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New Parnassus Financials Newsletter
Contributed by Jo Anne Rosato on 06/09/2006
Take a look at our newsletter created for users of the financial system in Parnassus! We hope you find it informative and helpful as you work in Parnassus.
Read more . . . (48 words)
Update on Search for the Associate Vice President for Human Resources - Carl Sgrecci
Contributed by Karen McGavin on 06/09/2006
The search committee for the Associate Vice President for Human Resources has diligently reviewed the credentials of over 80 applicants for this position during the spring semester and narrowed the field to three individuals, two of whom have visited the campus.
Read more . . . (125 words)
Appreciation for Summer Institute Leadership
Contributed by Susanne Morgan on 06/09/2006
On behalf of the Center for Faculty Excellence, I wish to express my great admiration and deep appreciation for the outstanding leadership by our faculty and staff in making this years Summer Institute, Implementing the Mission, a great success. More than 70 people participated in at least one session, and the quality of the sessions was excellent. In particular, Michael Smith, Assistant Professor of History and Fellow in the Carnegie Academy for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning, provided skillful facilitation of the two viewings of the film Declining by Degrees, and a stimulating, well-designed workshop on the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning as a capstone to the event. He also served as a co-designer of the entire institute.
Read more . . . (274 words)
Sustainability Film Screening: "The Power of Community: How Cuba Survived Peak Oil"
Contributed by Marian Brown on 06/08/2006
On Thursday, June 22, at 6:30 p.m. in Center for Natural Sciences Room 112, Ithaca College will host a short presentation by the TCLocal about our diminishing energy resources and what the Tompkins County community can do about the problem. This talk will be followed by a screening of the newly-released Community Solutions film, "The Power of Community: How Cuba Survived Peak Oil." This event is free and open to the public.
Read more . . . (264 words)
Asma Barles Delivers Talk/Paper
Contributed by Thomas Shevory on 06/08/2006
On June 4, Professor of Politics Asma Barlas gave
V-I-P Fireworks Packages Still Available
Contributed by Maureen Forrest on 06/08/2006
Representatives of the volunteer committee that organizes the annual community fireworks show in Ithaca report that some V-I-P packages are still available for this years show on Monday night, July 3. Fran Benedict, chair of the committee, says anyone in the community is eligible to become a Very Important Patron of the fireworks.The V-I-P area features a mini-concert by The Fault Line and Aaron Kelly, the young country-and-western singing sensation.
Read more . . . (227 words)
Summer Construction Date Change
Contributed by Jackie Hopkins on 06/08/2006
The starting date for the sidewalk area in front of Muller Center, Textor Hall and Friends Hall has been changed. The starting date will be June 12, not June 13.
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Marina Todd Retiring
Contributed by Tom Torello on 06/08/2006
Marina Todd, director of creative services, has decided to take early retirement and leave Ithaca later this month. Marina's last day in the office will be June 23. She will continue to work with us on a number of critical projects throughout the rest of the year.
Read more . . . (116 words)
New Deadlines for External Grants Submission
Contributed by Denise Vanderburgh on 06/07/2006
Grants.gov: From this year on, all federal proposals will begin to use the common federal portal, grants.gov.
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Call for Proposals for ACAD's 2007 Conference
Contributed by Lynda Walters on 06/07/2006
Submitted by Howard Erlich
Read more . . . (421 words)
Major Gift Propels Athletics and Events Center
Contributed by Brian McAree on 06/06/2006
A new A&E Center surged a giant step closer thanks to a $10 million lead gift announced by President Peggy Williams during Alumni Weekend.
Read more . . . (171 words)
Register Today, Space Is Limited in our Summer Camps
Contributed by Christina Hollister on 06/06/2006
The Office of Conference and Event Services is offering Baseball, Girls Basketball and Summer Recreation Camps this summer. Register today, space is limited.
Read more . . . (18 words)
Summer Stipend: Health Data in the Classroom
Contributed by Susanne Morgan on 06/05/2006
The Center for Faculty Excellence and the Health Promotion and Substance Abuse Prevention Program announce a competition for two $300 summer stipends to develop a classroom exercise that uses data about the health attitudes and behavior of Ithaca College students. Proposals are due on June 23 and receipients will be notified by June 30.
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Rock Climbing at Little Falls
Contributed by Susanna Stumpe on 06/05/2006
Recreational Sports is planning a trip to Little Falls, NY:
Vans will be departing the Fitness Center at 8:00 a.m. and returning approximately at 4:30 p.m. Cost includes round trip transportation and climbing gear. Sign up at the Fitness Center front desk, cash or check payable to Ithaca College. Payment due Monday, June 12.
Due to this trip, there will be NO OPEN climbing time at the IC Wall Wednesday, June 14.
I'll Get You My Pretty...And Your Little Lunch, Too!
Contributed by Anne Woodard on 06/05/2006
As we continue "Following The Yellow Brick Road to a Cure", IC Hope, our campus Relay for Life team, invites you to join us for our next meeting Wednesday, June 7, in the "glass room" of Cafe Square. Grab some food on the way, and join us for lunch and brainstorming as we quickly approach our Relay start date of July 14. Thinking about joining our team, but haven't clicked your heels yet? Come on down Wednesday and find out what we're all about. Need a ride? Well send a winged monkey to pick you up!
Read more . . . (251 words)
Physical Plant Changes
Contributed by Richard Couture on 06/02/2006
I am pleased to inform the campus community of a number of important title changes in the Office of Physical Plant.
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Summer Construction Update
Contributed by Jackie Hopkins on 06/02/2006
Starting June 13, the sidewalk area in front of Muller Center, Textor Hall and Friends Hall will be disrupted.
Read more . . . (58 words)
Open Session for AVP for HR Candidate - Monday, 6/5/06
Contributed by Michael McGreevey on 06/01/2006
Faculty, staff, and administrators are encouraged to attend the open session for Ms. Pamela Johnston, candidate for the associate vice president for Human Resources. Ms. Johnston is currently the AVP for HR at Trinity University in San Antonio, TX. Advance materials may be requested by contacting the Office of the President, 3rd floor Job Hall or 274-3111.
Golf Anyone? Everyone Welcome
Contributed by Kathy Farley on 06/01/2006
Check out the nine courses set up this year for a fun summer. The only thing you have to do is sign-up "on time" and pay. Recreational Sports takes care of the rest.
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Different but Delicious Desserts for the Summer
Contributed by Christina Hollister on 06/01/2006
Due to the electrical shutdown in the Terrace Dining Hall this summer, Dining Services and Conference and Event Services will be unable to provide the following dessert choices until the bakery is reopened.
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"I love to do needlepoint and embroidery and I am able to get all of my supplies here. It is well worth the trip I have to make. ..."
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Highland Mint® Pittsburgh Steelers "Super Bowl Champions" 24 - karat Gold Coin Acrylic Display
Item # WX2-198680
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Limited - Edition Highland Mint® "Super Bowl Champions" 24 - karat Gold Coin Acrylic Display honors the Pittsburgh Steelers and their NFL - best 6 championships!
The Immaculate Reception (looked like a catch to me!). One for the Thumb. No doubt about it... the Steelers have left their mark and then some. Now you can pay tribute to Terry, Franco, the Steel Curtain, Big Ben, and all the other "Stiller" championship moments with Highland Mint®'s stunning Display!
The limited - mint (just 5,000 were made!) 24KT gold - plated Steelers team coin comes beautifully displayed in a 3 1/2 x 5" acrylic, etched with the familiar team logo and their Super Bowl wins. Each is delivered with a beautiful cherry wood base with engraved nameplate, as well as a certificate of authenticity. Officially licensed by the National Football League.
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Highland Mint Pittsburgh Steelers Super Bowl Champions 24 - karat Gold Coin Acrylic Display is rated out of 5 by 1.Rated 5 out of 5 by RON/DANITA from Is very nice.Date published: 2012-11-21
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Turner: Team has 'work to do' on penalties
•It was only an exhibition, and perhaps Ryan Mathews was finished for the evening, but the first time the Chargers got near the goal line Saturday, they lined up with Jacob Hester at fullback and Mike Tolbert — not Mathews — at tailback. How many fantasy football owners gulped when they saw that?
•The Chargers' captains for the game were quarterback Philip Rivers, linebacker Stephen Cooper, cornerback Nathan Vasher and defensive linemen Antonio Garay and Alfonso Boone. Garay was listed as the starting nose tackle on the depth chart issued by the club this week, but Ogemdi Nwagbuo opened Saturday's game.
•The Chargers will play their second and final home exhibition game at 6 p.m. Saturday against Dallas. After that the club will play only two home games in the ensuing two months, with three straight and six of eight games on the road.


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Bodmin relieved to reach semis as Wendron put up a fight
Posted: March 01, 2014|
Wendron United 0, Bodmin Town 3
Cornwall Senior Cup holders Bodmin Town booked their place in the semi-final of the competition at Underland on Saturday - but it wasn't until the second half that Darren Gilbert's men finally saw off their brave Combination League hosts.
Bodmin finally made the breakthrough in the 70th minute through Danny O'Hagan, and the two goals that followed somewhat flattered the CSWPL premier division giants who really had to dig deep against Paul Murray's hard-working Wendron.
An entertaining first half saw both sides hit the woodwork. First, with 16 minutes played, Luke Wort saw his diving header come back off the Bodmin post. Bodmin's Sam Matthews then saw his 20th minute come off the angle of the post and the bar.
Bodmin, frustrated on countless occasions in the first half by a well-organised Wendron defence, which was prepared to sit deep, stepped it up in the second half. And with 20 minutes remaining there was relief on the visiting bench when O'Hagan headed home Jimmy Alexander's corner.
Four minutes later O'Hagan scored his second, this time sliding to poke the ball past Wendron goalkeeper Jeremy Brown.
In the 90th minute Chris Wright claimed Bodmin's third goal when, after Brown had saved his first effort, the striker followed up to prod the ball home.
Bodmin will now meet Saltash United in the semi-finals at St Blazey's Blaise Park on March 12.
Wendron: J Brown, M Brewer, R Tresidder, K Davies, C Madeley, M Rose, J Roberts (S Care 67), J Searle, L Wort, S Brewer, C Mulroy. Subs (not used): M Roberts, R Mitchell, J Harvey, M Newbury.
Bodmin: K Miller, J Podmore, S Jewell, T Chambers, S Simmonds, L Doel, S Matthews, J Alexander (H Morgan 77), D O'Hagan (J Ludlam 77), C Wright, S Broomfield.
Referee: Michel Wroblewski.


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Gear - Storm
Gearing Storm
Costume upgrades
Storm is a glass canon so naturally you should upgrade her costume with Offensive Affixes. At later levels her primary abilties are Chain Lighting, Ball Lightning, Thunder Column and Thundering Tempest, only one of which benefits from attack speed. Therefore we will focus on the other upgrade benefits, + Attack damage and + Crit percentage.
Various 'Ordinary' (second rank) elements, 500 credits, requires level 2.
Various 'Fundamental' (third rank) elements, 5,000 credits, requires level 7.
Various 'Essential' (fourth rank) elements, 25,000 credits, requires level 12.
Various 'Complex' (fifth rank) elements, 150,000 credits, requires level 17.
|How to Obtain
|African Goddess
|Chase Endgame Drop
|Storm Modern
|Unlocked with Storm Unlock
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|950Gs, Drop
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VIEWS: 8 PAGES: 4 POSTED ON: 4/19/2011 Public Domain
RESEARCH FUND FOR THE CONTROL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES Understanding droplets produced by nebulisers and respiratory activities Introduction Key Messages Of the various infection transmission routes, droplets and airborne routes are 1. The size of large droplets the most interesting in terms of ventilation and indoor air filtration. There have produced during respiratory been a number of studies into the number and size of droplets of saliva and other activities such as coughing can secretions produced by respiratory activities1-5 and excellent reviews have been be larger than 50-100 µm. These published.6,7 The size of droplet nuclei produced by sneezing, coughing, and droplets tend to evaporate quickly and contribute to both airborne and talking is likely to be a function of the generation process and the environmental droplet transmission of disease. conditions.1,2 The actual size distribution of droplets is also dependant on 2. Large droplets from respiratory parameters such as the exhaled air velocity, the viscosity of the fluid, and the activities can travel up to flow path (ie through the nose, the mouth, or both). There is also great individual 1.5 m, which agrees well with variability.4,5 the established range of infection due to droplet transmission. The Two crucial disease transmission issues are what constitutes 'large distance between beds should be droplets' and how far such droplets can travel. Large droplet transmission greater than 1.5 m. occurs "when droplets containing microorganisms generated by the infected 3. Large droplets cannot be removed person are propelled a short distance through the air and deposited on the effectively from a room using currently available ventilation host's conjunctivae, nasal mucosa, or mouth".8 'Short distances' have been systems. Such droplets leave the defined as 1 to 1.5 m from the source person9 and large droplets were initially air via surface deposition on floors, defined as droplets larger than 100 µm in diameter.10 Elsewhere in the beds, and the patient's body, etc. literature, however, droplets larger than 5-10 µm are often treated as large 4. Taking nasopharyngeal aspirates droplets.8 The critical size of so-called large droplets is a function of many can stimulate coughing and promote physical parameters such as the relative humidity, the ambient air velocity, aerosol generation. and ambient air temperature. Knowledge of the critical size of large droplets 5. Nebulisers generate very fine is crucial for developing effective control methods such as ventilation and for droplets (<1 µm) and large volumes determining filtration efficiency. can escape through the holes in ventilator facemasks. These fine droplets may be contaminated by In his now classic study of airborne infectious disease transmission, the patient's exhalation in the mask. Wells10 was the first to identify the difference between disease transmission via large droplets and airborne routes. Wells found that under normal air conditions, droplets smaller than 100 µm in diameter dried out before falling Hong Kong Med J 2008;14(Suppl 1):S29-32 2 m to the ground, that is, from human height. This finding established the theory that droplet and droplet nuclei disease transmission depends on the Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong size of the infectious droplet. SAR, China YG Li, ATY Chwang Droplets play an important role in the transmission of some respiratory Department of Microbiology, The infections, yet there is a surprising lack of knowledge about respiratory droplets, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong particularly about the effect of evaporation and the distance of droplet spread. SAR, China More accurate and detailed analysis and measurement of the processes involved WH Seto, PL Ho in droplet evaporation and movement in indoor environments is needed. Hospital Authority Head Office, 147B Argyle Street, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China Aims and objectives PL Yuen The main objectives of this study were: RFCID project number: HA-NS-002 (1) to study the number and size distributions of droplets produced during Principal applicant and corresponding author: breathing, coughing, talking, the use of nebulisers, and taking of Prof YG Li nasopharyngeal aspirates; Department of Mechanical Engineering, The (2) to determine the dispersion characteristics of droplets of different sizes in a University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China room environment after being expelled; and Tel: (852) 2859 2625 (3) to determine the critical factors affecting the penetration of exhaled droplets Fax: (852) 2858 5415 from one person into the breathing zone of another. This information will E-mail: email@example.com provide new understanding of the mechanisms governing airborne and droplet Hong Kong Med J Vol 14 No 1 Supplement 1 February 2008 29 Li et al transmission of diseases as well as providing new ideas were able to detect droplets generated from taking NPA; for the design of ventilation systems in hospital wards. the number and size of these droplets were smaller than those due to respiratory activities. In contrast, nebulisers Methods generated very fine droplets (<1 µm). Large volumes of these fine droplets can escape through the holes in the This study was conducted from December 2004 to nebuliser facemask and may be contaminated by the November 2006. patient's exhalations. As nebulisers do not generate large droplets, it is probably more likely that nebuliser use is Number and size distribution of droplets generated associated with airborne transmission of disease. during respiratory activities A small airtight box was constructed as done in previous The so-called large droplets seen in droplet transmission studies.3 To collect large droplets, glass microscope slides were larger than 50-100 µm in this study, which is different and strips of water-sensitive paper (both 76 mm x 26 mm) from current understanding. Large droplets produced by were attached to the four walls of the box prior to each respiratory activities can travel a longer distance— test, ie the back wall, left wall, right wall, and floor. Water- about 1.5 m for breathing, which correlates with the sensitive paper is a specially coated yellow paper that turns range of infection caused by droplet transmission. Current blue when exposed to water droplets, providing a rapid ventilation systems cannot remove large droplets effectively visual indication of droplet size and density. Small droplets from a room. These droplets form surface deposits on the or droplet nuclei suspended in the air were measured using floor, the bed, and the patient's body. The lowest level of a 16-channel dust monitor (Filter-check SubMicron Aerosol exhaust in the current Centers for Disease Control and Spectrometer/Filter Efficiency Monitor, Model 1.108, Grimm Prevention–recommended ventilation system appears to be Technologies Inc, GA, US), able to provide real-time size unnecessary. The distance between beds should be greater measurements of particles from 0.5 to 20 µm. Experiments than the distance travelled by the large droplets (1.5 m) but involving nebulisers and nasopharyngeal aspirates were this distance does not affect the ventilation performance for conducted at the Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong. the airborne transmission route.11 Droplet dispersion Discussion The droplet dispersions of respiratory plumes produced by a mannequin were studied in the full-scale severe This study demonstrates the feasibility of measuring acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) ward test room at the respiratory droplets produced during talking and coughing University of Hong Kong. The number and size distribution in a natural manner. The use of glass slides to detect droplet of droplets/particles at different distances from the number, size, and density shows considerable promise, mannequin were measured. The same conditions were also although scanning and analysing the droplet stain-marks studied using computational fluid dynamics simulations. are very time-consuming activities. Penetration of breathing flows and nebuliser It was difficult to capture all the droplets produced discharges during expiratory activities. If size distribution data are These were studied in the full-scale SARS ward test room available, the total number of droplets produced may be at the University of Hong Kong and in a test room at the estimated from the total mass measurement. There is only Aalborg University, Denmark. The respiratory flow patterns one report of a study measuring the total mass.12 and droplet concentration (number per unit volume) profiles were determined. Air currents and the distance between The mask and plastic bag methods commonly used the two persons (or beds) were studied under different to capture respiratory droplets for study did not fit the face environmental conditions, ie in a still, ambient environment, perfectly. Gaps between the face and the mask enabled in a mixed air ventilated room, and in a ceiling supply and droplets to escape during coughing. Droplet evaporation low-exhaust ventilated room. occurs during the process. Saliva on the lips may touch the mask or plastic bag. Condensation of water vapour in exhaled Results breath occurs in the plastic bag and droplets may be re-inhaled from the plastic bag. All these may influence the results. The average size of droplets produced by coughing and other respiratory activities can be larger than 50-100 µm, but they We found that the total mass measured in experiments tend to evaporate quickly. Droplets generated by respiratory was much larger than that calculated from measurements activities can be responsible for both airborne and droplet of droplet number and size. When measuring droplet transmission of diseases. Taking nasopharyngeal aspirates number and size, only a fraction of the droplets expelled (NPA) can stimulate coughing and promote the generation were captured, reducing the calculated total mass. When of aerosols. measuring droplet total mass, residues other than respiratory droplets were collected, thus increasing the apparent total Although measurement is technically quite difficult, we mass. 30 Hong Kong Med J Vol 14 No 1 Supplement 1 February 2008 Droplets from nebulisers and respiratory activities This study supports the belief that talking and coughing 3. The distance between hospital beds should be greater play important roles in respiratory droplet generation, and than the distance travelled by large droplets (1.5 m). Thus, provides more information about respiratory droplets produced bed distance should be determined by the mechanisms by healthy subjects. As expected, more small droplets were of droplet transmission, not airborne transmission. produced by the more violent activity of coughing. 4. Displacement ventilation should not be used in hospital wards and/or isolation rooms. In an earlier paper, we have presented the results of a 5. Nebulisers generate very fine droplets (<1 µm) and detailed full-scale experimental study on the interactions large volumes of these fine droplets can escape through of breathing flows between two patients lying in bed, and the holes in the mask. The use of nebulisers is probably between a patient lying in bed and a standing heath care more likely to be associated with airborne transmission worker in a ward with three different ventilation systems.11 It of disease. was found that downward ventilation with an air change rate of 4 air changes per hour results in a mixing type of ventilation. Acknowledgements The effectiveness of downward ventilation in different parts of the room is similar to the conventional mixing ventilation This project forms part of a series of studies commissioned formats that are commonly used in general hospital wards. by the Food and Health Bureau of the Hong Kong SAR Government and funded by the Research Fund for the In a mixing ventilation environment, our study showed Control of Infectious Diseases (Project No. HA-NS-002). that, over distances of 1.0, 0.6, and 0.3 m between beds, it We thank technicians at the Building Services Laboratory at had no significant impact on the personal exposure index of the University of Hong Kong, the airflow laboratory at the the patient exposed to the pollutant released from the source Aalborg University and the indoor air quality laboratory at the patient in a neighbouring bed. Queensland University of Technology in Australia for their full support. We also thank Ms Patricia Ching and her colleagues Based on our data, both mixing and downward ventilation at the Queen Mary Hospital for their help and support. systems are recommended for hospital wards with multiple beds. Further study is needed to demonstrate the potentially Results of this study were published in full in: superior particle removal performance by downward (1) Qian H, Li Y, Nielsen PV, Hyldgaard CE, Wong TW, ventilation systems and identify whether 'dead' areas Chwang AT. Dispersion of exhaled droplet nuclei in a with incomplete mixing exist when using the downward two-bed hospital ward with three different ventilation ventilation system. systems. Indoor Air 2006;16:111-28. (2) Xie X, Li Y, Chwang AT, Ho PL, Seto WH. How Our results demonstrated that the exhalation jet of a far droplets can move in indoor environments: patient lying down and facing sideways can travel a very revisiting Wells' evaporation-falling curve. Indoor Air long distance, assisted by thermal stratification along the 2007;17:211-25. exhaled air direction in a ward ventilated by displacement. (3) Xie X, Li Y, Zhang T, Fang HH. Bacterial survival in This raises the possibility of a high personal exposure level an evaporating deposited droplet on a teflon-coated if the receiving individual—either a patient or a health care surface. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2006;73:703-12. worker—is located in the exhalation jet. Displacement ventilation could remove the exhaled gaseous or fine References particles effectively if the source patient is facing up. Moreover, a high concentration zone of exhaled droplet 1. Jennison MW. Aerobiology. Washington DC: American Association nuclei due to thermal stratification locking was also observed of Advanced Science; 1942:106. in displacement ventilation. Our results do not support the 2. Duguid JF. The numbers and the sites of origin of the droplets expelled during expiratory activities. Edinburgh Med J 1945;52:335-40. use of displacement ventilation in hospital wards.11 3. Loudon RG, Brown LC. Cough frequency in patients with respira- tory disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1967;96:1137-43. Recommendations 4. Papineni RS, Rosenthal FS. The size distribution of droplets in the exhaled breath of healthy human subjects. J Aerosol Med 1. There is some confusion in the infection control literature 1997;10:105-16. about droplet size during droplet transmission. The 5. Fennelly KP, Martyny JW, Fulton KE, Orme IM, Cave DM, Heifets LB. Cough-generated aerosols of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: confusion may be caused by the differences between a new method to study infectiousness. Am J Resp Crit Care Med large droplets at the site of generation (ie when exhaled) 2004;169:604-9. and the residues left by large droplets in the room (ie after 6. Nicas M, Nazaroff WW, Hubbard A. Toward understanding the risk evaporation). At exhalation, large droplets may measure of secondary airborne infection: emission of respirable pathogens. J 50 to 100 µm while their residues may be much smaller. Occup Environ Hyg 2005;2:143-54. 2. The isolation room ventilation and airflow pattern affects 7. Morawska L. The influence of the thermal environment and air qual- ity on droplet fate in indoor environments, or can we prevent the both the airborne and droplet transmission of diseases. spread of infection? In: Proceedings of the 10th International Confer- The current ventilation system used in hospital wards is ence on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, Beijing, China, 4-9 Septem- not ideal. ber 2005, Vol. I, No. 1. Hong Kong Med J Vol 14 No 1 Supplement 1 February 2008 31 Li et al 8. Guidelines for isolation precautions in hospitals, Hospital Infection Dispersion of exhaled droplet nuclei in a two-bed hospital ward Control Advisory Committee. Atlanta, Georgia, US: Centers for Dis- with three different ventilation systems. Indoor Air 2006;16:111- ease Control and Prevention; 1996. 28. 9. Langley JM. Adenoviruses. Pediatr Rev 2005;26:244-9. 12. Teleman MD, Boudville IC, Heng BH, Zhu D, Leo YS. Factors 10. Wells WF. On air-borne infection. Study II. Droplets and droplet nu- associated with transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome clei. Am J Hyg 1934;20:611-8. among health-care workers in Singapore. Epidemiol Infect 11. Qian H, Li Y, Nielsen PV, Hyldgaard CE, Wong TW, Chwang AT. 2004;132:797-803. 32 Hong Kong Med J Vol 14 No 1 Supplement 1 February 2008
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Agoura Hills State Senator, Fran Pavley issued a statement on Friday about the Department of Conservation's release of possible regulations to be implemented in Senate Bill 4.
Don't miss a thing. Get breaking Santa Clarita news alerts delivered right to your inbox.
This Bill regulates hydraulic fracturing also known as "fracking", acidizing and other oil extraction practices:
"I commend the Brown Administration for a timely initiation of the process, and I look forward to a thorough review of the proposed long-term regulations and the forthcoming emergency regulations, which are necessary first steps to end unregulated fracking," Senator Pavley said. "The public, my colleagues in the Legislature and I will watch closely to ensure SB 4 is implemented appropriately to provide the accountability and transparency required by the law."
The permanent regulations released Friday are designed to take effect in 2015, after a formal notice and comment period is complete, but the Department will also issue emergency regulations that take effect in January 2014.
Beginning in 2014, SB 4 bars fracking and acidizing unless oil and gas well operators test the groundwater before and after operations, notify neighbors and disclose all chemicals used in the process.
The proposed permanent regulations are available at http://www.conservation.ca.gov.
Pavley represents about half of the Santa Clarita Valley in the State Senate.
Check out another KHTS News story about Fran Pavley!
Do you have a news tip? Call us at (661) 298-1220, or drop us a line at email@example.com.
Source: Santa Clarita News


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Celtics 'fully support the decisive action taken' by Adam Silver
|04.29.14 at 3:31 pm ET
In a statement issued on behalf of managing partners Wyc Grousbeck, H. Irving Grousbeck, Stephen Pagliuca and Robert Epstein, the Celtics have announced their support for NBA commissioner Adam Silver's lifetime ban of Clippers owner Donald Sterling.
"The entire Boston Celtics organization and our ownership group fully support the decisive action taken by NBA Commissioner Adam Silver today," the statement said. "The Celtics stand for inclusion and equality, and we are proud to be a part of a league that shares the same values."
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Social Constructionism
3rd Edition
Now in its third edition, this successful book introduces students to the area of social science theory and research known as social constructionism. Using a variety of examples from everyday experience and from existing research in areas such as personality, sexuality and health, it clearly...
Published April 21st 2015 by Routledge
Gender and Psychology
Series: Critical Concepts in Psychology
Nearly forty years after the passage of the Sex Discrimination and the Equal Pay Acts in the UK, and after similar legislative and judicial interventions in other jurisdictions around the world, women and men are still – by and large – following traditionally gendered educational and work careers....
Published September 29th 2014 by Routledge
Social Constructionism
2nd Edition
This accessible, yet scholarly, textbook aims to introduce students to the area of social science theory and research that has come to be known as social constructionism. Using a variety of examples from everyday experience and from existing research in areas such as personality, sexuality and...
Published August 7th 2003 by Routledge
The Person in Social Psychology
Series: Psychology Focus
Traditional social psychology assumes that the person has an already-existing nature that then becomes subject to the influence of the social environment. The Person in Social Psychology challenges this model, drawing on theories from micro-sociology and contemporary European social psychology to...
Published February 14th 2002 by Psychology Press
Gender and Social Psychology
Series: Psychology Focus
Explaining theory and research in an accessible but thorough manner, Gender and Social Psychology critically evaluates the contribution that psychology has made to the study of gender, examining key issues such a family roles and parenting, inequalities in education, jobs and pay, and the effects...
Published April 2nd 1998 by Routledge
An Introduction to Social Constructionism
Introduction to Social Constructionism is a readable and critical account of social constructionism for students new to the field. Focusing on the challenge to psychology that social constructionism poses, Viven Burr examines the notion of 'personality' to illustrate the rejection of essentialism...
Published May 11th 1995 by Routledge


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The Score: Why Prisons Thrive Even When Budgets Shrink (The Nation)
Click here to subscribe to Roosevelt First, our weekday morning email featuring the Daily Digest.
The Score: Why Prisons Thrive Even When Budgets Shrink (The Nation)
Roosevelt Institute Fellow Mike Konczal and Bryce Covert look at the growth of incarceration even in times when presidents preach against "big government," which the prison system certainly is.
Europe's Austerity Zombies (Project Syndicate)
Roosevelt Institute Chief Economist Joseph Stiglitz says that European countries' continued push for austerity, which isn't fixing their economies, is tragic in light of the people who suffer without work.
Revisiting the Lehman Brothers Bailout That Never Was (NYT)
James B. Stewart and Peter Eavis report on previously unknown analysis from the New York Federal Reserve suggesting that the Fed could bail out Lehman Brothers. The analysis never reached top officials.
It's the Inequality, Stupid (In These Times)
Emphasizing inequality is the best chance that Democrats have of engaging working-class voters who swing elections, writes David Moberg.
New York Mayor de Blasio Plans Expansion of Living Wage (Reuters)
De Blasio plans to sign an executive order that will expand the law to cover an additional 18,000 jobs and increase the living wage to $13.13 for workers without benefits, writes Alex Dobuzinskis.
California Pension Fund Gives the Boot to Hedge Funds (AJAM)
Dean Baker praises California's public pension fund for ending investments in hedge funds, which charge high fees. He says that funds should make the contracts that lay out these fees public.
Killing the "Nuclear Option" Will Not Save the Senate. It Will Ruin Obama's Final Two Years. (TNR)
When Senate Republicans say that they want to revoke the Democrats' "nuclear option," which eliminated filibusters on presidential appointments, they're planning a blockade, writes Brian Beutler.


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Torrance Chamber to Honor Japanese American World War II Veterans
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Out and About // South Bay Environmental Services Center
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See what's happening right now with local government legislation, and how we're voicing the concerns of local business. This is about keeping Torrance an amazing place to live and work.
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The winger has struggled to make the starting eleven since moving to England in the summer and is hopeful that the arrival of new coach Ian Holloway will herald a new beginning at the Walkers Stadium.
"Leaving Leicester City is an option, but at the moment I am not thinking about this issue much," Kaebi told IranSportsPress.com.
"I haven't made my decision yet. With the new coach appointment in Leicester City, I'm looking forward for a chance to prove myself and hope that my situation changes at the club."
"My agent is set to come to England to talk to Leicester officials. If my time on the bench continues then I will consider leaving City."
The 22 year-old has been linked with a return to Tehran giants Persepolis.
"Although I say it again, leaving Leicester City is the last option, and I hope to find my spot in the starting 11. Also considering Holloway was previously QPR coach, a team that the Iran National team played a friendly against, he may know me better."


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This item is controlled on the U.S. Commerce Control List set forth in the Export Administration Regulations or the U.S. Munitions List set forth in the International Traffic in Arms Regulations, and may require a license or other authorization from the U.S. Government to be exported from the United States. Without limitation, parties purchasing from B&H are solely responsible for determining applicable export licensing requirements and for obtaining any licenses or other authorizations from the appropriate agencies of the U.S. Government that are necessary for exporting the item, such as the U.S. Department of Commerce or the U.S. Department of State.
This Polar Pro Magenta Underwater Filter is a snap-on filter that is compatible with the GoPro Dive Housing for use on HERO and HERO2 cameras. The magenta color-correction filter is specifically designed to be used in green-colored waters up to about 65' deep. The magenta coloring balances the overwhelming green cast that is caused by the water in order to provide increased vibrancy and a more natural-looking white balance.
The filter is constructed from durable optical acrylic for increased protection and maintained image sharpness. The snap-on design also allows quick installation and removal of the filter while underwater.


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Cinemantra is providing solutions for launching the digital edition of print magazines. We allow readers to view the digital editions of the printed magazine online allowing publishers to reach out to readers globally who are beyond the reach of traditional distribution channels.
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Only two years removed from West Point Green Wave Basketball and Lakin Ford has found a home at Mississippi College.
A 6'5" 190 pound junior forward for the Choctaws, Ford recorded a double-double against Schreiner University. Ford scored 13 points and pulled down 11 rebounds in 35 minutes of play during the Thursday, January 3rd contest as the Choctaws went on to victory over the Mountaineers 78-60.
The Lady Eagles traveled to De Kalb, taking on the Lady Rams of Kemper Academy. In their third district game, the girls of Hebron Christian were hoping to pick up their first district win after two losses to Winona Christian and Calhoun Academy.
The Eagles took an undefeated record on the road for their third district game against Kemper Academy. Hebron and Kemper are big rivals and the action on the floor proved no different.
A sluggish first half proved to not be a problem for the Eagles as Hebron entered the halftime interval up 20-18. In the second half, Hebron used a third quarter 13-0 run to pull away from the Rams, going on to win 53-36.
The first week of filing qualifying paperwork at West Point City Hall for the 2013 Municipal Election was unusually slow with only eight individuals filing statements of intent as opposed to the busy first qualifying week during the last Municipal Election.
The West Point/Clay County Arts Council had a productive 2012, and the organization which promotes the arts county-wide is taking that momentum into 2013.
There are many monthly activities the Arts Council has already set in stone for this year, and there will likely be more added to the list as the year rolls along.
Monte Brasfield, an Arts Council leader says the group will host many of the same activities it has in the past, but it has created new ones, including a Spring festival, the Art Walk, which will take place on Saturday, April 13.
Each year the West Point/Clay County Community Growth Alliance recognizes individuals for their contributions to the betterment of West Point and Clay County at the Annual Banquet. This year the Growth Alliance is asking the citizens of West Point and Clay County to participate in the selection of award recipients in two categories, West Point Hall of Fame and Citizen of the Year.
Cleveland Nathanial Jackson, age 93, died Monday, December 31, 2012, at Benchmark Nursing Home in St Charles, Mo., with his family by his side.
Nathanial Jackson was born September 28, 1919, to Grover Cleveland and Mellie Josephine Jackson in Aberdeen. He was married to Eula Lee Arick and she preceded him in death. He had lived in the St. Charles area for 46 years, moving there from Mississippi. After 23 years of working for St. Joseph Health Center, he worked as a landscaper.
Nathaniel Reives age 90, passed away Wednesday, December 26, 2012, at Okibbeha County Hospital in Starkville.
Funeral services are Saturday, January 5, 2013, at 11 a.m. from St. Paul M.B. Church with the Rev. Eddie A. Longstreet officiating. Burial will follow in Mt. Zion M.B. Church Cemetery.
Visitation is today, Friday, January 4, 2013, at Carter's Mortuary Services Chapel.
Carter's Mortuary Services is in charge of arrangements.
There are defining moments in the careers of every leader.
These moments teach valuable lessons, and they often serve to prepare these individuals for their leadership roles.
For Clay County Sheriff Eddie Scott, the storm outbreak of April, 2011 shined light on his talents as a law enforcement officer, and it exposed some weaknesses in local emergency response which Scott began to address as soon as he was elected the following November.
West Point, MS - In an effort to empower community youth, Sally Kate Winters Family Services is now offering a free leadership program to teens 12-17 years old during the afterschool hours. Parents and teachers are encouraged to refer students to the program that will provide two hours (3:30 p.m. - 5:30p.m.) of supervised leadership building activities, such as independent-living skills, educational encouragement, problem solving, character building, personal responsibility, and community service opportunities.


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Staff Writer
Requests to fight West Nile virus doubled last month as a spike in home foreclosures led to thousands of abandoned swimming pools and tougher economic times pushed pool maintenance to the bottom of homeowner priority lists.
And what's the county's key weapon on the front lines against the mosquito-borne disease?
A tiny silvery fish, known as Gambusia affinis, which has a Pac-Man-like appetite for mosquito larvae that thrive in stagnant water.
In May, the Greater Los Angeles County Vector Control District received 288 requests for service, up from 145 in May 2007. The agency is using the silvery mosquitofish on a record number of homes amid skyrocketing foreclosures, including an increase of more than 200 percent in the San Fernando Valley since spring of 2007.
The need for more fish comes as West Nile virus -- passed on to humans, horses and birds by mosquito bites -- has made its appearance earlier than its usual summertime entrance.
"All of the evidence is pointing to a very active West Nile season," said Truc Dever, spokeswoman for the vector-control agency.
Crow case in Valley
While health experts can't predict the problem's intensity this season, state figures back up the local numbers.
As of Wednesday, 18 California counties have reported cases of West Niles virus this year -- including in a crow found in Woodland Hills last month -- up from just nine during the same period last year, said Vicki Kramer, chief of the California Department of Public Health's Vector-Borne Disease Section.
While no human cases have been reported so far, known bird deaths from West Nile have quadrupled from 25 to 100. And state officials attribute the increase at least in part to foreclosures, saying they have identified abandoned pools through aerial photography.
The virus is transmitted to humans by mosquitoes that feed on crows and other birds infected with the disease. Most mosquitoes do not carry the virus, and most people bitten by mosquitoes don't become infected with West Nile.
Though the disease cannot be passed on from human to human, the American Red Cross has seen an increase in the presence of the virus among potential blood donors. There were 29 potential donors statewide who tested positive for the virus last year, up from 14 in 2006.
Increasingly, vector-control agents called out to homes bring along mosquitofish, knowing they're probably going to need them.
Fish prove invaluable
Many trips are to foreclosed homes or homes of financially strapped residents who can keep their front yards manicured to give the appearance of economic stability, but have surrendered their swimming pools to algae and slime.
"These fish have proven their weight in gold," said Ron Helo, a senior vector-control agent who makes house calls.
Recently, he released 20 mosquitofish into the opaque, green waters of a blue-tiled, courtyard pool at an abandoned Aetna Street home in Woodland Hills.
Mosquitofish are considered an invasive species to California, first brought to the state in 1922 to control mosquitoes. It is against the law for them to be released into habitats where native animals and plants flourish.
But because a female mosquitofish can gulp thousands of mosquito larvae, vector agents prefer them to larvicide. They are either caught in controlled pools or purchased from private vendors.
Aetna Street resident Karo Karapetyan called the Los Angeles County Department of Health about the abandoned pool in the neighborhood because of the abundance of mosquitoes and the bites he got. The department contacted the vector-control agency.
"I had a big bite on my arm that was this big," Karapetyan said, raising his left forearm to show the scars of a silver-dollar-size bite.
Because the home was abandoned, Helo had access to the pool. But vector-control officials are facing the challenge of determining when they can and cannot enter the backyard of a foreclosed, bank-owned home. Foreclosures have hit an estimated 4,000 L.A. County homes with backyard pools.
Dever said her agency is working with health officials, real estate agents and banks to legally enter the backyards.
"The health and safety code gives us a certified authority if there is a public health risk, but if it's an occupied home, the residents have a right of privacy," Dever said.
To make sure residents know their pool might be a health risk, vector- control agents have been working on Saturdays, when owners or renters are likely to be home.
"If the gate is wide open and we know the home is vacant, if we can tell the pool is breeding mosquitoes," Dever said, "we will go in there."
photo, box
Vector-control agent Ron Helo releases mosquitofish into the pool at a Valley home, vacant after mortgage foreclosure. West Nile disease is carried by mosquitoes that lay eggs in stagnant water.
Tina Burch/Staff Photographer
West Nile predator
SOURCE: Discover Life
Gregg Miller/Staff Artist
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Because it's the toughest to digest, so by eating it first it has a head start in the digestive process.. Also, it can help with over-eating as by drinking liquids with it, it will fill you up quicker.
Another take...fancy meals are served in courses, which provides some breathing room for the people preparing the food to make sure things are hot & done as needed. Soup or salad is usually an early course, as they are things that can be made ahead of time and served leisurely.
Lettuce expands the stomach, so it helps to make room other food
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definition of Wikipedia
Advertizing ▼
|St. Louis Cardinals
|2012 St. Louis Cardinals season
|Major league affiliations
|Current uniform
|Retired numbers
|1, 2, 6, 9, 10, 14, 17, 20, 24, 42, 42, 45, 85
|Other nicknames
|Major league titles
|World Series titles (11)
|2011 • 2006 • 1982 • 1967
1964 • 1946 • 1944 • 1942
1934 • 1931 • 1926
|NL Pennants (18)
|2011 • 2006 • 2004 • 1987
1985 • 1982 • 1968 • 1967
1964 • 1946 • 1944 • 1943
1942 • 1934 • 1931 • 1930
1928 • 1926
|AA Pennants (4)
|1888 • 1887 • 1886 • 1885
|Central Division titles (8)[dubious ]
|2009 • 2006 • 2005 • 2004
2002 • 2001 • 2000 • 1996
|East Division titles (3) [1]
|1987 • 1985 • 1982
|Wild card berths (2) [5]
|2011 • 2001
|Front office
|William DeWitt, Jr. and Fred Hanser
|Mike Matheny
|General Manager
|John Mozeliak
The St. Louis Cardinals are a professional baseball team based in St. Louis, Missouri. They are members of the Central Division in the National League of Major League Baseball. The Cardinals have won 11 World Series championships, the most of any National League team, and second overall only to the New York Yankees, who have won 27. They have played in 18 Fall Classics, tying them with the Dodgers and Giants for most World Series appearances among National League clubs and second overall to the Yankees' 40 appearances. The Cardinals are the reigning World Series champions, having defeated the Texas Rangers in seven games in the 2011 World Series.
The Cardinals were founded in the American Association in 1882 as the St. Louis Brown Stockings, taking the name from an earlier National League team. They joined the National League in 1892, and have been known as the Cardinals since 1900. They were called the "Perfectos"[6] in 1899. The Cardinals began playing in the current Busch Stadium in 2006. The Cardinals have a long-standing rivalry with the Chicago Cubs.
The Cardinals were founded in 1882 as a member of the American Association called the St. Louis Brown Stockings. The club quickly achieved success, winning four AA pennants in a row in 1885–1888. St. Louis played in an early version of the World Series, the first two times against the National League's Chicago White Stockings, now named the Chicago Cubs. The 1885 series ended in dispute, but St. Louis won the 1886 series outright, beginning a St. Louis-Chicago rivalry that continues to this day.[7] The American Association went bankrupt in 1892, and the Browns moved to the National League, leaving much of their success behind for the next three decades. The club changed its name to the "Perfectos" in 1899, before adopting the "Cardinals" name in 1900.[6]
From 1902–1954, an American League team, the St. Louis Browns, also played in St. Louis. The Browns moved to Baltimore in 1954 and became the Baltimore Orioles.
The Cardinals' fortunes in the National League began to improve in 1920, when Sam Breadon bought the club and named Branch Rickey his general manager. Rickey immediately moved the Cardinals to Sportsman's Park to become tenants of their American League rivals, the St. Louis Browns, and sold the Cardinals' ballpark. Rickey used the money from the sale to invest in and pioneer the minor league farm system, which produced many great players and led to new success for the Cardinals.[8]
Led by Rogers Hornsby, who won the Triple Crown in both 1922 and 1925, the Cardinals improved dramatically during the 1920s. They won their first National League pennant in 1926 and then defeated the favored New York Yankees in seven games to win the World Series. In 1927, now led by Frankie Frisch, the Cardinals fell just short, before claiming another pennant in 1928.
The Cardinals kept winning in the next decade, claiming back-to-back pennants in 1930 and 1931. The Cardinals matched up with the Philadelphia Athletics in both World Series, losing in 1930 but returning to win the 1931 series. In 1934 the team, nicknamed the "Gashouse Gang" for their shabby appearance and rough tactics, again won the pennant and then the World Series over the Detroit Tigers. Dizzy Dean won 30 games that season, the last National League pitcher to reach that mark. Joe Medwick won the Triple Crown in 1937, the last National League hitter to achieve the feat, but the Cardinals failed to win a pennant in the second half of the decade.[9]
Outfielder Stan "the Man" Musial joined the Cardinals in 1941. Musial spent 22 years in a Cardinals uniform and won three NL MVP Awards. Led by Musial, 1942 MVP Mort Cooper, and 1944 MVP Marty Marion, the Cardinals dominated the National League during World War II, winning three straight pennants from 1942–1944. The 1942 "St. Louis Swifties" won a franchise record 106 games and defeated the Yankees in the World Series. The team then posted 105 wins in both 1943 and 1944. The Cardinals fell to the Yankees in the 1943 World Series rematch. The 1944 World Series was particularly memorable, as the Cardinals met their crosstown rivals, the St. Louis Browns, in the "Streetcar Series," with the Cardinals prevailing for their fifth title. In 1946 the Cardinals finished the season tied with the Brooklyn Dodgers, but claimed the pennant in a first-ever best-of-3 playoff series (2 games to 0). The Cardinals then won the World Series in 7 games against the Boston Red Sox. In the bottom of the 8th inning in Game 7, with the score tied at 3–3, Enos Slaughter scored on a "Mad Dash" from first on a double to left-center to win the game and the series.[9]
Rickey had left the Cardinals to become general manager of the Dodgers in 1942, and after their 1946 win, the Cardinals slid back to the middle of the National League. In 1953 the Anheuser-Busch brewery bought the Cardinals, and August "Gussie" Busch became team president. He soon purchased Sportsman's Park from St. Louis Browns owner Bill Veeck, renovated the ballpark, and renamed it Busch Stadium. The Browns, who had not been as successful or popular as the Cardinals in three decades, realized they could not compete with the deep pockets of the brewery. After the 1953 season the Browns left St. Louis to become the Baltimore Orioles, and the Cardinals were left as the only major league team in town.[10]
In 1958, outfielder-1st baseman Musial became the 8th player in Major League Baseball history to accumulate 3,000 hits.
The Cardinals achieved another period of success in the 1960s with the help of a trade and a dominating pitcher. In 1964 the Cardinals traded pitcher Ernie Broglio and two other players to the rival Cubs for outfielder Lou Brock and two other players. The trade, since nicknamed "Brock for Broglio," has become emblematic of a trade which in retrospect was ridiculously lopsided. The Cardinals would prove to be on the good side of the trade, as Brock would successfully replace Musial, who had retired at the end of 1963, in left field. Behind Brock, MVP third baseman Ken Boyer, and pitcher Bob Gibson, who won 19 games, the Cardinals won the 1964 World Series over the Yankees, with Gibson named series MVP. In 1966 the Cardinals moved to the new Busch Memorial Stadium, where they hosted the MLB All-Star Game that summer. The next year the team, after winning 101 regular season games behind the MVP performance of Orlando Cepeda, won the 1967 World Series over the Red Sox. Gibson pitched three complete-game wins, allowing only three earned runs, and was named World Series MVP for the second time. In 1968, nicknamed the "Year of the Pitcher" because of the domination of pitching over hitting throughout the majors, the Cardinals' Bob Gibson proved to be the most dominant pitcher of all. Gibson's earned run average of 1.12 is a live-ball era record (he allowed only 38 earned runs in 304 innings pitched), and he won both the NL Cy Young Award and the NL MVP Award. On the strength of Gibson's historic season the Cardinals reached the 1968 World Series and faced the Detroit Tigers. Gibson would pitch another three complete games and set a World Series record with 35 strikeouts, including a single-game World Series record 17 in Game 1, though he ended up losing in the deciding Game 7.
Gibson won a second Cy Young Award in 1970, and Joe Torre and Keith Hernandez won the NL MVP Award in 1971 and 1979 respectively, but the Cardinals failed to win a pennant during the 1970s.[10]
The Cardinals returned to their winning ways in 1981, but were left out of the playoffs in the strike-affected season; despite posting the best overall record in the NL East, they finished in second place in each half of the split season. But just like in 1964, a trade would propel the Cardinals upward. Before the 1982 season began the Cardinals acquired shortstop Ozzie Smith from the San Diego Padres via a trade in exchange for Garry Templeton. With Smith, and playing a form of baseball nicknamed Whiteyball after manager Whitey Herzog, the Cardinals won the 1982 World Series over the Milwaukee Brewers. In 1985 the Cardinals were the National League's most dominant team, winning 101 games behind the MVP performance of center fielder Willie McGee, pitcher John Tudor's 21 wins (including 10 shutouts), and rookie left fielder Vince Coleman's 110 stolen bases. After defeating the Los Angeles Dodgers in the NLCS, Herzog's Cardinals reached the 1985 World Series to face the Kansas City Royals. The series was nicknamed the "I-70 Series" after the highway that connects the two in-state rivals. The Royals won in seven games, but the series is best remembered by Cardinals fans for an infamous blown call by umpire Don Denkinger in Game 6. In the 9th inning of that game the Cardinals, who had a 3 games to 2 advantage over the Royals, were leading 1-0 and three outs away from winning the Series when Denkinger's blown call on a play at first base sparked a Kansas City rally. The Royals won the game by a score of 2-1, and went on to defeat the Cardinals in the seventh and deciding game. The Cardinals would also reach the 1987 World Series, losing to the Minnesota Twins in seven games.[11] The series against the Twins was noteworthy as being the first in which the home team won every game (which happened again 4 years later when the Twins defeated the Atlanta Braves).
The Cardinals hit another period of little success in the early 1990s. Joe Torre replaced Herzog as manager, but failed to make the playoffs despite several winning seasons. Before the 1996 season the Cardinals were purchased by new owners led by William DeWitt, Jr. and hired Tony La Russa away from the Oakland Athletics. The team won the NL Central that season and defeated the Padres in the NLDS before falling to the Atlanta Braves in 7 games in the NLCS. In 1998, the Cardinals were the focus of the baseball world as slugging first baseman Mark McGwire broke the single season home run record by hitting 70 home runs. McGwire's epic pursuit of Roger Maris' record along with the Cubs' Sammy Sosa helped to re-popularize baseball after the 1994 strike.[11]
The new millennium brought new success. The new era began when shortly before the 2000 season the Cardinals traded for Jim Edmonds and later when McGwire went down to what turned out to be career ending injuries midseason. Jim Edmonds would help to lead the Cardinals to the playoffs for the first time since 1996. They would lose to the New York Mets 4-1 in the NLCS playoffs but would return to postseason play the following year with the help of 2001 rookie of the year Albert Pujols. Pujols would have arguably the best first 11 years in the history of the game. The Cardinals, led by a core that included Albert Pujols, Jim Edmonds, and later Scott Rolen, reached the playoffs in six of the next seven years. The Cardinals reached the playoffs in 2000, 2001, and 2002, then missed in 2003 before advancing to the NLCS in each of the next three years, punctuated by two trips to the World Series in 2004 and 2006.
In 2004, the Cardinals won 105 games, the best record in baseball, then defeated the Dodgers in the NLDS and the Houston Astros in a seven-game NLCS to reach the 2004 World Series against the Boston Red Sox, who swept the Cardinals. The Cardinals lost only 4 times in a shutout in the regular season, but were shut out 3 times in the postseason, including 1 shutout loss in every series in the playoffs (4–0 to the Dodgers in Game 3 of the NLDS, 3–0 to the Astros in Game 5 of the NLCS, and 3–0 to the Red Sox in Game 4 of the World Series).
The Cardinals won 100 games and another Central Division title in 2005, but lost in an NLCS rematch to the Astros. This was also the final season for Busch Memorial Stadium. Albert Pujols won his first MVP award. He would later become the franchise's first 3 time MVP award winner since Stan Musial. Meanwhile, Chris Carpenter became the franchise's first Cy Young award winner since Bob Gibson.
In 2006, the Cardinals moved to the new Busch Stadium. Despite winning only 83 games during the season (The second lowest win total and winning percentage of a World Series team behind the '73 Mets), the Cardinals defeated the San Diego Padres in the NLDS and the New York Mets in a seven game NLCS. In the 2006 World Series, the Cardinals faced the heavily-favored Detroit Tigers, but won in five games for the franchise's tenth World Series title.[12] This also marked the first time since the 1923 New York Yankees that a Major League team opened up a new ballpark with a World Series Championship.
On August 22, 2009, they defeated the San Diego Padres for the 10,000th win in franchise history, becoming only the fourth team to accomplish the feat, after the San Francisco Giants, Chicago Cubs, and Los Angeles Dodgers.
The Cardinals became the first Major League Baseball club to clinch a division title in 2009, beating the Colorado Rockies on September 26. The Cardinals were considered strong contenders for the league pennant because of their strong starting pitching and offense, but were swept in three games by the Los Angeles Dodgers in the best-of-five NLDS, despite having beaten the Dodgers five of seven times in the regular season.
The 2009 season also saw three Cardinal players lead the National League in three categories. Pujols's 47 home runs was tops in the majors, pitcher Adam Wainwright's 19 wins was the most in the National League (and tied for most in the majors with three American League pitchers), and Chris Carpenter's ERA of 2.24 was the best in the National League. Pujols won the MVP award, while Carpenter and Wainwright finished 2nd and 3rd in Cy Young Award voting. Carpenter was also named the National League's Comeback Player of the Year.
The success of the 2000s were clouded by no small measure of tragedy. On June 18, 2002, long-time Cardinals radio broadcaster Jack Buck died. Four days later, Cardinals starting pitcher Darryl Kile died in his sleep, apparently of heart failure, before a game in Chicago against the Cubs. On April 29, 2007, also during a series with the Cubs, Cardinals relief pitcher Josh Hancock, 29, was killed in a car accident while driving drunk when his vehicle collided with a stopped tow truck that was aiding a disabled motorist on Interstate 64, not far from Busch Stadium.[13]
The 2011 season will go down as one of baseball's most compelling cinderella stories. On August 24, after the Cardinals played their 130th game of the season (only 32 remained), they were 10 1⁄2 games behind the Wild Card leading Atlanta Braves. They went 23-9 to finish 90-72, a game better than Atlanta's 89-73, to win the Wild Card on the final regular season game marking the largest comeback in history after 130 games.[14][15][16] It was an impressive comeback considering the fact that the Braves play in a different division; with fewer head-to-head games, it was harder to catch up to (and eventually overtake) the Braves in the Wild Card race.[17]
The Cardinals played the Philadelphia Phillies in the NLDS. The Phillies were heavily favored to win. However, the Cardinals defeated them 3-2. Game 5 was notable for the pitching duel between Phillies ace Roy Halladay and Cardinals ace Chris Carpenter, both friends and former teammates. Halladay left after giving up just one earned run over eight innings. He was bested by Carpenter, who threw a complete game, 3-hit shutout, winning 1-0. It was the first National League playoff series to end in a 1-0 score.[18]
In the NLCS, the Cardinals defeated the Milwaukee Brewers 4-2, to win their 18th National League pennant. This ranks them among the Dodgers and Giants for most in the National League (the Cardinals, Dodgers, and Giants together account for approximately half of all NL pennants won). They are second overall to the 40 by the Yankees.[19]
The Cardinals defeated the Texas Rangers in seven games to win their 11th World Series championship. Game 3 of the series had an iconic moment in history when Albert Pujols hit 3 home runs in the Cardinals' 16-7 rout of the Rangers, tying several World Series records in the process for hits, home runs, RBI's, and runs scored in one game, as well as becoming the third player to ever hit 3 home runs in one World Series game. Despite this achievement, it is Game 6 that is considered one of the greatest post-season accomplishments and games of any MLB team, with the Cardinals winning in 11 innings. After twice being one strike away from elimination, the Cardinals came back. World Series MVP David Freese delivered the first clutch hit, a triple driving in two runs in the ninth, while Lance Berkman had an RBI single in the tenth. To lead off the 11th, Freese was the hero again as he hit a walk-off blast to center field, and when he hit home plate he was mobbed by his teammates and his jersey was ripped off from his person. The Cardinals went on to win game seven 6-2.
On December 16, 2011, the Cardinals won the Organization of the Year award from Baseball America for the first time. Baseball America has given this award since 1982.[20]
In January 2012, on the First Lady's 48th birthday, President Barack Obama and Michelle Obama attended a White House event to celebrate the Cardinals as 2011 World Series champions.[21]
The Cardinals play their home games at Busch Stadium in downtown St. Louis. Busch Stadium, also called Busch III, opened for the 2006 season at a cost of $346 million[22] and can hold 46,861 people.[23] but Game 7 of the 2011 World Series had a record 47,399 due to increased standing room only tickets. The Cardinals finished their inaugural season in the new Busch Stadium by winning the 2006 World Series, becoming the first team since the 1923 New York Yankees to win the World Series in their first season in a new ballpark. The ballpark has numerous statues of former Cardinal players who are hall of fame inductees outside, including the iconic statue of Stan Musial in front of the third base entrance.
Busch Stadium is the Cardinals' fourth home ballpark and the third to be named Busch Stadium. The Cardinals' original home ballpark was Sportsman's Park from 1882–1892 when they were playing in the American Association and known as the Browns. To begin the 1893 season, the Cardinals moved to a new ballpark five-blocks to the northwest of Sportsman's Park originally called New Sportsman's Park but more commonly remembered as Robison Field which served as their home from 1893–1920.[6] Midway through the 1920 season the Cardinals abandoned Robison Field and returned to the original Sportsman's Park and became tenants of their American League rivals, the St. Louis Browns. In 1953, the Cardinals were purchased by the Anheuser-Busch Brewery and the new owner subsequently purchased Sportsman's Park from the Browns and renamed it Busch Stadium, becoming Busch I. The Browns then left St. Louis for Baltimore after the season. The Cardinals moved to Busch Memorial Stadium, or Busch II, in downtown St. Louis during the 1966 season and played there until 2005.[10] It was built as the multi-purpose home of both the baseball Cardinals and the St. Louis football Cardinals, now the Arizona Cardinals. The current Busch Stadium was constructed immediately south of and partly on top of the site of Busch Memorial Stadium. The current Bush stadium is often referred to as "baseball heaven".[citation needed]
The Cardinals hold spring training at Roger Dean Stadium in Jupiter, Florida. They share the complex, which opened in 1998, with the Miami Marlins. Before moving to Jupiter, the Cardinals hosted spring training at Al Lang Field in St. Petersburg, Florida from 1937–1997.
The Cardinals have had few logos throughout their history, although those logos have evolved over time. The first logo associated with the Cardinals was an interlocking "SL" that appeared on the team's caps and or sleeves as early as 1900. Those early uniforms usually featured the name "St. Louis" on white home and gray road uniforms which both had cardinal red accents. In 1920 the "SL" largely disappeared from the team's uniforms, and for the next 20 years the team wore caps that were white with red striping and a red bill. In 1922, the Cardinals wore uniforms for the first time that featured two cardinal birds perched on a baseball bat over the name "Cardinals" with the letter "C" of the word hooked over the bat. This logo, colloquially referred to as the "birds on the bat," originally had the birds perched on a black bat and "Cardinals" in printed letters. An alternate version of this logo with "St. Louis" replacing "Cardinals" appeared in 1930 and was the primary logo in 1931 and 1932 before "Cardinals" returned. In 1940 the now-familiar "StL" logo was introduced on the team's caps. The interlocking "StL" has undergone several slight modifications over the years but has appeared on the team's caps every year since. The first appearance of the "StL" in 1940 coincided with the introduction of navy blue as a uniform color. From 1940 until 1955 the team wore navy blue caps with red bills and a red interlocking "StL" while the jerseys featured both cardinal red and navy blue accents. In 1951 the "birds on the bat" logo was changed to feature a yellow baseball bat.[25]
In 1956 the Cardinals changed their caps to entirely navy with a red "StL," removing the red bill. Also, for that one season, the Cardinals wore a script "Cardinals" wordmark on the their uniforms without the "birds on the bat." However, an updated version of the "birds on the bat" logo would return in 1957 with the word "Cardinals" now written in cursive beneath the bat. In 1962, the Cardinals were the first National League team to display players' names on the back of their jerseys. In 1964 the Cardinals, while retaining their blue caps for road games, changed their home caps to all red with a white interlocking "StL." In 1965 they changed their road caps to red as well. In 1967, the birds on the bat emblem on the jersey was again tweaked, making the birds more realistic and changing the position of their tails relative to the bat. This version would remain on all Cardinals game jerseys through 1997. In 1971, following the trend in baseball at the time, the Cardinals replaced their more traditional flannel front-button shirts and pants with belts with new pullover knit jerseys and elastic waist pants. Yet another trend in baseball led the Cardinals to change their road uniforms from gray to light blue from 1976–1984. In 1992 the Cardinals returned to wearing more traditional button-down shirts and pants with belts. That same year they also began wearing an all-navy cap with a red "StL" on the road only while wearing the same red and white cap at home games. In 1998 the "birds on the bat" was updated for the first time in 30 years with more detailed birds and bolder letters. In 1998 the Cardinals also introduced a cap featuring a single cardinal bird perched on a bat, which they wear only on Sunday home games. The new birds on the bat design was tweaked the very next year, with yellow beaks and white eyes replacing the red beaks and yellow eyes of the 1998 version. Uniform numbers also returned to the back of the jerseys in 1892 after a forty year absence. Over the years the Cardinals have also used other marketing logos that never appeared on uniforms that showed anthropomorphized cardinals in a pitching stance, swinging a baseball bat, flying birds, or wearing a baseball cap.[25]
The team mascot is an anthropomorphic cardinal wearing the team's uniform named Fredbird. He is assisted by Team Fredbird, a group of eleven women who entertain fans from the field and on top of the dugouts.
While unofficial, the Rally Squirrel gained popularity during the 2011 postseason. First making its appearance in Game 3 of the NLDS on Oct. 4, the Rally Squirrel caused quite a stir in St. Louis. As the Cardinals were at-bat against the Phillies in Game 4 (Oct. 5) of the NLDS, a squirrel ran across home plate in the middle of a pitch from Roy Oswalt to Skip Schumaker. The Cardinals would win Game 4 and subsequently Game 5 (Oct. 7) in Philadelphia to advance to the NLCS. The official name has become "Buschie the Rally Squirrel"[26]
The Cardinals–Cubs rivalry refers to games between the Cardinals and the Chicago Cubs. The rivalry is also known as the I-55 series (or in earlier years the Route 66 series), deriving its name from the roadway connecting the two cities, Interstate 55 (which itself succeeded the famous U.S. Route 66). The Cubs lead the series 1,096–1,054 through 2011,[27] while the Cardinals lead in National League pennants with 18 against the Cubs' 16. The Cubs have won 10 of those pennants in Major League Baseball's Modern Era (1901-present), while all 18 of the Cardinals' pennants have been won since 1901. The Cardinals also have a clear edge when it comes to World Series successes, having won 11 championships to the Cubs' 2. The Cardinals have enjoyed an overwhelming advantage over their Chicago rivals in the regular season standings since the Cubs last participated in a World Series (1945): in the 66 seasons from 1946 through 2011 the Cardinals have finished ahead of the Cubs 49 times. In that same span the Cardinals have had 45 seasons in which their winning percentage was over .500, while the Cubs have finished over that mark 19 times (they finished at an even .500 twice). In terms of each cities championships Chicago has the clear edge with Chicago having 27 and St. Louis having only 13 .[28][29] Cardinals-Cubs games see numerous visiting fans in either St. Louis' Busch Stadium or Chicago's Wrigley Field.[30] When the National League split into two, and then three divisions, the Cardinals and Cubs remained together. This has added excitement to several pennant races over the years, most recently in 1989, 2003 and 2004; the first two times the division title was won by the Cubs, the third by the Cardinals, who went on to win the National League pennant as the Cubs faltered in the second half of the 2004 season.
Although both teams play in the state of Missouri, they did not play each other for the first time until the 1985 World Series, which the Royals won in seven games, but which is perhaps best remembered for a controversial call from umpire Don Denkinger in Game 6. Due to their geographical proximity, the teams have faced each other every regular season in interleague play since it started in 1997. This is sometimes referred to as the I-70 Series.[citation needed]
The Cardinals' rivalry with the Milwaukee Brewers goes back to the 1982 World Series, where the two teams were opponents (the Brewers played in the American League at this time). The Cards dispatched the Brew Crew in seven games, still to this day the only Series appearance for the Brewers franchise. In 1998 MLB's divisions realigned, resulting in the Brewers moving over into the National League's Central Division, joining the Cardinals as division rivals. The two teams met again in the postseason once more in the 2011 National League Championship Series. Despite the Brewers home-field advantage, the Cardinals defeated them in six games, advancing to the 2011 World Series. Two out of the Brewers' three postseason appearances in franchise history have ended with a loss to the Cardinals.
|St. Louis Cardinals Hall of Famers
|Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum
Names in bold received the award based on their work as Cardinals broadcasters.
* Played and broadcast for the Cardinals
2B, Mgr
Honored 1937
Retired 1996
2B, Mgr, Coach
Retired 1996
Retired 1963
Retired 1996
La Russa
Retired 2012
3B, Mgr, Coach
Retired 1984
Retired 1974
LF, Coach
Retired 1979
Mgr, GM
Retired 2010
Retired 2006
Retired by MLB 1997
SP, Coach
Retired 1975
Retired 1984
Honored 2002
When Rogers Hornsby was honored in 1937, "SL" was used in place of a number as he played mostly in an era without numbers.[41]
Jackie Robinson's number 42 was retired throughout baseball in 1997. The Cardinals 'retired' the number 42 in Sept. 2006 as Bruce Sutter had been elected to the Hall of Fame earlier in the year.
Cardinal stockholders honored Busch with the number 85 on his 85th birthday, in 1984. Also, while not officially retired, the number 25 of Mark McGwire (1B, 1997–2001) was not reissued following his retirement and McGwire has resumed wearing it as the Cardinals hitting coach; the number 51 of Willie McGee (OF 1982–1990, 1996–1999) has not been reissued since late in the 2001 season; and the number 57 of Darryl Kile (P, 2000–02) has not been reissued since his death in the middle of the 2002 season. (Kile is honored with a small circular logo bearing his initials and number on the wall of the Cardinal bullpen, as is deceased pitcher Josh Hancock. Hancock's number 32 also has not been reissued since his death in early 2007).
The team also honored longtime radio commentator Jack Buck by placing a drawing of a microphone on the wall with the retired numbers.[41]
The club announced on May 1, 2012, that Tony La Russa's number 10 will be retired prior to the game against the Atlanta Braves on May 11.[42] [43] The Cardinals have retired the second-most numbers in baseball with 12, behind only the New York Yankees' 16.
St. Louis Cardinals roster
|Active roster
|Inactive roster
Starting rotation
60-day disabled list
25 Active, 15 Inactive
7- or 15-day disabled list
|Memphis Redbirds
|Pacific Coast League
|Memphis, TN
|Springfield Cardinals
|Texas League
|Springfield, MO
|Advanced A
|Palm Beach Cardinals
|Florida State League
|Jupiter, FL
|Quad City River Bandits
|Midwest League
|Davenport, IA
|Short Season A
|Batavia Muckdogs
|New York-Penn League
|Batavia, NY
|Johnson City Cardinals
|Appalachian League
|Johnson City, TN
|GCL Cardinals
|Gulf Coast League
|Jupiter, FL
|DSL Cardinals
|Dominican Summer League
|Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
In St. Louis, Cardinals games on radio can be heard over CBS-owned KMOX (1120 AM). Mike Shannon and John Rooney alternate as play-by-play announcers, with Mike Claiborne serving as pre-game and post-game host. KMOX's 50,000-watt clear-channel signal covers much of the continental United States at night. KMOX also feeds the games to a network of 115 stations, covering all or portions of Missouri, Illinois, Arkansas, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Mississippi, Oklahoma, and Tennessee. At one time, owing to the Cardinals' status as a "regional" franchise, the Cardinals' radio network reached almost half of the country.
The 2011 season marked the Cardinals' return to KMOX following five seasons on KTRS (550 AM), a station which is also 50-percent owned by the team. The Cardinals and KMOX had previously enjoyed a partnership that spanned over portions of seven decades, and continuously since 1954. But the relationship ended after the 2005 season when CBS Radio and the Cardinals failed to reach terms on a new rights agreement, resulting in the team leaving KMOX in favor of 5,000-watt KTRS.
Fox Sports Midwest (branded as FSCARDINALS during games) is the team's exclusive television broadcaster, airing all games with the exception of selected Saturday afternoon games on Fox (via its St. Louis affiliate, KTVI) or Sunday Night Baseball on ESPN. In addition to Fox Sports Midwest, Cardinals games are also seen on Fox Sports Indiana, Fox Sports South, Fox Sports Tennessee, Fox Sports Oklahoma, and SportSouth for fans living within the Cardinals broadcast territory who do not receive the Fox Sports Midwest channel. Dan McLaughlin, Rick Horton, and Al Hrabosky serve as the commentators on television. Jimmy "the Cat" Hayes serves as dugout reporter during the games, and appears with Pat Parris and Cal Eldred on the Cardinals Live pre- and post-game show. All telecasts on FS Midwest are shown in high-definition.
A weekly magazine program, Cardinal Nation, airs on St. Louis' NBC affiliate KSDK. Cardinals games had been seen on KSDK (and its predecessor, KSD-TV) from 1947 through 1958, 1963 through 1987, and 2007 until 2010. KPLR-TV was the Cardinals' other over-the-air broadcaster, carrying games from 1959 through 1962 and from 1988 until 2006.
Former Cardinal broadcasters include Jack Buck, Harry Caray, Dizzy Dean, Joe Garagiola, Sr., and Jay Randolph. Joe Buck, the son of Jack Buck, was an official member of the Cardinals' broadcast team from 1991 until 2007. The younger Buck is currently the lead play-by-play caller for Fox Sports' national Major League Baseball and National Football League broadcasts.
|Rafael Furcal SS
|Carlos Beltran RF
|Matt Holliday LF
|Lance Berkman 1B
|David Freese 3B
|Yadier Molina C
|Jon Jay CF
|Daniel Descalso 2B
|Kyle Lohse P
|Ryan Theriot SS
|Colby Rasmus CF
|Albert Pujols 1B
|Matt Holliday LF
|Lance Berkman RF
|David Freese 3B
|Yadier Molina C
|Skip Schumaker 2B
|Chris Carpenter P
|Skip Schumaker 2B
|Brendan Ryan SS
|Albert Pujols 1B
|Matt Holliday LF
|Colby Rasmus CF
|Ryan Ludwick RF
|Yadier Molina C
|David Freese 3B
|Chris Carpenter P
|Brendan Ryan 2B
|Rick Ankiel CF
|Albert Pujols 1B
|Khalil Greene SS
|Ryan Ludwick RF
|Yadier Molina C
|Chris Duncan LF
|Brian Barden 3B
|Adam Wainwright P
|Skip Schumaker RF
|Chris Duncan LF
|Albert Pujols 1B
|Rick Ankiel CF
|Troy Glaus 3B
|Yadier Molina C
|Adam Kennedy 2B
|Kyle Lohse P
|Cesar Izturis SS
|David Eckstein SS
|Preston Wilson RF
|Albert Pujols 1B
|Scott Rolen 3B
|Yadier Molina C
|Jim Edmonds CF
|So Taguchi LF
|Adam Kennedy 2B
|Chris Carpenter P
|David Eckstein SS
|Juan Encarnacion RF
|Albert Pujols 1B
|Jim Edmonds CF
|Scott Rolen 3B
|So Taguchi LF
|Yadier Molina C
|Aaron Miles 2B
|Chris Carpenter P
|David Eckstein SS
|Larry Walker RF
|Albert Pujols 1B
|Scott Rolen 3B
|Jim Edmonds CF
|Mark Grudzielanek 2B
|Reggie Sanders LF
|Yadier Molina C
|Chris Carpenter P
|Tony Womack 2B
|Ray Lankford LF
|Albert Pujols 1B
|Jim Edmonds CF
|Scott Rolen 3B
|Edgar Renteria SS
|Reggie Sanders RF
|Mike Matheny C
|Matt Morris P
Opening Day payrolls for 25-man roster (since 2000):[53]
|Opening Day Salary
|$ 63,900,000
|$ 78,538,333
|$ 74,660,875
|$ 83,786,666
|$ 83,228,333
|$ 92,106,833
|$ 88,891,371
|$ 90,286,823
|$ 99,624,449
|$ 88,528,409
|$ 94,220,500
|$ 109,048,000
The annual financial records of the St. Louis Cardinals according to Forbes since 2009.
|Annual Snapshot of St. Louis Cardinals finance
|$ Franchise Value (mil.) 1
|$ Revenue (mil.) 2
|$ Operating Income (mil.) 3
|$ Player Expenses (mil.) 4
|Wins-to-player cost ratio 5
|$ 486
|$ 195
|$ 7
|$ 120
|2010 [54]
|$ 488
|$ 195
|$ 12.8
|$ 111
|2011 [55]
|$ 518
|$ 207
|$ 19.8
|$ 110
|2012 [56] TV Money Is A Game Changer For Baseball and The Dodgers (Apr. 9 issue of Forbes)
|$ 591
|$ 233
|$ 25.0
|$ 123
1 Based on current stadium deal (unless new stadium is pending) without deduction for debt, other than stadium debt.
(2012: Market $240 mil., Stadium $157 mil., Sport $119 mil., Brand Management $78 mil.)
(2011: Market $206 mil., Stadium $136 mil., Sport $111 mil., Brand Management $65 mil.)
2 Net of stadium revenues used for debt payments.
3 Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization.
4 Includes benefits and bonuses.
5 Compares the number of wins per player payroll relative to the rest of MLB. Playoff wins count twice as much as regular season wins. A score of 120 means that the team achieved 20% more victories per dollar of payroll compared with the league average in 2010.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to: St. Louis Cardinals
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CLEMSON, S.C. — Clemson University student Nathan Weaver set out to determine how to help turtles cross the road. He ended up getting a glimpse into the dark souls of some humans.
Weaver put a realistic rubber turtle in the middle of a lane on a busy road near campus. Then he got out of the way and watched over the next hour as seven drivers swerved and deliberately ran over the animal.
Several more apparently tried to hit it but missed.
"I've heard of people and from friends who knew people that ran over turtles. But to see it out here like this was a bit shocking," said Weaver, a 22-year-old senior in Clemson's School of Agricultural, Forest and Environmental Sciences.
To seasoned researchers, the practice wasn't surprising.
The number of box turtles is in slow decline. One big reason is that many wind up as roadkill while crossing the asphalt, a slow-and-steady trip that can take several minutes.
Sometimes humans feel a need to prove they are the dominant species on this planet by taking a two-ton metal vehicle and squishing a defenseless creature under the tires, said Hal Herzog, a Western Carolina University psychology professor.
"They aren't thinking, really. It is not something people think about. It just seems fun at the time," Herzog said. "It is the dark side of human nature."
Herzog asked a class of about 110 students getting ready to take a final whether they had intentionally run over a turtle, or been in a car with someone who did. Thirty-four students raised their hands, about two-thirds of them male, said Herzog, author of a book about humans' relationships with animals, called "Some We Love, Some We Hate, Some We Eat."
Weaver, who became interested in animals and conservation through the Boy Scouts and TV's "Crocodile Hunter" Steve Irwin, wants to figure out the best way to get turtles safely across the road and keep the population from dwindling further. Among the possible solutions: turtle underpasses or an education campaign aimed at teenagers on why drivers shouldn't mow turtles down.
It takes a turtle seven or eight years to become mature enough to reproduce, and in that time, it might make several trips across the road to get from one pond to another, looking for food or a place to lay eggs. A female turtle that lives 50 years might lay over 100 eggs, but just two or three are likely to survive to reproduce, said Weaver's professor, Rob Baldwin.


text:
Technology News Archive - October 14, 2005
By Bob Tourtellotte LOS ANGELES (Reuters) - MTV Networks on Thursday said it acquired IFILM, an Internet provider of short films, news clips and other video snippets, for $49 million as part of its ongoing effort to expand its presence on the Web.
Motorists are seeing more hybrids and even some zero-emission fuel-cell vehicles on the road, making it tougher for auto makers to put the "wow" in their green products. But it's certainly not stopping them from trying. At the Tokyo Motor Show this year, many car makers will twin futuristic technologies like advanced fuel cells and drive-by-wire with head-turning designs and quirky concepts to upstage rivals.
Even patients with minimal education and no computer skills can be successfully educated about health topics using computers, according to new research at Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center.
Some viruses' ability to exploit the human body's own defenses to increase their replication may be both a blessing and curse, according to the findings of a study conducted by researchers at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.
- To befool; deceive; balk; jilt.
- An illusion; a trick; a cheat.