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Tax Deductions
Highlights of COLAs for '13
The IRS has announced various cost-of-living adjustments for 2013. Although inflation has remained on the low side this year, it was still high enough to move the needle on more than two dozen tax code provisions.
Oct 19 2012
45 States Have More Time to Replace Livestock
Farmers and ranchers who previously were forced to sell livestock due to drought, have an extended period of time in which to replace the livestock and defer tax on any gains from the forced sales, the IRS announced.
Oct 1 2012
Court Shuts Down Orange County Tax Preparer
Ernesto Jesus Suarez of Orange, California, has been permanently barred from preparing tax returns for others.
Jun 20 2012
Give Your Regards to the 'Cohan Rule'
The iconic showman George Cohan's most enduring legacy may be traced back to a landmark US Tax Court decision permitting him to deduct business expenses, even though he didn't have all the receipts needed to back up his claims.
Jun 15 2012
IRS Notice 2012-22 Adjusts Energy Savings Percentage Guidelines
The Energy Policy Act of 2005 includes a tax deduction for investments in "energy efficient commercial building property" designed to significantly reduce the heating, cooling, water heating, and interior lighting cost of new or existing commercial buildings placed into service between 1/1/2006 and 12/31/2013.
Apr 11 2012
Tax Tip: Expand the Reach of Dependent Care Credit
This is the tenth and final article in our series of tax return tips for 2011 returns. It's not unusual for both parents of young children to work during the day while someone watches the kids. But the parents may be able to claim a dependent care credit to offset part of the cost.
Apr 9 2012
Tax Tip: How Do You Spell Tax Relief? C-a-s-u-a-l-t-y Loss
This is the ninth article in our series of tax return tips for 2011 returns. Last year was a violent year across the country due of a flurry of natural disasters. If insurance proceeds didn't make your clients whole, they may be entitled to limited tax relief on their 2011 returns.
Apr 3 2012
Tax Tip: Add on Medical Expenses for a Nondependent
This is the eighth article in our series of tax return tips for 2011 returns. It's often difficult for taxpayers to qualify for medical expense deductions - but not impossible. Although the annual threshold is daunting, clients often overlook or ignore deductible expenses that can help pad their total.
Apr 1 2012
New Online Tool for Donors Offers Peace of Mind
The IRS has announced that is making it easier for taxpayers and tax return preparers to do their due diligence on tax-exempt organizations. It has launched a new online tool, Exempt Organizations Select Check (EO Select Check), that provides all the important information in one location (IR-2012-34).
Mar 30 2012
Education & Careers
Tax Tip: Spell Out Tax Rules for Business Education
This is the seventh article in our tax return tips for 2011 returns. Did any of your clients go "back to school" in 2011? They may be entitled to a tax deduction for their unreimbursed education costs as employee business expenses. But the tax rules aren't exactly back and white - there's plenty of "gray area."
Mar 29 2012
Tax Tip: A Party at Home? That's (Deductible) Entertainment!
This is the sixth article in our series of tax return tips for 2011 returns. The days of the three-martini lunch are long gone, but savvy taxpayers can still savor plenty of tax treats for entertaining their top customers. In fact, some clients may be entitled to write-offs for hosting get-togethers at their own homes.
Mar 23 2012
Tax Tip: Dish Out Tax Rewards to Charitable Volunteers
Do you have clients who work hard for nonprofit organizations? Although taxpayers can't deduct the value of their "blood, sweat, and tears," they can still write off certain expenses that aren't reimbursed as charitable contributions.
Mar 20 2012
Tax Tip: Generate Energy Credits for Clients
Are you clients "going green?" Besides doing their small part to save the planet, taxpayers can claim a residential energy credit for installing qualified energy-saving devices in the home. The main energy credit technically expired on January 1, 2012, but can still be claimed on a 2011 return.
Mar 13 2012
Demi Moore and Whitney Houston: Do Drugs and Tax Deductions Mix?
In the wake of her breakup with husband Ashton Kutcher last year, actress Demi Moore spiraled out of control, leading to extreme weight loss, convulsions, and other medical issues. Moore's camp isn't providing any details about her physical and mental condition, but we can assume she's receiving the care she needs.
Feb 21 2012
IRS Announces 2012 Standard Mileage Rates
The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) has announced the 2012 optional standard mileage rates used to calculate the deductible costs of operating an automobile for business, charitable, medical, or moving purposes.
Dec 12 2011
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From the Hearts & Hands of Artisans
[PRONTO!]℠ sales are collections of handcrafted treasures at least 50% off original prices for a limited time.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Enjoy 25% Off It Cosmetics using promo code CELEBRATE at www.itcosmetics.com (ends tonight at 12AM).
Happy Shopping!
Enjoy 25% Off It Cosmetics using promo code CELEBRATE at www.itcosmetics.com (ends tonight at 12AM).
Happy Shopping!
New Summer Beauty is popping up everywhere I look and creating unhealthy lemmings for my wallet. I saw the new Tom Ford Summer Lip Color Shimmer ($49) and instantly added it to my cart! Eep! Bad Muse bad! But I couldn't resist.
Algenist also has a new lightweight SPF 50 I have my eye on and It Cosmetics a new Tightliner.
Here's a list of new Summer Beauty Wants you're sure to love!Read More...
I really love nude lips for Spring so I gathered up a few of my favorites for you! This is my selection of Nude Lipstick and Lipgloss Recommendations for Spring 2014 but feel free to add your favorite too!
Check ahead for them!Read More...
We're kinda in between seasons at the moment in makeup land so there are plenty of new and upcoming beauty bits for Spring & Summer 2014 that we'll be seeing before we see larger Summer 2014 Makeup Collections.
Here are a few upcoming products that are between Spring and Summer releases that I caught my eye this week including a new Korres Facial Primer that looks interesting!Read More...
Recently 100 Percent Pure introduced some new concealers and I had realized that I never reviewed the original 100 Percent Pure Fruit Pigmented Brightening Concealer. This was launched ages ago when 100% was still available on QVC.
Since I've been busy testing the newer formulations for the last several weeks I thought I should bring you a review of the original Pure Fruit Pigmented Brightening Concealer.
Take a look!Read More...


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Demanyo – How worse is it from matching " FOTD" against a LW Rios coming off a loss to Alvarado?Posted April 28, 2014 7:51 am
Jack – aren't one of those dumb ass pactards that said Pac doesn't need to take test nor need Floyd 5 years ago now you're here begging for a fight against the #1fighter in the world?Posted April 28, 2014 7:49 am
Yeah what else is new? … YawnPosted April 27, 2014 10:35 pm
B Red
Floyd give Marcos a boxing lesson, ya digPosted April 27, 2014 2:07 pm
Maidana-Mayweather: Garbage fight of the Year! Mismatch of the Decade!Posted April 27, 2014 10:56 am
john smith
Track field black atlete man up fight the pacman …boycott calling boycottPosted April 27, 2014 10:40 am
Working hard for a boring fighter. Looks as if it will be an all out war. It's more of a don't get hit and limit the action type of a fighter. They should show the jogging and running not the punching bag like he is going to KO his opponent. Boycott! This runner and let's make him fight Pacman who he's running away from. Boycott!Posted April 27, 2014 5:31 am
Tark – you lost your boxing cred when you saw a bum magnet like GGG whose faught nobody beating on a HOFmer like Marvellous Marvin Hagler. Hard to listen/hear anything coming from you.Posted April 27, 2014 3:43 am
A jab doesn't create a whiplash effect on the retraction.. That's a myth.
You snap the jab back immediately for 3 reason: so you can defend any counter punch – to crack another jab behind it – or to throw another punch behind it — not because of the vacuum you're creating on the retraction creates greater damage. That's a myth that some folks believe and is contrary to the laws of physics. You can create force and damage with a strong enough vacuum, but not with a retracted punch thrown by a human.
The most devastating punches thrown in big fights in recent years were power shots that followed through on Manny Pacquiao and Paul Williams. Both drove into and through the target.
The impact and power of the blow creates the damage.. It doesn't matter if the punch catches the chin, twists the head, and keeps driving straight through – or if a punch, such as a jab, barely reaches the target and is retracted immediately with a terrific snap.. It's the impact force that does the damage, not the retraction.Posted April 27, 2014 3:30 am
Bro + Boner = Broner
Some lazy boys here should photoshop that pic of FloMay, what a mouth!Posted April 26, 2014 6:48 pm
Mike TYSON says, "And I was talking to tark about a jab, how to increase its speed, a close fight jab it's too tight and your muscle slow the punch, a open half fist martial style is faster, and you snap the jab back to power to the jab. When you hook that left you had beter close that fist. We're talking about fast jab
The great Larry Holmes demonstrated exactly this point about his jab, of which he uses various varieties and he said exactly the same thing about its speed if he did NOT clench his fist tight and it would have that whiplash effect, rather than power and he could shoot it 2, 3 times before the other guy could even get one punch off. His jab was so fast he said he used to slap down Ali's jab with his own, lead left hand and then jab him in the face with it.
I haven't looked at Floyd's but will study it, but I know he uses various types of jabs and I love his jab to the body, that I've modelled my own on, reminiscent of Tommy Hearns. That one is delivered with power and is dug in to pit of the stomach.Posted April 26, 2014 5:53 pm
@Tomato Can… I saw that shot with sweet pea. I see boxers doing benches with barbells all the time. That's hard on their shoulders and widens their pecs. It hurts their fluidity with hooks and uppercuts.
That's why you use dumbbells for bench presses. They isolate the main punching muscle (triceps) and allows you to turn your wrist as you press, like you do with a jab or straight right. It's important to do the presses narrow and tight while rotating the wrists, and to stop as soon as you lose form and speed. Don't go to failure.Posted April 26, 2014 3:56 pm
Miadana won 4 in a row, Manny didnt. Floyd made 40+ million fighting Canelo and another 40+ million fighting Miadana so fighting Manny will be a bigger payday? I am confused Manny fought Bradley and it didnt even crack 1 million ppvs. On paper the only one who will benefit from a fight is Manny. Floyd made 150 million last year alone without Manny or Arum for that Matter…Posted April 26, 2014 3:53 pm
Tomato Can
Speaking about lifting weights too much, I remember seeing a shot on HBO, showing sweet pea bench pressing 95 pounds, and actually struggling a little. I laughed my ass off.Posted April 26, 2014 2:59 pm
Mike Tyson
Waianae,442 club and waianae boxing club, So you live in Waipahu cool. Both are hot places. Yea, I know about tark. i belive They are also some from Floyd corner team here, it's call promotional work. The real ones defend but let the true comments Flow.
It's about fairness Floyd is very good he the best boxer but as of now he 1/2 a champion. Till he fought the other 1/2 that the best of top rank.PAC or even Bradley
Mike Tyson
Hidalg0, you never can read, that guys last night was saying Floyd is a fake, as we all know, and we try to be fair and add some positive too, so he adds if anybody was fast in the mayweather family it's was roger. That cool its how he see it as a kid..we don't have too say all bad about Floyd family.
And I was talking to tark about a jab, how to increase its speed, a close fight jab it's too tight and your muscle slow the punch, a open half fist martial style is faster, and you snap the jab back to power to the jab. When you hook that left you had beter close that fist. We're talking about fast jab
Mike Tyson
Angel, more than you bra, why do you only talk emotions feeling about fighters? Tell how why your fighter has a advantage.
we have a contest, going right now, anyone can play, we have 7-8 match up, in a row. Think hard and make your choice .and call him out in that article. So everybody knows who you pick.
it's started from the PAC & Bradley fight. Sample I am 3-3 fights wins right now Last added porter and Hopkins, all in fun that makes the fight as good as betting money, and see who knows boxing or can pick. Want to play? Add you pick to that fighter article,
That is why Iam explaining how my fighter will win.
Tark and I was talking about Bradley muscle. So as a teen former boxing partner and he saying he was one too. I wanted him to test this out.Posted April 26, 2014 1:28 pm
Mike Tyson, you don't know anything about weight training for boxers, or about punching for that matter.Posted April 26, 2014 1:08 pm
Gonzo the Dragonborn
He does have a semi-decent checkhook on him though. Gotta give credit when it's due.Posted April 26, 2014 12:07 pm
Gonzo the Dragonborn
Floyd always fights the best available opposition out there.. the best of the rest of those that are left over from the legitimate challengers he's ducking that is. Quite simply the guy is a cowardly fraud cnut.Posted April 26, 2014 12:06 pm
Look at the lips on that boy.Posted April 26, 2014 8:45 am
Octavius Jomar Chatman
This was a very good interview; and I actually have thought about a lot of the things Floyd revealed about the Pacman/Bradley ordeal.Posted April 26, 2014 8:34 am
This conversation about the legendary Manny Pacquiao against Floyd Mayweather no longer matters. A prime Manny Pacquiao destroys a prime Floyd Mayweather. Manny was faster, stronger, better athlete, and his south paw style was incredibly unique and impossible to figure out in one fight. The Manny Pacquiao that had the world on it's feet during his reign of terror was the most dynamic fighting machine in boxing history. Fans throughout the world prefer to see Manny Pacquiao fights instead of Floyd Mayweather fights because Manny Pacquiao brings an excitement to the ring every time he fights. Floyd Mayweather is a good athlete with speed and good feet, but he is only a good boxer, not a true fighter in the sense of the word. He has never had the confidence or the fighting heart to meet an opponent mano y mano. He doesn't like to get hit or take punishment, so he prefers to be defensive and play it safe if he senses danger. A true fighter like Robinson, Duran, Leonard, Hagler, Hearns, Armstrong, Tyson and many other great fighters faced danger head on. The vast majority of boxing fans that love boxing prefer to see courage, heart and character in a fighter rather than safety first defense, counter punching and moving away instead of holding your ground. Floyd Mayweather would have been a great Fencing athlete because he has fast feet and hands and would be protected from and pain, bumps or bruises. This is the fight game. History will not be kind to Floyd Mayweather because he has a history of fighting opponents that were either past their primes (Oscar, Mosely, Cotto), too big of a threat (Tyzu, Williams, Margarito) or one dimensional (Gatti, Baldomir, Maidana). The biggest let down or flaw in Floyd Mayweather's fight record will always be the Mega Fight that never happened because of Floyd's fear of Manny Pacquiao. Floyd's own father and uncle and Floyd himself admitted that they did not want to risk Floyd's health. They came up with excuse after excuse, but every time a demand was met, Floyd found another demand. It's very clear to those that follow this sport closely. Floyd Mayweather never wanted to step into the ring with the only 8 division boxing champion in boxing history. The man that was pulverizing everyone. Manny Pacquiao will always be looked at as the greater fighter by the majority of boxing fans around the world. Oscar De La Hoya fought a steroid using Fernando Vargas, and you saw what happened. The difference is that Oscar had more courage and was not afraid of the challenge. Floyd is afraid to take the challenge, and that's the perception the boxing world has of Floyd. Sadly it's Floyd's own past, present and future boxing stars that openly criticize him for not fighting the legendary Manny Pacquiao. It's never been about the money, testing, venue or anything else. If Floyd truly thought he was better, he would have taken the fight regardless of any demands. He could have proved to the world that he was the more talented fighter and the world would have taken notice. Instead, his career will always be tarnished because of what he failed to do. A fighter is made up of courage, not fear. A fighter should want to take on the very best of his era, not avoid them. A fighter should listen to what fight fans want and not turn his back on them. Floyd Mayweather let destiny pass him by. When it's all said and done, Floyd Mayweather will be the one living with regret.Posted April 26, 2014 2:57 am
Mike Tyson
Your are right there tark, he said both PAC and Badley are, but too muscle slow the fast flex muscle.
The reason is try to jab fist close and try ku fu style or a bit more close, it's way faster. Try it some time.Posted April 26, 2014 2:33 am
Floyd said Tim Bradley is doing his weight training all wrong.. That his physique is wrong.. I agree 100%.
Tim is fast and athletic but his musculature is wrong.. He's either doing barbell curls or some goofy exercises to where he's not getting the fully rounded structual development of his biceps, to give him speed, power, and endurance.. He was fatigued early in the fight..
If you do pullups or chinups you use adjustable gymnastic rings so you can turn your wrists in any direction and vary the exercise as you like. If you do curls you use dumbbells so you can turn your wrists instead of locking them in place with a barbell. You don't go to failure on your reps. There are jackass strength trainers out there who will ask you to "give me one more rep" when you want to quit.. That will destroy the type of fiber development you need as a boxer.
Tim needs a very experienced, boxing specific strength trainer who knows what he's talking about.Posted April 26, 2014 2:14 am
Mike Tyson
Floyd is under pressure this fight. Now We can finally can compare him. Because he never fought Khan or Alexander both boxer /slugger and he called Bradley A amatuer fighter, well Floyd, Alexander who Bradley distroyed did Beat maidana in a U.D, Can you do the same? Can't your under Bradley
And khan also took maidana in a UD and Andreas Kotelnik beat him too in a S.D fight.
Pressure on Floyd, anything less that a UD is a total failure. And even that rate you even as alexander and khan. Good luck Floyd pressure on.Posted April 26, 2014 1:37 am
That pic of Mayweather has him looking a bit like Ray Mercer.Posted April 25, 2014 11:55 pm
I love how Floyd fans claim he'd easily beat manny when the dude himself has made every excuse under the sun not to make the fight. If he isn't the same, if you are better, then step up and do it in the ring. Stop talking about it and do it. I agree, manny is not in his prime anymore, so stop talking and start fighting.Posted April 25, 2014 10:44 pm
I think Floyd is still interested in the fight, its crazy how he studies bxing and runs 12 miles a day at 37. I think he may try to fight Manny again if he sees the fight grossing a ton of money like it could have in 09 when Manny walked away. And yes Ariza was giving Manny a special drink Roach claimed he didnt know what it was. Funny how Manny is not the same KO artist as he ocne was not saying he was juiced up but if it quacks like a duck and walks like a duck what is it?Posted April 25, 2014 10:06 pm
Powerhands, that's good man. That's your opinion. It would be really, really good for boxing if they fight but like I said, wishful thinking! See you around. ;-)Posted April 25, 2014 9:20 pm
Floyd outboxes Manny 6 days a week and twice on SundayPosted April 25, 2014 9:20 pm
Best in the world Punkass PactardsPosted April 25, 2014 9:18 pm
Your right amor, earlier in pacquiaos career he was steam rolling modern fighters like barara, Eric m. Etc. nobody could deal with his lefty, power, movement, volume, and speed. He was this new kid on the block. His own style invention, like Roy, Tyson, Bernard, and Floyd. I do think he would have given Floyd problems back then, or maybe have beaten him.BUT! Now, there has been some changes in PAC. He has practically been figured out, unlike Floyd. That's why I would bet everything on Floyd if they where to fight today.Posted April 25, 2014 9:14 pm
Floyd read my comment f*****g awesome!! Surprised someone hasn't wrote an article about Ariza's water bottle incident yet..cover up??Posted April 25, 2014 9:05 pm
Powerhands, come on man! You're a boxing fan. Look at it objectively. Floyd – philly shell, orthodox stance, throws very few punches. Manny – swarmer, southpaw stance, volume puncher, good lateral moves. That's the embodiment of everthing that is bad for someone using the philly shell for defense. 3-5 yrs ago manny would have easily beaten floyd. At present 50/50! That is because of.pac's mileage! If only pbf would grow balls! Wishful thinking dude!Posted April 25, 2014 8:55 pm
A past his prime Manny was able to beat Bradley who was in top condition and bent on avenging his last controversyial decision over MAnny . The Manny who was KOing the top 154 pounders in boxing would have beaten Floyd and Floyd knew it. Manny is an ATG. Manny has a lot of mileage on his odometer and should NOT fight Floyd at this stage in his career . Floyd would be beating a shadow of the real Manny.Posted April 25, 2014 8:40 pm
Amor, I think you believe those fighters are not worthy of defying floyds career because Pacquiao is not amongst that list. It's funny that you didn't list Emmanuel Burton by Floyd saying that he was his toughest opponent. What I meant by Floyd being high on top if the game is that he knows what it takes now to stay on top mentally. That's what he talked to Miami heat about. Experience, the man said he can basically tell when a fighter is about to punch. all the fighters you mentioned we all know. Come on man give props. You didn't mention diago, and a few others.Posted April 25, 2014 8:39 pm
Bradley is not Floyd they are not even in the same planet. Tim is good but he has no legs or composure. He lets fighter take him off his game plan he gets hit and instead of boxing he tries to go toe to toe like he did with Ruslan and Manny. Floyd beat way better fighters than Tim and Manny.Posted April 25, 2014 8:35 pm
Powerhands, "floyd is too high on top of the boxing game". How do you know!? Go down several posts and you'll see a list of floyd's conquests. Don't you think he looks great because of it!? Bradley would have gone through them with better performance. Don't you think so?Posted April 25, 2014 8:25 pm
Anonymous, are you from colorado or washington state!? Lol!Posted April 25, 2014 8:19 pm
I don't think Floyd shot one straight right in the canelo fight. He used his jab a lot. He feels that Camelot can beat PAC, and I feel the same way. I would feel sorry for PAC if Floyd were to fight him now. Floyd is to high on top of the boxing game. I would rather see him fight maidana than Pacquiao.heck, I think el Chino could beat PAC. Maidana is a bad boy, and floyds game plan will have to be a, b, and c. Maidana has never been stopped. Floyd hasn't had a legitimate knockout since Ricky. He has problems with his hands. This fight will be interesting because like Floyd told the heat. "your the champs everybody will practice harder because of that to dethrone you." You got to give Floyd props for his mind set.Posted April 25, 2014 8:15 pm
Boxtradamus, 135# jmm at welterweight!!?? Floyd 2# over!!?? That was very BRAVE huh!!! LMFAO!!! And floyd's fans think he's not afraid of pac!!! Don't think!!! It's a NO BRAINER!!! LOL!
Ah, didn't JMM knock Pac out at WW?
Also remember that fighters fighting at LW/135, by fight-night, tend to be 10-15 pounds more come fight time. Considering Floyd walks into the ring at about 147-150…it's not like it was some huge advantage.Posted April 25, 2014 8:01 pm
What does it prove by fighting Manny he is not the best he is far from it…
Because people still demand it.
Tyson and Holyfield were both past their primes but people still demanded that fight. Same with a Lennox Lewis having to fight a Shot version of Tyson.
O', and there is more money in all of the fights I mentioned than any other fights.Posted April 25, 2014 7:59 pm
What does it prove by fighting Manny he is not the best he is far from it…Posted April 25, 2014 7:41 pm
Well. If Pacman doesn't look the same, then step up and fight.Posted April 25, 2014 7:10 pm
Ellerbie, I assure you my friend, I can make the amount of money floyd gave pac in my lifetime! As sure as the sun is going to rise tomorrow! Now, back to boxing! Ellerbie, it should be the other way around. Floyd was in retirement (hiding) when pac invaded the lt ww & ww division. He was going to make all those money with or without floyd. It was floyd who came out of "hiding" and earned millions after pac showed up around his division. With no intention of fighting him at all! Just milking money out of people. Did you know that floyd only got paid big money fighting part-time odlh and 140# at 147 hatton before he went into "hiding"?Posted April 25, 2014 6:30 pm
floyd fought most of his fights below 135. so did marquez. floyd paid pacman more in legal settlements than you'll ever make in your life amor. pacman would never make 20mm a fight if floyd didn't raise pacman's name recognition. pacman fought 13 years never making a million a fight, until he tried to matchup with floyd.Posted April 25, 2014 6:10 pm
ordinary boxing fan
"Mother of all fights, dangerous fight, the most important fight of my life, the most interesting fight of my life, i am the best ever"Posted April 25, 2014 5:57 pm
Boxtradamus, 135# jmm at welterweight!!?? Floyd 2# over!!?? That was very BRAVE huh!!! LMFAO!!! And floyd's fans think he's not afraid of pac!!! Don't think!!! It's a NO BRAINER!!! LOL!Posted April 25, 2014 5:27 pm
Boxtradamus, look at the list again! LAUGHABLE huh! More like CHUMPS to me and I'm sure to most boxing fans! Goodness gracious, even bradley can go through them with better performance! Lol!Posted April 25, 2014 5:21 pm
Boxtradamus you are so queer. I bet you jerk off while thinking about Fraud Duckweather.Posted April 25, 2014 4:37 pm
Nope. I'm a BIG and HAPPY TRUTH teller and FACT stater in love with telling the TRUTH and stating the FACTS. Floyd is the GOAT!!Posted April 25, 2014 4:24 pm
Poor Manny always the bridesmaid never the bride hell no one even bothered paying attention the the Bradley rematch. No one is ducking Pac he is controlled by Arum…Posted April 25, 2014 4:17 pm
Boxtradamus sad little cock sucking queer in love with Floyd.Posted April 25, 2014 3:44 pm
Would you look at the Lips om Mayweather. Do they have an air stem to air them up. I bet thise lips hold 35 Lbs PSI.Posted April 25, 2014 3:40 pm
Attacking ME is STILL unsuccessful. I continue to TRUTH tell and FACT state. All EXPERTS rate Floyd at #1 P4P on the Planet. Hero worshipping is no factor in that. FACT worshipping is.Posted April 25, 2014 3:33 pm
Boxtradamus still sucking on Duckweather's nob, what a loser you are Boxtra having to hero worship anyone, you gimp.Posted April 25, 2014 3:26 pm
Mike Tyson
If I was maidana trainer, I would tell him if Floyd is punching the right hand lead, not popping it.
It's will look like a 150lb fight Floyd had just threw a rights hand missed and in desperation tackle
WOW!!! That's alot of CHAMPS you named there!! He's defined his career by eating more CHAMPS than has ever been eaten. That's why he's the GOAT.Posted April 25, 2014 2:47 pm
Floyd said "i've been in career defining fights" LMFAO!!!! Which one!!?? Corley? mitchell? gatti?baldomir? Part-time boxer odlh? Old mosley? Leftover cotto? Slow and green canelo? Ortiz? Guerrero? 140# at 147 hatton? 135# at 147 jmm? WHICH ONE IS CAREER DEFINING!!?? hahaha!Posted April 25, 2014 1:41 pm
he didn't thank golden boy because oscar is gonna fire the swiss guyPosted April 25, 2014 12:00 pm
Floyd needs to fight Pac in the fall. Be done with it all already.Posted April 25, 2014 11:57 am
Floyd beats Marcos easy hell he could beat him and a mere con on the same night. He will make 40+ million for a sparring session and putting on a good show, Marcos is outgunned and beat to the punch all fight. Floyd by ud or stoppage next. Bring on MannyPosted April 25, 2014 11:49 am
At least Floyd isn't overlooking the Ariza card since Ariza does get his fighters in the best conditioning possible so looking back at old fights of someone without isn't always best. Maidana will have his best camp to date. Better sparring, better conditioning, more motivation when fighting the best.Posted April 25, 2014 11:33 am
Now that his fat assed fiancé has f*cked off
Only saggy chicks with scraggy relaxed hair, big ass's in track bottoms need applyPosted April 25, 2014 11:33 am
Changed the photo to make me look badPosted April 25, 2014 11:28 am
Fifty Cent is standing on the other side of that two way mirror . . .


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Radiation Therapy Center - Roswell, NM
Roswell Oncologist Doctors for Radiation Therapy
Type of Physician: Oncologist
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A subspecialty certification by the Board of Internal Medicine; the oncologist specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of all types of cancer and other benign and malignant tumors. These subspecialists decide on and administer chemotherapy as well as consult with surgeons and radiotherapists on other treatment for cancer.
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Oncologist Doctors in Roswell *
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Radiation Therapy
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In radiation therapy (also called radiotherapy), invisible high-energy rays are used to damage cancer cells and can stop them from growing and dividing. This ultimately can kill the cancer cells treated wit...
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Emergency Contact for Roswell
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Eastern New Mexico Medical Ctr
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*Provider Directory Terms of Use:
The WebMD 'Provider Directory' is provided by WebMD for use by the general public as a quick reference of information about Providers. The Provider Directory is not intended as a tool for verifying the credentials, qualifications, or abilities of any Provider contained therein. Inclusion in the Provider Directory does not imply recommendation or endorsement nor does omission in the Provider Directory imply WebMD disapproval.


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Impact South Africa
International Sports Ministry Internship
Partners: SportQuest, FCA, Operation Mobilization, Sport for Christ Action South Africa, Kingdom DNA
College students and/or post graduates from any country who are interested in sports ministry and learning how to combine them to impact the world for Christ in a discipleship context. Applicants must be approved by program directors.
A nine week internship program where participants will be exposed to and serve in local sports ministry in South Africa. Interns will gain a global perspective of international sports ministry while developing character and leadership skills in this cross-cultural learning environment that combines classroom teaching with hands-on training. There is a large emphasis on discipleship throughout the internship.
June 1st – August 1st [Students will arrive in South Africa on June 1st and fly home on August 1st]
Stellenbosch, South Africa – just outside of Cape Town – hosted by a local ministry, Kingdom DNA
To make disciples of Christ to impact the world for God's Kingdom.
By implementing holistic kingdom discipleship and global sports ministry training in a cross-cultural outreach environment, participants will complete a level 1 and 2 certification in sport ministry training. The program is very intensive, averaging about 30% in classroom training and 70% in outreach, discipleship, and personal growth experiences. Participants will experience the following:
- Hosting sports camps for 10-14 year old children from diverse backgrounds
- Participating in a rugby chaplaincy outreach (only guys)
- Zambia Outreach (limited spots and extra cost) **
- Whole life coaching in an impoverished township using soccer and other sports
- Relational development and discipleship through living and working together as a team
- Reaching out to the poor and homeless
- Woman's/Men's Conference
- Classroom structured sports ministry leadership training including modules below:
- Team building
- Explaining the Gospel (Evangelism)
- Servant Leadership
- Biblical Basis for Sports Ministry
- Partnerships
- Effective Sport and Community Outreach Strategies
How much?
The total cost of the internship is $2660. This price includes everything except plane tickets and
personal spending money. Price is subject to change.
- Every student will be required to purchase their own round trip ticket to Cape Town, South Africa, which may range in price from $1300-2000.
- If a student chooses the Zambia option, they also need to purchase an additional plane ticket to Zambia, which may range from $500 – 800.
Contact Quinn Evans at firstname.lastname@example.com


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The following story proves what common sense has long ago suggested, that unions have outlived any possible usefulness and they are also hugely counterproductive to the goal of getting any work done.Please consider the Detroit News article Chrysler reinstates 13 workers fired for drinking on job.
Chrysler Group LLC says it was forced to reinstate 13 workers who were fired from its Jefferson North Assembly Plant two years ago after being filmed by a local television station drinking and smoking what the network suggested was a controlled substance before and during work."The workers followed the grievance procedure process outlined in the collective bargaining agreement between Chrysler and the United Auto Workers. The company denied all of the grievances, leading us to arbitrate the matter," wrote Scott Garberding, vice president of manufacturing at Chrysler, on a company blog Monday. "After more than two years, an arbitrator decided in the workers' favor, citing insufficient conclusive evidence to uphold the dismissals. This was a decision that Chrysler Group does not agree with."
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A speaker recognition method uses visual image representations of mouth movements associated with the generation of an acoustic utterance by a speaker that is the person to be recognized. No acoustic data is used and normal ambient lighting conditions are used. The method generates a spatiotemporal gray-level function representative of the spatiotemporal inner month area confined between the lips during the utterance from which a cue-block is generated that isolates the essential information from which a feature vector for recognition is generated. The feature vector includes utterance duration, maximum lip-to-lip separation, and location in time, or speed of lip movement opening, speed of lip movement closure, and a spatiotemporal area measure representative of the area enclosed between the lips during the utterance and representative of the frontal area of the oral cavity during the utterance. Experimental data shows distinct clustering in feature space for different speakers.
1. A computer-implemented method for generating a feature vector for use in a person recognition system, the feature vector based on visual observations of a spoken utterance, the computer-implemented method comprising the computer-implemented steps of:
(a) observing a spoken utterance by a person that is to be recognized; and
(b) representing the person's mouth action by a cue that includes a lip separation distance function of time that is associated with the spoken utterance;
(c) extracting a set of feature vector components from the cue including,
(i) duration of visual utterance beginning at the lip separation onset and ending at the lip separation closure;
(ii) maximum lip separation distance and time of occurrence, and
(iii) location of a mouth opening centroid between the mouth's upper and lower lip.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of extracting a set of feature vector components from the cue includes an alternate set of feature vector components including,
(i) a rate of lip separation opening from lip separation onset to when a maximum lip separation is reached,
(ii) a rate of lip separation closing from the time of occurrence of the, maximum lip separation to when minimum lip separation is reached, and
(iii) an area measure of the area under the lip separation distance function of time.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein the step of extracting the alternate set of feature vector components includes using normalized distances, the distances normalized by dividing by the distance from the centroid to the upper lip at the maximum lip separation time of occurrence.
4. The method of claim 2 wherein the extracting of the alternate set of feature vector components includes using normalized distances, the distances normalized by dividing by the distance from the centroid to the lower lip at the maximum lip separation time of occurrence.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein the maximum lip separation distance is normalized by dividing by the distance from the centroid to the upper lip at the maximum lip separation time of occurrence.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein the maximum lip separation distance is normalized by dividing by the distance from the centroid to the lower lip at the maximum lip separation time of occurrence.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein the observing a spoken utterance is by use of a sequence of video images of the person's face and further comprising extracting the person's mouth action from the sequence of video images by use of differenced video images produced by differencing sequential images, for identifying and selecting the person's mouth area while attenuating relatively motionless areas of the video images.
8. The method of claim 7 wherein the selecting the person's mouth area is by thresholding the differenced video images and selecting a contiguous mouth region where gray-scale values represent a large change between sequential images, the contiguous mouth region forming a mask for extracting the person's mouth area from the sequence of video images of the person's face and for calculating the centroid of the person's mouth area.
9. The method of claim 8 wherein the lip separation distance is measured on a line passing through the centroid and parallel to a person's line of frontal facial symmetry.
10. A method for generating a feature vector for use in a person recognition system, the feature vector based on visual observations of a spoken utterance, the method comprising:
(a) acquiring a sequence of video facial images that are representative of the person speaking an utterance;
(b) forming a sequence of difference images from the sequence of video facial images, each difference image representing an absolute difference in gray scale between succeeding video facial images for detecting changing facial areas associated with the spoken utterance, including the video facial image mouth area;
(c) generating a mask function image that defines a large contiguous area representing the video facial image mouth area of each video facial image because the video facial image mouth area exhibits most change during an utterance, by thresholding each difference image;
(d) establishing a region of interest (ROI) for each video facial image by centering the region of interest at each mask function image centroid and encompassing each video facial image mouth area;
(e) sampling each ROI gray-scale along a line passing through each centroid location parallel to a line of left-to-right facial symmetry, and producing a sampled ROI gray scale function representative of gray-scale values along a line through the center of the mouth area;
(f) forming a spatiotemporal function of time by ordering each sampled ROI gray-scale function in a sequential order corresponding to the sequence of video facial images from which they were obtained;
(g) gray-scale transforming the spatiotemporal (ST) function, for producing a speaker utterance cue-block, by comparing the ST function gray-scale values with a selected threshold value for extracting the ST function areas with darkest gray-scale corresponding to lower-lip to upper-lip gray-scale; and
(h) extracting a feature vector from the speaker's utterance cue-block by determining a duration of the utterance beginning with initial lip separation and ending with lip closure, maximum lip-to-lip opening distance and time of maximum lip-to-lip opening.
11. The method of claim 10 wherein the selected threshold value of step (g) is obtained by a method comprising:
(a) generating a histogram of gray-scale amplitudes of the ST function;
(b) locating a sequential set of histogram peaks and a set of associated gray-scale values from the histogram;
(c) thresholding the ST-function using a threshold value equal to each gray-scale value of the set of associated gray-scale values for producing a trial cue corresponding to each threshold value; and
(d) selecting the threshold value that produces a trial cue with the greatest number of pixel elements while preserving a characteristic triangular-shaped trial cue.
12. The method of claim 10 wherein step (a) for acquiring a sequence of video facial images further comprises low pass filtering over time of the sequence of video facial images for reducing image noise.
13. The method of claim 10 wherein step (a) for acquiring a sequence of video facial images further comprises low pass spatial filtering for reducing image noise.
14. The method of claim 10 wherein step (a) for acquiring a sequence of video facial images further comprises low pass spatial and temporal filtering for reducing image noise.
15. The method of claim 10 wherein step (c) further comprises generating a threshold value for thresholding each difference image by using a gray-level histogram for establishing the threshold value for defining the large contiguous area representing the video facial image mouth area.
16. The method of claim 15 wherein the threshold value is set to approximately equal to the gray-level histogram most central minimum value.
17. The method of claim 10, wherein the selected threshold value of step (g) is determined by generating a gray-level histogram from the ST function and selecting a threshold value that preserves a contiguous ST region corresponding to lower-lip to upper-lip gray-scale.
18. The method of claim 10 wherein step (h) for extracting a feature vector further comprises normalizing the maximum lip-to-lip opening distance by dividing by a distance value representing the centroid to upper-lip distance, the centroid location corresponding to that used in step (d).
19. The method of claim 10 wherein step (h) for extracting a feature vector further comprises normalizing the maximum lip-to-lip opening distance by a distance value representing the centroid to lower-lip distance, the centroid location corresponding to that used in step (d).
20. The method of claim 10 wherein step (h) for extracting a feature vector comprises determining a mouth opening speed from initial lip separation to maximum lip separation, mouth closing speed from maximum lip opening to lip closure, and an approximate spatiotemporal area value representative of an area enclosed by the upper-lip and lower-lip (and representative of the frontal area of the oral cavity) over a duration of utterance beginning with initial lip separation and ending with lip closure.
21. The method of claim 20 wherein the mouth opening speed the mouth closing speed and the approximate spatiotemporal area are normalized by dividing each by a centroid to upper-lip distance.
22. The method of claim 20 wherein the mouth opening speed, the mouth closing speed, and the approximate spatiotemporal area of the frontal view of the oral cavity are normalized by dividing each by a centroid to lower-lip distance.
23. The method of claim 10 wherein step (h) for extracting a feature vector comprises determining a mouth opening speed from initial lip separation to maximum lip separation, the mouth closing speed from maximum lip opening to lip closure, and a ratio value representing a ratio of centroid to upper lip location distance to lower lip to centroid location distance at maximum lip separation.
24. The method of claim 23, wherein the ratio value represents a ratio of lower lip to centroid distance to upper lip to centroid distance of maximum lip separation.
25. The method of claim 23 wherein the step of the system observing the spoken utterance comprises acquiring a sequence of video facial images representative of the person providing the spoken utterance.
26. The method of claim 25 further comprising forming difference images from the sequence of video facial images to detect changing facial areas associated with the spoken utterance.
27. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of observing is performed using a camera in the computer system and the step of extracting is performed using at least one filter.
28. A system-implemented method for performing recognition, comprising the system-implemented steps of:
(a) visually observing a spoken utterance by a person that is to be recognized by use of a sequence of video images of the person's face;
(b) extracting the person's mouth action from the sequence of video images by use of differenced video images produced by differencing sequential images;
(c) detecting the person's mouth opening by thresholding the differenced video images and selecting a contiguous mouth region where gray-scale values represent a large change between sequential images, the contiguous mouth region forming a mask for extracting the person's mouth area from the sequence of video images;
(d) locating the person's mouth area by calculating a centroid of the mouth area;
(e) extracting a feature vector from the spoken utterance by determining a duration of the spoken utterance beginning at the lip separation onset and ending at the lip separation closure, lip-to-lip opening distance, and time of such a lip-to-lip opening; and
(f) performing recognition by comparing the feature vector with a predetermined set of feature vectors.
The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for identifying individuals from visual observation and to security systems employing visual identification methods. More specifically, the invention relates to generating recognition cues from dynamic visual observations of a speaker's face especially lip movements and the frontal view of the oral (mouth) cavity that may be used with other augmenting recognition observations.
Traditionally, visual-information based face recognition methods have relied on using cues derived from static spatial relationships of facial features such as eyes, ears, nose, and mouth taken from one dimensional profiles or two-dimensional images. An exhaustive list of spatial features for face recognition can be found in Ashok Samal et al., "Automatic Recognition and Analysis of Faces and Facial Expressions: A Survey," Pattern Recognition, Vol., 25, No. 1, pp. 65-77 (1992). The input data is usually obtained from a single "snapshot."
Another example of a facial recognition system is described by Peter Tal, U.S. Pat. No. 4,975,969, for a "Method and Apparatus for Uniquely Identifying Individuals by Particular Physical Characteristics and Security System Utilizing the Same," in which static distances between identifiable points on human faces can be used to identify an individual.
FIG. 1 shows the key facial parameters used by Tal that include: the distance between eye retina centers (LER); the distance between the left eye retina center and the mouth center (LEM); the distance between both retina centers and the nose bottom (LEN and REN); and the distance between the mouth center and the nose bottom (DMN). In addition various ratios of these static distance features are formed for scale normalization.
The attraction of using a single still-image, as opposed to using multiple still images, or a video recording, is at least two-fold:
(1) a single still image is less demanding of memory storage requirements; and
(2) human observers can recognize faces when presented with a single snapshot with little evidence that recognition is improved by using a video recording of the speaker.
The prior art, using strictly static facial features, performs facial recognition by "seeing." The present invention uses a space and time (spatiotemporal) representations of dynamic speech related facial features for identification of a speaker. The method only uses visible observations (no acoustic data). This is face recognition by seeing and visual hearing.
The speaker recognition method and apparatus uses mouth movements associated with an acoustic utterance generation without any accompanying acoustic signal, to generate a temporal visual feature vector that produces distinct clustering, for different speeches, in the feature vector space. The feature space includes the following components: mouth opening speed, mouth closing speed, and a spatiotemporal area parameter representing the mouth opening (lip separation or the frontal area of the oral (mouth) cavity) and duration of opening for each utterance.
It is an object to provide a method for providing speaker recognition by observing the feature space components of a speaker.
It is a further object to augment existing facial recognition systems by including these feature space components.
Another object is to provide dynamic facial recognition features that are compact and require minimal memory space.
Another object is to provide a recognition system that is suitable for normal office ambient lighting conditions.
The file of this patent application contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of the patent with color drawing(s) will be provided by the Patent and Trademark Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee.
The present invention is illustrated by way of example and not limited to the figures or the accompanying drawings, in which like references indicate similar elements and in which:
FIG. 1 shows a set of static facial features used in a prior art system.
FIG. 2 is a spatiotemporal recognition system block diagram.
FIG. 3(a) shows the values of sampled Gaussian convolution kernel, G3.
FIG. 3(b) shows the values of sampled Gaussian convolution kernel, G5.
FIG. 4 is a histogram of {us f' } gray-scale values with masking threshold indicated.
FIG. 5 shows the region of interest (ROI).
FIG. 6(a) shows the visual spatiotemporal (ST) volume used for feature extraction.
FIG. 6(b) shows a series of slices through the spatiotemporal (ST) volume shown in FIG. 6(a)
FIG. 7(a) shows the relationship between a speaker's mouth and a slice through the ST volume in an image with a dotted line through the mouth region corresponding to a set of pixels.
FIG. 7(b) shows a gray-scale sequential cure function that results by taking a set of pixel values similar to those of FIG. 7(a) for a sequential set of frames along the t-access.
FIG. 8 shows a selected slice through the visual spatiotemporal (ST) volume.
FIG. 9 defines a cue in the visual spatiotemporal (ST) volume slice.
FIG. 10 is a flow chart for finding threshold, GST.
FIG. 11(a) is an example of a spatiotemporal gray-scale sequential cue function.
FIG. 11(b) is a histogram of the sequential cue function of FIG. 11(a).
FIG. 12 is a table of peaks found in the histogram of FIG. 11(b).
FIG. 13(a)is the sequential cue function of FIG. 11(a) showing remnants when thresholded at GST =19.
FIG. 13(b) shows peaks P1 -P11 of the histogram of FIG. 11(b) when thresholded at GST =19.
FIG. 14(a) shows the remnants of the sequential cue function of FIG. 11(a) when thresholded at GST =23.
FIG. 14(b) shows the histogram of FIG. 11(b) and threshold level, GST =23.
FIG. 15(a) shows the remnants of the sequential cue function of FIG. 11(a) when thresholded at GST =53.
FIG. 15(b) shows the histogram of FIG. 11(b) and threshold level, GST =53.
FIG. 16(a) shows the remnant of the sequential cue function of FIG. 11(a) when thresholded at GST =58.
FIG. 16(b) shows the histogram of FIG. 11(b) and threshold level, GST =53.
FIG. 17 shows a series of sequential cue function remnants due to six different threshold levels.
FIG. 18 shows the effect of camera perspective on the cue when speaking and utterance at a first distance.
FIG. 18(b) shows the cue of the same speaker as in FIG. 18(a) but at a greater distance.
FIG. 19 shows visual spatiotemporal (ST) slices for four different speakers and five different utterances.
FIG. 20 shows the relationships between the visual ST slices, gray-level amplitude histograms, and cue-blocks.
FIG. 21 shows a set of cue-blocks from three different speakers.
FIG. 22 is a scatter diagram showing the clustering in feature space for different speakers.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a speaker recognition system using spatiotemporal cues that is organized around a system bus 20, central processor unit (CPU 13) and system memory 12. The human object 30 to be recognized may be illuminated by ordinary ambient light such as normally found in an office environment. The image is picked-up by video camera 10, which may be any standard NTSC camera and the output raster scanned image is fed to analog-to-digital converter (ADC) 11 that produces a sampled and quantized raster image (frame) that is stored in system memory 12. A sequence of raster scanned image frames are processed by video camera 10 and ADC 11 representing one or more utterances by object 30. Video camera 10 generates 30 frames per second. Each frame, when converted by ADC 11, becomes an array of 640�480 pixels, each pixel being an 8-bit number representing the image intensity (luminance or gray scale) at each of the points sampled by ADC 11. Because of the high degree of redundancy in the two interlaced fields of each frame from video camera 10, alternate fields are discarded.
The pixel frames stored in system memory 12 are pre-processed by spatial filter 14 and temporal filter 15. Spatial filter 14 performs two 2-dimensional filtering operations on each frame: a smoothing or low pass filtering operation for the reduction of spatial noise and an edge enhancement operation for sharpening image edges. Either filtering operation may be performed first or the combined smoothing and edge sharpening may be performed as a single filtering operation. A particular implementation used 3�3 and 5�5 pixel convolution kernels for the smoothing and the edge enhancement filters. The weights of the 3�3 pixel convolution kernel, g3 (x,y), the 5�5 pixel convolution kernel, g5 (x,y), are two-dimensional sampled gaussian functions with standard deviations of σ3 =0.391 and σ5 =0.625 respectively, as shown in FIGS. 3(a) and 3(b).
In one implementation, the spatial smoothing is performed by convolving each pixel frame using kernel g3 (x,y) while the edge enhancement is performed by convolving each frame with a 5�5 kernel representing the difference between kernels, (g3 (x,y)-g5 (x,y)).
The spatially filtered images are also smoothed across three sequential frames, i.e., temporal smoothing using a low pass filter kernel, having relative weights [w1 w2 w3 ]=[0.7, 1.0, 0.7].
Because these filter operations are linear processes, they commute and hence may be performed in any order. Thus, if a particularly utterance generates a sequence of N pixel images, {us }, by speaker, s, where
{us }={us (x,y,1),us (x,y,2), . . . , us (x,y,N)}(1)
and (x,y) are the pixel coordinates, the spatiotemporal filtering operations result in a filtered sequence of images, {us f }, where ##EQU1## These are the filtered images stored in system memory 12.
Once the filtered images, {us f }, are obtained, it is desirable to reduce the size of image being used in future processing, i.e., retain only the region of interest (ROI) that contains the spoken utterance information. The ROI is centered about the mouth opening.
Because the face, other than in the mouth region, tends to be stationary (fixed) relative to the mouth movement between frames, the difference between consecutive frames will be greatest in the mouth region (ROI). In other words the image difference sequence, {us f } is given by a sequence of frame differences, or
{us f' }={us f' (1), us f' (2), . . . , us f' (N-1)} (3)
us f' (i)=|us f (i+1)-us f (i)|(4)
and us f (i) is the ith filtered image us f (x,y,i).
The bright pixels in us f' (i) represent the points of greatest change between succeeding frames, i.e., most likely those pixels associated with the mouth.
The ROI is defined by using a gray-scale threshold, G, to define a mask function, ms (x,y), that is either 1 or 0 so that
if us f' (x=p,y=q)≧G, then ms (p,q)=0,(5)
otherwise ms (p,q)=1.
The value of G depends on the gray-scale distribution of {us f' }. A histogram of pixel value count vs. pixel value of the ensemble {us f' } is generated as a basis for selecting G. If the value of G is set to low, a large number of disparate ROIs may result. If set too high, only a small number of pixels will be identified with inter-frame changes. It has been found that a usable heuristic for setting the value G is to set it equal to the gray-level of the most central minima of the histogram. (Experience shows that the histograms are multi-modal.)
FIG. 4 is a typical histogram of {us f' } gray levels using an 8-bit scale (level 0 corresponds to dark and 255 to bright). The arrow labeled G points to the heuristic threshold value.
FIG. 5 shows the mask (ms (p,q)) that results from thresholding (shaded area) which is used to define the ROI, a 32�64 pixel rectangle region centered at the centroid of the threshold region. In general, the centroid is defined by the three spatiotemporal coordinates (x,y,t), but for each frame only the two spatial coordinates, (x,y), are needed. The 32�64 region of the corresponding stored image is cropped so that only the image pixels that are contained within the area defined by the ROI are stored. Each cropped image (ROI) is stored sequentially to form a spatiotemporal volume (STV) consisting of two spatial dimensions (x,y) and one time index (1<n<N) as shown in FIG. 6(a).
The collected ensemble of ROIs associated with a given utterance is then sliced through x=x0 (n) for each of N ROIs to form a gray-scale image along the y-dimension as a function of the time index, n. (FIG. 6(b) shows a series of slices through the STV for various fixed values of x.).
FIG. 7 shows the relationship between the resulting slice through x=x0 (n) and the facial image. FIG. 7(a) is the image at n =5 with the dotted-line through the mouth region corresponding to the vertical set of 64 pixels including x0 (5). FIG. 7(b) shows the gray-scale sequential cue function that results by taking a similar set of pixel values for a set of sequential frames along the t-axis (n-index). The vertical centroid, y0 (n), is shown center on the y-dimension of gray-scale image of FIG. 7(b). The dark region at approximately y=y0 (n) represents the vertical opening of the mouth at x0 (n). It is this information that is used to form a set of cues that may be used for speaker identification.
More specifically, the essential information to be extracted from the gray-scale sequential cue function of FIG. 7(b) are the identification cues represented by the triangular shaped dark areas. FIG. 8, an enlargement of FIG. 7(b), shows one of the cues highlighted by the triangle formed by the vertices A, B, and D. Point C is a spatiotemporal centroid (t0,y0) known from the ROI detection performed by ROI mask unit 16. Line BA represents the locus of the upper extent of the mouth profile for the duration of the cue, while lines BD and DA jointly represent the locus of the lower extent of the mouth profile. In general, even though these loci do not follow straight lines, it has been found that this straight line approximation is adequate for the purpose.
The extraction of the identification cues from the gray-scale sequential cue function is performed by feature extraction unit 17. The first step is to segment the ST cues into rectangular cue-blocks with each cue-block enclosing only one cue by applying a gray-level transformation to each ROI as follows:
if p(i,j)≧GST, then q(i,j)=255
else q(i,j)=p(i,j) (6)
where GST is an adaptively chosen threshold, p(i,j) and q(i,j) are the pixel values of the original ROI and transformed ROI, respectively, at n=i and y=j. Because the value of 255 correspond to maximum brightness, all values of p(i,j)≧GST are made "white", while values less than GST retain their original gray-scale values. FIG. 9 shows an example of one cue-block obtained with this procedure where the horizontal axis represents time and the vertical axis the y dimension. Each horizontal pixel interval is 1/30 seconds.
Each cue-block must contain a cue that is a collection of pixels that are continuous in the eight-neighbor sense, and at least three pixels wide. Because of the latter requirement, a cue must result from at least three successive frames (time-indices). An eight-neighbor neighborhood of pixel p(j,k)is defined by the set of pixels {p(x+i,y+j} for -1≦i≦+1, and -1≦j<+1. The threshold, GST, is adaptively determined from the histogram by using the following procedure.
FIG. 10 is a flow chart for the GST procedure 100 that begins by setting histogram peak index, i=0. Step 101 acquires a gray-scale amplitude histogram (with zero corresponding to black) from a given spatiotemporal gray-scale sequential cue function. Step 102 determines sequential peak locations along the histogram's amplitude abscissa and assigns an index value i to the ith peak, Pi, where i=0, 1, 2. . . . A trial threshold value, (GST, is set at GST =Pi in step 103 and applied to the given gray-scale sequential cue function in step 104 by retaining all pixels with amplitudes equal to, or less than, GST. The number of cues, as previously defined, is counted in step 105 and set equal to mi. Test step 106 checks if the value mi is less than the previous value, mi-1, and, if not, proceeds to step 107 where index i is incremented and the process returns to step 103. Otherwise, the process goes to step 108 where the threshold value, GST, is made equal to Pi-1 and the process ends.
FIGS. 11 through 17 show the application of the adaptive procedure for determining GST as described above. In FIGS. 11 and 13-16, a spatiotemporal gray-scale sequential cue function is shown at the left and the corresponding gray-scale histogram on the right. FIGS. 11 through 17 are for speaker (gw) and utterance (fa).
FIG. 11 is for a non-thresholded gray-scale sequential queue function.
FIG. 12 is a table in which the first column corresponds to peak index, i; the second column corresponds to the histogram gray-level at which each indexed peak occurs; and the third column represents the number of cues obtained when GST is set to each corresponding gray-level.
FIG. 13 shows the surviving features of the gray-scale sequential queue function when thresholded at GST =19, the first histogram peak. The accompanying histogram is shown with an expanded abscissa scale over the range of 15-61. The lighter gray shading of the histogram count indicates the levels indicated by GST =19. The surviving features do not satisfy the criteria for a cue.
FIG. 14 shows the results when GST =23, corresponding to i=2. The thresholded remnants of the gray-scale sequential queue function shows five isolated features of which the second and fifth satisfy the criterion for a cue.
FIG. 15 shows the results when GST =53, corresponding to i=10. Six thresholded remnants satisfy the criterion for a cue.
FIG. 16 shows the results when GST =58, corresponding to i=11. At this level of thresholding, the six cues seen in FIG. 15 are made contiguous, i.e., a cue count of one.
From the table of FIG. 12, it can be seen that for i=7 through 10, the cue count remains at 6 while at i=11 the separation of cues is eliminated. Consequently, the preferred threshold is GST =53, the highest threshold value that preserves the separation of cues.
FIG. 17 shows the thresholded remnants left-to-right and top-to-bottom for various threshold and cue counts represented by the doublet (GST,m).
If a threshold value is to be established for a single utterance, for example when an utterance is to be compared with a library of stored feature vectors, a threshold, GST, may be established using the same method, except that GST is selected to correspond to the histogram peak value that produces a trial cue having the greatest number of pixels while preserving the characteristic triangular shape cue as shown in FIGS. 8 and 9. If this preferred threshold level is exceeded, the triangular model of FIG. 8 will be ill-suited and may lead to recognition errors. Alternatively, a set of cues based on a set of reasonable threshold values may be used to determine a set of feature vector components for use in the recognition mode.
Once the proper threshold, GST, is found, each cue may be isolated into distinct cue blocks.
Once the cue-blocks are obtained, estimates are made of the cue-width, cue-height, and mouth-opening-duration. These parameters are illustrated in FIG. 18 for two different scales of the mouth. Point B is the point before the utterance begins; point A, the point after the utterance ends; point D, the point of maximum expansion of the inner mouth area during an utterance; point E is the intersection of a perpendicular from the vertex D to line BA; and C is the centroid y-position (y0 (n)) for the value of time index, n, at which D occurred. Thus, C always lies on line CE. The distance CE is used to normalize the spatial measurements to compensate for perspective scaling of the image. If FIG. 18(b) is taken to represent the same speaker, speaking the same utterance as in FIG. 18(a), but at a greater distance, note that only the y-dimension (DE) is scaled because the time duration (BA) remains the same, i.e., it is invariant with respect to camera distance.
The quantities cue-width (BA), cue-height (DE), and mouth-opening duration (BE) are estimated in a cue-block having R rows and C columns with the lowest row and column index (1, 1) at the upper left corner as follows:
(1) BA--for each row, r, of the cue-block obtain the width, wr, in pixel units, of the largest contiguous set of non-white (value 255) pixels,
{w}={w1 w2, . . . , wr, . . . , wR }, (7)
and set BA equal to wmax =wr that is greatest. If more than one row width is equal, define BA equal to the width at the highest row position (or lowest row index). The left most element of wmax is point B and the right most element is point A.
(2) DE--for a cue-block with C columns obtain the height, h, in pixel units for the largest set of contiguous pixels
{h}={h1 h2, . . . , hc, . . . , hC } (8)
and reorder this set so that the elements are in increasing order of magnitude, i.e., {h'1 ≦h'2 ≦. . . ≦h'c }. Set DE equal to the largest element of the reordered set for which the row-width (wr) is at least 2 pixel units wide. (This precaution minimizes the chances that a single noise spike is not selected as the cue-height.) If at this value of height, the row-width is an even number, M, then select pixel number M/2 in this row as the pixel corresponding to point D. If the row-width is an odd number, select the middle pixel to be point D1.
(3) BE--the mouth-opening phase duration is equal to the number of temporal units difference in the coordinates of point B and D as determined by steps (1) and (2).
The following features are derived from the points A, B, C, D and E.
(1) MO--(mouth-opening speed)is the ratio of the normalized maximum lip-gap (DE), during an utterance to the time taken to reach that lip-gap value. Because the ratio of DE to CE remains constant and independent of camera to subject distance, the normalized lip-gap is equal to DE/CE.
The time to reach D from B is equal to BE measured in frame time units (1/30 sec.). Thus,
(2) MC--(mouth-closing speed) is the ratio of the largest normalized lip-gap, DE/CE, to the time to reach the resting position of the lower lip. (EA), or
where EA is measured in frame time units.
(3) STA--(spatiotemporal area of the frontal view of the oral cavity) is the area of the triangle defined by vertices B, D, and A, or
where BA is in frame time units.
By way of example, the cue-block of FIG. 9 will be used to derive the three features: MO, MC, and STA.
The cue-block is defined by a rectangular bounding box which includes all of the gray-scale shaded pixels shown. The top-left pixel is the first pixel of the first row and column. Each pixel has dimension of approximately 1 mm�(1/30) sec. In accordance with equation (7),
{w}={1, 1,2,2,2,6,6,6,5,5,5,3,3,1} (12)
Note that row 5 has two disparate contiguous sets of pixels, one 2 pixels wide and the other 1 pixel wide. Thus, w5 =2, the widest disparate contiguous set.
Because w6 =w7 =w8 =6, the row with the smallest row index (6) is defined to be the widest (6units of frame time) so that BA=6 or 6�1/30 seconds.
From equation (8),
{h}={4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 8, 7} (13)
Although h5 =9, at its minimum the 5th column is only one row wide (w14 =1). Therefore, columns 4, 5, and 6 at row 13 and w13 =3 must be considered for establishing the maximum lower lip excursion (point D). Column 5, the central column of 4, 5, and 6 is selected and h5 =8 (not 9), so that DE=8. Because coordinates row 6, and column 2, defines point B, and row 13 and column 5 defines point D, the time interval BE=5-2=3 frame units.
If it is assumed that CE=1, then from equations (9), (1), and (11)
where the units for MO and MC are 30 mm/second and the units for STA is (1/30) mm/second.
Experimental results have been obtained using four speakers each making five different utterances that resulted in the spatiotemporal (ST) slices of FIG. 19. Each row represents a different speaker (ds, es, gw and vp from top-to-bottom) and each column represents a different utterance (|ba|,|da|,|fa|,.vertline.la|,|ma| from left-to-right).
The detected cues using the gray-level transformation of equation (6) are shown in FIG. 20 for speaker ds. The first row is a repetition of the first row of FIG. 19, the second row shows the set of corresponding histograms from which the threshold value, GST =40, was determined and the third row shows the isolated cues that result from the gray-scale transformation.
FIGS. 21 shows the corresponding set of cues determined in similar fashion for speakers es, gw, and vp using GST threshold values of 40, 50, and 30, respectively.
From these data, identification parameters MO, MC, and STA were calculated for each speaker and for each utterance. These parameters are plotted in FIG. 22, a 3-dimensional scatter plot in which values of STA are indicated by the size of the square plotted in the MO-MC plane. A speaker-dependent clustering of the features should be noted even when the distribution for two speakers (vp and gw) have overlapping plots in the MO-MC plane, the two speakers can be distinguished by the distinctly different values of STA as represented by the size of square.
It is therefore concluded that the procedures outlined above and implemented as shown in FIG. 2 provide a set of, features, based on visual observation of utterances, that may be used for speaker identification either by themselves or in combination with other identifying observations. Thus, in FIG. 2, the output of feature extraction unit 17 corresponds to the set MO, MC and STA which may optionally be passed-on to comparator 18 for identification by comparing the vector with elements MO, MC, and STA with a set pre-stored exemplar vectors, or may be passed on to other apparatus for incorporation with other observational data.
It should also be noted that the normalization of distance DE of FIG. 18(a) and (b) may be expressed as
so that the essential information is contained in the ratio DC/CE. This implies that an alternate normalization
in which the essential information is contained in the ratio CE/DC, and is informationally equivalent to its reciprocal DC/CE. This observation further implies that either DC/CE or its reciprocal, is a suitable candidate element of a feature vector.
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Texas Architect Sept/Oct 2007: Design Awards
Texas Architect is the official publication of the Texas Society of Architects, each edition features recently completed projects and other editorial content largely written by AIA members in Texas. That collective participation was the basis of Texas Architect's recognition by the national AIA with a 2010 Institute Honor for Collaborative Achievement.
photographer Chris Cooper project Triple-S Steel Headquarters, San Antonio client Triple-S Steel architect Lake/Flato Architects design team David Lake, FAIA; John Grable, FAIA; Darryl Ohlenbusch, AIA; David de la Hoya contractor Hooker Contracting Company consultants Civil Engineering Consultants (civil); Steve G. Persyn Consulting Engineers (structural); JD3 Engineering (MEP); Cochran & Associates (fire code); Drash Consulting (geotechnical) by stePHen sHarPe texas architect 9 / 10 2 0 07 80 Triple-S Steel desi gn aw a r d '07


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Family Doctors from Front Range Primary Care Now Offer Extended Hours at Trinidad, Colorado Location
The Mount Carmel Clinic Provides a Wide Range of Services for Patients Including Flu Vaccines, Preventative Medicine and Well Checks
Trinidad, CO (PRWEB) December 08, 2012
Front Range Primary Care partners with Mount Carmel Health and Wellness, a group of state-of-the-art medical health care clinics that are found throughout the Denver, Colorado metropolitan area, has just announced extended hours for its newest Mount Carmel Health and Wellness partnered location. The family doctors who work at the Trinidad clinic are now available from 8 a.m. to 7 p.m., Mondays through Fridays.
With the cold and flu season coming up quickly, the timing for the new extended hours could not be any better. The family practice physicians and physician assistants at Front Range Primary Care specialize in a variety of medical services including immunizations and vaccinations like the flu shot. The flu vaccine is especially important for children, since they typically spend so much time in close contact with other kids.
The family practice doctors at Front Range Primary Care also offer a wide variety of other services, including adult primary care services, women´s health services like family planning and fertility medicine, osteopathic manipulation and physicals. For patients throughout the Denver area, Front Range Primary Care is a one-stop shop for just about every medical need.
"At Front Range Primary Care the whole family is welcome and we´ll do our best to schedule your family´s health care needs around one visit," an article on the clinic´s website said, adding that while appointments are always encouraged, walk-ins are also welcome.
"So, whether its pediatrics, internal medicine, male centered health care, or obstetrics and gynecology that your family needs, Front Range Primary Care partnered with Mt. Carmel Health and Wellness is an excellent place for your family to establish their health care home."
People who wish to learn more about Front Range Primary Care and the team of family physicians who work there are welcome to visit the clinic´s user-friendly website at any time. There, they can read through the information about the Denver area locations as well as the many medical services that are provided there.
About Front Range Primary Care:
Front Range Primary Care´s family physicians offer a variety of adult and pediatric health care services throughout the Colorado area. The new "Mount Carmel Health and Wellness" location in Trinidad features a wealth of services for its patients, including pediatrics; preventative medicine and well checks; physicals for sports, daycare, camp, annuals, CDL and DOT; primary care; immunizations; vaccinations; travel medicine; osteopathic manipulation and specialized podiatry care. For more information, please visit http://www.frontrangeprimarycare.com
For the original version on PRWeb visit: http://www.prweb.com/releases/prweb2012/12/prweb10214729.htm


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Eye Movement Evaluation of Signature Forgeries: Insights to Forensic Expert Evidence
- Adrian G. Dyer,
- Bryan Found,
- Mara L. Merlino,
- Avni L. Pepe,
- Doug Rogers,
- Jodi C. Sita
- … show all 6 hide
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Signatures are a complex and important biometric that have widespread international acceptance for verifying individual identity. As with other security measures, there are often attempts to mislead authorities by simulating genuine signatures. The ability to reliably identify genuine signatures from simulations is an area of forensic science of high value to legal proceedings, and several studies have established an expertise effect between forensic document examiners (FDEs) and control subjects. Eye movement recordings of the visual processing of FDEs during signature evaluations reveal that examiner expertise results from an enhanced capacity to process local features in the context of global information. In addition, eye movement studies allow for an understanding of how high- and low-complexity ranked signatures are visually inspected by subjects when making simulations. We discuss the importance of understanding the context of a work environment for designing experiments to reveal mechanisms of expertise used by professionals to do their job. We, thus, look at the normal work environment of FDEs for evaluating signatures and how the requirement of understanding expertise from a legal standpoint has facilitated considerable interest in eye-tracking technologies. In particular, we argue that the accurate modelling of the work environment is central to deriving parameters for use in eye movement studies to understand the role of expertise in subjects.
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- Title
- Eye Movement Evaluation of Signature Forgeries: Insights to Forensic Expert Evidence
- Book Title
- Current Trends in Eye Tracking Research
- Book Part
- Part III
- Pages
- pp 211-223
- Copyright
- 2014
- 10.1007/978-3-319-02868-2_16
- Print ISBN
- 978-3-319-02867-5
- Online ISBN
- 978-3-319-02868-2
- Publisher
- Springer International Publishing
- Copyright Holder
- Springer International Publishing Switzerland
- Additional Links
- Topics
- eBook Packages
- Editors
- Mike Horsley (1)
- Matt Eliot (2)
- Bruce Allen Knight (3)
- Ronan Reilly (4)
- Editor Affiliations
- 1. Noosa Campus, Central Queensland University
- 2. Noosa Campus, Central Queensland University
- 3. Noosa Campus, Central Queensland University
- 4. Department of Computer Science, National University of Ireland
- Authors
- Adrian G. Dyer (5)
- Bryan Found (6)
- Mara L. Merlino (7)
- Avni L. Pepe (8)
- Doug Rogers (8)
- Jodi C. Sita (9)
- Author Affiliations
- 5. RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- 6. Victoria Police, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- 7. Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY, USA
- 8. La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- 9. Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Since mid-April, almost every day had seemed like Akshaya Tritiya for many in the jewellery trade. Even on Saturday, a day ahead of Akshaya Tritiya, thousands of customers thronged T. Nagar, where many jewellery brands have showrooms.
In fact, the surge in sales due to decrease in gold prices has led to shops being unable to source enough jewellery for Tritiya, said L.K.S. Syed Ahamed, chief adviser, Tamil Nadu Jewellers Federation. "We normally stock around 30 – 50 per cent but this year, with the customers buying up almost everything in sight, there is a shortage of supply of jewellery," Mr. Syed Ahamed added.
N. Ananthapadmanabhan, regional chairman, All-India Gem and Jewellery Trade Federation, said that since the 16 per cent fall in prices, business has been heavy every day. "The trend continues. Earlier, business was brisk only thrice a week," he said.
Thus, Chennaiites' custom of buying jewellery for Akshaya Tritiya will only boost prospects. According to G.R. Radhakrishnan, managing director, GRT Jewellers, many customers have selected jewellery so that they can pick it up on Sunday. Akshaya Tritiya thidhi commences at 11 a.m. on Sunday and ends at noon on Monday. Apart from waivers on cost of stones and reducing cost of 22 gram gold, shops are enticing customers with light weight jewellery," said Mr. Ananthapadmanabhan.
Keywords: Akshaya Tritiya, jewellery shops, gold prices


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About Schools in Kiana, AK
Contact a Coldwell Banker® real estate agent to learn more about the schools and school districts in Kiana, AK.FIND AN AGENT
Kiana, Alaska is located in Northwest Arctic Borough. Nearby cities and towns include and Noorvik. Kiana is a rural community with a population of 370. The median household income is $52,499. In Kiana, 28% of residents are married, and families with children reside in 60% of the households. Half the population of Kiana commutes 7 minutes or less to work, with 0% of residents holding white collar jobs and 100% residents holding blue collar jobs. The median age of homes in Kiana, AK is 19 years, with 29% of those homes owned, 28% rented, and 43% not occupied.
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