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A pulsed solid state laser system is disclosed which utilizes a plurality of individual laser rods which are sequentially pumped and whose beans are combined into a single interleaved output bean. The individual laser rods are pumped at an average power level which is below that for maximum output power from each rod, thereby obviating the need for refrigeration cooling. A compact optical system is disclosed which permits a constant beam size even at different pump levels and other advantages. A compact cooling system is also disclosed.
1. Apparatus for interleaving the outputs of individual pulsed lasers comprising:
a plurality of n pulsed lasers;
an angled reflector aligned to intercept output laser pulses from each of said n pulsed lasers and direct them along a common output path;
an optical path from each of said n pulsed lasers to said angled reflector;
means for rotating said angled reflector including means for stopping said angled reflector at n circumferential positions during its rotation; and
means for sequentially pumping each of said n pulsed lasers when said angled reflector is in each of said n positions.
2. Apparatus as in claim 1 wherein said pulsed lasers are optical lasers.
3. Apparatus as in claim 1 wherein said pulsed lasers are optically pumped Ho:YAG lasers.
4. Apparatus as in claim 3 wherein there are four Ho:YAG lasers.
5. Apparatus as in claim 1 wherein each of said lasers includes a cylindrical rod doped with holmium.
6. Apparatus as in claim 1 including optical means for maintaining the laser output size the same regardless of the pumping power of said pumping means.
7. Apparatus as in claim 1 including optical means for maintaining the laser output size the same regardless of the pumping power of said pumping means.
8. An apparatus as recited in claim 1 wherein said reflector is curved for focusing the intercepted laser pulses.
9. A system for combining the pulsed output of a plurality of lasers along a common path comprising:
a support member rotatable driven by a motor;
an angled reflector mounted to the end of the support member; and
a control circuit for causing the motor to rotate the support member into a fixed position such that the reflector is angularly oriented with respect to the incoming path of a selected laser in a manner so that a light pulse emitted therefrom will be redirected down said common path, said control circuit further operating to energize said selected laser to generate a pulse of light while the support member is held in the fixed position and wherein said control circuit functions to repeat the rotation and energizing functions for each of the lasers the output of which is to be combined.
10. A system as recited in claim 9 further including an encoder to monitor the rotational position of the support member.
11. A system as recited in claim 10 further including an optical fiber the input face of which is located along said common path and wherein said reflector functions to focus the light pulses into the input face of the optical fiber.
12. A system as recited in claim 9 wherein said reflector is curved for focusing the laser output along said common path.
13. A method of combining the pulsed output of a plurality of lasers along a common path utilizing an angled reflector mounted on the end of a rotatable support member comprising the steps of:
rotating the support member into a first fixed position such that the reflector is angularly oriented in a manner to redirect the pulsed output from a first laser along the common path;
energizing the first laser to generate a pulse of light while maintaining the rotational position of the support member; and
repeating the rotating and energizing steps for each of the plurality of lasers.
14. A method as recited in claim 13 wherein the reflector is curved such that the pulsed output from the lasers is focused along the common path.
This is a divisional of application Ser. No. 08/873,823, filed Jun. 12, 1997, U.S. Pat. No. 5,781,574, which is a divisional of application Ser. No. 08/331,359, filed Oct. 27, 1994, U.S. Pat. No. 5,659,563, which is a divisional of application Ser. No. 08/057,084, filed May 5, 1993, U.S. Pat. No. 5,375,132.
1. Field of the Invention
The invention pertain to pulsed lasers, specifically to optically pumped solid state lasers. The present invention has particular application to optically-pumped lasers which include a plurality of laser rods and in which each laser rod is optically pumped at a level below its maximum output operation so that refrigeration cooling is not required.
2. Description of the Related Art
Many conventional solid state laser systems employ optical pumping means to excite solid state gain media into a lasing state. For example, in one type of conventional solid state laser system, the gain medium is a cylindrical rod, and the optical pumping means comprises elongated flash lamps positioned parallel to the rod. Radiation for optically pumping the rod is focused from the lamps onto the rod's central longitudinal axis. The rod and the adjacent flash lamps are mounted within a reflective housing. The entire assembly (comprising rod, flash lamps, and housing) is referred to as a "laser head."
Most solid state gain media in common use can be maintained at a relatively high temperature during lasing operation. However, some solid state gain media, such as Holmium:YAG material, Holmium:YLF material, and other Holmium-doped gain media, are preferably maintained at a low temperature during lasing operation (for example, a low temperature in the range from about +10 degrees Celsius to as low as about -15 degrees Celsius) for maximum power output. A cooling system is required for this purpose, since the flash lamps (or other optical pumping means) will otherwise increase the temperature of the entire laser head (including the gain medium) to undesirably high levels. Existing lasers use refrigerant cooling to achieve the range of temperatures specified above.
However, refrigerator-cooled Ho:YAG lasers have serious drawbacks. The cooling system typically is heavy, bulky, noisy, and expensive to fabricate. Also, there are problems in shipping laser systems with the typical water/alcohol refrigeration coolant.
Also, there are limits, even with refrigeration, on the rate at which a Ho:YAG laser can be pumped before the efficiency of the laser drops. Additionally, increasing the optical pumping rate and intensity runs the risk of damaging the Ho:YAG laser rod.
The invention is an optically-pumped solid state laser that has a plurality of laser rods, each of which is sequentially pumped. The outputs of each laser rod are combined into a single, pulsed, output beam. The individual laser rods are pumped at a power level less than that for maximum laser efficiency. Rather than pumping a single laser rod at a high repetition rate to maximize its output but necessitating the use of refrigeration cooling, a plurality of laser rods are used, and the repetitive rate for each individual laser rod is reduced. More specifically, the repetition rate is chosen to be at or less than the thermal relaxation time of the laser medium so that thermal build-up in the medium can be prevented using standard air/water cooling systems.
Since the repetitive rate for pumping each laser rod is reduced, refrigeration-cooling of each laser rod is not required. But since the output beam is a combination of each of the individual laser rods, the laser pulse rate and average energy level is high. In the case of an actual embodiment employing four Ho:YAG rods, each laser rod is pulsed at 10 Hz and the output of each rod is combined and interleaved into a single output beam. Its interleaved pulse rate is 40 Hz at a power level of 100 watts, which exceeds that of most refrigeration-cooled Ho:YAG lasers using a single rod.
In accordance with another aspect of the invention, an improved, compact optical system is provided for interleaving the outputs of the individual laser rods. The optical delivery system insures that the beam size is substantially independent of the laser pump power. This is important for many applications such as medical laser systems.
FIG. 1 is a perspective, diagrammatic view of a solid state laser which embodies the invention.
FIG. 2 is a side view of a preferred embodiment of the invention solid state laser.
FIG. 3 is a cross-section view of the laser of FIG. 2 in a direction and location indicated by the arrows marked 3--3.
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the laser of FIG. 2 in a direction and location indicated by the arrows marked 4--4.
FIG. 5 is a bottom view, partially in section, of one of the laser heads shown in FIG. 2.
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of the high voltage power supply for the laser of FIG. 2.
FIG. 7 is a block schematic diagram of the control circuit for the power supply of FIG. 6.
FIG. 8 is a timing diagram showing the relationship of the individual laser outputs and the combined, interleaved beam.
FIGS. 9A, 9B and 9C illustrate the diameter of the laser beams within the optical system as a function of the distance from the laser cavity and as a function of pump power.
FIG. 10 is a block schematic diagram of the cooling system for the laser system of the present invention.
FIG. 11 shows the relationship of the laser heads in the cooling system.
FIG. 12 illustrates the heat exchanger of FIG. 11 in greater detail.
A preferred embodiment of the invention is now described referring to FIGS. 1-4, a solid state laser 10 is shown having four separate laser head assemblies 11-14. Associated with each laser head assembly are a pair of resonator mirrors 16 and 18 which define the laser cavity for each of the laser heads. Each of the mirrors 16 is totally reflecting and each of the mirrors 18 is partially transmissive in the standard manner.
When optically pumped, output beams 20, 22, 24 and 26 are provided for laser heads 11-14. The laser heads 11-14 are held and supported by a head support structure 28, which includes a horizontal support 30, shown in FIG. 2 which has a central hole 32. The interleaved pulsed output beam 34 from laser 10 passes through hole 32.
An optical path 36 is provided for each of the pulsed laser beam outputs 22, 24, 26 and 28, which includes mirror 38, a reflector 40 and a rotatable reflecting wedge 42. The output for each of the laser head assemblies is imaged on the mirror 38, which has a curved surface to focus the beam on the rotatable reflecting wedge 42. Reflector 40 is a mirror which is flat with no curvature. The surface of the reflecting wedge 42 from which the interleaved output beam 34 is formed has a curved surface so the output beam may be focused by a lens 35, for example, on the face of a fiber-optic surgical delivery tube.
Each of the resonator mirrors 16 are supported in mirror mounts, which are adjustably secured to a first resonator support 46, having a central hole 48 for passage of the output beam 34. Similarly, mirrors 18 are supported by mirror mounts 50 which are adjustably mounted to a second resonator support 52, which also supports reflector mounts 54. The rotatable reflecting wedge 42 is rotated by motor 56 both of which are mounted to support 58. Support 58 also secures mount 60 of output coupler 38 in an adjustable fashion.
As will be explained in greater detail in the following paragraphs, the rotatable reflector 42 is rotated sequentially to each of four positions. When the reflector 42 is stopped in one of the four positions it provides an optical path, in combination with reflectors 38 and 40, from one of the laser heads 11-14 along a common output path 34. Each time the reflector 42 is in one of the four positions, the corresponding laser head is energized to provide a laser pulse onto the surface of rotatable reflector 42 and then along the output path 34. As the reflector 42 is rotated to each of the four positions, and each of the corresponding lasers is energized, a composite, interleaved pulsed laser output is provided from reflector 42 along the output path 34.
FIG. 5 shows one actual laser head assembly 11, in accordance with the present invention, of a type referred to as a diffuse reflector. The active lasing medium is a cylindrical Ho:YAG laser rod 62. The laser rod 62 fits within a first channel 64 of an oval-shaped, elongated dynasil glass enclosure 66. A second channel 68 in glass enclosure 66 houses an elongated flashlamp 70 for optically pumping laser rod 62. Flashlamp 70 is terminated with terminals 72 and 74. Surrounding the glass enclosure 66 is a jacket of BaSO4 76 which acts as a light reflector to maximize the efficiency of the pump source 70. The combination of the BaSO4 76 and glass enclosure 66 is encased in an aluminum housing 78.
Cooling for each of the laser head assembly does not require refrigeration, since each laser rod 62 is not pumped for maximum output. That is, the pump energy per laser pulse times the pulse rate is less for the laser of the present invention than typically used in a Ho:YAG laser with refrigeration cooling. Cooling is carried out by passing de-ionized water through the head assembly. Cooling water passes into inlet 80, through the laser head block 82 and out of outlet 84. A plug 86 permits access to the block 82. The Ho:YAG rod 62 is 31/2 inches long and has a diameter of 4 mm.
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of the high voltage power supply 87 for sequentially triggering each of the flashlamps 70, which in turn pump each of the laser rods 62. Each of the flashlamps has associated with it an external trigger wire 88, which in turn is connected to an individual simmer power supply 90-93. Power supplies 90-93 maintain a sufficient electric field on each of the trigger wires 88 so that the gas within the flashlamps 70 is ionized and conducting. However, the level of conduction, approximately 100 milliamps, is low and so not enough light is emitted to trigger lasing of the rods 62.
Connected in series with the flashlamps 70 are SCRs 96-99, having gate electrodes 102-105, respectively. Each SCR is also connected to an inductor 108 and a capacitor 110. Capacitor 110 is charged by a regulated constant current source 112, which charges the capacitor 110 to approximately 1.5 KV.
In operation the flashlamps 70 are sequentially energized to a level which provides a high power burst of light to sequentially energize laser rods 62 in laser heads 11-14. This is accomplished by sequentially turning each of the SCRs 96-99 from an "off" state to an "on" state by putting a signal on the appropriate gate electrode 102-105. When this happens, capacitor 110 is discharged through the selected flashlamp 70.
Operation of circuit 87 will be further explained with additional reference to FIG. 7 which is a block schematic diagram of the capacitor and SCR control circuit 114. An encoder 116 senses the position of the rotating reflecting wedge 42. This positional information is fed a microprocessor 118, which in turn controls the sequence and timing of the switching of SCRs 96-99. That is, when the rotating wedge is in position to accept the output beam from laser head 11, the SCR of the corresponding flashlamp is turned on via line 119 and the corresponding laser rod is energized. This occurs again each time the rotating wedge 42 is ready for the beam from the next laser head.
Each of the laser rods 62 has a somewhat different efficiency associated with it. Since it is important that the composite output beam 34 have pulses of the same magnitude, this difference in individual laser rods must be accounted for. This is accomplished by controlling the regulated current source 112 and the level to which capacitor 110 is charged.
The output power of each laser rod is measured empirically and the degree to which the capacitor must be charged to maintain equal output pulses from each laser rod is stored in a look-up table in microprocessor 118. Additionally, feedback is provided to maintain constant output pulses. An optical pick-off 120 samples each output pulse and a signal indicative of the magnitude of the pulse is sent to microprocessor 118. Based upon the look-up table and the fact that the output from each flashlamp is proportional to the square of the voltage on capacitor 110, microprocessor 118, by controlling current source 112, controls the voltage stored on capacitor 110 for each laser rod, which in turn determines the output from each flashlamp.
In an actual embodiment motor 56 is supplied by the Escape Co. It makes one full revolution every 100 milliseconds. It makes a stop four times, for a stop time period of 5 msec. Capacitor 110 is one actual embodiment is 140 uf and inductor 108 is 300 microhenries. Flashlamps 70 have cerium-doped quartz envelopes and are filled with xenon gas at a pressure of 1000 torr. The combined power from the four flashlamps 70 is approximately 5000 watts.
FIG. 8 is a timing diagram showing the relationship between the outputs from each of the individual rods. In one actual embodiment, using Ho:YAG rods in head assemblies 11-14, each is pulsed at a 10 Hz repetition rate. The resulting interleaved output beam 34 has a repetition rate of 40 Hz. It should be understood that the present invention is not limited to a particular number of individual rods or a particular repetition rate. What is important is that the average pump power be kept below that for maximum output power for any given rod. Since power is equal to the pump energy times the pump repetition rate, both can be varied in pumping the individual laser rods sufficient time following each pump input light pulse to allow thermal relaxation in the laser rods, so that temperature build-up is not sufficiently large to require refrigeration cooling.
While the foregoing laser has been described for the embodiment of Ho:YAG laser rods, other solid state lasers may be used, in accordance with the present invention. Further, the individual lasers to be combined need not be of the same wavelengths, so that the affects on tissue can be varied. That is, the individual laser rods may be of different materials resulting in different pulse characteristics within the interleaved output 34.
The optical system of the present invention is unique in several respects. It is both compact and it provides an interleaved output beam whose size (diameter) is independent of pump power, and even though thermal lensing gets stronger as the laser rods are pumped at greater power levels. The optical system also is unique in that it provides a laser beam of constant numerical aperture (beam divergence) inside an optical fiber delivery system. Also, it is arranged in a way that even if the rotating reflector 42 is somewhat out of position relative to the laser beams, the action of the laser beam at the input to the optical fiber remains fairly constant. To realize all three features at the same time, the point of constant beam diameter inside the laser is first imaged onto the moving element and this image is then relayed to the input end of the fiber. Simultaneously, the second point of constant image size is imaged to the focusing lens that produces the final image on the fiber.
This is best understood by additionally referring to FIG. 9A, where the x-axis represents the distance as measured along the optical path from one of the output couplers 18 of one of the laser heads 11-14. The y-axis represents the beam diameter from the laser head and the series of lines represent the beam diameter as a function of the pump power. It can be seen, for example, that the output beam diameter varies from 1 to 4 mm, depending upon the pump power. The laser resonator is designed to image the beam to a spot 125 which corresponds to the surface of the curved mirror 38, which is positioned approximately 15 cm from output coupler 18.
The mirror 38 is concave with a curve to re-focus the laser beam to a spot 127, which corresponds to the surface of the rotatable mirror 42. As can be seen from FIG. 9A and and FIG. 1 this occurs at a distance of approximately 40 cm from output coupler 18. Rotatable mirror 42 also has concave, curved, surface and focuses the beam to a spot 129 on lens 35, which may be part of an optical fiber surgical delivery tube 37, where lens 35 focuses the beam, in the well-known manner, onto one end of an optical fiber or fiber bundle 37.
It is well known that in any laser cavity with a gain medium of finite transverse dimension, the limit in the width of the gain medium defines a point where the beam width is constant regardless of laser power. That is to say, that at a point within each of the laser cavities the laser beam has the same width as the gain medium. The output coupler 18 re-focuses an image of this point, corresponding to spot 127, onto the rotatable mirror 42, and thereafter the image of this point is refocused by lens 35 at the input to the optical fiber 37. In this manner the output laser beam provided to the input to the optical fiber surgical delivery tube will be the same size regardless of pump power. This is seen graphically in FIG. 9B. Point 131 is the location of the input to fiber focal lens 35.
It has been determined that in addition to the point of constant beam diameter inside each laser, there is a second point of constant beam diameter outside of each of the lasers. This corresponds to point 125 in FIG. 9A. By re-focusing this second point of constant beam diameter on the fiber focusing lens 35, which is spot 129 in FIG. 9A, the resulting laser beam has the desirable property of having a constant numerical aperture (beam divergence) inside the optical fiber regardless of changes in optical power. This beneficial result of one actual laser embodiment is shown in FIGS. 9A to 9C. The origin represents the location of the fiber focussing lens 35 in FIGS. 9B and 9C. Little change in beam divergence is present even with changes in laser power.
As noted the system is configured so that the image on the rotatable mirror 42 is re-imagined on by lens 35 the optical fiber 37. The result of this is that rotation of the moving element produces only a rotation of the element on the fiber 37, but no translation of the image on the fiber. Consequently small errors in the position of rotatable mirror 42 do not produce errors in the location of the laser beam at the input to fiber 37. Instead variations in the position of the moving element produce small changes in the input angle of the beam inside fiber 37. The optical fibers tend to be more tolerant of these errors.
In one actual embodiment, resonator mirror or coupler 16 has a radius of curvature of 100 cm and is located 11 cm from one end of the Ho:YAG laser rod 62. Output coupler 18, which is 84% reflecting within the laser cavity, is provided with an outside convex curvature, with a radius of curvature of 30 cm. Coupler 18 is positioned 11 cm from the opposite end of the Ho:YAG laser rod 62. Reflector 38 has a focal length of 13.47 cm, rotatable reflector 42 has a focal length of 18.24 cm, and lens 35 has a focal length of 2.4 cm.
Each of the reflectors 40, in combination with the other optical components, provides an important function of allowing the optical system to be compact. Also, reflectors 40 allow each of the beams 22, 24, 26 and 28 from the individual lasers, to be directed at rotatable reflector 42 at small angle to the interleaved output beam 34. This allows the mechanical components, including the rotatable reflector 42, to have greater mechanical tolerances, thereby making the system less expensive to manufacture and maintain. Mirror 38 and rotatable mirror 42 need not be reflectors. They can be built as convex lenses as well.
FIG. 10 illustrates details of the cooling system 135 used in one actual embodiment to cool laser heads 11-14. A single pump 137 is used for all of the laser heads. Pump 137 is a positive-displacement pump which provides a constant flow of about 4 gallons/min of water coolant, regardless of pressure. A deionizing cartridge 139 is put in parallel with the main conduit 140, to keep the water-coolant non-conducting. A flow switch 143 provides the safety function of shutting down the system if no water is circulating. Prior to entering the laser heads the cooling water passes through a filter 145 to remove particulate material.
Next, the cooling water passes at 147 through the laser heads, which are arranged with 2 laser heads in series with each other, and each pair in parallel with each other. This arrangement is shown in FIG. 11. The resulting flow through each laser head is approximately 1 gallon per minute. Referring to FIG. 5, a very small space 67 of 0.4 mm is provided between the glass enclosure 70 and around each laser rod 62. Thus, water at high velocity at a Reynold's number greater than 10,000 passes by the laser rods. Space 69 also is provided around the flashlamps 70 so they are cooled along with the laser rods.
The cooling water, now heated, flows through a heat exchange system 149 which is air-cooled by a fan (not shown) in the well-known manner. Water exits the heat exchanger at near ambient temperatures and then flows through a venturi 151 which introduces turbulence into the flow. The water then flows into a main holding tank 151 which acts in a manner equivalent to a mechanical "fly wheel." That is, by having a tank with the capacity to store several gallons of water, the lasers can be operated at maximum output power for extended periods of time, since the additional water in the system can absorb additional heat generated in the laser heads. A fill tank 153 is used to "top-off" the main tank 151 as is necessary.
Details of the heat exchange system are shown in FIG. 12. The actual heat exchanger 160 is conventional with a water inlet 162 and a water outlet 164. Coils of pipes thru which the water flows (not shown) are provided within the heat exchanger 160. Air for cooling enters at the bottom of the heat exchanger 160 and exits from the top.
Air is drawn thru the heat exchanger by a backward curved impeller fan driven by a fan motor 168. A characteristic of such a fan is that air enters the fan axially, in this case at the bottom, and is then expelled radially, as shown by the arrows in FIG. 12.
The heat exchanger is very compact, measuring approximately 1 foot square and 5 inches in thickness. Such a heat exchanger requires large volumes of air to pass thru it, resulting of a large pressure drop across it. The use of a backward curved impeller is ideal for this application because it is compact, powerful, and directs the air out radially.
It has been found, in one particular embodiment, that the optical pump repetition rate for the laser rods can be as high as 7 Hz with no loss in output power. As the repetition rate gets higher the output begins to drop because the thermal time constant of the Ho:YAG rod doesn't allow sufficient thermal relaxation to occur. Above approximately 10 Hz the output drops more rapidly. It should be noted, however, that the specifics of the foregoing characteristics will change depending upon the pump and optical systems and the individual laser rod design.
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A path forward for the Gulf Coast
Friday - 10/1/2010, 1:56pm EDT
This week Navy Secretary Ray Mabus released a report that calls for establishing a congressionally mandated Gulf Coast Restoration Task Force to coordinate federal, state and local actions to restore the Gulf after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.
The report focuses on three areas: the environment, the economy, and health and human services.
According to the Department of Energy website, "The overarching focus of all recommended actions is making sure we at the federal level can cut red tape and support local strategies, rather than the other way around."
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Welcome to the Johnny Appleseed Metropolitan Park District
Whatever your age there is something to enjoy by everyone at the Johnny Appleseed Metropolitan Park District! Whether it's fishing, camping, picnicking, hiking, swimming or Frisbee disc golf you can find it at one of our 12 park locations plus so much more! The parks are open daily year round and locked at dark with the exception of Ottawa Metro Park, which is open 24 hours a day.
The Johnny Appleseed Metropolitan Park District contributes to the quality of life for Allen County's citizens. The Park District has been fiscally conservative, providing parks, facilities, and programs at reasonable costs and using local tax dollars to leverage grants, donations, and other outside sources of revenue. It has been 22 years (1993) since additional millage was approved by the voters for the Park District.
The primary objective for the ¾ mill levy on the May 5 ballot is to maintain, protect, improve, renovate, and replace existing facilities and services. Modern restrooms are a priority for replacement. An additional high priority is to restore the Cooperative Park Improvement Grant Program, a revenue sharing program for capital improvements in the village, township, and city parks all across Allen County. The program was developed in 1993 and made substantial capital improvements in community parks until 2008 when it had to be suspended due to budget cuts. Correcting safety hazards in the community parks is the primary goal of the Cooperative Park Improvement Grant Program.
Also due to budget cuts that will total nearly one-third of the entire budget by 2017, full-time staff has been reduced from 17 to 10. Several positions changed to part-time, while others have been eliminated. Some of those positions will be replaced with the passage of the levy. Additionally, operational procedures will be restored, the most important being the closing of parks and facilities at dusk each evening. Volunteers are trained and used extensively as well, but it takes a professional staff to organize projects and work alongside the volunteers for a successful outcome. Nearly 275 volunteers worked to support the Park District in 2014!
The Park District has grown over its 43 year history with steady, planned additions. Most of the land (70%) controlled by the District has been acquired through long-term no-cost leases, estate gifts of money to purchase land, actual land donations, grants and partnerships (management agreements). Only 30% has been purchased with local tax dollars. The Park District has not pursued land acquisition for many years, but has considered extraordinary opportunities through bequests and grants as they occur.
Most visitors come to the parks to use and enjoy the facilities on their own, while others come for family reunions, parties and special events or to sponsored public programs including Saturday evening amphitheater programs. Visitors use the parks for an exceptionally wide variety of reasons, from exercise to relaxation to picnicking to nature study, boating, fishing and more. Visitors range in age from preschoolers to entire school classes to teens and senior adults. Visitation to the 12 park areas has steadily grown as well. Traffic counters at six main entrances of the park district's 15 gates show over 655,000 visits were made in 2014.
Budget cuts include the elimination of tangible personal property taxes on industries. This cut started in 2012 and will phase out in 2017 (originally 2020) and will take 19% of the Park District's tax budget. In addition, the state now keeps most of the local government fund which was $141,000 in 2008 and has declined to $64,000 this year. Decreasing property values and uncollected property taxes comprise the remaining tax revenue losses for the Park District. When inflation is considered since 1993, the Park District has done well to operate professionally to this point with the decreasing funding situation.
An additional issue that has recently been raised is the carryover balance. The Park District has never borrowed money for any project, i.e. we make sure we're able to complete a project before it is started. We have to maintain a substantial carryover balance for the following reasons, some of which are required by law: Pay January, February, and March bills until the first property tax collection; rainy day fund; employee separation fund (unused vacation and sick time that would be claimed if employees leave service); and encumbered contracts from the previous year. These four items total well over $1 million and there are others, including major projects "on-hold" until the money becomes available to move forward.
When the Park Commissioners (who are unpaid and serve as volunteers) resolved last June to place the ¾ mill levy on the primary ballot next week, I stated that my primary goal was to convey accurate facts to the citizens of Allen County. Throughout the levy campaign, we've done our best to do exactly that. We want you to know and understand the facts…all of the facts, and make a responsible decision.
Everyone in Allen County is welcome to use the Parks every day of the year. Please keep one of Allen County's best assets in great shape for all to enjoy by voting for the ¾ mill levy.
Please contact us if you need further information or have questions. As always, we appreciate your support and we respect the trust that you've placed in us. We will continue to honor that trust.
The Ottawa Metro Park Campground located at 2632 Ada Road is now open for the season and remain open through Sun. October 11.
CAMPGROUND BROCHURE.pdf
Mark your calendars now for our summer youth program series in the Metro Parks. Registration begins May 4!
SUMMER YOUTH PROGRAMS.pdf
This is a informal gathering of Fly Tiers and anyone who is interested in learning fly tying basics. Watch and learn or tie your favorite fly patterns. Summer session will be held outdoors at local waterways in July, July and August Registration is required 3 days prior to each of the dates listed. Please call 419-221-1232 to register.
Friends of the Parks Brochure
Copyright © 2011 - 2013 Johnny Appleseed Metropolitan Park District. All Rights Reserved.
Web Site Developed by CorpComm Group, Inc.


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Product Description
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See more information in the Datasheet and Manual Instruction
Additional Information
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Internet Engineering Task Force Fred Baker Internet Draft Bill Foster Document: <draft-baker-slem-architecture-02.txt> Chip Sharp Category: Informational October 2003 Cisco Architecture for Lawful Intercept In IP Networks Status of this Document This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with all provisions of Section 10 of RFC2026 Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet- Drafts. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet- Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html. Abstract For the purposes of this document, lawful intercept is the lawfully authorized interception and monitoring of communications. Service providers are being asked to meet legal and regulatory requirements for the interception of voice as well as data communications in IP networks in a variety of countries worldwide. Although requirements vary from country to country, some requirements remain common even though details such as delivery formats may differ. This document describes Cisco's Architecture for supporting lawful intercept in IP networks. It provides a general solution that has a minimum set of common interfaces. This document does not attempt to address any of the specific legal requirements or obligations that may exist in a particular country. Baker et al Informational [Page 1]
Architecture for Lawful Intercept October 2003 Table of Contents Abstract..............................................................1 1. Introduction.......................................................2 1.1. Requirements Motivating the Architecture........................3 1.2. Document Organization...........................................4 2.0. Reference Model..................................................5 2.1. Reference Model Components......................................6 2.2. Operational Considerations......................................7 3.0. Interfaces.......................................................9 3.1. Content Intercept Request Interface.............................9 3.2. Intercept Content Interface (f)................................10 4.1. Voice over IP networks.........................................10 4.1.1. Interception of Voice over IP Services.....................10 4.1.2. Local Voice Services.......................................11 4.2. Data Services..................................................12 5.0. Security Considerations.........................................13 5.1. Content Request Interface (d) - SNMPv3 Control.................13 6.0. References......................................................14 7.0. Acronyms........................................................15 8.0. Authors' Addresses..............................................15 1. Introduction For the purposes of this document, lawful intercept is the lawfully authorized interception and monitoring of communications of an intercept subject. The term "intercept subject", "subject", "target subscriber" or "target" in this document refers to the subscriber of a telecommunications service whose communications and/or intercept related information (IRI) has been lawfully authorized to be intercepted and delivered to some agency. Note that although the term "Law Enforcement Agency" (LEA) is used throughout this document, this may refer to any agency that is able to request lawfully authorized interception. By intercept related information (IRI) we mean information related to the IP traffic of interest. There is currently no standardized definition for IRI for IP traffic. IRI has been defined for a few services that might run over IP (e.g., Voice over IP) or that IP runs on top of (e.g., GPRS). For example, IRI for voice over IP could be the called and calling phone numbers. The definition of IRI from [14] is shown below: Intercept Related Information: collection of information or data associated with telecommunication services involving the target Baker et al Informational [Page 2]
Architecture for Lawful Intercept October 2003 identity, specifically communication associated information or data (e.g. unsuccessful communication attempts), service associated information or data (e.g. service profile management by subscriber) and location information. Service providers are being asked to meet legal and regulatory requirements for the interception voice as well as data communications in IP networks in a variety of countries worldwide. Although requirements vary from country to country, some requirements remain common even though details such as delivery formats may differ. This document describes Cisco's Architecture for supporting lawful intercept in IP networks. It provides a general solution that has a minimum set of common interfaces. This document does not deal with legal requirements or obligations. This document describes one method for supporting lawful intercept. Other methods may be available. 1.1. Requirements Motivating the Architecture The purpose of the following list of requirements is to provide an understanding of the motivation behind the architecture and some of the requirements imposed on components and interfaces that are described in the later sections of the document. This does not imply any legal requirements on service providers or equipment vendors although such requirements may coincide. Note that there are a variety of requirements that have been defined for lawfully authorized intercept throughout the world. Some of these have been defined by standards bodies (e.g. [13]), while others are country specific. The following itemized list is a distillation of some of these, although a given item may or may not apply to a specific country: * Lawful Intercept (LI) should be undetectable by the intercept subject. * Mechanisms should be in place to limit unauthorized personnel from performing or knowing about lawfully authorized intercepts. * There is often a requirement (especially for telecommunications services) to provide intercept related information (IRI) separately from the actual Internet Protocol (IP) traffic (or content) of interest (Note: some authorizations may be restricted to IRI). * If IRI is delivered separately from content, there should be some means to correlate the IRI and the content with each other. * If the information being intercepted is encrypted by the service provider and the service provider has access to the keys, then the information should be decrypted before delivery to the Law Baker et al Informational [Page 3]
Architecture for Lawful Intercept October 2003 Enforcement Agency (LEA) or the encryption keys should be passed to the Law Enforcement Agency to allow them to decrypt the information. * If the information being intercepted is encrypted by the intercept subject and its associate and the service provider has access to the keys, then the service provider may deliver the keys to the LEA. * There is often a requirement for a service provider to be able to do multiple simultaneous intercepts on a single subject. The fact that there are multiple intercepts should be transparent to the LEAs. * There is often a requirement that the service provider should not deliver any unauthorized information to the LEA. The architecture and interfaces described in this document attempts to address these requirements. 1.2. Document Organization Section 1 of this document lists requirements motivating the architecture. Section 2 of this document describes a reference model along with some operation considerations. Section 3 provides more detailed requirements on the interfaces related to content interception. Section 4 applies the reference model to voice over IP and data intercepts and Section 5 examines security considerations. Baker et al Informational [Page 4]
Architecture for Lawful Intercept October 2003 2.0. Reference Model This section describes a generic reference model (Figure 1) for lawful intercept. +--------------------+ +-----+ | LI Administration | HI1(a) | | | Function |<--------------| | +--------------------+ | | | | | | MD Provisioning | | | Interface(b) | LEA | v | | +-----------+ +--------------------+ | | | |<---(c)----| | | | | IRI IAP |--IRI(e)-->| Mediation |----HI2(g)--->| | | | | Device (MD) | | | +-----------+ | |----HI3(h)--->| | +--------------------+ +-----+ | ^ Intercept | | Intercepted Request(d) | | Content(f) | | v | +--------------------+ User | Content | User ------->| IAP |--------> Content +--------------------+ Content Figure 1: Intercept Architecture A brief description of the interfaces is included in table 1 below. For a more detailed description of the interfaces refer to section 3. For a description of the components refer to section 2.1. Table 1 LI Interfaces Interface Description --------------------- ------------------------------------------- (a) HI1 Handover Interface 1 - Administration Interface: The LEA provides intercept information to the service provider administration function. (b) MD Provisioning Mediation Device provisioning interface. Parameters include: target identifier, duration of intercept, type of intercept, etc. (c) IRI IAP Provisioning Specifies Target identifier, duration, etc. for provisioning of delivery of Intercept Related Information (IRI). Baker et al Informational [Page 5]
Architecture for Lawful Intercept October 2003 (d) Content Intercept Provisioning of the Content IAP. Provisioning (e) IRI to MD Internal interface between IRI Intercept Access Point (IAP) and Mediation device (MD) for delivery of IRI. (f) Content to MD Internal interface between content IAP and MD for delivery of Content. (g) HI2 Handover Interface 2: Interface between the MD and LEA for delivering IRI. This interface may vary from country to country. (h) HI3 Handover Interface 3: Interface between the MD and LEA for delivering Content. This interface may vary from country to country. 2.1. Reference Model Components A brief description of the key components in the reference model is as follows: Lawful Intercept (LI) Administration Function: This function provides the (typically manual) provisioning interface for the intercept as a result of a court order or warrant delivered by the Law Enforcement Agency (LEA). It could involve separate provisioning interfaces for several components, but more typically is a single interface to the Mediation Device (MD), which then takes care of provisioning of other components in the network. Because of the requirement in some laws to limit accessibility to authorized personnel, the provisioning interface has to be strictly controlled. In many cases, the identity of the subject received from the LEA has to be translated into an identity that can be used by the network to enable the intercept. Intercept Access Point (IAP): An IAP is a device within the network that is used for intercepting lawfully authorized intercept information. It may be an existing device that has intercept capability or it could be a special device that is provided for that purpose. Two types of IAP's are discussed here: IAP's that provide content; and IAP's that provide intercept related information (IRI). Content IAP: A content IAP is an IAP that is used to intercept the IP traffic of interest. IRI IAP: This is an IAP that is used to provide intercept related information (IRI). Baker et al Informational [Page 6]
Architecture for Lawful Intercept October 2003 Law Enforcement Agency (LEA): This is the agency that has requested the intercept and to which the service provider delivers the information. Mediation Device (MD): The MD requests intercepts from IAPs through interfaces (c) and (d) in Figure 1. The Mediation Device receives the data from the IAP, packages it in the correct format (which may vary from country to country) and delivers it to the LEA. In the case where multiple law enforcement agencies are intercepting the same subject, the mediation device may replicate the information multiple times. The assumption is that the service provider operates the MD (via specially authorized personnel) and that the LEA only has access to interfaces (a), (g) and (h) in Figure 1. 2.2. Operational Considerations In a typical operation, a lawfully authorized surveillance request arrives for a specified intercept subject. Authorized personnel provision the intercept using interface (b) in Figure 1, which may be for content only, IRI only or both. Once the intercept is provisioned, the IAP's send the IRI and/or content to the MD, which formats the information into the appropriate format for delivery to the LEA. Some operational issues that need to be considered: * Location and Address Information for Content Intercepts: In some cases where the location and/or addressing information for the intercept is not known until the subject registers (or makes a call in the case of voice), the IRI may provide needed information in order to do the content tap (e.g. the IP address and port for the content streams). * Content Encryption: If the intercept content is encrypted and the service provider has access to the encryption keys (e.g., receives keys in Session Description Protocol for Voice over IP), then the keys can be sent via IRI. It is, however, possible for end-users to exchange keys by some other means without any knowledge of the service provider in which case the service provider will not be able to provide the keys. Content transformations could make decryption at the LEA impossible. This is why the original packets are provided on interface (f) rather than attempting to convert them to some other format. * Detection by the Intercept Subject: One requirement is to ensure that the intercept subject is unable to detect that they are being intercepted. This document assumes a sophisticated subject: - Able to check IP addresses, use traceroute, etc. - Able to check if any unusual signaling is occurring on their customer premises equipment (CPE). Baker et al Informational [Page 7]
Architecture for Lawful Intercept October 2003 - Able to detect degradation or interruptions in service. This is why the intercept mechanism described here does not involve special requests to the CPE, re-routing of packets or end-to-end changes in IP addresses. Instead, content intercept is done on a device along the normal content path (i.e. no re-routing has occurred) that is within the service provider's network. A convenient content IAP is a router or switch at the edge of the service providers network to which the intercept subject connects. This is illustrated in Figure 2. | Customer Premises | Service Provider's Network | +-------+ +-----+ | | | CPE |-------------| Router|---------- +-----+ | (IAP) | | | +-------+ Figure 2 Content IAP - Router Another possibility of course is to provide a special device along the path to provide the content IAP capabilities. Note that in the case where there is multi-homing (two or more routers connected to provide access for the CPE), intercept taps may have to be installed on more than one access router. If the CPE is multi-homed to multiple service providers, then the intercept will have to be installed on each service provider separately and the LEA will have to correlate the data. * Unauthorized Creation and Detection: Another concern is the prevention of unauthorized creation and detection of intercepts. This is particularly important when a network element such as a router is used as a content IAP. Those routers that have the capability should be carefully controlled with access to intercept capability and information only via authorized personnel. In one approach using the reference model in Figure 1, the MD is in a controlled environment and the MD does the intercept request to the content IAP over an encrypted link. Logging and auditing are used to detect unauthorized attempts to access the intercept capability. * Capacity: Support for lawful intercept on a network element supporting customers consumes resources on that equipment. Therefore, support for lawful intercept requires capacity Baker et al Informational [Page 8]
Architecture for Lawful Intercept October 2003 planning and engineering to ensure that revenue-producing services are not adversely affected. 3.0. Interfaces This section provides a brief description of the interfaces in the reference model (Figure 1). A list of these interfaces is included in Table 1 in Section 2. One of the objectives in defining these interfaces is to keep the internal interfaces (b to f) the same regardless of country-specific requirements. The MD then formats the IRI and the content to meet the country specific requirements for interfaces (g) and (h). 3.1. Content Intercept Request Interface This section describes some of the requirements for the content intercept request interface (d) in Figure 1. It makes use of a common request protocol (SNMPv3) regardless of the type of application (e.g. voice, data) and suggests the usage of a TAP-MIB, which is defined in a separate document [1]. Some of the considerations that lead to the use of SNMPv3 and to the definition of the specific Management Information Base (MIB) defined in [1] are provided here. In order to provide a generic interface for intercepting, replicating, encapsulating and transporting content packets to the MD, the content intercept interface ((d) in Figure 1) should specify: * A Filter specification for classifying the packets to be intercepted. * The destination address of the MD (where to send the packets). * Encapsulation and Transport parameters. In addition, a timeout value for the intercept should also be specified. This defines a limited lifetime for the intercept so that failures will not result in intercepts remaining beyond their authorized lifetime. If a failure of the MD occurs such that it is not able to supply the refresh to the timeout, then the intercept will cease to exist after the timeout expires. Similarly, if the IAP re-boots, then the intercept will not survive the re-boot unless the IAP is capable of ascertaining that the intercept lifetime requirements will continue to be met. In order for this to work, it must be possible for the mediation device to realize that there is a failure in the IAP such that it must re-establish the intercept. This may be in the form of an audit (from the MD to the IAP), or in the form of a heartbeat mechanism in the content stream, or both. Baker et al Informational [Page 9]
Architecture for Lawful Intercept October 2003 3.2. Intercept Content Interface (f) The encapsulation method should retain all of the information in the original packets (source and destination addresses as well as payload) and provide an identifier for correlating the packets with the IRI. One encapsulation that meets those requirements is described in Section 4 of [2]. For non-voice intercepts, the "Intercepted Information" field in Table 1 of [2] contains the original intercepted IP packet. Note, however, that the interface defined in [2] is based on UDP which is an unreliable and unordered transport protocol (i.e., provides neither retransmission on detection of errors nor ordering of data). If this transport is used, the underlying network (Layers 1 - - 3) should be engineered to meet the overall reliability requirements for delivery of content. If a more reliable transport protocol is required, then a mechanism that provides timely delivery as well as limits the burden (both processing and buffering) on the Content IAP should be used. One mechanism that meets these requirements is a NACK-oriented retransmission scheme based on [12]. If [12] is used, the call content channel identifier may be placed in the SSRC field of the encapsulating RTP packet. The payload type may be used to identify the type of packet encapsulated in RTP (e.g., IP, PPP, Ethernet MAC). Note that usage of [12] is still under investigation and may need further specification. Usage of [12] in the content IAP places more processing burden on the content IAP than a UDP-based intercept and can affect the capacity of the content IAP. 4.0. Applying the Reference Model This section applies the reference model to some example applications. 4.1. Voice over IP networks This section will look at some of the issues surrounding interception of voice over IP calls, taking local voice services as a specific service example. The reference model from Figure 1 will be applied with the use of a common set of interfaces that are independent of the call signaling protocols in use. 4.1.1. Interception of Voice over IP Services There are a variety of architectures in use for voice over IP (e.g., centralized versus distributed) as well as various protocols (SIP [6], H.323 [9], MGCP [7], H.248 [8]). There are also a variety of services that may be offered: * Local Voice Services (i.e. service to a user that has an IP phone or a phone connected to a gateway) Baker et al Informational [Page 10]
Architecture for Lawful Intercept October 2003 * Transit services * Long distance access services (e.g. calling/debit card). This document does not address any obligations that a service provider might or might not have to support intercepts. It simply describes how intercept might be done using the reference model in Figure 1. Note that in the case of services where the intercept subject accesses the network via a non-IP endpoint (e.g., TDM), the detectability issue is less acute (e.g. re-routing of packets to intercept them in a special device is a possible option), since the intercept subject does not have access to the IP addresses or to traceroute. However, in the case of local services, this is a much more difficult problem. The intercept for a call originating and terminating on-net (i.e. a call that is voice over IP end-to-end) has to be intercepted along its normal route in order to be undetectable. In addition, the call-forwarding feature that is often provided as a local service feature makes interception even more difficult: If call forwarding is invoked, a call that was intended to terminate on the intercept subject may be forwarded anywhere in the network resulting in the media stream bypassing the original content IAP (since in voice over IP, the media stream goes directly from end-to-end). Also, since call forwarding can often be set up on a call-by-call basis, the location of the content IAP will often not be known until the call is set up. 4.1.2. Local Voice Services This sub-section will look at the specific case in which the intercept subject under surveillance is being provided with a local voice service by the same provider that also provides the network access (e.g., controls the edge router or switch). This is an important assumption, since in VoIP the entity providing call control (e.g., SIP server) can be totally separate from the entity providing network access (e.g., operates edge routers). Suppose that a subscriber that subscribes to a local (e.g. residential) voice service is a target for a lawfully authorized surveillance. Part of the system providing these services is a subscriber database that includes addressing information about the subscriber as well information on what features are in effect (e.g. call forwarding). Some call control entity (CCE) accesses that database in order to provide local services. For example, if the subject has call forwarding invoked, that fact (and where to forward the call) is indicated in the subscriber database. A call arriving at the CCE that "owns" that subscriber can then take the appropriate action (e.g. forward the call). The CCE that "owns" the target subscriber (which could be an H.323 gatekeeper, a SIP proxy or a Media Gateway Controller) is provisioned with the intercept parameters (e.g. subject identification Baker et al Informational [Page 11]
Architecture for Lawful Intercept October 2003 information such as the telephone number and where to deliver the IRI). The provisioning of this CCE could be through interface (c) in Figure 1. The CCE in question is the IRI IAP and once provisioned, it passes the IRI to the MD. In the scenario being discussed, the CCE typically remains in the signaling path throughout the call, even in the call-forwarding case. Part of the IRI it passes to the MD is the media signaling information (i.e. SDP [11] or H.245 [10]), which includes endpoint IP address and port information for the media (content) streams. Armed with this media address information, the MD can determine the content IAP (e.g. [5]) and make the request via interface (d). The request identifies the voice stream to be intercepted based on information received in the call signaling (i.e., IP addresses and UDP port numbers). Note that the content IAP in the case of voice over IP could be an edge router or a PSTN gateway (e.g. a call from the PSTN forwarded to the PSTN). SIP, H.323, MGCP or H.248 call signaling protocols could be used. However, the protocol (SNMPv3 [1]) used for interface (d), is not dependent on the type of call signaling protocol used; nor is the encapsulation format and transport protocol (interface "f"). The same reference model (Figure 1) with the same interfaces can be used for lawfully authorized surveillance, regardless of the signaling protocol and regardless of the type of service being provided (Note: even though a local voice service was used in this example, other voice services could use the same model and interfaces). 4.2. Data Services The same model (Figure 1) can also be used for data services. In this case the IRI IAP could be a server that acts as registration, authentication and authorization point for the data service (e.g. a RADIUS server). If a potential IRI IAP does not have the available interfaces (c) and (e), the MD may have to do a content tap on registration signaling in order to obtain the IRI. The IRI in the case of a data service could include: * The time that the user registered or de-registered for the service. * Addressing information (i.e. given the user identity, what IP address or other information is available that could be used in interface (d) to do the content tap). Once suitable addressing information is available in order to do content tapping the MD can invoke the tap via interface (d). Clearly the IRI interfaces (c, e, g) are different for data than they are for voice services. However, the content IAP is typically the same (an edge router). Interfaces (d, f, and h) may also be the same. Baker et al Informational [Page 12]
Architecture for Lawful Intercept October 2003 5.0. Security Considerations Given the sensitive nature of lawful intercept (LI) -- both from the standpoint of the need to protect sensitive data, as well as conceal the identities of the intercept subjects, the LI solution should have the ability to provide stringent security measures to combat threats such as impersonation of MD's, privacy and confidentiality breaches, as well as message forgery and replay attacks. While this document doesnt discuss issues of physical security, operating system, or application hardening within the principals of the LI solution, they are clearly important. In particular, the MD server would be considered a prime target for attacks. In general, all interfaces should have the capability of providing strong cryptographic authentication to establish the identity of the principals, and be able to correlate the identity of the principal with the action they are attempting to perform. All interfaces should be capable of performing some sort of cryptographic message integrity checking such as, for example, HMAC-MD5. Message integrity checking can also be used to counter replay attacks. Privacy and confidentiality considerations, may also require the use of encryption. The content and IRI IAPs also should also provide protection of the identity of the intercept subject and the existence of an intercept. 5.1. Content Request Interface (d) - SNMPv3 Control For interface (d,) native SNMPv3 security module mechanism is used. The additional requirement is that the IAP should support the ability to protect the TAP MIB's [1] from disclosure or control by unauthorized USM [3] users. VACM [4] provides the necessary tools to limit the views to particular USM users, but there are also special considerations: * The ability to limit access to the appropriate TAP MIB's by only those SNMPv3 USM users which have keys established and the proper VACM views defined. * Segregation of the TAP MIB such that only operators of sufficient privilege level can create VACM views that include the TAP MIB [1]. Baker et al Informational [Page 13]
Architecture for Lawful Intercept October 2003 6.0. References [1] F. Baker, Cisco Lawful Intercept Control MIB, draft-baker- slem-mib-00, (work in progress) [2] PacketCable(TM) Electronic Surveillance Specification, PKT- SP-ESP-I01-991229, http://www.packetcable.com/specifications/ [3] Blumenthal, U. and B. Wijnen, User-based Security Model(USM) for version 3 of the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMPv3), STD 62, RFC3414, December 2002. [4] B. Wijnen, et al, View-based Access Control Model (VACM) for the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP), STD62, RFC3415 December 2002 [5] E. Warnicke, DNS Resolution of Networks and Gateways, IETF Draft draft-warnicke-network-dns-resolution-02.txt (work in progress) [6] Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Camarillo, G., Johnston, A., Peterson, J., Sparks, R., Handley, M. and E. Schooler, SIP: Session Initiation Protocol, RFC3261, June 2002. [7] F. Andreasen, B. Foster, Media Gateway Control Protocol (MGCP) Version 1.0, RFC3435, January 2003 [8] ITU-T Recommendation H.248.1, Gateway Control Protocol: Version 2, May 2002 [9] ITU-T Recommendation H.323, Packet-based Multimedia Communications Systems, November 2000 [10] ITU-T Recommendation H.245, Control Protocol for Multimedia Communications, February 2003 [11] M. Handley, V, Jacobson, SDP: Session Description Protocol, RFC2327 April 1998 [12] J. Rey, D. Leon, A. Miyazaki, V. Varsa, R. Hakenber, RTP Retransmission Payload Format, draft-ietf-avt-rtp- retransmission-09.txt (work in progress) [13] ETSI TS 101 331, Telecommunications security; Lawful Interception (LI); Requirements of law enforcement agencies. [14] ETSI TS 33.108 v1.0.0, 3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Services and System Aspects; 3G Security; Handover Interface for Lawful Interception. Baker et al Informational [Page 14]
Architecture for Lawful Intercept October 2003 7.0. Acronyms CCE Call Control Entity CMTS Cable Modem Termination System CPE Customer Premises Equipment ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute GPRS Generalized Packet Radio Service HMAC-MD5 Hash-based Message Authentication Code - - Message Digest 5 IAP Intercept Access Point IETF Internet Engineering Task Force IRI Intercept Related Information ITU-T International Telecommunications Union - - Telecommunications Sector LEA Law Enforcement Agency LI Lawful Intercept MGCP Media Gateway Control Protocol MD Mediation Device MIB Management Information Base NACK Negative Acknowledgement PSTN Public Switched Telecommunications Network RFC Request for Comment RTP Real-time Transport Protocol SDP Session Description Protocol SIP Session Initiation Protocol SSRC Synchronization Source TDM Time Division Protocol UDP User Datagram Protocol USM User Service Model VACM View-based Access Control Model VoIP Voice over IP 8.0. Authors' Addresses Fred Baker Cisco Systems 1121 Via Del Rey Santa Barbara, CA 93117 US Phone: +1-408-526-4257 Fax: +1-413-473-2403 EMail: firstname.lastname@example.com Bill Foster Cisco Systems Email: firstname.lastname@example.com Chip Sharp Cisco Systems Email: email@example.com Baker et al Informational [Page 15]
Architecture for Lawful Intercept October 2003
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Baker et al Informational [Page 16]


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(Billy Badass)
i think you just bought the wing for your car because a cobalt ss has 205 hp and 200 ft lbs. and i have personally seen them run high 14s stock.
There are 2 versions of cobalt SS. mine being the 2.4 liter ss and the supercharged one being a 2.0 ss. thank you.
Forget the turbo kit and the Dyno runs... 0 - 60 mph in under 8 seconds is plenty fast enough. Save your money and keep your 32 mpg gas mileage. Go to the drag strip and bracket race. NICE CAR!
i also have a 2.4 SS and i was wondering how big of a difference did the corsa exhaust and the intake make on ur times?
i never raced the car stock.
Is that wing stock or aftermarket, all the 1SS I have seen have a small. Or is that a discrete option?
it was a dealer installed package and just an fyi i have seen supercharged ss's run in the 16's since it is a very hard car to launch
So what is the the 0-60 times exactly like is it under 8 i need simpler #'s to read
I was at the track that day (not running tho) it wasnt a good day. My stock 2.2L does a lil under 8sec 0-60 so his prob does it in like 6's. I'm soon to be turboed but i am expecting low 13's to high 12's for my runs. I ran a 15.2 a few weeks ago and a 15.7 (bald tires) back may 6th stock. looking forward to meeting with you once im boostin
I have a 2.2L cobalt and I am planning on putting my turbo kit on very soon
(tuning/tuning cost and that is stopping me right now). I was just wondering
roughly how much it cost you to get yours tuned at the place you went. And I was just wondering if your pistons were stock or if you have lower
compression pistons
hey how you like this turbo kit? im looking at this and the zzp kit for my 2.4 ss. any problems with it?
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KLIATTLucy thought her life couldn't get worse after her mother died—but she was wrong. Miserable at the home of her distant aunt and hostile cousin, she goes out walking one night and stumbles into an old graveyard, where a dying girl passes on a strange and unwelcome power. Now Lucy has strange visions and horrible dreams, and a distinct feeling of being stalked by an unseen person, or thing. Nobody believes her—except a young man at school with a mysterious and slightly sinister past. Can Lucy believe in her own perceptions, and can she decode their meaning before it's too late? It Begins, the first book in the four-part Unseen series, grabs the reader from the beginning and never lets go. The atmosphere of foreboding is wonderfully done, and there's plenty of mystery to make the reader hungry for more. In Rest in Peace, the second book in the series, Lucy is plagued by dreams and visions and by a mysterious stalker. She has trouble getting over the death of her friend and the disappearance of her hostile cousin Angela. She has nowhere to turn as the mystery deepens and the terror worsens. Who can she trust? Her friend Dakota wants to believe her, and handsome young priest Matt wants to help her, but Lucy is on her own. She must learn to understand her new powers and discover the meaning of her dreams before her unseen pursuer claims her—forever! The second book in this series is even better than the first, as the plot thickens and the red herrings fly. Bound to be a hit with the vampire set, this series is highly recommended. (The Unseen, Part 1). KLIATT Codes: JS—Recommended for junior and senior high school students. 2005, Penguin, Speak, 296p., Ages 12to 18.
—Deirdre Root