One block away from the Eiffel tower and its park. Two blocks away from Napoleon's tomb and only several blocks away from everything else worth seeing. Our room had a large comfortable bed (I am 6 feet, 230 lbs. and felt completely comfortable). I was blown away that a hotel of this quality and service level in this location was available at such reasonable prices. Of course the most important factor was my wife loved it and kept telling me so the entire trip!
Fabulous hotel with great staff
This was an absolutely superb hotel and made what was already a fantastic holiday in Paris truly outstanding!
It has a great location, the Eiffel Tower is only 5 minutes walk away, the Hotel D'Invillides is a minutes walk from the street behind the hotel and the metro is right outside. On arrival the staff could not have been friendlier giving me a sporting chance at using my limited French and helping me out when I clearly needed a bit of assistance.
It's a great little boutique type hotel but as soon as you walk in it feels warm but still looks very stylish. Our room was great with two little Juliet balconies with French windows and a view of the Eiffel Tower itself. If you left the windows open at night the street was noisy especially in the morning when the delivery vans start up. However with good air-con you should not need to do this.
The bed was very comfortable and I am very very picky about my bed. It had an amazing headboard, which was an original oil painting; I'm told every room has a different one. The bathroom was modern and clean with a great selection of toiletries. The maid was very perceptive and on the first night we had removed the cushions from the bed she placed them in the cupboard realising we did not want to use them.
The rooms also have DVD players and the hotel has a good selection of films, which you can choose from if you fancy some chill out time in your room. The mini bar was well stocked. I would strongly advise you to make use of it to chill your own beers and water. Not that the hotel prices were bad but Paris is very expensive. In one caf� next to the Opera House my husband was charged 6 Euros for a coke. Beer was also very highly priced.
The hotel bar is small but again very friendly. Breakfast at 12 Euros was in my opinion a good price and again the service was excellent. The hotel was advertised as having a restaurant but I did not see one and we were not asked if we wanted reservations for dinner. As you walk out of the hotel turn to your right and walk about 3 minutes down the street and head for the Caf� Max restaurant - the food was brilliant and the owner was really good fun.
Which brings me to the misnomer that Parisians are rude. We were in Paris for 3 nights and this could not have been further from the truth. In fact I have travelled extensively in France and I would go so far as to say it was the friendliest part of the country I have been to. It is also quite frankly a breath-taking city. Everywhere you look there is something to marvel at. I loved this hotel and also loved Paris, as did my husband - without a doubt we will return to both ASAP.
A Cool Little Number!
We stayed here for 3 nights on our first visit to Paris.
An excellent little hotel very close to the Eiffel Tower on a pleasant street and right next to a metro entrance. The hotel interior is modern and smart. Our room was a little small but very clean, tidy and perfect for a short stay. Bathroom was really nice, with bath and shower.
The staff were probably the friendliest and most helpful I have ever met.
Breakfast simple but good quality. I highly recommend this hotel for a short break
Fabulous but...
The but is that if you request a room with a view you will probably also be woken at 5am by the first deliverys to the supermarket opposite. However this said on request we were moved to a room overlooking the courtyard which was quiet apart from the rumble of the metro which you can still feel on the 5th floor. The hotel staff are very helpful and speak excellent english. We would definatly stay here again its a fashionable hotel in a convienent location.
I have just returned from a long weekend staying at this great hotel. I always planned to propose to my girlfriend on this trip so the hotel was very important to me. The hotel was, thankfully, wonderful. I had requested a room with a view of the Eiffel Tower and a balcony out the front and this is exactly what I got, although 3 balconys was a pleasant surprise. The rooms weren't particularly big but this just added to the intimate nature of the hotel, with only 4 rooms on each floor and a cosy restaurant and bar. The location was great. Literally 20 seconds on foot and you were at the metro station and a 2 minute walk to the Tower. I would recommend this hotel to anyone and would not hesitate to return myself.
Romantic Le Walt, Paris.
Stayed her for four nights at the beginning of February. An absoutely beautiful hotel with a very stylish interior. Staff extreemly friendly and helpful, whilst remaining professional at all times. Rooms a little on the small side but are more than made up for by design extras and fabulous bathroom. Please do not stay anywhere else. You will not be dissapointed!
We loved it!!!!!
Great hotel in Paris
Design hotel in Paris with very helpfull staff, nice and comfortable room and stylish bathroom. Great location for shopping and dining. This is were I will stay next time in Paris!
TripAdvisor Reviews Hotel Le Walt Paris
Travel Blogs from Paris
Arrive Paris
... Acres of leg room, decent food and after some trouble sleeping at the start the naps were coming thick and fast. Qatar looked very much like a desert flying in and that is all I believe it was. There was a little confusion as to whether we could eat or drink in any public places after an announcement on the plane about Ramadan. To extend our confusion Aimee got too hot and was wandering around in a dress, we were a little ...
France - Paris
... Once in the louvre we headed straight for the Mona Lisa, well we were sucked in with the waves if the crowed heading there. We got our tourist snap shot of the painting and a quick look before we copped elbows off others pushing to get in. Wasn't the most pleasant experience to see such a famous piece of art that is actually tiny! Afterwards we walked through gallery after gallery, then gallery after gallery. At a rest stop we discovered 4 bed bugs on James' ...
Back in Paris
... is it that it takes until the very last day of the trip to finally work out the public transportation system?
We pop out of the subway in front of the Louvre and walk through the Jardin des Tuileries to the Champs-Elysees. We're here in Paris...so we have to take the obligatory stroll down the Champs and see what all the hub-bub is about! As advertised, its super crowded and nothing authentic about it except for a lot of luxury shopping stores, 3/4 of which we ...
Loire Valley. The lure of the Loire
... built castles in the sunny and pleasant smelling Loire Valley. Originally there were about 350. Paris was smelly and dangerous so moving out was considered the thing to do. After the French Revolution, there were only about 100 castles left. More instances of people destroying beautiful things because of war. Many of the castles are now hotels or restaurants, but we inspected three and drove by a fourth. The one we didn't stop at was at St Richard ( I thought ...
A White Christmas in Paris
... br>
Our final day started with a visit to my favourite shop in Paris; Laduree. The home of French macaroons, pastries and coffee's - it was oh so sweet. As we wondered around we visited the Lafayette food hall where I got in trouble for taking a photo of a pigs leg – check out he photo, was a good laugh and I managed to get a great photo of the lady yelling at me!


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PORTLAND, Ore. -- For the first time, the Homebuilders Association of metro Portland's NW Natural "Street of Dreams" is going urban.
This year's show will feature 10 high-rise condos with price tags between $1 million and $4 million.
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And this year, organizers said a changing market with many looking to urban development led them to make their decision.
Developers hope to bring thousands to the galleries, breweries, and shops.
The show runs from August 5th though the 10th. To see more check out


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Raleigh-Durham: PMO Strategies and MS Project Server 2013 Configuration
- 1201 Edwards Mill Road, Suite 201, Raleigh, NC, 27607
Microsoft Project Reporting – An Essentials Certificate Series
Tuesday, September 17, 2013 at 12:00 PM (EDT)
**Please Note: You will only need to register once on this page to be registered for all three days (Sept. 17th, 18th, and 19th). We will send out calandar notices and log-in information for each session closer to the events**
Session Format and Credit:
The course comprise of 3 sessions of 90 minutes each. MPUG Certificate upon completion of series and opportunity for 4.5 hours PMI® PDU credit.
Session 1: Tuesday 17th Sept, 12-1:30 EST
Level 1 – Basic Project reporting – Microsoft Project Reporting using Project Desktop and Office (Using Project desktop, Excel, PowerPoint, etc). Cover built in reports, getting data out of project, formatting reports – understanding what you can get out of the default tool.
Session 2: Wednesday 18th Sept, 12-1:30 EST
Level 2 – Intermediate Project Reporting – Microsoft Project Reporting using Project Server and Excel Services in SharePoint
Session 3: Thursday 19th Sept, 12-1:30 EST
Level 3 – Advanced Project Reporting – Microsoft Project Reporting Using Project Server, SQL Reporting, Excel Services and PerformancePoint
Microsoft Project Server 2010 and 2013 integrate the Microsoft SharePoint Server Business Intelligence Center Web application, which provides a central point for hosting the reports, dashboards, and report connections that can be auto-created or manually authored to provide access to reporting data in Project Server for your users. The Business Intelligence Center can be used to host content created with Excel Services in Microsoft SharePoint Server, Visio Services in SharePoint, PerformancePoint Services in SharePoint, PowerPivot and SQL Server Reporting Services.
Certificate and PMI® PDU Credit
Speaker Bio
Jacques Goupil, PMP, MCP, MCTS – Reporting Series Managing Partner at MS PROJECT NOW
Mr. Goupil holds a Bachelor's degree in Management Information Services, is certified by the Project Management Institute (PMI) as a Project Manager Professional (PMP), and certified by Microsoft in Project Server 2003 and 2007, and Lead SME for the MCP Exam 70-178, Project 2010, Managing Projects. In addition, Jacques is a board member of the Boston and South Florida Chapters of the Microsoft Project User Group. He has over 13 years of professional experience with very strong background in project management, specializing in developing and improving Project Management processes for clients, and training. He has considerable experience in creating and delivering instructor-led, PMI aligned, Project Management training in both the commercial and public arenas – including several speaking engagements, training sessions, webcasts, and sessions for both PMI and MPUG. He has been recognized by MSFT for his blogs covering Project 2010. He is also an MPUG Project 2010 Certification Instructor. Most recently, Jacques was asked to moderate the 2011 Project Summit roundtable sessions.
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Dan is the founder and Principal of MS Project Now!, and is MCTS Certified in Microsoft Project Server 2010, Microsoft Project 2010 and SharePoint 2010, as well as a Microsoft Certified Trainer. He also has a Project Management Professional (PMP) certification from PMI®, and has been successfully delivering Microsoft Project Server solutions for approximately 10 years. In particular, Dan has been working with the Microsoft Project Portfolio Server application since it was first acquired from UMT by Microsoft. Connect to his professional network.
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One way their connection can be seen today is in the cramped room McNeill calls home. He has decorated his 24 square feet of living space in modern Duck. From the flag over his bunk, to the '07 Stanley Cup pennant thumb-tacked to the wall, to the "Dedication" screen saver on the laptop that provides the link to his favorite team.
McNeill admits his fellow soldiers have kidded him about being some sort of a hockey freak and that he has heard it from fans of other NHL teams. Yes, there are Red Wings followers even in Afghanistan.
"One guy asked me if I get anything for being such a fan," McNeill says. "I told him 'No. That's just how hockey fans are.' The other hockey fans in the unit understand my dedication and appreciate it.
"Other guys think I'm just a hockey nut. So I tell them that all it takes is one game, and there is no game like the energy you get at a Ducks game ... especially a playoff game."
The Ducks have worked with Operation Homefront the past three seasons, bringing soldiers and their families to games and helping raise money for the organization. During warm-ups one night, the players wore camouflage jerseys that were later auctioned off.
Such involvement is admirable, but then an email like the one from Chief Warrant Officer McNeill arrives and the involvement feels a whole lot more personal.
"If we can give them a little break in the action over there, we're more than glad to do it," Ducks enforcer George Parros says. "We appreciate what they're doing so much. We just hope they all come home OK."
The Ducks resume their Western Conference semifinal series in Nashville on Wednesday night. They trail in games, 2-1. Game 4, obviously, is big. Everyone understands that.
Now we understand it's even bigger than before. And that's true whether the Ducks win or lose.
Contact the writer: email@example.com


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Based on Sylvia Branzei's best-selling children's book series Grossology, this hands-on 3-D exhibit oozes with disgusting science and provides a slightly off-kilter view of the animal kingdom. » More
Tiktaalik roseae goes on display at the Academy one final time before being returned to Canada, where it was discovered. » More
January 24–May 31, 2015
Caryn Babaian's exhibition of large-scale "nature mandalas" in colorful chalk focuses on the complexity and beauty of living systems within the natural world. » More
The large, revealing images of Clearly Beautiful: Photographs by Adam Summers depict the striking results of a common method of studying animal anatomy called clearing and staining. » More
Get eyeball to eyeball with live deadly snakes, colorful lizards, bizarre turtles, and rugged crocodilians from around the world in Reptiles: The Beautiful and the Deadly. » More
Live butterflies from Central and South America, East Africa, and Southeast Asia inhabit our tropical garden. » More
Our indoor discovery center for children features hands-on activities and close encounters with live animals. » More
More than 30 dinosaurs and other Mesozoic reptiles are represented in Dinosaur Hall. » More
Dig for fossils in this hands-on exhibit. » More
More than 35 dioramas present wildlife from Africa, Asia, and North America. » More
Our Library Reading Room is open to the public on weekday afternoons. » More
Learn about the history of the dioramas and see how the plants, animals, and paintings were created.
» More
What Eats What presents the consumers and producers that make up the food chain in a stream. » More
Nearly 100 specimens from the scientific collections of the Academy's Malacology Department are on display. » More
The world-class science conducted at the Academy is on display.
» More
Hundreds of books were written by men and women with ties to the Academy.
» More
Become an Academy member today and get special access to all the Academy's wonders.
Become a member of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University and get insider access to our scientists, collections, exhibits, and more.
©2015 The Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University | 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia, PA 19103
Phone: (215) 299-1000
Animal Grossology
May 16–August 30
Explore Sustainability at the Academy
Members' Night at the Academy


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Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10355/14455
|Integrate template matching and statistical modeling for continuous speech recognition
|Sun, Xie
speech recognition
template matching
lattice rescoring
Gaussian mixture model
|University of Missouri--Columbia
|In this dissertation, a novel approach of integrating template matching with statistical modeling is proposed to improve continuous speech recognition. Commonly used Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) are ineffective in modeling details of speech temporal evolutions, which can be overcome by template-based methods. However, template-based methods are difficult to be extended in large vocabulary continuous speech recognition (LVCSR). Our proposed approach takes advantages of both statistical modeling and template matching to overcome the weaknesses of traditional HMMs and conventional template-based methods. We use multiple Gaussian Mixture Model indices to represent each frame of speech templates. The local distances of log likelihood ratio and Kullback-Leibler divergence are proposed for dynamic time warping based template matching. In order to reduce computational complexity and storage space, we propose methods of minimum distance template selection and maximum log-likelihood template selection, and investigate a template compression method on top of template selection to further improve recognition performance. Experimental results on the TIMIT phone recognition task and a LVCSR task of telehealth captioning demonstrated that the proposed approach significantly improved the performance of recognition accuracy over the HMM baselines, and on the TIMIT task, the proposed method showed consistent performance improvements over progressively enhanced HMM baselines. Moreover, the template selection methods largely reduced computation and storage complexities. Finally, an investigation was made to combine acoustic scores in triphone template matching with scores of prosodic features, which showed positive effects on vowels in LVCSR.
|Other Identifiers:
Items in MOspace are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.


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White Nexus 4 heading to Canada
Although the white version of the Nexus 4 is currently sold out in the US, there appears to be some stock left to send over to Canada. LG Canada sent out an email earlier today indicating that the white Nexus 4 will be arriving in Canada very soon, although the timing was simply stated as "TBA", which is a little irritating. The device will be...Read more
White Nexus 4 arrives to the Google Play Store in the U.S.
After all the gossip and rumors, earlier this week we learned that the white LG Nexus 4 was making its way over to Hong Kong, with a limited rollout coming to select markets "in the coming weeks". Apparently that time has already come, at least for those of us in the United States.The white Nexus 4 is now available in 8GB and 16GB variants, inc...Read more
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Comparison of the diagnostic value of MR imaging and ophthalmoscopy for the staging of retinoblastoma
- Aman Khurana,
- Christina A. Eisenhut,
- Wenshuai Wan,
- Katayoon B. Ebrahimi,
- Chirag Patel,
- Joan M. O'Brien,
- Kristen Yeom,
- Heike E. Daldrup-Link
- … show all 8 hide
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To compare the diagnostic value of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and ophthalmoscopy for staging of retinoblastoma.
MR and ophthalmoscopic images of 36 patients who underwent enucleation were evaluated retrospectively following institutional review board approval. Histopathology being the standard of reference, the sensitivity and specificity of both diagnostic modalities were compared regarding growth pattern, iris neoangiogenesis, retinal detachment, vitreous seeds and optic nerve invasion. Data were analysed via McNemar's test.
Both investigations showed no significant difference in accuracy for the detection of different tumour growth patterns (P = 0.80). Vitreous seeding detection was superior by ophthalmoscopy (P < 0.001). For prelaminar optic nerve invasion, MR imaging showed similar sensitivity as ophthalmoscopy but increased specificity of 40 % (CI 0.12–0.74) vs. 20 % (0.03–0.56). MR detected optic nerve involvement past the lamina cribrosa with a sensitivity of 80 % (0.28–0.99) and a specificity of 74 % (0.55–0.88). The absence of optic nerve enhancement excluded histopathological infiltration, but the presence of optic nerve enhancement included a high number of false positives (22–24 %).
Ophthalmoscopy remains the method of choice for determining extent within the globe while MR imaging is useful for evaluating extraocular tumour extension. Thus, both have their own strengths and contribute uniquely to the staging of retinoblastoma.
Key Points
• Ophthalmoscopy: method of choice for determining extent of retinoblastoma within the globe.
• MR imaging provides optimal evaluation of extrascleral and extraocular tumour extension.
• Positive enhancement of the optic nerve on MRI does not necessarily indicate involvement.
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- Title
- Comparison of the diagnostic value of MR imaging and ophthalmoscopy for the staging of retinoblastoma
- Journal
European Radiology
Volume 23, Issue 5 , pp 1271-1280
- Cover Date
- 2013-05-01
- 10.1007/s00330-012-2707-8
- Print ISSN
- 0938-7994
- Online ISSN
- 1432-1084
- Publisher
- Springer-Verlag
- Additional Links
- Topics
- Keywords
- Retinoblastoma
- Retinoblastoma staging
- Ophthalmoscopy
- MR imaging
- Sensitivity and specificity
- Industry Sectors
- Authors
- Aman Khurana (1)
- Christina A. Eisenhut (2)
- Wenshuai Wan (1)
- Katayoon B. Ebrahimi (3)
- Chirag Patel (4)
- Joan M. O'Brien (5)
- Kristen Yeom (1)
- Heike E. Daldrup-Link (1) (6)
- Author Affiliations
- 1. Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- 2. Department of Radiology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- 3. Department of Ocular Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- 4. Department of Radiology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- 5. Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- 6. Department of Radiology, Pediatric Radiology Section, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA


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A Cleveland-area startup is developing an electromagnetic vibrating catheter and guidewire system that could give interventional cardiologists a better means of pushing through serious coronary artery blockages called chronic total occlusions.
Mentor, Ohio-based VasoStar recently received a $1 million grant through Ohio's Third Frontier technology acceleration program that the company plans to use to fund the first human tests of its new innovative medical device. The company's technology has demonstrated safety in animal studies.
That funding is expected to take the company to the point of filing for U.S. Food and Drug Administration clearance of its device, which is projected for 2013, said Chief Operating Officer Stephanie Harrington.
VasoStar is a subsidiary of Frantz Medical Group, a device manufacturer that also has a venture arm that invests in and forms startups. VasoStar was formed in 2008 to license its core technology from an Israeli company, Harrington said. In addition to the Third Frontier grant, the company has received grant support from Cleveland Clinic's Global Cardiovascular Innovation Center and the National Institutes of Health.
The company thinks its device could provide a less-invasive and safer option to coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), a procedure that can become necessary when plaque builds up in a patient's blood vessels and reduces blood flow to the heart. VasoStar's technology is designed to break through plaque formations called chronic total occlusions (CTOs) to place stents. About 10 percent of CTOs are treated with less-invasive interventional techniques and VasoStar's system could help increase that number and reduce invasive surgeries for heart disease or chronic chest pain that can lead to complications.
To break through CTOs using existing technology, a doctor must snake a guidewire through a patient's arteries up to the CTO in the heart. Once the guidewire has reached the CTO, the physician taps and turns the guidewire using her hand in an attempt to penetrate through the CTO to open up the vessel with follow-on therapy such as balloons and stents.
VasoStar's technology adds a high-frequency vibration at the end of the guidewire near the CTO, which allows the clinician to turn on the device for more force and tapping frequency. When the guidewire has penetrated through the CTO, the physician can turn off the electromagnetic power source and continue the procedure using the same guidewire to position balloons and stents.
"The main advantage of our approach is that it offers clinicians the ability to penetrate CTOs safely and effectively without significantly changing their conventional guidewire practices," Harrington said.
After obtaining 510(k) clearance in 2013, VasoStar expects to distribute the system through a larger company that sells vascular devices.
"Our goal is to retain the proprietary technology, regulatory responsibility and manufacturing while leveraging the sales and marketing reach of a global leader in vascular medical devices," Harrington said.
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