text:
Post-mating interactions between the reproductive traits and gametes of mating individuals and among their genes within zygotes are invariably complex, providing multiple opportunities for reproduction to go awry. These interactions have the potential to act as barriers to gene flow between species, and may be important in the process of speciation. There are multiple post-mating barriers to interbreeding between the hybridising field crickets Gryllus bimaculatus and G. campestris. Female G. bimaculatus preferentially store sperm from conspecific males when mated to both conspecific and heterospecific partners. Additionally, conspecific males sire an even greater proportion of offspring than would be predicted from their sperm's representation in the spermatheca. The nature of these post-sperm-storage barriers to hybridisation are unknown. We use a fluorescent staining technique to determine whether barriers occur prior to, or during embryo development.
We show that eggs laid by G. bimaculatus females mated to G. campestris males are less likely to begin embryogenesis than eggs from conspecific mating pairs. Of the eggs that are successfully fertilised and start to develop, those from heterospecific mating pairs are more likely to arrest early, prior to blastoderm formation. We find evidence for bimodal variation among egg clutches in the number of developing embryos that subsequently arrest, indicating that there is genetic variation for incompatibility between mating individuals. In contrast to the pattern of early embryonic mortality, those hybrids reaching advanced stages of embryogenesis have survival rates equal to that of embryos from conspecific mating pairs.
Post-sperm-storage barriers to hybridisation show evidence of genetic polymorphism. They are sufficiently large, that if the species interbreed where they are sympatric, these barriers could play a role in the maintenance of reproductive isolation between them. The number of eggs that fail to develop represents a substantial cost of hybridization to G. bimaculatus females, and this cost could reinforce the evolution of barriers occurring earlier in the reproductive process.
Keywords:Speciation; Reproductive isolation; Hybrid; Fertilisation; Embryogenesis; Gryllus; Variable reproductive isolation; Polymorphism
It has long been recognised that the evolution and maintenance of new species requires reproductive isolation, whereby barriers to interbreeding prevent gene flow between incipient species [1,2]. The nature of these barriers, and their evolution, has been a central focus of speciation research. They have been traditionally studied in terms of those occurring prior to mating, or those that affect hybrid fitness [3], with measures taken from observable offspring, or inferred from reduced offspring counts. Less attention has been paid to barriers occurring within the female or within the egg, presumably because of the difficulty of studying these mechanisms. New techniques are now allowing important insights to be gained, and there is increasing interest in how these difficult to observe post-mating mechanisms might act to maintain reproductive isolation (for example [4-6]).
Instances of mixed-species pairings producing fewer offspring than pure-species pairings have been recorded in a number of species, and are often attributed to differences in uptake and storage of sperm [7,8], or the capacity of sperm to reach and fertilise eggs [9,10]. If these cryptic processes are successful, then the production of fewer hybrid offspring may be due to intrinsic inviability causing arrest during embryogenesis. Although the genetics of hybrid inviability have been studied extensively (reviewed by [11]), there are few studies of animal species in which reduced reproductive output is directly attributed to embryonic mortality. Even so, reports of this phenomenon come from a broad range of taxa [12-14], suggesting that embryonic mortality may be a common feature of hybridising systems.
Here we aim to determine whether there are barriers occurring prior to and during embryogenesis in the hybridising field crickets Gryllus bimaculatus and G. campestris. These sister species [15] have overlapping distributions through central Spain [16,17], and potentially further East [18]. Their evolutionary history is unknown, though we speculate that they may have diverged in allopatry, and have since come back into contact. The extent of contact and interbreeding between the species in the wild is unknown. In the laboratory G. campestris females almost never interbreed, whereas G. bimaculatus females hybridise readily with G. campestris males [19,20]. Female G. bimaculatus respond readily to mating signals from male G. campestris and hybrid offspring are both viable and fertile [19]. The lack of premating barriers suggests that, if individuals of these species frequently encounter one another in the areas where they coexist, post-mating barriers may play a role in the maintenance of reproductive isolation between them.
Prior to mating, a male provisions a spermatophore with sperm. After the male successfully attracts a female, the female mounts the male, and the spermatophore is attached to her reproductive tract. Sperm then transfer into the female, and are stored in the sperm storage organ, or spermatheca. The uptake and storage of sperm has been shown to be a significant barrier to interbreeding in this system. A recent study identified strong conspecific sperm precedence, whereby G. bimaculatus females doubly mated to both G. bimaculatus and G. campestris males preferentially stored sperm from the conspecific male [21]. The spermatheca in this species is approximately spherical, a shape which is likely to promote sperm mixing rather than stratified storage [22,23]. The representation of a male in the spermatheca is therefore expected to directly predict his success in siring offspring [24]. However this relationship did not hold. Conspecific males sired an even greater proportion of offspring than predicted from patterns of sperm storage indicating the presence of additional post-mating barriers to hybridisation. Here we use a fluorescent staining technique to identify when these subsequent barriers occur. We firstly assess whether eggs from interspecies pairings are less likely to be fertilised and start developing, and secondly assess whether developing embryos arrest before hatching. We aim to establish the potential for fertilisation and embryogenesis to act as barriers to interbreeding, providing insights into the mechanisms of reproductive isolation, and demonstrating that multiple post-mating barriers to interbreeding may be present between these species. These insights are likely to be applicable to a broad range of species, and may encourage comprehensive studies of post-mating barriers in other hybridising species.
Early stage embryogenesis
There were three cases of G. campestris males failing to produce any normally developing eggs when mated to either a heterospecific or conspecific female. These cases were assumed to be due to infertility, and any data associated with these individuals were removed from the dataset prior to analyses. Of the remaining females that laid eggs, 13 were in BB mating pairs, 16 in BC mating pairs, and 16 in CC mating pairs.
The proportion of eggs failing to develop differed among the mating pair combinations (lmer; χ 22,4 = 19.11, P < 0.0001, Figure 1), with G. bimaculatus females mated to heterospecific males (BC) laying the greatest number of undeveloped eggs, and G. bimaculatus females mated to conspecific males (BB) laying the fewest. Of the eggs that started to develop, the proportion that only partially developed differed significantly among the mating pair combinations (lmer; χ 22,4 = 12.14, P = 0.0023). Post hoc tests revealed that this difference was due to eggs from heterospecific pairings (BC) being more likely to only partially develop than eggs from the conspecific pairs (BB & CC) (lmer; χ 21,3 = 9.75, P = 0.0018, Figure 2). There was no difference between the conspecific pairs (BB & CC) in the proportion of eggs that only partially developed (lmer; χ 21,4 = 2.39, P = 0.122). The cases of eggs only partially developing tended to be concentrated within a few clutches, rather than being equally spread across clutches (Figure 3, see (c) and (d)).
Figure 1. The proportion of eggs that failed to develop across the mating pair types. In each combination, female species is denoted by the first letter, and male species by the second. Data are displayed as medians (thickened line) and inter-quartile ranges (grey boxes), circles are outlying values. There are significant differences between all mating pair combinations. Statistical significance from glm (see text): *** P < 0.001.
Figure 2. The proportion of eggs that only partially developed across the mating pair types. In each combination, female species is denoted by the first letter, and male species by the second. Data are displayed as medians (thickened line) and inter-quartile ranges (grey boxes), circles are outlying values. While BB and CC mating pairs do not differ in the proportion of eggs that only partially develop, heterospecific (BC) mating pairs differ from the conspecific (BB & CC) mating pairs. Statistical significance: NS P > 0.05; ** P < 0.01.
Figure 3. Frequency histograms of egg development across mating pair combinations. Histograms showing the frequency distributions of the proportion of eggs that did not develop (upper row), and the proportion of partially developed eggs (lower row), across each mating pair combination (by column left to right; BC, BB and CC). For BC mating pairs, more than half the clutches had a majority of undeveloped eggs (a). The remaining clutches varied in the proportion of undeveloped eggs and eggs beginning embryogenesis (b). Of these clutches showing signs of development, there was a bimodal distribution of either a majority of eggs partially developing (c), or eggs developing normally (d), rather than a normal distribution of development success. BB clutches rarely consisted of undeveloped eggs (e) or partially developed eggs (f). Instead, clutches had a majority of eggs that developed normally (g). The majority of CC clutches consisted of at least some undeveloped eggs (h). Of the eggs beginning embryogenesis, almost all developed normally (i).
Late stage embryogenesis
Among clutches, the proportion of eggs that showed successful early development predicted the proportion of eggs that contained late stage embryos with eyespots (glm; F1,14 = 25.31, P < 0.001). This relationship did not differ among the mating pair combinations (glm; F2,13 = 0.31, P = 0.740, Figure 4). Almost all eggs containing late stage embryos with eyespots went on to hatch (glm; F1,14 = 193.65, P < 0.001), and likelihood of death did not differ among the mating pair combinations (glm; F2,13 = 0.33, P = 0.726, Figure 5).
Figure 4. The relationship between early and late stage embryogenesis. The proportion of eggs developing normally at early embryogenesis predicts the proportion that contained late stage embryos with eyespots. Clutches from BC mating pairs are shown by closed dots and solid line. BB mating pairs are shown by open dots and broken line. CC pairs are shown by open triangles and dotted line.
Figure 5. The relationship between late stage embryogenesis and hatching success. The proportion of eggs containing embryos with eyespots predicts the proportion that subsequently hatched. Clutches from BC mating pairs are shown by closed dots and solid line. BB mating pairs are shown by open dots and broken line. CC pairs are shown by open triangles and dotted line.
There are multiple post-mating barriers to hybridisation between these species, which may act to maintain reproductive isolation if individuals meet and mate in the wild. A strong isolating mechanism at the stage of uptake and storage of sperm has already been demonstrated, and the inferred presence of further mechanisms between sperm storage and the hatching of eggs highlighted [21]. Here we show that another potential barrier occurs between sperm storage and mitosis within the egg, and another postzygotic barrier during early embryogenesis, the pattern of which indicates the existence of polymorphism in hybrid incompatibility.
Eggs from mixed-species pairs were far less likely to begin embryogenesis than those from pure-species pairs. This has likewise been demonstrated in other interbreeding species. Almost all eggs from heterospecific crosses between Gryllus firmus and G. pensylvanicus go unfertilised [6]. Similarly, almost all eggs laid by Drosophila virilus females mated to D. novamexicana are not fertilised [5]. Fewer eggs hatch from mixed species pairings of Drosophila santomea and D. yakuba than from pure-species pairings, assumed to be due to lower rates of fertilisation. There are a range of mechanisms between storage of sperm and fertilisation that could be driving this barrier to interbreeding, since interactions between sperm and females are complex. For example, heterospecific sperm may have reduced survival in the spermatheca [8], or may be less able to traverse the female's reproductive tract [9]. Upon reaching the site of fertilisation, the sperm may be unable to penetrate the egg wall [25], or the eggs may be incorrectly fertilised [26]. If fertilisation is successful, then development may fail very early on, prior to the onset of mitosis. Our study does not allow us to resolve which of the cascade of sperm-female interactions, sperm-egg interactions, or early developmental failures act as isolating mechanisms in the G. bimaculatus and G. campestris system, however it is likely that a combination of factors are involved, as has been demonstrated in Drosophila melanogaster[27].
In our system we found a large number of eggs from mixed-species pairs that failed to develop, which, notably, were not equally spread across clutches. While some clutches were dominated by eggs that showed no signs of embryogenesis, in others almost all eggs started developing. The cases of entire clutches failing cannot be explained by male infertility, since this was ruled out in our methodology. Instead this may be due to differences among individuals in traits that affect fertilisation success, driving incompatibilities between particular mating partners. If there are individual differences in the traits of sperm, then we might expect variation among males in the success of sperm-female or sperm-egg interactions. In cases of heterospecific crosses, this variation might translate into extreme differences in individual success, whereby the traits exhibited by some males are complementary to those of the female, whereas others are not. This could produce the binary success and failure of hybrid clutch development observed in this study. More likely, the pattern we observe represents an example of variable reproductive isolation (VRI) [28], driven by intrinsic post-zygotic inviability. Alleles from different species can interact negatively when brought together in hybrids, reducing their fitness in terms of viability or sterility [29-31]. Rather than the traditionally held assumption that the alleles involved in these incompatibilities are fixed within species, they could instead be polymorphic, contributing to intraspecific variation in the extent of reduced hybrid fitness. Interest in this variation is growing, and there is now a modest list of examples in the literature (reviewed in [28]). In animals, these examples come from a range of species, including frogs [32], fish [33], grasshoppers [34], flies [35], and mice [36]. There are important insights to be gained about the process of speciation from studies of VRI, and explicit investigation of this in G. bimaculatus and G. campestris would provide a valuable contribution to this emerging field.
We would expect the proportion of eggs that failed to develop to be similar between the pure-bred G. campestris eggs and the pure-bred G. bimaculatus eggs, however we found a significant difference between these groups. While this might be explained by differences between the species in egg viability, it is perhaps more likely due to difference in responses to the laboratory environment. In the wild G. bimaculatus are found in hot, arid environments, whereas G. campestris are found in more temperate regions [17]. The relatively high temperature maintained in the laboratory may therefore be sub-optimal for egg development of G. campestris. Furthermore, unlike the G. campestris which were wild-caught, our G. bimaculatus crickets had been reared in the laboratory for a number of generations, so might possibly have become somewhat lab adapted. This likely difference in the optimum temperature for egg incubation might have also had an influence on the developmental success of hybrids, but the existence of differences between the hybrid eggs and eggs from both conspecific pairings demonstrates that their low success is not just a temperature artefact.
As well as the strong barrier prior to embryogenesis (≤4 nuclei), we have also identified a difference in developmental success after the onset of mitosis. Eggs were all a minimum of 10 hours post-laying, by which time the nuclei of a developing egg would be expected to be uniformly distributed over the surface, soon to form the blastoderm [37]. Of the eggs that began embryogenesis, we found that those fertilised by heterospecific sperm were more likely to arrest during early development. Most of these partially developed eggs contained fewer than 20 nuclei, suggesting that arrest occurred within the first few mitotic divisions, long before blastoderm formation. We found no evidence for a barrier late in development - the relationship between the number of eggs with eyespots and the number that successfully hatched was strong, regardless of the species identities of the parents.
While we find hybrid arrest in field crickets occurring during very early development, prior to blastoderm formation, the few examples in the literature from other animal species report a range of stages at which arrest may occur, notably around the time of gastrulation, the stage at which three distinct germ layers are formed. Hybrid eggs laid by female Drosophila pseudoobscura mated to male D. miranda degenerate within a few hours of fertilisiation [38], and likewise eggs from crosses between D. virilis and D. littoralis arrest during the first few divisions of cells [39]. Hybrid eggs produced by females of the common duck, Anas platyrhnchos, inseminated by the Muscovy duck, Cairina moschata, are likely to arrest early in development, prior to blastoderm formation [14]. Crosses in which the eggs of the sea urchin Heliocidaris tuberculata are fertilised by H. erythrogramma sperm result in arrest at gastrulation, due to differences between the parental species in how axes of asymmetry are determined [40]. Among a number of the nematode genus Caenorhabditis, hybrid embryos arrest due to defects in the initiation of gastrulation, or later, during compaction or elongation of the embryo [41]. The hybrid embryos produced by female Rana catesbeiana and male R. clamitans frogs develop an abnormal elongated gastrula, and are unable to develop further [42]. In hybrid toads, abnormalities occur later in development, with embryos from crosses between female Bufo fowleri and male B. americanus often failing during body elongation and development of the tail bud [43]. Hybrids between female brown trout, Salmo trutta, and male Atlantic salmon, S. salar, die even later in development, mainly between hatching and complete yolk absorption [13]. Hybrids between populations of Podisma pedestris grasshoppers cease to develop at a range of embryonic stages [44]. Likewise, embryos from crosses between five lamprey species vary in the stages at which fatality occurs, ranging from four cells, through to the hatching of larvae. The stage of fatality depends upon the parental species, occurring earlier with increasing genetic distance between dam and sire [45].
Although the genetics of hybrid inviability have been well studied (for example [46-49]), many of these studies refer vaguely to 'hybrid lethality' without verifying when this occurs. And despite the widely recognised importance of studies of hybrid embryos in the field of developmental biology, there has been surprisingly little attention paid in the context of reproductive isolation, with only a handful of reports of failed embryogenesis in hybrid animals. Despite this, reports come from a broad range of taxa, suggesting this may be a common phenomenon in hybridising systems. As well as acting at a variety of stages among species, arrest is sometimes unidirectional, only affecting one cross, and often only affecting one of the sexes. This indicates there is no common underlying mechanism to hybrid embryo mortality, and has led to a number of genetic modes being implicated [11].
We have demonstrated that there are multiple mechanisms occurring after sperm storage that reduce the reproductive success of crosses between G. bimaculatus females and G. campestris males. Eggs from this heterospecific cross were less likely to begin embryogenesis, and if they did begin developing, they were more likely to arrest than eggs from conspecific mating pairs. There was bimodal variation among hybrid clutches in the number of developing embryos that underwent arrest, suggesting that this is an example of variable reproductive isolation driven by polymorphic genetic incompatibilities. If G. bimaculatus and G. campestris attempt to hybridise in the wild, these post-storage barriers have the potential to be important in the maintenance of reproductive isolation between them, and may have also played a historical role in the initial divergence of the populations. The potential for these mechanisms to reduce gene flow might even be reinforced by selection against hybridsation as they create a cost to interbreeding. Despite the viability and fertility of hybrids that do hatch in this system [19], the number of eggs that fail to develop represent a substantial cost to G. bimaculatus females. Eggs are energetically expensive to produce, and so females should avoid laying clutches of eggs that don't yield offspring, and thus avoid interbreeding. This cost could reinforce the evolution of barriers occurring earlier in the reproductive process.
G. bimaculatus were collected from Valencia, Spain in 2011 and reared in the lab for ~4 generations. Crickets were housed at 28°C under a 16:8 light:dark cycle, with food and water provided ad libitum. Last instar nymphs were isolated to ensure virginity upon adult emergence. G. campestris were collected near Gijon, Spain in spring 2012 as last instar nymphs or adults. These wild caught individuals were kept in the laboratory for at least 7 days prior to use in trials. All individuals were a minimum of 7 days old post-emergence before use in experimental trials to ensure sexual maturity.
Matings and oviposition
Prior to heterospecific mating trials, males were exposed to non-experimental conspecific females to stimulate spermatophore production and to encourage courtship behaviour. These stimulating females were separated from the males by wire mesh so that the female could be detected, but not mated with. Virgin G. bimaculatus females were paired with either a conspecific (BB pairing) or a heterospecific (BC pairing) male. Those G. campestris males successfully mated to a heterospecific female were subsequently mated to a conspecific female (CC pairing), to confirm that any failure to fertilise G. bimaculatus eggs was due to post-mating reproductive barriers rather than infertility. Virgin G. campestris females were only paired with conspecific males as they will almost never interbreed [19,20,50]. Mating pairs were placed in a 11 × 11 cm arena lined with paper for traction and observed. If courtship or mating did not occur within approximately 1 h the male was replaced with another or trialled on subsequent days. Successful mating was confirmed by the presence of a spermatophore attached to the female. Post-mating, the pair were left in the arena for around 1 h, the time required for most of the spermatophore contents to be taken-up by the female [22].
Females were then housed individually, and provided with a small dish of damp sand to oviposit in for ~48 h. These dishes were replaced at intervals so that each female was provided with 4 dishes over the ~48 h period. After removal from the female, dishes were incubated at 28°C for a minimum of 10 h, up to ~24 h, before being processed. Eggs were then removed from the sand and counted. If fewer than 20 eggs were laid in each dish then all were processed for assessment of early stage embryogenesis. If a large number of eggs were laid, then 20 were randomly selected for processing, and the rest were incubated on damp cotton wool to assess late stage embryogenesis and hatching.
Assessment of early stage embryogenesis
Soon after laying (within 3 h), a fertilised egg begins meiosis, and divisions can be seen as a female pronucleus and polar bodies (≤4 nuclei) on the dorsal side of the egg. The pronucleus then migrates to the ventral side of the egg where sperm enter through micropyles. Here, male and female pronuclei fuse, and mitotic division begins [51]. After 9 h, more than 100 nuclei can be seen on the surface of the egg, and after 12 h, around 500 nuclei will be uniformly distributed on the surface, forming the blastoderm [37]. Unfertilised eggs will often undergo initial meiotic division, but will never progress to have more than 4 nuclei [52]. Without sampling eggs within 2 min of laying when sperm might still be seen [37], it is not possible to tell whether eggs that only ever have ≤4 nuclei have not been penetrated by sperm, whether fusion between gametes has not occurred, or they were fertilised but development has arrested before the onset of mitosis. In attempting to assess this we might risk missing the sperm, leading us to draw false conclusions about fertilisation success. In addition to this, regular disturbance of females deters them from ovipositing, further hindering the ability to assess fertilisation in newly laid eggs. We therefore made no attempt to investigate this, and instead categorised any egg with ≤4 nuclei as 'undeveloped', while any egg with more than 4 nuclei was considered to have started embryogenesis [4,6]. Since we processed eggs after a minimum development time of 10 h, we conservatively expected at least 100 nuclei to be seen if an egg were developing normally, or fewer if embryogenesis had started and subsequently arrested. These were categorised as 'normally developing' (>100) and 'partially developed' (5–100), respectively.
The protocol for preparing and staining eggs is adapted from the methodologies of Sarashina et al. [37] and Larson et al. [6]. To remove the thick opaque chorion, the eggs were firstly soaked in 50% bleach for 5 min at 22°C and gently shaken. They were then washed 3 times with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution, and fixed in equal parts paraformaldehyde (4% in PBS) and heptane for 20 min at 22°C, with gentle shaking. Eggs were washed again and then stored in methanol at 4°C until staining. Eggs were stained with 4' , 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) for 20 min at 22°C with gentle shaking, then transferred to a microscope slide and viewed using a fluorescent microscope (Olympus BX61) and analySISD software. Each egg was visually inspected for nuclei, seen as fluorescent blue dots, and categorised as undeveloped (≤4), partially developed (5–100), or normally developing (≥100) depending on the number of nuclei seen (Figure 6). Any captured images were colour and contrast optimised in analySISD. Figure 6 was created by cropping 3 separate images and placing them alongside each other using Microsoft PowerPoint software.
Figure 6. Examples of eggs stained with DAPI, all ~48 h post laying. From left to right: undeveloped, partially developed and normally developing eggs. Bar = 0.5 mm.
Assessment of late stage embryogenesis
If early stage embryogenesis is successful, then embryos will continue to grow, passing through several developmental stages until the embryo undergoes segmentation and the organs form distinct structures. At this stage the eyes of the embryo can be seen by the naked eye through the chorion. The eggs that were not processed for assessment of early stage embryogenesis were incubated on cotton wool, and after 8 days of incubation, the number of eggs in each clutch with visible eyespots was counted, as well as the number that subsequently hatched.
Statistical analyses
To quantify early stage embryogenesis we calculated 3 proportions: 'prop.undeveloped'; the proportion of all eggs that completely failed to develop (≤4 nuclei), 'prop.partial'; of the eggs that began to develop, the proportion that only partially developed (5 – 100 nuclei), and 'prop.developed'; the proportion of all eggs that continued to develop successfully (≥100 nuclei). To quantify late stage embryogenesis we calculated 2 more proportions: 'prop.eyespots'; of the eggs incubated, the proportion that contained embryos with eyespots, and 'prop.hatch'; of the eggs incubated the proportion that hatched.
Early stage embryogenesis
The relationships between the mating pair combinations (BC, BB, or CC) and each of the proportions prop.undeveloped and prop.partial were analysed using generalized linear mixed models (lme4 package [53], R v 2.14.1 [54]), fitted with binomial error structures. The proportion of eggs (prop.undeveloped or prop.partial) was entered as the response variable. Mating pair combination was entered as the explanatory variable. Male ID, a unique number assigned to each individual, was entered as a random effect to control for multiple use of individuals. The overall significance of the explanatory term was determined through model comparison using likelihood ratio tests [55]. Any post-hoc comparisons between levels of the explanatory variable were likewise made through model comparison using likelihood ratio tests.
Late stage embryogenesis
The relationship between the proportion of normally developing eggs at early embryogenesis (prop.developed) and the proportion of eggs that contained late stage embryos (prop.eyespots) was analysed using a generalized linear model. Data were overdispersed so the model was fitted with quasibinomial error structure. Prop.eyespots was fitted as the response variable. Prop.developed and the mating pair combination, as well as their interaction were entered as explanatory variables. The significance of the explanatory variables was determined through model comparison using F tests. The relationship between the proportion of eggs that contained embryos (prop.eyespots) and the proportion that subsequently hatched (prop.hatch), interacting with mating pair combination, was likewise analysed using a generalized linear model.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
FT conceived of the study, carried out data collection, performed the statistical analyses and drafted the manuscript. TT participated in performing the statistical analyses, and RRM and TT helped to draft the manuscript and collected animals for the study. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
We are grateful to three anonymous reviewers for their comments on the manuscript. This work was supported by the European Social Fund and the Natural Environment Research Council.
Mayr E: Animal species and evolution. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press; 1963.
Mayr E: The biological meaning of species.
Biol J Linn Soc 1969, 1(3):311-320. Publisher Full Text
Dobzhansky T: Genetics and the Origin of Species. New York: Columbia University Press; 1937.
Matute DR, Coyne JA: Intrinsic reproductive isolation between two sister species of Drosophila.
Evolution 2010, 64(4):903-920. PubMed Abstract
Sagga N, Civetta A: Male–female interactions and the evolution of postmating prezygotic reproductive isolation among species of the Virilis subgroup.
Larson EL, Hume GL, Andrés JA, Harrison RG: Post-mating prezygotic barriers to gene exchange between hybridizing field crickets.
J Evol Biol 2012, 25(1):174-186. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Price CSC, Kim CH, Gronlund CJ, Coyne JA: Cryptic reproductive isolation in the Drosophila Simulans species complex.
Evolution 2001, 55(1):81-92. PubMed Abstract
Katakura H: Evidence for the incapacitation of heterospecific sperm in the female genital tract in a pair of closely related ladybirds (Insecta, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae).
Gregory PG, Howard DJ: A postinsemination barrier to fertilization isolates two closely related ground crickets.
Evolution 1994, 48(3):705-710. Publisher Full Text
Palumbi SR: Species formation and the evolution of gamete recognition loci. In Endless forms: Species and Speciation. Edited by Howard DJ, Berlocher SH. New York: Oxford University Press; 1998:271-278.
Kinsey JD: Studies on an embryonic lethal hybrid in Drosophila.
Álvarez D, Garcia-Vazquez E: Maintenance of asymmetric hybridization between Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) via postzygotic barriers and paternal effects.
Can J Fish Aquat Sci 2011, 68:593-602. Publisher Full Text
Sellier N, Brun J-M, Richard M-M, Batellier F, Dupuy V, Brillard J-P: Comparison of fertility and embryo mortality following artificial insemination of common duck females (Anas platyrhynchos) with semen from common or Muscovy (Cairina moschata) drakes.
Theriogenology 2005, 64(2):429-439. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Huang Y, Ortí G, Sutherlin M, Duhachek A, Zera A: Phylogenetic relationships of North American field crickets inferred from mitochondrial DNA data.
Mol Phylogenet Evol 2000, 17(1):48-57. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Pardo JE, Gomes R, Del Cerro A: Orthopteroidea from the mountain chains of Castilla-La Mancha (Spain). II. Ensifera.
Gorochov AV, Llorente V: Estudio taxonómico preliminar de los Grylloidea de España (Insecta, Orthoptera).
Graellsia 2001, 57(2):95-139. Publisher Full Text
Popov AV, Shuvalov VF: Phonotactic behavior of crickets.
J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 1977, 119(1):111-126. Publisher Full Text
Veen T, Faulks J, Rodríguez-Muñoz R, Tregenza T: Premating reproductive barriers between hybridising cricket species differing in their degree of polyandry.
PLoS One 2011, 6(5):e19531. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
von Hörmann-Heck S: Untersuchungen über den Erbgang eininger Verhaltensweisen bei Grillenbastarden.
Tyler F, Harrison X, Bretman A, Veen T, Rodríguez-Muñoz R, Tregenza T: Multiple post-mating barriers to hybridisation in field crickets.
Simmons LW: Female choice in the field cricket Gryllus bimaculatus (De Geer).
Anim Behav 1986, 34(5):1463-1470. Publisher Full Text
Walker WF: Sperm utilization strategies in nonsocial insects.
Am Nat 1980, 115(6):780-799. Publisher Full Text
Parker GA: Why are there so many tiny sperm? Sperm competition and the maintenance of two sexes.
J Theor Biol 1982, 96:281-294. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
O'Rand MG: Sperm-egg recognition and barriers to interspecies fertilization.
Gamete Res 1988, 19(4):315-327. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Alipaz JA, Wu C, Karr TL: Gametic incompatibilities between races of Drosophila melanogaster.
Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2001, 268(1469):789-795. Publisher Full Text
Manier MK, Belote JM, Berben KS, Novikov D, Stuart WT, Pitnick S: Resolving mechanisms of competitive fertilization success in Drosophila melanogaster.
Science 2010, 328(5976):354-357. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Cutter AD: The polymorphic prelude to Bateson–Dobzhansky–Muller incompatibilities.
Trends Ecol Evol 2012, 27(4):209-218. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Bateson W: Heredity and variation in modern lights. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1909:85-101. [Darwin and Modern Science]
Dobzhansky T: Studies on hybrid sterility. II. Localization of sterility factors in Drosophila pseudoobscura hybrids.
Genetics 1936, 21:113-135. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
Muller H: Isolating mechanisms, evolution and temperature.
Lemmon EM, Lemmon AR: Reinforcement in chorus frogs: Lifetime fitness estimates including intrisnsic natural selection and sexual selection against hybrids.
Evolution 2010, 64(6):1748-1761. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
López-Fernández H, Bolnick DI: What causes partial F1 hybrid viability? Incomplete penetrance versus genetic variation.
PLoS One 2007, 2(12):e1294. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
Shuker DM, Underwood K, King TM, Butlin RK: Patterns of male sterility in a grasshopper hybrid zone imply accumulation of hybrid incompatibilities without selection.
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 2005, 272(1580):2491-2497. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
Reed LK, Markow TA: Early events in speciation: Polymorphism for hybrid male sterility in Drosophila.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004, 101(24):9009-9012. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
Good JM, Handel MA, Nachman MW: Asymmetry and polymorphism of hybrid male sterility during the early stages of speciation in house mice.
Evolution 2008, 62(1):50-65. PubMed Abstract | PubMed Central Full Text
Sarashina I, Mito T, Saito M, Uneme H, Miyawaki K, Shinmyo Y, Ohuchi H, Noji S: Location of micropyles and early embryonic development of the two-spotted cricket Gryllus bimaculatus (Insecta, Orthoptera).
Dev Growth Differ 2005, 47(2):99-108. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Kaufmann BP: The nature of hybrid sterility - abnormal development in eggs of hybrids between Drosophila miranda and Drosophila pseudoobscura.
J Morphol 1940, 66(2):197-213. Publisher Full Text
Mitrofanov VG, Sidorova NV: Genetics of the sex ratio anomaly in Drosophila hybrids of the Virilis group.
Raff EC, Popodi EM, Sly BJ, Turner FR, Villinski JT, Raff RA: A novel ontogenetic pathway in hybrid embryos between species with different modes of development.
Development 1999, 126(9):1937-1945. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Baird SE, Yen W-C: Reproductive isolation in Caenorhabditis: terminal phenotypes of hybrid embryos.
Evol Dev 2000, 2(1):9-15. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Elinson RP: Genetic analysis of developmental arrest in an amphibian hybrid (Rana catesbeiana, Rana clamitans).
Dev Biol 1981, 81(1):167-176. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Volpe EP: Intensity of reproductive isolation between sympatric and allopatric populations of Bufo americanus and Bufo fowleri.
Am Nat 1955, 89(848):303-317. Publisher Full Text
Barton NH, Hewitt GM: The genetic basis of hybrid inviability in the grasshopper Podisma pedestris.
Heredity 1981, 47(3):367-383. Publisher Full Text
Piavis GW, Howell JH, Smith AJ: Experimental hybridization among five species of lampreys from the Great Lakes.
Copeia 1970, 1970(1):29-37. Publisher Full Text
Wu C-I, Davis AW: Evolution of postmating reproductive isolation: The composite nature of Haldane's rule and its genetic bases.
Am Nat 1993, 142(2):187-212. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
True JR, Weir BS, Laurie CC: A genome-wide survey of hybrid incompatibility factors by the introgression of marked segments of Drosophila mauritiana chromosomes into Drosophila simulans.
Genetics 1996, 142(3):819-837. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
Turelli M, Orr HA: Dominance, Epistasis and the Genetics of Postzygotic Isolation.
Genetics 2000, 154(4):1663-1679. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
Noor MAF, Grams KL, Bertucci LA, Reiland J: Chromosomal inversions and the reproductive isolation of species.
Proc Natl Acad Sci 2001, 98(21):12084-12088. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
Cousin G: Sur l'hybridation de deux espèces de Gryllidae (Acheta campestris et bimaculata).
Bulletin de la Socièté entomologique de France 1933, 12:189-193.
Sato M, Tanaka-Sato H: Fertilization, syngamy, and early embryonic development in the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus (de geer).
J Morphol 2002, 254(3):266-271. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Sarashina I, Shinmyo Y, Hirose A, Miyawaki K, Mito T, Ohuchi H, Horio T, Noji S: Hypotonic buffer induces meiosis and formation of anucleate cytoplasmic islands in the egg of the two-spotted cricket Gryllus bimaculatus.
Dev Growth Differ 2003, 45(2):103-112. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Bates D, Maechler M, Bolker B:
lme4: Linear mixed-effects models using S4 classes. 2011.
R package version 0.999375-28. edn
Development Core Team: R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2011.


text:
Top-of-the-line Cadillacs still have a special appeal, and this 1982 Cadillac Eldorado delivers top-of-the-line fun without the top-of-the-line price tag. It also offers a... More
1982 Cadillac Convertible Eldorado Opera Convertible 11,000 original miles very rare coach built car everything works A/C Power Top car is rust free and... More
1982 Cadillac Eldorado, 14,600 actual miles, two owner car. Everything in excellent condition, all original except for iPod hookup. Never driven in the rain,... More
1982 Cadillac Eldorado Biarritz for sale in Chicago IL. This blast from the past numbers matching original mileage 1982 Cadillac Bairritz is sure to... More

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Recent projects from Craftsy Sewing classes:
SewingGala dinner KL dress
Sewinghair clips
SewingCotton vest
Offer some kudos...
Join the conversation...
Ask a question...
Add your comment...
Hi, Im totally new here...so how can I have this project? I really love it. XOXO
01/07/2012 Flag
can you get this pattern on line?
01/08/2012 Flag
How do I buy this pattern? I can't find a number or a way to put it in the cart.
03/04/2012 Flag
This is great. I made my own pattern and saw this last year somewhere. I sold these in my handmade business. People enjoyed the hooded scarves. I just didn't realize there can be more variations.
03/05/2012 Flag
03/05/2012 Flag


text: accident By Kelly Klaas March 5, 2012 5:49 AM Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Category: Share on Facebook Share on Twitter More Leave a comment Send to a friend! Print this page Pin it! Reddit This! Share on Tumblr! Best of News Radio 1310 Watch Horrifying Footage of Out-of-Control River Flooding Into Home Magic Valley Summer Camps Twin Falls Elementary Put on Brief Lockdown Touch the Screen During This Music Video and Ridiculousness Happens Recommended For You Around the Web


text:
Home | About Us | Fund Raising | Classes | Calendar | News | Home & School | Tuition | Application | Handbook | Student Report Online | Links | Our Mission | Contact Us
Our school's most recent change has been our stated purpose "Tailor made (education) and Spirit driven." The Holy Spirit, of course is to be the impetus of our thrust. When students enter our school, they are thoroughly evaluated and placed in the level of core classes that they need for optimum growth, not too hard to frustrate them, but also not too easy so that they are not challenged. We hope you will enjoy what you see on our website, and decide to join our school family.
To print our yearly calendar, click here -->site/1/docs/CSDAS calendar revised 2014-2015.pdf
As the months roll around, the monthly calendar is going to be more accurate. One big error on the yearly calendar are the study group Fridays. Check the monthly one for accuracy.


text:
A new early-alert system could give Orange County as much as 70 seconds warning of a major earthquake along the San Andreas fault -- enough time to turn traffic lights red, slow high-speed trains or shut down power plants automatically.
The quake warnings could even be sent via mobile-phone apps, with cell phone towers becoming temporary broadcasting stations.
The first tests of the new system, which would use Southern California's existing network of more than 300 seismic sensors to give residents throughout the region as much as 90 seconds warning of a coming quake, should begin later this year.
Scientists at the U.S. Geological Survey, with help from Caltech, U.C. Berkeley and a Swiss research group, are now fine-tuning what they are calling the Earthquake Early Warning System. They hope to set it up throughout the state.
For the public, use of the new system would be limited -- enough time for "duck and cover," said Douglas Given, an earthquake early warning coordinator who is heading the project for the agency.
"You would get a little pop up on your television screen, similar to what they get in the Midwest for a hurricane warning or tornado watch," Given said.
Still, the scientists are discussing how best to get the information to the public. One method, used in Japan, involves "cellular broadcast," Given said -- a technology that has not yet emerged in the United States.
"It allows the provider to say, 'All of these towers will send a broadcast,'" Given said. "Every broadcast-capable phone will receive it simultaneously -- no addressing to individuals."
Phones equipped with GPS devices and the right app could then calculate how far the user is from the quake, and how many seconds until it arrives.
But the system's true usefulness would come in wiring it directly into factories or companies -- with humans "out of the loop."
"I think the primary use for this is going to be for automated systems, by utilities and transport," Given said. "So if you've got a subway or a train moving at a high rate of speed, you might want to slow it down. If you're about to pull out of the station, don't pull out of the station. If you are in a tunnel, you might want to get out of the tunnel."
Elevators might be stopped. Electrical plants, including nuclear plants, might power down automatically or take other measures when a quake warning is received. Traffic could be brought to a stop by turning traffic lights red throughout the affected area.
Similar systems are already in place in Mexico, Japan and and Taiwan.
The concept behind the system is simple. Earthquake waves take time to move through the ground.


text:
After a day of peaceful marches, the May Day protests in Seattle grew confrontational by evening. At least three people have been arrested in downtown Seattle, and police officers were clashing with protesters.
WATCH LIVE NOW: KING 5 News crews at the downtown May Day march
A May Day Anti-Capitalist March left Seattle Central Community College around 6:30 p.m. and were winding through the streets of the Capitol Hill neighborhood.
The group of about 50-200 marchers walked north on Broadway, turned east on Olive and then veered south on 12th Avenue. Police had shut down the intersection at 12th and Pike, so the group veered toward Cal Anderson Park.
The group headed towards downtown Seattle and was last seen walking along 6th Avenue towards Westlake Park.


text:
Eddie Dawkins ready to gear up for Rio 2016
'It's four years more experience'NATHAN BURDON
Relevant offers
An exhausted Eddie Dawkins was the first Southland Olympian to arrive home yesterday and his focus is already on Rio 2016.
Dawkins rode second wheel for the New Zealand team sprint squad which finished fifth at the London Olympics, breaking their own national record along the way.
Much has been made of the rapid progress the BikeNZ men's sprint programme has made over the past two years.
However, it should only be an entree to what the young squad can produce over the next four years.
"It was a learning experience for us [in London] and next time we will be seasoned vets," Dawkins said.
"[Rio] will be huge; it's four years more experience, four years more training."
Dawkins was looking forward to a good break from the bike and the gym, including a holiday in Thailand with girlfriend O'Leah Black.
"I'm meant to stay off my bike for a while but you know me, we'll see, I'll probably be back in the gym tomorrow," he said.
Fellow New Zealand track sprinter Natasha Hansen will return to Invercargill next week, while swimmer Natalie Wiegersma is on holiday in the Netherlands.
Gold medal-winning double sculler Nathan Cohen and fellow Southlander Storm Uru, who claimed bronze in the lightweight double, will be involved in the Olympic parade in Christchurch on August 24.
With many of New Zealand's London Olympics contingent starting to arrive back in the country yesterday, plans for an Invercargill street parade to celebrate the medal-winning roles of Cohen and Uru and the achievements of Dawkins, Hansen, Wiegersma and rowers Louise Ayling and Jade Uru should start to gather momentum.
- The Southland Times
Sponsored links
Olympic flame lit for Sochi Winter Games
Wrestling makes its Olympic return from 2020
NZOC hail choice of Tokyo as 2020 Olympics host
Gold medalist Mahe Drysdale hints at Rio tilt
Bolt bottle thrower gets community service
Runner graceful on foot and in life
Winter athletes await 'da' for Russia
Nicholson forgets medal in post-Games flurry
Athletics NZ in firing line over Val-Gate saga
Trophy from 1896 Olympics on display in Greece
Peter Taylor's bronze not too cool for school
Kids line up for Olympians' welcome home
Belarus athletes urged to 'admit mistakes'
Crusaders' Nemani Nadolo to collide with fellow Fijian monster Taqele Naiyaravoro
Live Super Rugby: Chiefs vs Bulls #CHIvBUL
Cory Jane, James Broadhurst out as injury hits Hurricanes ahead of Blues clash
Cricket legend Martin Crowe wants Bruce Edgar back as Black Caps selection boss
Liana Leota wants Central Pulse to play with courage against Magic in Hamilton
Michael Laws calls Hilary Barry unprofessional for tears for John Campbell
Soggy end to Invercargill test drive
Man charged with murder after stabbing at international school
Blessie Gotingco trial: Guilty of rape and murder
Air New Zealand customer cheesed off at inflight snack
Mum outraged over school's strict pool party dress code
What happened to my gut microbes after 10 days of eating McDonald's & junk food
John Campbell thanks fans after departure news
Overbooked US Airways flight leads to under-dressed traveller


text:
Dept. of Psychiatry
Partial Recall
By Michael Specter
One morning every spring, for exactly two minutes, Israel comes to a stop. Pedestrians stand in place, drivers pull over to the side of the road, and nobody speaks, sings, eats, or drinks as the nation pays respect to the victims of the Nazi genocide. From the Mediterranean to the…


text:
Design by – Bonnie MacLean
Venue – The Fillmore Auditorium, San Francisco
Dates – May 12th – 14th 1967
Performances From –
Jefferson Airplane
The Paupers
The Paupers were a psychedelic rock and folk band from Canada, who recorded and released two studio albums and appeared at the Monterey Pop Festival during the relatively short period of 3 years of their career.
The band's line-up consisted of four members: Skip Prokop (Drums), Denny Gerrard (Bass), Chuck Beal (Guitars), and Bill Marion (Guitars/Vocals).
The Paupers' sound is often described as and compared to that of the mixture of the Byrds, Lovin' Spoonful and the Blues Project. The band's determination to rehearse for 14 hours a day is what made them 'one of the tightest bands around' in the mid-1960s in their hometown Toronto.
There is a travelling rumour that once the audience booed the Jefferson Airplane off the stage because what they really wanted to hear and see was The Paupers performing their set (more on Jefferson Airplane, see Fillmore Poster Series #15). We do not know if to believe it or not, but we definitely recommend you listen to the band's truly outstanding debut album, Magic People (1967):
Shortly after the album was released, the band was set to perform at the Monterey Pop Festival. However, this would be the beginning of the end for the psychedelic rock quartet from the North. Marios from Rockasteria writes: 'Everything that could go wrong for them did. Band members took doses of acid that were way too strong and had equipment/sound check problems.' Internal disagreements followed, and even though the band managed to release another LP, Ellis Island, there was no future for them after that.


text:
Oh my god, really, I can't help myself.
After lots of time passed finding the cause of a huge top margin in my markup, I found such a strange thing…
I got this article element, and I added a margin-bottom: 60px to that element.
Now the problem is, a margin-top with the same number gets added automatically to that element as well.
It does not matter if I put margin: 0px 0px 60px 0px or margin: -60px 0px 60px 0px, it's just not doing what I say. Firebug does not even show the yellow bar for the margin at the top (maybe that's why a margin-top: 0 !important; won't even work), it's just moved down without any way to solve it but to remove the margin bottom.
I do not have any margin top declared for the article element somewhere else in my CSS .
I only got the file on XAMPP so I cannot show you anything, but maybe someone has encountered this before?
Thanks for any tipps!
Kind regards
Could the element above it share the same class?
Are you using the HTML5 javascript shiv by chance?
Probably your article element has float child elements. Try add "overflow: hidden;" for article. I think it must help
- Alex
i think you are experiencing the "collapsing margins issue".
more details can be found here :
If you cannot resolve it you can contact me from my profile page and I'll help you
best regards, Stefan
I remember experiencing something similar once when I tried to test some CSS quickly. I've quickly written few HTML tags and applied bottom margin to the one of the first elements in a document end ended up with huge white space on the top. The issue was similar to yours. I don't remember what it was exactly, but it's possible that it was related to floating.
Hi everybody and thanks for all the fast tipps!
The element above the article neither is an article nor does it have a margin, that's why kops and zauan's solutions did not work but thanks anyways guys!
Hi Jami, I do use HTML shiv but I'm experiencing this in FireFox and I set the HTML shiv to only IE lower than 9.
And woops, the overflow:hidden solved the issue… Thanks a bunch Nekto! But what is happening there that causes this? :/ Something with the floating, but like how?
I love this forum Thanks to all of you again and all the best!!
glossycat said
But what is happening there that causes this? :/ Something with the floating, but like how?
As I remember IE just don't wrap inside floating elements. If you inspect your article element in Firebug, you'll see that in IE it has a height equal to margin-top value.
You're welcome
- Alex
Helpful Information
- Please read our community guidelines. Self promotion and discussion of piracy is not allowed.
- Open a support ticket if you would like specific help with your account, deposits or purchases.
- Item Support by authors is optional and may vary. Please see the Support tab on each item page.
Most of all, enjoy your time here. Thank you for being a valued Envato community member.


text:
The advertisement that you are trying to access is already inactive.
Oops. This ad isn't active anymore.
The seller may have already sold the item or deleted the ad. You can still view this ad, or browse through more items here.
Crown Bay Tower in Roxas blvdThis advertisement is already inactive
|Floor Area
|Lot Area
|79 sqm
|79 sqm
Contact Number:
For faster transaction, inform the seller that you found this at OLX.ph +63-947-504-38XX+63-947-504-38 78
+63-947-504-38XX+63-947-504-38 78 Display number
752 views
- Price:₱ 3,900,000.00
- Contact Number: +63-947-504-38XX+63-947-504-3878 Display number
- For faster transaction, inform the seller that you found this at OLX.ph +63-947-504-38XX+63-947-504-38 78
- Date Posted: June 4, 2009
- Address: crown bay tower
- Location: Quezon City, Metro Manila
- Ad ID: 1406019
- Date Updated: March 20, 2011
- Category: Apartment and Condominium
- Short URL:
schwartechHuvie Property Solutions
- Member Address: Don Antonio Heights, Commonwealth, Quezon City, Metro Manila
- Last Access From:Philippines
- Registered: Aug 1, 2008
- Last Login: Apr 3, 2015


text:
Makimba S Fizer
El Mirage, AZ
Basic information on Makimba S Fizer, El Mirage AZ. Find Makimba S Fizer's age, gender, possible aliases, associates and professional status.
Also Known As
Makimba S Fizer
Fizer Makimba Shaahid
Makimba S Fizer is in his 30's
Makimba Has Lived In
El Mirage, AZ
Anaheim, CA
Orange, CA
Makimba's Relatives
Makimba S Fizer
Zodiac SignAries
Additional Infomation on Makimba S Fizer
Makimba S Fizer's Contact Information
Known Cities Lived In
Find out where Makimba S Fizer has lived as well as Makimba S Fizer's phone numbers and email addresses.
Makimba S Fizer Has Lived in 3 States
Arizona Address for Makimba S Fizer
12605 W Axx Sx
El Mirage AZ
El Mirage AZ
Has Lived InGet Full Address Report
El Mirage, AZ (2 Addresses)
Anaheim, CA (2 Addresses)
Phone Numbers Associated with Makimba S Fizer
Get Full Phone Report
(623) ***-**** - Phoenix, AZ
(623) ***-**** - Phoenix, AZ
(702) ***-**** - The Lakes, NV
Email Address Associated with Makimba S Fizer
Get Email Report
All trademarks, product names, company names or logos on this page are the property of their respective owners.
Related People Searches


text:
- Publisher: Kiloo
- Release Date: Jun 28, 2012
- Critic Score
- Most active
- Publication
- Most clicked
Jul 6, 2012Frisbee Forever 2 is the same game with new levels, but it's still an awesome game.
Jul 6, 2012It's a perfect distraction for days when playing the real game outdoors isn't an option.
Jul 2, 2012The core gameplay may never evolve beyond steering directionally, flying through hoops, gathering stars and proceeding along a series of on-rails levels. But it's done so competently, and with some much care and attention to detail, that you won't fail to fall in love with Kiloo's new creation.
There are no user reviews yet.


text:
Product Type: Honey
Place of Origin: PH
Verified Supplier - NEW FLAVOR HOUSE INC
Philippines Contact Details
Haven't found the right supplier yet ?
1 request,multiple quotations
1-click quotation comparison
OEM,ODM & multi-category buying
Want product and industry knowledge for "Honey" ?
Trade Alerts are FREE updates on topics such as trending hot products, buying requests and supplier information - sent directly to your email inbox!


text:
President Obama urged Americans who have flocked to the new government-run Web marketplaces for health insurance policies not to give up because of the technical problems attributed to greater-than-anticipated demand. Fixes are under way, he said.
Continue reading
Please note: All comments will be reviewed and may take up to 24 hours to appear on the site.


text:
|Search | About | Preferences | Interact | Help
|Find any book at the best price.
by Stein, Ben
Paperback. Pub Date: 09 2004 Pages: 208 Publisher: John Wiley Economist actor author and former quiz show host Ben Stein teamed up with investment psychologist Phil DeMuth to examine a century of stock Market Data and discovered a profound and original investment truth: Yes. you can time the market! In their instant investment classic Yes. You Can Time the Market!. Stein and DeMuth show investors simple. readily available measurements that tell them when it's time to invest in stocks. bonds. real estate. or cash. Written for the investor who wants to preserve capital and build wealth steadily. this book offers prudent. bedrock advice for anyone who can no longer afford to play games with their money.Contents: Chapter One. The Impossibility of Market Timing. Chapter Two. The Power of Price. Chapter Three. The PriceEarnings Ratio. Chapter Four. Dividend Yields and Market Timin...
Search under way...
Search complete.
New books: 1 - 25 of 54
Used books: 1 - 25 of 112


text:
Battlefield EvolvedDeveloper & Publisher with 5 members, invitation only
battlefield e mod team only invite only to join or apply
Head PR guy for Dawn of War: Firestorm over Kronus. Beyond that, I enjoy women, football,weight lifting,reading,writing poetry. All that fun stuff :P
1 comment by Scott913 on Aug 2nd, 2009
Always wanted to express my opinion on this. Modding to me seems like some game companies worst nightmares. Modders constant churn out new content for games that a consumer would otherwise would have forgotten about long ago. Fallout 3 for example is still being updated with DLC but is that what really keeps people interested? Websites like fallout3nexus and planetfallout provide more FREE content that Bethsda could only dream of making in some cases. Now while DLC has its place and keeps games somewhat fresh, modding will always take the cake in keeping games truely alive.
battlefield e mod team only invite only to join or apply
Developer Team for the DoW40k: Firestorm over Kaurava Modification
I was wondering how I'm supposed to find the password for Firestorm over Kronus and if you could just tell me what to click on to find it that would be great!
XD yeah very late! FoK deserves to be in the top 5! Next time your gonna make it!
We all hope so :P.
they should have been... but i'm pretty sure you lot won't give up easily... right?
Never! :D
good... because if you do... then by my god, i will smack some sense to you lot with my grandma...
Happy April Fools :D
hey scott, were fok`s models made in 3d max ??
was wondering then if astartes productions coud maybe borrow some models we will credit u guys for the models, also i can help u guys with a bit of model if u want??
That wont be necessary Alpha...


text:
program are set by each institution and, in some cases, by each separate graduate program.
Third, even if data could be collected or compiled using common definitions, the diverse structure of graduate programs would make comparison difficult. Rates of attrition would be meaningful only in the context of a particular program's admissions policies (open or selective) and its willingness to permit students to reenter who have dropped out. For example, less selective programs might expect higher rates of attrition, while programs with lenient reentry rules might have lower rates of attrition but longer time-to-degree.
A case in point is the Association of American Universities (AAU)/Association of Graduate Schools (AGS) Project for Research on Doctoral Education. With longitudinal data on individual students from 1989 to the present, this project has the potential to yield systematic, ongoing information on graduate student attrition, at least at major research universities. It is constrained, however, by many of the difficulties of comparability and definition discussed here (see Text Box 8).
In the face of such variability across programs, the panel concludes that it is not feasible or cost-effective to attempt to coordinate current efforts to collect information about graduate attrition and degree attainment in order to generate national estimates.
Having said that, we encourage individual institutions and researchers to continue studies of graduate attrition. Such studies can provide valuable insight to institutions so that students who leave do so by design and not through inattention.
Hosted by the Educational Testing Service, the AAU/AGS Project for Research on Doctoral Education collects and maintains longitudinal data on individual students in Ph.D. programs in ten selected fields at approximately forty research universities (see Appendix A for details). The project has many of the features that would be required of a national, systematic effort to study graduate student attrition: it is national in scope; it includes a range of science and humanities fields; it collects from institutions data on individual graduate students; and it maintains a longitudinal data base of changes in students' degree status over time. Data are available from the fall of 1989.
One of the most difficult challenges in data analysis, as reported by project staff, is the variability in definitions of graduate student enrollment and degree status. The institutions participating in the project, and even departments within the same institution, define student status differently. They also may impose different requirements for the time limit allowed for degree completion, the need for students to be registered continuously, and the procedures for reentering after having "stopped out."
In this data base, students in a degree program who have not graduated and not officially left the program are divided into "active" and "inactive" students. Inactive students are defined as those who are not enrolled but are eligible to enroll, as far as is known by the institution. Inactive students may or may not be making progress toward their degrees; they may be studying for examinations or writing their dissertation; they may have left the program without informing anyone; or they may have taken a temporary break. The ambiguity of the status of ''inactive" students makes it difficult to determine an exact number of students to include in calculating attrition.
Over time, of course, most students in a given cohort will have completed their degree requirements or left the program. In the meantime, though, researchers wanting to use these data to study attrition will have to establish their own method to categorize the various types of inactive students.


text:
Travel Deals
- Hotels
- Flights
- Tours
- Vacation Packages
- Others
More Travel Deals
More Deals from Friendly excursion
- » Elephant MuseumUS$ 0
- » Tiger TempleUS$ 0
- » River Kwai Private TourUS$ 0
- » Safari ZooUS$ 0
- » Elephant Farm and Rose GardenUS$ 0
More Deals in Samut Prakan
Prices : US$ 0
Private tour more people pay less. Samut Prakan Crocodile Farm and Zoo is an international renew...
Prices : US$ 0
The Ancient City locally called "Muang Boran", is an excellent reflection of Thailand's multi-facted...
Prices : US$ 40
Whether you're looking for a transfer to get you to and from the airport in the Bangkok (Suwan...
Prices : US$ 0
Private tour that more people pay less. Samut Prakan Crocodile Farm and Zoo is an international cro...
Prices : US$ 0
Private tour that more people pay less. The Ancient City called "Muang Boran", is an excellent r...
Friendly excursion,Samut Prakan
Validity : 01 Sep 12 to 31 Dec 20
Private tour that more people pay less.
Over 10 years of perseverance, common clay and dust were finally formed into the massive 43-metre tall sculpture which today stands on a long stretch of Sukhumvit road. The elephant's massive body, made of pure bronze, is set on the top of a huge round base painted in pastel pink. Inside the breathtaking museum hall invaluable reminders of Thailand's ancient heritage are kept, while its captivating interior is lavishly adorned with elegant decorative pieces of contemporary art.
The museum's three separate floors symbolise the universe and are designed in accordance with the three-tiered cosmology of the Hindu-Thai Buddhist concept of Tribhumi.
The basement level represents the underworld. Alongside rare artefacts from furniture to ceramics and pottery, large display boards detail the history and construction of the Erawan Museum.
Moving up to the next level, depicting the human world, the exquisite interior decoration inside the dome-shaped architecture reflects a harmonious blend of Eastern and Western art. Highlights include the splendid stained glass ceiling on which a world map and zodiac are illustrated, the creative design of German artist Jacob Schwarzkopf.
Rates : THB 3,500
- * Tour guide
- * Vehicle
- * Toll fee
- * Entrance fee
Reservation and 50% advanced payment are required.
For more information, please contact us via e-mail email@example.com
Contact Details :
50/86 Bangna-trad Road, Bangkeaw, Bangplee, Samut Prakan
ampasri tangsittitada
+668 1346 8956


text:
SANAA, Yemen (AP) -- Al-Qaida's branch in Yemen has claimed responsibility for the suicide bombing in the capital at a military parade rehearsal which killed nearly 100 soldiers and injured at least 200.
The militant group said in an emailed statement Monday that one of its "holy warriors" carried the suicide attack and that it targeted the minister of defense who was attending the rehearsal. It says the attack is meant to take revenge for the military offensive against al-Qaida in southern Yemen.
The group known as al-Qaida in the Arabian Peninsula vowed, "This is only the beginning of Jihad," and said that its militants will continue waging attacks against the Yemeni leadership.
Monday's bombing took place when a suicide bomber dressed in military uniform blew himself up among parading soldiers.


text:
Division 1 basketball star Derrick Gordon comes out
By BYP @blackyouthproj 11:00 am April 9, 2014 Derrick Gordon, a sophomore at the University of Massachusetts, has become the first openly gay player in men's Division I college basketball. A few days ago, Gordon came out to his family and teammates. He has now gone public with his sexuality.


text: Bharatiya Janata Party Prime Ministerial candidate Narendra Modi has questioned the sudden rise in the value of painting by West Bengal Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee. In a rally Modi slammed Banerjee and sarcastically lauded her talent for painting, he said, "Your paintings used to be sold for Rs four lakh, Rs 8 lakh or Rs 15 lakh, but what is the reason that one of your paintings sold for Rs 1.80 crore. I respect art. But who was the person who bought the painting for Rs 1.80 crore." Banerjee has ofcourse retaliated back, calling Modi 'devil'. Earlier in the day, Trinamool Congress' spokesperson Derek O'Brien threatened to sue Modi and claimed the money raised from Banerjee's paintings were used for party fund and charity. We thought our readers would be interested to admire some of her work.


text:
Description: Tu Bin Bataye Mujhe Le Chal Kahin.. .. song
Tu Bin Bataye Mujhe Le Chal Kahin (Love Theam) song - Download MP3 music or MP4 video:
Watch Video OnlineDownload MP3 Download Video
Are you the owner of this convertable material and do you want to disable the conversion of your media on clip.dj? Then you can request a conversion block for this video.
+*+*+BOLLYWOOD+*+*+ Movie : Rang De Basanti Song : Tu Bin Bataye Year : 2006 Video Cast : Aamir Khan, Siddharth, Kunal Kapoor, Sharman Joshi, Alice Patten, M...
Initial Attempt from Fatz Box.
Ankit Batra - Tu Bin Bataye Mujhe Le By Soulfulraaga Band www.ankitbatra.co.in.
Rishi Nityapragyaji sings.
Download Link: http://www.reverbnation.com/gajendravermamusic For More Updates Join: http://www.facebook.com/gajendravermamusic A Cover Song Performed By Gaj...
Kuch Pal...Madhushree Live in Concert at Badra-Rangsharda.
Here is an updated version, slightly slower version - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x0do1j-uXI0 Tu Bin Bataye from the movie "Rang De Basanti" on Guitar by ...
Le chal muje x2 Tu hai jahan Le chal mujhe le chal mujhe x2 Main tere paas aata hoon Pavitra dil se Aradhana karat hoon Tujhe Dhoondta hua Tujhe chahta hua M...
Its a really beautiful song from the movie Rang De Basanti originally by Madhushree and Naresh Iyer. I gave it a try!!! So enjoy it!!! :) And ya please leave...
Join us at https://www.facebook.com/palashguitarist Twitter - champalash Keep sharing & feel free to subscribe :) Enjoy !!! \m/ ..
From the Diamond Jubilee Celebration show in IIT Kharagpur.
my first video...singing with acoustic guitar...hope you like it.
Cover of the song Tu Bin Bataye from Rang De Basanti.. **i do not own the copyrights.
Hey guys! clip.dj is an easy online tool to convert videos from YouTube, Dailymotion and Vimeo to high quality MP3 music or MP4 video files. Important: You must agree to our terms of service before using this web application! Have fun! ;)
How it works: Go to YouTube and find a video you want to download, copy its URL (like http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MkviQTo67FM) into the text field at the top of this page and press "Go".
Check out the charts if you wanna know what's hot.
Drag the bookmarklet above to your browser toolbar, so you can download your MP3s and MP4s fast and comfortly by pressing on this bookmarklet whenever you're browsing YouTube.
Another awesome shortcut: whenever you're on YouTube just enter the two letters "xd" before the video URL and press enter: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MkviQTo67FM => http://www.xdyoutube.com/watch?v=MkviQTo67FM ;)


text:
There are currently no scheduled or active alerts. Subscribe to Service Alert RSS feed.
7:30 a.m. – 7:00 p.m.
12:00 noon – 6:00 p.m.
No Upcoming Events
7:30 a.m. – 7:00 p.m.
12:00 noon – 6:00 p.m.
Indicators for Success:
A brief recap: I'll be teaching a course for the first time this summer online. Not only is it a first-time online venture for me, it is a course (History of Documentary) which in the classroom setting would include communal viewings of and discussions about films. I'm trying to figure out how to engage the students in an out-of-class setting and while Google Groups (or some other sort of function) may be helpful, I don't want to simply attempt to "replicate" a classroom setting online.
My desired outcome is to have happy and engaged students.
The first step is to identify potential ways to use technology to engage students. These are some potential options:
How will I know if my students have achieved the intended outcome?
Traditional exams. On-line exams could be one way to see if the students are engaging in the materials. It's not ideal, but is a way to make sure that students are doing the readings and watching the films. However the exams fail to measure student happiness or actual engagement - it's often just a regurgitation of key points.
Assignment quality. I am looking for well-thought out and reasoned responses to the films (or commentaries) - either positive or negative. I am also seeking a sophisticated work product. These are upper division undergraduate and graduate students, and so should be able to have a high level of discourse.
Engagement in blogs or other assignments. Since the goal is to have students engaged, the frequency of and quality of blog posts is important. But also important is how much they begin a conversation with each other. Ideally, there will be lots of back and forth between the students on posts. I'd like a robust conversation happening in the response to blog postings as well as in response to student reviews or commentaries.
How will I know if the changes I made in my teaching made a difference?
Teaching Evaluations. While teaching evaluations do have their shortcomings, this can be a standard of measure over past classroom-based courses. The issue is that I haven't taught the course before, either on or off-line. These can be supplemented by midterm reviews.
Quantity of student responses. If I'm looking engagement within the classroom, that would translate into active and passionate discussions. I would hope that the same sort of enthusiasm would manifest itself online. One way to measure that is by sheer traffic. What posts cause students to discuss? Which ones don't?
Quality of student responses. The quality indicates that students are listening to the screencasts, Google group discussions or other classroom simulations, as well as reading the books.
Student "push-back" on assignments. This is a bit more difficult to measure (and describe) but student engagement can often be measured by how they react to an assignment. An unwillingness to participate, or a confusion about technology or other course tools can be seen as push-back and may mean that something about the assignment is not working for the students. This would indicate I would either need to change my teaching approach (i.e. give them more support to complete the assignment as I envision it) or revise the assignment to better meet student goals. Student video reviews or the crowdsourced commentary are the two areas which may be most likely to get student push-back, depending upon the technical sophistication of the students prior to the class.
How will I identify/measure growth in my students or in my teaching?
Increased blog postings/responses over the course of the term. I fully expect students to be hesitant as they're beginning the course. As the term moves along, I would anticipate that they would be move willing to offer critiques, comments or feedback to other students. This will likely need to be facilitated by me initially - I will have to set the tone as well as offer encouragement.
Consistent downloads of screencasts. This will tell me that the screencasts are working and offer students material they need to complete the course.
Level/quality of participation in virtual discussions. As in the first element above, I would anticipate that I would need to initially set the tone and baseline, but I would expect the virtual discussions to increase in quality as well as quantity of responses as the term progresses.
7:30 a.m. – 7:00 p.m.
12:00 noon – 6:00 p.m.
University of Colorado Boulder
© The Regents of the University of Colorado


text:
Tom Hendricks
Tom Hendricks is an American eccentric Dallas-based musician, painter, writer, and creator of a zine called Musea.
The Musea zine has been published since 1992 and currently has 175 issues. It includes reviews, art discussions, and often, articles about the problems with music and other forms of art being controlled by large corporations or institutions. Musea generally favors independent, local music and art. Hendricks also makes a point to review everything sent to him for a small processing fee, although apparently little has been sent in. The zine is little known outside of the 'zine' community or his hometown, Dallas, Texas.
Hendricks records music under the name Hunkasaurus and His Pet Dog Guitar, and he also performs regularly in the box office at the Inwood Theatre, a well-known Dallas arthouse theatre where he works. Minor publicity for these unusual performances was mentioned in January '06 Texas Monthly Magazine[1] and in the May '04 Dallas Observer.[2] Hendricks' music for the most part is standard rock, blues, and folk, but in his zine, on Usenet, and on the jackets of his self-released CDs, Hendricks complains that "bands" (meaning groups using standard rock instrumentation) are derivative and that it's time for a new form of post-rock-band music.
Other activities[edit]
Hendricks is also an infamous poster to Usenet with thousands of posts, which are often taken from or related to Musea. He is regularly accused of trolling and starting flame wars with his rants about the arts and music business. His posts are sometimes a bit off-topic.
Hendricks is the "Cultural Affairs" editor of the Underground Literary Alliance,[3] a reviewer for Zine World,[4] and has written for the David Darling science website.[5]
External links[edit]
- ^ Texas Highways listing for Hendricks. URL last checked 2006-06-07.
- ^ Dallas Observer article featuring Hendricks. URL last checked 2006-06-07.
- ^ *Underground Literary Alliance article index. URL last checked 2006-06-07.
- ^ Zine World staff index. URL last checked 2006-06-07.
- ^ Hendricks, Tom. Ultraviolet Light and Its Role in the Origin of Life. The Worlds of David Darling website. URL last checked 2006-06-07.


text:
Join Date: Mar 2010
Location: Tacoma, WA
Posts: 620
Mentioned: 0 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 0 Post(s)
|Thread Tools
Moderator- if this is not allowed or in the wrong place, please move and I will not repost.
Hello, thanks for reading. I am hoping to start a small business next year sewing baby and toddler underwear for people who EC or early potty train with their child. I am asking for some measurements for various ages so I can make average sizes. If you don't mind, please share (PM is fine) your baby's or toddler's hip (where the top of underwear would fit) and upper thigh measurement (where the leg hole of the underwear would sit). Thanks so much for your help!
|Arts And Crafts
|Thread Tools
Show Printable Version Show Printable Version
Email this Page Email this Page
|Posting Rules
You may not post new threads
You may not post replies
You may not post attachments
You may not edit your posts
BB code is On
Smilies are On
[IMG] code is On
HTML code is Off
Trackbacks are On
Pingbacks are On
Refbacks are Off


text:
How to restore a corrupt Exchange database backup?
Hi, I'm running Backup Exec 12.5 on Windows 2003, and I've been asked to restore the contents of a user's mailbox from a couple of years ago into their current mailbox (accounts haven't changed). The user archived their emails, and then lost the archives, so they have a giant gap in their inbox/sent folder.
Normally, this wouldn't be an issue, except due to oversight/mistakes on my predecessor's and my part, there's a very large gap of time where the backup tapes show the email database as corrupt (which is true- there was a problem, and it grew until it finally brought things to a halt, at which point, it was finally fixed, and the backups were good again.)
I can't just select another backup, as the issue was pervasive enough to cover a much larger stretch of time than I'm willing to admit.
How can I convince Backup Exec to restore the corrupt Exchange database somewhere so I can try repairing it, and grab the users email from it?
Also, if I do manage to extract the corrupt database to somewhere, and then repair it, can I then use Backup Exec to restore from the image?
Comments 12 Comments • Jump to latest comment
Try to restore it to a Recovery Storage Group using the Exchange Management Console make sure that 'mount after restore' is unchecked.
Thanks for your suggestion, but I can't try them because when I go to the Restore Job screen, the tapes with the corrupted Exchange backup on them refuse to show the Mailbox Database- I only see the option to choose Logs.
The Public Folder database is fine on every backup.
Is there some magic option to tell Backup Exec to restore files that are broken, corrupt, failed to verify, etc?
So, if any part of the Exchange mailbox database is corrupt, it skips the entire database?
If that's true, then there would not in fact be anything on the tape for the database correct?
Under Settings, General in the Restore Job Properties window, there's an option to "Restore corrupt files". How does that work if corrupt files aren't backed up in the first place?
...can you see anything in your restore?
Otherwise duplicate to disk as per my article below, and then try pulling the data out (that you can, if at all) using a third-party application like Kernel for Exchange:
Alternative ways to access Backup Exec Technical Support:
...if the Information Store doesn't show up in your corrupt job, then there isn't anything you can do. It wasn't backed up, therefore nothing to recover.
You would need to find a backup that has the Information Store from that date range...
Alternative ways to access Backup Exec Technical Support:


text:
DALLAS, March 9, 2011 /PRNewswire/ -- CVS/pharmacy, the nation's leading retail pharmacy, brings its "To Your Health" free health screening program to Dallas and Fort Worth, Texas. The program will provide free preventive health screenings for Dallas-area residents at more than 80 events now through November as a way to help citizens determine their risk for chronic diseases and get them on a path to better health.
(Logo: http://photos.prnewswire.com/prnh/20100816/NE50800LOGO)
(Logo: http://photos.prnewswire.com/prnh/20110302/NE57355LOGO-a)
To help celebrate the program's presence in Dallas, on Saturday, March 12, the "To Your Health" event will incorporate "The Makeover Mile" – a one mile health walk led by medical and diet expert, Dr. Ian Smith, to fight obesity and encourage Americans to lead healthier lifestyles. The walk will start at 11:30 a.m. at the Fantasy Landing Playground, funded in part by a grant from CVS Caremark, located in Kiest Park at 3080 S. Hampton Road, Dallas, Texas. Registration for the walk starts at 10:30 a.m. and there is no fee.
(To view a video on the Dallas "To Your Health" program, click here).
"Exercise is an important way to combat weight gain and obesity, which can contribute to many chronic diseases," said Smith. "The Makeover Mile walk will encourage people to get out and take active steps toward better health."
The walk will finish at the CVS/pharmacy located at 2323 W. Illinois Avenue in Dallas where CVS/pharmacy will provide free adult health screenings for walk participants and the community at large starting at 12:00 p.m., as part of its "To Your Health" program. The event will end at 4:00 p.m.
This program and each of the additional "To Your Health" events in Dallas will offer participating adults $150 worth of screenings for diabetes, blood pressure, cholesterol, bone density (osteoporosis) and vision. Doctor consultations a
|SOURCE CVS/pharmacy
Copyright©2010 PR Newswire.
All rights reserved


text:
Free RingtonesFree Mobile VideosFree Mobile ThemesFree Mobile GamesFree Mobile SoftwaresFree Mobile WallpapersFree Online GamesFree Wallpaper Creator
Latest Mobiles
Your search for Clone
Evangelion - Pac ManCategory: Arcade Games
Guide Shinji around the city taking pills and defeating enemies. It is actually a pacman clone with characters from Evangelion ...
Japanese BaseballCategory: Sports Games
Tags: Japanese Baseball
A nice Japenese baseball game. This is one of the better online baseball clones.


text:
Sugar beets spur Colorado county to reconsider biotech food
BOULDER, Colo. Famuer Rasmussen Jr. and five other farmers filed what they thought was a routine request to grow genetically modified sugar beets on public land in Colorado's Boulder County. The county already had allowed genetically altered corn.
But the farmers got an earful.
Complaints from residents and organic food activists concerned about the crops' safety and local businesses hoping to maintain Boulder as a center for natural and organic products prompted county commissioners to reassess their genetically modified crops policy.
"This went from a campfire to a raging wildfire," the Rasmussen, 45, said of the reaction to the six farmers' December request.
While farmers like Rasmussen already grow genetically modified sugar beets on private land, the prospect of devoting more county-owned land to the new crops was too much for opponents.
Aurora Organic Dairy Chairman Mark Retzloff opposed the altered corn six years ago, but said a lack of public awareness may have led the county to allow it.
"Many of us decided this time we needed to be proactive," he said. "Last time, it wasn't made an issue to the public."
The protests are part of the growing battles over genetically modified organisms, or GMO. At issue in Boulder County is Monsanto Corp.'s Roundup Ready sugar beets, which Rasmussen wants to grow on land leased from the county.
About 95 percent of the 1.15 million acres of sugar beets planted nationwide have been bred to resist the weed killer Roundup, also made by Monsanto, according to the American Sugarbeet Growers Association. The beets were widely commercially used for the first time last year.
Communities like Mendocino County in California, spurred by voters, have banned genetically modified organisms, but Boulder is the only city with such strong opposition to Roundup Ready sugar beets, said Luther Markwart, executive vice president of the growers association.
"This is all theater for opposition to biotech," Markwart said.
In September, a federal judge in San Francisco overturned regulatory approval of Roundup Ready sugar beets and ordered a U.S. Department of Agriculture agency to study their environmental impact after the Port Townsend, Wash.-based Organic Seed Alliance and others filed a lawsuit.
U.S. District Judge Jeffrey White found the USDA's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service violated environmental law by failing to take a hard look at whether the beets could share their genes with other crops through cross-pollination. The agency is reviewing the ruling.
Monsanto said the ruling didn't question the safety to consumers of Roundup Ready crops.
Organic food interests plan to ask White at an Oct. 30 hearing to bar new plantings of the crop, but Boulder County commissioners are thinking beyond sugar beets.
"Our questions are bigger," county commissioner Ben Pearlman said. "Do we allow GMO at all? If so, under what circumstances and what do we want grown?"
The six farmers hoping to grow Roundup Ready sugar beets lease about 4,000 irrigated acres, representing almost half the county's agricultural lease revenue, according to county staff.
The farmers' request generated so much protest because it involves public land, said Steven Hoffman, managing director of the Boulder-based national Organic Center. Hoffman said there's about $3 billion in annual revenues from natural and organic products companies like herbal tea manufacturer Celestial Seasonings in the Boulder area.


text:
Welcome to Laity Photography!
Laity Photography is the husband and wife team of SCUBA divers Jeffrey and Anastasia Laity. Jeff takes still photos underwater, and Anastasia shoots high-definition video. Please visit our Photo Gallery or Underwater Videos page.
Turtle cleaning station in Kona, Hawaii; Best in Show, 2005 Kona Classic
Sign up to be notified by email when new albums or videos are added.
|New album: Casino Point, Catalina, Oct 31 2014
|New video: "Why Here?"
|New video: "Bali: Around the Island in 8 Days"
|New album: Casino Point, Catalina, Sep 28 2014
|New album: Redondo wrecks on the Giant Stride, July 6 2014
|New album: Anacapa on the Peace, June 26 2014
|New album: Palos Verdes on the Giant Stride, May 26 2014
|New video: "Heading North" (Small or Large)
|New video: "Wakatobi Resort October 2012" (Small or Large)
|New video: "Summer Squid" (Small or Large)
|New album: Santa Barbara Island on the Truth, February 15 2014
© Laity Photography - Contact Us


text:
Born: March 27, 1924 | Died: April 4, 1990
In the 1940s, when most women singers adorned big bands as stage attractions rather than legitimate members of jazz ensembles, Sarah Vaughan, along with her predecessor Ella Fitzgerald, helped elevate the vocalist's role as equal to that of the jazz instrumentalist. A woman known for her many vicissitudes, Vaughan's outspoken personality and artistic eloquence brought her the names Sassy and The Divine One." A talented pianist, she joined the ranks of the 1940s bebop movement and became, as a member of the Earl Hines and Billy Eckstine bands, one of its most celebrated vocalists. Her dynamic vocal range, sophisticated harmonic sense, and horn-like phrasing brought Vaughan million-selling numbers and a stage and recording career that spanned half a decade....
read more
Building a Jazz Library
CD/LP/Track Review
- On the Radio: The 1963 "Live" Guard Sessions by Florence Wetzel
DVD/Video/Film Reviews
CD/LP/Track Review
- After Hours at the London House by Samuel Chell
- Love Songs by Jim Santella
Jazz Musician of the Day: Sarah VaughanApril 18, 2014 March 27, 2014
Jazz Musician of the Day: Sarah VaughanNovember 13, 2013
Jazzmeia Horn Named Winner Of The Sarah Vaughan International Vocal...October 08, 2013
TD James Moody Democracy Of Jazz Festival Sarah Vaughan Competition...July 29, 2013
Sarah Vaughan 'Sophisticated Lady: The Duke Ellington Songbook...July 03, 2013
Sarah Vaughan "Divine: The Jazz Albums 1954-1958" On Verve Select


text:
Your Celeb Hair Twin
View Single Post
View Public Profile
Send a private message to gardencurls
Find More Posts by gardencurls
Join Date: Aug 2011
Posts: 496
Tuesday, May 8, 2012 at 12:47AM
My hair is shaped just like this. The bangs are exact. My mother saw this picture on the internet and did a double take because she thought it was me. Natalie Wood would be older than my mother, if she was still alive, so it's an odd picture to associate with a daughter. My mother's in her 70s ,and she probably needs much stronger glasses. I assume she spotted it while browsing the web after her nightly glass of wine . The photo is black & white, too, so it was easier for my mother to project her visual expectations on it. Still, I was flattered. My mother sent it to me, because it was the hair that got her attention:
Attached Thumbnails
3b/c, Coarse, Low Porosity, Desert Climate
CG since August 2011/Occasionally Modified since 2013
: KC Come Clean, As I Am Co-wash,KCKT, KCCC, CJCC, CIAB, Ion Healthy Scalp Shampoo & Conditioner, Mist-er Right


text:
What,only a choice of 7 kits
Dodek's Improved Sound Evnironment (DISE)'s goal is to create an immersive and enjoyable experience of playing BF2 by enhancing its sound environment and testing it to its limits.
What,only a choice of 7 kits
PR is something completely different than this, they are working in massive teams and have a real studio :\
that's his personal mod, not PR...
oh, well... cool lol :D
No need for more, in case I want some changes, I'll make map specific kits or a simple customization system
Do you realize that EVERY weapon pictured is from AIX
Like in that picture, how did you resize the weap selection menu?
you resize the weap selection menu
by changing the pixel size and positions of the objects
hmm. gonna try that sometimes. it's in the Spawnscreen HudSetup right?
3 CPs at start for each team, 3 neutral. This is the 16 player variant. 32 player variant is focused on armored warfare: 24 tanks and 9 APCs for each team.


text:
Cheap GCN to San Francisco flights
Popular Flights from Grand Canyon, Arizona
Top Grand Canyon Flights to US Destinations
Top Grand Canyon International Destinations
Popular Flights from San Francisco, California
Top San Francisco Flights to US Destinations
Top San Francisco International Destinations
GCN to SFO Route Map
Grand Canyon to San Francisco Flights, Stats and Airplanes
Route information for flights from Grand Canyon Natl. Park to San Francisco Intl..
577.22 miles
SFO - San Francisco Intl. Airlines
Browse the most popular airlines servicing the San Francisco (SFO) airport. Visit their flights pages to learn more about the most popular routes these carriers fly.


text:
Cheap HUF to Denver flights
Popular Flights from Terre Haute, Indiana
Top Terre Haute Flights to US Destinations
Popular Flights from Denver, Colorado
Top Denver Flights to US Destinations
Top Denver International Destinations
HUF to DEN Route Map
Terre Haute to Denver Flights, Stats and Airplanes
Route information for flights from Terre Haute Intl. Hulman Field to Denver Intl..
922.67 miles
DEN - Denver Intl. Airlines
Browse the most popular airlines servicing the Denver (DEN) airport. Visit their flights pages to learn more about the most popular routes these carriers fly.


text:
1-800-THE-INFO's 'Rock My Room' Promo Gives Six Lucky Winners a Bonus for Calling
NEW YORK, Nov. 10 /PRNewswire/ — The information service 1-800-THE-INFO on Monday (Nov. 10) awarded six prizes for Rock My Room, a six-week promotion geared to college students. The free business-directory-assistance service, which offers thousands of local business listings to callers, offered prizes to six randomly selected callers who used the service between Aug. 14 and Sept. 30.
"We knew that thousands of students and other consumers would warm to the business-search options offered by 1-800-THE-INFO, and we weren't disappointed," said Verizon Marketing Director Trudy Adams. "Among the thousands who called during the promotion period, there were a lucky few who won great prizes."
Callers to 1-800-THE-INFO could use the service as many times as they wanted daily, and one call each day from the same phone number was entered in the contest.
The prize winners are: 1. Grand Prize - iPod Touch w/Bose SoundDock Digital Music System, 32-inch flat screen TV, laptop computer and a $500 American Express gift card C. Yost - Eau Claire, Pa. 1. 1st prize - $500 Target gift card S. Peoples- State University, Ark. 1. 2nd place - $250 Target gift card M. Hunter, Wesley Chapel, Fla. 1. 3rd place - iHome clock radio for iPod R. Vissal, Passaic, N.J. 1. 4th place - $75 gift certificate to iTunes T. Gambrill, Rockville, Md. 1. 5th place - $50 American Express gift card A. Perkins, New Carrollton, Md.
1-800-THE-INFO launched its voice-activated local business directory assistance search in March. Callers hear a brief advertisement and then are able to use the free automated voice-recognition search of Verizon's national directory database. The search is backed up by live operators so that callers are assured of immediate and accurate results for their requests.
For more information on the service, visit http://www.800theinfo.com/.
Verizon Communications Inc. , headquartered in New York, is a leader in delivering broadband and other wireline and wireless communication innovations to mass market, business, government and wholesale customers. Verizon Wireless operates America's most reliable wireless network, serving nearly 71 million customers nationwide. Verizon's Wireline operations include Verizon Business, which delivers innovative and seamless business solutions to customers around the world, and Verizon Telecom, which brings customers the benefits of converged communications, information and entertainment services over the nation's most advanced fiber-optic network. A Dow 30 company, Verizon employs a diverse workforce of more than 228,000 and last year generated consolidated operating revenues of $93.5 billion. For more information, visit http://www.verizon.com/.
VERIZON'S ONLINE NEWS CENTER: Verizon news releases, executive speeches and biographies, media contacts, high-quality video and images, and other information are available at Verizon's News Center on the World Wide Web at http://www.verizon.com/news. To receive news releases by e-mail, visit the News Center and register for customized automatic delivery of Verizon news releases.
CONTACT: Kevin Laverty of Verizon, +1-425-261-5855,email@example.com
Web Site: http://www.800theinfo.com/
Company News On-Call: http://www.prnewswire.com/comp/094251.html