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Irritant contact dermatitis
|Irritant contact dermatitis
|Classification and external resources
Irritant contact dermatitis is a form of contact dermatitis that can be divided into forms caused by chemical irritants and those caused by physical irritants.
Chemical irritant contact dermatitis[edit]
Chemical irritant contact dermatitis is either acute or chronic, which is usually associated with strong and weak irritants respectively (HSE MS24).[1] The following definition is provided by Mathias and Maibach (1978):[2] The mechanism of action varies between toxins. Detergents, surfactants, extremes of pH, and organic solvents all have the common effect of directly affecting the barrier properties of the epidermis. These effects include removing fat emulsion, defatting of dermal lipids, inflicting cellular damage on the epithelium, and increasing the transepidermal water loss by damaging the horny layer water-binding mechanisms and damaging the DNA, which causes the layer to thin. Strong concentrations of irritants cause an acute effect, but this is not as common as the accumulative, chronic effect of irritants whose deleterious effects build up with subsequent doses (ESCD 2006).
Common chemical irritants implicated include solvents (alcohol, xylene, turpentine, esters, acetone, ketones, and others); metalworking fluids (neat oils, water-based metalworking fluids with surfactants); latex; kerosene; ethylene oxide; surfactants in topical medications and cosmetics (sodium lauryl sulfate); alkalies (drain cleaners, strong soap with lye residues).
Physical irritant contact dermatitis[edit]
Physical irritant contact dermatitis is a less-researched form of ICD (Maurice-Jones et al.)[3] due to its various mechanisms of action and a lack of a test for its diagnosis.
A complete patient history combined with negative allergic patch testing is usually necessary to reach a correct diagnosis.[4] The simplest form of PICD results from prolonged rubbing, although the diversity of implicated irritants is far wider.[5][citation needed] Examples include paper friction, fiberglass, and scratchy clothing.
Low humidity[edit]
In a recent analysis of patient data, low humidity from air conditioning was found to be the most common cause of PICD (Morris-Jones, Rachael et al.) [3] To the lay person a definition of low humidity being a physical irritant can be confusing because low humidity is a deficit (or absence) of an elemental substance, whereas ALL other irritants implicated in contact dermatitis are in concentrations of relative abundance. So the irritant is actually a lack of another substance, namely water vapour. This confusion is further compounded with the use of the term contact implying 'touching' (as is the case with all other forms of PICD) whereas in the case of low humidity PICD there is an absence of contact with water vapour.
Many plants cause ICD by directly irritating the skin. Some plants act through their spines or irritant hairs. Some plant such as the buttercup, spurge, and daisy act by chemical means. The sap of these plants contains a number of alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, anthraquinones, and (in the case of plant bulbs) irritant calcium oxalate crystals - all of which can cause CICD (Mantle and Lennard, 2001).[6]
Butternut squash and Acorn squash have been known to cause an allergic reaction in many individuals, especially in food preparation where the squash skin is cut and exposed to the epidermis.[7] Food handlers and kitchen workers should take precautions to wear rubber or latex gloves when peeling butternut and acorn squash to avoid temporary Butternut squash (Cucurbita moschata) dermatitis[8] A contact dermatitis reaction to butternut or acorn squash may result in orange and cracked skin, a sensation of "tightness", "roughness" or "rawness".[9] Applying Cortisone cream to the affected area should stop the reaction within 24 hours.
- ^ HSE Guidance Notes. Guidance Note MS 24 - Health Surveillance of occupational skin disease. http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/ms24.pdf
- ^ Mathias CG, Maibach HI (1978). "Dermatotoxicology monographs I. Cutaneous irritation: factors influencing the response to irritants". Clin. Toxicol. 13 (3): 333–46. doi:10.3109/15563657808988241. PMID 369770.
- ^ a b Morris-Jones R, Robertson SJ, Ross JS, White IR, McFadden JP, Rycroft RJ (2002). "Dermatitis caused by physical irritants". Br. J. Dermatol. 147 (2): 270–5. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.04852.x. PMID 12174098.
- ^ [1]
- ^ http://www.wsiat.on.ca/english/mlo/allergic.htm
- ^ Mantle D, Lennard TWJ. Plants and the skin. Brit J Derm Nurs. 2001 (Summer).
- ^ http://ask.metafilter.com/72225/Butternut-squash-making-my-hands-weird
- ^ http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119272375/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0
- ^ http://www.thekitchn.com/thekitchn/pasta/recipe-fettucini-with-butternut-squash-sage-brown-butter-013396


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The National University of Lesotho Library has signed the Budapest Open Access Initiative – a major declaration in support of Open Access. And Prof. Mafa M. Sejanamane, Pro-Vice Chancellor of the National University of Lesotho, has signed the second major declaration in support of Open Access: Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and the Humanities. The Declaration builds on the significant progress of the Budapest Open Access Initiative, calling for Open Access to knowledge in the humanities as well as in the sciences. It also moves beyond the scope of primary literature, indicating, "Open Access contributions include original scientific research results, raw data and metadata, source materials, digital representations of pictorial and graphical materials and scholarly multimedia material." Signatories commit to the principle of Open Access as well as to pursuing solutions that advance the internet "as an emerging functional medium for distributing knowledge." In 2011 the National University of Lesotho has established the first institutional repository in the country.
Researchers from Lesotho publish articles in international Open Access journals, for example five articles (all of them highly accessed) have been published with BioMed Central – an STM (Science, Technology and Medicine) publisher which has pioneered the Open Access publishing model – by researchers from Médecins Sans Frontières, National AIDS Commission, National University of Lesotho, The Matrix Support Group, Scott Hospital (Morija), UNDP, and HIV/AIDS Practice, United States Peace Corps.
PLoS ONE – an international, peer-reviewed, OA journal published by the Public Library of Science (PLoS) – published 7 articles by researchers from Médecins Sans Frontières, Morija.
Enabling Environment
Government support
The Parliament of Lesotho together with parliamentarians from 27 African countries (representing over 50% of the continent's governments) as well as the Pan African Parliament, the East African Legislative Assembly, ECOWAS and the SADC Parliamentary Forum have signed the Kigali Declaration in March 2009. They recalled their governments' commitment to the World Summit on the Information Society, considered the critical role of information in development, and highlighted a significant role that parliaments must play in promoting an equitable information society, through the enactment of legislation that supports transparency, accountability and openness. They underscored the need for information exchange, and agreed upon establishing a repository of policy, legislation, and regulations of each country in the areas of Information and Communications Technologies, in line with the African Information Society Initiative (AISI).
In September 2011 Lesotho Legal Information Institute was launched (LesothoLII), described as an internet based law reporting facility. In his keynote speech at the launching, Chief Justice Mahapela Lehohla said the launching of LesothoLII is a birth of a new tool that will change the way justice has been delivered. He said the country has been empowered to publish its own judgements, legislation, bills, government gazettes, inquiry reports, green and white papers and a lot of other legal information for free access by broader members of the community. The Lesotho Legal Information Institute has been supported and funded by the African Legal Information Institute that has also been the force behind the creation national law reporting facilities across the continent.
Science and technology has officially been identified as a priority area for higher education in the country. And the value of higher education is noted in both the National Indicative Plan and Country Strategy Paper (2008-2013) as well as the Poverty Reduction Strategy (2005) (MCRI Report).
Internet Access
The Prime Minister of Lesotho, on his return from the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) conference held in Geneva in October 2009, applauded the objectives of the gathering, which encouraged internet connectivity in all the countries of the world. He announced that in Lesotho, while the target date for full connectivity was 2015, they intended to achieve that goal by 2012.
Potential Barriers
There are 21 tertiary-level public institutions and 15 private tertiary institutions and the National University of Lesotho, established in 1975, is the only university in the country.
Lack of national laws and policies enabling public access to information
Open Access to information is often seen as too a technical issue and therefore has often been removed from policy discussions. Lack of an enabling environment, appropriate legislative and policy tools slow down Open Access developments in the country.
Lack of capacities and poor ICT infrastructure
Many organizations still lack capacities to provide Open Access to research results – they lack IT support and infrastructure. Non-digital materials need to be digitized and it is difficult to get funding for digitization.
Major Projects/Initiatives
With the support from the UNESCO Cluster Office for Southern Africa, Lesotho for the first time will celebrate International Open Access Week from the 24 to 30th October 2011. Celebrations intend to sensitize the community that comprises academics, students, librarians, researchers, policy makers and ICT professionals and others who have a role to play in making knowledge freely available. The National University of Lesotho Library as the host and organiser of the event, will show-case its achievements in the Open Access endeavours, show experience with other relevant libraries to set up a network of sustainable Open Access projects in the country.
Details of Key Organizations
The National University of Lesotho Library: its mission is to make accessible to learners, lecturers, researchers and the entire learning community, a dynamic information resource in order to give a practical meaning to the University's purpose as a repository of knowledge and a centre of excellence. The library now has a digital library whereby different collections of past examination papers, journals, theses and any other important documents can be accessed online. Contact: Dr Matseliso Moshoeshoe-Chadzingwa, Librarian, mamahlape[at]gmail.com.
Lesotho Library Consortium (LELICO) that is comprised of the following institutions: High Court, Lesotho College of Education, Lesotho Planned Parenthood, Lesotho Institute of Public Administration Management, Lesotho Highlands Development Authority, Lerotholi Polytechnic, National Assembly, National University of Lesotho with its branches, National Health Training Centre, Central Bank of Lesotho, Lesotho National Library with four branches serving as public libraries in four districts, Centre of Accounting Studies, Institute of Development Management, Lesotho Agricultural College and Agricultural Research. Contact: Dr Matseliso M. Moshoeshoe-Chadzingwa, Librarian, mamahlape[at]gmail.com.
See Is Open Access to information through libraries on the agenda at the African Union when it comes to assessing countries' development under the African Peer Review Mechanisms? – asks Matseliso M. (Tseli) Moshoeshoe-Chadzingwa, National University of Lesotho and LELICO, EIFL country coordinator in Lesotho and EIFL Advisory Board member, in her paper presented at the 76th IFLA General Conference and Assembly, 10-15 August 2010, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Past and Future OA Related Activities
Open Access and Institutional Repository: New Models for Scholarly Communication workshop was organized by EIFL on 24-25 April 2007 at State Library, Maseru.
Journal editors from Lesotho attended "Regional Workshop on the Benefits of Open Access for Research Dissemination, Usage, Visibility and Impact", in November 2010, and identified several needs as priorities in scholarly journal publishing. These were: increasing scholarly publishing in developing countries; building capacity to grow Open Access in this region; analysing the cost and benefits of publishing a journal and subsequent business models for journals; identifying possible publishing platforms; and creating regional alliances to deliver and scale up scholarly publishing.
As a follow-up, the Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf), in collaboration with UNESCO, presented a workshop on Open Access publishing on 18 and 19 August 2011 in Pretoria (South Africa) for journal editors from Lesotho, South Africa and Swaziland. Open Access publishing aims to provide universal, unrestricted and free access to full-text scholarly materials via the Internet. During this two-day workshop, the focus was on presentations by external editors sharing their experiences in: challenges and problems facing journal editors today; issues to consider in becoming an Open Access journal ; estimating the resource requirements for operating the journal and developing a business plan; and developing a business model for a journal. The second day included an introduction and overview of Open Journal Systems (OJS) and a demonstration of the OJS and its features; adopting and switching over to OJS: key decisions, troubleshooting, and implementations of different publishing solutions.
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BATON ROUGE -- Shavon Coleman had 19 points on 7-of-11 shooting including three three-pointers to lead the LSU men's basketball team to a 77-71 victory over Missouri on Tuesday evening at the Maravich Center.
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Originally written on The Jets Blog | Last updated 6/29/14
INDIANAPOLIS - JANUARY 16: Derrick Mason #85 of the Baltimore Ravens looks on against the Indianapolis Colts in the AFC Divisional Playoff Game at Lucas Oli Stadium on January 16, 2010 in Indianapolis, Indiana. The Colts defeated the Ravens 20-3. (Photo by Jonathan Daniel/Getty Images)
With Derrick Mason traded, it can be easy in retrospect to just whitewash what happened and blithely say that this will make the team better in the long run — thereby assuaging any concerns we have about just how the Jets offense is currently struggling. Yesterday I made clear my reasons why the moved bothered me, but in trying to present the other side of the coin. The truth is that it might be better without Mason, and I will try to explain why. Is Less More? After the loss to the Raiders, Rex made it clear that he really wanted to get back to his "ground and pound" style of offense. Which based on the way the team has played so far this season isn't necessarily a bad decision. So if the Jets are going to run the ball more, it of course means they're going to throw the ball less. If you are then thrown ball less, then there's going to be more cantankerous wide receivers aren't getting enough "love" from their quarterback because there just aren't enough balls to go around. I ...
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A number of companies have released small 12-volt reciprocating saws, but the Porter-Cable Clamp Saw is the first one that actually holds onto the material for you. This tool can be used either in the standard manner or with the workpiece captured between a primary and secondary shoe so it can't move back and forth with the blade. Material up to 2 inches wide – pipe, conduit, and the like – will fit inside the clamp. The saw has a 5/8-inch stroke and a 3,000-spm cutting speed. It also has an LED work light. Its articulated handle and light weight (less than 3 pounds) make it easy to use in tight quarters. The kit contains the tool, two batteries, a charger, and a storage bag.
¦ Price: $130. 888-848-5175. www.portercable.com.
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3700 West Flamingo Road, Las Vegas, NV 89103Map
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Neighborhood: West Las Vegas (w/Summerlin)
Enjoying a great location inside the Rio All-Suites Hotel & Casino, the Skylounge is a trendy in-house restaurant that can be used to host private, business and social events. It is not just hotel guests but the city's crème de la crème too who regularly pop in here for a splendid meal or to attend a bash or banquet. The service and warm ambiance as always are a cut above the rest.
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Le Comal Inn est niché dans un quartier calme, situé en face de la belle alimenté par une source Comal River, à quelques pas de la célèbre Schlitterbahn Waterpark. Nous sommes également à quelques minutes de Gruene, Texas, la maison de Gruene Hall - la plus ancienne salle de danse au Texas. Comme un séjour en famille, une escapade pour les amis, ou une escapade romantique, le Comal Inn à New Braunfels est une destination magnifique et reposant. Chacune de nos chambres d'hôtes et des chambres privées sont spacieuses, charmant et bien aménagées. Venez profiter de la vie privée que le Comal Inn a à offrir. L'auberge est un endroit idéal pour se détendre et se ressourcer. Trois chambres privées: la Juniper, Montagne Laurel et Cypress Chambres ont été ajoutées à la Comal Inn. Chaque chambre dispose d'une véranda privée, planchers de pin, baignoires jacuzzi, un lit king size avec une couette, un canapé-lit pleine taille et d'un petit réfrigérateur et micro-ondes caché dans un placard spacieux. Chacune de ces chambres privées peut accueillir jusqu'à 4. Dès votre arrivée, vous trouverez des muffins, des yaourts, des fruits frais, café, jus d'orange et de lait pour votre premier petit déjeuner du matin.
Notation basée sur
173 Avis
5 sur mai 02, 2015
After reading reviews on the Comal Inn, I decided to give it a try for a weekend getaway. We were so pleased with Julie's hospitality, the relaxing feel of the garden and room, and the location. I was aware that we were not going to receive a full breakfast, but loved the personal touches of the pastries and fruit that we were given. There were so many great restaurants around us that we wanted to explore too. We will definitely be back to stay again soon!
5 sur avril 20, 2015
Everything about this stay was above and beyond. I highly recommend
4,0 sur mars 26, 2015
There really wasn't any onsite dining and we knew that going in so that is the reason for the 3 stars for it. We stayed in the Cypress Room. Very cozy room with a great location near down town. We will stay here again and will recommend it to friends. Very friendly owners.
4,6 sur février 04, 2015
We stayed for 2 weeks at the end of January 2015. The Inn had just been sold so we were lucky enough to meet both Mac (former owner) and the new owners, Julie and Brent. They are all wonderful people and Julie and Brent are rejuvenating The Inn, making it even nicer than before. We stayed in The Mountain Laurel room and couldn't have been happier... The bed was exceedingly comfortable, bathroom roomy with a great hot shower, continental breakfast of fresh fruit and muffins and two types of coffee. We made good use of the small frig and microwave and bbq'd two nights, enjoying eating on the patio outside our room. The courtyard is beautiful with blooming rose bushes, many seating areas and a fountain. It is quiet and peaceful. Brent and Julie are exemplary proprietors... Nothing is too much to do for their guests. We do not hesitate to recommend The Inn to any travellers who want a peaceful, relaxing place to stay.
3,6 sur janvier 09, 2015
This was our second time staying at the Comal Inn and both times have been great. The rooms are cozy and well outfitted and the location is fantastic. The only negative for me is that the breakfast is just some juice, milk, yogurt, fruit, coffee and store bought muffins left in your unit on your arrival. I am used to having a full, home cooked breakfast at B and B's. That being said, there are no facilities for that kind of cooking to be done. We would definitely stay here again!
4,4 sur décembre 17, 2014
We had a wonderful time at the Comal Inn. The location is great, and the bed was comfortable. Dining is not an option, but you do have muffins, coffee for your breakfast. They insist on rating dining to post this review, but it doesn't relate to our stay? There isn't a dining room, or room service. The survey should not include that on Comal. Not fair. We recommend!
5 sur décembre 02, 2014
The Comal Inn is located in a nice and quit area of New Branfuels. I visit this town every weekend for the past four months and love all they have to offer. But on my trip I stayed at the Comal Inn Mount Laurel room. This stay really made me realize how much I want to live there. I arrived at the room around 8pm to find a parking lot with beautiful trees and a letter by my door. This contained my key, bill statement and local interest The room was perfect. king size bed, large clean room, milk and juice, plus a clean bathroom with Jacuzzi tub. It was a perfect weekend even with the four inches of rain and heavy thunderstorms.,.Highly recommended! Jason. P.S do make sure the water is an inch over jets before use.
Réponse du propriétaire
Thank you so much for the kind words. They mean more to Susan and me, and Joni, than you would imagine. Thank you. Mac
5 sur novembre 27, 2014
Our first time stay at Comal Inn Nov, 2014. We love our B&B very simple. Feel like home. Nice beautiful and quiet.
4,6 sur novembre 23, 2014
One of the best values during Wurstfest. Wonderful and cozy, plenty of room for a family. Kids can set a pallet on the floor of sleep on the couch.
Réponse du propriétaire
Thank you so much for your review. FYI, the 2 Wurstfest weekends typically book up further in advance than any other weekend of the year. Please reserve early, if you plan to come back next year. Thank you. Mac and Susan Landrum, and Joni.
5 sur novembre 11, 2014
Nice porches, reasonable walking distance from entertainment and dining, charming place! Our three year old son loved the mini muffin breakfast. We will definitely return!
Centre ville
San Antonio, TX (SAT) 25 miles
Parc d'attractions, Antiquaires , Galeries d'art, Lieu de concert, Dîner gastronomique, Sites historiques, Concerts, Cinéma , Musée, Zone naturelle, Discothèques / Bars, Boutiques, Théâtre, Zone de pic-nic, Services religieux, Rivière, Circuits touristiques, Vignoble, Entreprise vinicole
Cottage, Historic Inn
Barbecue, Parking
Climatisation, Réveil, Ventilateurs de plafond, Cafetière/Bouilloire, Lecteur DVD, Réfrigérateur , Sèche-cheveux, Jacuzzi, Planche à repasser, Micro-ondes, Entrée indépendante, Réception chaînes satellite, Wi-Fi
Julie & Brent Downey


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Macau Day Trip from Hong Kong
Special Offer
Whoever let the days of the week get in the way of a good deal? Save 5% when you travel to Macau on weekdays. See pricing options for full details.
- Instant Confirmation
- Day trip (destination A to B)
- Lunch included
- Free hotel pickup and drop-off included
- Led by a local guide
Recent Photos of this Tour
Schedule details
Select a month to view a calendar of availability and departure details.
- 7:30am depending on your hotel location
Hotel pickups commence prior to this time, you must contact the local service provider to verify your exact pickup time.
Times are subject to change due to local traffic conditions.
Pricing information
Click the link below to check pricing & availability on your preferred travel date. Our pricing is constantly updated to ensure you always receive the lowest price possible.
Pricing information
Macau Day Trip from Hong Kong
- Hotel pickup and drop-off (selected hotels only)
- Lunch
- Local guide
- Transport by air-conditioned coach
- Round-trip ferry
- All taxes, fees and handling charges
- Gratuities (optional)
- Macau Tower observation deck entry fee
- Macau Visa if required
- Confirmation will be received at time of booking, unless booked within 5 days of travel. In this case confirmation will be received within 48 hours, subject to availability
- Not wheelchair accessible
- A small amount of walking is involved
- Please note that during the Christmas and New Year period there may be delays at immigration and re-routing of traffic around the major tourist areas
- Infants below the age of 1 are free of charge
- Residents of certain countries are required to obtain a visa prior to entry into Macau
Traveler Reviews
Reviewed by: Vohie, Australia, May 2015
A worthwhile day long activity with an outstanding and helpful guide whose knowledge was excellent. All aspects of the day were excellent and well organised - except for the exceedingly long wait to get out of the ferry terminal on our return.
Reviewed by: Rachel P, May 2015
Excellent tour! Our guide was fantastic and I really enjoying learning about the culture of Macau. This is a highlights only tour so even though I did really enjoy it I wished I spent more time in Macau. Quite a bit of the day was spent going through customs and waiting in line, I think it would be better to go to Macau overnight if possible to see all the sights.


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Qualified Designer PC Golf Travel Bag For Out Picnic
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Quick Details
- Department Name: Children
- Type: Suitcase, Hard shell trolley luggge
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- Package: OPP BAG+export carton
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Packaging & Delivery
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|Delivery Detail:
|30 days
SpecificationsPC Golf Travel Bag
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Qualified Designer PC Golf Travel Bag For Out Picnic
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30% deposit & balacne paid before shipment
|Product Size
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Damage due to misuse,
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A. abs + pc
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C.40 days working time
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Latest natural satellite Stories
A moon that shares its orbit with another moon seems like an unlikely candidate to be considered the "loneliest moon in the solar system," but such is the case with Janus, scientists from NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena, California explained on Monday.
For the first time ever, Pluto and its moons were captured in a photo together using NASA's Long Range Reconnaissance Imager. What a tender family reunion.
A crucial difference in the "fingerprints" of Earth and the moon confirms an explosive, interconnected past College Park, MD (PRWEB) April 08, 2015
A bizarre bulge approximately half as tall as Mount Kilimanjaro has been found on Ganymede, the largest moon in the solar system.
Is Saturn's moon Iapetus a jedi or a sith? NASA would claim it's both.
Exactly 85 years after Clyde Tombaugh's historic discovery of Pluto, the NASA spacecraft set to encounter the icy dwarf planet this summer is providing its first views of the small moons orbiting Pluto.
New images captured by the Hubble Space Telescope depict a rare event known as a tri-moon conjunction, in which three of Jupiter's largest moons are passing across the banded face of the gas-giant at the same time, NASA officials announced on Thursday.
Known as a "triple shadow transit," three of Jupiter's moons will simultaneously cast shadows onto the cloudy planet on Saturday (January 24th, 2014). Get ready!
Almost immediately after NASA's twin Voyager spacecraft made their brief visits to Saturn in the early 1980s, scientists were hungry for more.
Saturn's moon Mimas is known for a resemblance to the Death Star from Star Wars, but that's not the moon's most unique attribute: The moon actually wobbles significantly in its orbit around Saturn.
Latest natural satellite Reference Libraries
Satellite -- A satellite is an object that orbits another object. With sufficient tangential velocity, the object does not collide with the primary object it orbits, but maintains a distance from that object as the rate at which it falls towards that object is similar to the rate that it travels away, thus the object orbits the primary object and becomes a satellite. In other words: gravitational force serves as the centripetal force needed to make the object circle the primary...
Retrograde Motion -- Retrograde motion is the orbital motion of a body in a direction opposite that which is normal to spatial bodies within a given system. 'Retrograde' derives from the Latin words retro, backwards, and gradus, step. In the Solar system, mostly everything rotates in the same sense: all major planets orbit the Sun counterclockwise as seen from the pole star (Polaris). Most planets spin in the same sense, including Earth. The same happens with the orbital motions of the...
Lagrangian Point -- In Lagrangian mechanics, a Lagrangian point (or L-point) is one of five positions in space where the gravitational fields of two bodies of substantial but differing mass combine to form a point at which a third body of negligible mass would be stationary relative to the two bodies. Bodies at the L-point will not move relative to the parent bodies if they are not perturbed by other gravitational forces. They are sometimes also referred to as libration points. The...
Planet -- A planet is a body of considerable mass that orbits a star and that doesn't produce energy through nuclear fusion. Until recently, only nine were known (all of them in our own Solar system). As of the end of 2002 over 100 are known, with all of the new discoveries being extrasolar planets. Astronomers often call asteroids minor planets, and call the larger planetary bodies (those which are commonly called planets) major planets. Planets within the solar system can be...
Lunar Phase -- The lunar phase is an astronomical term referring to the portion of the Moon that is visibly illuminated by the Sun, as seen from Earth. As the Moon orbits the Earth, the relative positions of the Sun, Earth and Moon change. Since the Moon only appears bright due to the Sun's reflected light, only the half of the Moon closest to the Sun is illuminated. Lunar phases are the result of our seeing the illuminated half of the Moon at different angles. The Moon exhibits...


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nV News Forums
Graphics Card Forums
NVIDIA GeForce 400/500 Series
> What does NVIDIA GeForce GT 240M 1024MB mean?
View Full Version :
What does NVIDIA GeForce GT 240M 1024MB mean?
What does NVIDIA GeForce GT 240M 1024 MB mean? Explain me please is it good for Games
Welcome to NV News, Vancity. :)
The GT 240M is a graphics processor for notebooks that has a little bit of gaming performance, likely enough to play games up to those made in 2006 at high settings. It's likely that 2009-2010 games will require the lowest settings to run smoothly.
The GPU runs at 605 mhz, and the GT 240M has 48 CUDA cores and a 128 bit memory interface... this puts it above the lowest-spec GPUs, but not by a lot.
If I had this GPU in a notebook I would stick with playing games like Battlefield 2, Unreal Tournament 2004, Doom 3, Quake 4, Call of Duty 2, Warcraft 3... stuff like that... older games which would positively run smoothly.
It's likely that this GPU is in some "value" gaming notebooks, and if the price is right, and you're ok with compromised visual quality on newer games then it might be a good deal for you.
Hope this helped.
vBulletin® v3.7.1, Copyright ©2000-2015, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.


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Four Points by Sheraton Cali
Introducing Our Simple Pleasures(SM)
Special Conditions
Currency Fluctuations
For non-US hotels, rates confirmed in USD may be converted to local currency by the hotel at your time of stay, based on the exchange rate used by the hotel and are subject to exchange rate fluctuations. Credit card charges are subject to additional currency conversions by banks or credit card companies, which are not within the hotel's control and may impact the amount charged to your credit card. Please contact the hotel if you have any questions.
Hotel Policies
Alcohol Policy
Alcoholic beverage service is restricted to those 18 years or older (with valid identification).
Check Cashing Policy
The hotel does not offer check cashing services.
Early Arrival Policy
Early check-in is based upon availability. If the guest would like a guaranteed early check-in, the room should be reserved for the night before as well.
Family Plan Policy
Children 12 and under sleep free in existing room bedding. Rollaways, child rollaways and cribs may incur extra charges.
ID Requirement
All guests are required to present a valid ID card or a passport for identification and registration.
Taxes Policy
Only guests who have a Visa TP-11 or a Permiso-5/PTP-5 tourist visa are exempt from paying value-added tax (IVA) during their stays.
Pet Policy
Pets are not allowed.


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PlayStation Vita
Seriously, where the f*** are the games? 3DS already have 5 system sellers
Slaysme posted...
It's cool to hate the vita, and now days we have gaming hipsters.
It is hard to be a hipster when you are a part of the majority.
Xbox & PS3 gametag = StrikeNinja24
And if Strike didn't stroke his own peen, then nobody would. - Super-Pangolin
1) I don't care about USA.
2) All these games are playable in ALL VITA Systems Worldwide.
3) I'm from Greece.
4) I don't even have a VITA. I didn't list every game on VITA lol. I listed all games I personally want that will make me buy a VITA in Easter. This is basically my personal launch VITA Collection, along FINAL FANTASY Type-0 and Dissidia Duodecim [012]: FINAL FANTASY.
5) I didn't say anything about "System Sellers" generally. They're System Sellers to me!
6) Half of those games are ports? So? The overall number of great games is huge, so half of huge is huge too lol.
7) And most of the ports are actually Enhanced Ports.
8) Add GOD EATER 2.
9) VITA is Region Free. Awesome!
10) I didn't list anywhere games like: [Mushroom Men and party game compilations as "great games that should be in everyone's list,"]. Literally 90% of the games I listed are High Profile games. I didn't list i.e. Hustle Kings or Zen Pinball 2 or Foosball. I didn't even list FIFA and PES despite them being System Sellers. I only listed what appeals to me. I was talking about myself.
PS: PlayStation All-Stars Battle Royale on VITA is awesome, I played it, my brother has it.
(I am not saying all these in an offensive way to you, so please don't be offended if I somehow type the wrong words. It's just my honest stance. Believe me, if you want to see my 3DS list (I'm getting a 3DS with as many games the moment it has a Region Free version) I can type it for you. I just counted and it's 90 games.)
Official Wild Chocobo of the Dissidia 012 [Duodecim]: Final Fantasy Board
Official Wild Chocobo of the Final Fantasy world
they are on the 3ds
Thalia, Guardian of Thraben sometimes she hits me first!!!!
stargazer64 posted...
LuminescentRule posted...Tough s***, TC. Maybe you should get a job.
"but if you're the kind of person who thinks that anything with primary colors is for kids than nothing will change your mind." - Arucard05
I want the Vita to succeed. IMO, the DS line is just dumb. I'm sure there are many good games on it, but I've never really liked the hardware. If Nintendo wold revive the GameBoy line, I would be happy.
Oakland510_ posted...
a customer who was a hardcore loyal Sony fanboy who have fought many battles in the console wars for over a decade and a half.
You, sir, need to start being a mercenary. There is great stuff on every side, don't pass up on something you might think is awesome just because it's not on your beloved Sony systems.
Last gen, I was PS2 all the way, the gen before, I had both N64 and PS1. This gen, I started with a 360, bought a PS3 when MGS4 was released. For next gen, if all of the BS about used games is true, I'll pass on both PS4 and 720, and potentially get a Wii U. There are a few Wii games I'm interested in, and a couple of the already released exclusives are appealing to me.
XBL / PSN: BahamutBBob
^ But WII U is Region Locked and the games you buy are tied to Console and not User.
And you care more about Used games? At least you can STILL find sealed games even 20 years down the line.
Official Wild Chocobo of the Dissidia 012 [Duodecim]: Final Fantasy Board
Official Wild Chocobo of the Final Fantasy world
Marsford posted...
stargazer64 posted...LuminescentRule posted...Tough s***, TC. Maybe you should get a job.
"Crap the 24 didn't get added when I punched it into calculator.
1400/104 is 13.5 mb/s." - Demonbat666
Vita has a bunch of games that could have been system sellers if they were better.
So if Nintendo changed the name of the Wii - U, would they be pulling a U-Wii?
Until Kaz is gone you probably wont see much, the guy is just in his own world.
I love this system and thank God for the psp titles being able to play on it
At least Sony adds older PS1 games to the store, while after a year, Nintendo has completely neglected the Virtual Console.
I smolder with generic rage.


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Kent State's Upward Bound Programs to Celebrate Graduating High School Seniors, May 19Posted May. 14, 2012
The Kent State University Upward Bound Programs will host the Senior Scholarship Banquet on Saturday, May 19, from 11:30 a.m. to 1:30 p.m. at the Kent Student Center Ballroom. The event is open to Kent State faculty and staff, high school administrators and community members.
The Senior Scholarship Banquet recognizes graduating high school seniors who have successfully participated and completed the Upward Bound TRIO Programs' experience. Graduating seniors will be recognized for their achievements and success as program participants. Many of these students are the first in their families to go to college, and in many instances, have obtained academic and athletic scholarships.
Upward Bound alumna and Vice President of Planning and External Affairs for the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum in Cleveland Jacklyn Chisholm, Ph.D., will deliver the keynote address at the event. Kent State Upward Bound scholarships will be awarded during the banquet, including the Parent Advisory Council awards. The event also will feature recognition of program alumni, university and community partners.
"We are extremely proud of our graduating students and very happy to have impacted their lives here at Kent State through the Upward Bound programs," said Dana Lawless-Andric, director of the pre-college and TRiO Upward Bound programs at Kent State. "By successfully completing the program, these students are better prepared for the college experience, and will go on to make meaningful contributions to their communities."
Kent State hosts three federal Upward Bound TRIO grants: the Upward Bound Classic program, serving the Akron Buchtel, Barberton and Warren areas; the Upward Bound PREP Academy, serving the Ravenna and Lorain areas; and the Upward Bound Math/Science Center, serving the Canton area.
The banquet is coordinated by the Kent State Upward Bound Programs in collaboration with parents from all three programs who volunteer time and resources through the Parent Advisory Council, fundraising scholarship dollars and gifts for the graduating seniors.
The cost to attend the event is $10, with proceeds benefitting the Parent Advisory Council scholarship. Tables also are available for purchase for $100.
For more information about the Senior Scholarship Banquet or to purchase a ticket, contact the Kent State University Upward Bound Programs' offices at 330-672-2920.
# # #
Media Contacts:
Dana Lawless-Andric, firstname.lastname@example.com, 330-672-2920
Emily Vincent, firstname.lastname@example.com, 330-672-8595


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I also have this problem everytime i boot my laptop it checks for the disc consistency, though there was no error if I manually run the chkdsk. If I do not skip the auto check while boot up process, it just hugs and i always have to hard boot it. I tried
the above solution of clearing the BootExecute Key, but i think it disables the auto check completely while booting(though it solves the problem as it will never appear again) but I think it is not a permanent solution. When I checked the dirty bit of C
drive through( fsutil dirty query c:) it always returns as dirty. How to reset this bit manually running the chkdsk /f also does not clear it.
Please help.
I am not tech savvy so please bare with me.
I tried system restore and got this message:
Windows detected file system corruption on OS (C:). You must check disk for errors before it can be restored.
OK did nothing, so my dad checked for errors for me and none were found.
We tried to restore again and got the same message.
Please try to help in a way a complete idiot can understand. I really appreciate any help. Thank You.
Hi Jolie,
I had the same problem and here is the Microsoft fix that I found (and applied):
It worked fine for me and I am not a geek ...;-)
Good luck.
if someone could email me how to fix this issue i would be greatly appreciative if so all i want to do is be able to start up my computer without the CHKDSK poping up i cant even log on to windows because of this


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Your browser does not support iframes.
The Sports Network
DATE & TIME: Saturday, November 2, 5 p.m. (et)
FACTS & STATS: Site: Cajun Field (31,000) -- Lafayette, Louisiana.
Television: ESPN3.com. Home Record: NMSU 1-4, Louisiana 2-0. Away Record: NMSU
0-3, Louisiana 3-2. Neutral Record: NMSU 0-0, Louisiana 0-0. Conference
Record: NMSU 0-0, Louisiana 3-0. Series Record: Louisiana leads, 4-3.
GAME NOTES: The Louisiana Ragin' Cajuns take aim at their sixth consecutive
win on Saturday afternoon, as they step out of conference to take on the New
Mexico State Aggies in their Homecoming game at Cajun Field.
After losing its first seven games of the season and 18 straight dating back
to last year's season opener, NMSU finally got in the win column last weekend
at home against FCS foe Abilene Christian, 34-29. All seven of the Aggies
defeats this season have come by double digits, and they have not defeated an
FBS team since taking down Fresno State on Nov. 12, 2011 (48-45).
Since opening the season with a pair of tough road losses to Arkansas (34-14)
and Kansas State (48-27), Louisiana has been red-hot with five straight wins,
including three on the road. The Cajuns made a statement on Oct. 22 by
defeating two-time defending Sun Belt Conference champion Arkansas State
(23-7), and they now sit alone in first place at 3-0 in league play.
Louisiana holds a 4-3 advantage in the all-time series with NMSU, but the
Aggies won the most recent matchup in October of 2004, 35-32.
Despite putting up 469 yards and 34 points against inferior competition a week
ago, NMSU still has an unproductive offensive attack, averaging just 18.5 ppg
and 368.6 ypg.
Andrew McDonald is the team's starting quarterback and has actually been
surprisingly effective in completing 66.7 percent of his passes for 1,473
yards and seven touchdowns, but he has also thrown eight interceptions. He can
make things happen with his legs as well, rushing for 192 yards and two
McDonald does a good job distributing the ball to several different receivers.
Jerrel Brown leads the way with 325 receiving yards, while Joshua Bowen, Adam
Shapiro, Austin Franklin and Joseph Matthews have all logged at least 221
Brandon Betancourt and Germi Morrison have split the carries in the backfield,
with the former tallying 415 yards, while the latter is called upon more often
in the red zone with four touchdowns.
While the offense certainly hasn't played well, the Aggies' biggest problem is
without question their porous defense, which ranks last of 123 qualifying FBS
teams in both scoring defense (45.9 ppg) and total defense (570.0 ypg).
Davis Cazares is one of the few defensive playmakers of note for NMSU, as he
has amassed 76 tackles, two interceptions and a forced fumble. Trashaun Nixon
has made his mark behind the line of scrimmage with 8.0 TFL.
Louisiana's offense has been a well-oiled machine this season, picking up
444.3 ypg while ranking first in the Sun Belt in scoring with 36.3 ppg. Its
efficiency has been put on display both on third down (51-of-99) and in
scoring in the red zone (30-of-35).
The Cajuns' efforts are orchestrated by dual-threat quarterback Terrance
Broadway, who has completed nearly 64 percent of his passes for 1,448 yards,
11 touchdowns and five interceptions, while adding 222 yards and five scores
on the ground.
Alonzo Harris is the club's workhorse tailback, turning 106 carries into 549
yards and seven touchdowns, and he turned in a 105-yard, two-touchdown
performance in the win over Arkansas State. Elijah McGuire (425 yards, four
TDs) has also been strong, averaging more than eight yards per rush.
Jamal Robinson has established himself as one of the best receivers in the Sun
Belt, ranking eighth in catches (33), third in yards (540) and tied for second
in touchdowns (six).
Louisiana's defense has played just as big a role in its first-place run as
its offense, as it ranks second in the league in both points allowed (24.3)
and yards allowed (367.3) per game, while forcing 17 turnovers. The unit was
especially good in the win over Arkansas State, holding the usually-potent Red
Wolves to a meager 168 yards.
Justin Anderson has made plays all over the field from his linebacker spot,
logging 71 tackles, 6.5 TFL, three forced fumbles, two fumble recoveries and
an interception. Al Riles has accounted for three takeaways, including a 99-
yard pick-six a few weeks back. T.J. Worthy has a pair of interceptions, and
Dominique Tovell has 5.5 TFL and a two forced fumbles.
Louisiana is one of the hottest teams in the nation, and it is presently
clicking on both sides of the ball. Don't expect a letdown in this non-
conference matchup against a NMSU squad that hasn't been relevant against FBS
competition in a couple of years.
Sports Network Predicted Outcome: Louisiana 51, New Mexico State 24


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A UAB study describes the process that contributes to persistent scarring of organ tissue in older patients with fibrotic diseases and offers two targets to reduce or control fibrosis.
Biomarkers and new treatments for glaucoma are topics for the April 15 lecture.
The research was conducted as part of a consortium of five institutions called EMPaCT, Enhancing Minority Participation in Clinical Trials.
UAB researchers say new findings show that a herpes simplex virus therapy may be beneficial in treating malignant gliomas.
The UAB School of Medicine will lead in the establishment of a national research consortium focused on the discovery of new and better drug therapies to treat viral infections.
Find out how a cyclotron works, and what makes UAB's new cyclotron unique among U.S. academic medical centers.
UAB has teamed with the Michael J. Fox Foundation to look for genetic biomarkers for Parkinson's disease.
You might know that sex sells, but did you know that the sex of cells is important in biomedical research?
UAB neuroscientists are pursuing discoveries with the potential to reshape understanding of the brain.


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BOISE A retired Boise couple is the latest big winners from the Idaho Lottery.
Eugene and Hilly Penton claimed a $1 million Powerball prize today.
Eugene purchased the winning ticket for the Sept. 14 draw at the Jacksons store on Bogus Basin Road.
The couple didn't come forward right away because they keep their Powerball tickets underneath a bunch of bananas on the kitchen counter and only check them about once a month.
Eugene, 70, says they plan to pay off their house and credit card bills, and then take a trip, perhaps to Hawaii.
For selling the winning ticket, Jacksons received a $20,000 check from the Idaho Lottery.
Get the ID Lotto app to get winning numbers, lottery news, rules of the games, and winners for all Idaho Lottery games. Search KTVB in your favorite app store or click here for information on all our KTVB apps.


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Cheap OST to Lourdes flights
Popular Flights from Ostende, Belgium
Top Ostende Flights to US Destinations
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Popular Flights from Lourdes, France
Top Lourdes Flights to US Destinations
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OST to LDE Route Map
Ostende to Lourdes Flights, Stats and Airplanes
Route information for flights from Ostend Bruges Intl. to Tarbes Lourdes Pyrenees Intl..
570.13 miles
LDE - Tarbes Lourdes Pyrenees Intl. Airlines
Browse the most popular airlines servicing the Lourdes (LDE) airport. Visit their flights pages to learn more about the most popular routes these carriers fly.


text:
Saints: Confessors and Martyrs
Saints: Confessors and Martyrs
Date and time
Tuesdays 10, 17 and 24 September, 10.30am–1pm
Richard Stemp, with Michael Landy, Gill Hart, Colin Wiggins and Jennifer Sliwka
What is it about the drama of the stories of the saints that lend them such lasting appeal?
On this course you will hear course tutor Richard Stemp put paintings of the saints into the context of the show, Michael Landy: Saints Alive.
The course includes talks in the exhibition and the picture galleries as well as contributions from other gallery experts including Jennifer Sliwka (Howard and Roberta Ahmanson Fellow in Art and Religion), the show's curator Colin Wiggins and Associate Artist Michael Landy.
Image above: Detail from Michael Landy, Doubting Thomas, 2013 © Michael Landy, courtesy of the Thomas Dane Gallery, London/Photo: The National Gallery, London


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A mobile station comprises a receiver for receiving a signal from the base station and a transmitter including a frequency synthesizer, a modulator and a power amplifier connected to it. For power savings purposes, the transmitter is deactivated during a standby mode. If an earlier portion of a signal received from the base station indicates a likelihood of a need to return an acknowledgment, power is supplied to the frequency synthesizer to allow it to stabilize in advance. If a later portion of the received signal indicates that there actually exists the need to acknowledge the receipt of the signal, the power amplifier is subsequently activated and an acknowledgment signal is returned through it to the base station. If the later portion of the received signal indeicates the absence of the need to acknowledge, the frequency synthesizer is again deactivated and the power amplifier remains deactivated.
1. A mobile station for exchanging signals with a base station which requests an acknowledgment to be returned from the mobile station within a specified period of time from reception of a signal from the base station, comprising:
receiver means for receiving a signal from said base station;
transmitter means for transmitting signals to said base station; and
control means coupled to said transmitter means for deactivating said transmitter means during a standby mode of said mobile station to save power consumption, said control means being further coupled to said receiver means for determining from an earlier portion of a signal received by said receiver means that there is a likelihood of a need to return said acknowledgement and supplying power to said transmitter means in advance and determining from a later portion of said received signal whether said need actually exists or not, and causing said transmitter means to transmit said acknowledgment if the determination from the later portion indicates the presence of said need or deactivating said transmitter means again if the determination from the later portion indicates the absence of said need.
2. A mobile station as claimed in claim 1, wherein said transmitter means comprises frequency synthesizer means for generating a carrier, means for modulating a signal to be transmitted to said base station upon said carrier, and a power amplifier for amplifying the modulated carrier for transmission to said base station, said frequency synthesizer means having a longer warm-up time than said specified period to stabilize the frequency of said carrier, wherein said control means supplies power to said frequency synthesizer means when the determination from said earlier portion indicates the presence of said likelihood, and supplies power to said power amplifier if the determination from said later portion indicates the presence of said need and deactivating said frequency synthesizer means if the determination from said later portion indicates the absence of said need.
3. A mobile station as claimed in claim 2, wherein said earlier and later portions of said received signal are earlier and last digits, respectively, of a subscriber identification number assigned to said mobile station.
4. A mobile station as claimed 2, wherein said control means supplies power to the power amplifier so that the power amplifier is activated sufficiently for amplification at a point in time substantially coincident with the time at which the carrier generated by said frequency synthesizer means is stabilized.
The present invention relates generally to mobile telephone systems, and more specifically to a technique for saving the power consumption of the mobile stations of the system.
A known mobile telephone station served by a system such as Nordic Mobile Telephone System (NMT-450) is so designed that during a standby period the transmitter of the mobile station is always activated in readiness to return an acknowledgment signal within the specified period of 30 milliseconds in response to a calling signal from the base station. This is due to the fact that the specified response time is smaller than the time it woule take to stabilize the mobile transmitter from an inactive state. However, it has been desired to cut off power supplies to the transmitter, i.e., the power consuming unit of the mobile station, during standby periods for power savings purposes.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a mobile telephone station with a power saving circuit for a system that elicits an acknowledgment response within a period of time smaller than the warm-up time of a power consuming transmit unit.
According to the present invention, the mobile station comprises a receiver for receiving a signal from the base station and a transmitter. A control circuit deactivates the transmitter during a standby mode in order to save power, and determines from an earlier portion of a signal received from the base station that there is a likelihood of a need to return an acknowledgment and then supplies power to the transmitter to warm it up in advance and proceeds to determine from a later portion of the received signal whether the need for the acknowledgment actually exists or not. If the determination from the later portion indicates that the need actually exists for returning an acknowledgment, the control circuit causes it to be transmitted through the activated transmitter and if the determination from the later portion indicates the absence of the need, the control circuit deactivates the transmitter again.
In a more specific aspect, the transmitter comprises a frequency synthesizer for generating a carrier, a modulator for modulating the carrier with a signal to be transmitted to the base station, and a power amplifier for amplifying the modulated carrier for transmission to the base station. The frequency synthesizer has a warm-up time longer than the response time specified by the base station. The control circuit supplies power to the frequency synthesizer when the determination from the earlier portion of a received signal indicates the presence of the likelihood of returning an acknowledgment, and then supplies power to the power amplifier if the determination from the later portion indicates the presence of the actual need to acknowledge the receipt of the signal and deactivates the frequency synthesizer if the determination from the later portion indicates the absence of the need to acknowledge. In practical aspect, the earlier and later portions of the received signal are earlier and last digits, respectively, of a subscriber identification number assigned to the mobile station.
The present invention will be described in further detial with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a base station of a mobile telephone system embodying the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a mobile station of the system of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a flowchart describing a sequence of operations performed by the central controller of the mobile station; and
FIG. 4 is a timing diagram associated with the transmit synthesizer and the power amplifier of FIG. 2 for power savings operation.
Referring now to FIG. 1, there is shown a base station (BS) of a mobile telephone system according to the present invention. The system includes a plurality of mobile stations (MS) one of which is shown in FIG. 2. Radio signals from the mobile stations are detected by base-station antenna 1 and passed through a duplexer 2 and a receive coupler 3 to n receive channels each consisting of a receiver 4 and a demultiplexer 5. The signal received at the input of each receiver 4 is frequency-demodulated into a baseband signal and then demultiplexed by the associated demultiplexer 5 into a speech signal and a switching control signal. The speech and control signals are respectively supplied to a receive interface 6 and a decoder 7. Decoder 7 analyzes the switching control signal and supplies a decoded signal to a controller 8 to permit it to control the interface 6 for setting up an up-direction (MS-to-BS) speech path of a full-duplex circuit through a telephone switching system 9 which forms a part of the public telephone network.
A down-direction (BS-to-MS) speech path of the full-duplex circuit is established to a mobile station from the telephone switching system 9 through a transmit interface 10 which cooperates with the controller 8 to send a necessary control signal from an encoder 11. This control signal is multiplexed with speech signal from the telephone switching system 9 by one of multiplexers 12-1 through 12-n which is selected. The multiplexed signals are modulated upon a carrier by one of transmitters 13-1 through 13-n which is associated with the selected multiplexer and passed through a transmit coupler 14 and duplexer 2 to antenna 1 for transmission to the mobile station.
The control signal to a mobile station comprises channel number information indicating the selected calling channel, a prefix that indicates the status of the channel (call or standby), a traffic area number indicating the base station identification, a 6-digit mobile subscriber identification number, and a four-digit idle field. If the control signal is "a call to mobile station", controller 8 requests the called station to return an acknowledgment response within a specified period of time, typically 30 milliseconds, from the reception of the 6th digit of the identification number of the called station. If controller 8 fails to detect a response within the specified period, the called station is recognized as being inaccessible and the call is abandoned.
Referring to FIG. 2, a radio signal from the base station is detected by antenna 21 and passed through duplexer 22 to a high-frequency amplifier 23. After amplification, the radio signal is passed through a band-pass filter 24 to a first mixer 25 where it is frequency-demodulated to a first intermediate frequency signal with a carrier supplied from a local frequency synthesizer 26. The output of mixer 25 is passed through a band-pass filter 27 to a second mixer 28 where the first IF signal is frequency-demodulated with a carrier supplied from a oscillator 29 into a second IF signal, which is band-limited by a band-pass filter 30, amplified to a constant high amplitude level by a limiter amplifier 31, and supplied to a frequency discriminator 32. FM detection is provided by the discriminator 32 to recover the original baseband signal.
A demultiplexer 33 separates the baseband signal into speech and control signals and couples these signals to a loudspeaker 34 and a decoder 35, respectively, in response to a control signal from a central controller 36. The control signal is analyzed by the decoder 35 and fed to the central controller 36. Frequency synthesizer 26 is controlled by the controller 36 to tune to the frequency of the calling channel selected by the station.
Speech signal from a microphone 38 is applied to a multiplexer 39 which combines it in response to a signal from the central controller 36 with a control signal supplied from an encoder 37. If a call is originated from a mobile station or received from the base station, central controller 36 cooperates with the encoder 37 to generate an appropriate control signal by including in it the 6-digit mobile station ID number. The output of multiplexer 39 is fed to a mixer 41 where it is frequency-modulated upon a carrier supplied from a frequency synthesizer 40 which is also controlled by central controller 36. The output of mixer 41 is amplified by a high-frequency amplifier 42 and band-limited by a band-pass filter 43 and fed to a power amplifier 44 where it is amplified to a required level and applied through duplexer 22 to antenna 21. A power controller 45 is connected to the output of power amplifier 44 to control the output of amplifier 44 at a constant power level.
According to the present invention, central controller 36 further provides power on-off control for power savings purpose by deactivating the frequency synthesizer 40 and power amplifier 44 during standby periods in a manner as will be described hereinbelow.
As shown in FIG. 3, the central controller 36 programmed to provide power savings operation. The program starts with operations block 51 by causing demultiplexer 33 to couple the output of discriminator 32 to decoder 35, multiplexer 39 to couple the output of encoder 37 to mixer 41 and frequency synthesizer 26 to be tuned to the calling channel, and turning off power supplies to the frequency synthesizer 40 and power amplifier 44 through controller 45. In this way, the mobile station is in a standby state ready to receive a calling signal transmitted on the calling channel from the base station. Exit then is to decision block 52 which determines if the 5th digit of the mobile station ID number is received or not. If it is, control determines that ther is a possibility of the need to return an acknowledgment response and exits to operations block 53 to activate the frequency synthesizer 40. Frequency synthesizer 40 takes 50 milliseconds to stabilize the oscillation of the required frequency it generates as shown in FIG. 4. Exit then is to decision block 54 which checks to see if the 6th digit of the station ID number is received. If the answer is affirmative, control recognizes that the received signal is a call destined to the mobile station and proceeds to block 55 to introduce a delay time T by resetting the count (t) of a timer to zero and goes to block 56 to increment it by a unit value. Blocks 55 and 56 are repeated until the count "t" is equal to a predetermined value T which is smaller than a value corresponding to 30 milliseconds.
If the answer is negative in decision block 54, control returns to block 51 to deactivate the frequency synthesizer 40, recognizing that the call is destined to another mobile station.
When time interval T has elapsed from the reception of the 6th digit, control exits to operations block 58 to activate the power amplifier 44 by directing the power controller 45 to turn on its power supply.
Control then advances to operations block 59 to increment the count (t) by a unit value and goes to decision block 60 to check to see if count (t) is equal to a value corresponding to the 30-ms response time specified by the base station. If the response time has elapsed, control proceeds to block 61 to allow encoder 37 to generate and transmit the mobile station's ID number as an acknowledgment response.
As shown in FIG. 4, there is a time interval of 26.6 milliseconds between the 5th and 6th digits. A total of 56.6 milliseconds is therefore allowed for the frequency synthesizer 40 to stabilize its oscillation. Power amplifier 44 can reach its steady state within a period of only 1 millisecond. Loss of power can be minimized by suitably selecting the delay interval T so that the activation of the power amplifier 44 coincides with the stabilization of the synthesizer 40. Following the transmission of the mobile station's ID, the mobile station receives a channel allocation signal on the calling channel from the base station. When this signal is received, controller 36 sets the frequency synthesizer 26 and 40 to the respectively allocated channels in order to receive protocols from the switched telephone network via the base station and returns a necessary protocol to establish a connection. After establishing the connection, the controller 36 causes demultiplexer 32 to couple the output of discriminator 32 to loudspeaker 34 and multiplexer 38 to couple the output of microphone 38 to mixer 41. The mobile station is now in a talking mode.
Control then exits to decision block 62 to determine if the call is terminated, and if it is, control recognizes that the mobile station enters a standby state and returns to block 51 to deactivate the frequency synthesizer 40 and power amplifier 44.
The foregoing description shows only one preferred embodiment of the present invention. Various modifications are apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the present invention which is only limited by the appended claims. Therefore, the embodiment shown and described is only illustrative, not restrictive.
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The Lewiston Garden Club thanks the many people who helped to make the 9th annual Lewiston GardenFest a resounding success. This year we bring you the biggest and the best, the TENTH Annual Lewiston GardenFest.
Join us, along with our corporate sponsors, local businesses and vendors, for our biggest event yet. Gardeners: enter our Container Garden Contest and win wonderful prizes. Visitors: come to see beautiful open gardens, free to the public. Shop our vendors for unique garden items and plants you might not find anywhere else. Stop in to hear our speakers and see educational and entertaining demonstrations for ideas you'll love to try at home. See our scheduled speakers on the Daily Activities page.
Download the letter-sized poster here.
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The Killingly and Ledyard youth wrestling programs each held tournaments Sunday, bringing more than 500 wrestlers to Eastern Connecticut.
The Killingly and Ledyard youth wrestling programs each held tournaments Sunday, bringing more than 500 wrestlers to Eastern Connecticut.
Ledyard Youth Wrestling held its inaugural Colonel Clash tournament.
MarcAurele Wrestling, of East Lyme, finished first overall in team scoring in the morning (116 points) and afternoon (139) sessions.
In the morning, Norwalk was second (104) and Milford (91) was third. In the afternoon, Milford placed second (126) and Bristol was third (111).
Ledyard didn't place, but had three wrestlers pick up individual victories. Benjamin Kinard and Alex Adams each won their weight classes in the Bantam Division, and Jace Odde was first in the Mighty Mites.
Teams from Connecticut, Massachusetts and Rhode Island were present at Killingly's tournament Sunday.
Griswold beat Middletown (R.I.) and Fisheye Youth Wrestling, of Granby, in the morning session. In the afternoon, Fisheye took first with Springfield (Mass.) and North Andover (Mass.) taking second and third, respectively.
Brady Zadora and Mark Sirois each placed first for Killingly.
"We are pleased with how well things went (Sunday)," Killingly Youth Wrestling president Cale Ferland said. "Killingly is the perfect location to attract wrestlers from Massachusetts and Rhode Island. Having so many different teams at our tournament helps to expose wrestlers to a variety of kids they don't normally have the opportunity to wrestle during the season. We couldn't have asked for a better day."
Griswold 49
Killingly 24
JEWETT CITY — Keena Fletcher scored 13 points to lead Griswold Middle School to a victory over Killingly on Thursday.
Griswold improved to 11-0 with the win, and is two games away from completing a perfect regular season.
Kayla Wisniewski and Alyssa Dickert each had 10 points for Griswold and Caitlyn Ellis hit a pair of 3-pointers for six points.
Griswold will play at Plainfield at 4:15 p.m. today.
Franklin wins 2
FRANKLIN — Emma Trombley posted 12 points to lead Franklin to a win over rival Voluntown, 24-18, on Thursday.
Gabby Christy had nine points for Voluntown.
Franklin also earned a 30-7 victory over Salem on Tuesday. Trombley and Kayley Ericson each had eight for the Patriots, and Nicole Bowen scored all seven of Salem's points.
Franklin 57
Voluntown 36
VOLUNTOWN — Logan Gooden and Tyler Briggs each had 13 points to keep the Patriots undefeated in conference play.
Alan Rondeau scored a game-high 15 points for Voluntown.
Southeastern 4
Whalers 1
MIDDLETOWN — Maran Lancaster recorded a hat trick to lead the Southeastern Peewee A team to a victory at Wesleyan University on Sunday.
Ryan Huta also scored and Hannah Sherman made 28 saves between the pipes.
Page 2 of 2 - Southeastern 4
Grt. New Haven 2
NORWICH — Will Vorra put the Seahawks' Bantam A team on the board in the first period and sealed the victory with a goal in the third on Saturday against Greater New Haven.
Brayden LoVetere and Bryan Guetens also scored for Southeastern and Dillon Machado had a pair of assists.
Justice Ford made 24 saves in goal for the Seahawks.
Location, ST | website.com


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File: Sons Of Anarchy
Sons of Anarchy is an American television drama series created by Kurt Sutter about the lives of a close-knit outlaw motorcycle club operating in Charming, a fictional town in Northern California. The show centers on protagonist Jackson "Jax" Teller (Charlie Hunnam), the Vice President of the club who begins questioning the club and himself.
Sons of Anarchy premiered on September 3, 2008 on cable network FX. Its second season debuted on September 8, 2009, and its third season began on September 7, 2010. The third season of the series attracted an average of 4.9 million viewers per week, making it FX's highest rated series ever, surpassing FX's other hits The Shield, Nip/Tuck, and Rescue Me. On October 7, 2010, Sons of Anarchy was renewed for a fourth season. It aired on September 6, 2011.
Sons of Anarchy is the story of the Teller-Morrow family of Charming, California, as well as the other members of Sons of Anarchy Motorcycle Club, Redwood Original (SAMCRO), their families, various Charming townspeople, and the various rivals and associates who undermine or support SAMCRO's legal and illegal enterprises. Sons of Anarchy follows the Sons of Anarchy motorcycle club but also features a number of ally and rival gangs, such as the Mayans, the Calaveras, Devil's Tribe, the Grim Bastards, the 1-9ers, Nords, True IRA, Aryan Brotherhood (AB's), and a white separatist group called the League of American Nationalists (LOAN).
The cast contains: Charlie Hunnam as Jackson "Jax" Teller, Ron Perlman as Clarence "Clay" Morrow, Katey Sagal as Gemma Teller Morrow, Mark Boone Jr. as Robert "Bobby" Munson, Dayton Callie as former Police Chief Wayne Unser, Kim Coates as Alex "Tig" Trager, Tommy Flanagan as Filip "Chibs" Telford
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Mia St. John is a world-famous womens boxing champion who has fought professionally for more than a decade and recently won the WBC Lightweight Championship. Now, in her new book The Knockout Workout: 3 Winning Steps to Improve Your Body and Your Life (Wiley, May 2009, ISBN: 979-0-470-26750-9, $24.95 / Cloth), she shows you how to work your body into knockout shape using the boxing and martial arts techniques that have worked so well for her..
The Knockout Workout: 3 Winning Steps to Improve Your Body and Your Life teaches you how to not only shed pounds and look your best, but also how to develop a fighting spirit. Throughout the book, St. John offers insights about her own hardscrabble journey to the top. In chronicling the obstacles she overcame, Mia shares the skills and mindset that helped her climb from modest beginnings to the pinnacle of her chosen profession.
THE KNOCKOUT WORKOUT also includes complete meal plans, step-by-step exercise instructions, champion mental strategies, and clear, detailed photographs. This whole-body program is ideal for any woman, regardless of age or experience, who wants to get fit quickly.
About the Author(s):
Mia St. John is the WBC Lightweight International Champion of the World and one of the most popular competitors in womens boxing today. She stars in the successful DVD, Mia St. Johns Million Dollar Workout. She lives in Los Angeles.
Robert Wolff is the author of numerous books and his work has written for Shape, Cosmopolitan, Muscle & Fitness, and other major publications.
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Student Spotlight: Kirstyn Kruse
Alanna Paget, Writer
October 27, 2014
Meet Kirstyn Kruse, a current sophomore at Catawba College, is strongly considering majoring in Integrated Marketing Communications and minoring in English. She was born and raised in Cape Cod, Massachusetts and is part of the women's lacrosse team. Her position out on the field is attack and after... Read more »
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Alumni Spotlight: Jill Paget Lowe
Alanna Paget, Writer
September 8, 2014
Mrs. Jill Paget Lowe graduated from Catawba in 1999. She majored in Spanish and headed out to Los Angeles after college to pursue a masters in Spanish at California State Long Beach. However, she thought about what her true passion really was and it happened to be fashion! She then decided to pursue... Read more »
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The Theater Arts program offered at Catawba College is one of the most prestigious and well-received in the Southeast and for students majoring in theatrical performance such as Lauren Stacks, it is hard not to take full advantage. A Winston-Salem native, Stacks grew up in a family of four children and... Read more »
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March 19, 2014
Quashona Renee is not your typical college student. When she is not hitting the books, she's hitting the stage to entertain audiences with her neo-soul inspired gospel music. Born in Atlantic City, New Jersey and growing up as the middle child in a family of seven children, Renee knew that there was... Read more »
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Aaron Hartsell, Writer
January 21, 2014
Meet Tyrece Little, a 6'8″ center on the Catawba men's basketball team from Greenville, North Carolina. Tyrece is a junior this season and he is number 5 on the court. In the classroom, Tyrece is undeclared for his major but would like to focus on the business aspect of being a sports... Read more »
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On July 4th, 2007 I was celebrating our countries day of independence not knowing that by 9:30 PM, my life would drastically be changed forever. My friends and I had been drinking pretty much the whole day at my friend's bosses' lake house. We took the boat out late that afternoon and cruised... Read more »
Student Spotlight: Rachel Gallup
Aaron Hartsell, Writer
October 29, 2013
Meet Rachel Gallup, a 6'3" Outside Hitter/Right Setter on the Catawba volleyball team from Fredericksburg, Virginia. Rachel is a sophomore this season and she is number 23 on the court. In the classroom, Rachel is an elementary education major with a communications minor. Rachel graduated from Courtland... Read more »
Student Spotlight: Anna Barnes
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October 8, 2013
Meet Anna Barnes, a 5'7″ distance swimmer on the Catawba swim team from Suwanee, Georgia. Anna is a junior this season. In the classroom, Anna is a communications major. Anna graduated from North Gwinnett High School and when she is not participating in school or swimming related activities,... Read more »
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October 1, 2013
Meet Tim Pangburn, a 6'2″ Offensive Lineman on the Catawba football team from Mt. Ulla, North Carolina. Tim is a sophomore this season and he is number 71 on the field. In the classroom, Tim is a physical education major. Tim graduated from West Rowan High School and when he is not participating... Read more »


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Sun salutations keep our solar body from growing angry and burning libelous graffiti on the Hubble telescope. Maintain the cosmic balance with this Groupon.
$25 for a Six-Week Back to Basics Yoga Series ($49 Value)
The Back to Basics yoga series is a laid-back, fun class for beginners as well as experienced yogis looking to refresh their core skills. The class meets Monday and Wednesday at 7:30 p.m. This deal is valid for one class per week for six consecutive weeks.
Perfect Balance Yoga
Perfect Balance Yoga is an five-time award-winning yoga studio that helps its members achieve and maintain a healthy body-and-spirit balance. Experienced yoga teachers instruct students in gentle and restorative yoga, Ashtanga, and Vinyasa yoga, with classes geared toward meditation, kids, and moms-to-be. Inside the Perfect Balance studio, students are soothed by the spare, spacious practice area and its welcoming warmth.
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Luxury 1 bedroom apartment
from £19 /night help Price for guests, Nights
from £19 /night help Price for guests, Nights
Estimated nightly price based on a weekly stay. Excludes fees (if applicable). Enter your dates to see the total cost.
Apartment / 1 bedrooms / sleeps 5
Availability Your dates are available
Apartment / 1 bedrooms / sleeps 5
|Key Info
One bedroom luxury apartment, situated 100 metres from the gondola. Facilities include, steam room, massage, laundry and dry cleaning, restaurant, bar, indoor swimming pool, sauna, jacuzzi, hi spec gym, internet access, room service, lobby, etc.. Complete with kitchen (include utensils), lounge, dining area, bathroom (shower and bath), satellite TV, safety deposit box, ironing board, cot, coffee making machine, bathrobe and slippers. The apartment has a double bedroom (built in wardrobes) whilst the living room has a single and double sofa bed.
No bus required just walk over the road to gondola.
Enjoy a unique activity and adventure holiday this summer in the spectacular Pirin mountains of Bansko. The following are only a few of the activities available
Mountain hike: Across the beautiful Pirin mountains, exploring peaks, lakes and magnificent views. Picnic, transport and mountain guide provided.
Mountain Bike Ride and Bear Park: An energetic day's mountain biking, visiting some traditional Bulgarian villages, Semkovo, Belitsa, Bania, as well as a visit to a famous Bear park sanctuary for rescued bears. Beautiful scenery throughout.
Off Road Jeep Safari: A fantastic and exciting day off road in the Jeep! The legs may be getting a rest today but the adrenalin will definitely be pumping as we visit Kovachevista, Ognianovo, Breznista, and Dobrinishte. Hold on tight for a Safari to remember!
White Water Rafting: In the rivers Struma or Mesta, the most beautiful rivers in Bulgaria. All equipment and instructor provided and picnic. Please note rafting may only be available to the end of June.
Horse Riding or Rock Climbing: A choice of either horse riding across beautiful open mountain countryside or trying your hand at rock climbing.
Off-road Buggy ATV Safaris are all about adventure, exploration and excitement - from the thrill and rush of riding hard over challenging terrain….to the excitement of a chance encounter with wildlife; tours are spectacular and will take you to breathtaking scenery full of adventure
|Sleeps up to 5, 1 bedrooms
|Will consider
|Corporate bookings, House swap, Long term lets (over 1 month)
|Car not necessary, Wheelchair users
|Nearest Amenities
|1 km
|Nearest travel links
|Nearest airport: Sofia 160 km, 2 km
|Family friendly
|Great for children of all ages, Suitable for people with restricted mobility
|No pets allowed, Yes, smoking allowed
Features and Facilities
|Jacuzzi or hot tub, Sauna, Internet access, Staffed property
|Shared indoor pool
|Central heating, Air conditioning, TV, Telephone, Pool or snooker table, Games room, Safe, Satellite TV, Wi-Fi available
|Kettle, Iron, Hair dryer
|Clothes dryer, Cooker, Fridge, Freezer, Washing machine
|1 bedroom, 1 bathrooms of which 1 Family bathrooms, Solarium or roof terrace
|3 Sofa beds, Single beds (2), Cots (1), Dining seats for 4, Lounge seats for 3
|Linen provided, Towels provided
|Shared indoor pool, Shared garden, BBQ, Bicycles available
|Parking, Wheelchair users, Lift access
The Blagoevgrad Province region
Bansko resort is set in the south west part of Bulgaria, 160 km from Sofia, at the footsteps of Pirin Mountain, which is under UNESCO protection. Bansko combines wonderful nature and romantic atmosphere of the Old town, popular for its numerous cultural monuments and rich icon collection of the local Zograf (icon painting) School. The district is famous for its excellent cuisine, the variety of colorful taverns (over 200 in the city) and the authentic folklore. The winter here lasts from December till April, the average January temperature being minus 2°C, with heavy snowfalls, providing a constant winter snow cover up to 2 m.The skiing conditions in Bansko are excellent
The resort is also ideal if you want a relaxing summer holiday or even adventure. There is a wide range of options, horse riding, white water rafting, caving, mountain biking, 4x4 experience, quad biking just to name a few. Also a is a museum town with lots of history, traditions, hospitality and charm.
Golf: Set at the very foot of the impressive Pirin mountains, the Bansko golf course is probably going to be one of the best in country for quality and facilities. In fact, it is being described as world class as it combines luxury spa facilities, sports facilities and residential areas. Designed by Ian Woosnam.
Ski: Bansko is Bulgaria's number 1 ski resort, having the best and most modern ski centre of all Bulgarian ski resorts. During the recent years a multi-million Euro investment in a brand new skiing area. Bansko has the best snow record and the longest ski season (15 Dec - 15 May) of all Bulgarian ski resorts. Discount ski packages available, contact me for details.
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7 Jan 2014
"Great apartment in Bansko"
On our fourth ski trip to Bansko , and this was the best apartment so far . The apartment is quite compact , but was ample big enough for the 3 of us and was clean and finished to a high standard.It w… More
27 Dec 2012
"Excellent Stay"
Excellent facilities with friendly staff, great location just a few mins walk to ski lift. Apartment was first class, all facilities you would need for self catering. Restaurants and nightlife within 5 mins walk. Ski slopes were excellent and cater for all abilities. All in all and excellent place to stay, very well priced, dealt with owner direct, very prompt, helpful and was very knowlegable about the local area.
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Let's say I'm storing 1000 objects in a hashmap. This hashmap is extended to allow me to map three dimensional coordinates to the objects stored in it; the objects inside have a fixed size. The hash key is a long integer.
How would I go about figuring out (mathematically) the probable overhead for this structure?
- Is it significant enough that, for instance, if the data inside is around 256mb that the overhead will matter?
- Is there a reliable way (Aside from a profiler, which I've found are unreliable in some cases) to mathematically calculate what its overhead should be?
I'm not interested in the total size of the hashmap - only the overhead that using the hashmap will incur. For instance, if I have 10 ints they're 4 bytes a piece, so it's 40 bytes. If I stick them in an array, I get a constant overhead of 12 bytes - 8 for the object header, 4 for the length. If I put them in another structure (a TreeSet for instance) my overhead will not be constant because a tree needs nodes - so I might get an overhead expressed in terms of n where n is the number of items in the set.
A few things are obvious to me, which I'll give as my starting point here.
- I will need to store at least 1000 longs. These are nullable types, so they're actually objects. I will assume therefore that the 8 byte long integer being used has an object header also of 8 bytes. I will add a factor of 16n.
- I will need references to every object as well, which must exist whether or not the object has been recalled from the map and is being used; so that's an additional 8 bytes per object. We could factor it into the data size instead, but since the references are in the hashmap itself, I feel like it's best to make them part of the overhead. My logic is as follows: If I took all of the data out of the hashmap and stored it in variables, those n references would still exist in the hashmap, provided I didn't remove these data objects, which I won't be doing. The set of objects is constant, though they may be recycled with a different key.
- The hashmap itself has an overhead of 8 bytes.
- The hashmap must store the number of items inside (or so I think!) so that's 4 bytes.
- I will suppose ignorantly that the hash keys are in an array, sorted by hash key order. That's 12 bytes for the array.
- I will assume ignorantly as well that the objects are in a matching array, which it dereferences when it finds the key. I will guess another 12 bytes.
This gives me a polynomial equation: 36 + 24n
Thus I have a guess of 24036 bytes overhead for 1000 data objects using long keys. This is somewhat of an insignificant overhead, but my question for you is, what is the real overhead, just sitting there?
A secondary valid question is, how much does this vary from JVM to JVM? Is there any JVM independent way to figure it out? To exemplify what I mean, consider a JVM that only has 32bit object headers - when looking at arrays you might say, even though the size varies from JVM to JVM, it's a fair estimate that the overhead on an array would become 8 bytes instead of 12 in that case.
I'm assuming a fixed implementation of HashMap across the same version of Java.
I could try to read the source code or run profiling, this however may produce misleading results based on my JVM. I'm asking for your help - perhaps someone who knows - for some piece of info that we both don't already know about the situation. Thanks!
See the answer below, the actual estimate can be expressed as follows:
8 words per entry, plus 8 bytes for each long, plus 8 bytes for the hashmap object header.
In my present environment (32 bit OS) that makes 1 word = 4 bytes.
- 40n + 8 in a 32bit environment: ~ 40k for 1000 entries
- 72n + 8 in a 64bit environment: ~ 72k for 1000 entries.
So it seems to be under 100kbytes.