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Epitaxial layers of II-VI semiconductor compounds having low incidence of lattice defects such as stacking faults are produced by first depositing a fraction of a monolayer of the cation species of the compound, followed by depositing a thin layer of the compound by migration enhanced epitaxy (MEE). Growth of the remainder of the layer by MBE results in much lower defects than if the entire layer had been grown by MBE. Layers are useful in devices such as LEDs and injection lasers.
1. Method for producing an epitaxial layer of a II-VI semiconductor compound comprising a cation and an anion species, the method comprising the steps of:
(a) depositing an initial layer of the cation species of a thickness of less than a monolayer directly on the surface of an epitaxial substrate consisting essentially of GaAs; and
(b) depositing at least a first portion of the epitaxial layer by MEE directly on the initial cation layer, wherein MEE comprises consecutive periods of alternative deposition of the cation and anion species of the compound.
2. The method of claim 1 in which a second portion of the epitaxial compound is deposited by MBE directly on the MEE layer.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the cation is Zn.
4. The method of claim 3 wherein the compound is ZnSxSe1-x, where x has a value of from zero to 1.0.
5. The method of claim 3 in which the initial layer is deposited at a temperature within the range of about 200� to 500� C.
6. The method of claim 4 in which the MEE deposition is carried out at a temperature within the range of about 150� to 400� C.
7. The method of claim 2 in which the MBE deposition is carried out at a temperature within the range of about 250� to 400� C.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein less than a monolayer is deposited during each period of the MEE deposition.
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/917,538, filed Jul. 21, 1992 which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/758,985, filed Sep. 9, 1991, now abandoned.
The present invention relates generally to II-VI compound semiconductor epitaxial layers such as ZnSe and Zn (Sx Se1-x) having a low incidence of lattice defects, and also relates to a method for producing such layers and to devices utilizing such layers, for example, light emitting diodes and semiconductor injection lasers.
There is a continuous push toward higher data densities on optical discs. In particular, for digital storage of video data, a substantial increase over the presently attainable densities must be achieved. The information density on optical discs is largely limited by the bit size, which is in turn determined by the wavelength of the laser used to read and write the data. Current optical disc systems use infrared emitting III-V compound semiconductor lasers operating in the wavelength range of 800 to 850 nm. Decreasing the wavelength by a factor of 2, by using blue lasers operating at half the wavelength of presently used III-V lasers, could halve the laser spot diameter and therefore allow a four-fold increase in the information density. ZnSe is the most promising material so far for producing practical blue emitting semiconductor injection lasers. Such lasers emit at a wavelength near 460 nm.
As shown in FIG. 1a, a basic laser structure 10, the so-called double heterojunction semiconductor injection laser, contains an active layer 17 sandwiched between two cladding layers 15 and 19 of a wider bandgap material. Laser action takes place in the active region where electrons and holes recombine to generate coherent light. Electrons flow from the n-type cladding layer into the conduction band of the active layer. Holes flow from the p-type cladding layer into the valence band of the active layer. This process is illustrated in the energy band diagram of FIG. 1b. As is known, electrons and holes can be injected electrically where the cladding layers are doped n-type and p-type, or can be injected by optical or electron beam pumping, in which cases it is not necessary for the layers to be doped.
The cladding layers must have a bandgap higher than that of the active layer to assure effective injection of electrons and holes, and to minimize the threshold for laser action. The cladding layers also have a lower index of refraction. Therefore, the light generated is confined to the active layer, which guides the light in an intended direction, and also helps to minimize the laser threshold.
The bandgap of the semiconductor in the active layer determines the wavelength of the light generated. The II-VI semiconductors ZnSe and ZnS have relatively wide bandgap energies of 2.7 and 3.7 ev, respectively, and are therefore suitable materials for building short wavelength blue lasers. However, lattice defects in these and other laser materials, particularly stacking faults and threading dislocations, are known to adversely affect the operation of these semiconductor lasers, and it has been found to be difficult in practice to obtain epitaxial layers of the II-VI compounds with an acceptably low incidence of lattice defects by conventional deposition techniques such as molecular beam epitaxy (herein "MBE").
Accordingly, it is one of the objects of the invention to provide epitaxial layers of II-VI semiconductor compounds having a low incidence of lattice defects, particularly stacking faults and threading dislocations.
It is another object of the invention to incorporate such low defect layers into useful devices such as light emitting diodes and semiconductor injection lasers.
It is still another object of the invention to provide a method for producing such low defect epitaxial layers and devices.
In accordance with the invention, it has been discovered that defect densities in a II-VI semiconductor compound epitaxial layer can be kept quite low by employing migration enhanced epitaxy (herein "MEE") to deposit at least the first several atomic monolayers, and by preceding such deposition with exposure of the substrate to the cation species of the semiconductor compound to be epitaxially grown, resulting in the deposition of less than a monolayer of the cation species on the substrate.
As is known, migration enhanced epitaxy or MEE involves alternately depositing on a substrate suitable for epitaxial growth (herein "epitaxial substrate"), layers of the cation and anion species of the semiconductor compound to be formed. In accordance with the invention, when such alternate depositions are made under conditions to result in up to a monolayer during each deposition, greater mobility of the atoms on the surface results, creating a smoother surface with fewer defects. Deposition of more than a monolayer results in non-uniform distribution of the species on the surface, which hinders the formation of a single crystalline material. The depositions are a self-limiting process, depending on temperature. For example, at 200� C., about 0.8 monolayer sticks per period, regardless of the length of time the shutters are opened (beyond the time required for deposition of 0.8 monolayer).
Continuing growth of the layer by MBE on top of the MEE layer results in a much lower defect density than if the layer had been grown by MBE directly on the epitaxial substrate. For example, stacking fault density can be reduced by more than four orders of magnitude.
For the growth of ZnSe, for example, MEE simply means that the substrate is exposed to Zn for a short time (3 seconds was a typical deposition time in this case), and then it is exposed to Se for a short time. A pause between depositions may be needed to allow complete closing of one shutter before the next shutter opens. Typically, pauses of 1 second or less between depositions are sufficient. A "period" as used herein refers to one deposition of cation species plus one deposition of anion species, together with the associated pauses between depositions. This type of growth (MEE) is to be contrasted with conventional MBE growth, where both the cation and anion fluxes would be incident on the substrate simultaneously.
At least 20 periods of such growth, and preferably about 50 periods, resulting in a thickness of about 100 angstroms of the MEE layer, have been found to result in a surface sufficient to support the subsequent growth of a low defect layer by MBE on the MEE-produced layer.
Also in accordance with the invention, the MEE deposition is preceded by depositing less than a monolayer of the cation species of the semiconductor compound to be formed.
For example, where the compound is Zn (Sx Se1-x), less than a monolayer of Zn is deposited initially on the substrate, for example, by exposing the substrate to zinc vapor at a temperature within the range of about 200� to 500� C. for up to a minute. This is a self-limiting process in that the cation species will no longer adhere to the substrate after the fraction of a monolayer is deposited. It is speculated that the effectiveness of this initial deposition is at least partly due to the tying-up of residual oxygen on the surface of the substrate, such oxygen being present as a result of incomplete removal during conventional surface preparation of the substrate, for example, degreasing followed by a deoxidizing bake at about 600� C. (The temperature is not particularly important, since it is standard practice to observe the oxide desorption directly by electron diffraction.)
Following the deposition of the initial layer of the cation species, deposition of the MEE layer takes place, typically at a temperature within the range of about 150� to 400� C. for from 1 to several seconds, below which temperature range significantly more than a monolayer results, and above which temperature range deposition of the species is negligible. Preferably, about 3/4 of a monolayer is deposited during each period. In the case of ZnSe, about 3/4 of the monolayer is obtained during a 21/2 second period of deposition at a temperature of about 200� C.
Since MBE exposes the substrate to both the cation ant anion species simultaneously, which is considerably simpler and less time consuming than MEE, continuation of growth by MBE preferably takes place as soon as a layer of sufficient thickness to limit defect formation has been created by MEE.
In the case of ZnSe, MBE is typically carried out at a temperature within the range of about 250� to 350� C. The lower limit of 250� C. is higher than the lower limit for MEE in order to provide the needed mobility for the species (and therefor good crystalline quality of the resulting layer), the mobility of the species at a given temperature being lower in the case of MBE.
In view of the above discussion, it will be understood that the term "layer" as used herein can include less than an atomic monolayer of a species, and that the term "epitaxial layer" includes not only such a single fraction of a monolayer, but also subsequent layers produced by MEE and optionally MBE. In addition, as will be further explained herein, the MEE and MBE layers within a single epitaxial layer according to the invention need not have the same composition. For example, where the II-VI semiconductor compound is Zn (Sx Se1-x), the value of x may vary from one layer to the next. Where the object is to produce an epitaxial layer comprising mainly Zn(Sx Se1-x), for example, as the cladding layer of a heterostructure laser having a ZnS active layer, it is inconvenient to form the MEE layer of Zn(Sx Se1-x) since it is difficult in practice to provide sulphur as a separate source for deposition. Thus, it will be found more convenient to form the MEE layer of ZnSe, and to subsequently form the Zn(Sx Se1-x) layer by conventional MBE in which the sulphur is provided by zinc sulfide vapor. As is known, the temperature of the ZnS source will depend on the desired sulfur content of the layer.
FIG. 1(a) is a cross-section of a double heterojunction injection laser of the prior art;
FIG. 1(b) is an energy band diagram for operation of the laser of FIG. 1(a);
FIG. 2 is a graph of strain versus layer thickness for MBE and MEE-grown ZnSe epitaxial layers;
FIGS. 3(a)-(h) are x-ray (004) rocking curves of MEE-grown ZnSe epitaxial layers; growths in FIGS. 3(a), (c), (e) and (g) were started with an initial deposition of Zn; growths in FIGS. 3(b), (d), (f) and (h) were started with an initial deposition of Se;
FIG. 4 is a cross-section of an epitaxial layer of Zn(Sx Se1-x) in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 5 is a cross-section of a double heterojunction injection laser of the invention, incorporating the epitaxial layer of FIG. 4 as a first cladding layer; and
FIG. 6 is a graph plotting output intensity versus optical pump intensity of the laser of FIG. 5, for two different active layer thicknesses.
FIG. 7 is a cross-section of a light emitting diode of the invention incorporating the epitaxial layer of FIG. 4 as a first layer.
MEE is a modification of the MBE technique, and occurs when the growing surface is alternately exposed to beams of cation and anion species. The method is similar to atomic layer epitaxy (ALE) but without the requirement of growing exactly one monolayer per deposition period. Exposure of the surface to one element at a time allows for increased surface migration and attachment at stable sites to produce high quality films. The films grown by MEE are not only of higher structural quality than those grown by MBE but also show a slower relaxation rate of the misfit strain. The quality of the MEE growths are dependent on whether the initial exposure of the substrate was to the cation or to the anion species.
All growths were done in a Varian GEN II MBE system. Ex-situ characterization techniques include transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). In-situ characterization techniques include reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The preparation chamber has XPS, Auger and ion milling capabilities. Both CrO-doped and Zn-doped GaAs substrates were used. MEE growths described here were done at an indicated substrate temperature of 200� C. Zn and Se fluxes of 0.9�10-6 and 1.8�10-6 Torr were used. Under standard MBE growth conditions (both fluxes incident continuously), these fluxes yield a growth rate of approximately 1 μm/hour. Before MEE growth, the substrate was exposed to either the Zn or Se flux for about 30 seconds, at either 200� C. or 500� C. During growth, deposition times for Zn and Se were about 2.5 seconds. Delays of 0.2-0.3 seconds were added between depositions to insure that one shutter closed completely before the next opened. The growth rate extracted from the measured thicknesses is about 0.8 monolayers/period, where a period refers to one deposition of Zn plus one deposition of Se (plus delays) and the monolayer thickness equals the distance between two successive (001) Zn planes.
Epitaxial layers of ZnSe varying in thickness from 900 to 5000 Å were grown by MEE. One layer was grown to a thickness of 1 μm by first growing a 1000 Å Zn-started MEE layer, followed by a 9000 Å MBE-grown layer.
Several MBE growths were done for comparison to the MEE-grown films. Of these, some were started with an initial exposure of the substrate to either a Zn or a Se flux for about 30 seconds. Other growths were started by simultaneously opening both (Zn and Se) shutters. Growth temperatures used for MBE were typically 100� C. higher than for MEE growths.
Both conventional planar and cross-section samples were prepared for the TEM measurements. Samples were mechanically polished to thickness of about 50 μm. The planar samples were perforated using a Br-methanol etch while the cross-section samples were ion milled. All microscopy was performed with a Philips EM430 operating at 300 kV.
X-ray (004) rocking curves were obtained using the high resolution Biaxial diffractometer with a monochromator consisting of two channel-cut Ge (220) crystals in the +--+ configuration. For all samples, data were collected at four or more azimuthal settings.
(1.) Zn Started Growth
The structural quality of the MEE-grown films of ZnSe is highest when the substrate is first exposed to a Zn flux. Bright field planar views of several samples are shown in FIG. 2. Defect densities showed no dependence on substrate temperature during the Zn deposition. The only defects found in the thin pseudomorphic Zn-started films are stacking faults at a density of <104 cm-2. These stacking faults emanate from the substrate-film interface and traverse the film thickness to the surface. They have a habit plane of (111) and are bounded by partial dislocations along [110]'s that are 60� to one another. The faults can be alone or grouped with one, two or three other fault planes around the same point in the interface. The fault planes form a pyramid, with one apex at the substrate-film interface. A low density of misfit dislocations (60� type) begins to appear when the Zn-started films reach a thickness of about 2500 Å. However, very little strain (<2%) is relieved by the misfit dislocations because their average separation is about 4 μm. In contrast, the known critical thickness (for MBE-grown ZnSe) is 1500 Å. There were no observations of threading dislocation segments into the 2500 Å film. For thicker films, misfit dislocation densities increase with increasing layer thickness, but relaxation is considerably less than for MBE-grown films of comparable thickness. Threading dislocation densities remain low as thickness increases. The 1 μm-thick film where only the first 1000 Å were grown by MEE also was less relaxed than equal-thickness films grown entirely by MBE. The amount of in-plane misfit strain is indicated for all films in FIG. 2.
X-ray (004) rocking curves were measured on the MEE-grown, Zn-started 1000 and 2500 Å samples. Each sample was rotated 45� about its normal, the [001], between each of eight successive measurements, to check for any dependence of the rocking curve on the azimuthal setting. FIGS. 3a-3h shown rocking curves of these samples, and the Table summarizes the data. The pseudomorphic nature and high structural quality of the 1100 Å film is indicated by the in-plane lattice constant, a.sub.∥ of the ZnSe being nearly equal to that of GaAs, the parallel alignment of the ZnSe and GaAs (004) planes (even though the surface plane is inclined to the (004) by 0.15�) and the excellent agreement of the experimental rocking curve to that expected from a perfect pseudomorphic 1100 Å ZnSe film. This sample has a measured FWHM (full width at half maximum) of 154�4" which corresponds to the width expected from a perfect film of thickness 1090�30 Å. Cross sectional TEM measurement yields a thickness of 1070�20 Å. The (004)'s of the GaAs and ZnSe are parallel to within 0.0017� and θGaAs -θZnSe =0.2220��15�. This yields a ZnSe in plane lattice constant of 5.6537 Å (if the following data are used: λCuKα =1.540595 Å; and at 20� C.: aZnSe =5.66905 Å, aGaAs -5.6536 Å and (2*c12/c11)ZnSe =1.206).
TABLE__________________________________________________________________________ Nominal Thickness Initial Tinitial FWHMZnSe FWHMGaAs TiltSample (μm) Deposition (�C.) (") (") (�) Å__________________________________________________________________________a 1100 Zn 200 154(4) 14.1 <.0015 5.6875b 1100 Se 200 164(3) 14.6 <.0020 5.6874c 900 Zn 500 202(1) 14.9 <.0016 5.6877d 900 Se 500 227(3) 14.8 <.0008 5.6878e 2500 Zn 200 70.7(1.4) 14.6 <.0017 5.6877f 2500 Se 500 352(23) 16.3 <.0033 5.6840g 5000 Zn 200 430(27) 21.5 .011 5.6789h 5000 Se 200 408(17) 20.8 .007 5.6781__________________________________________________________________________
The 900 Å film, in which the Zn initial deposition was done at 500� C. is of relatively high structural quality. Its rocking curve width is 202" as compared to a calculated width of about 185" for a 900 Å film. Thus, the higher substrate temperature during the initial Zn deposition results in some peak broadening, although the TEM measurements show no greater defect density.
FIG. 3(e) shows an (004) rocking curve from the Zn-started 2500 Å film. The ZnSe (004) has a FWHM of 70.7�1.4", lies within 0.0017� of the GaAs (004) and has an in-plane lattice constant of 5.6537(2) Å. Based on the experimental FWHM and interference fringe period, its thickness is determined to be 2525�50 Å as compared to a TEM measurement of 2420�20 Å. The data show that this film is also of high structural quality and close to being completely pseudomorphic. The only indication that the film is other than a perfect single crystal is some weak scattering between the ZnSe and GaAs (004) peaks at a position corresponding to fully relaxed ZnSe. This is only seen in rocking curves at particular azimuthal settings. For this growth, TEM measurements revealed occasional localized regions containing a high density of dislocations that may have caused this weak peak. We also observe such regions in conventional MBE-grown and MOVCD-grown ZnSe films and similar peaks have been observed in ZnSx Se1-x. We speculate that these defects are caused by substrate preparation.
(2.) Comparison of Zn- and Se-Started Growth
There is a distinct difference in the quality of MEE-grown ZnSe films when a pre-growth treatment with Se is done. The substrate temperature at the beginning of Se exposure has a large effect on defects in the resulting layer. If exposure begins at the growth temperature (200� C.) then Se-started films are slightly more relaxed than their Zn-started counterparts. If exposure to Se begins at higher substrate temperatures (500 C.), then significantly more defects are observed in the resulting films. Thinner films show stacking fault densities of >108 cm-2 (more than four orders of magnitude greater than equivalent Zn-started growths). Misfit dislocation densities are increased and much greater relaxation is observed in these films. The 2500 Å film has relaxed nearly as much as equivalent MBE-grown films. Unlike the Zn-started films, many of the misfit dislocations observed in the Se films are terminated by threading dislocations that extend from the interface to the surface of the film.
FIGS. 3(b) and 3(f) show typical rocking curves from the 1100 and 2500 Å Se-started films. The Se depositions were started at 200� C. for the 1100 Å film and at 500� C. for the 2500 Å film. The films appear quite different from each other and also differ significantly from the Zn-started films. In general, they indicate films of lower structural perfection than the Zn-started films. The Sc-started 1100 Å film has a FWHM which is about 6% broader than the comparably thick Zn-started film. The 2500 Å Se-started film has a rocking curve that is quite different from the 1100 Å Se-started film. The ZnSe peak is anisotropic and has a FWHM that is 500% broader than that of the 2500 Å Zn-started film. The average in-plane lattice constant of 5.6566 Å indicates that the film is partially relaxed, in agreement with the array of misfit dislocations observed at the interface by TEM (FIG. 2(f)).
(3.) MBE Growth
MBE films, grown to a thickness of 1100 Å, contain defects of a type that also depend upon the initial deposition. An initial deposition of Zn results in a high density of dislocation loops (FIG. 6(a)). An initial deposition of Se results in a high density of stacking faults and dislocations. In either case, the density of defects is much higher than that observed for the MEE-grown films. In addition, higher magnification TEM reveals the presence of small voids of a tubular shape at the GaAs/ZnSe interfaces of MBE-grown films. Voids were observed in MBE-grown samples of thickness varying from 1100 Å to 4 μm, and were present regardless of the initial deposition conditions. The density of these voids is approximately 5�109 cm-2. Their height and diameter are approximately 1000 Å and 50 Å, respectively. Such voids were not observed in the MEE-grown films.
(4.) Comparison of MEE and MBE Growth
FIG. 2 compares the strain measured by TEM and X-ray diffraction for MEE-grown layers with the strain measured for typical MBE-grown layers. The data for MBE layers was taken from Petruzello et al, Appl. Phys. Lett., 63 (7), 2299 (1988). Clearly, the relaxation of layers grown by MEE is significantly less than for equal-thickness layers grown by MBE, even when the growth is only started with MEE and completed with MBE. The relaxation of Se-started samples is slightly greater than that of Zn-started samples, if the initial Se deposition is done at the growth temperature. The relaxation is much greater than the Zn-started samples if the initial Se deposition begins at 500� C.
FIG. 4 shows an epitaxial layer of the invention 90 comprising an initial fractional monolayer 94 of the cation species of the semiconductor compound on the substrate 92, a thin MEE-deposited layer of the compound on the initial layer 94, and a thick MBE-deposited layer 98 on the MEE deposited layer 96. These three separate layers 94, 96 and 98 together form the single epitaxial layer E. Typically, substrate 92 would be GaAs, layer 94 would be Zn, layer 96 would comprise Zn(Sx Se1-x) where x is zero, and layer 98 would comprise Zn(Sx Se1-x) where x has a positive value.
FIG. 5 shows a double heterojunction injection laser 100, including a first cladding layer 104 on a substrate 102, this cladding layer being an epitaxial layer E of the type shown in FIG. 4, an active layer 106 and a second cladding layer 108. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 5, the laser is optically pumped, as indicated by arrow P, resulting in a laser output, as indicated by arrow O, from the active region 106.
FIG. 9 is a graph plotting output intensity in arbitrary units of such a heterojunction laser versus optical pump intensity in kilowatts per square centimeter (kWcm-2) for two different active layer thicknesses of 750 and 1500 Å respectively. For an active layer of ZnSe and cladding layers of ZnSx Se1-x where x is 0.06, the wavelength of the optical pump was 4400 Å, while the wavelength of the laser output was 4650 Å, resulting in a visible emission in the blue region of the spectrum.
FIG. 7 is a cross section of a light emitting diode 20 including a p-type layer 24 of, for example, ZnSe on a substrate 22 of, for example, GaAs, and an n-type layer 26 of, for example, ZnSe on layer 24, completed with electrodes 28 and 30 on the upper and lower surfaces of the diode, respectively. In accordance with the invention, layer 24 is a low defect epitaxial layer of the type shown in FIG. 5, for example.
The invention has been described in terms of a limited number of embodiments. Other embodiments, and variations thereof, will become apparent to those skilled in the art, and as such are intended to be encompassed within the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
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I am a 29yr old female, I am overweight at 233 pounds (5 foot 4 - height)
I have hypothyroidism (not the cause of my arrhythmia) and depression.
I went and saw my doctor as I have a rapid heart rate, palpitations, I sometimes feel like I'm going to pass out but don't and I'm always tired.
Even mild exercise raises my heart rate even more. I don't get shortness of breath only on exertion. Since this has been going on I feel like I can't relax properly and I get chest pain too sometimes.
Ive cut caffeine from my diet and have stopped going to the gym. I have been referred to a cardiologist but I'm going to have to wait 6 months before I can get an appointment.
I'm really missing the exercise (gotta love the natural endorphins).. but I don't know how high my heart rate will go and because I don't know why I have this its probably not that safe either..
My body feels like I'm constantly stressed/nervous, but I normally react differently (I go into a depression and and unable to function well)
I have been to the ED once before as well and they couldn't find anything life-threatening.. but I feel like 6 months is too long to wait.
I hate feeling like this and I don't know what to do. any suggestions?
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The NFLPA, on Tom Brady's behalf, and NFL have until a Wednesday deadline to
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Roger Goodell seems to be digging in.
NFL players union head DeMaurice Smith was a guest on ESPN's 'Outside the Lines&rsquo
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Darrelle Revis offered his two cents on Deflategate and while he has the utmost respect for Tom B
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The NFL Players Association formally issued a request that commissioner Roger Goodell recuse hims


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Mothers, daughters, women, they're not objects for your sexual gratification but people and anyone who doesn't treat them as such, well you're the ones who don't deserve any respect. I just don't know what goes through the minds of these men. Who thinks this is okay, then kisses their wife and daughter goodnight, and doesn't see the problem?


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|Criticism, interpretation, etc
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|Haruki Murakami; Haruki Murakami; Haruki Murakami; Haruki Murakami
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|xviii, 364 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm.
|Part 1 Part I: Theoretical Preliminaries Chapter 2 The Murakami Phenomenon: Critical/Fictional Thematics Chapter 3 Simulacral Structures: Modernity, the Global and the Idea of the Japanese Novel Chapter 4 The Theory of the Simulacrum:Trajectories and Limits Part 5 Part II: The Critique of Orthodoxy 6 Parody, Pastiche, Metafiction: Hear the Wind Sing 7 Allegory as Modality:Pinball, 1973 8 Alleory as Landscape: A Wild Sheep Chase 9 Part III: The Return of the Referent 10 The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle: Contexts 11 The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle: Subject and Text 12 The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle: Stories 13 Conclusion: From Simulacrum to Differend
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Karen Nelson MD, a primary care physician and CEO/Medical Director, UNITE-HERE Health Center, said "This agreement will allow us to measure both quality and cost. Failure to deal with cost issues directly would have dealt a heavy blow to hopes for achieving universal health coverage in New York and the rest of America. We simply must rein in costs if we ever hope to cover more people. But the fact is, there are wide variations in spending in the health care system -- and yet no connection between more spending and higher quality." UNITE-HERE union represents more than 450,000 active workers, primarily in the apparel, textile, industrial laundry, hotel, casino and food service industries, as well as 400,000 retirees throughout North America.
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Hope you will win the JDJ trophy!!
love u gurmeet
all the best for jhalak
best best best best best best is one and only one gurmeet
all the best for jdj.
Loving the new jhalak pics
Keep rocking & keep smiling!!
Love you & Take Care JAAN
MY GURMAAN may Allah bless u
Gurmeet u will be the winner dear
Gud luck jaanu...u deserve that trophy dear.keep rocking u will win
good luck Rithvik. keep rocking. You are best. GOD bless u.
Wassup TV - Episode 15
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Wassup TV - Episode 86
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text:
I have a cronjob that has to be run every minute. And every minute cron add a new line into syslog about that. How can I suppress this behavior?
Take the 2-minute tour ×
Super User is a question and answer site for computer enthusiasts and power users. It's 100% free, no registration required.
First, backup
Then, open up
to this:
although the caveat is that you cannot check if your job is running.
redirect standard output into /dev/null, while if you going get an error you'll receive an email about it:


text:
Within this web site you can find information on the latest developments, changes and market trends of the printing industry.
Here you can find a list of our members and information on their respective companies.
Once you're a member of the Sri Lankan Association of Printers, you can advertise your company, products, equipment and services offered by you.
Information on our members will also be available to local and international buyers.
We offer webmail addresses for our members who wish to use "lankaprint.org" as their domain name.
:: Download New Membership Application Form ::
:: Download SLAP Logo ::
May the road rise to meet you
May the wind be always at your back
May the warm rays of sun fall upon your home
And may the hand of a friend always be near. An Irish Blessing
The Irish blessing is a great reminder that to succeed and be happy, the hand of a friend should always be near! This is exactly what the Sri Lanka Association of Printers should be in encouraging friendship, fellowship and brotherhood within the printing fraternity to be able to identify 'ourselves' as a family of printers.
I am indeed privileged and happy to up-date my message at the end of my first year as President of the Sri Lanka Association of Printers. We have enjoyed a successful year in which COLLATE 2014 was outstanding. The united effort of the Executive Committee, the COLLATE Project Committee and the members enabled the participation at the Exhibition at CHOGM which also created a substantial Branding presence for the Print Industry in Sri Lanka.
The successful conducting of Seminars in Galle, Kandy and Vavuniya in partnership with the Export Development Board is another step in the right direction of building the image of the Sri Lanka Association of Printers and the Sri Lanka Print Media Academy.
The 54thExtraordinary General Meeting and the Annual General Meeting of the Sri Lanka Association of Printers were held on 20th June 2014 at the Hotel Hilton.
SLAP Executive Committee 2014/2015
SLAP Executive Committee 2013/2014
SLAP Executive Committee 2011/2012
SLAP Executive Committee 2010/2011
The Sri Lanka Association of Printers is a limited liability enterprise set up under the Companies Act No. 17 of 1982. It is the authoritative body representing the interests of the printing community of Sri Lanka. Its members are drawn from the same printing community, and the Association is a non-profit organization.
The S L A P was set up to protect and develop the Printing Industry of Sri Lanka. Consequently it seeks to build goodwill and promote welfare amongst members. It also seeks to develop the industry introducing modern technology and providing employment opportunities particularly to the youth of the country. The Association speaks for the industry in matters of relevant regulatory matters, in dialogue with the country's administrators. Consonantly, it seeks to enter into relevant agreements with government or other authority to obtain for the industry any rights, concessions, licenses and privileges that it perceives to be beneficial to the industry.
Sri Lanka Association Of Printers was established in 1956.
Postal Address: No. 21, Mulleriyawa Road, Thalahena, Malabe, Sri Lanka.
Telephone : +94 (11) 2741979 / +94 (11) 2741982
Fax : +94 (11) 2741899
E-mail : email@example.com
Light the path for the printing/packaging/graphic media industry in Sri Lanka while helping Sri Lankan printers to be professionals in the global village by providing them with education and awareness of the latest technologies in the field.
The long felt dream of the Sri Lanka Association of Printers is now a reality; after the successful venture into purchasing a plot of land for its' own secretariat, we have included the facet of training for the industry by incorporating a new entity, the Sri Lanka Print Media Academy.
Launched with financial pledges in the form of Platinum, Gold, Silver and ordinary member subscription from member companies, the building plans are currently being prepared for construction in three phases based on priority.
Once fully commissioned, the facility will house the permanent secretariat of the Sri Lanka Association of Printers along with the Sri Lanka Print Media Academy (SLPMA).
The SLPMA is specially designed to upgrade knowledge and competence via advanced professional programs for print operatives already in the industry as well as provide basic industry training for those entering the noble profession.
Some of the facilities planned to be incorporated within the SLPMA premises are a library, auditorium, computer lab and test facility.
The SLPMA Director's board that consists of members of the SLAP and reputed suppliers are looking out on the industry for financial aid and sponsorships in order to make this utilitarian project a success.
The official launch of the building and related information will be updated via this website in due course.
Kindly visit to printacademysl.org for more information to ongoing course & upcoming Training programmes
Sri lanka Print Magazine July – September 2013 - 1st Issue
Sri lanka Print Magazine October - December 2013 - 2nd Issue
Sri lanka Print Magazine January to March 2014 - 3rd Issue
Sri lanka Print Magazine April – June 2014 - 4th Issue
Sri lanka Print Magazine July-September 2014 - 1st Issue
Sri lanka Print Magazine October - December 2014 - 2nd Issue
|Printers Sixes 2015
Date : 23rd May 2015
Venue : NCC Grounds
Download Application : Link
Date : 26th June 2015
Venue : Kingsbury Hotel


text:
1. My boy side
[x] I love hoodies.
[x] I love jeans.
[ ] Dogs are better than cats.
[x] It's hilarious when people get hurt
[x] Shopping is torture
[x] Sad movies suck
[X] You own a car racing game.
[X] You played with hot wheels cars as a kid.
[x] At some point in time you wanted to be a firefighter.
[x] You owned a ds, ps2, ps3, n64, or sega. (all except N64, children's hospital had that and I played it there)
[x] You used to be obsessed with power rangers. (that wasn't a show for girls?)
[ ] You have watched sports on tv.
[x] Gory movies are cool.
[] You go to your dad for advice.
[x] You Hate Drama.
[ ] You own like a trillion baseball caps.
[ ] You used to collect hockey cards.
[x] Baggy sweats are cool to wear.
[x] It's kinda weird to have sleepovers with a bunch of people. (don't really have sleepovers anyway)
[x] Green, black, red, blue, or silver are one of your favorite colours.
[/] You love to go crazy and not care what people think.
[] Sports are fun.
[X] You talk with food in your mouth.
[/] You sleep with your socks on at night. (i used to all the time but now its uncomfortable more than not)
[x] You have fished at least once.
Total: 18
2. My girl side
[ ] You love to shop.
[x] You wear eyeliner.
[x] You wear the colour pink.
[x] You go to your mum to talk. (only one I can)
[ ] You consider cheerleading a sport.
[ ] You hate wearing the colour black.
[ ] You like going to the shopping centre.
[ ] You like getting manicures and/or pedicures.
[/] You like wearing jewelry.
[ ] You cried watching the notebook. (never watched it)
[ ] Dresses are a big part of your wardrobe.
[ ] Shopping is one of your favourite hobbies.
[] You don't like the movie Star Wars. (it was more than one movie)
[ ] You are/were in gymnastics.
[ ] It takes you around one hour to shower, get dressed, and make-up.
[/] You smile a lot more than you should.
[x] You have more than 10 pairs of shoes. (this accounts for guys too..all those fuckin jordans)
[/] You care about what you look like. (I've been out to places in my boxers more than i can count now)
[ ] You like wearing dresses when you can.
[ ] You like wearing high heel shoes.
[x] You used to play with dolls as little kid.
[ ] You like putting make-up on others.
[ ] You like being the star of everything.
Total: 7.5
3. Appearance
[ ] I am shorter than 5′5″.
[x] I have many scars.
[ ] I tan easily.
[x] I wish my hair was a different colour.
[ ] I have friends who have never seen my natural hair color.
[ ] I have a tattoo.
[x] I am self-conscious about my appearance.
[ ] I've had/have braces.
[x] I've been told i'm attractive by a complete stranger.
[x] I have more than two piercings.
[x] I have/had piercings in places besides my ears.
Total: 6
4. Experiences
[ ] I've gotten lost in my city. (ive tried to lose myself. I always find my way back)
[ ] I've seen a shooting star.
[ ] I've wished on a shooting star.
[ ] I've seen a meteor shower.
[x] I've gone out in public in my pajamas. (more often than not)
[X] I've pushed all the buttons in a lift
[x] I've kicked a guy where it hurts. (My cousin. and I still wanna do this to a best friend.)
[ ] I've been to a casino.
[ ] I always get mistaken as much older than I actually am.
[ ] I've been skydiving.
[ ] I've gone skinny-dipping.
[ ] I've drank a whole gallon of milk in one hour.
[ ] I've crashed a car.
[ ] I've been skiing.
[ ] I've been in a musical.
[ ] I've caught a snowflake or snow on my tongue.
[ ] I've seen the northern lights.
[ ] I've sat on a rooftop at night.
[ ] I've played a prank on someone.
[x] I've ridden in a taxi.
[ ] I've seen the rocky horror picture show.
[ ] I've eaten sushi.
[ ] I've been snowboarding.
Total: 4
5. Relationships
[x] I'm single.
[ ] I'm in a relationship.
[ ] I'm engaged.
[ ] I'm married.
[ ] I miss someone right now.
[ ] I've Played With Someones Emotions On Purpose Before
[ ] I've gotten divorced.
[ ] I've told someone I loved them when I didn't.
[ ] I've told someone I didn't love them when I did.
Total: 1
6. Honesty/Crime
[X] I've done something I promised someone else I wouldn't.
[X] I've done something I promised myself I wouldn't.
[ ] I've snuck out.
[X] I've lied to my parents about where I am.
[X] I've cheated while playing a game.
[ ] I've ran a red light.
[ ] I've witnessed a crime.
[ ] I've been in a fist fight.
[ ] I've been arrested.
Total: 4
7. Death and suicide
[x] I'm afraid of dying.
[x] I hate funerals.
[x] I've thought about how I would die.
[x] I've seen someone/something dying.
[ ] I've had a near death experience.
[ ] Someone close to me has attempted/committed suicide.
[x] I've planned my own suicide before.
[ ] I've written a eulogy for myself.
Total: 5
8. Random
[ ] I can sing well
[ ] Stolen a tray from a fast food restaurant.
[ ] I open up to others easily.
[ ] My Parents are divorced.
[/] I watch the news.
[ ] I don't kill bugs.
[x] I sing in the shower.
[ ] I am a morning person.
[ ] I've been abused.
[x] I paid for a mobile phone ring tone.
[ ] I am a sports fanatic.
[ ] I twirl my hair.
[/] I care about grammar.
[ ] I have "?"'s in my screen name.
[ ] I've copied more than 30 cd's in a day.
[ ] I bake well.
[X] My favorite colour is either white, yellow, pink, red, blue, black, purple, or orange.
[x] I would wear pajamas to school. (i have)
[ ] I like Martha stewart.
[ ] I know how to shoot a gun.
[X] I laugh at my own jokes.
[ ] I eat fast food weekly. (used to)
[ ] I've not turned anything in and still got an A in a certain class. (i got a b)
[x] I can't sleep if there is a spider in the room.
[x] I am ticklish.
[x] I love white chocolate.
[x] I bite my nails.
[/] I'm good at remembering faces.
[ ] I'm good at remembering names.
[ ] I'm good at remembering dates
Total: 11.5
Girl level meme
Below 10 = Total Tomboy
Below 20 = Boyish
Below 30 = Not girly.
Above 30 = Girly.
Above 55 = Paris Hilton.
[ ] My fingernails/toenails are almost always painted.
[ ] During the summer pretty much the only shoes I wear are flip flops.
[x] My favorite toy as a child were Barbies/Bratz .
[ ] My favorite color is pink or purple.
[ ] I did Gymnastics.
[ ] I love skirts.
[ ] Hollister is one my favorite places to shop.
[ ] Tight jeans are the only jeans I'll wear.
[x] I love chocolate.
[ ] My hair is mostly always straightened.
[ ] I usually go shopping once a week.
[X] I love to hang out with friends.
[ ] I have a piece of real diamond jewelry.
[ ] I've gone to a tanning salon.
[ ] I've gone to the beach to tan - not to swim.
[x] I have at least 10 pairs of shoes.
[ ] I watch Gossip Girl.
[ ] I change my profile picture weekly.
[ ] I wear a shower cap.
[ ] I would NEVER set foot into Hot Topic. (wut?)
[ ] My cell phone might as well become a part of me.
[ ] I wear mascara every day.
[ ] Bathing suits are adorable.
[ ] I don't know the difference between a sheep and a goat.
[ ] Big sunglasses are awesome.
[x] I have gotten my nails done. (for prom and shit)
[ ] I own over 10 purses.
[ ] Much Music is my one of my favorite channels.
[ ] I love to have other people do my hair.
[x] I like to give and receive hugs from all my friends.
[x] I hate bugs.
[x] Carnivals are fun.
[ ] Summer is the BEST season.
[ ] My swimsuit has 2 pieces.
[x] Musicians are hot.
[ ] You write me a poem and tell me I'm beautiful and I'm all yours.
[x] I'm self-conscious.
[ ] My room smells like vanilla.
[ ] I don't do sports.
[x] I HATE to run.
[x] I squeal when I am surprised or angry.
[x] I eat dried fruit as a snack.
[ ] I love romance novels. (more like shows)
[ ] Drew Barrymore is so cute.
[x] I dance randomly around the house.
[ ] I usually spend over an hour to get ready to leave my house.
[ ] I only have like 5 billion hair products .
[ ] I love to get dressed up.
[ ] I talk on the phone at least once a day to my friends.
[ ] I would love to have a photo shoot of myself.
[ ] My parents buy me everything I want, whenever I want it.
[ ] I apply lip gloss 50-a million times a day.
[ ] I wish I could meet Paris Hilton.
[ ] R&B is the best music.
[ ] I pop my collar.
[ /] Horses are beautiful.
[x] Kittens are adorable.
[ ] I write my own music.
[ ] I would love to visit Hawaii.
[ ] I wouldn't be caught dead in all black.
[ ] My closet is STOCK FULL of clothes.
[ ] I hate beards.
[ ] I love to read magazines.
[ ] I love to gossip.
[ ] I had Lisa Frank folders/posters as a kid.
[ ] I love Celine Dion.
[ ] My showers are 2 hours long.
[ ] My wedding only needs a groom because it's already planned
[ ] I refuse to eat at McDonald's.
[ ] I LOVE life!
[ ] I have a lot of jewelry.
[ ] Much of my jewelry comes from Claire's.
[ ] My screen name(s) has or had x's in them.
[x] I have more than 3 pillows on my bed.
[/] I like the color pink.
[ ] I want to BE Paris Hilton.
[ ] I scope the room for hot guys.
[ ] I love the mall.
[ ] I love the beach.
[ ] You modeled as a little kid.
[ ] You love receiving compliments.
[ ] You've been to a wedding and loved it.
The Result : 17 Boyish
1. Are you single - yea
2. Are you happy - i guess
3. Are you bored – yes
4. Are you white - I wish
5. Are you Italian - No
6. Are you intelligent – no
7. Are you honest - when i want to be
8. Are you nice - sure seems like it, i don't think so tho
9. Are you Irish - No
10. Are you Asian - No
1. Full Name – Roxy Riley Foxx
2. Nicknames – tooo many
3. Birth place - 'Murica
4. Hair color – dark brown
5. Natural hair style - nappy
6. Currently living at - my house
7. Birthday – the day i was born
8. Mood – shit
9. Favorite color - baby blue
10. One Place you'd like to visit - UK
1. Have you ever been in love - no
2. Do you believe in love at first sight - no
3. Do you currently have a crush? - no
4. Have you ever been hurt emotionally - yup
5. Have you ever broken someone's heart - no
6. Have you ever had your heart broken – yup
7. Have you ever liked someone but never told them - yup
8. Are you afraid of commitment - yup
9. Who was the last person you hugged - my bestest
10. Who was the last person you said I love you to? – seapeekay (but not in that way. He has a gf)
1. Love or lust - Lust (hehe, rio XD)
2. Hard liquor or beer - neither
4. A few best friends or any regular friends - Few best friends
5. Creamy or Crunchy - Creamy
6. Pencil or Pen - Pencil
7. Wild night out or romantic night in - feck
8. Money or Happiness - money
9. Night or day - Night
10. IM or phone - phone
1. Been caught sneaking out - Nope
2. Seen a polar bear – nope
3. Done something you regret - Yup
4. Bungee jumped – Hell no
5. Eaten food that fell on the floor – Yup
6. Finished an entire jaw breaker - small ones
7. Been caught naked - nope
8. Wanted an ex bf/gf back – nope
9. Cried because you lost a pet – always…
10. Wanted to disappear - yep
1. Smile or eyes - Both
2. Light or dark hair - doesn't matter
3. Hugs or kisses - hugs
4. Shorter or taller - Taller
5. Intelligence or attraction - attraction (but he cant be a complete idiot either)
6. Hot Topic or Hollister - doesn't matter
7. Funny or serious - Funny
8. Older or Younger - Older
9. Outgoing or quiet - Outgoing
10. Sweet or Bad - Both
1. Ever performed in front of a large crowd - Yup
2. Ever talked on the phone for longer than an hour - Yup
3. Ever tried walking on your hands – Yup
4. Ever been to a rock concert - yup
5. Ever been on a cheerleading team - Never
6. Ever went skinny dipping? - No
7. Ever been on a blind date? - nope
8. Ever went ice skating - nope
9. Ever owned a BMW, Mercedes Benz, Escalade, Hummer or Bentley? – do i look rich?
10. Ever been in a circus? – nope (ive been to one)
1. Go bungee jumping or cliff diving? – neither
2. Watch a Horror Film or a Chick Flick? - Horror
3. Go to Hawaii or Aspen? – neither
4. Play spin the bottle or truth or dare? - neither
5. Cheat or be caught cheating? - wut? either way you still cheating
6. Read or watch? - Read
7. Text or Call? – Text (I hate calling)
8. Sing a Rebecca Black Song or a Justin Bieber Song? – i sing friday alot
9. Quiet and Happy or Loud but Hurting? - Quiet and happy
10. Go on Facebook or Tumblr? -Tumblr
1. Last phone call you made - sum agency
2. Last person you hugged - you've asked this already
3. Last person you hang out with -bestest
4. Last time you worked - Yesterday
5. Last person you tackled – don't tackle ppl
6. Last phone call you Received – sum agency
7. Last person you texted - bestest (both of them)
8. Last person(s) you went to the movies with? – bestest
9. Last person you webcammed with? – bestest
10. Last person/thing you missed – just missed Seapeekay's livestream... -_-


text:
First things first: this pressed powder is not anti-aging in the least and it absolutely does not give skin a "visible lift". It is also not "age-reversing"'; no product is, but that claim would be better qualified if this fragrance-free powder at least contained a sunscreen, which it doesn't.
Although this powder has a smooth, creamy texture, the talc-free formula requires deft blending to avoid looking heavy and a bit chalky on skin. Its satin finish is best for normal to dry skin, but beware that the finish can magnify dry areas if they are not sufficiently prepped with a moisturizer (or moisturizing foundation).
A good anti-aging pressed powder wouldn't settle into lines around the eyes yet this one does, unless you apply a very sheer layer with a brush. Unfortunately, a sheer layer isn't enough to tone down shine and set makeup, which is the main purpose of pressed powder.
Turning to the shades, the range goes from Fair to Deep, but all of the colors go on lighter than they appear, so the Deep shade is really best for medium to slightly tan skin tones.
The 5 anti-aging ingredients mentioned in the description for this powder likely refer to the vitamins and minerals this contains but none of these ingredients will remain stable in a product like this because they're exposed to light and air each time you open the compact to apply.
Isononyl Isononanoate, Boron Nitride, Copernica Cerifera Cera/Carnauba Wax/Cire De Carnauba, Kaolin, Caprylyl Glycol, Ethylhexylglycerin, Tocopherol, Ascorbyl Glucoside, Calcium Gluconate, Manganese Gluconate, Magnesium Gluconate, Copper PCA, Aloe Barbadensis/Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Juice. May Contain: Bismuth Oxychloride, Mica, Titanium Dioxide, Iron Oxides
L'Oreal Paris At-A-Glance
Strengths: Budget-friendly prices; good makeup removers; wide assortment of self-tanning options; one of the best, most comprehensive makeup collections at the drugstore, with superb options in almost every category; the mascaras are a tough act to follow.
Weaknesses: Jar packaging hinders some of the skincare formulas; many of the daytime moisturizers with sunscreen and SPF-rated foundations don't provide sufficient UVA protection; lacking in effective anti-acne and skin-lightening products; boring to problematic toners.
Just like its sister company Lancome, L'Oreal doesn't have its act together when it comes to skin-care products. For all their talk of advanced formulas, fancy double-page ads in fashion magazines, and impressive-sounding quotes from scientists at their research and development facilities, most of what L'Oreal offers for skin care is a whole lot of nothing—or at least nothing tremendously helpful for helping skin look and feel its best.
An ongoing issue with L'Oreal (at least in the United States) is the lack of sufficient UVA-protecting ingredients in their daytime moisturizers with sunscreen. Very few of them contain the actives that provide as much UVA protection as you can get from a sunscreen. Yet this major oversight (and it's not just with the older products—several newer sunscreens launched with this deficiency) didn't stop L'Oreal from heralding the FDA's approval of their patented ecamsule (Mexoryl SX) sunscreen for use in the United States. (Mexoryl SX has been approved for years in Europe, and L'Oreal routinely uses it in the sunscreens they sell there.) The attention-getting headline was that Mexoryl SX provides "the best" and "most stable" UVA protection, but that's not entirely true; there are other options. Why didn't anyone in the media point out to L'Oreal that while Mexoryl SX may be great, that doesn't explain why the majority of their other sunscreens leave the consumers who use them vulnerable to UVA damage… Sigh… Inadequate UVA protection is not only unhealthy for your skin, it severely damages L'Oreal's credibility as an international skin-care authority.
Aside from the sunscreen frustrations, L'Oreal's moisturizers are a yawn-inducing, fairly repetitive bunch. A cursory review of their formulas demonstrates that L'Oreal is simply not keeping pace with the competition, just as Lancome isn't at the department-store level. When it comes to moisturizers or serums, just about anything from Dove, Olay, Neutrogena, or Aveeno is preferred. L'Oreal does well with most of their cleansers, along with scrubs and self-tanning products, but given the widespread availability and financial resources of this line they could be doing so much more. (You have to wonder if they're more interested in advertising and public relations than in advancing skin-care expertise.) The makeup has made major strides and now ranks as the best overall color collection at the drugstore—imagine the results if their skin care followed suit!
Note: Unless mentioned otherwise, all L'Oreal skin-care products contain fragrance.
For more information about L'Oreal, call (800) 322-2036 or visit www.loreal.com or www.lorealparisusa.com.
L'Oreal Paris Makeup
L'Oreal's extensive makeup collection retains its stature as the overall best at the drugstore, though they have stiff competition from Revlon and, in some cases, sister company Maybelline New York. In recent years L'Oreal has made significant strides with foundation shades, powder textures, concealers, and, of course, superlative mascaras that rarely fail to impress. Their lipsticks are excellent and you will find many L'Oreal makeup products have a Lancome counterpart, and that the differences are minor, if they exist at all.
L'Oreal's displays in many drugstores have been updated to reflect better-organized products and shade categories (though testers are still scarce). Given the number of lipsticks they sell, it only makes sense to put them in color families so consumers have a better shopping experience. Their True Match products are also sensibly laid out, but the rest of the foundations aren't as organized, likely due to the smaller selection of shades. Speaking of foundations, L'Oreal has made further strides by offering more that provide sufficient UVA protection. Revlon still has the edge for consistently launching impressive foundations with sunscreen, but at least L'Oreal is (finally) catching up. The bottom line is that every category of L'Oreal's makeup has some winning (and in some cases, benchmark-setting) products. They fall short with their powder eyeshadows, but not enough to warrant avoiding them, especially if you prefer sheer eye makeup. Still, with only minor tweaking and consistent adherence to the importance of UVA protection in their cosmetic products with sunscreen, L'Oreal could pull ahead to be the hands-down winner when it comes to shopping for makeup at the drugstore.
The new Beautypedia Team proudly and unequivocally maintains the commitment to help you find the best products possible for your skin. We do this by relentlessly pursuing and relying on published scientific research so you will have unbiased information on what works and what doesn't-and the sneaky ways you could be making your skin worse, not better!
The Beautypedia Team reviews all products using the same research, criteria, and objectivity, whether the product being reviewed is from Paula's Choice or another brand.
I love this product. I am 50 years old and have extremely oily skin. It's difficult to find products that pass the test for me. This product does. I don't find it settling into wrinkles the way the review says it does. I like that I can wear this alone, which is one of the few powders I have tried that I actually can do this with. I don't need this to have a sunscreen in it as my day lotion has a 50 spf in it. If you you are over 50 and have oily skin, I would recommend a try.
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text:
Defar retains 3,000 meters world indoor title
By Gennady Fyodorov
MOSCOW (Reuters) – Olympic 5,000 meters gold medallist
Meseret Defar of Ethiopia retained her 3,000-metres title in a
time of eight minutes 38.80 seconds at the world indoor
championships on Saturday.
Defar pulled away on the last lap, easily outkicking world
record holder and home favorite Liliya Shobukhova.
The Russian, who set the world mark of 8:27.86 at last
month's national championships in Moscow, led for much of the
15-lap race at the Olympic sports complex but faded in the last
400 meters to finish a distant second in 8:42.18.
Poland's European indoor champion Lidia Chojecka put in a
strong finishing lap to grab bronze in 8:42.59 ahead of
Ethiopian Sentayehu Ejigu.
Russia's Olesya Syreva, who ran 8:29.00 — the world's
second fastest time — in Moscow last month, finished fifth,
more than 15 seconds slower than her best.
Defar took her victory in her stride.
"My form is good. My speed is natural," the slight
Ethiopian told reporters. "I've been training hard for that. I
like running indoors very much."
The Russians were using team tactics, with Syreva in the
lead and Shobukhova just behind her at the opening 1,000
meters, before the world record holder moved ahead of her team
But they had no answer to Defar's late surge.
"It's a pity that I didn't win but I did everything I
could," said a disappointed Shobukhova, adding that she felt
pressure competing on home soil.
"Certainly I was worried, this is the world championships."
Bronze medallist Chojecka said: "It's a big surprise for
me. I couldn't compete well last year because of surgery on my
foot in June and I couldn't train for four months."


text:
Book Search
Variability in Human Performance
Series: Human Factors and Ergonomics
Understanding the conditions under which variability in performance may arise, and the processes related to its emergence, gives us insight into the development of techniques for improving the quality of performance. Variability in Human Performance details the scientific and the practical...
Published August 26th 2014 by CRC Press
Transitional Justice and the Arab Spring
Series: Transitional Justice
This book presents a varied and critical picture of how the Arab Spring demands a re-examination and re-conceptualization of issues of transitional justice. It demonstrates how unique features of this wave of revolutions and popular protests that have swept the Arab world since December 2010 give...
Published July 3rd 2014 by Routledge
Transport Phenomena in Biomedical Engineering
Principles and Practices
Design, analysis and simulation of tissue constructs is an integral part of the ever-evolving field of biomedical engineering. The study of reaction kinetics, particularly when coupled with complex physical phenomena such as the transport of heat, mass and momentum, is required to determine or...
Published November 20th 2012 by CRC Press


text:
There are 40 enclosures at the aquarium that contain fresh water and marine varieties
Colourful ornamental fish, both marine and fresh water varieties, are drawing the attention of visitors to the aquarium at the Indira Gandhi Zoological Park. The visitors, particularly children, are spending a lot of time watching the colourful species. Though the aquarium was set up about a year ago on a trial basis, it was only in January this year that it was inaugurated. An old building was renovated and tubs and panels set up at a cost of Rs. 4 lakh. There are around 40 enclosures at the aquarium.
"We have around 40 varieties of fresh water ornamental fish and six varieties of marine species. We have successfully bred some of the fresh water varieties in the tubs on the terrace of the aquarium and have plans to breed a few marine species in the future," aquarium in charge Manab Ranjan Patnaik said on Tuesday.
The various species on display include: the Pakistani Butterly, Blue Botch Butterfly, Mountain Menow, Cardinal Tetra, Rummy-nose Tetra and different varieties of Gold fish. The Eight-banded Butterfly fish has a yellow to white body with eight black bands. The fish occurs in tropical marine waters of the Indo-West Pacific. It has a black stripe along the top of the snout and a clear caudal fin margin. The species grows up to 12 cm in length. It is found in tropical marine waters of the Indo-West Pacific. In Australia it is known to be distributed only from offshore islands of north-western Western Australia.
"The use of natural plants, natural rocks and pebbles in the enclosures is a unique feature at the aquarium, " Zoo Curator G. Ramalingam said.
"The natural plants and twigs in the enclosures provide hiding places for the fish to lay eggs and thus promotes breeding. The plants release oxygen and inhale carbon dioxide thus purifying the water. This would not only contribute to the longevity of the fish but also provide a pleasing sight to the visitors," he said. Visitors to the zoo can visit the aquarium at a nominal fee of Rs.2.


text:
Hi Michael,
I know that you would not advocate a simple substution. I was answering Bob C's post which appearred to ask just that question. I also wanted to post D-76H as a remedy to the cost of hydroquinone. Since there is nothing to regenerate the metol as it is used up this version cannot be replenished. Looking back I was probably a bit rude to reply since Bob's question was addressed to you. My apologies.


text:
LeBron James and his fiancee Savannah Brinson have finally set a wedding date. TMZ reports that the couple has plans to get married the weekend of Sept. 13-15 in San Diego. TMZ obtained the "save the date" notes sent to invitees (seen above), which depict LeBron, Savannah and their two sons as caricatures. James and Brinson have been dating since high school. James proposed to his longtime girlfriend at a New Year's party last year. They have two sons together — LeBron Jr. and Bryce (who were last seen rocking awesome haircuts). The timing of the wedding announcement might not be coincidental; there were recent rumors that the two were having relationship problems. The rumors stemmed from Brinson's absence at NBA All-Star Weekend and the Miami Heat's January visit to the White House. Maybe things aren't that bad if the two are proceeding with their wedding. Related posts: LeBron James Engaged to Longtime Girlfriend Savannah Brinson LeBron James' sons have awesome Kid 'n Play haircuts (Picture) Rashard Lewis Denies Absurd Rumor He Slept with LeBron James' Girlfriend
Who cares?
Why now? Why buy the cow?
Because she's not a cow, and he's not "buying" her. I take it you believe in abstinence before marraige. I also take it you practice what you preach.
who cares?
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text:
Clark Ellis brings us a rare interview with British researcher Dr. Jonathan Kerr who is now living in Colombia.
Discuss the article on the Forums.
Forbes: "Big Study Linking Chronic Fatigue To Virus May Be Fatally Flawed"
Discussion in 'Media, Interviews, Blogs, Talks, Events about XMRV' started by spinhirne, Jan 9, 2011.
Page 3 of 4
Page 3 of 4


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Gear Review
Joshua J. Moran
this is the bag
got this for my girlfriend, and winter camping will never be a struggle again. with 9 inches of loft, you feel as if you are hovering when you sleep in this bag. have not taken it down to below 0 yet, but at 0 she said it was her best cold weather night she ever had. this is a well made american product, buy it and never fear the cold again.
View More Details on Western Mountaineering Puma Super MF Sleeping Bag: -25 Degree Down


text:
The Improv Handbook: The Ultimate Guide to Improvising in Theatre, Comedy, and BeyondPaperback
Free delivery worldwide
Dispatched in 3 business days
When will my order arrive?
Additional formats available
- Format
- Hardback $110.00
- Publisher: Continuum International Publishing Group Ltd.
- Format: Paperback | 448 pages
- Dimensions: 152mm x 228mm x 30mm | 720g
- Publication date: 1 July 2008
- Publication City/Country: London
- Illustrations note: 50 bw illustrations
- Sales rank: 99,686
Product description
"The Improv Handbook" is a great new guide that covers the history of improvisation and includes chapters on spontaneity and the fundamentals of storytelling.Although there are already several successful books on the market about the theory and practice of improvised theatre, there's nothing comprehensive, helpful, fun and full of experience and advice."The Improv Handbook" is a great new guide from a husband and wife team who have years of studying, performance and teaching behind them. Beginning with a history of improvisation, the book works through different types of format and performance including TheatreSports and the inventions of Keith Johnstone and Del Close. The core section of the book is called, simply, "How To Improvise" and includes chapters on spontaneity, the fundamentals of storytelling, working together, upping the ante and characters.Having established the fundamentals, the two authors go on to elaborate on more advanced techniques and skills. The book concludes with sections on how to improvise in front of an audience and - just as crucially - how to attract an audience in the first place." The Improv Handbook" should become a standard book in the field - it's smart, fun, helpful, and inspiring, and it's on a mission to bring Improv to a much wider audience.
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Author information
Tom Salinsky and Deborah Francis - White are the co-founders of The Spontaneity Shop. Together they have performed improvisation for The Royal Court, The RSC Summer Season, The Gilded Balloon at the Edinburgh Festival and at the Bloomsbury Theatre. They have toured the world and performed at many comedy festivals by invitation. They teach at RADA, The Actors Centre, The National Youth Theatre and many other colleges and institutions, as well as their own successful workshop program.
Review quote
"Cofounders of the London-based improvisational theater company The Spontaneity Shop, Salinsky and Frances-White provide a wonderful addition to the growing literature on theatrical improvisation. The book can serve as both a scholarly resource, since it covers the history of improvisation from its beginnings to the present, and a practical guide, for the beginner and advanced improviser... The authors include interviews with ten leading international improvisers, and they conclude with an appendix that details many of the most common improvisational games used in academic and professional settings. This book is a must for institutions supporting theater and performance programs. Summing Up: Highly recommended. All readers, all levels." -S.W. Cole, CHOICE, January 2009
Table of contents
Part One: Improvisation; Part Two: How to Improvise; Part Three: How To Improve; Part Four: How To Improvise In Public; Part Five: How To Improvise All Over the World; Part Six: Making Improvisation Pay; Part Seven: Talk the Talk - Interviews with Improvisers; Part Eight: Final Thoughts; Glossary, bibliography, index, useful contacts.


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Nuclear Winter v2 SteamApr 27, 2010 Full Version 2 comments
Steam version of Nuclear Winter, which seems to be very hard to find. This mod is really great and worth playing. HL OPPOSING FORCE IS NOT REQUIRED, JUST...
Nuclear Winter is a single player mission for Half-Life Opposing Force. It comprises 29 new maps plus a ton of new scripted scenes, models, artwork, character voices, sound effects and music. Nuclear Winter was recently re released with Steam support. Opposing Force is no longer required.
In the early 21st century the U.S. fight several anti-terrorist campaigns in the Middle East. Bickering in the world community over the morality of these campaigns eventually leads to the withdrawal of China and Russia from the U.N. Even NATO is divided and it soon becomes obvious that America's only real support comes from Great Britain.
In 2009 the league of Arab nations invade and occupy Israel. The U.S. and Britain come to Israel's defense but it is a struggle that will eventually be lost. China and Russia are supplying arms and troops to the invaders. Tactical nukes are used in the offensive marking the first time nuclear arms have been used in war since WW2. Six months later, India falls to Pakistan. The world is in a state of shock.
In 2010 Russia, China, Vietnam, North Korea, and the entire Middle East form the Eastern Alliance. They quickly expand into most of Europe, Asia and Africa. Since they possess a large nuclear arsenal plus most of the world's oil supply, no countries, including the U.S. are in a position to oppose them. A cold war sets in that would last for 7 years.
It is suspected that the Alliance, headed by Russia is working on cloaking technology. It is rumored that they have discovered a way to bend light, making it possible to render things invisible, such as troops, weapons and even missiles. Despite their best efforts, U.S. scientists are unable to crack this technology. This would prove extremely detrimental.
In January 2017 the Eastern Alliance launch an attack of cloaked nuclear missiles upon major cities and industry in North America. The U.S. is helpless as all but 2 of its retaliatory missiles are shot down. What's left of the free world watches in horror as Eastern troops invade American shores in an attempt to occupy the country. Even though most of the command structure has been wiped out, the Americans aren't just going to roll over. A fierce fight ensues that would last for months. This is where you come in. Corporal Adrian Shepherd, a soldier with grit and determination.
Author: Loki (AKA Mr. White)
Steam version of Nuclear Winter, which seems to be very hard to find. This mod is really great and worth playing. HL OPPOSING FORCE IS NOT REQUIRED, JUST...
Nuclear Winter is a single player mission comprising of 29 new maps plus new scripted scenes, models, voices, sound effects and music.
Incredible mod. Super fun and nice. Voice acting was nice! I really enjoyed City and Subway scenes. Lacked alien weapons thought, but that was k.
very good mod!
This mod is great fun, although I have to say the villain's ending is ridiculous.
based on my internet research, russian **** arabs. besides, arab league has no ******* military power to take over israel. furthermore, islam **** muslim from atacking people who is not threaten them. to maker of this **** mod, don't make **** story like this. by then, muslim **** making alliance with ******* infidel like china and russian
**** it
What the ****?
Alright, im gonna give this one a try
it seems to ignore any of the custom stuff I have put in the gearbox folder. So I had to copy the models and sounds in it and place it into the nuclear winter's folder.
7.5? I give it 10/10!
Highest Rated (4 agree) 10/10
Awesome! The locations are amazing, especially the city! I can't understand why the enemy is using the Black Ops models, that doesn't make sense, is my opinion it lacks friendly soldiers since it's a war! It should have some civilians, too, since you fight in a city! But the mapping is very nice, and the ending was funny.
Jul 10 2013, 9:37am by -deleted-
Promote Nuclear Winter on your homepage or blog by selecting a button and using the embed code provided (more).


text:
Articles tagged 'fytton rowland'
This page provides an overview of 1 article tagged 'fytton rowland'. Note that filters may be applied to display a sub-set of articles in this category (see FAQs on filtering for usage tips). Select this link to remove all filters.
Fytton Rowland has contributed 1 article to Ariadne. Author profile is not yet available.
Most frequently used terms in this author's articles (ordered by total usage / articles): "research", "archives", "university of cambridge", "massachusetts institute of technology", "licence", "dissemination", "preservation", "intellectual property", "elsevier", "copyright". For more statistics, see data charts for Fytton Rowland.
Print Journals: Fit for the Future?
Do authors choose to appear in print journals for the wrong reasons? Do print journals continue for the wrong reasons? In short, are print research journals a corrupt form of scholarly communication? We asked Fytton Rowland to provide a defence of the traditional scholarly journal. In our next journal we shall provide a perspective from the other side of the debate.
January 1997, issue7, feature article


text:
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DebtorsPrison's Profile
I'm a 58 year old male who has gotten more liberal as the years go by. A world traveler and a writer.
Real Name: Ed
Gender: Male
Location: Philadelphia
Groups: DKos Travel Board, ClassWarfare Newsletter: WallStreet VS Working Class Global Occupy movement, Philly Kos
Twitter: @DebtorsPrison
Diaries published: 59 (624 days since last diary on Wed Sep 11, 2013 at 09:32 AM PDT)
Comments posted: 1958 (33 days since last comment on Sat Apr 25, 2015 at 01:45 PM PDT)
Diary frequency: often
Comment frequency: frequent
Total Recommends: 1004
Total Comment Ratings: 10677
Most Recommended Diary: 'Slumdog Millionaire' opens in India, and here is the reaction, 103 comments, 65 recommends
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On this 40th anniversary of the coup in Chile, I thought I'd repost a diary I wrote here back in 2006 about an encounter I'd had with Pinochet. It happened in 1988, when the dictator was trying to ...by DebtorsPrison
3 comments on Wed Sep 11, 2013 at 09:32 AM PDT with 7 Recommends
Adam Kokesh, last seen here in this diary by Clytemnestra as organizer of the ill-conceived July 4th Open Carry March on Washington (or, as Clytemnestra called it, the What The Fuck Could Possibly ...by DebtorsPrison
26 comments on Sat May 18, 2013 at 10:12 PM PDT with 20 Recommends
In yet another round of "with friends like this, who needs enemies,' Pennsylvania Republican Party Chairman Rob Gleason had this to say about Mitt Romney : "A lot of people see him as a moderate, ...by DebtorsPrison
12 comments on Mon Oct 01, 2012 at 09:05 AM PDT with 21 Recommends
Silly I know, but from the very moment I heard that phrase "a quirk in the law" as the Romney campaign's response to the Boston Globe article exposing his lies about his tenure at Bain Capital, my ...by DebtorsPrison
6 comments on Thu Jul 12, 2012 at 04:50 PM PDT with 10 Recommends
Here's a blast from the past, from Daily Kos on January 28th, 2008: Jonah Goldberg's faux Pultizer "nomination" It seems back when conservative blatherer Goldberg's earlier book Liberal Fascism ...by DebtorsPrison
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Right-wing attack dog Regnery Publishing has announced plans to launch a children's imprint. Regnery's stable of writers for its adult division includes such deep thinkers as Ann Coulter, Mark ...by DebtorsPrison
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- 1903 Kayleb Moon-Robinson is autistic. This school year is sixth grade for him—at Linkhorne Middle School in Lynchburg, Virginia. In the fall, when Kayleb was still 11 years old,167 comments 203 Recs


text:
- Durable heavy-gauge tin pan is designed to handle everyday wear and tear Scalloped design gives your dessert creations an attractive lookMake up to 12 madeleines at once to share with friendsConsistent heat conduction across the entire surface encourages even browning of each madeleineLarge scalloped indentations let you choose the size of your baked madeleines
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15.5-in. Madeleine Pan by SCI/Scandicrafts, Inc.
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- Cleaning & Care: Handwash and dry thoroughly
- Material: Heavy gauge tinned-steel
- Origin: France
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traditional Madeleine pan
The traditional heavy gauge steel/tin pan provides the appropriate browning for a true Madeleine. The silicone pans don't brown properly.I recommend this product.Was this helpful?
Madeleines rock
We ordered the second pan because the frirt one worked so well. The Madileivns came out perfect. We used a gourmet recipe that did not use any baking powder. It was great. We buttered and floured the pans between use and the Madileines were perfict and came out of the pans nicely. We were cautioned not to use non stick pans, however these worked very well and are non stick even though they are not coated with anything. Highly recommend.I recommend this product.Was this helpful?
The pan is not a non-stick finish, but you won't have any problems getting the madeleines out if you brush it with butter, freeze the pan for a few minutes, then brush with another coat. Works great!I recommend this product.Was this helpful?
Customer Reviews for 15.5-in. Madeleine Pan by SCI/Scandicrafts, Inc.
Overall Rating:
4.5 out of 5 stars, based on 38 ratings
94% of reviewers recommend this product
92% say this is a "good value"
Madeleine Pan
I haven't used it yet but it looks very well made and is quite substantial. It is still sitting out on the counter reminding me to get more eggs for the recipe.I recommend this product.Was this helpful?
- April 15, 2015
- By: Jane
- From: IL
- I Cook: Very Often
- Style: Adventurous
What a great product. These are the larger Madeleine molds which I have been trying to locate forever. I was so excited that these were heavy, professional grade pans and not the dark nonstick Madeleine pans that seem to be all you can buy. Making Madeleines requires a heavy and shiny pan in order to achieve the classic "hump." I ordered three of these pans since my oven can accommodate three at a time. I am going to order three more so I can bake more of these delicious tea cakes with the perfect pan. Thank you Cooking.com for stocking professional pans. You are my "go to" website" for all my cooking and baking needs.I recommend this product.Was this helpful?
- January 4, 2015
- By: Kathleen
- From: MD
- I Cook: Every Day
- Style: Professional
Wish it was nonstick
This is a well made pan. I only wish it was made with a nonstick finish.I recommend this product.Was this helpful?
- February 21, 2014
- By: Louise
- From: NY
- I Cook: Every Day
- Style: Creative
Good quality
This is an addition to my "Madelein' pans and is far nicer than my others.I recommend this product.Was this helpful?
- January 27, 2014
- By: elizabeth
- From: ME
- I Cook: Every Day
- Style: Creative
The shipping carton was totally bashed in; fortunately, the Madeleine pan was not bent, but appears to have some faint scratched. I am sure it will be alright for making Madeleine's.I recommend this product.Was this helpful?
- December 22, 2012
- By: karen
- From: PA
- I Cook: Very Often
- Style: Family


text: " Tommy Boy" St,maries, Id 2/13/2014 - 9:53 AM Report Abuse 5 out of 5 For where we live this is the holy grail of magazines, ton's of good information in relation to fur bearing animals...Look forward to many more!!! Comment | Was this review helpful? Yes | No Name Leave a Comment Submit Comment


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text:
Djokovic beats Dolgopolov in US Open fourth round
More News from Associated Press
New York— Top-ranked Novak Djokovic survived a marathon tiebreaker then cruised the rest of the way to beat Alexandr Dolgopolov in the fourth round of the U.S. Open.
The Serb won 7-6 (14), 6-4, 6-2 on Monday. He will face countryman Janko Tipsarevic in the quarterfinals.
Djokovic fought off four set points in the tiebreaker against the 22nd-seeded Ukrainian. He finally clinched the set with a big serve.
Djokovic needed 76 minutes to win the first set and a combined 70 to take the last two.
Djokovic fell behind 0-4 in the tiebreaker but regained momentum when his shot ticked off the top of the net and over, and Dolgopolov's backhand crosscourt volley landed just wide.
The 22-year-old Dolgopolov reached the quarterfinals at this year's Australian Open.
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