text:
Traditional Indian and Australian medicinal plant extracts were investigated to determine their therapeutic potential to inhibit key enzymes in carbohydrate metabolism, which has relevance to the management of hyperglycemia and type 2 diabetes. The antioxidant activities were also assessed.
The evaluation of enzyme inhibitory activity of seven Australian aboriginal medicinal plants and five Indian Ayurvedic plants was carried out against α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Antioxidant activity was determined by measuring (i) the scavenging effect of plant extracts against 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) and 2, 2′-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate (ABTS) and (ii) ferric reducing power. Total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were also determined.
Of the twelve plant extracts evaluated, the highest inhibitory activity against both α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes was exerted by Santalum spicatum and Pterocarpus marsupium with IC50 values of 5.43 μg/ml and 0.9 μg/ml, respectively, and 5.16 μg/ml and 1.06 μg/ml, respectively. However, the extracts of Acacia ligulata (IC50 = 1.01 μg/ml), Beyeria leshnaultii (0.39 μg/ml), Mucuna pruriens (0.8 μg/ml) and Boerhaavia diffusa (1.72 μg/ml) exhibited considerable activity against α-glucosidase enzyme only. The free radical scavenging activity was found to be prominent in extracts of Acacia kempeana, Acacia ligulata followed by Euphorbia drummondii against both DPPH and ABTS. The reducing power was more pronounced in Euphorbia drummondii and Pterocarpus marsupium extracts. The phenolic and flavonoid contents ranged from 0.42 to 30.27 μg/mg equivalent of gallic acid and 0.51 to 32.94 μg/mg equivalent of quercetin, respectively, in all plant extracts. Pearson's correlation coefficient between total flavonoids and total phenolics was 0.796.
The results obtained in this study showed that most of the plant extracts have good potential for the management of hyperglycemia, diabetes and the related condition of oxidative stress.
Keywords:Anti-diabetic; Enzyme inhibition; Antioxidant
Diabetes mellitus is an important metabolic syndrome. The increasing worldwide incidence of diabetes mellitus in adults constitutes a global public health burden. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that currently more than 180 million people worldwide have diabetes and it is likely to double by 2030, with India, China and United States predicted to have the largest number of affected individuals [1,2]. Many plants and their active chemical compounds have demonstrated activity in the treatment of various disorders [3]. According to ethnobotanical information, more than 800 plants are used as traditional remedies in one or other form for the treatment of diabetes [4]. The management of diabetes without any side effects is still a challenge; therefore plants continue to play an important role in the discovery of new compounds for the treatment of this disease.
The management of diabetes can be achieved by reducing post-prandial hyperglycemia by delaying the activities of the enzymes α-amylase and α-glucosidase which are responsible for the digestion of carbohydrates and absorption of glucose in the digestive tract, respectively [5,6]. Drugs derived from natural products have played a major role in the development of pharmaceutical treatments for diabetes. Metformin, the single most prescribed agent for the treatment of diabetes, originated from herbal medicine [7,8]. A plant-derived antidiabetic agent, galegine, was isolated from Galega officinalis. Experimental and clinical evaluations provided the pharmacological and chemical basis for the subsequent discovery of metformin [7,9]. 1- deoxynojirimycin (DNJ), a potent α-glucosidase Inhibitor, was isolated from the water extract of leaves of the mulberry tree (Morus alba L.) [10].
There are many cellular biochemical pathways and environmental toxins which produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) [11] and contribute to the development of diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, cataracts and many neurodegenerative diseases [12]. Many studies have confirmed that plants and foods rich in polyphenolic content are effective scavengers of free radicals, thus helping in the prevention of these diseases through their antioxidant activity [13]. Antioxidants which are present in plants, herbs and dietary sources help in preventing vascular diseases in diabetic patients [14]. Tannins and flavonoids are the secondary metabolites in plants considered to be the natural source of antioxidants which prevent destruction of β-cells and diabetes-induced ROS formation [15]. Thus, it is a good strategy to manage diabetes as a whole with plants which show good enzyme inhibitory and antioxidant activities [16]. Therefore, the aim of our study was to screen some traditional Australian aboriginal plants and Ayurvedic Indian plant extracts to determine those which showed promising enzyme inhibitory and antioxidant activities.
The Australian aboriginal plants were selected on the basis of availability and their known medicinal activities. The Indian Ayurvedic plants were selected according to their reported anti-diabetic potential. These plants were known to possess anti-diabetic action and but not all plants had been screened using enzymatic inhibition assays used in this study. Seven Australian aboriginal medicinal plant extracts were obtained from the University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia. Powdered extracts of five Indian Ayurvedic plants were provided by Promed Research Centre, Gurgaon, India. Table 1 shows the ethnobotanical uses of the plants used in this study. Many of the plants screened here have been used as food or food supplements, suggesting that they are safe to take orally. Seeds and gums of Acacia species are edible and, as this plant grows in harsh environments, it is commonly known as "dead finish", Santalum lanceolatum (SL) has sweet fruits which are eaten fresh and the decoction of the inner bark of S. spicatum (SS) was drunk to get relief from coughs [17]. Fruits of Eugenia jambolana (EJ), called blackberries in English, are eaten fresh, are rich in polyphenols, are widely distributed in India and are known to reduce glucose [18]. Seeds of Mucuna pruriens (MP), also known as velvet beans, are cooked or can be eaten raw [19] and in Central America the roasted and ground seeds are used as a substitute for coffee [20]. Tuberous roots of Curculigo orchioides (CO) are eaten to maintain vitality, strength and have aphrodisiac effects [21]. Tribal people of West Bengal eat Boerrhaavia diffusa (BD) as a vegetable, while in the Assam state of India, this plant is also cooked and eaten [22].
Table 1. Traditional uses of Australian aboriginal and Indian Ayurvedic plants used in this study
Preparation of extracts
The preparation of Australian aboriginal plants extracts and information about voucher specimens have previously been described [23]. The Indian Ayurvedic plants were provided as dried powders by Promed Research Centre, India, with the following batch codes: PROM/PTMA-01 (PM), PROM/BD-43 (BD), PROM/CUOR-15 (CO), PROM/EUJA-10 (EJ) and PROM/MUPR-05 (MP). Five grams of powder were soaked overnight in 50 ml ethanol and filtered with Whatmann filter paper No. 1. The filtrates were concentrated in vacuo in a rotary evaporator at 55°C and reconstituted in ethanol at 250 μg/μl as a stock solution which was used to make working solutions of various concentrations. Enzymes and chemicals (α-amylase enzyme from porcine pancreas, yeast α-glucosidase, acarbose, p-nitro phenyl glucopyranoside (p-NPG) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), 2,2′-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate (ABTS), butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT), potassium ferricyanide, trichloroacetic acid, ascorbic acid, ferric chloride, Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, quercetin, gallic acid and aluminium chloride were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Australia.
Amylase inhibition screening assay
The α-amylase inhibitory assay was modified from Correia et al. [35]. Twenty μl of porcine pancreatic α-amylase solution (EC 126.96.36.199; equivalent to 3000 U in 50 mM phosphate buffer, pH 6.9) were mixed with 15 μl of plant extract and incubated at 37°C for 45 minutes. After incubation, the plant - enzyme mixture was applied to a sterile paper disc and placed onto the center of petri plates containing medium consisting of 1% (w/v) agar and 1% (w/v) starch in distilled water. Plates were allowed to stand for 3 days at 25°C then stained with iodine and allowed to stand for 15 min. The diameter of the clear zone was measured and used to calculate the amylase inhibitory activity. As a control, the enzyme was mixed with the solvent in which the plants were extracted (ethanol) and applied onto the sterile disc. Results were expressed as percentage (%) amylase inhibition = {(diameter of control – diameter of sample)/diameter of the control} × 100.
Amylase inhibition assay by quantitative starch hydrolysis
The α-amylase inhibitory activity was determined [36] using porcine pancreatic α-amylase solution (EC 22.214.171.124) type VI B. To 125 μl of different plant extract concentrations (range 1.56 μg/ml to 500 μg/ml), α-amylase solution (0.5 mg/ml in 0.02 M sodium phosphate buffer) was mixed and the reaction mixture was pre-incubated for 10 minutes at room temperature. After pre-incubation, 25 μl of 1% (w/v) starch solution were added every 5 seconds for a total of 125 μl. The reaction mixture was again incubated for 10 minutes at room temperature. The reaction was terminated by adding 250 μl of 3, 5-dinitro salicylic acid reagent. The tubes were placed in boiling water bath for 5 minutes and then cooled at room temperature. The reaction mixture was diluted by adding 5000 μl of distilled water. The generation of maltose was quantified by measuring the absorbance at 540 nm of 3-amino-5-nitrosalicylic acid (from reduction of 3, 5-dinitrosalicylic acid [37]) using a UV-visible spectrophotometer. The control was buffer treated in the same way as plant samples. The standard used was acarbose (concentration range 1.56 μg/ml to 500 μg/ml). Results were expressed as percentage (%) amylase inhibition = {(absorbance of control540nm – absorbanceof samples540nm)/absorbance of the control540nm} × 100.
Glucosidase inhibition assay
The α-glucosidase inhibition assay was modified from [Apostolidis et al. 38] using yeast α-glucosidase (EC – 2328898). A volume of 25 μl of plant extract (range 0.35 μg/ml to 100 μg/ml) was mixed with 50 μl of α-glucosidase enzyme (0.1 U/ml in 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer solution, pH 6.9) in 96 well plates and incubated at 37°C for 30 minutes. After pre-incubation, 25 μl of 5 mM pNPG in 0.1 M phosphate buffer were added to each well and the reaction mixture was incubated again at 37°C for 30 minutes. Thirty μl of 0.1 M sodium carbonate solution were added to the above reaction mixture and incubated again for 20 minutes at 37°C. Before and after incubation, the absorbance was measured at 405 nm and compared to the control that contained 25 μl of buffer solution instead of plant extract. The standard used was acarbose (concentration range 0.35 μg/ml to 100 μg/ml). The α-glucosidase activity was determined by measuring release of p-nitrophenol from p-nitrophenyl α-D-glucopyranoside [39]. The α-glucosidase inhibitory activity was expressed as
Total phenolic content assay
The total phenolic content was quantified using a modified version of the assay described by [Singleton et al. 40] using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Twenty μl of plant sample or gallic acid (standard phenolic compound) were diluted with 1580 μl of distilled water and then mixed with 100 μl of 2 N Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. The mixture was shaken and kept for 6 minutes, after which 300 μl of 5% aqueous Na2CO3 solution were added and mixed properly. The mixture was incubated for 2 hours at 20°C. The absorbance was measured for all the samples at 765 nm. A standard curve was prepared using 25–1000 mg/l of gallic acid. The total phenolic values were expressed in terms of gallic acid equivalents (μg/mg of dry mass). The blank (distilled water) was treated in the same way as the samples and the dilution factor was taken into account for the samples where dilution was performed.
Determination of total flavonoids
The total flavonoids were determined using a modification of the assay described by [Dixit et al. 41]. Plant samples (250 μl) were diluted with 1250 μl of distilled water and 75 μl of 5% NaNO2 were added to the sample together with 150 μl of 10% aluminum chloride. After mixing and incubation for 5 minutes, 500 μl of 1 M NaOH were added to the reaction mixture and a total volume of 2500 μl was made up with distilled water. Following vigorous mixing, the absorbance was measured at 510 nm. A standard curve was prepared using 25–1000 mg/l of quercetin. Results were expressed as μg of quercetin equivalents per milligram of dry mass of the plant extract.
Antioxidant activity determined by 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical inhibition
The DPPH scavenging activity was determined by an assay modified from [Kwon et al. 42]. To 150 μl of 0.1 mM DPPH in methanol, a volume of 50 μl of plant extract (range 20 to 1000 μg/ml) was mixed and kept in the dark at room temperature for 60 minutes. After incubation, the absorbance was recorded at 490 nm. The results were compared with the control which contained 50 μl of ethanol instead of plant extracts. The positive controls were butyl hydroxyl toluene (BHT) and ascorbic acid in concentration range 3.12 to 250 μg/ml. The antioxidant activity was expressed aspercentage (%) inhibition = {(absorbance of control490nm – absorbance of samples490nm)/ absorbance of the control490nm} × 100.
Antioxidant activity determined by 2,2′-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate (ABTS) radical inhibition
The free radical scavenging activity of plant extracts was also studied using the ABTS radical cation. The decolorization assay is based on reduction of the ABTS + · radical by plant extracts having antioxidant capacity [43]. ABTS radical was dissolved in deionized water to make a 7 mM solution and 2.45 mM potassium persulfate solution was added to the same. To produce the ABTS free radical cation, the mixture was allowed to stand in dark at room temperature for 12 to 16 hours. The free radical solution of ABTS was diluted with ethanol to an absorbance of 0.7 at 734 nm for the assay. To 990 μl of ABTS free radical solution, a volume of 10 μl of plant extract (range 1 to 1000 μg/ml) was mixed and kept in the dark at room temperature for 60 minutes. After incubation, the absorbance was recorded at 734 nm. The results were compared with the control which contained 10 μl of ethanol instead of plant extracts. The positive controls were BHT and ascorbic acid in concentration range 1.56 to 250 μg/ml. The antioxidant activity was expressed as percentage (%) inhibition = {(absorbance of control734nm – absorbance of samples734nm)/ absorbance of the control734nm} × 100.
Ferric reducing power assay
The ferric reducing power assay was carried out as described by [Fawole et al. 44] using 30 μl plant extracts and standards (BHT and ascorbic acid) of different concentrations (range 25 to 1000 μg/ml) added to 96 well plates along with 40 μl of 0.2 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) and 40 μl of potassium ferricyanide (1% w/v). The reaction mixtures were incubated at 50°C for 20 minutes. After incubation, 40 μl of trichloroacetic acid (10% w/v), 150 μl distilled water and 30 μl of ferric chloride (0.1% w/v) were added and the reaction mixture again incubated for 30 minutes at room temperature in the dark. Absorbance was recorded at 630 nm using a microplate reader and the positive controls were BHT and ascorbic acid whereas the negative control was buffer. The absorbance of each sample was plotted against concentration and compared with the standards.
Statistical analysis
All samples were analyzed in triplicate. Data are presented as mean ± standard error mean (SEM). Differences were evaluated by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test completed by a Bonferroni's multicomparison test. Differences were considered significant at p < 0.01. The concentration giving 50% inhibition (IC50) was calculated by non-linear regression with the use of Graphpad Prism Version 5.0 for Windows (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA) ( http://www.graphpad.com webcite). The dose–response curve was obtained by plotting the percentage inhibition versus concentration [37].
Results and discussion
The inhibition of digestive enzymes, such as α-amylase and α-glucosidase, has been considered to be an effective strategy to control blood glucose. Agents based on natural products are particularly attractive as side effects are minimal and the therapies are well-tolerated compared to the other oral hypoglycemic agents currently available [5,36]. The present study was therefore designed to investigate the bioactive properties of twelve traditional medicinal plants relevant to the management of hyperglycemia and type 2 diabetes. These properties included inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes and antioxidant potential. The total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of the extracts were also determined.
Type 2 diabetes is a global health challenge and the WHO has recommended research and use of complementary medicines for the management of this disease. Type 2 diabetes was previously considered as maturity-onset diabetes but, due to increasing rates of obesity, there is an increasing risk of developing this disease in childhood [45,46]. The goal of treatment is to maintain normal levels of blood glucose and prevent the development of skin infections, diabetic nephropathy and cardiovascular disorders [47].
The results of preliminary agar diffusion amylase inhibition assays indicated that all of the Australian aboriginal plant extracts showed complete inhibition of α-amylase enzyme such that no hydrolysis of starch was evident. Among the Indian Ayurvedic plant extracts, only Eugenia jambolana and Curculigo orchioides showed complete inhibition at 250 mg/ml. Mucuna pruriens, Boerhaavia diffusa and Pterocarpus marsupium extracts showed partial inhibition. While the majority of the extracts demonstrated potent α-amylase inhibiting activity, some of the Australian plant extracts were particularly active ( Acacia ligulata and Acacia tetragonophylla) and showed activity at concentrations lower than those of the other extracts.
In the amylase assay (Figure 1A), the positive control acarbose showed an IC50 of 7.81 μg/ml and the Australian plant extracts which exerted higher amylase inhibitory activity were SS (5.53 μg/ml), AL, BL and SL. We did not observe similar activity with extracts of Acacia tetragonophylla (AT) , Euphorbia drumondii (ED) and Acacia kempeana (AK) which showed IC50 values in the range 32 to 66 μg/ml. The same plant extracts showed statistically significant low IC50 (in the range 0.48 to 1.83 μg/ml) as compared to acarbose (4.41 μg/ml) for glucosidase inhibition (Figure 2A).
Figure 1. α-amylase inhibition of selected plants. α-amylase IC50 of ethanolic extracts of (A) Australian aboriginal plants and ( B) Indian Ayurvedic plants. Each value represents the mean ± SEM of triplicates experiments.
Figure 2. α-glucosidase inhibition of selected plants. α-glucosidase IC50 of ethanolic extracts of (A) Australian aboriginal plants and ( B) Indian Ayurvedic plants. Each value represents the mean ± SEM of triplicates experiments. **** p < 0.001 and *** p < 0.01 indicate a significant difference between acarbose and plant extracts, one-way ANOVA post-hoc Bonferroni's multiple comparison test.
For amylase inhibition, among the five Indian plant extracts screened, only PM extract showed a lower, but not statistically significant, IC50 of 5.16 μg/ml compared to acarbose (Figure 1B). EJ, CO and MP extracts showed IC50 in the range 12.01 to 42.81 μg/ml. Only MP and PM extracts showed statistically significant lower IC50 value for glucosidase inhibition as compared to acarbose (Figure 2B).
DPPH is a radical, purple in colour, which is reduced to the yellow coloured diphenylpicrylhydrazine by plant extracts. This antioxidant assay is based on the reduction of alcoholic DPPH solution in the presence of hydrogen-donating antioxidant due to the formation of the non-radical form, DPPH-H [48].
The positive controls, ascorbic acid and BHT, were used for DPPH, ABTS and ferric reducing power assays. IC50 values (Figure 3A and 3B) were calculated for all the extracts and controls and were found to be 12.37 and 41.82 μg/ml for ascorbic acid and BHT, respectively. Among the Australian plant extracts, AL showed nearly half the IC50 value of 6.98 μg/ml whereas the rest of the plant extracts exerted similar IC50 to that of ascorbic acid with AT having a five-fold higher IC50 value. The Indian plant extracts exerted IC50 in range 97 to 883 μg/ml.
Figure 3. DPPH radical scavenging activity of selected plants. DPPH radical scavenging IC50 of ethanolic extracts of (A) Australian aboriginal plants and ( B) Indian Ayurvedic plants. Each value represents the mean ± SEM of triplicates experiments.
ABTS is a stable free radical, bluish-green in colour and the antioxidant assay is based on the reduction of ABTS solution by plant extracts. IC50 values (Figure 4A and 4B) for positive controls, ascorbic acid and BHT, were found to be 30.20 and 88.24 μg/ml, respectively. Out of seven Australian plant extracts screened for ABTS radical scavenging activity, AK showed significantly lower IC50 as compared to BHT. Barring SL and AT, the rest of the plant extracts tested showed IC50 value equal or less than the positive controls tested. The five Indian plant extracts tested failed to show any significant activity as compared to positive controls and the IC50 value was in the range from 195.96 to 374.70 μg/ml.
Figure 4. ABTS radical scavenging activity of selected plants. ABTS radical scavenging IC50 of ethanolic extracts of (A) Australian aboriginal plants and ( B) Indian Ayurvedic plants. Each value represents the mean ± SEM of triplicates experiments. **** p < 0.001 indicates significant difference between BHT and plant extract, one-way ANOVA post-hoc Bonferroni's multiple comparison test.
Antioxidant activities of these plant extracts were assessed through their ability to reduce the Fe3+/ferricyanide complex to the ferrous (Fe2+) form. The ferrous ion was monitored by measuring the formation of Perl's Prussian blue at 630 nm [49]. Figure 5 presents the dose-dependent ferric-reducing powers of the sample extracts, ascorbic acid and BHT. The reducing power of ED extract showed similar activity to BHT but higher than ascorbic acid. Among the Indian plant extracts, PM showed good potential whereas BD and CO showed moderate activity. Overall, it was seen that most of the extracts possessed promising antioxidant activity.
Figure 5. Ferric ion reducing power activity of selected plants. Ferric ion-reducing power of extracts of ( A) Australian aboriginal plants and ( B) Indian Ayurvedic plants ethanolic extracts, showing a dose-dependent linear increase in absorbance. Each value represents the mean ± SEM of triplicates experiments.
Gallic acid and hydroxycinnamic acids are the phenolic acids found commonly in plants. Plants which contain high levels of phenolics are considered a good source of antioxidants and therefore it is important to quantify the total phenolics and total flavonoids in plant extracts as they might have some beneficial effects on health [50]. The colorimetric assays used here are based on the chemical reduction of a reagent. For the extracts tested in this study, total phenolic content ranged from 0.42 - 30.27 μg/mg gallic acid and total flavonoids ranged from 0.51 - 32.94 μg/mg quercetin equivalents (Table 2). Pearson's correlation coefficient between total flavonoids and total phenolic was 0.796.
Table 2. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents for Australian aboriginal and Indian Ayurvedic plant extracts
Although there are scientific reports about anti-diabetic activities of many Indian plants, there are no such studies on the activity of Australian plants with respect to diabetes. The Australian medicinal plants investigated in this study (SS, AL, ED, BL, AK, AT and SL) have been used for general illness, cold, cough and pain [23]. However, this is the first study to assess the potential of Australian traditional medicinal plants to be used in the management of hyperglycemia and diabetes. The traditional hunter-gatherer lifestyle and diet of Aboriginal people, which was high in carbohydrates, fibre, proteins and nutrients but low in fat and sugars, meant that cardiovascular diseases and diabetes were not common in these people. After the settlement of Europeans, the diet became Westernized with high sugar and fat content and the lack of essential nutrients, vitamins, minerals, proteins and fibre. This has increased the disease risk and these disorders are now prevalent in indigenous populations with the incidence of type 2 diabetes rapidly increasing [51,52].
Flavonoids, alkaloids and triterpenoids may be related to the anti-diabetic activity of plants. In particular, flavonoids are responsible for variety of pharmacological activities. For example, epicatechin is known to possess insulin-like properties, while epigallocatechin gallate is considered a promising hypoglycemic agent [53]. As shown in previous studies, the enzyme inhibition activity may be related to the polyphenolic content of the plant extract, however further studies are needed to confirm this.
The present study showed the anti-diabetic potential of a number of medicinal plant extracts. Most of the plants showed promise as agents for the management of hyperglycemia, along with good antioxidant activity. Indeed, the antioxidant and α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of plants and foods have been associated with their anti-diabetic activity [42,54,55]. Indian Ayurvedic plants have been previously reported to have anti-diabetic properties; however limited data were available about the mechanism of action. Therefore, the plants should be further investigated as they may provide leads for the discovery of new drugs for the management of diabetes with minimal side effects.
WHO: World Health Organisation; DPPH: 2 2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl; DNJ: 1- deoxynojirimycin; ROS: Reactive Oxygen Species; SD: Standard Deviation.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
VG performed the experiments, evaluated the results and wrote the manuscript. IH and EP assisted in experimental design, evaluated the results and corrected the manuscript. Authors read and approved the final manuscript.
The authors gratefully acknowledge Dr Susan Semple (University of South Australia) and Dr Sateesh Chauhan (Promed Research Centre) for providing the extracts and dried powders, respectively. The authors acknowledge Pankaj Gulati for his help in analyzing the data.
Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H: Global Prevalence of Diabetes: Estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030.
Diabetes Care 2004, 27(5):1047-1053. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Frode TS, Medeiros YS: Animal models to test drugs with potential antidiabetic activity.
J Ethnopharmacol 2008, 115(2):173-183. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Palombo EA: Phytochemicals from traditional medicinal plants used in the treatment of diarrhoea: modes of action and effects on intestinal function.
Phytother Res 2006, 20(9):717-724. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Alarcon-Aguilara FJ, Roman-Ramos R, Perez-Gutierrez S, Aguilar-Contreras A, Contreras-Weber CC, Flores-Saenz JL: Study of the anti-hyperglycemic effect of plants used as antidiabetics.
J Ethnopharmacol 1998, 61(2):101-110. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Ali H, Houghton PJ, Soumyanath A: Alpha-Amylase inhibitory activity of some Malaysian plants used to treat diabetes; with particular reference to Phyllanthus amarus.
J Ethnopharmacol 2006, 107(3):449-455. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Bhandari MR, Jong-Anurakkun N, Hong G, Kawabata J: [alpha]-Glucosidase and [alpha]-amylase inhibitory activities of Nepalese medicinal herb Pakhanbhed (Bergenia ciliata, Haw.).
Food Chem 2008, 106(1):247-252. Publisher Full Text
Bailey C, Day C: Metformin: its botanical background.
Practical Diabetes International 2004, 21(3):115-117. Publisher Full Text
Day C: Are herbal remedies of use in diabetes?
Diabet Med 2005, 22(s1):10-12. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Howlett HCS, Bailey CJ (Eds): Galegine and antidiabetic plants. Chichester, UK: Wiley; 2007.
Asano N, Oseki K, Kaneko E, Matsui K: Enzymic synthesis of α- and β-D-glucosides of 1-deoxynojirimycin and their glycosidase inhibitory activities.
Carbohydr Res 1994, 258:255-266. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Srinivasan R, Chandrasekar MJN, Nanjan MJ, Suresh B: Antioxidant activity of Caesalpinia digyna root.
J Ethnopharmacol 2007, 113(2):284-291. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Marwah RG, Fatope MO, Mahrooqi RA, Varma GB, Abadi HA, Al-Burtamani SKS: Antioxidant capacity of some edible and wound healing plants in Oman.
Food Chem 2007, 101(2):465-470. Publisher Full Text
Nabavi SM, Ebrahimzadeha MA, Nabavi SF, Fazelian M, Eslami B: In vitro antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of Diospyros lotus and Pyrus boissieriana growing in Iran.
Buyukbalci A, Sedef Nehir EI: Determination of in vitro antidiabetic effects, antioxidant activities and phenol contents of some herbal teas.
Plant Foods Hum Nutr 2008, 63(1):27-33. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Aslan M, Orhan N, Orhan DD, Ergun F: Hypoglycemic activity and antioxidant potential of some medicinal plants traditionally used in Turkey for diabetes.
J Ethnopharmacol 2010, 128(2):384-389. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Joshi N, Caputo GM, Weitekamp MR, Karchmer AW: Infections in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus.
N Engl J Med 1999, 341(25):1906-1912. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Anonymous: Traditional Bush Medicines-An Aboriginal Pharmacopoeia. Richmond, Australia: Greenhouse Publications Pty Ltd; 1988:385-387.
Sagrawat H, Mann AS, Kharya MD: Pharmacological potential of Eugenia jambolana: A review.
Leslie T: The Healing Power of Rainforest Herbs. Garden City Park, NY: Square One Publishers, Inc; 2005.
Sathiyanarayanan L, Arulmozhi S: Mucuna pruriens Linn. - A comprehensive review.
Chauhan N, Dixit V: Antihyperglycemic activity of the ethanolic extract of Curculigo orchioides Gaertn.
Awasthi L, Verma H: Boerhaavia diffusa–A wild herb with potent biological and antimicrobial properties.
Asian–Agrihistory 2006, 10:55-68. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Palombo EA, Semple SJ: Antibacterial activity of traditional Australian medicinal plants.
J Ethnopharmacol 2001, 77(2–3):151-157. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
O'Connell J, Latz P, Barnett P: Traditional and modern plant use among the Alyawara of central Australia.
Econ Bot 1983, 37(1):80-109. Publisher Full Text
Reid EJ, Betts TJ: Records of Western Australian plants used by Aboriginals as medicinal agents.
Planta Med 1979, 36(2):164-173. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Webb LJ: The use of plant medicines and poisons by Australian Aborigines.
Latz PK: Bushfires & bushtucker: Aboriginal plant use in Central Australia. Alice Springs: IAD Press; 1995. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
Pari L, Amarnath Satheesh M: Antidiabetic activity of Boerhaavia diffusa L.: effect on hepatic key enzymes in experimental diabetes.
Madhavan V, Joshi R, Murali A, Yoganarasimhan S: Antidiabetic Activity of Curculigo Orchioides.
Grover JK, Vats V, Rathi SS: Anti-hyperglycemic effect of Eugenia jambolana and Tinospora cordifolia in experimental diabetes and their effects on key metabolic enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism.
J Ethnopharmacol 2000, 73(3):461-470. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Teixeira CC, Pinto LP, Kessler FHP, Knijnik L, Pinto CP, Gastaldo GJ, Fuchs FD: The effect of Syzygium cumini (L.) skeels on post-prandial blood glucose levels in non-diabetic rats and rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus.
J Ethnopharmacol 1997, 56(3):209-213. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Devgun M, Nanda A, Ansari SH: Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.-A Comprehensive Review.
Katzenschlager R, Evans A, Manson A, Patsalos PN, Ratnaraj N, Watt H, Timmermann L, Van der Giessen R, Lees AJ: Mucuna pruriens in Parkinson's disease: a double blind clinical and pharmacological study.
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004, 75(12):1672-1677. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
Abesundara KJ, Matsui T, Matsumoto K: Alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity of some Sri Lanka plant extracts, one of which, Cassia auriculata, exerts a strong antihyperglycemic effect in rats comparable to the therapeutic drug acarbose.
J Agric Food Chem 2004, 52(9):2541-2545. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Correia RTP, Mccue P, Vattem DA, Magalhaes M, Macedo GR, Shetty K: Amylase and Helicobacter pylori inhibition by phenolic extracts of pineapple wastes bioprocessed by Rhizopus oligosporus.
J Food Biochem 2004, 28(5):419-434. Publisher Full Text
Kwon YI, Apostolidis E, Shetty K: In vitro studies of eggplant (Solanum melongena) phenolics as inhibitors of key enzymes relevant for type 2 diabetes and hypertension.
Bioresour Technol 2008, 99(8):2981-2988. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Loizzo MR, Saab AM, Tundis R, Menichini F, Bonesi M, Piccolo V, Statti GA, de Cindio B, Houghton PJ: In vitro inhibitory activities of plants used in Lebanon traditional medicine against angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and digestive enzymes related to diabetes.
J Ethnopharmacol 2008, 119(1):109-116. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Apostolidis E, Kwon YI, Shetty K: Inhibitory potential of herb, fruit, and fungal-enriched cheese against key enzymes linked to type 2 diabetes and hypertension.
Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies 2007, 8(1):46-54. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Hogan S, Zhang L, Li J, Sun S, Canning C, Zhou K: Antioxidant rich grape pomace extract suppresses postprandial hyperglycemia in diabetic mice by specifically inhibiting alpha-glucosidase.
Nutr Metab 2010, 7(1):71. BioMed Central Full Text
Singleton VL, Slinkard K: Total phenol analysis: automation and comparison with manual methods.
Dixit Y, Kar A: Antioxidative activity of some vegetable peels determined in vitro by inducing liver lipid peroxidation.
Food Res Int 2009, 42(9):1351-1354. Publisher Full Text
Kwon YI, Apostolidis E, Kim YC, Shetty K: Health benefits of traditional corn, beans, and pumpkin: In vitro studies for hyperglycemia and hypertension management.
J Med Food 2007, 10(2):266-275. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Dudonneí Sp, Vitrac X, Coutie're P, Woillez M, Meírillon J-M: Comparative Study of Antioxidant Properties and Total Phenolic Content of 30 Plant Extracts of Industrial Interest Using DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, SOD, and ORAC Assays.
J Agric Food Chem 2009, 57(5):1768-1774. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Fawole OA, Amoo SO, Ndhlala AR, Light ME, Finnie JF, Van Staden J: Anti-inflammatory, anticholinesterase, antioxidant and phytochemical properties of medicinal plants used for pain-related ailments in South Africa.
J Ethnopharmacol 2010, 127(2):235-241. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
American Diabetes Association: Consensus: Type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents.
Diabetes Care 2000, 23(3):381-389. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Kaufman FR: Type 2 Diabetes in Children and Young Adults: A New Epidemic.
Clinical Diabetes 2002, 20(4):217-218. Publisher Full Text
Tiwari AK: Wisdom of Ayurveda in perceiving diabetes: Enigma of therapeutic recognition.
Sunil C, Ignacimuthu S: In vitro and in vivo antioxidant activity of Symplocos cochinchinensis S. Moore leaves containing phenolic compounds.
Food Chem Toxicol 2011, 49(7):1604-1609. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Moyo M, Ndhlala AR, Finnie JF, Van Staden J: Phenolic composition, antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities of Sclerocarya birrea and Harpephyllum caffrum (Anacardiaceae) extracts.
Food Chem 2010, 123(1):69-76. Publisher Full Text
Gorinstein S, Zachwieja Z, Katrich E, Pawelzik E, Haruenkit R, Trakhtenberg S, Martin-Belloso O: Comparison of the contents of the main antioxidant compounds and the antioxidant activity of white grapefruit and his new hybrid.
Lebensm Wiss Technol 2004, 37(3):337-343. Publisher Full Text
Victorian Aboriginal Health Service: Aboriginal diet and nutrition.
Diamond J: The double puzzle of diabetes.
Nature 2003, 423(6940):599-602. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Mukherjee PK, Maiti K, Mukherjee K, Houghton PJ: Leads from Indian medicinal plants with hypoglycemic potentials.
J Ethnopharmacol 2006, 106(1):1-28. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Apostolidis E, Kwon YI, Shetty K: Potential of cranberry-based herbal synergies for diabetes and hypertension management.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006, 15(3):433-441. PubMed Abstract
Sabu MC, Kuttan R: Anti-diabetic activity of medicinal plants and its relationship with their antioxidant property.
J Ethnopharmacol 2002, 81(2):155-160. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Pre-publication history
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:


text:
In 2011, the General Services Administration's contracting officers intended to get money due the government from GSA contractors, but a new report found they were largely usuccessful in bringing in the cash.
Based on previous audits, GSA's inspector general estimated that the agency could get as much as $240,177,868 in a fiscal year if contracting officers pressed companies to pay what they owed based on quarterly schedule sales. As it turns out, however the officers brought in only 36 percent of the potential cost avoidances, or $85,716,396.
In one case, auditors found a company reported only 12 percent of the GSA sales. This one company – not identified in the report -- may have underpaid GSA by roughly $84,000 over the life of the contract.
Auditors were less than impressed, based on a report released March 8. "While this case may not seem significant, the recurrence of this issue throughout the schedules program would have a major monetary impact," the investigators wrote.
The multi-billion-dollar schedules program's costs are covered by the Industrial Funding Fee. GSA tags a 0.75 percent charge on the award price of goods and services. The agency requires vendors to accurately report schedule sales quarterly and to send the IFF within 30 days of the end of each reporting period. The schedules program had more than $38 billion in sales in fiscal 2011, making it the largest interagency contracting vehicle.
Beyond the money though, auditors found more than a third of companies that underwent an audit in fiscal 2011 had inadequate systems to even accumulate and then report their sales.
The contracting officers agreed to use the audit findings in establishing pre-negotiation objectives, the IG wrote.
"We understand that negotiations involve concessions on both sides; however, the schedules program represents billions of dollars per year in government spending," the IG wrote. "While we commend the contracting officers for their intent to use those figures in preparation for negotiations, we question the achieved amount given the extent of their agreement."
The IG recommended the FAS commissioner deal with the IFF issues and less-than-expected savings. At press time, GSA officials had not replied to requests for comment.
About the Author
Matthew Weigelt is a freelance journalist who writes about acquisition and procurement.
E-Mail this page
Printable Format
Advanced Search
Meet 100 women and men who are doing great things in federal IT.
Click here for the full list
Steve Kelman applauds the OMB's move to make career employees "goal leaders" for performance management initiatives -- but wishes it had come far earlier in the administration.
In an exclusive interview, Jimaye Sones, who was Defense Information Systems Agency comptroller from 2005 to 2013, says he was reassigned after revealing questionable accounting practices at the agency.
Through computer forensics training and internships, veterans are helping Immigration and Customs Enforcement tackle a backlog in child exploitation cases.
After two months on the job studying DOD's cybersecurity and IT needs, Secretary Ashton Carter is set to unveil a new Pentagon cyber strategy in Silicon Valley.
The failure of massive federal IT projects can usually be traced to poor management. The solution is as multilayered as the projects themselves.
Delivering business outcomes with continuously changing IT portfolios requires project managers to have a more entrepreneurial skill set.
The interconnectivity of the Internet of Things makes cyber threats inevitable, says NIST fellow Ron Ross.
Federal CIO Tony Scott says the new law could mean some CIOs will be out of work.
Most CFO Act agencies have made budget requests to fund Digital Services teams.
Cutting Government Spending has absolutely nothing with not reporting and collecting IFF fee under the GSA FSS program. The numbers listed above - is interesting - i.e. GSA relys on the reporting by the contractors to know how much money is going through the schedule program. So I would venture to say that $38 billion in sales should actually be quite a bit more. Here's the other BS - GSA charges the fee to contractors / of which the contractors bump up their price to the government for the fee. But GSA takes like 12 months to modify contracts - it is not very efficient for the commercial company at all, and more importantly - with that kind of revenue flowing into their coffers - they should have a hefty staff - they don't
If GSA was a private sector company, you can bet they would not have let this happen. But with a government organization, it is all Other People's Money so it is no big deal and the losses to the taxpayer continue. This is one reason why we need to seriously cut government spending - which would cut both the amount of wasteful spending and make the Government more cost concience so what would be spent would be spent more wisely. This is why the sequester needs to happen.
8609 Westwood Center Drive, Suite 500Vienna, VA 22182-2215 703-876-5100
© 1996-2013 1105 Media, Inc. All Rights Reserved. This copy is for your personal, non-commercial use only.To order presentation-ready copies for distribution to colleagues, clients or customers, visit: www.1105Reprints.com

subset: commoncrawl


text: 870 Magnum Marine Refinish? [Archive] - Glock Talk Glock Talk > Firearms Forums > Tactical Shotguns > 870 Magnum Marine Refinish? PDA View Full Version : 870 Magnum Marine Refinish? JK-linux10-05-2010, 17:14..... KiloXray10-05-2010, 17:46Im guessing you could call these guys and they will FOR SURE be able to answer that question. The Robar Companies, Inc. 21438 North 7th Ave,Suite B Phoenix, Arizona 85027 United States Phone:623.581.2648 Fax:623.582.0059 Email:firstname.lastname@example.com fourrobert1310-06-2010, 10:20Sandblast it and duracoat it. aippi10-06-2010, 11:00I am thinking that 870 Marine is still worth a lot and selling it and simply getting the 870 with the finish you want is going to cost less then what you are asking. JK-linux10-06-2010, 11:18..... vBulletin® v3.8.7, Copyright ©2000-2015, vBulletin Solutions, Inc.


text:
PH is 3rd most disaster-prone country in the world–report
More News from Tarra Quismundo
More News from Philippine Daily Inquirer
MANILA, Philippines–The Philippines is the third most disaster-prone country in the world mainly due to high exposure to natural calamities, a new international report showed.
The World Disaster Report 2012, released in Brussels on Oct. 11, also said the Philippines could spare up to 20 million of its people- roughly a fifth of the total population- from natural disasters through improving the protection of coral reefs, a primary line of defense against coastal hazards, particularly tsunamis.
Tropical and coastal nations led the list of countries at high risk for disasters, with Pacific countries Tonga and Vanuatu rated first and second, respectively.
Of the top three at risk, however, the Philippines had the best rating on adaptation measures, with scores similar to that of Malaysia and Thailand, countries farther down the overall risk rankings at 91st and 92nd place, respectively.
The Mediterranean archipelago of Malta and Middle Eastern country Qatar, meanwhile, are the two lowest-risk countries, according to the report.
"The top fifteen most at-risk nations are all tropical and coastal where coastal habitats like reefs and mangroves are incredibly important for people's lives and livelihoods. Reefs, for example, can reduce wave energy approaching coasts by more than 85 percent," The Conservancy said in a statement posted on its website.
"What is conspicuous is that among the 15 countries with the highest risk worldwide happen to be island states–including Vanuatu, Tonga and the Philippines at positions one to three. Owing to their proximity to the sea, island states are particularly exposed to the natural hazards of cyclones, flooding and sea level rise," read the report.
African and Latin American countries also made up much of the top half of the list while Middle Eastern, European and North American countries were rated among the low-risk nations.
The report, a collaboration among the United Nations University's Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS), the German Alliance for Development Works (Alliance), and US-based environment group The Nature Conservancy, rated the disaster risk of some 173 countries around the world using "globally available data" on their individual exposure and susceptibility to disasters and coping and adaptive capacities in the event of natural calamities.
Apart from an overall rating, the report also released country scores on five indicators: disaster exposure, vulnerability, susceptibility, lack of coping capacities and lack of adaptive capacities.
"The index reveals global hotspots for disaster risk in Oceania, Southeast Asia, the southern Sahel and especially in Central America and the Caribbean. In these places, a very high threat of natural disasters and climate change meets very vulnerable communities," Joern Birkmann, vulnerability researcher at the UNU-EHS, said in a statement.
The report also noted how disaster preparedness, mitigation and adaptation measures implemented by governments could reduce risk. The Netherlands, for instance, is among nations with high exposure to disasters but is able to cut the risk through highly developed coping and adaptation measures.
"Very high exposure is a significant risk driver, although a high development level of society can counteract this substantially, as the example of the Netherlands shows… thanks to social, economic, ecological and institutional factors, the Netherlands has reduced its disaster risk enormously," said the report.
The study further noted the increasing incidence of natural disasters through man-made environmental degradation and climate change.
The report said some 4,130 natural disasters were recorded nationwide from 2002 to 2011, leaving more than a million victims and an economic loss of roughly $1.195 trillion.
"So far, people have rarely been the direct trigger of such disasters. But with their devastating interventions in nature, they have massively raised the hazard potential. The destruction of mangrove forests and coral reefs, for example off the coasts of Southeast Asia, has reduced protection against tidal waves and flooding," said the report.
"The clearcutting of mountain forests exacerbates soil erosion and thus, as in Pakistan, the extent of floods. Climate change and the more frequent occurrence of "climate extremes" are permanently aggravating the hazard situation and increasing vulnerability," it added.
The top 15 countries with the highest risk are:
1. Vanuatu
2. Tonga
3. Philippines
4. Guatemala
5. Bangladesh
6. Solomon Islands
7. Costa Rica
8. Cambodia
9. Timor-Leste
10. El Salvador
11. Brunei Darussalam
12. Papua New Guinea
13. Mauritius
14. Nicaragua
15. Fiji
Get Inquirer updates while on the go, add us on these apps:
Disclaimer: The comments uploaded on this site do not necessarily represent or reflect the views of management and owner of INQUIRER.net. We reserve the right to exclude comments that we deem to be inconsistent with our editorial standards.
To subscribe to the Philippine Daily Inquirer newspaper in the Philippines, call +63 2 896-6000 for Metro Manila and Metro Cebu or email your subscription request here.
Factual errors? Contact the Philippine Daily Inquirer's day desk. Believe this article violates journalistic ethics? Contact the Inquirer's Reader's Advocate. Or write The Readers' Advocate:
c/o Philippine Daily Inquirer Chino Roces Avenue corner Yague and Mascardo Streets, Makati City,Metro Manila, Philippines Or fax nos. +63 2 8974793 to 94


text:
With special treatments, a water pathway and recreation areas, an unforgettable wellness experience awaits you at Spa du Manoir.More details
Book your getaway and save 20% on your lodging!More details
Find the perfect balance between work and relaxation at the largest Convention Centre in the Laurentians, just 45 minutes from Montreal.More details
Manoir Saint-Sauveur has a wide range of activities to help you shake off the winter blues. Seize your stay to discover the village's many attractions, then drop by our hotel to enjoy our cozy rooms, arouse your taste buds and unwind at our Spa… you'll feel thoroughly restored!
Less than 45 minutes from Montréal, the Manoir is all about enjoying the simple pleasures of spring.More details


text:
CPI(M) and CPI were keen on forming the UPA Government led by AICC president Sonia Gandhi after the general elections in 2004 but other Left components RSP and Forward Bloc were opposed to the idea, according to RSP leader TJ Chandrachudan.
Late CPI(M) leader Harkishan Singh Surjeet was the Convener of the Left co-ordination committee and he and CPI leaders proposed the idea of backing Congress-led government led by Sonia Gandhi, Chandrachudan said while briefing reporters after the party's Central Committee meeting here.
Chandrachudan, however, said the opposition of the RSP and Forward Bloc were not about any particular leader heading the government but the Congress's neo liberal policies. He said since then there had been no Left co-ordination committee at the national level but only the leaders of the Left parties used to meet to discuss national issues and come out with joint statements signed by General Secretaries of the four Left parties.
He said the national situation had changed since the last Parliament polls and the unfolding scenario could warrant a working relationship with the Congress and the Left to oppose policies of Narendra Modi Government at the Centre.


text:
You've heard it at technology conferences, you've read it in research reports, maybe you've even shared it at the water cooler.
CMOs drive technology decisions today. The CIO's job is obsolete. Soon we won't need CIOs.
It's not a new debate. By now, the topic is covered regularly in the media, including CMSWire. Take a look at headlines like "Goodbye CIO? Why the Role May Ultimately Disappear" and "Should the CIO Report to the CMO?" Sometimes, it's a plea for survival: "Hey, CMO! Hey, CIO! Work Together or Lose Everything."
Yes, today's CMOs are expected to be technology-savvy managers with a hunger for big data, digital asset management, marketing automation and predictive analysis. They will own revenue goals and formulate sales projections for the CFO based on dashboards they monitor by the hour.
But, honestly, do they even want to take on the responsibilities of an enterprise CIO? We decided to put the question before four experts who deal with this issue every day — two technologists and two marketers.
The Question
Is the CMO really on the way to replacing the CIO?
The Answers
Cary Sylvester, VP Technical Innovation and Communications, Keller Williams Realty International
Sylvester leads global, technical and communication initiatives for Keller Williams, including the tech team's strategic planning and external relations. Previously, she was an Oracle consultant with Database Consultants, implementation manager for Copera and database architect at Dell. Sylvester is an Oracle Certified Professional. She and her family live in Austin. Tweet to Cary Sylvester.
No, I don't see the CMO replacing the CIO. Have the roles changed? Absolutely! The CMO has become far more tech savvy, but haven't most of our business units become tech savvy as well? Are we threatened by an events department that knows event software better than IT? No, and we shouldn't feel threatened by a tech-savvy CMO. Instead, we should embrace it as a powerful partnership.
A CIO has always had an overarching view of the company as most departments and/or initiatives in some way, shape or form and that gives the CIO a unique view of the entire enterprise – from customers to the accounting department. That hasn't changed. The change is focus. The CIO of the past has been focused on providing services to other departments with ERP at the top of the list and, unfortunately, marketing many times at the bottom of the priority list.
The evolving CIO is focused on bringing new business initiatives to the table to drive revenue and customer acquisition/retention – right along with marketing (and sales!). We're no longer about building software to match a paper process … it's about building a better process with great software. The CIO is a driver for business change that creates a better customer experience – in partnership with their CMO.
Tim Herbert, VP Research, CompTIA
Herbert leads the market intelligence program at the Computing Technology Industry Association (CompTIA). Before that, he was a researcher at the Consumer Electronics Association, owner of the International CES tradeshow. He describes himself as "a data junky who works to … make sense of the ever-changing technology landscape." He's currently analyzing trends in cloud computing, mobility, big data, collaboration technologies, the IT channel and workforce issues. Tweet to Tim Herbert.
Technology's transition from the "backroom to the boardroom" is well underway. Because of technology's notable role in the area of customer engagement – and therefore the bottom line – CMOs have been at the forefront of discussions involving how organizations procure, deploy and manage technology. Undoubtedly, CMOs have more influence with technology today, but there is little evidence to suggest they will replace CIOs any time soon. Consider these points:
- Organizations are generally not shifting budget from CIOs to CMOs. When CMOs invest in technology, it's often budget that was previously allocated to traditional marketing expenditures. For example, instead of paper catalogs, brochures or print ads, it's now e-books, mobile apps and social media campaigns.With that being said, there are some emerging areas, such as big data analytics and next-gen CRMs, that closely align with CMO responsibilities and could result in more budget influence at the expense of the CIO.
- A recent CompTIA study among IT company executives found that only 11 percent expect a significant shift in technology purchase authority away from the CIO among their customers, while 44 percent expect a modest shift. From the perspective of those selling technology, there is an acknowledgement of the growing buying clout of line-of-business executives, but hardly an expectation the CIO will be replaced.
- Lastly, the US Bureau of Labor Statistics' 10-year occupational forecast projects a 12 percent growth rate for marketing managers – the occupation category covering CMOs – over the 2012-2022 period, compared to a 15 percent growth rate for computer and information systems managers, the category covering CIOs. The data further calls into question a scenario whereby CMOs replace CIOs.
Kathleen Schaub, VP Research, IDC's CMO Advisory Practice
Continue reading this article:
- SharePoint is Back, Yammer... Not So Much
view comments
- 3 SharePoint Paths for the Next 10 Years
view comments
- Microsoft Beats Amazon in Cloud Storage [Infographic]
view comments
- Why Companies Can't Afford to Go Overboard with Analytics
view comments
- Groups for Office 365 Transforming Collaboration
view comments
- Everything Bill Baer Has Shared About SharePoint
view comments
- How Marketing Content Wastes Money
view comments
Follow @cmswire


text:
I Need This From Time To Time
I have been a bit down for a while. The economy is in the crapper, McCain and Palin are lagging in the polls, ACORN is trying its best to steal the election, the Democrats are really full of themselves (nauseatingly cocky), and about half of my fellow countrymen have gone completely nuts and are willing to throw this country into Obama's socialistic system. It looks | Read More »


text:
The Harp
The Harp serves beers, wines and spirits as well as their infamous O'Hagen sausage and onion baguettes. Emanating a traditional feel, this pub is adorned with a collection of portraits.
This content has been supplied by The Harp
Venue Details & Map
The Harp
- Address
47 Chandos PlaceCharing CrossLondonWC2N 4HS
- Telephone:
- +44 (0)20 7836 0291
- Public transport:
- Charing Cross, Underground
Book a taxi on +44 (0)844 556 0706 or with London's biggest car service app


text:
A grim and hilarious hallucination in monochrome, Ben Wheatley's small-budget historical freak-out A Field in England ticks madly between unities-honoring classical drama, language-drunk existentialism, cock-brandishing Elizabethan ribaldry, and the muskets-and-sorcery madness of some as yet unconceived Vertigo comics series, one where the old ball-and-powder somehow has anachronistic power to blow right through a man's head. The film feels both reckless yet fully controlled, a jest that's dead serious in the manner of Yorick's skull. Wheatley's characters -- deserters from a skirmish in England's 17th-century civil war -- wander about in the field of the title, a grand sloping meadow of the sort that British poets, rock stars, and teenagers have long considered the ideal place to get high in. It proves itself a fully singular and tough-to-shake experience even before its characters honor that national tradition by stuffing psychotropic mushrooms into their whiskery gobs. Rarely has a narrative feature so marvelously integrated a sequence of experimental filmmaking, and that sequence alone guarantees A Field in England should thrive on the midnight circuit. The story's an unsettling series of fake-outs and take-backs, with the four deserters first agreeing to hunt down some ale and then applying themselves to mysterious tasks ordered by their betters. The dialogue, from Amy Jump, is rich and sticky as English dessert, its archaic poetry one of the film's chief pleasures; equally strong is the look of that field, shot in a sumptuous, silver-toned black-and-white. There are magnificent reveries: a caterpillar inching along a branch, the mists melting into the sun, the cast occasionally arranged into still-life tableaux, standing motionless like they're working with a painter rather than terrifically gifted filmmakers.Alan Scherstuhl
Find capsule reviews, showtimes & tickets for all films in town.


text:
DMV to Internet-less New Yorkers: Get in Line
By Jared Chausow
By Katie Toth
By Elizabeth Flock
City Hid Facts From Feds About Rikers
By Albert Samaha
Flood Wall Street Gets Pepper Sprayed and Arrested
By Anna Merlan
By Jon Campbell
Report Sheds Light on Anti-Muslim Bias
By Jon Campbell
Rikers Island Lawsuits Over Diabetic Care
By Albert Samaha
"Through the Ad and intent of the Advertiser we form our ideas and learn the myths that make us into what we are as a people....To Advertise is to Exist. To Exist is to Advertise. Our ultimate goal is nothing short of a personal and singular Billboard for each citizen....Until that day we will continue to do all in our power to encourage the masses to use any means possible to commandeer the existing media and to alter it to their own design."
And so a Kent cigarette ad with lounging smokers came to read, "KantThe Choice Is Heteronomy." Charles Manson, certainly the spokesconvict of the moment among billboard liberators, appears to be selling Levi's these days. And an Apple ad with Amelia Earhart's photo now advises us: "Think Doomed."
Jack Napier says BLF has now begun back-charging and invoicing both the ad agencies and their clients, like Apple and Levi's. "We think they should pay us for improving their work," he says. BLF isn't political, just out to attack the vapid. But that's a whole revolution right there. Jack Napier, by the way, is a pseudonym. Napier's day job is in advertising.
"Celebrating 20 Years of Billboard Liberation and Culture Jamming" opens April 28 at CBGB Gallery, 313 Bowery. Beginning at 10 p.m., billboard improvers, including those mentioned above, will make presentations. Don't miss the Web sites for BLF (www.billboardliberation.com), Joey Skaggs (www.joeyskaggs.com), Ron English (www.popaganda.com), Cicada (www.escape.com/~cicada), Hocus Focus (www.hocusfocus.org), Negativland (www.negativland.com), and culture-jamming central, Adbusters (www.adbusters.org).
Sponsor Content


text:
FIFA 16 & The Women's World Cup – A Great Leap Forward
Handle With Care – FIFA & Different Flavours Of Reform
Dear The FBI, Can We Can Have Our Ball Back, Please?
Toot Toot! All Aboard The Managerial Merry-go-Round! (2015 Edition)
The 200% Podcast 13: FOUL!
The Power Of Discretion And Why Guidelines Are… King
Steven Gerrard, The Media & Liverpool's Structural Issues
The Twohundredpercent Podcast LIVE!
Where, Exactly, Do Queens Park Rangers Go From Here?
End Of Season Ennui
The 200% Podcast 12 – General Election Special
Saturday Night On Channel Five For The Football League
The Decline & Fall Of Leyton Orient
Rape, Disrespect & Fury: The Oyston Family & Blackpool FC
Is It Time For A New Football Club For Newcastle?
Tranmere Rovers & Cheltenham Town Stare Into The Abyss
This mornings cartoon for the run-up to the European Championships from Dotmund features Spain, and a goalkeeper with a very satisfying name to say who still goes to the supermarket in his full kit. Don't forget, you can see plenty more Dotmund artwork here, and you can read his trenchant opinions on just about everything…
From perennial under-achievers to perpetual favourites in considerably less than ten years, the first decade of the twenty-first century was the one that transformed the world's perception of the Spanish national football team. Spain began the new century living very much down to people's expectations, with a quarter-final defeat at the 2000 European Championships being…
If the early history of the European Championships can be seen as explicitly wrapped up in the politics of the time, then Spain's victory on home ground in 1964 European Nations Cup could be regarded as one of international football's ultimate flashes in the pan.
There are plenty of people, not least within the governing bodies of football itself, who would have it that football and politics don't mix. This is, of course, bunkum, whether we like it or not. The game holds such influence over so many people that it sometimes seems impossible for politicians not to be able…
As some of you may have noticed, we've restarted the "Video Of The Week" section on the site, and this week we have a particular treat for you in the form of the outstanding BBC documentary from 2003, "Football & Fascism". This film traces the link between three fascist dictators of the twentieth century –…
It's a curious sight. The BBC's panel is sitting, for the first time in this tournament suited and booted, in its base studio outside the Green Point Stadium in Cape Town, almost eight hundred miles from Johannesberg, where the match itself is being played. It looks deserted, behind them. It probably is – everybody will…
Two years is not a long time in football, especially when you consider that national sides evolve, certainly more than club sides. In that respect, you would have expected quite a few rematches from European Championship finals happening in subsequent World Cups. However, of the twenty-six finalists in the first thirteen European Championships, six of…
1643 Views
1612 Views
1594 Views
1589 Views
1578 Views
1 Comments
0 Comment


text:
How Democratic funding powerhouses are taking revenge on the party for holding the DNC in right-to-work Charolotte.
Banking – the Union Way
October 1, 2012 by 10 Comments
Occupy Hipsters Try to Recruit Black People in Charlotte, Fail Miserably
September 2, 2012 by 16 Comments
The Coming DNC Disaster
June 22, 2012 by 17 Comments
North Korean 'Stairway to Heaven'?
May 21, 2010 by 11 Comments


text:
al fresco Chicken Sausage is a Recent Winner of Family Circle's 'Circle of Excellence' Award
CHELSEA, Mass., June 23 /PRNewswire/ — al fresco - America's #1 chicken sausage – was recently awarded Family Circle's "Circle of Excellence" mark, announced in the April 17( )issue. Family Circle's "Circle of Excellence", a consumer product award, recognizes five "editor recommended" and "mom-approved" winners in three categories including food, household products and beauty, recommending these products "with confidence."
"We are thrilled to receive this prestigious 'Circle of Excellence' mark," said Sarah Crowley, al fresco's Senior Brand Manager. "Family Circle is one of the nation's most trusted consumer magazines, and to receive their stamp of approval for al fresco is a great honor for us."
About Family Circle's "Circle of Excellence" Awards: Editors choose products in each of the three categories, which they believe embody "the award criteria of quality, value and exceeds brand expectations." These selected products are then sent to "mom testers" chosen from the Family Circle Roundtable consumer panel, a group of more than 7,000 women who, for the last four years, have been surveyed by the magazine in an effort to gain consumer insight on various areas of interest. Moms were given two weeks to test all of the products. At the end of the two-week period, the products that received the highest ratings were declared the winners of the "Circle of Excellence" mark.
Each of the products earning the "Circle of Excellence" mark is accompanied by an editor recommended, "mom approved" review.
al fresco all natural chicken sausage comes in 12 delicious flavors such as Sweet Apple, Roasted Pepper & Asiago and Sweet Italian. They have no artificial ingredients, are gluten free and have 70% less fat and 40% less sodium than traditional pork sausage. Made with lean, skinless chicken meat and only the freshest herbs and spices, these flavorful and juicy sausages are fully cooked for your convenience — just heat, serve and enjoy! To learn more about the al fresco brand or to explore the many recipes created to highlight the product flavors, please visit www.alfrescoallnatural.com.
About al fresco: al fresco All Natural is manufactured by Kayem Foods, Inc. the largest meat processor in New England, making over 500 products under eight brand names. Based in Chelsea, MA, the privately held and operated company has been owned and operated by the same family since 1909. Kayem Foods offers the best of both worlds – "Old World" flavor and "New World" quality and freshness. For more information, visit the al fresco All Natural website at www.alfrescoallnatural.com.
Contact: Jessica Rosen (212) 994-7522 email@example.com
SOURCE al fresco


text:
All Stories
Former teacher pleads guilty in molestation case
A former DeKalb County middle school teacher, who was arrested in July for allegedly molesting a teenage girl in Clayton County, has pleaded guilty to charges in the case.
Morrow clinic to receive $50,000 grant
Kaiser Permanente of Georgia recently selected 24 free and reduced-cost health clinics throughout the state to receive $1.6 million in grants, through the Kaiser Permanente Fund for Community Benefit. Morrow's Good Shepherd Clinic, which offers free primary medical care to residents of Clayton County, is scheduled to receive $50,000 from the program by the month's end.


text:
Staff Reporter
Limbless lizard found in Khandadhar hills
New species found where mining was proposed
BHUBANESWAR: A group of researchers claimed to have discovered over 10 new species of frog, lizards, snakes and fresh water turtles and presence of these species indicated that Orissa was still having patches of rainforest areas.
Researchers led by S. K. Dutta of North Orissa University stumbled upon limbless lizard from Khandadhar hills that they claimed to be an important discovery from bio geographic point of view.
"The lizard is new to science. Preliminary scientific study reveals that the lizard belongs to the genus Seposphis, which is monotypic and was reported by Beddome during 1870 from Golconda Hills, Andhra Pradesh," Mr. Dutta said.
He said the present discovery of the new species from Orissa after more than 100 years bore significance from biodiversity assessment point of view.
The other limbless lizard recorded from India is of the family of Dibamidae (found in the southeast India and Nicobar Islands), Anguidae (recorded from Northeast and southeast India) and the genus Barkudia, which was recorded from Orissa and Andhra Pradesh.
"The new species is quite specialised and prefer to live in cool retreat, soft soil and below stones. The new lizard lives in forest zones with heavy canopy and they cannot live in degraded forests where the soil profile also changes rapidly," Mr. Dutta explained.
Research scholars from different academic institutions traversed stretches of Eastern Ghats of Orissa in groups and documented the rich biodiversity along the Eastern Ghat ranges. The study was supported by Vasundhara, a city based voluntary organisation, which worked on policy analysis, research, conservation and natural resources.
According to members of team, 15 additional species of lizards were discovered taking the total lizard species to 40 in Orissa. Similarly, about 20 new species were found during the course of study, which was in addition to 60 existing species in the State. Two to three species of snake could be new to science, said Mr. Dutta.
Notable catches
Moreover, 15 new frog species and two fresh turtle species were discovered in the study. The other notable catches included, golden gecko, termite hill gecko, tricarinate turtle, brown whip snake and cat snake. Incidentally, many species were found at places where mining operation have been proposed.
"Most of the un-described species are bio-indicators of evergreen rainforests. Their closest relatives are found either in the rainforests of northeast India or Western Ghats," said Pratyush Mohapatra, a scholar.
He said though the State had typical evergreen rainforests and some of these frogs and reptiles had been recorded from such places. "Adequate protection of such habitat will ultimately protect rare and threatened species." Among others who were part of the team are B.K. Misra, Siba Prasad Parida, Niladri Bhusan Kar, Satya Narayan Mishra and Himanshu S. Patra.


text:
Search for Models in Action and learn about the many innovative ways that the workforce investment system, employers, and educators are using industry competency models to address their workforce challenges.
Search for existing competency models, assessments, skills standards, technical curriculum, certifications and other resources.
The Employment and Training Administration (ETA) has collaborated with industry leaders to develop a comprehensive competency model framework for the Hotel and Lodging sector of the Hospitality Industry. The model is designed to evolve along with changing skill requirements. The American Hotel and Lodging Association has committed to working with industry partners to keep this tool current.


text:
A Doll\s House Vocab Crossword Puzzle Game
Created By: ccnehrenberg
I Like This Game ( Liked by 0 people )
How to play Crossword Puzzle?
- Click on an across or down clue.
- Type in the answer on puzzle.
- Background turns green on correct answer.
- Continue until the puzzle is solved.
- Clicking "hint" reveals a letter without awarding points.
- Clicking "word" reveals entire word without awarding points.
- Fill more answers in less time for higher score.
A Doll\s House Vocab Crossword Puzzle Game DescriptionA Doll\ s House vocab
A Doll\s House Vocab Crossword Puzzle Game Hints
- A person hired to carry burdens or baggage
- A bird
- A person who spends a lot of money lightheartedly or a gambler
- To spend or use money extravagantly or wastefully
- A playfully mischievous person
- To behave in an offensively condescending manner
- To behave in an offensively condescending manner
- To prevent a person from accomplishing a purpose
- A sudden idea or impulse Loathing: adjective. Strong dislike or disgust
- A lower person of rank or a person of less importance
- A rapid, whirling southern Italian dance in very quick sextuple, originally quadruple, meter, usually performed by a single couple, and formerly supposed to be a remedy for tarantism (caused by a tarantula bite, it made crazy with an uncontrollable urge t
- Firmly or stubbornly adhering to one's purpose, opinion, etc.; not yielding to argument, persuasion, or entreaty
- Of little or no importance or consequence
- Unyielding; unalterable Retribution: noun. Something justly deserved; recompense
- A stout pole such as those used for masts
- A chewy cookie made with sugar, egg whites and almond paste or coconut
Related Crossword Games
Križaljka je namijenjena učenicima srednje škole za bolje savladavanje gradiva impresionizma.
Fjalkryqi i Filipit
Fjalkryqi i te djeles
A Midsummer Night\\\'s Dream
For stage 4 Australian students
missä on passisi?
löydä passi selvittämällä tämä


text:
And the Purple Cow, with two locations in Little Rock (the original on Cantrell Road, another on Chenal Parkway) and ...More Details >
Family Ice Skating
Family Ice Skating: Arkansas Blue Cross Blue Shield will sponsor a family night Tuesday at the downtown ice skating rink located in the RiverMarket. Group discounts are currently available. For more information, please contact the River Market at (501) 375-2552.
River Market
To report abuse or misuse of this area please hit the "Suggest Removal" link in the comment to alert our online managers.
Use the comment form below to begin a discussion about this content.


text:
Olympian Michael Phelps Arrested On DUI Charge In Maryland
Police arrested Olympic swimmer Michael Phelps on a DUI charge early Tuesday, and officials say he was speeding and failed field sobriety tests when officers pulled him over.
Best Things To Do In NYC On Labor Day Weekend
New York City has Labor Day Weekend meals, festivals and fireworks galore across the five boroughs.
Advisory Against Swimming Issued For 66 Suffolk County Beaches
The Suffolk County health department says the advisory is in effect until 7 p.m. Thursday because of the potential for bacteria from runoff following heavy rain and flooding.
Potentially Life-Saving App Gives Parents Peace Of Mind During Summer Swimming Season
Swim season is in full swing, but taking your eyes off of your children for even a second can lead to tragedy.
Lifeguards Spread A Serious Message As Shore Towns Prepare For The 4th Of July
Major replenishment projects at the Jersey shore have most towns ready for the Fourth of July, and have made Sandy feel like a distant memory.
Red Cross: Adults And Kids Can Benefit From Swimming Lessons
If you are planning on spending time in the water over the summer you will definitely want to know how to get out of the water alive.
How To Stay Healthy While Traveling
Whether it's a business trip, vacation with family or a solo venture, there's nothing much worse than feeling under the weather or having an upset stomach from unhealthy foods. Here are 10 tips to stay healthy while traveling.
Diana Nyad's Historic Swim Inspires Baby Boomers
She swam nonstop for 53 grueling hours, but told her support team that at one point, swimming through the night almost broke her. Almost.
NYC Native, Endurance Swimmer Diana Nyad Finishes Historic Cuba-Florida Swim
With her lips and tongue swollen, U.S. endurance swimmer and New York City native Diana Nyad completed her attempt to become the first person to swim the treacherous waters from Cuba to Key West without a shark cage on Monday.
Seen At 11: Waterborne Pathogens Could Put Your Vision At Risk
Swimming is one of the summer's most enjoyable activities, but something in the water could put your vision at risk.
The 5 Best Public Pools In NYC
All told, New York has 34 outdoor pools, 19 outdoor mini-pools, and 12 indoor pools—that's 65 places to cool off this summer.
5 Activities To Do Before The Leaves Start To Fall
With autumn around the corner many people are desperately clutching to the remaining days of summer. Take some time to indulge in these five summer activities to ease the seasonal transition.
Lake Ronkonkoma Back Open After High Bacteria Levels Drop
The blue-green algae bloom carries the same lake bacteria that killed a dog in the Hamptons last year.
Safe To Go Back In The Water? Shark Sighting Sparks Caution Among Swimmers
It's not the first time that it has happened, but there was a recent shark sighting at Atlantic Beach in Hempstead, and evidence shows that it may be the second sighting inside of a week.
Athletes Feel The Adrenalin At New York City Triathlon
More than 3,000 athletes took to water and land Sunday morning for the Aquaphor New York City Triathlon.


text:
Hi everybody!
I'm trying to record my electric guitar with a mic. The mic is plugged in to my mixerboard where an invisible preamp is located. The mixerboard out is plugged in to the line in of the computer.
The problem is that the sound sounds fine when I listen to it in the headphones (which is plugged into the mixers control room out), but when I record it on the computer the sound is allwas distorted. I've tried setting levels and all that, but it seems nothing help. Of course the guitar is not outputting a distorted sound.
What should I do? Any ideas?


text:
Discover a selection of top forums travian sakura on the internet. Come to share your passion on forums travian sakura and meet other fans of travian sakura. Then, why don't you create your own forum of travian sakura ?
Magical Girl Cafe is a magical girl forum where fans of the genre can come together for discussions in a drama free environment. We also offer roleplaying!
magical, girl, cafe, sailor, moon, tokyo, anime, forums, community, cardcaptor, #sakura
Team forums for the online game Travian
colony¿³, #travian, forums, game, alliances, ¿³, online, communities, travian.com


text:
Similar Products:
Average rating from 24 reviews.
Average rating from 20 reviews.
Average rating from 13 reviews.
Editor's Best Lists:
Products We Are Testing:
Sojos Natural Dog Treats -
Average rating from 5 reviews.
(5.0 out of 5, based on 5 reviews)
Photosadd photo
Reader's Reviews (5)
Made in Minneapolis !
posted 6 years ago
Living in Western Wisconsin and a big supporter of spending my money locally I found Sojo's ! They are made in Minneapolis and are all natural ! I love that they are made out of basic ingredients and very healthy !
Pros: Great treat !
Cons: Somewhat expensive
0 of 0 people found this review helpful.
Did you?
Loved them
posted 6 years ago
I have to buy grain free products for the dogs as one has grain allergies. The dogs loved these--great flavors, natural ingredients.
Pros: natural ingredients
Cons: none
0 of 0 people found this review helpful.
Did you?
Want to review a product, but not finding it? Just add it and review it!
Recent Product Reviews
November 15, 2014 | By Robyn
July 14, 2013 | By Xiaoxiao111
Pink is my favorite color these are wonderful.I will recommend a good website fou you: www.9footballshirt.org
Freshpet Select Roasted Meals for Cat
June 28, 2013 | By Kittymom314
I introduced this food to my two cats, one is a senior at 13 years and the other is about 7 years. Both females. The 7 year old is a new addition, recently adopted :) Because of their age differenc… more ›


text:
Rich Kids
1,739,954pages on
this wiki
this wiki
This page is a stub. Please help us to expand it.
- If this is an artist page, please add links to all existing song pages. (If any exist, you will probably find them here.) If possible, categorize the songs by album. Otherwise put them in an Other Songs section and tag the talk page with {{Split}}.
- If this is an album page, please complete the tracklist and/or add the lyrics.
- If this is a song page, please add the lyrics. If no lyrics exist for this song, please tag it appropriately with, for example, the {{Instrumental}} or {{deletion}} template.
Other SongsEdit
- Friends With Benefits
- Ghosts Of Princes In Towers
- I See You
- My Partna Dem Remix
- My Partna Dem
- Why Us
Related artists
- Midge Ure
- Rusty Egan
- Steve New
- Glen Matlock
- Sex Pistols
- The Clash
- Midge Ure
- Slik
- Thin Lizzy
- The Skids
- Visage
- Ultravox
|Look this artist up at:
|MySpace • Last.fm
Amazon: Rich Kids
iTunes: Rich Kids
allmusic: Rich Kids
Discogs: Rich Kids
MusicBrainz: Rich Kids
Spotify: Rich Kids


text:
Cheap PNI to Chateauroux flights
Popular Flights from Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia
Top Pohnpei Flights to US Destinations
Top Pohnpei International Destinations
Popular Flights from Chateauroux, France
Top Chateauroux Flights to US Destinations
Top Chateauroux International Destinations
PNI to CHR Route Map
Pohnpei to Chateauroux Flights, Stats and Airplanes
Route information for flights from Pohnpei Intl. to Chateauroux Centre.
8,445.94 miles
PNI - Pohnpei Intl. Airlines
Browse the most popular airlines servicing the Pohnpei (PNI) airport. Visit their flights pages to learn more about the most popular routes these carriers fly.


text:
donnay xp dual
View Single Post
Dave M
Hall Of Fame
Join Date: Mar 2007
Location: England
Posts: 1,941
The "ACTUAL" balance for each racquet will vary a little bit, Donnays' offical specs will be the target ones, the ones they aim for in the middle of the tolerance range, the ones TW post are an average of some of the sticks they string up and test when they first get them, so realistically i would trust what is on this site more than the target info but of course if TW tested 6 there will probably be 2 near it and 2 more H?L with 2 more HH than listed.(on average I mean).You can always call them and tell TW what specs you are after and i think they'll choose specific frames for you if you pay for the service.
Dave M
View Public Profile
Find More Posts by Dave M


text:
Shop now and get Free Value Shipping on most orders over $49 to the contiguous 48 states, DC and to all U.S. Military APO/FPO/DPO addresses.
We want to ensure that making a return is as easy and hassle-free as possible! If for any reason you decide that your purchase just isn't for you, simply return the item within 30 days of receipt and we'll cover the cost of return shipping. Learn more about our Return Policy.
You are a particularly fortunate individual. That's because you have found Engineered Fit items. These products all tie together as a subsection of BlackHawk, and have similar features and a dependable performance level. Take a peek at all the BlackHawk Engineered Fit gear we have below. If you have issues contact us. Our industry pros will help you determine if Engineered Fit gear is perfect for you, or if another BlackHawk product would be a better fit. If you're concerned with quality, read our BlackHawk Reviews. They were written by customers like you and give useful insights. And don't forget that a majority of orders greater than $49 receive free shipping! Rest assured, when you shop at OpticsPlanet.com, your experience will be nothing short of excellent.
Connect with OpticsPlanet
Become our fan, follow us, & subscribe for the latest updates and deals
Subscribe to our email list
Sign up and receive $5 Off and get exclusive access to promotions, sales
events, pre-order sales & more!
Contact Information
Toll-Free: 800-504-5897
Intl.: 847-513-6201
Fax: 847-919-3003
Email: email@example.com
Hours of Operation
8AM-7PM CST Mon-Fri
9AM-5PM CST Sat
9AM-5PM CST Sun (Email & Chat Only)
Our Guarantees


text:
Loading stream...
Now Playing
Podcasts & RSS Feeds
|All Content
|View all podcasts & RSS feeds
Connect with Us
Behind the Mics
Host of Wind & Rhythm
Public Radio 89.5-1 Reporter & All Things Considered anchor
Classical 88.7-1 host
Host of Swing on This
Classical 88.7-1 host
NPR Story
3:44 pm
Sat June 2, 2012
New Jobs Can't Keep Up With Population Growth
By editor
Originally published on Sat June 2, 2012 4:05 pm
Among the more than 12 million Americans out of work, almost half have been out of work for more than six months. In its latest issue, Bloomberg Businessweek magazine profiles 12 people among these long-term unemployed who have managed to get back into the workforce. Host Guy Raz talks with Josh Green, senior national correspondent with Bloomberg Businessweek.


text:
The stuff we imagine, design and create.
Trikos Line Concepts
Forged Project X
Biblical Timeline
Christmas Gift Globe
Dont Tread on Me
Japanese Garden iOS icon
Post Cards Anywhere App icon + Branding
Medal of Honor iOS app icon
FC Barcelona iOS App icon exploration
Instagram Forged Scene
FCB Final App Center Variations
Gold Rush Alaska Character Progress
FCB App Center Icon Updates
Kill Cliff Promotional Branding
SEAL Emblem Exploration
iWatch Design Concept
Jivaldi: Branding and Promotion
Oakland Raider Branding Update
Oakland Raider Branding: The Pirate
MyPetPhone: Level 10 part 2
Golden State Warriors: Branding
Character Design by Jivaldi
Level 10 New Interface
Gatorz Magnum Models
MLS Mobile Icon Design Exploration
Niello Design Pass
Got an interesting project for us?
©2015 Jivaldi, LLC.


text:
Health News Archive - July 05, 2012
New, more effective vaccines are struggling to have an impact in the drive to eradicate polio in Afghanistan and Pakistan because not enough children are being vaccinated.
A drug candidate that is nearing clinical trials against a Latin American parasite is showing additional promise as a cure for hookworm, one of the most widespread and insidious parasites afflicting developing nations.
Obesity researchers from the School of Medicine at the University of Colorado revealed that the U.S. needs to develop a new plan to combat the obesity epidemic among children and adults.
Stem cell research is gaining headway, but is still controversial. Scientists hope that a new discovery regarding stem cells from amniotic fluid will pave the way to an alternative option.
An analysis of more than 9 million Department of Defense non-active and active duty personnel revealed that the rates of both community-onset and hospital-onset methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteremia decreased from 2005 to 2010, while the proportion of community-onset skin and soft tissue infections from MRSA has more recently declined.
Injections, blood sugar awareness, and constant finger pricking--these are all things someone who suffers from type-2 diabetes has to deal with. Researchers say, now they may have to worry about bladder cancer, too.
Botox – it's not just for wrinkles! It's been known to reduce fine lines, help chronic headaches, and reduce sweating. Now, it can help those suffering from multiple sclerosis (MS).
Successful ovary transplants could lead to women remaining fertile indefinitely and also postponing menopause until they are well in their 50s, according to doctors speaking at a conference in Istanbul.
Older patients undergoing cardiac surgery often experience changes in cognitive function, such as memory problems or an inability to focus, in the days immediately following their operations.
A new global study mapping human-animal diseases like tuberculosis (TB) and Rift Valley fever finds that an "unlucky" 13 zoonoses are responsible for 2.4 billion cases of human illness and 2.2 million deaths per year.
- A young chicken: also used as a pet name for children.


text:
More Products By LM Animal Farms:
Average rating from 37 reviews.
Average rating from 13 reviews.
Average rating from 12 reviews.
Similar Products:
Average rating from 4 reviews.
Average rating from 3 reviews.
Average rating from 2 reviews.
Editor's Best Lists:
Products We Are Testing:
Lm Animal Farms Classic Blend Cockatiel Food
Average rating from 4 reviews.
(4.5 out of 5, based on 4 reviews)
Photosadd photo
Reader's Reviews (4)
My Quaker came running!
posted 7 years ago
My Quaker love the variety of this food. He would stash some of it in different places for a snack later on, you never knew what you would find when you cleaned up.
Pros: A very healthy combination!
Cons: none
0 of 0 people found this review helpful.
Did you?
Want to review a product, but not finding it? Just add it and review it!
Recent Product Reviews
November 15, 2014 | By Robyn
July 14, 2013 | By Xiaoxiao111
Pink is my favorite color these are wonderful.I will recommend a good website fou you: www.9footballshirt.org
Freshpet Select Roasted Meals for Cat
June 28, 2013 | By Kittymom314
I introduced this food to my two cats, one is a senior at 13 years and the other is about 7 years. Both females. The 7 year old is a new addition, recently adopted :) Because of their age differenc… more ›


text:
Image may not necessarily represent the actual item -Please read the title and description before purchasing.
Our Price: $12.03
Caliber: 40 S&WCaliber: 9/40Caliber: 9MMFinish/Color: BlackFit: For Glock 9/40 MagazinesManufacturer Number: MAG230-BLKManufacturer: Magpul IndustriesModel: SpeedplateType: Magazine AccessoryUnits per Box: 3Pk
DISCLAIMER: GLOCK is a federally registered trademark of GLOCK, Inc. and is one of many trademarks owned by GLOCK, Inc. or GLOCK Ges.mbH. Neither Hinterland Outfitters nor this site are affiliated in any manner with, or otherwise endorsed by, GLOCK, Inc. or GLOCK Ges.mbH. The use of GLOCK on this page is merely to advertise the sale of GLOCK pistols, parts, or components. For genuine GLOCK, Inc. and GLOCK Ges.mbH products and parts visit www.glock.com.
Reviews of Magpul Speedplate Black For Glock 9/40 Magazines 40 S&W 9MM 3Pk MAG230-BLK
As thanks for your feedback, we will send you a $5 coupon code for writing a product review!
Just click the 'Write Review' button on the product's information page.
Enter your UPS tracking number to track your order
Firearms | Handguns | Rifles | Shotguns | Tactical Rifles | Tactical Shotguns | All Manufacturers


text:
Camp Pendleton-based unit dispatches heavily armed helicopters to provide cover for flights vulnerable to attack in Helmand province
Helmand's hot spots
A puff of purple smoke signals to the approaching MV-22 Osprey flying in low to extract the ground forces. The tilt-rotor aircraft hovers overhead, sending a corona of dust billowing into the air around it, then touches down on the desert floor.
In the helicopters circling skyward, the Marines complain that the attack they are there to prevent or subdue never materializes.
"Nobody wants to play with us!" one complains on the intercom.
"Amen. Reputation, reputation," another says in explanation.
After the Marine patrol and a military dog board the Osprey, it flies off past crenulated dunes and jagged ridges.
The Huey and Cobra crews linger overhead using their powerful infrared sensors and binoculars to search for potentially hostile forces or roadside bombers. They spot women washing pans by the river. A boy riding a bicycle. Two men snacking on jelly and crackers. Tracking peanut butter and jelly: "This is what wins the war right here!" Wise jokes, looking up from his binoculars. "This area is real slow. The fight's up north."
It was a different story in southern districts like Marjah in 2009 and 2010, when Jordan served his previous Afghanistan tour. Now southern Helmand province is relatively calm and patrolled by two Marine battalions instead of four. Afghan forces lead most operations in the area, according to Marine ground combat commanders.
After a few more passes over the area, the two light attack helicopters head north to return to base. On the flight back to Bastion, they learn that another Huey section is flying into headquarters with depleted ammunition stocks. It is a reminder that in the restive north of the province — in places like Musa Qala, Sangin and Kajaki, where infantry battalions from Camp Pendleton and Twentynine Palms are deployed — the Marines are still very much at war.


text:
YOUR NEARBY Olive Garden
View all hours
is your nearest
Olive Garden
based on your current location.
What type of order would you like to start?
Gluten-Free Rotini pasta with homemade marinara or primavera sauce (zucchini, red peppers, onions, peppers and tomatoes).
Do you have special food sensitivities, food allergies or needs?
Access Allergen Details
or contact one of our Guest Relations Representatives at 1-800-331-2729.
We'll include the restaurant's address, phone number and a link to this page.
*standard message and data rates may apply
We'll include the restaurant's address, phone number and a link to this page.
You didn't place a Catering item, which requires more time, in your cart. Would you like to change your pickup time?
Are you sure you want to cancel this order?


text:
PUNXSUTAWNEY — It took years of planning, but the former T.M. Kurtz home at 312 West Mahoning St. — now the office of Dr. Michael A. Vancheri — has another part of its original design intact.
Saturday, the Punxsutawney Area Historical & Genealogical Society honored Vancheri with one of its four Awards of Commendation, for his work in restoring the exterior second-floor balustrades to their original design, thus "bringing to modern residents the original look of this part of Millionaires' Row."
PUNXSUTAWNEY — The director of the Punxsutawney Memorial Library returned to Punxsutawney Borough Council Monday, seeking a clarification on which sign council approved at the August meeting.
Coral Ellshoff, director of the Punxsutawney Memorial Library, spoke at the Aug. 8 council meeting, noting that there have been numerous complaints from the public about difficulty in locating the library's entrance from the rear parking area and Union Street.


text:
Designed by Susanne Philippson for D&D, the Butterfly Black Wall Clock offers a graceful revision of the traditional wall clock. With an out-of-the-box design that gives the impression that butterflies are breaking free from the clock's face, this timepiece includes three butterflies—identical to the clock—to position where you please.
Designed and produced in Italy. Clock composed of lacquered metal. Clock comes packaged with 3 butterflies (small, medium, and large). Mounting hardware not included. Batteries not included. Quartz movement.
This product has no reviews yet. Be the first to review this product. Write a review
Enjoy 10% off your first order*