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Single electron tunneling and manipulation of nanoparticles
on surfaces at room temperature
Guohua Yanga, Li Tana, Yiyun Yangb, Shaowei Chenb, Gang-Yu Liua,*
aDepartment of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
bDepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
Received 7 October 2004; accepted for publication 25 May 2005
Available online 27 June 2005
This article focuses on surfaces containing nanoparticles and self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). These surfaces
provide a simple and reliable platform for measurements of single electron tunneling (SET) properties of metal nano-
particles at room temperature. This approach of interfacial chemistry allows for the elimination of lateral motion of the
individual nanoparticles during electronic property studies. The scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) in ultra-high
vacuum is used as an accurate and reproducible probe for imaging and I–V characterization of individual or aggregated
Au nanoparticles, revealing a large Coulomb gap (1.0 eV) and fine Coulomb staircases (0.2–0.3 eV) at room tempera-
ture. The surrounding decanethiol SAM provides an ideal reference for the imaging and I–V measurements of nano-
particles. These measurements provide a quantitative guide for regulating current and voltage, at which individual
Au nanoparticles may be detached and manipulated with the STM tip.
? 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Single electron effects; Coulomb blockade; Coulomb staircases; Nanoparticles; Molecular electronics; Scanning tunneling
1. Introduction
Surfaces with novel nanostructures have many
applications in fields of nanoelectronics [1,2], bio-
logical microelectromechanical system (BioMEMs)
[3], as well as molecular electronics [4,5]. One of the
challenges of nanotechnology lies in the ability to
measure material properties in those nanostruc-
tures. This article provides a simple and reliable
protocol used to measure single electron tunneling
(SET) properties of a special nanostructure, that is,
metal nanoparticles, at room temperature. SET
behavior has been reported for small metallic par-
ticles, especially at cryogenic temperatures [6–10].
0039-6028/$ - see front matter ? 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
*Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 530 754 9678; fax: +1 530
752 8995.
E-mail address: email@example.com (G.-Y. Liu).
Surface Science 589 (2005) 129–138
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The signature of SET is the appearance of both the
Coulomb blockade and Coulomb staircases [11].
SET has been recognized as the basis of future sin-
gle-electron devices and as a probe for measuring
electronic properties, i.e., conductance and capaci-
tance, among interfaces or molecules on the nano-
meter scale [12–15]. Further development of SET
based nanodevices requires (i) the knowledge and
ability to design a SET with desired properties at
room temperature; (ii) a reliable test platform to
characterize device components such as nanoparti-
cles (NPs), surroundings, and electrodes; (iii) an
advanced methodology to tune the electronic prop-
erties in the device; and (iv) reliable and reproduc-
ible methods to engineer stable devices with single
NP precision.
Much progress has been made in the past dec-
ade in all, especially the first three, areas of re-
search. We have learned that, in order to observe
both the Coulomb blockade and staircases, two
necessary conditions have to be satisfied [11]. First,
the charging energy, Ec= e2/2C, determined by
the addition of one electron to the metal particle
with capacitance C, must exceed the thermal
energy kBT. If this condition is not fulfilled,
thermally activated electrons will overcome the
Coulomb barrier and lead to a non-zero tunneling
current. Second, the electric contacts to the parti-
cles should have tunneling resistances larger than
the quantum resistance, h/4e2(?6.5 kX), in order
to suppress quantum fluctuations of the electron
charge. Typically, only nanometer-sized particles
with a capacitance on the order of 10?18F satisfy
these conditions and exhibit SET effects at room
temperature [11].
Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and
spectroscopy (STS) have proven to be an accurate
test platform for SET and conductance/capaci-
tance measurements [6–8,10,12,16,17]. STM not
only is able to image NPs with high resolution,
but also can perform current–distance (I–Z) and
current–voltage (I–V) spectroscopy measurements.
In I–V measurements, the STM multiple junctions,
i.e., tip/passivation layer/NP/passivation layer/
electrode, can be modeled using an equivalent cir-
cuit of a double barrier tunneling junction (DBJT),
as shown in Fig. 1(a) and (b). For successful and
reliable STM experiments, NPs must be immobi-
lized on electrodes. Andres et al. first introduced
an immobilization protocol for bare Au-NPs using
a dithiol self-assembled monolayer (SAM) on a
Au(1 1 1) substrate [12]. Room temperature Cou-
lomb blockade and Coulomb staircases are ob-
served using these immobilized Au-NPs [12].
Harrell et al. modified and improved this proce-
dure by adsorbing alkane thiols on Au-NPs to
minimize aggregation and to simplify sample prep-
aration [7,8]. This approach?s limitation is that the
interaction between the STM tip and NPs often
leads to lateral displacement of the particles, man-
ifested as streaking in the STM images. Thus, SET
measurements could only be conducted on aggre-
gated particles [7].
The electronic properties in SET may be tuned
at cryogenic temperatures, as reported by Wang
et al., by varying the size of NPs (changing R1
and C1) and the STM tip–NP distance (changing
R2and C2) [10]. Generally, the variable core size
of these particles allows the Coulomb blockade
gap to be tuned from 50 to 1000 meV [10]. It is dif-
ficult to extend this approach to room temperature
due to lateral movement of NPs as a result of weak
particle–surface interactions. Such lateral instabil-
ity makes parking the tip precisely on the NP
surface difficult, raising doubts about the repro-
ducibility of the I–V spectroscopic measurements
at room temperature.
Since I–V measurements in aggregated NPs
complicate the extraction of junction parameters
[11], better protocol needs to be developed in order
to immobilize NPs separately for reliable molecu-
lar conductance measurements. In addition, the
passivated NPs must have a strong binding to
the substrate to prevent lateral motion during the
scan at room temperature, and thus have a well-
controlled molecular orientation in junction 1.
Furthermore, advanced methodology needs to be
developed to position and engineer SET based
devices with single particle precision. This article
intends to address aforementioned issues by intro-
ducing a new modification to previously reported
NP immobilization protocols. UHV-STM studies
demonstrate that NPs in individual and aggre-
gated forms can sustain the tip–NP interactions
during STM imaging as well as spectroscopy stud-
ies at room temperature. In addition, NPs can be
G. Yang et al. / Surface Science 589 (2005) 129–138
Page 3
moved from adsorption sites in a controlled man-
ner and with a single particle precision.
2. Experimental
SAM covered Au-NPs were synthesized using
thepreviously published
Briefly, gold NPs covered by n-octanethiolate
(C8H17SH, supplied by Aldrich) were synthesized
by the Brust reaction [19]. These particles were
then subject to size fractionation and thermal
annealing to reduce size dispersity. Transmission
electron microscopy (TEM) imaging has shown a
core diameter of approximately 1.5 nm (with a dis-
persity of about 20%) for NPs selected for this
investigation [19]. NPs were further chemically
functionalized with 1,8-octanedithiol through an
exchange reaction [18]. At the end of the reaction,
excess octanedithiol ligands were removed by re-
peated extraction with methanol. The final concen-
tration of octanedithiol on the particle surface was
about 50%, that is, on average, about 26 ligands
each for octanethiol and octanedithiol on the Au
core surface [18]. The resulting surface-active par-
ticles were kept in hexane prior to the STM
Au(1 1 1) surfaces, that is, the electrodes used
for NP immobilization, were prepared following
established procedures [20,21]. Freshly cleaved
Fig. 1. (a) A schematic of DBTJ device formed by an STM tip, a ligand-stabilized gold particle, and a Au substrate. (b) Corresponding
equivalent circuit for the DBTJ. (c) A scheme of particle immobilization procedures.
G. Yang et al. / Surface Science 589 (2005) 129–138
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mica was heated to 350 ?C in vacuum (10?7Torr
range) before pure gold (Alfa Aesar, 99.99%) was
thermally evaporated onto it. The gold films,
?200 nm in thickness, were cooled to room tem-
perature before being taken out of the chamber.
The STM operates under an ultra-high vacuum
(UHV) (RHK Technology) [20,21], which is
equipped with a fast entry load-lock for the trans-
fer of the samples and tips under a base pressure of
about 3 · 10?10Torr. The STM tips were made
from a 0.010 inch tungsten wire (California Fine
Wire) by electrochemical etching in a 3 M sodium
hydroxide solution [20,21].
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Nanoparticle immobilization and STM imaging
The NP immobilization protocol includes the
following procedures as illustrated in Fig. 1(c).
First the gold thin films were taken out of the vac-
uum chamber and then hydrogen flamed to im-
prove the surface texture. The flamed films were
subsequently immersed in the 0.05 mg/ml Au-NP
suspension for 24 h. Then, the sample was immedi-
ately dipped into a 0.1 mM solution of decanethiol
(C10H21SH, supplied by Aldrich) in ethanol for
1 h, followed by rinsing with ethanol and hexane.
Finally, the sample was transferred to the UHV-
STM system for imaging and I–V measurements.
In this protocol, the Au-NPs (diameter ? 1.5 nm)
are self-assembled onto the Au(1 1 1) surfaces via
S–Au chemisorption and the rest of the Au(1 1 1)
surface is immediately passivated by alkanethiol
SAMs. This approach utilizes the dithiol molecules
(C8H18S2) to immobilize Au-NPs on Au(1 1 1) sur-
faces. However, such linkage alone cannot effec-
tively prevent the lateral movement of NPs
during the scan [8]. This lateral instability is fur-
ther alleviated by the introduction of the sur-
rounding decanethiol SAM. Since alkanethiols
form closely packed and ordered structures on
Au(1 1 1) [20,21], this method assures the standing
up and all-trans conformation of dithiol and
alkanethiols under Au-NPs, which further stabi-
lizes junction 1. In addition, the STM imaging
and STS study of decanethiol molecules are well
established [20,21], which provides an internal cal-
ibration for both imaging and spectroscopy studies
of Au-NPs.
Fig. 2(a) demonstrates the stability and separa-
tion of NPs prepared using this method, where the
interparticle distance ranges from 5 to 20 nm. As a
reference, the corresponding decanethiol matrix
surrounding the particles is imaged and shown in
Fig. 2(b), in which the characteristic (p3 ·
p3)R30? structure of decanethiol SAMs is clearly
visible [21,22]. The periodicity of decanethiol
SAMs serve as a guide for determining the dimen-
sion of NPs, while the I–V characteristic of deca-
Fig. 2. (a) A topographic image of Au nanoparticles upon
immobilization on gold electrode, acquired at 1.0 V and 10 pA.
(b) A topography of decanethiol SAM surrounding individual
Au particles, taken at 1.0 V and 30 pA.
G. Yang et al. / Surface Science 589 (2005) 129–138
Page 5
nethiol provides an excellent reference for investi-
gating NPs? electronic properties.
3.2. Coulomb blockade and staircases revealed
by I–V spectroscopy study
The stable, high-resolution images enable the
selection of NPs for spectroscopy studies at room
temperature. It is worthwhile to note that consis-
tent tip–NP distance is the basis for a reliable
and reproducible I–V characterization, as the R2
and C2of junction 2 varies as a function of tip–
NP distance. Following our previous study on a
model of molecular electronics [20], we use I–Z
measurements as the guide to consistently park
STM tips. The STM tip is firstly parked over an
individual NP and the corresponding setpoint of
1.0 V and 39 pA is chosen as the reference (z = 0
is designated at this point). Subsequently, the
I–Z measurement was acquired as shown in
Fig. 3(a), where the tunneling current increases
exponentially as tip approaching the NP. A kink
point occurred during approaching, indicating
the tip–SAM contact and a vertical spacing of
1.0 A˚between the tip and the top of the passivated
Au-NP at the reference point [20]. When the tun-
neling current is tuned from 18 to 66 pA under
the same bias of 1.0 V, that is, when the tip
approaches closer to the NP, with the assump-
tion of a logarithmic relationship (I/V = Ae?kz)
between the tunneling conductance (I–V) and the
tunneling gap z, the corresponding tip–NP dis-
tance can be calculated to be 1.5 and 0.7 A˚, respec-
tively. The tip–NP separation determined by such
manner was used to consistently park the tip prior
to I–V measurements. Similarly, Fig. 3(b) shows
the I–Z spectrum of a decanethiol matrix next to
one isolated individual NP.
Current vs. voltage (I–V) spectra in Fig. 4(a)
clearly show that the tunneling current increases
with the tip–particle distance reduction. At room
temperature, both Coulomb blockade and stair-
case were observed, for both individual and aggre-
gated Au-NPs, as shown in Fig. 4(a) and (b),
respectively. Zero conduction region was mea-
sured from ?0.45 to +0.45 V, which indicates that
no electrons were transported through the junc-
tions, i.e., Coulomb blockade. In contrast, tunnel-
ing current was always measurable throughout the
biasing range for the surrounding decanethiol area
(see Fig. 4(c)). The I–V traces in Fig. 4(c) are linear
with small slopes at small voltages, and the slopes
increases with increasing voltage. The slopes for
alkanethiols never reach zero, i.e., no Coulomb
blockade is observed. This observation is consis-
tent with previous studies of alkanethiol SAMs
[23–25]. The appearance of the Coulomb blockade
in Fig. 4(b) of aggregated Au-NPs reveals suffi-
cient electric isolation among neighboring particles
due to the thiol modification. Such isolation was
difficult to achieve in the past, e.g., in Co clusters
supported by high dielectric Al2O3film [17]. This
electric isolation among neighboring NPs is espe-
cially desired in the construction of single-electron
devices, e.g., floating gate devices. It is important
to note that these I–V curves were repeatedly taken
Fig. 3. An I–Z spectrum on (a) an individual Au nanoparticle
(setpoint 1.0 V and 39 pA) and (b) decanethiol matrix (setpoint
1.0 V and 30 pA).
G. Yang et al. / Surface Science 589 (2005) 129–138
Page 6
Fig. 4. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy of Au nanoparticles at room temperature: (a) I–V measurements above the nanoparticle
indicated in the insert at defined tip–particle distances (z). (b) An I–V curve above one of the nanoparticles among the arrays (see
insert). The digital derivative of dI/dV is deduced and shown below the I–V curve. The initial setpoint is 1.0 V and 80 pA. (c) I–V
spectra of decanethiol SAM in the surrounding. Initial setpoints are 1.0 V and 120, 80, and 20 pA, respectively (from top to bottom),
which corresponds to a tip–particle distance of 0.00, 0.03, and 1.30 nm, respectively. Coulomb blockade in region I and staircases in
regions II and III are also indicated in each I–V spectrum.
G. Yang et al. / Surface Science 589 (2005) 129–138
Page 7
over the NPs without introducing conformational
changes or lateral movements.
While Coulomb staircases usually exist as equi-
distant current steps similar to the Coulomb
blockade for large size NPs (diameter > 4 nm)
[10], the situation is different in the present system,
where the particle core is ?1.5 nm. Nanoparticle?s
from the STM image in Fig. 4 is ?4.1 nm, if we
consider that octanethiol and 1,8-octanedithiol
ligands have a chain length of approximately
1.1 nm and an average core size of 1.5 nm, the
lateral dimensions of the individual nanoparticles
appear to be reasonable. Inasmuch, the I–V curves
in Fig. 4(a) and (b), along with the digital deriva-
tive of dI/dV curve in Fig. 4(b), have an uneven
spacing between the adjacent current steps, with
a width of 1 eV at the zero conductance region
and a spacing of 0.2–0.3 eV for the other current
steps. Furthermore, the I–V spectra share an
asymmetric shape between the current in negative
and positive biases, suggesting the existence of a
non-zero value of fractional charge (Q0) on the
NP. It has been suggested that the zero conduc-
tance region is due to the additional charging
energy obtained from quantum size confinement
and narrow spacing within the discrete energy
levels of electrons in the Au particles [10]. Since
the mean spacing of energy levels within a
Au-NP is expected to be only 0.07 eV (?3kBT), a
plausible explanation associated with the occur-
rence of 0.2–0.3 eV may be due to the further
spatial confinement from the chemisorption of S
atoms on the Au particle surface [10].
3.3. Extracting electronic properties of junctions
Using the DBTJ model, one can quantify the
electronic properties, e.g., resistance and capaci-
tance, by curve fitting the equivalent circuit, as
summarized in Table 1. For a given passivated
Au-NP, the capacitance C1is fixed and the varia-
tion of tip–particle distance with different setpoint
currents can change C2. By treating these particles
as spheres, we estimate an overall geometric capac-
itance [16] (Ct= C1+ C2) of the NPs as Ct=
2pde0e = 2.1 · 10?19F, where a particle diameter
d of 1.5 nm and a dielectric constant of e = 2.5
for alkanethiol SAMs are assumed [25]. Since the
electrostatic charging energy (Ec) of the system
estimated from the blockade width is around 0.45
eV, the corresponding tunneling capacitance Ct=
e2/2Ec= 1.8 · 10?19F can be calculated, and this
value agrees well with the geometric estimation.
In addition, since the STM tip is at a fixed dis-
tance with respect to the center of NPs, R2C2?
R1C1. From the analytical expression derived by
Hanna and Tinkham [26], the slope on the steps
(n0 constant) in the I–V curve is given by C1/
R2Ctand the current jump (where n0! n0+ 1) is
equal to e R2Ct. These two data, i.e., a slope of
30 pA/0.4 V and a current jump of 100 pA, can
be extracted from Fig. 4(b), and R2? 8.9 GX
and C1? 1.2 · 10?19F can be then calculated. C2
can be calculated from Ct and C1, yielding
C2= 0.6 · 10?19F. The capacitance of the Au-
NP/substrate junction is higher than that of the
tip–NP junction because of the narrower spacing
and the larger contact area in the former case.
Based on the orthodox theory and using the
SETNETS program, the obtained fitting param-
eters are R1= 0.1 GX and C1= 1.2 · 10?19F
for the particle/substrate tunnel junction, R2=
4.6 GX and C2= 0.6 · 10?19F for the particle–
STM tip tunnel junction, and a fractional residual
charge of Q0= 0.05e. The numerically fit curve is
shown in Fig. 4(b), in which agreement with exper-
imental data is achieved in the negative bias re-
gion, while the narrow Coulomb staircases causes
a slight deviation of the fitting in the positive bias
regime. The resistance of the Au particle–STM tip
Table 1
Electronic properties of junctions 1 and 2 in the DBTJ
Spectroscopy parameters Electronic properties at junctions
Total capacitances from threshold voltage
Current slope of 30 pA/0.4 V and current jump of 100 pA
SET numerical fitting
C1+ C2= 0.18 aF
R2? 8.9 GX, C1= 0.12 aF, and C2= 0.06 aF
R1? 0.1 GX, R2? 4.6 GX and Q0= 0.05e
G. Yang et al. / Surface Science 589 (2005) 129–138
Page 8
junction is higher, because of the larger tunneling
distance. Because the Coulomb gap is dominated
by the larger capacitance in such two-junction sys-
tems (in our case, C1of the NP/substrate junc-
tion), the blockade width is independent of the
current setpoint.
The resistance (R1 of ? 0.1 GX), or conduc-
tance (1/R1), of junction 1 corresponds well with
the resistance of alkanethiol molecules in a stand-
ing up configuration [5,23,24]. We note that this
value is 1–2 orders of magnitude higher than pre-
vious reports [7,10]. In previous systems, lateral
movement of the NPs and less than closely packed
structures of the passivation layer likely led to a
higher value of the measured molecular conduc-
tance. Our apparent resistance is consistent with
Lindsay?s work on a single octanedithiol molecule
using a conducting AFM [5]. In his system, an
individual Au-NP was used as an electrode to mea-
sure conductance of SAMs underneath and a
charge resistance of 0.9 GX for octanedithiol was
estimated [5]. Since no SET effects were observed
in their work (supported by the lack of current
Au-NPs fused with the Au tip while positioning
and measuring conductance and merely func-
tion as electrodes. Despite differences in measur-
ing and extracting the resistance for molecular
conductance, some valuable comparison in R1
can still be made. Clearly, charge injection from
Au to the SAM is difficult due to the large energy
barrier between the Au electrode and alkanethiols
(?2.5 eV) [23]. Thus, both experiments measured
tunneling resistance. Their resistance values of
0.1–0.9 GX are in close proximity to our R1of
0.1 GX for octanedithiols.
itis possible that the
3.4. Single particle manipulation by STM
The spectroscopy measurements also facilitate
the determination of single particle manipulation.
The weakest link in the junction of Au-NPs/1,
8-octanedithiol molecules/Au(1 1 1) substrate is
the S–Au bond with a binding energy of 1.8 eV,
i.e., corresponding to a breakdown voltage of
1.8 V or an electric field of 1.9 · 109V/m [20,27].
Thus, when the electric field on the junction
of Au-NPs/1,8-octanedithiol molecules/Au(1 1 1)
Fig. 5. STM manipulation of passivated Au nanoparticles.
STM images before (a) and after the extraction of a single (b)
and two Au NPs (c). The extraction was performed under the
conditions of 0.3 V and 30 pA. The images were taken at 1.0 V
and 30 pA.
G. Yang et al. / Surface Science 589 (2005) 129–138
Page 9
substrate is below such a value, those immobilized
NPs can be imaged without perturbation as shown
in Fig. 2. When the S–Au bond between Au-NPs
and Au(1 1 1) substrates is weakened by an in-
creased electrical field, dissociation or desorption
of the alkanethiol on Au starts to occur [20] and
a single NP can be selectively detached and manip-
ulated with nanometer precision and resolution.
The main steps for the NPs extraction are as
follows: first, a single NP is selected by imaging
the surface at a bias of ?1.0 V (electric field of
?8 · 108V/m). In the second step, the STM tip
is parked above the selected NP, and the voltage
is lowered below the charging voltage. Subse-
quently, the voltage is increased to ?1.8 V and
the NP is extracted to the tip. In the final step,
the NP can be deposited by applying an electrical
pulse on the selected area. An example of the con-
trolled extraction individual NPs shown in Fig. 5.
Fig. 5(a) shows three NPs and a dimer surrounded
by a decanethiol monolayer before manipulation.
The tip was positioned above the single NP at
the lower part of the image, and the bias voltage
was then decreased to 0.3 V while the feedback
was still active. When the bias voltage was in-
creased to a value of 1.8 V, the NP was removed,
as shown in Fig. 5(b). Repeating this procedure
can remove one NP from the dimer, as shown in
Fig. 5(c). It was also possible to remove NPs with
a bias voltage of +1.0 V and 0.5 nA with a compa-
rable success rate. Alternatively, the injection of
a large current into the junction of Au-NPs/1,
8-octanedithiolmolecules/Au(1 1 1)substratecould
cause charge re-distribution along the S–Au bond
as well, giving rise to the dissociation of alkanethiol
adsorbates on either Au-NPs or the Au(1 1 1) sub-
strate [20]. The NPs removed are often attached
to the tip, which can be released after voltage puls-
ing with negative bias.
4. Conclusions
A surface science based, simple and reliable
protocol has been developed to capture SET effects
of metal NPs at room temperature. Particle immo-
bilization on electrode surfaces are achieved using
mixed alkanethioland alkanedithiols,where
alkanedithols attach NPs to Au electrodes. Subse-
quently, the rest of the gold surface is covered by
an alkanethiol SAM. This approach of interfacial
chemistry eliminates aggregation and the lateral
motion of individual NPs under the STM probes,
resulting in an accurate and reproducible imaging
and I–V characterization. In addition, the sur-
rounding decanethiol SAM provides an accurate
reference for imaging and I–V measurements for
NPs. The STM I–V spectroscopy studies clearly
reveal the SET behavior at room temperatures, a
large Coulomb gap (?1 eV) and fine Coulomb
staircases (0.2–0.3 eV). Using the DBTJ model,
one can quantify the electronic properties, e.g.,
resistance and capacitance, by curve fitting the
equivalent circuit, as summarized in Table 1. In
addition to nanoelectronics design, our approach
provides a simple way for determining the thresh-
old current and voltage under which individual
Au-NPs may be detached and manipulated on
The authors thank Dr. Jayne C. Garno and Mr.
Christopher Fleming for scientific discussions. We
appreciate the financial support from University
of California, Davis, NSF (Grant CHE-0244830
and CHE0210807), and NIST (60NANB1D0072).
Work at UCSC was supported by the National
Science Foundation (CAREER Award CHE-
0456130), the ACS-Petroleum Research Fund,
and the University of California Santa Cruz. S.C.
is a Cottrell Scholar of Research Corporation.
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[16] P. Jiang, Z.F. Liu, S.M. Cai, Applied Physics Letters 75
(1999) 3023.
[17] H. Graf, J. Vancea, H. Hoffmann, Applied Physics Letters
80 (2002) 1264.
[18] S.W. Chen, Journal of Physical Chemistry B 104 (2000)
[19] M. Brust, M. Walker, D. Bethell, D.J. Schiffrin, R.
Whyman, Journal of the Chemical Society–Chemical
Communications (1994) 801.
[20] G.H. Yang, G.Y. Liu, Journal of Physical Chemistry B 107
(2003) 8746.
[21] Y.L. Qian, G.H. Yang, J.J. Yu, T.A. Jung, G.Y. Liu,
Langmuir 19 (2003) 6056.
[22] G.Y. Liu, S. Xu, Y.L. Qian, Accounts of Chemical
Research 33 (2000) 457.
[23] D.M. Adams et al., Journal of Physical Chemistry B 107
(2003) 6668.
[24] E. Gomar-Nadal, G.K. Ramachandran, F. Chen, T.
Burgin, C. Rovira, D.B. Amabilino, S.M. Lindsay, Journal
of Physical Chemistry B 108 (2004) 7213.
[25] M.A. Rampi, O.J.A. Schueller, G.M. Whitesides, Applied
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Yao, J.M. Tour, Applied Physics Letters 85 (2004)
G. Yang et al. / Surface Science 589 (2005) 129–138


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As I strolled through downtown Ashland, Oregon, last week, I was struck by how many "Yes on 92" signs and stickers I saw. There is clear, visible support from businesses and individuals for the measure to label genetically engineered (GE) foods.
And as the measure heads for a vote on November 4, industrial agriculture groups are pulling out all the stops to keep this ballot initiative from winning. Even so, there is an incredible groundswell of support for labeling GE food in Oregon and beyond. Things are looking hopeful!
Two weeks ago today, I was heading south for the inaugural "ShiftCon" gathering in Los Angeles. It was a fascinating event, attracting hundreds of women (and a handful of men) committed to "Shifting the Conversation" about health, wellness and the environment through social media activism.
My top two takeaways left me feeling optimistic. The first relates directly to our campaign work here at PAN: the pesticide problem is now front and center in the conversation about GE crops, and the link between the two is crystal clear. This is hugely encouraging. And the second? It may be obvious, but at ShiftCon it was palpable: the social media world is an astonishingly active and powerful place.
It's official. EPA and USDA have both evaluated Dow Chemical's new line of 2,4-D-resistant seeds, Enlist, and have approved both the seeds and the accompanying pesticide formulation for market.
This is a turning point, not just for grain production, but for food production in the U.S. and internationally. The introduction of Enlist corn and soybeans, and the widespread adoption of this new seed line, will have pervasive impacts on farmer livelihoods, public health and control of our food system.
Pesticide corporation Syngenta is pushing the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to allow even more use of one of its bee-harming neonicotinoids, thiamethoxam. But with science clearly showing that neonics harm bees and other pollinators — contributing to dramatic die-offs in recent years — allowing increased use of this chemical would be a striking move in the wrong direction.
If EPA grants the request, more thiamethoxam will be applied to common crops — including corn, soybeans, wheat and alfalfa — that cover over 250 million acres of U.S. farmland, much of it in the Midwest. The proposed residue level increases vary by crop, but some would go up by as much as 400 times what is currently allowed.
Last week, California's Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR) released new data from its statewide Air Monitoring Network (AMN). As you've heard from us before, pesticide drift can seriously impact the health and well being of people living in rural communities.
And it is happening. Even with DPR's flawed sampling plan, this latest round of data confirms health-harming drift at monitoring sites across the state. Of the 32 pesticides and five breakdown products assessed, 24 were detected at least once. At one site, the neurotoxic insecticide chlorpyrifos was found in 75% of the air samples taken.
PAN and our partners are back to court to stand up for the law passed by the County of Kaua'i last year. The groups are appealing a judge's disappointing decision last month that struck down Kauai's landmark law to ensure some of the world's largest pesticide and biotech corporations are more transparent about their operations.
The law was intended to lift the veil on which pesticides are being used, and where, on the island. Many of these pesticides travel on wind and water to neighboring schools, neighborhoods and farm land. Despite corporate PR efforts, it's clear that more information about agricultural practices is essential to building a fair, green and healthy food and farming system on Kaua'i.
Walking past the ancient Roman Coliseum on my way to the recent International Symposium on Agroecology, the surprising twists of history were on my mind. Even a few years ago, the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization — host of the symposium — would never have organized such a meeting. "Agroecology" was considered far too radical and dangerous a concept to many in FAO who had dedicated long careers to exporting the chemical-intensive "Green Revolution" model of agriculture around the world.
Yet there I was, along with 400 other scientists, agri-food system researchers, farmers and social movement leaders, commencing an intensive two-day exchange of agroecological knowledge, science and practice in the heart of Rome.
Very disappointing news came out of the U.S. Department of Agriculture yesterday. The agency announced it is greenlighting Dow Agroscience's new genetically engineered (GE) corn and soybeans that are designed to withstand repeated applications of 2,4-D — an antiquated, dangerous herbicide.
PAN scientist Dr. Marcia Ishii-Eiteman called the decision "a slap in the face" to the thousands of farmers who have expressed concerns about crop damage, economic losses and health risks associated with the dramatically increased use of 2,4-D that will accompany Dow's new crops. USDA predicts 2,4-D use in corn and soybean production will increase between 500% and 1,400% by 2020.
New California data about pesticides in food have been getting a fair amount of attention recently. Earlier this month, the state's Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR) released results from 2013 food sampling by their Pesticide Monitoring Program.
Unfortunately, DPR's conclusion that the residues they found on these latest food samples "pose no health risk" is more than a bit misleading. In fact, the trends indicated by the data are that the percentage of food samples containing pesticides has gone up over the past five years — as has the percentage of illegal residues found.
Last Saturday morning, I started my day ushering traffic down a dirt road into a potato field. The Toxic Taters Coalition was hosting a field day at Larry Heitkamp's Yellow Rose Organic Farm outside of Sebeka, MN. About twenty people gathered from surrounding counties to educate themselves about organic potato production, connect with local farmers and learn more about Toxic Taters.
Why tour an organic potato farm? Although a single, massive company — RD Offutt Company, or RDO — plants tens of thousands of acres of potatoes each year in north central Minnesota, it's certainly not the only potato producer in the region. Local residents who live near RDO potato fields launched the Toxic Taters campaign because they know that RDO's model of potato production isn't the only way. Our Coalition wanted to learn more about sustainable potato production — and who better to learn from than a local farmer who is hard at work implementing organic, ecosystem-based practices on his farm?
Pesticide Action Network North America
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Orlando, by George Frideric Handel: 'The Battle between Love and Reason'
The great soldier Orlando loves the queen Angelica who loves the prince Medoro, also loved in vain by the shepherdess Dorinda. Orlando cannot accept this and goes completely mad, threatening to fight everything in sight. Orlando's psychedelic hallucinations are ultimately cured - by the wise magician Zoroastro.
"Opera for the People" is a lecture series run by Larry Oppenheim. Larry is currently President of the Kensington Symphony Orchestra in the East Bay, where he is co-principal oboe and solo English horn. He also writes the program notes. Larry's goal is to make classical music more enjoyable and accessible to "all the people".
Each opera in this lecture series is being performed by local companies (Pocket Opera or San Francisco Opera), close to the times of the lectures. Check out the opera with your newfound knowledge!
Upcoming Events
- 2014 - 2015 Opera Preview Lecture
- Wednesday, June 3, 2015Main Library, Koret Auditorium
- Swing Dance Lessons
- Wednesday, June 3, 2015Mission Bay, Mission Bay Program Room
- CANCELLED --Bernal Jazz Quartet
- Wednesday, June 10, 2015Bernal Heights, Bernal Heights Meeting Room
Upcoming Classes
- Swing Dance Lesson for Beginners
- Wednesday, June 24, 2015Excelsior, Excelsior Meeting Room


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What you need to know about the proposed new edition of ASX's 'Corporate Governance Principles and Recommendations' and associated changes to ASX Listing Rules
ASX is consulting on a two-staged update to its corporate governance policies. Stage one proposes a new edition of the ASX Corporate Governance Council's 'Corporate Governance Principles and Recommendations' and stage two proposes governance-related amendments to the ASX Listing Rules and Guidance Note 9 (Disclosure of Corporate Governance Practices). Two consultation papers have been released, with the consultation period for both closing on 15 November 2013.
The ASX Corporate Governance Council's consultation paper seeks comments on a proposed third edition of its Corporate Governance Principles and Recommendations. The draft third edition accommodates developments in corporate governance matters since the second edition was released (originally published in 2007 and amended in 2010) and allows listed entities more flexibility in making corporate governance disclosures. The aim is to introduce the third edition on 1 July 2014.
The eight principles in the current edition remain but have been reworked in many cases to call for stronger links between the principle and the supporting recommendations. The top six things you should be aware of are listed in this briefing…
If you are registered and logged in to the site, click on the link below to read the rest of the King & Wood Mallesons briefing. If not, please register or sign in with your details below.
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News from King & Wood Mallesons
King & Wood Mallesons advises China Huarong on CLO securitisation trust scheme
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Briefings from King & Wood Mallesons
PPSA: the importance of registering on time
Principals and contractors need to be aware that in not registering security interests under the PPSA 2009, they may risk serious consequences.
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The New Companies Ordinance (NCO) will come into effect on 3 March 2014. It includes changes that affect the way documents may be executed.
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US firms muscle in on Hong Kong
Hong Kong IPO activity is hotting up again, but UK legal stalwarts are looking over their shoulders as US rivals make up ground fast


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1. Prepare sushi base.
2. Cut avocado and cucumber into thin long strips.
3. Squeeze lime juice on avocado to keep it fresh, and prevent it from browning. Set aside.
4. Slice tuna as shown in the video.
5. On the middle of the sushi base lay the crab sticks, cucumber, and avocado.
6. Roll bamboo mat from the edge. While rolling squeeze it firmly but gently to make sure that everything is coming together, and rolled with rice as shown in the video.
7. Once done, open the bamboo mat, and remove saran wrap.
8. On cutting board, place sushi roll, and layer tuna slices, overlapping each other on top of it.
9. Wrap it with a fresh piece of saran wrap.
10. Place bamboo mat on top, and squeeze all the way across firmly to make it look one, without smashing tuna slices.
11. Dip kitchen towel in water and rice vinegar mixture. Squeeze, and wipe sharp knife with it.
12. Cut roll into slices, over the saran wrap. Wipe knife every time you cut slices.
13. Transfer Hawaiian sushi roll to a serving platter, and serve it with spicy sushi sauce.


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Watch: Timelapse Calvin & Hobbes mural
Parents are great. Parents who take the time to paint huge Calvin & Hobbes murals in their kids' rooms are even better. Watch it come together here.
Tue, Aug 16, 2011 at 11:32 PM
Check out this beautiful timelapse video of a dad (Reddit user KosherHam) painting an amazing Calvin and Hobbes mural in his son's bedroom.
Dads are awesome.
Are you on Twitter? Follow me (@sheagunther) there, I give good tweets.
And if you really like my writing, you can join my Facebook page.
The opinions expressed by MNN Bloggers and those providing comments are theirs alone, and do not reflect the opinions of MNN.com. While we have reviewed their content to make sure it complies with our Terms and Conditions, MNN is not responsible for the accuracy of any of their information.


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Britain bars Russian delegation from Farnborough air show
Published on Jul 12, 2014 7:58 PM
LONDON (AFP) - Britain said Saturday it had barred a Russian delegation from attending the Farnborough air show because of the Ukraine crisis, sparking an angry reaction from Russia.
The Russian embassy in London expressed "regret" that Britain had not issued visas to a large part of its delegation and demanded an urgent explanation.
The Farnborough International Airshow (FIA) is a key event in the aviation sector calendar, with Russia usually sending a sizeable contingent as it seeks foreign sales. Britain has been a strong backer of EU asset bans and travel freezes against Moscow over what it says is Russian interference in conflict-torn eastern Ukraine.
Britain's Foreign Office said it invites representatives from foreign governments to attend Farnborough as government guests, even though it is a commercial event.
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Article by Craig Hamilton-Parker. These strange but true stories and my replies are taken from my news columns where people are invited to send me their weird real experiences of the paranormal and supernatural.
If you think that my answers to these true stories are spot on or off the mark then please do add your comments at the bottom of the page. You are also welcome to post your own real stories as well but I ask that you keep them reasonably concise as this page is already quite long.
Some years ago I bought a second-hand double bed from a public house. Since the day I bought it I have had strange feelings when I sleep in it. Sometimes I feel as if a phantom child or dog jumps up onto it as I lay there. And at times it feels as if a person is cuddling me so tight that I cannot move. Do you think that the bed could be haunted by someone or something? C M E
I doubt that a spirit is haunting the bed. Many people believe that ghosts and phantoms are memories psychically embedded in the environment that we can replay through our ESP. You are sensitive to the vibrations of the people that used the bed in the past and are replaying their memories. You are not in any danger.
Ever since I was 12 years old I have searched for spiritual truth from the literature of the world. I now believe that the destiny of mankind is overseen by beings from outer space who call themselves the Council of Nine. These are highly evolved beings who have had a long involvement guiding the future of mankind and references to them recur in myths and legends from all counties of the world. They are the nine beings referred to as 'The Elohim of Israel' and 'The Ennead of Egypt' I have spoken to these beings as has Uri Geller, Phyllis Schlemmer, Andrija Putarich and Gene Roddenberry of Star Trek fame. – Geri R
Ever since Erich Von Daniken first published his strange book 'Chariots of the Gods' in the 1960's controversy has raged about whether extra terrestrial beings once visited earth. One evening in 1969 Georgian governor Jimmy Carter was outdoors preparing a speech when he, together with 12 aids, saw a bright light in the western sky which they believed to be a UFO. Several years later, when Carter became president of the United States, he suggested to NASA that they conduct extensive investigations into UFO's. Jimmy Carter throughout his presidency often expressed his belief in the reality of UFO phenomena.
Is it possible that the world we live on, the earth plane, is just one of many strange parallel worlds or dimensions, occupying the same space time continuum, and that the spirit world is just one of these many dimensions? Perhaps beings, high in the state of evolution, can enter this world in the same way one enters a room? UFO's may enter by the same source. In the "Gulf Breeze" UFO sightings the observer sees the UFO fold up and disappear from view instead of vanishing into the sky as expected. This could be the effect of leaving one dimension into another. – John W.
Alas there is also not enough space here to answer your huge questions but modern science, particularly in the fields of cosmology and particle physics, are concluding that there are indeed other dimensions. I'd be interested to hear from any other readers with views on this and if any of you have ever seen a UFO.
My grandfather used to tell us incredible stories about his encounters with the Tibetan Buddhist monks who he met when he was stationed with the British army in Nepal. He also spent some time in Tibet itself, before it was overrun by the Chinese, and on one occasion visited a remote monastery. He told us about many strange things that he witnessed but one that stays imprinted in my mind concerns the ferocious coldness of Tibet. He said that the novice monks would meditate outside in the sub-zero temperatures for hours. They would wear nothing but a flimsy sheet which would from time to time be removed by their fellow monks and soaked in freezing cold water. Slowly it would dry only to be removed again and soaked once again in cold water. My grandfather was a very down-to-earth man and not one subject to fantasy. I believe what he said but how on earth were these men able to survive ordeals that would kill most ordinary people. -Judith A
The monks were taught to harness the power of their breath. By special breathing techniques they could raise their body temperature to a degree that could dry water or melt snow. Although the Chinese invaders tried to destroy Tibetan culture it has now taken root all over the world.
Some clips from us on a TV Programme called : STRANGE BUT TRUE
My mother was a true trance medium and as a young woman I used to listen to her talks from a North American spirit guide that would talk through her. Mostly the subjects covered were about philosophy and how to lead a better life. Occasionally the spirit would tell us things about our lives that nobody, including my mother, knew. Some of the predictions he made haven't come true until recently. I recently heard a tape of an American 'channeller' called Lazaris who is supposed to do the same but I remain unconvinced. Do you think that these 'New Age' proponents of trance are real or just in it for the money? – Mary M D
Your mother's guide knew the importance of evidence which goes a long way in proving that he was more than an alter-ego. Some of the American channellers make a great deal of money from their work and some even claim to be in contact with space beings. One even receives communications from dolphins!! Lazaris has a showbiz following including Michael York who says of him: "He represents a force of positivism and love that illuminates- like a bright, beneficent searchlight-the obscure and unknown corners of human life."
I was born in Poland and at the age of 16 was arrested by the Gestapo and put in solitary confinement for 6 months. I was interrogated and given fifty lashes for not telling the truth. Later, I was transferred to a cell with 30 other prisoners. Rumours were rife. Were we going to be shot?
That night I had a dream about a clock showing 12.00 o'clock. I feared that this indicated that we would be shot at noon. However one of the other prisoners insisted that to dream of a clock meant a journey
The next day we were marched to the railway station to be transferred to a concentration camp in Germany. As the train moved out I saw the station clock: 12.00 o'clock exactly. – Mr R C
There are some strange superstitions associated with clocks. In Britain if a clock chimes after not going for sometime a death is imminent. The same applies if a clock strikes thirteen. It is an ill omen if a clock strikes during a wedding ceremony and in Wales it is believed that if the town hall clock strikes as the church bells are ringing then there will be a fire in the vicinity. I think I'll buy myself a sundial.
Up to the age of 8 years old I used to have the same recurring nightmare. It featured this dark haired woman, dressed in pink and blue, who would angrily punch her fists together. She would push me towards an open window. Years later I was sat on a bus and felt the same feelings as in the dream. To my horror I noticed in the seat opposite the very same woman as appeared in my dream. She turned towards me, smiled then got off the bus. From that point on my childhood nightmares stopped for good. – Ruth O
Seeing the similar person on the bus helped you to relive your dream in waking life. You were able to unlock exaggerated childhood fears and realise that, as an adult, there was nothing to be afraid of.
My fiancé gave me a bracelet 8 years ago but it has a faulty catch. Whenever I lose it it just keeps coming back. The first time it was found under a car in a car park, the next it was found in a RAC breakdown truck. It was once lost for a whole year and finally turned up in a rehearsal room at my place of work. Recently it was returned from a book shop I was visiting. Each time I hadn't known where I had lost it and I wasn't the one to find it. The last time I lost it, miles from home, I didn't worry and just knew it would finally turn up.-it did. Is it just luck or is it that, like my fiancé, it wants to be with me forever? – Mary D
Sigmund Freud explained in his book "Psychopathology of Everyday life" that sometimes our own minds participate in making strange but true coincidences happen. His pupil Carl Jung was to later develop the idea further into his theory of Synchronicity. This theory implied that events are influenced by our inner psychological processes. For you, your love is symbolised by the bracelet and your inner powers influence it's return
My mother always used to say that if my palm itched then it meant that money was coming my way. Of course it's nonsense. I have a skin condition on my palms and this hot weather causes my palms itch all the time yet I'm still as poor as a church mouse! – Mary J
If the right hand itches it means money's coming but it's the left that tickles you'll be paying out soon. Sounds to me that both your hands itch, so your good fortune is cancelled out! Superstition says that to stop the spell you should rub your hands on wood. They also say that if your right ankle itches this also means money is coming -so there's hope for you yet.
I was on holiday in Florida with my daughter and as part of our tour we visited Nasa and watched a rocket being launched. As I saw the steam vapour rising in the air I was suddenly overcome with horror and anxiety. I started to shake with fear "I'm not watching that" I said "It's going to fall"
I was wrong and the launch was a complete success. But the very next launch made from that same place had disastrous consequences. The Challenger crashed to earth killing all its crew and was a crushing blow for space exploration. – Mrs Mary M.
You may have felt anxious about the launch anyway and the Challenger disaster that happened in coming weeks may just have been a coincidence. However, just like some of the passengers for the Titanic, your anxiety may have been an anticipation about events yet to unfold. Have any other readers foretold a strange but true news event such as the death of Diana etc?
When we got off the train my friend and I were eager to use the station toilet. A strange looking young lady dressed in a Victorian style black outfit pushed in front of us and took the only cubicle. We stood by the door and waited. And waited and waited and waited. Then another person joined our queue and tried the door. It was open and the cubicle was empty.
It's true – there was absolutely no way that anyone could have left. There was only one door to the small toilet and we were both stood blocking the exit. The incident frightened both of us as there was no possible explanation for what had happened. Can you explain it? – Mrs N A
I'm sorry I can't explain what happened! Perhaps there's a logical explanation, for example you missed the lady make her exit. Yet your friend bears witness to what happened so perhaps you saw a ghostly spectre of a phantom wanting to use the loo? Considering how long some women spend in the toilet I'm not surprised its the sort of place female ghosts would like to haunt!
I used to have a printed painting of a child on my wall in my bedroom. For no apparent reason, as I fell asleep, the picture would seem threatening. I put up with it for some time then decided that I would take it down and put it on top of the wardrobe face down and out of sight. Soon after this I received news that my niece was dying. I went to visit her at my aunt's house and there above my niece's bed was the very same picture that had so disturbed me! – Mary G
The picture acted as a trigger for your intuition that told you that something was wrong somewhere. In the 1970's there was a popular kitsch print on sale of a wide eyed crying child. It was said to be very unlucky. There were a large number of reports in the newspapers of houses, where this picture was hung, that had burnt down. The pictures however would always remain unscathed.
This has been a very bad year for me and I'll be glad to see the back of it. Early in the year I had a vivid dream about walking down the steps of a hotel with my daughter and my dog Honey. Soon after the dream Honey died.
My daughter urged me to go with her to a psychic fair. After the loss of Honey and the many other troubles in my life, I felt it might give me a boost. We went to the fair and I received a lot of sound advice. The psychic urged me to start work as a psychic myself and reminded me about my own premonitions. Had I not predicted the death of Mountbatten?
She was right- On the night before he died I dreamt of Prince Charles drowning in a river with one arm held up in the air. The next day on the news I heard that Lord Louis Mountbatten's had drowned when the IRA blew up his boat. Mountbatten was like a father to Charles.
I thought again about Honey and decided that the psychic fair had been just the tonic I needed. As I walked down the steps with my daughter I was overwhelmed with by a feeling of dejavu- these were the same hotel steps as in my dream! – Mrs Jean T
Your story is interesting in that your dream predicted that you would meet a person who would remind you about your ability to predict the future. Sounds to me that you'd make a pretty good psychic.
Not many people believe me when I say that the spirit of my father visits me in my dreams. But one night it was proved to be real
"I know that you're very tired and not too well but I must disturb you" said my father in the dream "You must wake up. The kitchen is flooded. But be very, very careful and don't panic or you will fall and hurt yourself. Now wake up. Wake up! Wake up!! Wake up!!!"
I awoke from the vivid dream with a start and immediately rushed towards the kitchen. Just as the dream had predicted the kitchen was flooded and would soon seep into the flat below me if I didn't act quickly.
Normally I would have got into quite a fluster but I recalled dad's warning about falling over. I kept calm and no harm came to me. I'm sure that it would have been a different story if I hadn't had the dream. – Margaret F .
Sometimes the subconscious will construct a dream to wake the sleeper if it becomes aware of a potential danger. Perhaps your subconscious did this to you. However, I'm more inclined to believe that it was the spirit of your father that woke you.
It's hard to explain but I never feel comfortable in my home. I believe that the people that lived here before had problems. My house is a large building and, apart from the large overgrown pool in the back garden, everything is well kept and tidy. For some people it would be just perfect but I just get so very depressed here. I'm convinced its the house to blame. What can I do? – Neil W-
The Chinese believe that houses attract a flow of energy called Chi. This flows through the house and, if in balance will bring health, harmony and even wealth to it's occupants. The Chinese will employ Feng Shui experts to ensure that the chi energy flows properly. Pools, and particularly stagnant pools, at the back of the house are believed to drain the good fortune from the house whereas a pool at the front will enhance well being. Get a book about Feng Shui from your library and if you apply these teachings you'll soon feel at home.
Craig Hamilton-Parker
CRAIG HAMILTON-PARKER is a celebrated U.K. medium who has confounded skeptics by the uncanny accuracy of his readings. Craig and his wife Jane have had their own TV shows in the UK and USA including 'The Spirit of Princess Diana'. In 2003 the BBC made a 3 part documentary about their work. Craig is the author of 15 books.


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After learning that you're pregnant, your main agenda is simple: Tell your partner and celebrate! But once the happy news sinks in, the next steps can seem overwhelming. To help simplify the situation, we asked Akua Afriyie-Gray, M.D., an assistant professor of obstetrics and gynecology at Loyola Medical Center, for the most important moves a pregnant woman should make.
Will my hair texture change during pregnancy?
"Many women notice that their hair becomes thicker and fuller during pregnancy," says Alan J. Bauman, M.D., director of the Bauman Medical Group in Boca Raton, Fla. "Some attribute this change to their prenatal vitamins, but the primary cause of the hair improvement is the change in hormone levels."
Every week, a few women email to ask if their early-pregnancy spotting or discharge means they're going to miscarry. They're terrified and looking for reassurance and a guarantee that everything will be OK with their pregnancies. I have plenty of reassurance to offer and I wish I could offer that guarantee, but the best I can do is tell my readers that probably, everything will be OK.
It's reader email week and I've picked my favorite. I'm not going to name my e-mailer because I think she speaks for a lot of women. Here's what she wrote:
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common ailment during pregnancy, because your expanded uterus—which sits atop your bladder—sometimes can block urine drainage, causing the infection.
By now, everybody's heard about Kate Middleton's severe morning sickness--both during her first pregnancy, and now during her second. What most people don't know, is just how bad hyperemesis gravidarum (medical lingo for really, really, bad morning sickness) can be.
It was heartburn that got me in the end. I could take the swelling, the back pain, the constant trips to the bathroom, the itchy skin, the fatigue, the sweating, the sleeplessness and even the psychological shock of seeing the scale tip 200 pounds. But the constant, searing pain of heartburn made the miracle of pregnancy seem more like a curse—by the middle of my third trimester, my mantra had changed from "Please, let him be healthy!" to "Just get him OUT!"
Fifty years ago, Thalidomide was yanked off the market. This sedative drug prescribed to alleviate morning sickness in the 1950s and 60s, caused crippling birth defects. Thousands of babies, born without arms or legs are now adults and while doctors quit prescribing Thalidomide in 1961, the company responsible for manufacturing the drug only apologized for the damage they caused last week.
Puffy feet and swollen hands happen to men and women year round, but they're especially common for pregnant women in hot weather. Considering it's been scorching these last couple weeks, I bet there are a whole lot of pregnant ladies out there who feel like the Stay Puft Marshmallow woman.
What causes swelling?
Early in her pregnancy, Deborah Johnson (not her real name) started having on-and-off light bleeding. "At first I was really freaked out," she recalls. "My immediate reaction was, 'Oh, this can't be good.' "
She called her doctor, who was concerned but calm. "She said she was going to play it safe by giving me progesterone, but that if the baby wasn't meant to be, no amount of progesterone was going to make a difference," Johnson says. Though the spotting continued throughout her entire first trimester, Johnson gave birth to a healthy baby boy six months later.
The most commonly asked questions I receive from readers are these three:
1. I had some spotting after sex and I'm still in my first trimester. Am I having a miscarriage?
2. My doctor says I have Bacterial Vaginosis? Will that make me infertile or miscarry?
Every week I receive very similar emails from different women all over the world. They all ask the same question about pinkish-brown discharge during the first trimester. Very often, they notice the discharge the day after they've had sex. Each one of these emails is tinged with worry about what that discharge means and fear that it might mean miscarriage. The last few emails came from women in England, Alabama, San Francisco and Saudi Arabia, which just lets you know how un
There's no getting around it, labor and deliver is messy business. That's why nurses work hard to develop fast, close, personal and professional connections with our patients. Personal enough that we can do what we have to do without too much embarrassment and professional enough to respect our patients' dignity and privacy, even when we're all up in their business.
© Copyright 2015, Meredith Corporation. All Rights Reserved | New Privacy Policy - Your California Rights | Data Policy | Terms of Service | AdChoices


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Total anomalous pulmonary venous return is a structural problem
with the heart that causes oxygen-poor blood. It is a type of congenital heart
defect, which means it develops before a baby is born.
With this defect, all the pulmonary veins from the lungs do not
connect with the left side of the heart as they should. Instead, they connect
to veins or structures that drain into the right side of the heart. This
results in oxygen-rich blood flowing back into the right side of the heart.
The left side of the heart and the body get some oxygen-rich blood
because of other defects that are usually present, including:
Surgery is needed to correct the defect.
Last Revised:
October 11, 2011
Healthwise Staff
Medical Review:
John Pope, MD - Pediatrics & Larry A. Latson, MD - Pediatric Cardiology
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Hotel Club Belambra Super-Besse Le Chambourguet - Super-Besse, Besse-et-Saint-Anastaise
34 Route du Chambourguet - Besse-et-Saint-Anastaise1-877-662-6988
If you are looking for a family-friendly Besse-et-Saint-Anastaise hotel that's located in the mountains, check out Club Belambra Super-Besse Le Chambourguet offering free Wi-Fi to all its guests.
This hotel has its own restaurant serving breakfast, lunch and dinner where you will find a selection of items to try. Guests can also enjoy drinks as there is a bar/lounge. On-site winter fun includes ice skating.
The lobby is home to a fireplace, TV and complimentary newspapers, as well as the front desk which is open during limited hours only. Multilingual staff can provide tour/ticket assistance. Family-friendly amenities at this hotel include a free children's club, babysitting and supervised childcare/activities. Other amenities include laundry facilities.
We show TripAdvisor reviews for new Venere hotels that haven't been reviewed yet
Check Availability at Hotel Club Belambra Super-Besse Le Chambourguet
Breakfast at Hotel Club Belambra Super-Besse Le Chambourguet
A buffet breakfast is served between 7:30 AM and 9:30 AM for a fee.
Hotel Facilities at Club Belambra Le Chambourguet
- Bar
- Restaurant/Dining
- Baby sitter
- Multilingual staff
- Newspapers
- Luggage room
- City tour
- Entire property is non-smoking
- Laundry room
- Ski bus
- Free parking
- Internet/Email services
- TV Lounge
- Billiards / Snooker
- Ski room
Know before you go
Check-in: between 5 PM and 8 PM.
Check-out: before 10 AM.
There is no after-hours reception at this property. Guests arriving late won't be able to check in until the next morning. Check-in hours are strictly limited to 9 AM to noon and 5 PM to 7 PM daily.
PolicyExtra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
City tax and/or any other fees charged by the hotel
The following fees and deposits are charged by the property at time of service, check-in, or check-out.
- Fee for buffet breakfast: EUR 9.00 per person (approximately)
The above list may not be comprehensive. Fees and deposits may not include tax and are subject to change.
You'll be asked to pay the following charges at the hotel:
- A tax is imposed by the city: EUR 0.50 per person, per night. This tax does not apply to children under 13 years of age.
We have included all charges provided to us by the property. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.
Room Details
Club Belambra Super-Besse Le Chambourguet offers 112 guest rooms for your family-friendly holiday. Rooms open onto balconies. Guests can unwind at the end of a long day and enjoy flat-screen televisions with digital channels. Business travelers visiting the Besse-et-Saint-Anastaise area will have access to free wireless high-speed Internet access as well as desks and safes.
Private bathrooms are outfitted with showers and hair dryers. Rooms also include soundproofing and blackout drapes/curtains.
A turndown service is available.
Accommodation Services
- Mini fridge
- Soundproof rooms
- Hairdryer in each room
- Safe
- Desk
- Terrace/Balcony
- Wireless Internet access
Distances from Hotel Club Belambra Le ChambourguetPuy de Sancy - 4.6 km / 2.9 mi
Chateau de Murol - 10 km / 6.2 mi
Site Troglodyte de Jonas - 10.6 km / 6.6 mi
Lac de Guery - 12.5 km / 7.8 mi
Fenestre Park - 12.8 km / 8 mi
Roche Tuiliere - 13 km / 8.1 mi
Grands Thermes Baths - 13 km / 8.1 mi
The Caves of Cornadore - 13.3 km / 8.2 mi
Saint-Nectaire Church - 13.4 km / 8.3 mi
Lac de Servieres - 15.3 km / 9.5 mi
Notre Dame d'Orcival - 19.4 km / 12 mi
Villeneuve-Lembron Chateau - 25.4 km / 15.8 mi
Charade Circuit - 28.8 km / 17.9 mi
Puy de Dome - 30.4 km / 18.9 mi
Puy de Pariou - 33.1 km / 20.6 mi
The preferred airport for Club Belambra Super-Besse Le Chambourguet is Clermont-Ferrand (CFE-Clermont-Ferrand - Auvergne Intl.) - 38.9 km / 24.2 mi.
Distances are calculated in a straight line from the property's location to the point of interest or airport and may not reflect actual travel distance.
Distances are displayed to the nearest 0.1 km and mile.
Transportation services Hotel Club Belambra Super-Besse Le Chambourguet
- Ski bus
- Free parking
We have the accommodation you need, all over the world
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- • Diamond Hotel Philippines - Manila, Philippines
- • Hotel Wittelsbach am Kurfürstendamm - Berlin, Germany
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- • Lekkerkerk Hotels, Netherlands
- • Kalamitsi Hotels, Greece


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Breastfeeding: Common Breastfeeding Challenges Center - Huntersville, NC
WebMD Physician Directory
Huntersville, North Carolina
Breastfeeding: Common Breastfeeding Challenges
Common breastfeeding challenges facts*
*Common breastfeeding challenge facts medical author: Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD
Read the Breastfeeding: Common Breastfeeding Challenges article »
Other Related Breastfeeding: Common Breastfeeding Challenges Articles
Emergency Contact for Huntersville
Nearby Huntersville Hospitals *
Presbyterian Hospital
Carolina Med Ctr Univ
Lake Norman Regional Med Ctr
Carolinas Medical Center NE
Presbyterian Hospital
Presbyterian Orthopedic Hosp
Mercy Hospital
Carolinas Medical Center
Carolinas Rehabilitation
C M C Randolph Behavioral Hlth
Gaston Memorial Hospital
Carolinas Medical Ctr-Lincoln
Presbyterian Hospital-Matthews
Carolinas Medical Ctr-Pineville
Iredell Memorial Hospital
W G Bill Hefner VA Medical Ctr
Davis Regional Medical Center
Rowan Regional Medical Center
Kings Mountain Hospital
Catawba Valley Medical Center
Piedmont Medical Center
*Provider Directory Terms of Use:
The WebMD 'Provider Directory' is provided by WebMD for use by the general public as a quick reference of information about Providers. The Provider Directory is not intended as a tool for verifying the credentials, qualifications, or abilities of any Provider contained therein. Inclusion in the Provider Directory does not imply recommendation or endorsement nor does omission in the Provider Directory imply WebMD disapproval.


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It doesn't matter whether you're out past curfew or crawling back home wasted. The only thing that matters is getting into the house without waking the people inside. This is a hard feat to accomplish especially if you're wasted (which you probably are.) So if you're planning more
great escapes nights out with the boys and want to avoid pissing off the girlfriend by waking her up, you need to get the Keyflip.
So what's the Keyflip? Let's backtrack a little.
First of all, we've already identified the culprit as the jangling sound made by the keys on your keychain, right? I mean, it's definitely not your non-soberness or inability to come home earlier or skip the weekday parties–because after all, life's too short to spend not being wasted. So this is where the Keyflip can help you out. It's basically a keychain with the build of a Swiss Army knife.
You can attach up to four keys and simply slide out the one you need to get through the door. No jangling, no hanging, and no unwanted sounds. Oh, and did I mention that it's also got a bottle opener on the other end? Heck, you can even use it to open your canned drinks if your fingers are too fat to pop that top open the normal way.
It's crazy how one thing helps you get wasted and get into your house unnoticed. Neat-o!
Own It: $33


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Creating Your First Product
in stock
Creating Your First Product While there are numerous ways to make money online – without a product – everybody knows that by creating and selling your own product, you stand to make a great deal more money. This is why most Internet Marketers do reach a point where they are ready to create their own [...]
Creating Your First Product
While there are numerous ways to make money online – without a product – everybody knows that by creating and selling your own product, you stand to make a great deal more money. This is why most Internet Marketers do reach a point where they are ready to create their own product, regardless of the niche that they are in.
Many people avoid creating their own product for various reasons. They may not know how. They may not know what to create. They may think it is terribly expensive to create a product. They may think that creating and selling a product is a huge headache.
Is any of this true? Not really. In fact, with the help of the Internet and the huge demand for products that can be purchased and received over the Internet, there has never been a better time to create your own product – and it has never been easier.
So, what does creating your own product do for you? It gives you more money – obviously – but it does more than that. It takes the trust and credibility that you have already earned one step further. You have probably already established yourself as an expert on your topic. By creating a product of your own, it just solidifies that.
If you have not taken steps to build your online reputation and establish yourself as an expert, a product still works in your favor, by introducing you to your market – as an obvious expert. So, you see, it really works out either way, very well.
Now, before you picture yourself working in a lab, donning a white lab coat, working on a miracle pill for weight loss – if that is your niche – you need to realize that by creating a product, you will not necessarily be taking the time to get FDA approval, or spending the money to buy a lab and hire researchers. It is much easier than that…so put the lab coat back in the closet.
Your product can easily be created at your desk – on your computer. Remember, people like instant gratification. They like to order items on the Internet, and have them delivered to them – on the Internet – right away. It's what we have come to expect! You can't deliver that miracle weight loss pill through one's modem.
The product creation that you are going to learn about is very simple. In fact, it probably won't cost you a single dime, unless you need some help, in which case, it won't cost you very much money at all. There is no need for a lab. No need for FDA approval. Nothing like that is about to happen.
You don't have to hurt your head trying to create a product. You will not be reinventing the wheel. You don't have to come up with anything that nobody has ever come up with before. It doesn't work that way.
What you need to know, right now, is that you can have your own product, created by you, in a matter of hours, days, or weeks, depending on what you are trying to create. You can have that either without spending any money, or by spending very little money. You will not have to spend a great deal of money.
This ebook is going to teach you – from start to finish – how to create your own product and get it on the market. In fact, you will be amazed at how quickly this happens, and how profitable having your own product is.
You've probably seen those well-known marketers who seem to be able to turn out a new product each and every week or month. You are about to learn exactly how they do it – how they come up with the product idea, how they develop the product, how they package the product, and even how they sell the product.
You can use those same methods for your own success. You are about to learn how to choose a type of product to create, how to choose your products topic, how to find out how well your product will do, how to create the product, how to make the product available to your customers, and much more.
So, do yourself a favor – print this ebook out. Get your favorite beverage and a snack. Go to a quiet place, where you won't be interrupted. Bring a highlighter with you, and start reading and highlighting!
Before you even finish reading the book, I'll bet you are at your computer, creating your very first product! That works too. This ebook is designed so that you can literally create your product as you read along. If you want to do that, by the time you reach the end of this ebook, you will either have your very first product up for sale, or you will be very close to it!
Aren't you excited? You should be! You are on the verge of becoming a true Internet Entrepreneur…with your very own product. Once you have the product, you can start an affiliate program. You will have potential joint venture partners contacting you to make various deal offers. You will be a merchant – a product owner – in your own right!
You may ask – if this is so easy, why doesn't everyone do it? Because they don't know how easy it is! These are secrets that are well kept by Internet Marketers worldwide. If they share these secrets, they feel that they may damage their own sales – but that just isn't true. It's a big world wide web – and there is room for everyone!
The first step is to clear your mind. Open it up to all possibilities, but leave it blank, so that you can easily absorb all of the information you are about to learn. This couldn't be easier. Are you ready to learn the secrets?
Buy Resell Rights !
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the last ditch resort to settling a political, social, economic, moral, or religious conflict and the bloodied harbinger of peace
if you want peace, prepare for war
dodane przez Voorhees11 marzec 09, 2009
Favorite game of powerful men with small penises.
Hitler couldn't get no stank on the hanglow from polish bitches, so he whacked the bitches.
dodane przez Phil McCrevice czerwiec 07, 2003
Dumb way to make peace. Stupid. Un-needed. Wages unneeded deaths of young men,nd women. Fucked up. Destroying the world.
Hey whats War?" "War is Stupid
dodane przez AXtheUnIVerse sierpień 07, 2010
A matter too serious to be entrusted with the military.
"War is much too serious a matter to be entrusted to the military."
Georges Clemenceau (1841 - 1929)
Georges Clemenceau (1841 - 1929)
dodane przez Mertown czerwiec 09, 2007
A thing that is always the same
"And war, war never changes."
dodane przez theodore_logan grudzień 19, 2009
Something made up to divide territory, but than a bunch of stupid assholes decided it would be a good way to kill people for reason. Something parents use to twist their childrens point of view to match theirs, also journalists, news reporters, ect use it to twist opinions.
In the civil war, after battles journalists literally went out to the battle fields to find dead bodies and position them to make it look like the other side tortured them.
dodane przez Peace Keeper kwiecień 07, 2010
a delay in curing diseases that need to be cured.
with the millions we spend on war we need to spend it on curing stds and cancer!
dodane przez gunslingergirlvy_c_e lipiec 24, 2005


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The police on Wednesday arrested A. Das (27) on the charge of attacking his wife, Akila, with a sickle on Tuesday.
Sources said the husband assaulted his spouse following differences arisen among them. Akila was admitted to a hospital in Coimbatore.
The police have constituted special teams to investigate the incident in which some persons allegedly set fire an IMFL outlet at Devanurpuram on Tuesday.
Keywords: domestic violence, crime against women
More In: Coimbatore


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Movie Trailers
Age of Adaline: Trailer
Witness Blake Lively as Adaline Bowen, a 29-year-old who miraculously doesn't age, in the new trailer for the enchanting romantic drama, THE AGE OF ADALINE. Check out the new trailer and images now to get a closer look at Adaline and the obstacles she must face while living life on the run to prevent others from finding out her secret. Don't miss this all-star cast, including Blake Lively, Michiel Huisman, Harrison Ford, and Ellen Burstyn, when THE AGE OF ADALINE hits theaters everywhere on APRIL 24. Read the rest of this entry »
John Wick : Trailer
An ex-hitman comes out of retirement to track down the gangsters that took everything from him. With New York City as his bullet-riddled playground, JOHN WICK (Keanu Reeves) is a fresh and stylized take on the "assassin genre". Read the rest of this entry »
Godzilla – Official Teaser Trailer
The new Trailer.
Plot Synopsis
An epic rebirth to Toho's iconic Godzilla, this spectacular adventure pits the world's most famous monster against malevolent creatures who, bolstered by humanity's scientific arrogance, threaten our very existence. Read the rest of this entry »
Draft Day: First Look
Check out the trailer for Draft Day. Opens April 11, 2014.
DRAFT DAY A football movie with Kevin Costner.


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More Lil Bub, Because There's Never Enough Lil Bub
What does the name "Lil Bub" mean to you? What sort of feelings does it inspire? For us, whenever we hear the name Lil Bub, we are reminded of the sound of raindrops falling on delicate silver bells. We feel a surge of uplifting warmth in our hearts as we contemplate the wide-eyed, wondering countenance of the Internet's most precious gift to us. It has even been suggested that Lil Bub's cuteness originated on another planet, and that she came to Earth on a mission of love and kindness, to teach us all the power of sweetness.
Lil Bub's appeal is so infectious that she captured the hearts of the first ever Internet Cat Video Film Festival, and even has her own documentary with Vice in the works.
If Lil Bub can melt the hearts of the hipsters over at Vice, then imagine what she can for the rest of us. All it takes is 10 seconds, really, just 10 seconds of this little wonder cat in action and you'll feel like a brand-new person.
Which is great, because here is a whole two minutes and fifteen seconds of the kitty, purring away like a little jet plane ready to take off and drop rainbows on the world.
Awww, yes. We feel so much better now.
Photos via Lil Bub's Facebook page


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Hi guitarjock, very nice work, but prepare….now will be the invasion of "add my song!!" Anyway, if you'll put mine…. eheheh
You are probably right. I hope everyone understands that I only have so much time during the day. But, I am going to do my best to cover as many people as a can. It just may take a while to cover everyone. I will be putting out 2 parts for each volume from each of the music categories on the site. The plan is to put out two each day from one category, and rotate those categories on each day of the week. I can knock out a vid in about 20 minutes now after making a few. And the new ones will have text! hehe. Links are in the description block.
Those who put out songs more often are likely to get more coverage, as it is an "AJ's Latest" videocast. However, I may make a few hidden treasures videocasts.
Anyway, part 2 of the Latest Corporate Vol 1 is uploading right now….with text!
Enjoy the great tracks with the annoying yet scintilizing female vocals. Strange how each song has the same lyrics!
That came true!
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Work the Shell - Web Server Tricks with $RANDOM
I just migrated onto a newer, bigger server (read that as "more expensive", of course, but because my traffic's justifying it, I'm good with the change). To make matters more interesting, I also just bought a new laptop (a MacBook Pro), and between the two migrations, I've been looking through a lot of old directories and bumping into all sorts of scripts I've written in the past few years.
The one I thought would be interesting to explore here is one I wrote for a pal who was involved in a charity and wanted a way to have a single URL bounce people 50/50 to one of two different Web pages—a sort of mini-load balancer, though his application wasn't quite the same.
The core piece of this is the $RANDOM shell variable that's actually kind of magical—each time you reference it, you'll find it's different, even though you aren't actually assigning a new value to it. For example:
$ echo $RANDOM 21960 $ echo $RANDOM 19045 $ echo $RANDOM 2368 $ echo $RANDOM 2425 $ echo $RANDOM 10629
This violates the core user design principles of the shell and even the very definition of variables (which are supposed to be predictable—if you assign the value 37 to it, it still should have that value 200 lines and 17 references later). Other variables change value based on what you're doing, without you actually assigning it a new value, like $PWD, but because that's the present working directory, if you move around in the filesystem, it's logical that its value would change too.
The RANDOM value, however, is in a category of its own and makes it super easy to add some pseudo-randomness to your scripts and user interaction (whether it's truly random is a far more complicated—mind-numbingly complex—issue. If you're interested, try Googling "determining the randomness of random numbers" to jump down that particular rabbit hole.
In the Bourne Again Shell (bash), RANDOM numbers are within the range of 0..MAXINT (32,767). To chop it down and make it useful, you can simply divide it by the max numeric value you seek.
In other words, if you want a random number between 1..10, for example, use the % "remainder" function with a call to expr:
$ expr $RANDOM % 10 7 $ expr $RANDOM % 10 5 $ expr $RANDOM % 10 9 $ expr $RANDOM % 10 6 $ expr $RANDOM % 10 8
Boiling this down further, how to choose between two options randomly now should be jumping out of the page at you, dear reader:
if [ "$(expr $RANDOM % 2 )" -eq "0" ] ; then conditional expression fi
If you wanted to be a purist, you also could write this with the $(( )) math notation, of course, as you'll see a bit later in this column.
That's enough for us to write the shell script I mentioned earlier, the one that randomly switched between two possible pages when invoked:
#!/usr/local/bin/bash url1="http://www.bing.com/" url2="http://www.google.com/" if [ "$(expr $RANDOM % 2 )" -eq "0" ] ; then echo "Location: $url1"; echo "" else echo "Location: $url2"; echo "" fi exit 0
Can you see what this example script does? If you guessed "randomly redirects you to either Google or Bing", you're right! If not, well, what the heck? Go back and read the code again!
Now, let's say my friend said "75% of the time, I really want to take people to URL1. Can you do it, Dave?"
Here's how that might look:
if [ "$(expr $RANDOM % 100 )" -lt "75" ] ; then
(Or, even more clearly as % 4 -lt 3, for that matter.)
If you have more than two choices, you can use a case statement that makes uneven allocation a bit tricky but otherwise is straightforward:
case $(( $RANDOM % 4 )) in 0 ) echo $url1; ;; 1 ) echo $url2; ;; 2 ) echo $url3; ;; 3 ) echo $url4; ;; esac
With this in mind, we could write an n-way load-balancing script, so that when people come to the home page, they automatically would be bounced to one of the n possible servers.
The interesting step actually would be to round-robin them, based on the server load, of course, which could be done by stepping through the data using the ruptime command.
So, given the uptime output of:
$ ruptime host1 host1 16:51 up 3+53:17, 3 users, load 0.65 0.68 0.51
What we really want is to get a list of hostnames sorted by how busy those systems are, which can be generated by ruptime with the -rl flags, as shown here:
$ ruptime -r -l host1 down 16+08:34 host4 up 10+13:26, 7 users, load 0.07, 0.39, 1.04 host3 up 14+06:49, 3 users, load 0.10, 0.38, 0.49 host2 up 1+17:40, 4 users, load 0.18, 0.13, 0.09
As you can see, the first step is to screen out the hosts that aren't actually up at the present moment, then grab the first field (as it's sorted by how busy the system is at the current moment).
One approach to this could be to call ruptime every time a request comes in and just grab the first value. This can be done like so:
$ ruptime -rl | grep -v down | head -1 | cut -d\ -f1 host2
The trouble is that the systems report uptime information only approximately every minute, and calling ruptime dozens or hundreds of times per second can end up producing a problem—the least-busy system will be swamped. If you get a lot of traffic, that's not going to be a manageable solution.
Here's where we could have our friend $RANDOM step back into the picture. Instead of always simply picking the machine with the lowest load average, let's randomly choose one of the three least-busy systems. The core snippet would look like this:
getline="$(( ( $RANDOM % 3 ) + 1 ))" targethost="$(ruptime -rl | grep -v down | sed -n ${getline}p | cut -d\ -f1)"
With a bit more code, you could bias it so that, say, 50% of the time it would pick the least-busy system, 33% of the time it would pick the second-least-busy system, and 17% of the time it would pick the third-least-busy system. As time passed and as the load moved around, these systems would keep changing, and you'd achieve a crude but effective load-balancing system.
Knowing how easily you can select one of a number of possible paths randomly in a shell script, what else can you imagine that would be helpful or just fun?
Dave Taylor has been involved with UNIX since he first logged in to the on-line network in 1980. That means that, yes, he's coming up to the 30-year mark now. You can find him just about everywhere on-line, but start here: www.DaveTaylorOnline.com. In addition to all his other projects, Dave is now a film critic. You can read his reviews at www.DaveOnFilm.com.
Dave Taylor has been hacking shell scripts for over thirty years. Really. He's the author of the popular "Wicked Cool Shell Scripts" and can be found on Twitter as @DaveTaylor and more generally at www.DaveTaylorOnline.com.
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