text:
The invention is a support and cushioning system for an article of footwear. The system includes a resilient insert disposed within the sole of the shoe including several fluidly interconnected chambers. The chambers include first chambers disposed in the forefoot area of the sole and second chambers disposed in the heel portion of the sole. In one embodiment, the resilient insert is air inflatable using an on-board inflation mechanism disposed in the sole, wherein the resilient insert remains generally rigid when not inflated.
1. An article of footwear comprising:
a sole;
an outsole;
an insert disposed within said sole having a plurality of fluidly connected chambers, wherein each of said chambers is defined by a first surface and a second surface, wherein at least one of said surfaces has a molded shape, wherein said insert is inflatable to more than one pressure and wherein said insert retains substantially the same volume at ambient pressure and when inflated to a pressure greater than ambient pressure;
an inflation mechanism fluidly connected to said insert, said inflation mechanism comprising an inlet for ambient air; and
a one-way valve between said inflation mechanism and said insert;
wherein said sole further comprises a sole plate including an upper surface and a lower surface and a plurality of holes extending from said upper surface to said lower surface for receiving said chambers;
wherein said insert is positioned adjacent said upper surface of said sole plate, whereby said chambers extend through said holes towards said outsole positioned adjacent said lower surface of said sole plate.
2. The article of footwear of
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This application claims priority to Provisional Application No. 60/547,536, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
1. Field of the Invention
The field of this invention generally relates to footwear, and more particularly to an article of footwear having a system for providing cushioning and support for the comfort of the wearer.
2. Background Art
One of the problems associated with shoes has always been striking a balance between support and cushioning. Throughout the course of an average day, the feet and legs of an individual are subjected to substantial impact forces. Running, jumping, walking and even standing exert forces upon the feet and legs of an individual which can lead to soreness, fatigue, and injury.
The human foot is a complex and remarkable piece of machinery, capable of withstanding and dissipating many impact forces. The natural padding of fat at the heel and forefoot, as well as the flexibility of the arch, help to cushion the foot. An athlete's stride is partly the result of energy which is stored in the flexible tissues of the foot. For example, during a typical walking or running stride, the achilles tendon and the arch stretch and contract, storing energy in the tendons and ligaments. When the restrictive pressure on these elements is released, the stored energy is also released, thereby reducing the burden which must be assumed by the muscles.
Although the human foot possesses natural cushioning and rebounding characteristics, the foot alone is incapable of effectively overcoming many of the forces encountered during athletic activity. Unless an individual is wearing shoes which provide proper cushioning and support, the soreness and fatigue associated with athletic activity is more acute, and its onset accelerated. This results in discomfort for the wearer which diminishes the incentive for further athletic activity. Equally important, inadequately cushioned footwear can lead to injuries such as blisters, muscle, tendon and ligament damage, and bone stress fractures. Improper footwear can also lead to other ailments, including back pain.
Proper footwear should complement the natural functionality of the foot, in part by incorporating a sole (typically, an outsole, midsole and insole) which absorbs shocks. However, the sole should also possess enough resiliency to prevent the sole from being "mushy" or "collapsing," thereby unduly draining the energy of the wearer.
In light of the above, numerous attempts have been made over the years to incorporate into a shoe means for providing improved cushioning and resiliency to the shoe. These attempts have included using compounds such as ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) or polyurethane (PU) to form midsoles. However, foams such as EVA tend to either break down over time or do not provide adequate cushioning characteristics.
One concept practiced in the footwear industry to improve cushioning and energy return has been the use of fluid-filled devices within shoes. For example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,771,606, 6,354,020 and 6,505,420 teach such devices. These devices attempt to enhance cushioning and energy return by transferring a fluid between the area of impact and another area of the device. The basic concept of these devices is to have cushions containing fluid disposed adjacent the heel or forefoot areas of a shoe which transfer fluid to the other of the heel or forefoot areas. Several overriding problems exist with these devices.
One of these problems is that often fluid filled devices are not adjustable. Physiological variances between people and the variety of activities for which athletic shoes may be worn create the need for adjustment in support. For example, shoes can be made to adjust for the various lengths of feet, but it is impossible for the shoe industry to account for variations in the weight of the wearer. In addition, the same appropriate balance of support and cushioning could change for various activities such as running, biking, or casual walking. Also, athletes, both professional and amateur, may desire different support for different performance levels. For example, an athlete may desire a different support while training than while competing. Consequently, it is desirable to adjust the amount of pressure within the sole.
It has been known to adjust fluids in the sole of footwear. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,610,099 to Signori (the Signori patent) shows a shoe having an inflatable bladder in the sole. The Signori patent provides for the bladder to be inflated using a hypodermic needle insertion. While the device shown by the Signori patent allows a user to customize his or her shoe, the off-board inflation mechanism makes it difficult to inflate the bladder on an as needed basis. Unfortunately, the solution is not to simply slap an on-board inflation mechanism to the shoe. To do so creates extraordinary construction problems. Further, the Signori patent does not address how a custom underfoot system would be adapted for performance in the forefoot. Similar devices are disclosed by U.S. Pat. No. 3,120,712 to Menken and U.S. Pat. No. 1,069,001 to Guy.
Another problem with these support systems is the constant need for inflation. When the system is not inflated and the air pressure is at ambient conditions, the system typically provides no support to the foot. Instead, either the system becomes flat such that the foot will feel the shock from the impact of each step or the bladder will become mushy draining the energy of the wearer.
What is desired is a system whereby variable support under the foot is achieved with a conveniently located on-board inflation mechanism, wherein such a support system uses the common anatomical features of the motion of the foot and is resilient enough to support even when not inflated.
In accordance with the purpose of the present invention as embodied and described herein, the present invention is a support and cushioning system disposed within the sole of an article of footwear. The system of the present invention includes a resilient insert disposed within the sole of the footwear.
In one embodiment, a resilient insert has at least one chamber and an inflation mechanism. The inflation mechanism allows the wearer to adjust the pressure of a fluid in the resilient insert. Other embodiments incorporate a deflation mechanism or a pressure gauge to further control the cushioning and support provided by the resilient insert.
In another embodiment, a resilient insert includes a plurality of first chambers and a plurality of second chambers each aligned along the length of the shoe which are fluidly connected to at least the directly adjacent chamber. The plurality of first chambers are disposed in the forefoot area of the sole and the plurality of second chambers are disposed in the heel area of the sole. Thus, pressure applied to one of said chambers causes an increase in pressure in that chamber and forces the air into one or more adjacent chambers. The initial increased pressure provides shock absorbing cushioning at the pressure site while the rush of fluid from the chamber provides support for the wearer at the adjacent chambers. Thus, the system of the present invention provides a variable, non-static cushioning, in that the flow of air within the resilient insert complements the natural biodynamics of an individual's gait.
A resilient insert described in the paragraph above may include fluid at ambient pressure or pressurized above ambient pressure. However, in a preferred embodiment, the resilient insert is inflatable to a variety of pressures. However, the rigidity of the resilient insert provides support even when the resilient insert is not inflated.
An inflatable resilient insert allows for the adjustment of the level of support the foot receives based on the wearer's individual needs. The level of support can be adjusted based on the type of activity, i.e. running, biking or casual walking, on the performance level desired, i.e. recreational, training, or competitive, or on other individual needs, such as the variance in weight of the wearer.
An inflatable embodiment includes an inflation mechanism. Various inflation mechanisms could be used, including an on-board and detachable inflation mechanism. On-board inflation mechanisms can be located in various places on the shoe. A preferred embodiment has an inflation mechanism disposed within the sole of the shoe. Having the inflation mechanism disposed in the sole streamlines the manufacture of the shoe and reduces the amount of tubing and other material needed to connect the pump to the resilient insert disposed in the sole of the shoe. In addition, one embodiment includes a means for limiting the swelling of one or more chambers of resilient insert due to over inflation.
In one embodiment, air is allowed to diffuse out of the system over time. However, in a preferred embodiment, a release valve is included. A release valve allows the wearer to have immediate adjustability with respect to either the increase or decrease in pressure.
In one embodiment, the resilient insert is used in conjunction with an sole plate and an outsole. In this embodiment, the sole plate comprises a plurality of holes that correspond to the shape of the chambers of the resilient insert. The resilient insert is then received by the sole plate such that the chambers extend through the holes towards the outsole. In a preferred embodiment, no conventional midsole material is utilized. The outsole includes two or more outsole units with at least one outsole unit disposed towards the forefoot of the sole and at least on outsole unit disposed towards the heel of the sole.
The present invention also includes a sole including the resilient insert of the present invention and an article of footwear including the resilient insert of the present invention.
A preferred embodiment of the present invention is now described with reference to the figures where like reference numbers indicate identical or functionally similar elements. Also in the figures, the left most digit of each reference number corresponds to the figure in which the reference number is first used. While specific configurations and arrangements are discussed, it should be understood that this is done for illustrative purposes only. A person skilled in the relevant art will recognize that other configurations and arrangements can be used without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. It will be apparent to a person skilled in the relevant art that this invention can also be employed in a variety of other devices and applications.
Referring to
Resilient insert 101 is a three-dimensional structure formed of suitable rigid material so as to allow resilient insert 101 to compress and expand while resisting breakdown and providing support with or without the addition of a fluid to the resilient insert. Preferably, resilient insert 101 may be formed from a thermoplastic elastomer or a thermoplastic olefin. Suitable materials used to form resilient insert 101 may include various ranges of the following physical properties:
Many materials within the class of Thermoplastic Elastomers (TPEs) or Thermoplastic Olefins (TPOs) can be utilized to provide the above physical characteristics. Thermoplastic Vulcanates (such as SARLINK from PSM, SANTAPRENE from Monsanto and KRATON from Shell) are possible materials due to physical characteristics, processing and price. Further, Thermoplastic Urethanes (TPU's), including a TPU available from Dow Chemical Company under the tradename PELLETHANE (Stock No. 2355-95AE), a TPU available from B.F. Goodrich under the tradename ESTANE and a TPU available from BASF under the tradename ELASTOLLAN provide the physical characteristics described above. Additionally, resilient insert 101 can be formed from natural rubber compounds. However, these natural rubber compounds currently cannot be blow molded as described below.
The preferred method of manufacturing resilient insert 101 is via injection molding. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the injection molding process is relatively simple and inexpensive. Further, each element of resilient insert 101 of the present invention is created during the same preferred molding process. This results in a unitary, "one-piece" resilient insert 101, wherein all the unique elements of resilient insert 101 discussed herein are accomplished using the same mold. An injection molded resilient article can have other features RF (radio frequency) welded, heat welded, or ultrasonic welded. Further, other manufacturing methods can be used to form resilient insert 101, such as thermoforming and sealing, or vacuum forming and sealing, two pieces together.
As an alternative, a unitary, "one-piece" component can also be created by any one of the following extrusion blow molding techniques: needle or pin blow molding with subsequent sealing, air entrapped blow molding, pillow blow molding or frame blow molding. These blow molding techniques are known to those skilled in the relevant art. Alternatively, other types of blow molding, such as injection blow molding and stretch blow molding may be used to form resilient insert 101. Other methods and material that are apparent to one skilled in the art are also suitable for the resilient insert of the present invention.
As can be seen in
As seen in the preferred embodiment of
In the course of a typical gait, the lateral portion of the heel is the first area to strike the resilient insert 101. This first strike causes the largest downward force of pressure throughout the entire gait.
As the first heel strike occurs, the air that exists in the second heel chamber 109 provides a cushion for the heel to absorb the shock from the impact of that downward pressure. As pressure continues downward, the second heel chamber 109 somewhat collapses causing the air pressure in the second heel chamber 109 to increases with the decrease in volume of that chamber. Consequently, the air is forced out of the second heel chamber 109 into the first heel chamber 108 and the optional third heel chamber 111.
Since the first heel chamber 108 is also fluidly connected to the other chambers via the fluid connection 104 to the third forefoot chamber 107, the air pressure among chambers 105, 106, 107 and 109 is equalized. As the air is forced into these chambers, the chambers swell and develop a slightly convex shape. The additional pressure added to these chambers provides support for the remaining areas of the foot and cushioning as the gait continues.
The pressure from the remainder of the heel rolls onto the first heel chamber 108 and the optional third heel chamber 111, the air is forced out of the first heel chamber 108 and optional third heel chamber 111. As this happens, some of the pressure is taken off of the second heel chamber 109 allowing some of the air from the first heel chamber 108 and the optional third heel chamber 111 to move backwards into the second heel chamber 109. Some of the air in the first heel chamber 108 is also pushed forward into the third forefoot chamber 107 and equalized among forefoot chambers 105, 106 and 107.
Consequently, as the pressure from the foot gradually rolls along the longitudinal length of the resilient insert, the pressure in each chamber is constantly shifted to provide cushioning at the point of pressure and support for the remainder of the foot. Therefore, the air is constantly moving in both directions to compensate for the added pressure in a particular area. When all pressure is removed when the foot is lifted from the first forefoot chamber 105 at "toe-off," the pressure throughout the entire resilient insert 101 is equalized. Upon the next heel strike, the process is repeated.
Alternatively, any of the fluid connections 104 may contain an impedance means (not shown) to prevent air from rushing out of any chamber. An impedance means may be particularly useful between the first heel chamber 108 and the second heel chamber 109. Thus, as the heel strikes, increasing the pressure in the second heel chamber 109, all the air is not forced out of the second heel chamber quickly leaving little to support further impact from the heel.
The shape or structure of the impedance means determines the amount of air that is permitted to pass through the fluid connections 104. In one embodiment, the impedance means comprises a convolution of connecting passages formed by restriction walls. In a simpler embodiment, the impedance means could be a circular or oval shaped structure placed in the middle of the fluid connection 104. Impedance may be caused by forcing the same volume of air to flow in a smaller volume passage, slowing down the movement. The impedance means may be provided by a pinch-off of the material or increased thickness of the walls in the area of the fluid connector 104.
As air is rushed into a chamber, the top surface 214 and bottom surface 215 of each chamber may swell excessively causing discomfort to the foot or damage to the resilient insert 101. Consequently, a means for limiting the swelling of a chamber may be used. Typically the means involves connecting the top surface 214 to the bottom surface 215 where the most swelling occurs upon being filled with air, i.e., the middle of the chamber.
The swelling may be controlled in a variety of ways. For example, an elastic material may be attached to both the top surface 214 and bottom surface 215 slightly pulling one towards the other.
The means for limiting swelling 113 may be formed along with the resilient insert in a unitary structure. In this case, it could even be formed as a vertical hole running through the middle of a chamber, having a doughnut hole shape. Additionally, the means for limiting swelling 113 can be formed by RF welding, heat welding, or ultra sonic welding. The means for limiting swelling is also useful to avoid over-inflation of the resilient insert, as discussed below.
The resilient insert shown in
An inflatable resilient insert requires an inflation mechanism. The inflation mechanism can be an external device which engages the resilient insert through an external connection or valve. Preferably, however, an inflation mechanism is on-board to maintain maximum convenience for the wearer. In other words, the inflation mechanism, is physically attached to the shoe. Often, the inflation mechanism is attached to the upper (often on the tongue or heel of the shoe). Unfortunately, the upper of a shoe and the sole of a shoe are made separately and perhaps even at separate locations. The upper and the sole must then be assembled to form a shoe. Consequently, many on-board inflation mechanisms require complex, expensive and often bulky networks of tubing and valves to connect the inflation mechanism placed inconveniently on the upper of the shoe to the support system in the sole of the shoe. Preferably, however, the inflation mechanism is found on or very near the sole 232 of the shoe to avoid having to connect the inflation mechanism far away from the resilient insert 101.
The preferred embodiment of
Another inflation mechanism, also described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,987,779, is a bulb having a hole in it on top. A finger can be placed over the hole in the bulb upon compression. Therefore, the air, not permitted to escape through the hole, is forced into the desired location. When the finger is removed, ambient air is allowed to enter through the hole. An inflation mechanism having collapsible walls in order to achieve a greater volume of air is preferred. U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,225 describes another type of on-board inflation mechanism suitable for the present invention involving a hidden plunger which moved air into the air bladder of a sports ball. One skilled in the art can appreciate that a variety of inflation mechanisms 116 are suitable for the present invention.
In one embodiment, the inflatable resilient insert 101 may be deflated by the natural tendency for pressurized air to diffuse out of the flexible material. However, this system does not provide for immediate adjustment if too much air has been allowed to enter the resilient insert. Consequently, it is preferred that a deflation mechanism, such as deflation mechanism 120 of
As an alternative, deflation valve 120 may also be a check valve, or blow off valve, which will open when the pressure in resilient insert 101 is at or greater than a predetermined level. In each of these situations, resilient insert 101 will not inflate over a certain amount no matter how much a user attempts to inflate the shoe.
One type of check valve has a spring holding a movable seating member against an opening in the bladder. When the pressure from the air inside the bladder causes a greater pressure on the movable seating member in one direction than the spring causes in the other direction, the movable seating member moves away from the opening allowing air to escape the bladder. In addition, any other check valve is appropriate for use in the present invention, as would be apparent to one skilled in the art. For example, the VA-3497 Umbrella Check Valve (Part No. VL1682-104) made of Silicone VL1001M12 commercially available from Vernay Laboratories, Inc. (Yellow Springs, Ohio, USA) may be a preferred check valve.
In another embodiment, deflation valve 120 may be an adjustable check valve, wherein a user can adjust the pressure at which a valve is opened. An adjustable check valve has the added benefit of being set to an individually preferred pressure rather than a factory predetermined pressure. An adjustable check valve may be similar to the spring and movable seating member configuration described in the preceding paragraph. To make it adjustable, however, the valve may have a mechanism for increasing or decreasing the tension in the spring, such that more or less air pressure, respectively, would be required to overcome the force of the spring and move the movable seating member away from the opening in the bladder. However, any type of adjustable check valve is appropriate for use in the present invention, as would be apparent to one skilled in the art, and any adjustable check valve would be appropriate for use in any embodiment of the present invention.
Resilient insert 101 may include more than one type of deflation valve 120. For example, it may include both a check valve and a release valve. Alternatively, resilient insert 101 may contain a deflation valve 120 which is a combination release valve and check valve. This type of valve is described in detail in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0003515, which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.
An article of footwear incorporating the present invention will now be described. An article of footwear generally describes an upper and a sole.
The bottom portion 224 has holes 225 that correspond to the shape of the chambers of the resilient insert 101 formed by the molded shape of the bottom surface 215. The chambers of the resilient insert 101 are received by bottom portion 224 of the sole plate 221 from above, wherein the chambers of the resilient insert 101 extends through the holes 225 of the bottom portion 224 towards the outsole 222. The fluid connectors 104 remain above of the bottom portion 224 of the sole plate 221.
An alternative embodiment may have a midsole with a top surface and a bottom surface, the bottom surface comprising a plurality of concaved indentations that correspond to the top surface of the resilient insert. These indentations are formed to receive the resilient insert. In this embodiment, the top surface of the insert is then adhered to the bottom surface of the midsole. In yet another embodiment, the resilient insert 101 may be disposed within a cavity formed entirely within a midsole.
In addition, holes may be found in the bottom portion 224 or side portion 223 of the sole plate 221 that corresponds to the shape of the inflation mechanism 116 and deflation mechanism 120, respectively.
As seen in
It is advantageous to have a plurality of outsole units because the foot has natural bend at the metatarsal heads. Consequently, the second outsole unit 227 can move independently of the first and optional third outsole units 226, 228. However, the first outsole unit 226 could be extended to cover not only the plurality of second chambers 103 of the resilient insert 101, but also the arch area and the chambers covered by the optional third outsold unit 228 in
In the configuration of
It may be desirable for the wearer to inflate the left and right shoes to different pressures based on particular performance needs. However, it more probable that the wearer would choose to inflate both shoes to the same pressure, thereby getting equal support. Consequently, a pressure gage (not shown) which is also fluidly connected to the resilient insert may be employed to allow the wearer to determine when the resilient insert is inflated to the desired pressure, or a pressure equal to the resilient insert of the other shoe.
Further it will be appreciated by one skilled in the art that the shoe in which resilient insert 101 is incorporated may be constructed so that resilient insert 101 is readily removable. Such a shoe may be utilized without an insert or may be replaced with another resilient insert. The resilient insert 101 may be removable from any location within the sole.
It will also be readily appreciated that the resilient insert may comprise only the forefoot portion (the plurality of first chamber 102) or only the heel portion (the plurality of second chambers 103).
Further it can be appreciated that fluid mediums other than air can provide adequate support and movement in the resilient insert of the present invention, such as liquids and large molecule gases.
The foregoing description of the preferred embodiment, as shown in
It is presumed that the preferred embodiment of the resilient insert 101 of the present invention will find its greatest utility in athletic shoes (i.e., those designed for running, walking, hiking, and other athletic activities.) However, the resilient insert may also be useful in other types of shoes.
While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing form the spirit and scope of the invention.
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I've lost track of how many times I've been told, "You're a perfectionist." Admittedly, I strive to hold myself to the highest standards in life and school, but I've often hinged my satisfaction on the full attainment of these measures alone. Many times, I've focused more on planning a task ...
A craving for competition
Whether we strive to be the smartest, the fastest or the beer pong champion, it can be a rare thing to find oneself in a social context completely devoid of any contest. Most of us can't even recall having been to a house party that didn't at some point feature ...
Sport meets school
This fall, over 200 new students will burst onto the Queen's athletic scene. First year is a guaranteed challenge, but toss in daily training plus weekly travel to games, and first-year Gaels have their work cut out for them. As a member of the Queen's Cross Country team, I know ...

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Does anyone truly hate federer's GAME?
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Join Date: Jul 2009
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I like Federer's game generally. I do find the Djokovic and Murray game more aesthetically pleasing (less jerky/"explosive", more fluid and/or flexible), but I realize this is all subjective.
His demeanor leaves something to be desired. When he is passionate he is fun to root for (although I only do against players I truly despise such as Berdych, Fish and a few others).
I think he is a good guy off the court. He could have had any super or glamour model but chose to be with the merely above average looking Mirka for many years. I didn't like how quickly he seemed to embrace the "greatest of all time" media chatter going as far back as 2005, and he seems to be a sour loser much of the time. But generally, he is a commendable sportsmen and I have no qualms with him.
I do have qualms with some of his "Federer as a religious experience" article-inspired fans, who are incapable of accepting the fact that Federer can lose a match to a player with an "inferior" playing style, and will generate all kinds of reasons to discredit the victor. You may say "oh every player/ team in the world has those kinds of fans", and while that may be true, they seem to be overrepresented among Federer and tennis fans as a whole based on my experience.
Bills looking good, will win Super Bowl.
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Book Search
The Quintessential Zerka
Writings by Zerka Toeman Moreno on Psychodrama, Sociometry and Group Psychotherapy
The Quintessential Zerka documents the origins and development of the theory and practice of psychodrama, sociometry and group psychotherapy through the work and innovation of its co-creator, Zerka Toeman Moreno. This comprehensive handbook brings together history, philosophy, methodology and...
To Be Published June 29th 2015 by Routledge
Psychodrama, Surplus Reality and the Art of Healing
The practice of psychodrama allows participants to create a world for themselves, free of usual rules and constraints. This freedom from all ordinary conventions is what Moreno called 'Surplus Reality', and is one of the most vital, curative and mysterious elements of psychodrama.In this book, Leif...
Published April 10th 2014 by Routledge


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From the same city that brought you this
comes this
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From the same city that brought you this
comes this
Why do I now have a feeling John "Bluto" Blutarsky came from Des Moines?
Produce can be dangerous in lovers' quarrels. We had a local TV reporter who assaulted her boyfriend by throwing an apple at his head.
People with volatile significant others in the house should be careful when choosing fruits and vegetables to keep on hand. ;)
I think Des Moines is going to give rise a Zucchini serial killer one day soon.
I can understand using an onion in Iowa.
Corn is too invaluable.
Ever here of the corn stalk-er? ;)
Originally Posted by GAC
Nope. But I'll keep my ear to the ground. :D
Obviously, that town needs a couple of unique self-defense classes taught.
After all, one never knows when one will have to defend oneself against an attacker armed with fresh fruit.
First Cheetos, and now an onion . . . Next thing you know, we'll be reading about someone tossing salad.
I'd have to say this thread has gone pretty corny.
A-maize-ing observation GAC.
This thread may be too far down the road to be 'cob'bled. At the very least it would require a 'husk'y effort.
Ah, shucks!


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Maltose metabolism is initiated by an ATP-dependent permease system in Lactococcus lactis. The subsequent degradation of intracellular maltose is performed by the concerted action of Pi-dependent maltose phosphorylase and β-phosphoglucomutase. In some Gram-positive bacteria, maltose metabolism is regulated by a maltose operon regulator (MalR), belonging to the LacI-GalR family of transcriptional regulators. A gene presumed to encode MalR has been found directly downstream the maltose phosphorylase-encoding gene, malP in L. lactis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the physiological role of the MalR protein in maltose metabolism in L. lactis.
A L. lactis ssp. lactis mutant, TMB5004, deficient in the putative MalR protein, was physiologically characterised. The mutant was not able to ferment maltose, while its capability to grow on glucose as well as trehalose was not affected. The activity of maltose phosphorylase and β-phosphoglucomutase was not affected in the mutant. However, the specific maltose uptake rate in the wild type was, at its lowest, five times higher than in the mutant. This difference in maltose uptake increased as the maltose concentration in the assay was increased.
According to amino acid sequence similarities, the presumed MalR is a member of the LacI-GalR family of transcriptional regulators. Due to the suggested activating effect on maltose transport and absence of effect on the activities of maltose phosphorylase and β-phosphoglucomutase, MalR of L. lactis is considered rather as an activator than a repressor.
Maltose is transported by an ATP-dependent permease system in Lactococcus lactis[1]. The subsequent degradation of intracellular maltose is performed by the concerted action of Pi-dependent maltose phosphorylase (MP) and β-phosphoglucomutase (β-PGM) [2,3]. The genes encoding the MP and β-PGM of L. lactis are located in two different operons [3], (Fig. 1), and are both exposed to carbon catabolite repression [3,4]. The β-PGM encoding gene, pgmB, is located in a putative trehalose operon, including the genes likely to encode a regulatory protein and the trehalose-specific components of the phosphotransferase system as well as the gene encoding the newly characterised trehalose 6-phosphate phosphorylase [5,6]. malP, encoding the MP has been localised in an operon including the genes likely to be involved in poly-, oligo- and disaccharide degradation in L. lactis[3,5]. In addition, a gene possibly coding for a transcriptional regulator, henceforth called MalR, belonging to the LacI-GalR family has been observed downstream of malP[3,5].
Figure 1. The predicted maltose (above) and trehalose operons (below) of L. lactis. Genes/open reading frames are presented by arrows indicating the direction of transcription. Notations of enzymes of confirmed identity are shown in bold text. Other enzymes are from predictions based on amino acid sequence similarities. The DNA sequence shows the putative MalR binding site 170 bp and 180 bp from the translation start site of dexC and malE, respectively. The bases underlined are those that are identical to the bases found in the motifs of more than 50% of the 7 MalR binding sequences obtained from Schlösser et al. [17] and included in the current comparison. MalR, maltose operon regulator; MP, maltose phosphorylase; PTS(EIItre), trehalose-specific enzyme II component of the phosphotransferase system; TrePP, trehalose 6-phosphate phosphorylase; β-PGM, β-phosphoglucomutase. The figure is adapted from information on the genome sequence of L. lactis[5] and (GenBank accession no. Y18267) and from Nilsson and Rådström, Qian et al. and Andersson et al. [3,4,6].
In both Staphylococcus xylosus and Streptococcus pneumoniae, maltose metabolism has been shown to be dependent on a maltose operon regulator, MalR [7,8]. In S. xylosus it was shown that MalR mainly affects the maltose transport, while the corresponding regulatory protein in Strep. pneumoniae has been found to regulate two operons involved in maltose metabolism [8]. The present study highlights the physiological role of the presumed MalR in maltose metabolism in L. lactis. By investigating the activities of maltose uptake, MP and β-PGM, the influence of MalR on maltose and trehalose catabolic operons could be assessed.
Results and Discussion
MalR does not regulate the activity of MP and β-PGM in L. lactis
L. lactis mutants harbouring pTMB5003 were screened for impaired maltose catabolism by testing their inability to ferment maltose in liquid medium containing maltose and erythromycin. Since pTMB5003 harbours an internal fragment of malP it was supposed to integrate into the corresponding malP region of the lactococcal chromosome by a homologous recombination event and most likely negatively affect the transcription of malP (Fig. 1). Therefore, the specific activity of MP in the mutants was determined. All mutants possessed the same MP specific activity as the wild-type, 19435, and one of them, TMB5004, was chosen and further investigated for its impaired maltose catabolism. According to Southern blot analysis, the integration of pTMB5003 was localized to the left of the HaeIII* restriction enzyme recognition site in the malR-malP chromosomal region of TMB5004, since a DNA fragment of 4.5 kb was detected (Fig. 2). This DNA fragment should be expected if pTMB5003, based on the 3.2 kb integration vector pFL20 [9] was integrated. By using probe Y corresponding to an internal fragment of malP, it was confirmed that the region to the right of the HaeIII* site was unaltered when pTMB5003 integrated. We cannot further explain the recombination event in TMB5004, but this mutant was henceforth considered as a presumed MalR-deficient strain.
Figure 2. Southern blotting of the malP-malR DNA region in L. lactis 19435 and TMB5004. A) Southern blotting results using probe X and Y (see below). B) Relevant HaeIII and XbaI restriction recognition sites in the malR-malP region of L. lactis. Probe X was constructed by using primers A and B and probe Y was constructed by using primers C and D. 10 mm corresponds to 0.2 kb.
The activities of MP and β-PGM were measured and found to be the same in the TMB5004 as in 19435 (Table 1), suggesting a negligible influence of MalR on these enzyme activities in L. lactis. In a previous study it was shown that the transcription of malP is subjected to carbon catabolite repression and that no specific sugar can be assigned for its induction [3]. β-PGM is essential for trehalose metabolism in L. lactis[9] and its encoding gene, pgmB, is located together with genes likely to encode proteins involved in the uptake and degradation of trehalose [3]. Since a gene highly likely to encode a transcriptional regulator is located in the putative trehalose operon, upstream of pgmB, it is possible that there is another system for the regulation of β-PGM activity in L. lactis[5]. In addition, the cultivation of TMB5004 on trehalose was shown not to differ from that of the wild type strain (data not shown). Thus, from the present study we may conclude that no co-regulation of the maltose and trehalose operons is exerted by the MalR, in L. lactis.
Table 1. Specific MP and β-PGM activities in cell extracts of L. lactis 19435 and TMB5004 cultivated on different carbon sources.
MalR is crucial for active maltose translocation
As the mutant, TMB5004, was not able to ferment maltose (Fig. 3) and since the activities of relevant maltose-degrading enzymes were unaffected (Table 1), an investigation of the maltose uptake system was performed. By monitoring the ability of the lactococcal strains to transport maltose, an explanation of the maltose-negative phenotype of TMB5004 was obtained (Fig. 4). The minimum maltose transport capacity observed for the wild type, when cultivated on maltose, was five times higher than that of the mutant. The difference in uptake rate increased when using higher maltose concentrations in the assay. Since the maltose uptake was shown to be considerably lower in glucose-cultivated lactococci, we may conclude that glucose has a repressive effect on a functional maltose permease complex, as has been reported earlier [10]. Moreover, as curves for the specific uptake rates in lactococci, cultivated in medium with no sugar added, followed those for glucose-cultivated lactococci (Fig. 4 and other data not shown), it is suggested that an active maltose translocation system requires the presence of maltose in the cultivation medium, in addition to a functional MalR protein.
Figure 3. Cultivation of L. lactis 19435 and TMB5004 on maltose. Growth curve of L. lactis 19435 (▼); growth curve of L. lactis TMB5004 (▽); maltose concentration in cultivation medium of L. lactis 19435 (●); maltose concentration in cultivation medium of L. lactis TMB5004 (○).
Figure 4. Specific maltose uptake rates at different maltose concentrations (2.5 mM-50 mM) used in the assay.L. lactis 19435 cultivated on glucose (●); L. lactis 19435 cultivated on maltose (○); L. lactis TMB5004 cultivated on glucose (▼); L. lactis TMB5004 cultivated on maltose (▽). The assay was run in duplicate and for every cell resuspension and results were obtained with a variation coefficient of 10%.
MalR – an exception to the LacI-GalR family of transcriptional repressors
The amino acid sequence of the MalR of L. lactis shows 30% identity to those of known MalR proteins of Strep. pneumoniae and S. xylosus (GenBank accession nos. AAK05774, Q08511, Q56201). Moreover, by studying the operator region upstream of malE, we found a putative MalR binding site (Fig. 1) sharing some identical motifs with known DNA sequences of MalR binding sites (GenBank accession no. AE006399) [11-14]. However, no MalR binding site could be found in the regions upstream of malP or pgmB. This verifies the findings of the present study, namely that the maltose transporter is the only component involved in maltose assimilation that, so far, shows any dependence of the MalR protein in L. lactis.
In contrast to the activating effect of MalR on the maltose permease complex in L. lactis, members of the LacI-GalR family have been demonstrated to be transcriptional repressors [15]. One report describes the regulation of two operons involved in maltose uptake and utilisation, by the Strep. pneumoniae MalR protein. This regulator is a repressor protein, as is the MalR of Clostridium butyricum, also a member of the LacI-GalR family [8,12]. However, another exception has been detected in S. xylosus, the MalR protein of which was shown to be required for the full activity of the maltose translocation system, as in the case of L. lactis[7]. Furthermore, the MalR-encoding gene in that strain was shown to be located directly upstream of the maltase-encoding gene, the transcription of which was not affected by the presence or absence of MalR.
MalR does not exert any regulation of the activity of MP and β-PGM, the key enzymes of maltose metabolism in L. lactis. MalR should be regarded as an activator, due to its suggested activating effect on the maltose transport system. This regulatory protein of L. lactis is, in addition to the MalR protein of S. xylosus, an exception to the transcriptional repressors belonging to the LacI-GalR family.
Materials and Methods
Genetic techniques
All DNA-modifying enzymes and corresponding buffers were purchased from Roche Molecular Biochemicals (Roche Diagnostics Scandinavia AB, Sweden). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), restriction enzyme digestions, ligations, gel electrophoresis and Southern blotting were performed according to Ausubel et al and Sambrook et al [16,17]. Probe labelling was conducted using a Random Primed DNA Labelling kit (Amersham Life Science). Extraction and purification of DNA fragments or PCR products were carried out with the aid of a QIAquick kit (Qiagen). Plasmid DNA was purified from Escherichia coli using a Bio-Rad Quantum Miniprep kit (Bio-Rad Laboratories) and chromosomal DNA was extracted from L. lactis 19435 using an Easy-DNA™ kit (Invitrogen). Ultra-competent E. coli was prepared according to Inoue et al [18] and transformation was carried out using standard procedures [17]. Competent L. lactis was prepared and transformed as described earlier [19].
Origin of L. lactis TMB5004
A DNA sequence of 850 bp internally of malP (GenBank accession no. AE006398) was amplified from chromosomal DNA of L. lactis 19435 using PCR. The PCR primers used were 5'-ggcggatcctaaaggatttactgg-3' (forward), including a BamHI restriction enzyme recognition site at the 5' end, and 5'-aatcgcatgaattgaaggag-3' (reverse). The PCR product was purified and digested with the restriction enzymes BamHI and RsaI, revealing a 450 bp product, which was purified. The integration vector pFL20 [9] was digested with restriction enzyme PstI and further treated with T4 DNA polymerase, according to the instructions issued by the manufacturer, in order to generate blunt ends. Next, pFL20 was digested by BamHI and thereafter purified from an agarose gel. The construct, termed pTMB5003, resulting from ligation of the modified pFL20 and the internal DNA sequence of malP, was propagated in E. coli DH5α and finally transformed into L. lactis 19435. Selection was made for erythromycin-resistant transformants, as proof that the pTMB5003 construct had been integrated into the chromosome of L. lactis 19435 by a single crossover event. The colonies that appeared were checked for inability to grow on maltose, MP activity and for integration of pTMB5003 by PCR. All transformants showed MP activity and one of them, termed L. lactis TMB5004, was chosen for further investigations.
Southern blotting was performed to assess the location of homologous recombination in L. lactis 19435, resulting in TMB5004. The chromosomal DNA of L. lactis 19435 and TMB5004 were digested by the restriction enzymes HaeIII and XbaI. Two probes were amplified by PCR using L. lactis 19435 chromosomal DNA as template and the primers 5'-ggcggatccattggagttgtctttccc-3' (forward, A) and 5'-ggcctgcaggcacttgcccccaattgtt-3' (reverse, B) and 5'-ggcggatcctaaaggatttactgg-3' (forward, C) and 5'-aatcgcatgaattgaaggag-3' (reverse, D).
Bacterial strains, cultivation conditions and measurement of sugar consumption
Escherichia coli DH5α, (Life Technologies), used for all cloning procedures, was cultivated in Luria-Bertani liquid or agar medium at 37°C. For the selection of E. coli transformants the medium was supplied with 250 μg ml-1 erythromycin. L. lactis ssp. lactis 19435, obtained from the American Type Culture Collection, and its derivative L. lactis TMB5004 were cultivated at 30°C on M17 agar (Oxoid) or in M17 medium (Oxoid), in standing batch cultures. Erythromycin (2 μg ml-1) was added when required and carbohydrates were autoclaved and added to the culture medium separately, to a final concentration of 10 g l-1. Cell growth was monitored by measuring the optical density at 620 nm. In order to study maltose consumption, samples were taken from the cultivations, filtered through 0.2 μm filters and kept at -20°C until analysed. The maltose concentration was analysed by high performance liquid chromatography at 45°C on a cation-exchange column (Aminex HPX-87H, Bio-Rad) and quantified using a refractive index detector (Shimadzu, Japan). The mobile phase was 5 mM H2SO4 run at 0.6 ml min-1.
Cell extract preparation, determination of protein concentration and enzyme assays
Cells were collected from cultivations and harvested by centrifugation at 5 000 × g, 2°C, for 10 minutes. The cells were washed twice and resuspended in triethanolamine buffer (pH 7.2), containing 0.5 mM MgCl2 and 0.5 mM dithiotreitol. The cells were disrupted using glass beads (0.5 mm) (KEBO Lab, Sweden) and vigorous vortexing at 8°C. Cell extracts were collected after centrifugation at 19 500 × g, 2°C, for 15 minutes, while cell debris was removed. The total protein concentration in cell extracts was determined according to the method of Bradford [20], using a bovine serum albumin standard. The specific activities of MP and β-PGM were determined using coupled assays, measuring the formation of NADPH at 30°C, and 340 nm, as described earlier [2,3]. A total of 50–200 μg of protein was added to each assay mixture and all cell extracts were analysed in triplicate.
Maltose uptake measurements
The uptake of maltose by lactococcal cells was determined using a zero-trans-influx assay adapted for bacterial cells [21]. Harvested cells were washed twice in ice-cold 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 6.5). The cells were resuspended to a dry weight of 25–30 mg ml-1 in the same buffer and kept on ice until used. Twenty microlitres each of 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 6.5) and cell resuspension were added to a 5 ml plastic vial and incubated at 30°C, for 5 minutes in a water bath. Ten microlitres of 14C-labelled maltose (Amersham Life Science) was added to the mixture to a final specific activity of 200 counts per minute (cpm) nmol-1, and the assay was started by vortexing the vial briefly. The assay was allowed to proceed for 10 seconds, measured by the use of a metronome, and stopped by adding 3 ml of ice-cold 0.5 M maltose from a dispenser. The reaction mixture was rapidly filtered through a glass microfibre filter (GF/F, Whatman®, Merck Eurolab) and the reaction vial was washed twice with 3 ml of 0.5 M maltose. Finally, the filter equipment was washed twice with 5 ml 0.5 M maltose before the filter was removed. The filter was placed in a scintillation vial containing 5 ml scintillation solution (Ecoscint™ A, Hintze AB). Tests were run in duplicate and for every cell resuspension a background sample was prepared. The background samples were prepared and treated as the other assays, except that they were not vortexed. Instead, the reaction mixture was filtered immediately after the addition of 14C-maltose.
Authors' contributions
U. A. participated in the design of the study, carried out the laboratory work and drafted the manuscript. P. R. participated in the design of the study and its coordination. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Law J, Buist G, Haandrikman A, Kok J, Venema G, Leenhouts K: A system to generate chromosomal mutations in Lactococcus lactis which allows fast analysis of targeted genes.
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J Bacteriol 1994, 176:5304-5311. PubMed Abstract | PubMed Central Full Text
Nilsson U, Rådström P: Genetic locatisation and regulation of the maltose phosphorylase gene, malP, in Lactococcus lactis.
Microbiology 2001, 147:1565-1573. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Qian N, Stanley GA, Rådström P: Product formation and phosphoglucomutase activities in Lactococcus lactis: cloning and characterization of a novel phosphoglucomutase gene.
Microbiology 1997, 143:855-865. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Bolotin A, Wincker P, Mauger S, Jaillon O, Malarme K, Weissenbach J, Ehrlich SD, Sorokin A: The complete genome sequence of the lactic acid bacterium Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis IL1403.
Genome Res 2001, 11:731-753. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
Andersson U, Levander F, Rådström P: Trehalose 6-phosphate phosphorylase is part of a novel metabolic pathway for trehalose utilization in Lactococcus lactis.
J Biol Chem 2001, 276:42707-42718. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Egeter O, Bruckner R: Characterization of a genetic locus essential for maltose-maltotriose utilization in Staphylococcus xylosus.
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Puyet A, Ibanez AM, Espinoza M: Characterization of the Streptococcus pneumoniae maltosaccharide regulator MalR, a member of the LacI-GalR family of repressors displaying distinctive genetic features.
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Citti JE, Snadine WE, Elliker PR: Lactose and maltose uptake by Streptococcus lactis.
Schlösser A, Weber A, Schrempf H: Synthesis of the Streptomyces lividans maltodextrin ABC transporter depends on the presence of the regulator MalR.
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Nieto C, Espinosa M, Puyet A: The maltose/maltodextrin regulon of Streptococcus pneumoniae.
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Goda SK, Eisa O, Akhter M, Minton NP: Molecular analysis of the malR gene of Clostridium butyricum NCIMB a member of the LacI-GalR family of repressor proteins.
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Egeter O, Bruckner R: Catabolite repression mediated by the catabolite control protein CcpA in Staphylococcus xylosus.
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Weickert J, Adhaya S: A family of bacterial regulators homologous to Gal and Lac repressors.
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Ausubel FM, Brent R, Kingston RE, Moore DD, Seidman JG, Smith JA, Struhl K: Current Protocols in Molecular Biology.
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Stayed here for one night to break our journey. The welcome was friendly and the breakfast adequate - but - the room hadn't been prepared or cleaned properly. There were only two medium / small towels, only a used soap bar in the bathroom along with an empty bottle of shampoo, spiders webs on the bedside light and around the... More
Related hotels...


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How to land the best deal, whether you're eating at your favorite restaurant or on the hunt for a new gym membership.
Finding the sweet spot between cost and features is tricky. We have some suggestions.
Sites like Expedia, Orbitz and Priceline are making it much easier to earn and redeem points for actual benefits than the airlines do. Here's what you need to know.
Keep tabs on your financial accounts with one of these free tools.


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Obama touts Central America ties, cuts short trip
Among the issues he and Funes addressed was the rising crime south of the U.S. border. El Salvador has seen murder rates rise amid an influx of drugs and displaced traffickers from crackdowns in Colombia and Mexico. Obama said a new partnership to combat narco-trafficking could focus on strengthening courts and civil society groups in order to keep young people from turning to drugs and crime.
Obama said he was confident that Funes would show "great leadership" in using the money properly.
Obama, his wife Michelle Obama and their two daughters arrived in the capital of San Salvador Tuesday afternoon under sunny skies.
After the meeting and appearance with Funes, Obama traveled alone to visit the tomb of slain Roman Catholic Archbishop Oscar Arnulfo Romero at San Salvador's Metropolitan Cathedral. Romero spoke out against repression by the U.S.-backed Salvadoran army during El Salvador's 12-year civil war and was gunned down March 24, 1980, as he celebrated Mass in a hospital chapel. Rights activists and others were welcoming Obama's decision to visit the tomb as a gesture of recognition of Romero's cause.
Some Central American leaders have expressed annoyance that Obama chose to meet with Funes instead of a broader group of Central American leaders. But Latin America policy experts said it was important for Obama to endorse Funes' pragmatic approach despite the leftist inclinations of his party.
Associated Press writers Jim Kuhnhenn in San Salvador and Katherine Corcoran in Mexico City contributed to this report.
The Associated Press


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Space News Archive - August 08, 2006
Blame it on the Moon: The 2006 Perseid meteor shower is going to be a dud. When the shower peaks on Saturday morning, August 12th, the glare of the 87%-full Moon will overwhelm most Perseids, making them impossible to see.
NASA's Hubble Space Telescope has for the first time identified the parent star of a distant planet discovered through gravitational microlensing. Microlensing occurs when a foreground star amplifies the light of a background star.
Eight new complex, carbon-containing molecules have been found in two interstellar clouds by an international research team using the Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope.
A critically important number that specifies the expansion rate of the Universe, the so-called Hubble constant, has been independently determined using NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory.
Proba-3 is the third in ESA's series of missions for validating developments in space systems while carrying an 'added value' user payload which can directly benefit from the innovations under test.
- To say in too many words; to express verbosely.
- To express in too many words: sometimes used reflexively.
- The leading idea or a repeated phrase, as of a song or ballad; the refrain; burden.


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Former Haryana minister and Independent MLA from Sirsa City, Gopal Goyal Kanda, who withdrew support to the Bhupinder Singh Hooda government in Haryana two days back, launched a political party today.
Named Haryana Lokhit Party, Kanda termed it an alternative to existing political system, and assured that his party would work to end "dynasty rule, casteism and regionalism in politics" and work for the development of state.
46-year-old Kanda, who is also the president of the party, said Haryana was deprived of development even after five decades of formation and despite its proximity to the national capital.
"The state is lagging behind in the field of education, healthcare and trade," he said.
Kanda said "dynastic politics of few parties has become biggest hurdle in Haryana's development" and asserted that his party would provide people a clean alternative which would be free from caste politics.
"The people of Haryana are looking for a viable alternative. The state's politics has been under the control of two or three political families. We want to change this," he said.
HLP is headquartered in Gurgaon in the same building as his MDLR airlines, whose operations had been suspended earlier.
Kanda, who is facing trial in the suicide case of air-hostess Geetika Sharma and is currently out on bail, had on Wednesday, withdrawn support to the Hooda government.
The legislator, who was state's Home Minister, had earlier this week accused the chief minister of betraying him during crises and also charged the state government with tapping the phones of its Ministers and MLAs. However, the state government had denied the phone tapping charges.
Meanwhile, after announcing to form Haryana Lokhit Party in Gurgaon, Kanda told his supporters that, "I used to think if a man who sold iron can become Tata and a man who sold shoes can become Bata, why can't a man who sold slippers can buy an aeroplane. I worked hard and result is in front of you."
He further said "if Gopal Kanda can achieve this why can't youth of Haryana achieve this".
"I formed a new party to make this possible. Our party will help youth to realise their dreams," he said.
To lure new members for his newly-formed party, Kanda made many promises, including life insurance, to them.


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A day in the life of a professional orchestra—coffee, practice, social media, tuxedo—leading up to a performance.
A day in the life of a professional orchestra—coffee, practice, social media, tuxedo—leading up to a performance.
An alphabetical update to important stories that have fallen off the front page, from the existence of Atlantis to the Spice Girls' decline.
There are eight million stories in a city. How many are there at Walmart? Random telephone calls made to hear about life inside.
Clemency is supposed to be a "fail-safe" in our judicial system. Thanks to a handful of powerful, well-paid political appointees, that notion is proving lethally incorrect.
I Wanna Be Your Forniphilia
For tens of thousands of years, wild horses have inspired humans—to nurture, to create, to slaughter—culminating in the past century of America's legal and psychological battles over the horses we can't own.
Before Mad Men found meditation, the show employed a mental health consultant.
Traveling across to the US to towns named Paris to learn how America regards France.
The poets still sing of the worst Mother's Day ever: that of Oedipus and his bride.
Five transgender people discuss how off-key media representations sensationalize and injure the trans community.
There's a movement afoot to rewrite rock's best songs with Christian lyrics, and you haven't heard about it.
A day in the life of a professional orchestra—coffee, practice, social media, tuxedo—leading up to a performance.
In The Philharmonic Gets Dressed, a 1982 children's book written by Karla Kuskin with illustrations by Marc Simont, the members of the New York Philharmonic Orchestra prepare for a performance. They bathe, put on underwear, do their hair, and get dressed for work. Their daily lives stand out—enough to entertain legions of kids (and their parents).
More than 30 years later, we talked to a handful of professional musicians to see what's changed.
At 8:00 a.m., the San Francisco violinist wakes up—unless he got back late last night from a performance. He needs coffee, stat—he's cut down to one cup in the morning—and makes himself breakfast.
The bassist wakes up between 6:00 and 6:30 a.m., thanks to his kids. He showers and grabs a bagel or cereal at home, plus coffee or espresso, two cups a day.
For the violinist, sometimes it's cereal or toast, but sometimes it's bacon and an egg scramble. Every once in a while he'll walk a few... Continue Reading


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Beer bigger than Comic-Con in North County
Report: 'Hops Highway' lucrative for N. County
VISTA With about three dozen craft breweries and brewpubs along state Route 78, "Hops Highway" is hopping, fueling an industry that pours about $185 million into North County's economy — more than Comic-Con brings to the San Diego region, according to a newly commissioned report.
"Bigger than Comic-Con — that's a big deal," said Chris Cochran, community relations manager for Stone Brewing Co., one of the oldest and best-known craft breweries in the region.
The report was released Wednesday as Cochran and about 270 others from breweries and ancillary businesses — such as hops farms and equipment suppliers — gathered in Vista for the first symposium focused on the North County craft beer industry.
The San Diego North Economic Development Council hosted the event and commissioned the report, which was done by National University System Institute for Policy research.
The study found that, beyond the $185 million in direct economic benefits, craft brewing had a $272.3 million impact in North County last year when indirect and "induced impacts" were factored in — like brewery employees spending some of their paychecks at other businesses, which then grow or hire new workers as a result.
Among the report's key findings: North County breweries and brewpubs employ about 850 workers, and local brews are sold at the region's highest-earning restaurants.
"The craft brew industry is a thriving industry cluster in North County. It's a huge economic driver," said Carl Morgan, chief executive officer of the economic development council.
The breweries also feed ancillary industries, including boutique hops farms in Valley Center, Ramona and Julian. An Escondido company makes customized brewery systems, tanks and keg washers for breweries in the local region and worldwide.
Hops Highway is a nickname for the 39 breweries and brewpubs that can be found in cities along or not far off state Route 78, from Oceanside to Julian. At the symposium, some said they wanted that nickname to grow into a brand — ala Wine Country in Napa — to label North County's breweries and brewpubs as a destination for tourists and locals.
The economic development group behind the event introduced attendees to a newly created Hops Highway map, a brochure pinpointing each of North County's breweries and tasting rooms.
Marketing the region as Hops Highway is "low-hanging fruit" for brewers, said Vince Vasquez, one of the researchers behind the report. Craft brewers don't advertise much, relying on distribution and word-of-mouth about their product. The distribution is starting to get there: North County brews are often offered in the highest-earning restaurants in North County's nine incorporated cities.
But there is still room to grow. In Oceanside, for example, North County brews are in only three of the top 10 highest-earning restaurants. In Vista, North County brews are in five of the city's 10 highest-earning restaurants.
That's notable, given that Vista is home to 11 breweries/tasting rooms — more than twice the number in Carlsbad and San Marcos, which each have five. And Vista has three more breweries in the pipeline.


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Accreditation norms do exist, but their foundation needs strengthening, says Anna University vice-chancellor P. Mannar Jawahar.
In India technical education has been booming of late. Earlier it was dream-come-true for only a handful, but today a popular choice for lakhs of students. In the current academic year and in Tamil Nadu alone 85 new self-financing engineering colleges were approved by AICTE and the total number is 444, second to Andhra Pradesh (523). The five southern states account for 69 per cent of 8.19 lakh students enrolled in 2,297 engineering colleges across the country.
Obviously the courses being offered have almost quadrupled recently. In Anna University itself from just three basic branches known as Civil, Electrical and Mechanical (Soil, Coil and Oil branches), it has expanded to 41 courses in UG and beyond 100 courses in PG. New and emerging areas like Biotechnology, Nanotechnology, Ocean Engineering and Climate Change, Environmental Engineering, etc., are also added.
States such as Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and Orissa together account for just 14 per cent of India 's technical colleges. This regional imbalance and quality are now the grave concerns.
To improve the technical education and reach global standards the following need immediate attention.
Global accreditation norms
The proliferation of manufacturing industry in early 1990 and IT in late 1990 created demand for churning out quality engineers in great qualities, mainly from countries enriched in youth population. But, professional service like engineering requires graduates who are confident about their knowledge and skills and adept in planning and execution. Infrastructure and faculty strength are the cornerstones for success in such practical-oriented courses. While accreditation by national agencies like NBA helps ensuring quality, our standards and procedures are not as stringent as that of international (ABET, IET) agencies. Therefore a common accreditation mechanism has to be evolved for establishing uniform global standards for serving the global community.
Moral fabric, the missing component
Ethics and moral values like self-discipline, commitment, character and integrity are as important as intellectual brilliance. A professional course is meant for creating professionals, whose knowledge and conduct could be trusted at face value. It is ironical that ethics, which should be part of their personality and profession, is insisted and imparted through special lectures and courses even for experienced engineers. Students are obviously ignorant of such values and imparting it is more difficult compared to imparting knowledge. It has to be imbibed from exemplary teachers and senior colleagues who should serve as role models. The administration and management of educational institutions, accreditation bodies and Councils should ensure the system has this in place.
Facilitating the needy
Being an agrarian State, 70 per cent of Indian population is rural and lacks facilities available in urban settings. In Technical Education, the rural-urban divide should be eliminated by facilitation. The language and communication skills, culture and practices, etc., need special attention and molding methods. The technical institutions have the best opportunity to bridge the gap taking it as societal responsibility for uniform professional development across the country. Anna University-Chennai has successful working models for such adoption.
The future — Entrepreneurship development
Technical education should accord equal weightage to science, engineering and technology, since science contributes to engineering and engineering contributes to technology. Analytical thinking, intellectual reasoning and research pertaining to industrial development, should be the primary goals. Unlike science, which could remain investigative and fundamental, engineering and technology deliver products.
Therefore practical utility of the theoretical knowledge is essential for technical education and institutions should accord high priority to industrial training and entrepreneurship development. Students should be job-providers rather than job-seekers. They should be knowledgeable in IPR, legal contracts and other business mechanisms.
In conclusion, technical education of our country is in the threshold of having to undergo major reforms as indicated above for building a credible professional workforce which has to build the nation for the welfare of our future generations.
Keywords: Technical education, self-financing engineering colleges, AICTE, Anna University, global accreditation norms, entrepreneurship development


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Keep an eye on our Twitter and Facebook pages since we often post quickie updates there when we're on-the-go.
During tours, we do our best to cover setlists in real-time on Twitter. If you want to tweet a show in, just DM or @ us on the day and tell us to watch your stream that night.
Tori will be touring in 2014 to support the release of Unrepentant Geraldines. The European legs runs from May through June and the North American legs spans July and August. We do not know if additional dates elsewhere will be added.
Be sure to check out our other sections, Tour — where setlists and other concert-related material will be updated daily while Tori is on tour — and You. Lots of interesting stuff!
Thanks to @Pandoraquarium for pointing out this video interview with Tori on the French website aufeminin.com during which she fields questions about the new album, influences, her relationship with daughter, and the visual arts.
ORF's Zeit im Bild ran a small news piece on Tori and the release of the new album. Thanks to Universal Music Austria for posting the clip on Youtube for our enjoyment!
The interview recorded with NPR's Rachael Martin during the whirlwind of activity in New York the week before the tour started was aired on Weekend Edition Sunday on May 11th. During the spot, Tori and Rachel discussed the new record, motherhood and middle age.
Stream it below or at NPR. You can also download a mp3 of the interview and NPR has also provided a transcript.
Whether you support City, United, another club or don't give a toss about football, everyone at the Apollo in Manchester walked away a champion after an epic set this evening.
Continuing to shy away from new album which is not yet officially released in much of the world until Monday or Tuesday, tonight's set featured a trio from Scarlet's Walk, "A Sorta Fairytale," "Taxi Ride," and "Pancake," classic chestnuts like "Cornflake Girl" and "Leather," Billy Idol's "Eyes Without a Face," Moby's "Extreme Ways," and, to top it off, the first-ever solo performance of "Raspberry Swirl." The only song from Unrepentant Geraldines performed was "16 Shades of Blue" which closed out the evening.
The complete setlist, thanks to the mighty efforts of tonight's tweeters @RoppleRob and @icingboy, has been posted in the Tour section where you will already find several videos to tingle your earballs. (Who doesn't like living in the future? Not us!)
Needless to say (but we're going to say it anyway), we'd love to hear what those in attendance thought of the show. Drop us and the world a review using that there comment form at the bottom of the show's page. If you have any video or photographs to share, please let us know and we'll get them added to the site as well.
Tori was Nadine O'Regan's guest on Songs in the Key of Life on the Dublin-based radio station TXFM this morning. During the hour-long program, Tori programmed the songs that were played and she and the host also conversed about Unrepentant Geraldines and the tour that passed through Dublin earlier this week supporting the album. Audio of the program is available for on-demand listening.
Also this evening, as the Glasgow concert was coming to a close, the live songs Tori recorded for Europe 1's On connaît la musique were being broadcast. Three songs were aired — "Trouble's Lament," "Crucify," and "Selkie" — as well as some overdubbed interview segments. Audio of the show is archived for on-demand listening. The session is broken up into two pieces — one near the beginning of the program around the 6 minute mark and the other around the middle around the 49 minute mark.
Finally, CBS Sunday Morning tweeted today that Tori would be one of the guests on the program on Sunday, May 11th. Those of you who are in the United States, check their station list to see if your local CBS affiliate carries the program and what time it is shown there.
Update: CBS pulled the segment from the program on the 11th. It's not known when the piece might be aired at this time.
The UK portion of the tour kicked off tonight in Glasgow, Scotland at the O2 Academy. Given the nod to Ireland in the Irish shows, it comes as no surprise that Tori acknowledged where she was in her song selection which included, during the encore, the Y Kant Tori Read favorite "Etienne" and, from the other end of her career, "Selkie," and, during The Lizard Lounge, The Eurythmics' "Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)." The rest of the Lizard Lounge was James Taylor's "Fire and Rain" while the rest of the set featured "Indian Summer," "Doughnut Song," "Your Cloud," "Bouncing Off Clouds," and "Twinkle."
The full set list, with thanks to our beloved revolutionary tweetheart @purplesnap, has been posted in the Tour section. Video, photos, and, most importantly, your reviews will be added as they come in. We'd love to share what you thought of the performance on the site so if you are so inclined, please send in a review using the form at the bottom of that page.
Thanks again to @purplesnap for sending us the set list!
The second Dublin show was electric, with the first appearances of several songs this tour including "Sister Janet," "Toast," Tori's always-amazing covers of "Landslide" and "River," a snippet of Taylor Swift's "I Knew You Were Trouble," and the world premiere of "Wild Way" from Unrepentent Geraldines.
Head over to the Flashback page to check out the full setlist, or to submit a review if you were at this show. We'll be adding videos and photos as they turn up (or as you tip us off about them, hint, hint!).
Many thanks to our setlist tweeters, @SchizoEclectic and @tangentfairy. We couldn't have covered the show live on Twitter without them.
Amazon added the digital version of Unrepentant Geraldines to their catalog at the end of last week but as of today, you can listen to the whole record — including "Dixie," a bonus track exclusive to Amazon's MP3 Store — until May 12th, the day before the album is released in North America! There are no controls for the stream so it can only be listened to straight through can't listen to single songs but if you want to get a taste of what the new record is like, this is a great way to do so — and make sure to catch "Dixie" at the end!
Whereas in music, it's not as if they are signing [older women]. There are male contemporaries of mine who I adore … they are still getting frontline record contracts. It's a different story for women. Am I fortunate to still have a record deal? Yes, there's a little bit of luck. A lot of hard work but luck too.
The Irish Independent's Ed Power interviewed Tori in advance of her two-night stand at Dublin's Olympia Theatre and the article appeared in today's edition of the newspaper. Tori ranges from the music industry's relationship to female musicians both young and old to her personal relationship with Ireland in the interview but they still manage to squeeze in a bit about the inspiration of the new album.
If the first two shows on the Unrepentant Geraldines tour are anything to go by, all the talk about mixing up the sets on this tour is not proving to be just talk as tonight's show in Dublin, the first of two nights at The Olympia Theatre, shared only four songs with the tour's opening night in Cork. But that wasn't the only surprise…
Thanks again to @SchizoEclectic, we were able to update tonight's setlist on Taitter in real-time and it has now been posted in the Tour section. After opening with "Parasol," Tori wasted no time in changing things up by playing the ever-divisive "Ireland." The first half of the show also included "Horses," "Cool On Your Island," and "Here. In My Head." Things got even more unexpected during the Lizard Lounge segment which featured covers of Rickie Lee Jones' "On Saturday Afternoons in 1963," Miley Cyrus' "Rooting For My Baby," and, in a nod to pop culture, Sinéad O'Connor's "Three Babies" (though, one wonders, shouldn't she have followed that with an Amanda Palmer song?). The balance of the show included the b-sides "Purple People" and "Never Seen Blue" and, perhaps because of its premiere on NPR yesterday, "16 Shades of Blue." "In The Springtime of His Voodoo" again closed out the main set — between it and "Parasol" as an opener, not a bad pair of bookends!
If you were there, we'd love to hear what you thought of the show! If you care to share, send in a review using the form at the bottom of Dublin's show page! Keep an eye on that page for photos and video too as they surface or are shared.


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Windows Help
It's free to register, to post a question or to start / join a discussion
windows 7 update stuck
Likes # 0
Posted February 18, 2013 at 8:14PM
My Grandson's laptop is stuck in a windows update nothing seems to clear it. If switched off then re-powered it comes back in exactly the same place.
- Tags:
- laptop.
- windows7
- inwindowsupdate
Likes # 1
Posted February 18, 2013 at 9:43PM
unplugging the laptop from the power source and also removing the battery pack. Replace the battery pack and power on. A black screen should appear saying Windows was not closed properly. Click enter to restart Windows normally. It will then install updates. It may be necessary to turn off your antivirus while this is being carried out.
Likes # 1
Posted February 19, 2013 at 11:36AM
Try turning off windows updates and then restart the computer.Also see here http://www.sevenforums.com/windows-updates-activation/169153-how-repair-windows-update-service.html
Likes # 0
Posted February 19, 2013 at 12:51PM
Thanks for you help that as cured the problem
Reply to this topic
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