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Summer and winter field monitoring of high and low solar heat gain glazing at a Canadian twin house facility.
Windows and other types of fenestration systems are key components of all types of buildings. As for energy performance, windows play a dual role, allowing solar gains to offset the auxiliary heating loads during the heating season or add to building loads during the cooling season. Various research studies have shown that in a typical Canadian house with conventional windows, the window heat loss during the heating season accounts for more than 40% of total heat loss. The solar gains typically range from 10% to 27% of total energy requirements for the house. During the summer months, excessive solar gains through windows add to cooling loads. During the last two decades, significant research efforts have resulted in the development of high thermal performance, low emissivity (low-e) coated glass in windows. The products available today generally have much better insulating values; however, many may have lower solar heat gains.
The actual solar heat gain through the glazing system is greatly affected by the solar/optical characteristics of the coating on the glass. Knowledge of the actual coating performance is essential in setting energy targets and extracting information to determine the impact of the high-efficiency windows on energy rating, load management, and reduction of space heating load, as well as reduction of the cooling load demand.
With rising cooling loads and associated peak electric demands in large population centers, there is a need to optimize the selection of windows in houses that can provide greater overall energy efficiency during the heating season along with better solar control during the summer months.
The project consisted of two components: (1) a field evaluation of two different glazing technologies at the twin house facility during heating and cooling seasons, and (2) a computer simulation to calibrate models and to perform an extensive energy analysis of various types of glazing units for the different climate zones. This paper presents the full results of the field study, including both winter and summer results, as well as an analytical extrapolation of results to the full year. Details from the winter field tests were published by Swinten et al. (2007). Detailed results from the computer simulations are presented in the accompanying paper (Parekh in press).
Testing was conducted in a unique facility consisting of identical two-story R-2000 (1) houses in Ottawa, Canada. These twin houses feature an energy-efficient passive solar design, a simulated occupancy program, and are fully instrumented with over 300 sensors. Since its launch in 1998, the facility has been the site of many energy-related side-by-side evaluations of heating and cooling technologies. Evaluated technologies include: natural gas-fired combo systems (Swinton et al. 2000), the electronically commutated motor (Gusdorf et al. 2003), indoor and outdoor blinds (Galasiu et al. 2005), and thermostat setback (Manning et al. 2007).
The primary objective of the field testing was to compare the thermal performance of two advanced glazing systems and to quantify their impact on the overall space heating and cooling requirements of the house. A secondary objective was to identify the differences in performance characteristics of the glazing units themselves in terms of solar transmission to the house, night heat losses, and changes in window surface temperatures.
The output of this project will serve multiple purposes, including: the quantification of heat gain/loss through glazing systems, the refinement of computational tools used to determine the energy rating of windows, the benchmarking of "high-performance" versus "conventional" windows, support of the development (and/or refinement) of national and international standards on energy rating of windows, and the development of design guidelines for optimizing the energy and peak power demand performance for appropriate selection and installation of innovative window systems in different climates.
Description of the Twin Houses
The twin houses are located at the government-run Canadian Centre for Housing Technology in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The houses are built to R-2000 standards and feature an energy-efficient passive solar design. House specifications are listed in Table 1. In addition to these features, the houses include a simulated occupancy system that simulates the daily actions of a family of four, including water draws (250 L [66 gal] hot water/day) and electrical loads for lighting and appliances (9 kWh/day, non-HVAC loads). The internal heat gains from the occupants are also simulated through the use of 60 W (adult) and 40 W (children) lightbulbs.
Table 1. Research House Specifications Feature Details Construction standard R-2000 Livable area 210 [m.sup.2] (2260 [ft.sup.2]), 2 stories Insulation Attic: RSI 8.6 (R-49); walls: RSI 3.5 (R-20); rim joists: RSI 3.5 (R-20) Poured concrete, full basement Basement Floor: Concrete slab, no insulation Walls: RSI 3.5 (R-20) in a framed wall; no vapor barrier Garage Two-car, recessed into the floor plan; isolated control room in the garage Exposed floor over the RSI 4.4 (R-25) with heated/cooled plenum garage air space between insulation and subfloor Windows Area: 35.0 [m.sup.2] (377 [ft.sup.2]) south-facing Air barrier system Exterior, taped fiberboard sheathing with laminated weather resistant barrier Taped penetrations, including windows Airtightness 1.6 ach @ 50 Pa (1.0 lb/[ft.sup.2]) Furnishing Unfurnished
Description of the Glazing Technology
High Solar Heat Gain (HSG). In the benchmark configuration, both the test house and the reference house were HSG-glazed, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) coated lowe, sealed double-glazed units (rated center-of-glass U-factor = 1.65 W/[m.sup.2] K [0.29 Btu/h [ft.sup.2][degrees]F], rated center-of-glass SHGC = 0.72, rated window U-factor = 1.76 W/ [m.sup.2] K [0.31 Btu/h [ft.sup.2][degrees]F], rated window SHGC = 0.52).
Low Solar Heat Gain (LSG). In the experimental configuration, the reference house was left in benchmark condition (unchanged), and the test house was re-glazed with an LSG, low-e, sputter-coated low-e glass, sealed double-glazed units (rated center-of-glass U-factor = 1.36 W/ [m.sup.2] K [0.24 Btu/h [ft.sup.2][degrees]F], rated center-of-glass SHGC = 0.41, rated window U-factor = 1.62 W/[m.sup.2] K [0.29 Btu/h [ft.sup.2][degrees]F], rated window SHGC = 0.33).
The field assessment of glazing technology took place in two sets of tests: a winter assessment in January/February 2006 and a summer assessment in July 2006. A side-by-side testing approach was used, as outlined by Swinton et al. (2001). For each season, the houses were initially "bench-marked" in identical configuration with the HSG glazing units installed in all windows of both houses in order to identify small differences in house performance. Following an initial period of benchmarking, all glazing units were switched to LSG technology in one of the houses, referred to as the test house. The second house, referred to as the reference house, remained in the benchmark configuration with HSG windows. A second period of benchmarking and airtightness testing occurred following the experiment to ensure house performance remained unchanged.
The winter test included a total of 13 benchmark days before the experiment, 28 experiment days (January 19 to February 6, 2006), and 10 benchmark days following the experiment. During the winter experiment period, outdoor temperature ranged from -18.6[degrees]C to 7.5[degrees]C (-1.5[degrees]F to 45.5[degrees]F). Daily solar radiation incident on the south face of the house ranged from 1205 to 22599 kJ/[m.sup.2]/day (106.1 to 1990.0 Btu/[ft.sup.2]/day). Temperature conditions on winter benchmarking days ranged from -18.9[degrees]C to 15.9[degrees]C (-2.0[degrees]F to 60.6[degrees]F). Total daily vertical solar radiation on the south face ranged from 871 to 21905 kJ/[m.sup.2]/day (77.7 to 1928.8 Btu/[ft.sup.2]/day).
The summer test included a total of 9 benchmark days before the experiment, 23 experiment days (July 7 to August 1, 2006), and 15 benchmark days following the experiment. During the summer experiment period, outdoor temperatures ranged from 11.3[degrees]C to 33.3[degrees]C (52.3[degrees]F to 91.9[degrees]F). Daily solar radiation incident on the south face of the house ranged from 3520 to 12136 kJ/[m.sup.2]/day (310.0 to 1068.6 Btu/[ft.sup.2]/day). This is much lower than the winter values, which reached 22599 kJ/[m.sup.2]/day (1990.0 Btu/[ft.sup.2]/day). The low position of the sun in the sky during the winter months causes more radiation to strike the south face of the house. Temperature conditions on summer benchmarking days ranged from 7.6[degrees]C to 30.0[degrees]C (45.7[degrees]F to 86.0[degrees]F). Total daily vertical solar radiation on the south face ranged from 1693 to 13426 kJ/[m.sup.2]/day (149.1 to 1182.2 Btu/[ft.sup.2]/day).
Data Collection
During winter testing, summer testing, and benchmarking alike, a number of parameters were monitored:
Solar Radiation. A precision spectral pyranometer mounted on the south-facing brick wall of the reference house measured total global solar radiation on the vertical plane. A second identical pyranometer was mounted behind the south-facing window of the test house bedroom 2. Pyranometer measurements, in W/[m.sup.2], were recorded on a 5-min basis, and daily totals, in kJ/[m.sup.2]/day, were calculated for the analysis. The difference between the readings of the two pyranometers was used as an indication of the transmission properties of the window. The pyranometers' measurements cannot be seen as an absolute measurement of transmission, as the field of view of the window-mounted pyranometer is partially obstructed by the surrounding window. However, this measurement was used to compare the two sets of windows during benchmarking and during the experiment.
Furnace Consumption. In each house, an electric meter with pulse output measured the furnace circulation fan electrical consumption, and a gas meter with pulse output measured the furnace natural gas consumption. Measurements were recorded on a 5-min basis, at a resolution of 0.0006 kWh/ pulse, and 0.05 [ft.sup.3]/pulse, respectively. Daily totals for both electrical and gas consumption were used in the analysis.
Window Surface Temperatures. Window surface temperatures were monitored at one exterior and three interior locations on each window by thermocouples mounted to the window surface using a thermally conductive epoxy. The accuracy of temperature measurements was [+ or -]0.1[degrees]C (0.18[degrees]F). A total of five windows were instrumented-two on the south face of the building, and one window on each of the north, east, and west faces. Figure 1 shows photos of all four faces of the research house. Instrumented windows are circled.
Airtightness Testing. A standard blower door test was performed prior to and following the window experiment in both summer and winter. This was done to verify that the houses maintained their airtightness despite changes to the envelope (window replacement). The airtightness of the houses were measured using the blower door tests according to CGSB 149.10 test procedure in the "as operating" conditions. During winter and summer testing, even with the replacement of glazing units in the test house, the airtight-ness levels in both the reference and test houses differed slightly. The associated air leakage heat loss difference is minimal. During winter testing, the air change rates at 50 Pa (1.0 lb/[ft.sup.2]) for the houses were: 1.61 ach for the reference house, and 1.57 ach for the test house. Equivalent leakage areas (ELA) at 10 Pa (0.2 lb/[ft.sup.2]) were 599 c [m.sup.2] (92.8 in.2) and 584 c [m.sup.2] (90.5 in.2), respectively. During summer testing, the air change rates at 50 Pa (1.0 lb/[ft.sup.2]) were: 1.63 ach for the reference house, and 1.60 ach for the test house. ELAs at 10 Pa (0.2 lb/[ft.sup.2]) were 590 [cm.sup.2] (91.5 in (2)) and 604 [cm.sup.2] (93.6 in.2), respectively.
Room Temperatures. Room air temperatures were recorded hourly in each of four south-facing rooms (living room, bedroom 2, master bedroom, and ensuite) and at three different heights (ceiling level, mid-height, and floor level). The accuracy of temperature measurements was [+ or -]0.1[degrees]C (0.18[degrees]F).
Mechanical Equipment
A single centrally located programmable thermostat controlled both the space heating and cooling systems. Features of the thermostat included: a 2[degrees]C (4[degrees]F) nominal deadband, and a cycle rate of 3 cycles/hour when at the 50% load condition. The thermostat setting for winter tests was 22[degrees]C (72[degrees]F), and was chosen as the operating condition to satisfy the needs of a number of winter experiments at the facility. The summer thermostat setting was 26[degrees]C (79[degrees]F). This setting was chosen in accordance to ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 90.2-2004, Energy-Efficient Design of Low-Rise Residential Buildings (ASHRAE 2004), which designates the summer temperature setting at 25.6[degrees]C (78[degrees]F).
Both houses were equipped with a high-efficiency condensing gas furnace at 94% steady-state efficiency (measured) with a standard permanent split capacitor (PSC) motor. The furnace motor operated in low-speed continuous circulation when not providing high-speed distribution for space heating or cooling. The rated output of the furnace was 71.2 MJ/h (67,500 Btu/h). A 13 SEER (nominal) air-conditioning unit with a 2 ton capacity provided cooling. A heat recovery ventilator (HRV) at 84% efficiency (nominal) operated at low speed (1.8 [m.sup.3]/min [65 cfm]) continually throughout all winter tests. A different HRV was installed for the summer as part of a facility upgrade, and operated at 80% efficiency (nominal), at 62 cfm continually. Hot-water heating was provided by a conventional, induced draft water heater at 67% efficiency (measured).
Air is distributed throughout the house via sheet metal ducting. Supply registers and air returns are located on all three floors: 9 supply registers and 2 return grilles on the first floor; 11 supply registers and 5 return grilles on the second floor; and 3 supply registers and 1 return grille in the basement. Air is supplied at approximately 570 L/s (1200 cfm) in heating mode and in air-conditioning mode, and 280 L/s (600 cfm) in continuous circulation, as per the furnace motor's standard operating speeds.
Consumption. Furnace natural gas and electrical consumption and air-conditioner electrical consumption were compiled on a daily basis from 5-min data. By plotting the daily consumption of the test house versus the reference house, trends were developed for the benchmark and experiment across a range of environmental conditions (see Figure 2 for an example). Using the reference house consumption as a reference, the benchmark line correlation was used to calculate the amount of energy consumed by the test house with the HSG windows for any given day of the experiment. Daily savings were determined by comparing the test house consumption with LSG windows to the calculated test house consumption under benchmark conditions. The advantage of using the reference house as a reference, instead of depending on correlations with outdoor temperature, is that both houses are exposed to identical outdoor conditions. This allows the effects of the windows to be isolated from wind, solar, and temperature effects.
Room and Surface Temperatures. A similar strategy was used to analyze the effect of the window glazing on room and surface temperatures. Again, by plotting the daily maximum temperature of the test house versus the reference house, trends were developed for the benchmark. Using the reference house maximum temperature as a reference, the benchmark line correlation was used to calculate the maximum expected temperature in the test house with HSG windows. The change in temperature due to the LSG windows was determined by comparing the maximum measured temperature for a given day in the test house with LSG windows, to the calculated test house maximum temperature under benchmark conditions.
Solar Transmission. During benchmarking, a correlation was developed between the total daily vertical solar radiation and the total incident solar radiation behind the HSG window. Using the total daily vertical solar as a reference, the benchmark correlation was used to calculate the expected total solar radiation incident on the pyranometer mounted behind an HSG window on experiment days. The reduction in transmitted solar radiation was then calculated by taking the difference between the measured transmission behind the LSG window, and the calculated transmission in benchmarking configuration (behind an HSG window). Correlations were developed between the change in consumption due to the LSG windows, the total daily global solar radiation on the vertical plane, and the reduction in transmission.
During the winter experiment, furnace natural gas consumption was monitored in both houses. The resulting daily consumption data is plotted along side the benchmarking data in Figure 2. Total daily reference house furnace gas consumption is plotted on the x-axis, while total daily test house furnace gas consumption is plotted on the y-axis. Each point represents a single day of data. By plotting multiple days, a trend can be developed to indicate the relative performance of the two houses. If the two houses were, in fac, perfectly identical, the benchmark would have a slope of 1 and intercept at 0. There are always small differences between the houses, as it is impossible for them to be completely identical. This is seen by the slightly higher slope and an intercept that is less than 1.
On average, the results show an increase in gas consumption due to the installation of the LSG windows. The average increase over the duration of the winter glazing experiment was 23.9 MJ/day (22,700 Btu/day), with a maximum increase of 61.5 MJ/day (58,300 Btu/day). Over the entire experimental period in the winter, the increased consumption associated with the LSG technology was 8.7% for gas and 1.3% for electricity.
Similar trends were developed for the summer experiment data. Both the summer benchmark and experiment data for daily air-conditioning electrical consumption (including air-conditioner compressure and furnace circulation fan electrical consumption) are plotted in Figure 3. Again, the benchmark trendline is not perfect, small differences exist between the houses and their air-conditioning systems, which are taken into account in the analysis.
On average, the results show a decrease in cooling system electrical consumption due to the installation of the LSG windows. The average decrease over the duration of the summer glazing experiment was 14.8 MJ/day (14,000 Btu/day), with a maximum decrease of 22.5 MJ/day (21,300 Btu/day). Over the entire experimental period in the summer, the reduction in cooling consumption associated with the LSG technology was 17.7%.
The large amount of scatter in the glazing experiment data during both the winter and summer tests can be related directly to solar radiation. On days with a high amount of solar radiation, the differences between the windows have greater impact, and the experiment point is further away from the benchmark trend line. On days with low amounts of solar radiation, points are much closer to the benchmark trend, and on a few occasions are below the benchmark line. The relationship between solar radiation and consumption data is further explored in the following sections.
Solar Transmission
The most notable difference between the two types of glazing is their ability to transmit solar radiation. This difference is demonstrated in Figure 4. Two days of winter solar data are plotted in this graph: January 15-a benchmark day, and January 26-an experiment day. On January 15, a pyranometer was mounted behind a south-facing HSG window. On January 26, the pyranometer was situated at the same south-facing location, behind an LSG window. Only 40% of the total solar radiation incident on a wall with the same orientation as the window was detected behind the LSG window. Whereas, on the sample benchmark day, 60% of the solar radiation was transmitted by the HSG window. (These numbers do not include the energy absorbed, convected, and radiated to the room).
On days with low solar gains, where less than 4000 kJ/ [m.sup.2]/day (352.2 Btu/ [ft.sup.2]/day) were incident on the south face of the house, the relationship between percentage of transmitted solar energy and total solar energy breaks down. On these days, the percentage of solar energy transmitted by the windows dropped for both the LSG and HSG windows. This result demonstrates that on days with low solar gains, generally very cloudy days, the spectrally selective properties of the low-e coating associated with the two different technologies are of less importance.
Two days of summer solar data are plotted in Figure 5. In terms of transmission, the summer results differ greatly from the winter results. In winter, not only was the amount of transmitted solar energy higher (57% on average for HSG and 40% for LSG windows), but the percentage of transmitted energy was also constant across a large range of incident solar radiation. In the summer, the percentage of solar energy transmitted by the window dropped with increased incident solar radiation. In the case of the LSG windows, transmission was highest (~40%) on days with less than 5000 kJ/[m.sup.2]/day (440.3 Btu/ [ft.sup.2]/day) vertical solar radiation, and dropped to ~32% on the clearest days of the experiment.
The explanation for this difference between summer and winter transmission is linked to the angular properties of glass. When the angle of incidence is perpendicular to the glass, transmission is highest. As the angle of incidence increases, transmission decreases. In winter, the sun rises to the south and stays low in the sky, keeping the sun's rays nearly perpendicular to the south-facing windows throughout the day. In summer, the sun rises further to the east, and its trajectory is high in the sky. The angle of incidence of the sun's rays to the south-facing glass is large, and transmission is reduced. On cloudy summer days, the clouds diffuse the solar radiation, and although there is less solar radiation to transmit, the percentage of transmitted solar energy is high.
Relationship Between Solar Transmission and Consumption
In Figure 6, the daily change in heating consumption (gray), and the change in cooling consumption (black) due to the LSG windows are plotted against the daily solar radiation incident on the south-facing wall of the house. Change in gas consumption is equivalent to the vertical distance between the data point and the benchmark correlation line in Figure 2; change in cooling consumption is equivalent to the vertical distance between the data point and the benchmark correlation line in Figure 3. With the LSG windows transmitting less solar energy, the heating system has to compensate for the loss by higher gas consumption. Similarly, in summer, the cooling system operates less since there is less heat to remove from the house. On the sunniest days of both seasons, the impact of the LSG windows is strongest. Note that there are more solar gains available during heating season due to the position of the sun, and, thus, the effect of the LSG windows is more predominant in winter than in summer.
The same relationship can be expressed directly in terms of reduction in solar gains due to the use of the LSG windows, and the resulting increase in furnace gas consumption or decrease in cooling consumption (see Figure 7). Figure 7 highlights the trade-off between lost solar gains and increased heating system operation (winter), or decreased cooling system operation (summer). On the sunniest winter day, the house with the LSG windows had to compensate for the lost solar gains by consuming more than 50 MJ (47,000 Btu) more natural gas. On the sunniest summer day, the house with the LSG windows benefited by conserving 17 MJ (16,000 Btu) of electrical energy for cooling.
The winter trend on this graph intercepts the y-axis below zero, indicating that there are some thermal differences between the two types of windows. On days with very low solar gains, the LSG windows appear to be slightly outperforming the HSG windows, which is consistent with their lower average U-factor (LSG U-factor = 1.62 W/ [m.sup.2] K [0.29 Btu/h [ft.sup.2] [degrees]F], HSG U-factor = 1.76 W/ [m.sup.2] K [0.31 Btu/ h [ft.sup.2] [degrees]F]). The window surface temperatures provide other evidence of this phenomenon-the interior pane of the LSG window remained slightly warmer (~1[degrees]C [1.8[degrees]F]) than the inner pane of the HSG window overnight.
Window Surface Temperature. Surface temperatures at the center of the window pane were measured on both surface 1 (exterior) and surface 4 (interior) of the window. During winter evaluations, the maximum daily surface temperature on south-acing LSG windows was up to 8.9[degrees]C (16[degrees]F) warmer on surface 1 and 12.3[degrees]C (22.1[degrees]F) cooler on surface 4 than would be expected for the HSG windows. In the summer, the maximum daily surface temperature on south-facing LSG windows was up to 4.7[degrees]C (8.5[degrees]F) warmer on surface 1 and 7.9[degrees]C (14[degrees]F) cooler on surface 4 than would be expected for the HSG windows. Since the interior surface is cooler, less heat is radiated into the room from the windows in the LSG house. The increase in surface temperature corresponds with the location of the window coating-the HSG window has a low-e coating on surface 3 (interior pane), while the LSG window has a low-e coating on surface 2 (exterior pane).
On winter nights, the exterior window surface of the LSG window dropped ~1[degrees]C (2[degrees]F) below the temperature of its twin HSG window in the reference house. On the interior pane, the opposite was true. The interior surface of the LSG window was slightly warmer than the surface of the HSG window. These temperatures indicate that more heat is escaping through the HSG window than the LSG window. However, the analysis of gas consumption overnight-when no solar gains would affect the results-revealed that these small differences resulted in no significant change in gas consumption. Thus, differences in solar performance, and not thermal performance, were the main cause of the change in heating load caused by the windows.
Room Temperature. During both winter and summer tests, south-facing rooms with HSG windows were warmer, particularly at the ceiling level, than rooms with LSG windows. On sunny winter days, temperatures in south-facing rooms of the house with HSG windows were up to 5.3[degrees]C (9.5[degrees]F) warmer at ceiling level and 3.8[degrees]C (6.8[degrees]F) warmer at mid-height than was measured in the house with LSG windows. On sunny summer days, temperatures in south-facing rooms of the house with HSG windows were up to 2.2[degrees]C (4.0[degrees]F) warmer at ceiling level, and 1.0[degrees]C (1.8[degrees]F) warmer at mid-height. Summer temperature increases due to HSG windows are smaller than increases in winter. This may be due in part to the higher angle of incidence of the sun's rays to the window during the summer, and also due to the fact that during the summer the cooling system generally moderates upward temperature swings. A sample of room air temperatures during the winter experiment are shown in Figure 8. The temperatures in this plot are for a south-facing bedroom on the second floor of the research house. This was the warmest room in the house during the experiment. The approximate comfort zone for winter at 30% RH is between 21.0[degrees]C and 24.5[degrees]C (69.8[degrees]F and 76.1[degrees]F) (ASHRAE 2005). With the HSG windows, temperatures in this room exceeded the comfort zone on some sunny days between 11:00 and 18:00. However, the bedroom would not normally be occupied during this period of time. Mid-height air temperatures in the living room on the main floor of the house exceeded 24.5[degrees]C (76.1[degrees]F) for two hours, at most, at a time on only four days of the winter experiment, accounting for only 0.2% of the total experiment time.
The field tests are only a snapshot of performance during a few weeks in the summer and the winter. In order to gain an understanding of the impact of the two glazing technologies on annual consumption, the data were projected to a full year. This was done primarily through the use of the relationships between solar transmission and consumption that were developed during the experiment.
First, a complete set of consumption data was developed for the reference house in benchmark configuration spanning a one-year period from November 2005 to October 2006, inclusive. This one-year period was warmer than average for Ottawa, Canada, with 3970 Celsius heating degree-days <18[degrees]C (7146 Fahrenheit heating degree-days <64[degrees]F) and 417 Celsius cooling degree days >18[degrees]C (751 Fahrenheit cooling degree days >64[degrees]F). Environment Canada lists the average degree days for Ottawa (1971-2000) as 4602 Celsius heating degree days <18[degrees]C (8284 Fahrenheit heating degree days <64[degrees]F) and 244 Celsius cooling degree days >18[degrees]C (439 Fahrenheit cooling degree days >64[degrees]F). The houses are operated in cooling or heating mode with no break in between. The switchover dates were October 8 and June 2 for a total of 237 days of heating and 128 days of cooling. These dates are consistent with the actual days that researchers had chosen that year to switch from heating to cooling based on weather observations.
Since a number of experiments were run during the chosen one-year period, only 160 days of measured benchmark data were available. Using these 160 days of data and complete sets of solar and outdoor temperature data, relationships were developed between consumption data and outdoor conditions. These relationships were then used in turn to calculate the remaining 205 days of consumption data for the reference house, completing the data set.
Next, the expected test house consumption was calculated for each of the 365 days, based on the reference house consumption and the benchmark trends shown in Figures 2 (winter) and 3 (summer). Calculated test house furnace gas and air-conditioner consumption was not permitted to drop below 0. Similarly, the calculated circulating fan consumption was not permitted to drop below the total electrical consumption required to provide continuous circulation (7.49 kWh/day in winter, and 7.56 kWh/day in summer).
Finally, the expected daily difference in heating consumption (MJ/day, Btu/day) or the difference in cooling consumption (MJ/day, Btu/day) due to the LSG windows was calculated. The expected differences were determined by applying the relationships between solar transmission and consumption to the annual set of vertical solar data. These winter and summer relationships are shown on the same graph in Figure 6. This figure highlights the fact that the winter effect due to the LSG windows is greater than the summer effect due to larger quantities of vertical solar gains in winter. The same relationships are displayed in terms of the reduction in solar gains due to the LSG windows in Figure 7. As fewer gains enter the house due to the LSG windows, heating consumption increases and cooling consumption decreases.
The graph in Figure 9 displays the calculated daily difference in heating or cooling consumption over the one-year period, and "exp." indicates the experiment period. The incident daily vertical solar radiation and the outdoor temperature is also shown in this figure. The occasions in winter where the LSG windows outperform the HSG windows are all days with very low solar gains. On these days, differences in the thermal performance of the windows come into play.
It is apparent from the consumption graph that, in terms of energy, the benefits from the LSG windows in the summer are outweighed by the resulting increase in consumption in winter. However, when the same results are converted into cost, assuming 2006 utility prices of $0.52/m3 of natural gas and $0.10/kWh electricity, the summer savings become more important but still do not overtake the heating savings. This effect is shown in Figure 10, where the difference in cost due to the LSG windows is plotted on a daily basis. At these prices, the use of HSG in the test house will cost less than the use of LSG windows.
The total expected heating and cooling consumption and costs using the two glazing technologies are listed in Table 2. Based on this annual analysis, the use of LSG windows in place of HSG windows in the test house would cost C$26 more, and require an additional 3015 MJ (2,858,000 Btu) of energy.
Table 2. Total Calculated Annual Consumption and Cost from the Use of Glazing Technologies in the Test House (November 2005 to October 2006) Analytical HSG LSG Space Heating (21[degrees]C) Natural gas, [m.sup.3] 1171 (41353) 1291 (45591) ([ft.sup.3]) Electricity, kWh 2225 2251 Total heating energy, MJ (Btu) 51686 (4.8989E+07) 56259 (5.3323E+07) Cost of heating, C$ 809 874 Space Cooling (26[degrees]C) Electricity, kWh 2094 1661 Total cooling energy, 7537 (7.144E+06) 5979 (5.667E+06) MJ (Btu) Cost of cooling, C$ 188 149 Annual energy, 59223 (5.6133E+07) 62238 (5.8990E+07) MJ (Btu) Net annual cost, C$ 998 1024 Analytical Difference Difference, % (L-H) (L-H)/H Space Heating (21[degrees]C) Natural gas, [m.sup.3] ([ft.sup.3]) 120 (4238) 10.3% Electricity, kWh 26 1.2% Total heating energy, MJ (Btu) 4573 (4.3344E+06) 8.8% Cost of heating, C$ 65 * 7.2% * Space Cooling (26[degrees]C) Electricity, kWh -433 -20.7% Total cooling energy, MJ (Btu) -1558 (-1.477E+06) -20.7% Cost of cooling, C$ -39 -20.7% Annual energy, MJ (Btu) 3015 (2.858E+06) 5.1% Net annual cost, C$ 26 2.6% * Cost savings without air conditioning.
While the analytical projection of experiment results favored the HSG technology by C$26/year, there are many factors that influence this end result.
In this experiment, the house's heating demand was met by a high-efficiency gas furnace. In terms of energy, the benefits from the HSG windows during winter are nearly three times greater than the comparative energy savings from the LSG technology during summer. Despite the season being longer, the peak loads being higher, and the sun being lower in the sky (and thus enabling the windows to have a larger impact) in the heating season than in the cooling season, the low cost of natural gas compared to the cost of electricity diminishes the overall impact of the HSG windows. Were the same heating provided by an electric furnace, the percent dollar savings would equal the percent energy savings, so the overall financial benefit from the HSG windows would increase.
Similarly, the mode of house operation is very important. During both the heating and cooling seasons, the houses are maintained at a constant setpoint, with continuous circulation and all windows sealed. Different setpoints or thermostat setting strategies from those used in the experiment would influence savings. For details on how different thermostat setting strategies affect the twin house consumption, please refer to Manning et al. (2007). Additionally, the experiment does not take advantage of free cooling on cool nights at the beginning and end of the cooling season. A strategy of opening windows at night to let in the cool air would reduce the overall air-conditioning loads, and likely reduce the overall cooling savings from the LSG windows. In a house with no air-conditioning system, the summer energy savings from the LSG window would not come into play, with the winter performance of the HSG windows. However, the LSG windows did result in cooler air temperatures in south-facing rooms than the HSG windows, up to 1.0[degrees]C (1.8[degrees]F) at mid-height, which may lead to increased occupant comfort during summer.
The orientation of the house and windows also plays a role in the resulting savings from HSG and LSG technology. The twin houses are south-oriented with a large proportion of windows on the south face. This orientation was chosen specifically at the design phase in order to maximize the potential free solar gains in winter. However, the south orientation also means a high amount of solar gains in summer, which must be handled by the air-conditioning system. Other orientations would likely have fewer solar gains, thus increasing the heating load and reducing the cooling load. Modeling is required in order to determine the full effect of orientation on energy consumption.
Finally, the difference in SHGC was not the only factor affecting window performance during this experiment. The LSG windows had a lower average window U-factor (1.62 W/[m.sup.2] K [0.29 Btu/h.[ft.sup.2].[degrees]F]) than the HSG windows (1.76 W/[m.sup.2] K [0.31 Btu/h.[ft.sup.2].[degrees]F]). Thus, one would expect a better thermal performance from the LSG windows, particularly during winter, when the indoor to outdoor temperature differential was high. Evidence of this was seen both on winter experiment days with very low solar gains (see Figure 6) when the LSG windows were able to produce 10 MJ/day (9500 Btu/day) more savings than the HSG windows, and on cold nights when the interior pane of the LSG window was ~1[degrees]C (1.8[degrees]F) warmer than the HSG pane. Even though the LSG windows prevented more heat loss than the HSG technology, solar heat gain played a larger role. The greater solar heat gains permitted by the HSG windows produced up to 55 MJ (52000 Btu) more savings than the LSG windows on a single sunny winter day, resulting in a substantial advantage in heating season energy performance.
Despite the limitation of these field test results to this particular house, location, year, orientation, and operation, the results are still of great use. The field test results will be used to refine simulation tools. In turn, these models will allow these very limited results to a be projected to variety of operating conditions and climate zones, enabling a broader comparison of the performance of HSG windows to LSG windows.
In January/February 2006 and July 2006, a side-by-side field assessment of two glazing technologies was performed at the twin R-2000 house facility in Ottawa, Canada. The whole-house impact of a high solar gain glazing technology was compared to a low solar gain glazing technology for a period of 28 days in winter, and 23 days in summer. Measured factors included: incident solar radiation, cooling and heating energy consumption, room temperatures, and window surface temperatures.
Surface temperatures on the inner surface of the LSG windows (surface 4) were up to 12.3[degrees]C (22.1[degrees]F) cooler in winter, and 7.9[degrees]C (14[degrees]F) cooler in summer than would be expected for the HSG windows. These lower temperatures result in less heat radiating into the room, and are thereby one factor that contributes to higher heating loads and lower cooling loads. Room temperatures also provide similar evidence of decreased solar gains due to LSG windows: on sunny winter days, temperatures in south-facing rooms were up to 3.8[degrees]C (6.8[degrees]F) cooler at mid-height in rooms with LSG windows than HSG windows. In the summer, the effect was less pronounced due to the higher position of the sun-the room was up to 1.0[degrees]C (1.8[degrees]F) cooler at mid-height with the LSG windows.
A vertically mounted pyranometer behind the window indicated that the LSG glazing transmitted 17% less solar radiation than the HSG (~57% transmission). This reduction in solar gains due to the use of LSG windows resulted directly in an increase in furnace gas consumption during the heating season, and a decrease in air-conditioner electrical consumption during the cooling season. During the winter experiment, the average increase in heating consumption over the duration of the experiment was 23.9 MJ/day (22,700 Btu/day), an increase of 8.7% in gas consumption, and 1.3% in furnace fan electrical consumption. During summer, the average decrease in cooling consumption due to the LSG windows was 14.8 MJ/day (14,000 Btu/day), a 17.7% reduction in cooling electrical consumption.
Correlations between energy consumption and incident vertical solar radiation were developed for both the LSG and HSG windows. These experiment correlations were used to project the experiment data to a full year to determine the expected annual impact of the different glazing technologies on consumption. For the period of November 2005 to October 2006, the cost of operating the test house with LSG windows in place of HSG windows is expected to cost C$26 more, and require an additional 3015 MJ (2,858,000 Btu) of energy. Savings from HSG windows would be higher when installed in a house with an electrical furnace or in a home without air conditioning.
Although results from the field test are limited to this particular installation, location, orientation, operating conditions, and year, the results were used to refine and benchmark computer simulation tools. In turn, these simulation tools were used to compare the glazing technologies in a number of different situations to determine the locations where the use of HSG or LSG technology would be most beneficial. Simulation results are planned to be published separately.
Thanks are extended to Pilkington North America for providing partial funding for this project, and to Sylvain Harnay and Roger Marchand for their assistance with instrumentation and documentation.
ASHRAE. 2004. ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 90.2-2004: Energy-Efficient Design of Low-Rise Residential Buildings. Atlanta: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers Inc.
ASHRAE. 2005. 2005 ASHRAE Handbook-Fundamentals (SI). Atlanta: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers Inc.
Galasiu, A.D., C.F. Reinhart, M.C. Swinton, and M.M. Manning. 2005. Assessment of energy performance of window shading systems at the Canadian Centre for Housing Technology, IRC-RR-196. Ottawa: National Research Council Canada.
Gusdorf, J., S. Hayden, E. Entchev, and M. Swinton. 2003. Final report on the effects of ECM furnace motors on electricity and gas use: Results from the CCHT research facility and projections, NRCC-38500. Ottawa: National Research Council Canada.
Manning, M.M., M.C. Swinton, F. Szadkowski, J. Gusdorf, and K. Ruest. 2007. The effects of thermostat setting on seasonal energy consumption at the CCHT twin house facility. ASHRAE Transactions 113(1):1-12.
Parekh, A. Comparison of residential energy use with high and low solar heat gain glazing using energy analysis and field monitoring data. ASHRAE Transactions, In press.
Swinton, M.C., M.M Manning, A.H. Elmahdy, A. Parekh, C. Barry, and F. Szadkowski. 2007. Field assessment of the effect of different spectrally selective low emissivity glass coatings on the energy consumption in residential application in cold climates. Proceedings of the 11th Canadian Conference on Building Science and Technology, Banff, Alberta, March 22, pp. 1-16.
Swinton, M.C., H. Moussa, and R. Marchand. 2001. Commissioning twin houses for assessing the performance of energy conserving technologies, NRCC-4499. Ottawa: National Research Council Canada.
Swinton, M.C., H. Moussa, E. Entchev, F. Szadkowski, and R. Marchand. 2000. Assessment of the energy performance of two gas combo heating systems at the Canadian Centre for Housing Technology, B-6001. Ottawa: National Research Council Canada.
Bruce A. Wilcox, Berkeley, CA: The paper presents monitored energy savings results that are consistent with the large body of passive solar research published by ASHRAE, ASES, and others. I think we can all agree that well designed and oriented passive solar homes can utilize winter solar gains to save heating energy. However, these results are not applicable to houses with average orientation, and the following statement by the authors (not based on the measured data) is completely incorrect:
"The south orientation also means a high amount of solar gains in summer, which must be handled by the air-conditioning system. Other orientations would likely have fewer solar gains, thus increasing the heating load and reducing the cooling load."
Due to solar geometry, summer solar gains in the latitude in question are always much higher on east- and west-facing glazing than on the south-glazing monitored. For the same reason, winter solar gains on east and west glazing are much lower than the south-glazing monitored. If the test homes had been built facing east or west, the summer savings for low solar gain glass would have been much larger than measured, and the winter heating savings due to high solar gain glazing would have been much smaller. The annual total energy and cost savings comparison for these east- and west-facing homes would then favor low solar gain glass.
M.M. Manning: Our discussion statement in the paper was based on the extended analysis of the field benchmarking results and was meant to incite discussion about the role of window orientation on cooling and heating loads. Mr. Wilcox raised a relevant and appropriate issue faced by residential service providers and builders in choosing appropriate glazing units. We demonstrated a comparison of low-solar and high-solar glazing units in two research quality homes. These homes do represent the normal new construction practices followed in Canada. We agree with Mr. Wilcox's assertions about the utilization of solar gains during the winter and summer seasons and their impact on the space heating and cooling loads. However, his last sentence "The annual total energy and cost savings comparison for these east and west-facing homes would then favor low solar gain glass" requires investigation. Further to the field benchmarking study, we have also conducted parametric studies (paper in the ASHRAE review process) that deal with glazing distribution and orientations. In the northern climates with more than 3000 deg-Cdays, with the much longer heating season and a short cooling season, the high-solar gain glazing units still show better annual energy performance over the low solar glazing units.
M.M. Manning
A. Parekh, PEng
A. Elmahdy, PhD, PEng
C. Barry, PEng
Member ASHRAE
M.C. Swinton, PEng
Member ASHRAE
F. Szadkowski
M.M. Manning is a technical officer and A. Elmahdy is a principal research officer at the Institute for Research in Construction, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Canada. M.C. Swinton is a principal research officer at the Institute for Research in Construction, National Research Council Canada and is research manager of the Canadian Centre for Housing Technology Research Committee, Ottawa, Canada. A. Parekh is a senior researcher for the Sustainable Buildings and Communities Program. F. Szadkow ski is a project officer for the Building Energy Technologies Program, Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, Canada. C. Barry is director of technical services for Pilkington North America, Inc., Toledo, OH.
(1.) R-2000 is an official mark of Natural Resources Canada.
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Jennifer Hudson at the BET awards
Love It or Hate It? Jennifer Hudson's Blunt Bob
by Beauty
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Believe it or not, Jennifer Hudson didn't pull out her her signature pose at the BET Awards. Instead, she smiled pretty while showing off this angled bob. I like the cut, but it's probably going to look even better when it grows out an inch or two. Do you like this blunt bob on her, or do you prefer a softer look?
i-am-awesomeness 6 years
Yeah, I agree with an above poster who said that there was a stuffed pepper look going on here. I really don't want to be to critical, but everything about her look does not suit her. The hair looks cute if you look at her from the neck up. But when you take the body into perspective, it looks ridiculous. She needs bigger hair to balance out her body. She looks like she has hardly any hair on her head. And I don't understand why people feel like they have to squeeze into a smaller size of clothing to look good. It looks terrible on her and yes, she probably was feeling quite uncomfortable in that dress. There's a lot of spillage at the top and at the sides and that could be fixed by buying something w/sleeves or even just have it be bigger up top.
Bella-Donna 6 years
Looks like she's been stuffed in some sack with a built-in bucket on top. Her clothes look painful to wear, which probably explains her I-just-threw-up expression. What was stylist tripping on when Miss Hudson was being dressed? BTW, what's with the cellulite ridden arms, this coming from a not-so-slim girl (moi). There are plenty of curvy lasses in Hollywood, some larger than Jennifer (Queen Latifah) but they don't flaunt dimpled skin deliberately, do they?
Jat09 6 years
she looks horrible in this picture.
ChristinaMUFE 6 years
missyd 6 years
I feel sorry for her
missyd 6 years
I feel sorry for her
cocomademoiselle 6 years
She didn't read the Bella posts on "Flattering Haircuts/Bangs for your face Shape"...
ayuninur 6 years
it's awful..no!
ayuninur 6 years
it's awful..no!
emalove 6 years
I don't think it's flattering on her.
Ellenora 6 years
I wonder if she can actually breathe in that gown. And sleeves are a must with her. That hair cut makes her head look like a giant triangle! It's not flattering at all.
Ellenora 6 years
I wonder if she can actually <i>breathe</i> in that gown. And sleeves are a must with her. That hair cut makes her head look like a giant triangle! It's not flattering at all.
ammura 6 years
not a good look! i must admit the hair looks blah...no volume; the dress may look good on someone else but definitely not on her as it accentuates some not so flattering areas
0danielle0 6 years
She's too big for that cut. It's not flattering at all. :(
mcollazo 6 years
The cut is cute but her all together a hot damn mess!! She and Beyonce need a new damn stylist...as you can tell it just makes me angry.
0037sammie 6 years
She looks...a tad akward
0037sammie 6 years
She looks...a tad akward
ally14 6 years
I think the entire thing is just super unflattering on her.
LesleyP825 6 years
She doesn't have the bone structure in her face to pull that off.
lily8206 6 years
This whole look is... bad. Very bad.
lily8206 6 years
This whole look is... bad.Very bad.
smhooper 6 years
she used to have such nice hair! this cut looks awful on her
bastylefilegirl 6 years
The blunt bod is okay, it's just that your blinded from how nice is is by that ill fitting outfit she's wearing!
Dublin62505 6 years
Her flabby, fat laden arms are the only thing that jumps out of the picture. Tricep extensions...bicep curls...skull crushers...weighted tricep dips...they are our friends.
tsp 6 years
i agree with karisaamy, and actually don't mind the hair. that is a horribly unflattering picture of her though. sort of seems chosen to skew some results, honestly. over on popsugar they're showing a pic where she's actually smiling and posing...not looking like a deer in headlights, and she looks a lot cuter.


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Kate Hudson is, hands down, one of our favorite celebs. Her style is always casual-cool and she looks as great in a sweatshirt as she does in an LBD. We're feeling her outfit during a recent airport run-through. She dressed up her super simple white denim cut-off shorts and white knit top with a pop color scarf and sunnies. Grab a similar pair below.
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Image of Kate Hudson via Denim Blog.
Tags: celebrity denim style, denim shorts, kate hudson, kate hudson style, summer denim, white denim, white shorts
Taylor Swift stepped out looking chic as ever in NYC recently, wearing a pair of H&M burgundy denim shorts (grab a lighter red, similar pair here). She paired them with a navy cardigan and a simple white blouse, complimenting her girl-next-door hairdo. But she can't fool us! We know those cat eyes of hers are scoping out the city for a good time. Our only question is, where's her BFF Lorde?
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Image of Taylor via Denim Blog
—DT Staff
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Silicon Valley, home to engineers, innovators, and geeks that are changing the world as we speak, prefer a certain kind of uniform for their days of working on your next favorite gadget. What is it, you ask? Jeans!
Unzipped reports, "There's a scene in the first season of HBO's new comedy, Silicon Valley, wherein a fictional tech CEO describes the stereotypical organization of coding teams. And while he goes into some detail about the usual suspects of a coding group, we couldn't help but notice a different common attribute: denim.
Indeed, denim makes more than a cameo in the HBO show, gracing the legs of not only the startup team protagonists, but also the tech titan Peter Gregory (played by the late great Christopher Evan Welch), who invests in them. And while Silicon Valley might be the funniest outpost to correlate denim with the tech world, it certainly isn't the first." (See the full post at Unzipped)
—DT Staff
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Go beyond your favorite cut-off shorts this summer with a pair of denim overalls! One of our favorite style blogs, A Pair & A Spare, shows us how she DIY'd a pair and she's wearing them like a second skin. Here they're paired with an epic silver tribal-style necklace and some simple strappy sandals. Would you take this look for a spin?
See the full looks below and more here.
Images via A Pair & A Spare.
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We love a good throw-back, especially when it provides us with amazing style inspiration. eat, sleep denim totally gets it, and they recently hailed Blondie's Debbie Harry as a vintage denim style icon. One look at these high waisted pink jeans and classic denim jacket, and you'll surely agree. There are a host of good pics to gawk at, in case you need a reminder that denim will always be the coolest textile ever. P.S., can we have these pink frames too?
Images via eat, sleep denim.
Who is your favorite vintage style icon? Let us know on twitter!
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What to wear, what to wear? Whether we're dressing up for a day at work or a weekend of relaxing, we love seeing what A-list denim lovers are wearing, like the ever-stylish Jessica Alba and the effortlessly beautiful Rosie Huntington-Whiteley. We're turning to our favorite celebrities for summer styling trends. Check out these celebrity denim trends and get inspired!
Images via Harper's Bazaar
—DT Staff
Tags: boyfriend jeans, celebrity denim, cropped jeans, cut off shorts, denim shorts, Jessica Alba, Rosie Huntington-Whiteley
Alessandra Ambrosio was recently seeing strolling through LA wearing a gorgeous front-slit floral skirt and a Bella Dahl Denim Bomber Jacket in "River" wash. We love the combination of a chambray jacket and a flowing, summery skirt. Some metallic arm candy and simple flat sandals round out the casual daytime look. You could also layer a swimsuit beneath rather than a tank, for a transitional daytime to beach look. What can we say? We've got summer fun on the brain.
Grab a Bella Dahl Denim Bomber Jacket and get the look!
Image via Denim Blog.
—DT Staff
Tags: Alessandra Ambrosio, Alessandra Ambrosio style, Bella Dahl Denim Bomber jacket, bomber jacket, celebrity denim, chambray jacket, denim jacket, denim trends, summer denim
Jessica Alba was recently spotted wearing a pair of 3×1 W3 Channel Seam Skinny Jeans, paired with a striped blazer and tank. She picked up on a major styling tip in this look — high waisted jeans paired with a blazer. This retro-inspired silhouette is super chic and modern, especially paired with a rad pair of shades. Grab a pair of 3×1 W3 Channel Seam Skinny Jeans and get this look for yourself!
Image of Jessica Alba via Denim Blog.
—DT Staff
Tags: celebrity denim, celebrity style, high-waisted jeans, jeans and blazer, Jessica Alba, skinny jeans
Our favorite shoot from the latest CR Fashion Book is this one, featuring Sibui Nazarenko photographed by Billy Kidd. Can you guess why? The denim layering is dead-on for fall 2014, utilizing classic denim jackets (the kind everyone has in their closet) alongside cozy knits and cold-weather favorites. We might be summer-dreaming right now, but we're already soaking up inspiration for fall.
Images via Fashion Gone Rogue
—DT Staff
Tags: Billy Kidd, CR Fashion Book, denim editorial, denim jacket, fall denim trends, jean jacket, new york city, Sibui Nazarenko
Update your denim look this summer with a cuffing technique you may not have tried yet: the single fold cuff. Honestly WTF spotted this trend everywhere around the world, but it's making waves in NYC as women become more adventurous and stray from the skinny jean trend. This cuff works best on wider leg pants, whether stovepipe style or boyfriend. Will you be trying it?
Check out Honestly WTF for more images and inspiration, and be sure to check out our video on how to cuff your jeans.
—DT Staff
Tags: boyfriend jeans, denim trends, how to cuff denim, how to cuff jeans, single fold cuff, stovepipe jeans, summer denim, wide leg jeans


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VIRGINIA BEACH -- City leaders from Virginia Beach are asking for feedback about the proposed sports and entertainment arena at the Oceanfront.
There is now an online forum called Virtual Town Hall where citizens can pose questions about the proposals.
The city is considering two competing proposals from private groups to build an 18,000-seat arena across from the Virginia Beach Convention Center.
- One proposal is from a group that includes the W.M. Jordan Company, HKS Sports & Entertainment and Global Spectrum. Read the proposal here. Watch a video of the Jordan presentation here.
- The other proposal is from a group that includes United States Management LLC, AECOM Architects, Clark Nexsen Architects, Mortenson Construction, SB Ballard Construction and SMG. Read the proposal here. Watch a video of the USM presentation here.
The two groups presented their proposals at a public meeting March 24. A list of questions were compiled following the meeting. Read the questions here. City officials say they are compiling answers to the questions and will post them in the future.
City officials say a task force is reviewing the proposals and will consider questions submitted by the public before they brief the City Council.
A second public meeting is also being planned.


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Hire Tina Stille, a certified massage therapist. She practices reflexology, neuromuscular therapy, deep tissue and lymphatic drainage
5/5 stars 16 reviews · 4 credentials · Licensed in CO
Do you want to try a foot massage? Check out this licensed massage therapist who offers reflexology massage. She also specializes in craniosacral therapy.
5/5 stars 9 reviews · 2 credentials
Hire Jessie Voigt if you are in search for a professional medical massage practitioner. Her modalities include reflexology, Swedish, trigger point, sports, injury rehab deep tissue and more.
5/5 stars 5 reviews · 5 credentials
Try the reflexology services of Nicole Galvan who offers quality work. She also performs Swedish, deep tissue, trigger point, neuromuscular and sports massage, and more. See her massage reviews.
5/5 stars 4 reviews · 4 credentials
Check out the reflexology service of Erika Bryant if you want to acquire the relaxation and wellness remedies, and treatments your body needs.
3 credentials
The professional reflexology practitioners from The Bodhi Body offers effective soothing solutions for your tired body. Try their medical, prenatal and reflexology treatments today.
3 credentials
Kristin Collier provides a variety of relaxing full body massage therapy services. She specializes in Swedish, reflexology, cranial sacral, Thai massage, and bodywork.
2 credentials
This company handles reflexology jobs, trauma touch therapy and deep tissue massage, among others. They also offer Thai gluteal release, energy balancing and more.
5/5 stars 1 review · 3 credentials
Patty Young is an LMT who does deep tissue massage and foot reflexology jobs. She is also a reflexologist who does acupressure and other therapeutic massage jobs.
5/5 stars 2 reviews · 1 credential
Michael Gailus is a licensed and certified massage therapist since 2002. He offers several modalities including reflexology. He performs Swedish and deep tissue massage, among others.
5/5 stars 1 review · 3 credentials · Licensed in CO
Sean Duplantier is a certified massage therapist who provides professional mobile massage services. He performs reflexology, trigger point therapy, deep tissue, and chair massages, among others.
5 credentials
Soul's Bliss, LLC offers integrative massage and energy therapies that are solution oriented, heart centered and intuitive. They do therapeutic massage, trigger point therapy, Thai massage and more.
2 credentials · Licensed in CO
Natures Echo handles reflexology jobs as well as Reiki and deep tissue therapy, among others. They also offer body polish treatments, lymphatic drainage and more.
3 credentials
Tiffany Morris specializes in quality massage therapy services at affordable rates. She provides Swedish, trigger point, chair, hot stone and reflexology massage, and more.
1 credential
East West Wellness offers quality services for a lot of disorders and illness. They provide reflexology and deep tissue massage, injection therapy, moxibustion, shamanic healing, acupuncture and more.
4 credentials
Jennifer Elting and her team of expert practitioners offer quality reflexology massage services. Relax your body and try their comforting solutions now.
2 credentials · Licensed in CO
Ann Campbell specializes in structural, Swedish, trigger point, and reflexology massage services, among others. This professional therapist is licensed and insured.
2 credentials
Techni-Calm Reflex is a business that specializes in massage therapy and injury-related pain rehabilitation. They have professionals certified in reflexology massage.
1 credential
Strider Ditzler has been in the health industry for 35 years. He offers massage services such as neuromuscular, deep tissue, sports, as well as reflexology. He also does Reiki healing, and more.
1 credential


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Pronunciation: Terlizzi
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Sold Out $18.99
Chatham Hill Vintner's Reserve Cabernet Sauvignon 1999
Cabernet Sauvignon from North Carolina, Other US
Winemaker's Notes
Rich currant and black pepper bouquet with a cherry flavor and wonderful tannins. GOLD Medal at the 2001 Dixie Classic Fair Competition
Chatham Hill Winery
Chatham Hill Winery was established in 1999 as the first winery in the Triangle area. The mission of our winery is to produce distinctive, handcrafted wines of high quality and purity from grapes grown in North Carolina. We carefully select high quality grapes from vineyards with old vines and low yields to ensure quality and consistency. At Chatham Hill we believe in a minimalist approach to winemaking. Our wines are produced using traditional methods. Although we only try to help Mother Nature in turning grapes into wine, we use the highest quality materials and meticulously sterilized equipment. We emphasize the scientific approach in controlling the conditions under which the grapes are fermented and wines are aged, blended, and bottled. We believe the combination of our winemaking skills and philosophy will yield a premium wine, a goal to which we are passionately committed. View all Chatham Hill Winery Wines
Customer ReviewsSign In to Add Your Review0 }div>Related ProductsWith their undulating terrain, meandering Arroyos, well drained rocky soils, and unique mesoclimates, the Southern Hills vineyards are located in ...
Alcohol By Volume GuideMost wine ranges from 10-16% alcohol by volume. Some varietals tend to have higher (for example Zinfandel and Cabernet Sauvignon) or lower alcohol levels (Pinot Noir and many white varietals), but there is always some variation from producer to producer. Some wine falls outside of this range, for instance Port weighs in closer to 20%, while Muscat and Riesling are usually a bit below 10%.
Wine Style Guide
Light & Crisp
- Light to medium bodied wines that are high in acid and light to medium fruit. Typically no oak.
Fruity & Smooth
- Light to medium bodied wines with lots of juicy fruit, typically medium acid and medium oak.
Rich & Creamy
- Full bodied wines that have typically undergone malo-lactic fermentation and/or spent time in oak.


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Wildland Fire Management:
Lack of a Cohesive Strategy Hinders Agencies' Cost-Containment Efforts
GAO-07-427T: Published: Jan 30, 2007. Publicly Released: Jan 30, 2007.
Additional Materials:
- Highlights Page:
- Full Report:
- Accessible Text:
(202) 512-6246
Office of Public Affairs
(202) 512-4800
Over the past two decades, the number of acres burned by wildland fires has increased, often threatening human lives, property, and ecosystems. The cost of responding to wildland fires has also grown, especially as more homes are built in or near wildlands, an area called the wildland-urban interface. Past management practices, including a concerted federal policy in the 20th century of suppressing fires to protect communities and ecosystems, unintentionally resulted in steady accumulation of dense vegetation that can fuel large, intense, and often costly wildland fires. GAO was asked to identify actions that federal wildland fire agencies need to take to help contain federal wildland fire expenditures. GAO has identified these actions in three of its reports addressing fuel reduction and cost-sharing efforts and as part of an ongoing review of federal agencies' efforts to contain wildland fire preparedness and suppression costs for this committee. Specifically, GAO focused on examining agencies' efforts to (1) reduce accumulated fuels and address wildland fire problems, (2) share with nonfederal entities the costs of responding to multijurisdictional fires, and (3) contain the costs of preparing for and responding to wildland fires.
Over the past 7 years, GAO has recommended a number of actions federal wildland fire agencies should take to improve their management of wildland fire activities, actions that could also help contain the rising federal expenditures for responding to wildland fires. These agencies--the Forest Service within the Department of Agriculture and land management agencies within the Department of the Interior--concurred with GAO's recommendations but have not completed, or in some cases have not yet begun, needed actions. GAO's ongoing review of federal agencies' efforts to contain wildland fire preparedness and suppression costs has also identified other actions that may be needed. Specifically, the agencies need to: (1) Develop a cohesive strategy that identifies the options and associated funding to reduce fuels and address wildland fire problems. In 1999, to address the problem of excess fuels and their potential to increase the severity of wildland fires and the cost of suppression efforts, GAO recommended that a cohesive strategy be developed that identified the available long-term options and associated funding for reducing these fuels. In 2005 and 2006, because the agencies had not yet developed one, GAO reiterated the need for such a strategy but broadened its focus to better address the interrelated nature of fuel reduction efforts and wildland fire response. GAO also recommended that, as an interim step, the agencies develop a tactical plan outlining the steps and time frames needed for completing a cohesive strategy. As of January 2007, the agencies had not developed either a cohesive strategy or a tactical plan. (2) Clarify their guidance for sharing wildland fire suppression costs with nonfederal entities. In 2006, to address the rising costs of responding to fires that threaten both federal and nonfederal lands and resources, GAO recommended that the federal agencies provide more specific guidance as to when particular cost-sharing methods should be used. The cost-sharing method used can have significant financial consequences for the entities involved--potentially amounting to millions of dollars. As of January 2007, the agencies were updating their guidance on possible cost-sharing methods and when each typically would be used, but it is unclear how the agencies will ensure that the guidance is followed. (3) Establish clear goals, strategies, and performance measures to help contain wildland fire costs. Preliminary findings from GAO's ongoing work indicate that the effectiveness of agencies' efforts to contain costs may be limited because the agencies have not clearly defined their cost-containment goals, developed a strategy for achieving those goals, or developed related performance measures. For these efforts to be effective, the agencies need to integrate cost-containment goals with the other goals of the wildland fire program--such as protecting life and property--and to recognize that trade-offs will be needed to meet desired goals within the context of fiscal constraints.
May 20, 2015
EPA Science Advisory Panels:Preliminary Observations on the Processes for Providing Scientific AdviceGAO-15-636T: Published: May 20, 2015. Publicly Released: May 20, 2015.
May 11, 2015
Forest Restoration:Adjusting Agencies' Information-Sharing Strategies Could Benefit Landscape-Scale ProjectsGAO-15-398: Published: Apr 9, 2015. Publicly Released: May 11, 2015.
May 7, 2015
Hanford Waste Treatment:DOE Needs to Evaluate Alternatives to Recently Proposed Projects and Address Technical and Management ChallengesGAO-15-354: Published: May 7, 2015. Publicly Released: May 7, 2015.
May 6, 2015
Oil and Gas Resources:Interior's Production Verification Efforts and Royalty Data Have Improved, but Further Actions NeededGAO-15-39: Published: Apr 7, 2015. Publicly Released: May 6, 2015.
Apr 16, 2015
Bureau of Land Management:More Information Needed to Implement the Helium Stewardship Act of 2013GAO-15-394: Published: Apr 16, 2015. Publicly Released: Apr 16, 2015.
Mar 23, 2015
Nuclear Waste:DOE Needs to Improve Cost Estimates for Transuranic Waste Projects at Los AlamosGAO-15-182: Published: Feb 18, 2015. Publicly Released: Mar 23, 2015.
Mar 4, 2015
Indian Irrigation Projects:Deferred Maintenance and Financial Sustainability Issues Remain UnresolvedGAO-15-453T: Published: Mar 4, 2015. Publicly Released: Mar 4, 2015.
Feb 27, 2015
Rural Water Infrastructure:Federal Agencies Provide Funding but Could Increase Coordination to Help CommunitiesGAO-15-450T: Published: Feb 27, 2015. Publicly Released: Feb 27, 2015.
Feb 13, 2015
Hazardous Waste:Agencies Should Take Steps to Improve Information on USDA's and Interior's Potentially Contaminated SitesGAO-15-35: Published: Jan 16, 2015. Publicly Released: Feb 13, 2015.
Feb 12, 2015
Environmental Satellites:Improvements Needed in NOAA's Mitigation Strategies as It Prepares for Potential Satellite Coverage GapsGAO-15-386T: Published: Feb 12, 2015. Publicly Released: Feb 12, 2015.
Looking for more? Browse all our products here


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Welcome, skip to the content.
Official site for Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Address: 20 Grant Street, Inglewood, Victoria 3517
Phone: 03 5438 3169 | Mobile: 0457 633 742
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com: inglewood.vic.au/eucymuseum
Inglewood Eucalyptus Distillery site offers a tourist attraction set on the site of the historic Jones Eucalyptus Distillery. This is a unique interactive experience that highlights the importance of the eucalyptus industry to the district. There is a tribute to Eucalyptus Polybractea, the "blue eucy", and an exploration of the history and archaeology of how eucalyptus was and is now distilled. The site highlights the ingenuity of the distillers, the hard work of the "eucy" cutters and of the social and economic impact of the industry. Located on the northern side of Inglewood, the museum is some 50 kilometres west of Bendigo and two hours from the centre of Melbourne. The new Museum was opened in July 2011.Eucalyptus Distillery Museum is open on the weekends, with toilets on site as well as a car park, a kiosk and a gift shop that sells eucalyptus oil. The museum has an increasing collection of eucalyptus history, art works and working model distillery.This is an ideal day trip, located in the historic gold township of Inglewood, which now features an increasing range of antiques and collectables. Come and visit, the staff at Eucalyptus Distillery Museum would love to show you around.
Content: Inglewood Eucalyptus Distillery Museum
Seniors or groups
Entry from Grant Street.
Park and toilet facilities open from eight in the morning until seven at night. Bus and large groups are by appointment. For further information please call or visit the website.
Saturday and Sundays11:00am
-2:00pmMost weekends.
Contact operator for further details.
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Mon-Fri: 7am-1am EST / Sat-Sun: 7am-11pm EST
ApplianceMaytag Dishwasher
Level of DifficultyEasy
Time to do repairLess than 15 mins
Age of Appliance1 - 4 years
PliersScrew drivers
3 out of 3 people found this instruction helpful
A common theme you'll see thoughout the repair stories; 1. many broken handles at the hinge2. TURN THE POWER OFF. This assembly comes with the microswitches (which is not a bad idea to replace since they are electromechanical and will eventually fail). My only recommendation is to buy a couple of these handle assemblies because they WILL fail. I'm on my 3rd!
Help other customers find the most helpful instructions.
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Part Number: PS2180048
All brand logos are trademarks of their respective owners.
The PartSelect logo is a Registered Trademark of Atlantic Laundry Centres, Ltd.
Copyright © 1999-2015 , Eldis Group Partnership. All rights reserved.


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There are 224 results - Show results on a map Print this page
Showing 21 - 30 of 224
This hotel, geared towards the business market, enjoys a lakeside location with noteworthy views. Bedrooms are modern, comfortable and with a range of facilities. Public areas are spacious and include...More about Lakeside International
Modern, budget hotel offering comfortable accommodation in bright and practical bedrooms. Breakfast is self-service and dinner is available in the restaurant. ...More about Ibis London Gatwick Airport
Conveniently located just 10 minutes from Gatwick, this stylish inn offers a modern restaurant and bar, and has retained many of the buildings original features. All of the bedrooms are en suite with ...More about Old House Inn
The refurbished Roundabout was originally designed by Reginald Wells in 1925, and many of the original features have been retained and sympathetically blended with contemporary touches to create accom...More about The Roundabout
This 16th-century inn retains much of its original character, including exposed beams throughout. Bedrooms are individually decorated and vary in size. There is a cosy lounge, a well-kept garden and a...More about The Inglenook
Known as The White Rabbit Sandling, this Innkeeper's Lodge is situated close to the centre of town, and dates back to 1797 when it was built to house the officers' quarters of the Invicta Barracks. Lo...More about Innkeeper's Lodge Maidstone
High quality, budget accommodation ideal for both families and business travellers. Spacious, en suite bedrooms feature tea and coffee making facilities, and Freeview TV in most hotels. Internet acces...More about Premier Inn Crawley East
This is an elegant, Grade II listed Regency building overlooking Arundel Castle, just a short walk from the shops and centre of the town. Bedrooms and public areas retain the building's unspoilt chara...More about The Town House
This splendid Victorian terraced property is close to the beach and the popular Kemp Town bars and restaurants. Bedrooms have a distinctly 'retro' feel and all are comfortably presented. A choice of h...More about Snooze
Expect a warm welcome at this picturesque cottage, set in immaculate, mature gardens in the peaceful Kent countryside. The bedrooms are thoughtfully equipped and have co-ordinated soft furnishings. Br...More about Heron Cottage


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Cook and Green Trail -
The Cook and Green Trail offers opportunities for fishing, camping and viewing a diverse forest ecosystem. Water may be found at two springs along the trail but has not been tested for safety. Treatment is recommended. Beginning on Forest Road 1040, the trail begins a gradual ascent through a dense mixed forest comprised of canyon live oak, mountain mahogany and big leaf maple. The trail continues a 3.5 mile traverse above Cook and Green Creek before reaching No-See-Em camp. This campsite is one of only two sites large enough to accommodate 1-2 tents. After leaving the campsite, the trail climbs gradually along the west side of Bear Gulch. Here, the deciduous forest gives way to large stands of old growth Douglas-fir, Ponderosa pine, noble fir, and the rare Brewers spruce. Ferns, beargrass, and huckleberry bushes blanket the forest floor. A small spring is passed just prior to reaching Cook and Green Pass, marking the end of the trail. This trail also offers an opportunity for a 15 mile loop beginning and ending at the Cook and Green Trailhead. To complete the loop, take the Cook and Green Trail 8.2 miles to the Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail #2000 at Cook and Green Pass. From the pass, head southwest on the PCNST for two miles to the junction with Horse Camp Trail #958, above Echo Lake. Turn right and descend on the Horse Camp Trail for 3.9 miles to the Horse Camp Trailhead. From here, walk north on Road 1040 for half a mile to the Cook and Green Trailhead.
Cook and Green Trail


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Emotional Ambient Electronic with inspiring qualities. Guitar, percussion and flowing synth pads.
WAV file available upon request.
EXPLORE SIMILAR TRACKS – click link: http://audiojungle.net/collections/4499944-ambient
YouTube users: to clear any copyright claims on your videos (including monetized videos), simply visit: http://adrev.net/contact-us , enter your details and video link and copy/paste the contents from your purchased License Certificate into the message box. Claims are removed within 24 – 96 hours.


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here a video of last friday deadlift workout aug 8th
Printable View
here a video of last friday deadlift workout aug 8th
Damn, that sure looked easy! Your quads are huge, BTW.
your legs are F**KING HUGE!!!!!!! :eek: christ, amazing job
Nice quick work of the 660!
How in the hell do you get that suit over your legs, LOL?
LOL did you break a sweat?
I have to agree with the others, your legs are absolutly massive!!
Thanks for the compliments everyone.
The suit went on very easily actually, it was my first time in it. It is a custom from titan that I didn't get in time for Nationals.
If you want to see big quads look at the picture of him as a bodybuilder on his site!
Great lifting Ryan! That looked easy!


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Dimitrov Primes Himself For Future Big-Four Battles
Wimbledon, Great Britain
by ATP Staff|
Grigor Dimitrov fell at a gargantuan hurdle in his first Wimbledon semi-final on Friday - a four-set loss to 2011 champion Novak Djokovic - but vowed to keep improving his game in preparation for future inevitable match-ups against the top players on the ATP World Tour.
"Early on, I was just a little anxious to play my big game," said Dimitrov about his clash with the Wimbledon top seed. "I wasn't in a good rhythm, so I had to fight back after losing that first set and down a break in the second.
"I think through the whole match [I] was just a little bit up and down. Occasionally it was just a few dips here and there - a few games," he added.
Despite the loss, the Haskovo native acknowledges his breakthrough this fortnight at The Championships. His maiden run to the semi-finals of a major earns him a place in the Emirates ATP Rankings Top 10 when the latest list is released Monday. The 6'3" right-hander also looks to better prepare himself for future clashes against the Big Four.
Watch Dimitrov Interview
Video courtesy Wimbledon | Buy Tickets | TV Schedule
"This is the first time for me to be in the semi-finals of a Grand Slam, so obviously to me that's just positive," said Dimitrov.
"It's a good learning [experience] for me to put myself in such a position and play against those kind of players and attack the top in a different way," he added.
"I'm in a good spot at the moment. I'm practising well. I'm doing a good work on and off the court. I'm focusing really on every match that I'm playing. It doesn't matter what kind of tournament I'm playing," said Dimitrov. "Of course, there are a few ups and downs some of the matches, but I'm focused on raising my level every time.
"I want to get into that next gear and bring all my goods… in clutch matches against Andy, Novak, whomever else I have to play."
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My sister is relocating to Tempe very soon and she is looking to rent a condo or townhome. A house would be nice but she travels too much. Private would be great but a PM Co is fine too. She needs to find a place that will accept dogs. I want her to be in a safe community. Her job is in Tempe so she doesn't want more than a 15min drive to commute. What rentals companies should she stay away from?
I'm also looking for family friendly ideas for that area too for when we visit. Any AP groups (or any forums) that are online for the area?
Arizona is full of rentals. There aren't really good vs bad property mgnt companies as much as good vs bad properties in general. Its best to be here and tour the property and the general area before signing any lease. Phoenix can change in a block from 'safe' to 'not so safe'. We literally have mini mansions that back up to mobile homes.
Many private owner rentals will not accept pets. Condos and Townhomes are generally private owner rentals. Some are direct from the owner, some use a mgnt company.
Traffic in the Phoenix area is a nightmare. 15 minute commute can be 15 miles or 2 blocks. Honestly, its going to depend on what hours she is working and what route she travels. Public transportation is a joke most times.
Meetup.com has some local groups. Phoenix in general has tons of museums and kids activities (kids museum, zoo, science center etc)
Don't forget Tempe is home to Arizona State University, there is a ton of off campus housing for the University. Tempe can get super congested during certain times.
Mom to J and never-ending , 0/2014 items decluttered, 0/52 crafts crafts completed
Seeking zen in 2014. Working on journaling and finding peace this year. Spending my free time taking J to swimteam
Sueño Realty Group
Tempe Office:
60 E Rio Salado Parkway. STE 900
Tempe, AZ 85281
Also try: http://www.aptlocater.com
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Lodging close to City Centre Brussels are shown below sorted in the order of their distance (closest first). Use our search tools to find cheap hotel rates near City Centre Brussels (Sainte-Catherine Belgium) for your upcoming travels.
We show the best lodging close to City Centre Brussels so you can review the discounted Sainte-Catherine Belgium hotels below and discover the perfect hotel. Planning a group hotel block? Find a Sainte-Catherine Belgium group hotel rate
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