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The identification and differentiation of strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by DNA fingerprinting has provided a better understanding of the epidemiology and tracing the transmission of tuberculosis. We set out to determine if there was a relationship between the risk of belonging to a group of tuberculosis patients with identical mycobacterial DNA fingerprint patterns and the HIV sero-status of the individuals in a high TB incidence peri-urban setting of Kampala, Uganda.
One hundred eighty three isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from 80 HIV seropositive and 103 HIV seronegative patients were fingerprinted by standard IS6110-RFLP. Using the BioNumerics software, strains were considered to be clustered if at least one other patient had an isolate with identical RFLP pattern.
One hundred and eighteen different fingerprint patterns were obtained from the 183 isolates. There were 34 clusters containing 54% (99/183) of the patients (average cluster size of 2.9), and a majority (96.2%) of the strains possessed a high copy number (≥ 5 copies) of the IS6110 element. When strains with <5 bands were excluded from the analysis, 50.3% (92/183) were clustered, and there was no difference in the level of diversity of DNA fingerprints observed in the two sero-groups (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.85, 95%CI 0.46–1.56, P = 0.615), patients aged <40 years (aOR 0.53, 95%CI 0.25–1.12, P = 0.100), and sex (aOR 1.12, 95%CI 0.60–2.06, P = 0.715).
The sample showed evidence of a high prevalence of recent transmission with a high average cluster size, but infection with an isolate with a fingerprint found to be part of a cluster was not associated with any demographic or clinical characteristics, including HIV status.
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major health problem in most of sub-Saharan Africa. In March 2008, the incidence and mortality associated with tuberculosis in Uganda were 355 cases and 84 deaths per 100,000 population per year, respectively [1]. In this setting, a further danger lies in the existence of TB/HIV co-infected individuals. Kampala, the capital city of Uganda, has a population of over two million people (National Housing and Census Survey, 2002) and carries 30% of the TB burden of the country (National TB and Leprosy Programme records). Records from the National referral hospital, Mulago, Kampala, show that 50% of TB patients are co-infected with HIV. Rubaga, one of the five administrative divisions surrounding the business capital of Kampala, has a resident catchment population of about 178,309 people and an average population density of 4,000/sq km (projection from the National Housing and Census Survey, 2002). About 250–300 TB cases are diagnosed from the TB clinics in the division quarterly (National TB and Leprosy Programme records). Poor housing conditions and overcrowding in most parishes of the division could facilitate the transmission of TB in the communities.
Molecular genotyping tools have enhanced our understanding of the epidemiology of TB by providing insight into the transmission dynamics, source and spread of M. tuberculosis [2,3]. By helping to differentiate an ongoing exogenous infection from reactivation, these tools also help in evaluating TB control and treatment programmes in a given setting [4]. One such genotyping tool, IS6110 Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (IS6110-RFLP) analysis, exploits variability in both the number and genomic position of the transposable element IS6110 to generate strain-specific patterns after PvuII restriction digestion of genomic DNA [5]. Because it has been observed that the molecular clock for IS6110-based RFLP runs at a faster rate than that for the PCR-based Spoligotyping and Mycobacterial Interspersed Repetitive Unit (MIRU) typing techniques [6], IS6110-RFLP is still referred to as the gold standard molecular epidemiological tool for TB in spite of its being labour intensive. In this study, we have used standard IS6110-RFLP [5] to determine the rate of recently transmitted TB in Rubaga division so as to understand the dynamics of transmission of the disease in this community. The findings are related to the HIV sero-status of the patients, socio-demographic characteristics of the patients, as well as drug susceptibility pattern of the isolates.
Setting and study population
Rubaga, one of the five administrative divisions of Kampala city, covers an area of approximately 30 km2. It is located in the western part of Kampala (Latitude: 0°18' 0 N, Longitude: 32°32' 60 E). The district is also home to two missionary founded hospitals (Rubaga and Mengo) and two other public health care clinics (Namungoona health centre and JOY medical centre) that offer TB diagnostic and treatment services to patients under the supervision of the National TB and Leprosy Programme (NTLP). A sample of 344 newly presenting TB patients was enrolled at the four sites above from the resident population of Rubaga division between February and September 2006 so as to determine the species and strain diversity of M. tuberculosis complex in this division [7,8]. Of 344 subjects enrolled, 92 (26.7%) were HIV seropositive, 176 (51.2%) seronegative, while 76 (22.1%) did not consent to HIV testing and hence their status unknown. In the current study, we have fingerprinted 183 isolates from newly presenting patients with known HIV serostatus. Twelve isolates from HIV seropositive patients did not have adequate DNA for RFLP, so strains from only 80 HIV seropositive were analyzed, while 103 strains from HIV-seronegative individuals whose isolates had sufficient growth on sub-culture were fingerprinted so as to study the dynamics of TB transmission in HIV co-infected and non-HIV co-infected patients in this setting by analysing clustering by IS6110 RFLP. For the entire sample of 344 patients, 163 (47.4%) were from female patients while 181 (52.6%) were from male patients. In the current subset, 81 (44.3%) of the isolates were from female patients while 102 (55.7%) were from male patients. Five isolates were resistant to isoniazid only while another five were resistant to both isoniazid and rifampicin, hence multidrug resistant. All rifampicin resistant isolates were also resistant to isoniazid.
Ethical considerations
Institutional permission to conduct the study was obtained from the Faculty Research and Ethics Committee of Makerere University Medical School (institutional ethics board of the Medical School). Informed consent to participate in the study as well as permission to use isolates from samples provided were obtained from all enrolled participants.
Demographic characteristics, drug susceptibility testing and HIV sero-status
These data were available from our previous analyzes of the sample set [7,8].
IS6110-RFLP typing and clustering analysis
Heat killed isolates were shipped to the Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Stockholm. Chromosomal DNA extraction and IS6110-RFLP genotyping were performed in accordance with a standard protocol described previously [5], using an IS6110 right-side-specific probe. BioNumerics (v 5.1) software (Applied Maths, Sint Maarten Latem, Belgium) was used to analyze molecular typing results. IS6110-RFLP patterns were analyzed as fingerprint types and the pair wise distance between patterns was computed using unweighted pair-group method using arithmetic averages (UPGMA) and the Jaccard index [9]. Clusters were defined as at least two M. tuberculosis strains with identical RFLP profiles isolated from different patients. For strains with less than five bands, previous spoligotyping data was used to analyze clustering [7].
Statistical analysis
Statistical associations between clustering, drug susceptibility data, HIV sero-status and socio-demographic characteristics were generated by Stata 8.0 using the Pearson's chi-square test. Odds ratios were estimated at 95% confidence intervals, and a P value of <0.05 was considered evidence of a significant difference.
Study population
A total of 183 isolates were fingerprinted, 81 from female patients, 34 (41.9%) of whom were HIV seropositive; and 102 from males, 46 (45%) of whom were HIV seropositive. The number of patients in the 18 – 39 years age category was 144, with 64 (44.4%) of them being HIV seropositive, while the remaining 39 patients ranged between 40 and 63 years of age with 16 (41%) of them being HIV seropositive.
Analysis of IS6110 clusters
The RFLP pattern of the 183 isolates investigated gave 118 different IS6110 fingerprint patterns which included 34 genotype clusters consisting of 99 TB patients. The genotype clustering rate of the sample was 54.1% (99/183) with a median genotype cluster size of 2.5 and an interquartile range of 1. The largest genotype cluster had eight strains, followed by two clusters with six strains (Figure 1). The clustering rate among HIV seropositive patients was 52.5% (42/80) while that in the seronegative patients was 55.3% (57/103). The clustering rate within the gender was 54.3% (44/81) for females and 53.9% (55/102) for males while that within the age categories was 56.9% (82/144) for patients 18 to 39 years and 43.6% (17/39) for the 40 to 63 years category. Of the 183 samples analyzed, only five (2.7%) isolates were resistant to both rifampicin and isoniazid, defined as multi-drug resistant in this case and only one multi-drug resistant case belonged to a cluster. Bivariate analysis using odds ratio (OR) was used to compare the socio-demographic characteristics and types of patients, such as HIV sero-status, age of the patients, drug susceptibility test results of the isolates as well as spoligotypes lineages among the clustered genotypes. Having TB resistant to at least one of the two drugs tested had an OR greater than 1 but not statistically significant (P = 0.701), while being male, below 40 years of age and HIV seropositive each had a low OR, and were not statistically significant (Table 1). Additionally, there was no significant relationship between clustering and any of the three major groups of spoligotype lineages tested: T2 (P = 0.45), LAM (P = 0.41) and UGA (P = 0.47). Logistic regression analysis of the four variables showed that being male and having an isolate resistant to any of the two drugs tested had an OR greater than 1, while being HIV seropositive and below 40 years of age had an OR less than 1 (Table 2). None of clinical and patient characteristics analyzed showed a significant relationship with clustering in the sample.
Figure 1. Diversity of IS6110-RFLP patterns in the clustered isolates with corresponding demographic data (n = 99).
Table 1. Association of variables with M. tuberculosis genotype clustering by IS6110-RFLP analysis (n = 183)
Table 2. Logistic regression analysis of the association of variables with genotype clustering by IS6110-RFLP for strains with >5 copies of IS6110 (n = 176)
Analysis of IS6110 DNA fingerprints
The number of IS6110 copies for the 183 strains varied from one to 20, the mean number was 13.3 and the most frequent fingerprint pattern (n = 35) had 14 copies of IS6110. The proportion of strains with less than five copies (low copy number of IS6110) was 3.8% (7/183), 89.1% (163/183) of the strains had eight to 17 copies, while only 13 strains (7.1%) had 18 to 20 copies of IS6110 (Figure 2). There was no relationship between number of copies of IS6110 of the strains and the study variables HIV sero-status (P = 0.922), age (P = 0.063) and sex (P = 0.485) of the patients. Each of the seven strains that possessed less than five copies belonged to one of three clusters, 51.5% (84/163) of strains with eight to 17 copies were found in clusters, while eight of the 13 strains with more than 17 copies were clustered. The IS6110 copy number histogram (Figure 2) was skewed to the right with 96.2% of the strains being high copy number. Spoligotypes of the seven strains with less than five copies (data not shown) were clustered in three different patterns: two strains with four copies each were of the T2 label (spoligotype international type, SIT, 52), three strains with a single copy each were of the LAM11-ZWE label (SIT 59) while another two strains with one copy each were EAI5 (SIT 126).
Figure 2. Analysis of copy number in IS6110-based DNA fingerprints of M. tuberculosis for the 183 strains.
Comparison of the RFLP patterns between HIV-seropositive and HIV seronegative TB patients
The level of diversity of the DNA fingerprints observed in the HIV-seropositive TB patients was comparable to that observed in the HIV-seronegative TB group. Sixty two (77.5%) DNA fingerprint patterns were observed among the 80 isolates obtained from HIV-seropositive TB patients, and 74 patterns (71.8%) were found among 103 isolates derived from HIV-seronegative TB patients. The risk of belonging to a group of patients with identical RFLP patterns (or the risk of belonging to a chain of recent TB transmission) was 52.5% (42/80) for the HIV-seropositive group and 55.3% (57/103) for the HIV-seronegative group (P = 0.6420). A dendrogram based on unweighted pair-group method using arithmetic averages segregated the isolates randomly with no indication of sub-structuring according to the HIV sero-status of the patients (data not shown). The number of IS6110 copies ranged from one to 18 for the HIV-Seropositive group and from one to 20 for the HIV-seronegative group. Analysis of the histogram (Figure 2) shows that the frequency of occurrence of IS6110 bands for the isolates appeared to be rather similar between the two groups being compared. For example, the most prevalent pattern observed had a peak of 14 copies of IS6110 (n = 35), with 17 and 18 of the strains being from HIV seropositive and HIV seronegative patients respectively.
The identification and differentiation of strains of M. tuberculosis by IS6110-RFLP has provided a better understanding of the epidemiology and tracing the transmission of TB in developed countries. However, not much is known in most developing countries where the disease burden is highest. Previous studies done in some sub-Saharan African countries have reported contrasting results in regard to risk factors for the transmission of TB [10-13]. In this study, we have analyzed the transmission dynamics of TB in HIV seropositive and seronegative TB patients, and within age groups so as to study the association between these variables and ability to transmit TB in a high disease burden peri-urban setting of Uganda.
Analysis of clusters in our sample showed 118 patterns from the 183 strains fingerprinted. A large proportion (99/183 or 54.1%) of our sample belonged to clusters, suggesting a high prevalence of transmission. Even after removal of clusters containing strains with less than five copies of IS6110, our result differs from that shown in a previous finger print analysis of 73 isolates from different villages of Kampala [14] in which it was shown that only six (8.2%) of the isolates typed clustered, suggesting that multiple strains were transmitted in the community. It is generally known that high disease burden settings are characterized by a limited variety of M. tuberculosis strains and a high proportion of isolates occurring in clusters [15,16]. The difference in the two results above, moreover from the same setting, could be due to the sampling strategy: while we sampled resident patients at TB clinics in a single division of Kampala, the previous study was based at the National referral hospital, with patients originating from villages of different divisions of the city. It is known that measured clustering depends on such factors as completeness of sampling, immigration and time period [17]. While our previous study sampled 2,639 suspects from a resident population of a division of Kampala, only 344 (13%) turned out smear positive and were therefore recruited [8]. Since smear microscopy has a detection limit below 50% in our setting (National TB Reference Laboratory records, Uganda), some TB cases could have been missed and therefore the true proportion of clustering in our study may have been underestimated. Additionally, in an attempt to compare an almost equal sample of HIV positive and HIV negative TB patients, only 183 of the 344 isolates (53.2%) were analyzed for clustering in the present study, a further limitation to estimating the actual clustering rate in the community studied.
Previous studies have shown varying clustering proportions dependent on length of the sampling period in settings with similar disease burdens. In South Africa for example, a one year study showed a proportion of clustering of 50% among gold miners [18]. This result is close to that obtained in the present study in which 54.1% of the isolates obtained over a 9 months period clustered. These results, however, differ from those obtained in longitudinal studies over years as they allow a greater number of exposed persons to progress to active TB. Cases in point are clustering rates of 72% in a six year study in Cape Town, South Africa, [13] and 73.6% in an area with a high HIV prevalence in Northern Malawi [11]. In a more recent analysis, it has been shown that both epidemiologic and strain related factors may contribute to cluster size [19]. It was further shown that spoligotype 59 in a Malawi population in all groups of patients, was clustered and unique, and was associated with a wide diversity of RFLP patterns. This is in agreement with our previous observation of predominance of RD 724 deleted – T2 spoligotypes of M. tuberculosis in this locale [8].
Our study shows that the average cluster size of 2.9 in our sample was twice that observed in another high burden setting, Tanzania, where Yang and colleagues [20] showed an average cluster size of 1.33. This difference in average cluster size between ours and the Tanzania study may be due to the fact that they sampled the city of Dar es Salaam, with patients originating from other parts of Tanzania as well, while in our study only the resident population was considered and being a non-resident of Rubaga division was an exclusion criterion. The high average cluster size in our study however, is comparable with the 3.7 observed in isolates from Addis Ababa residents in Ethiopia [10].
Only 10 of the 183 isolates were resistant to isoniazid, including five that were resistant to rifampicin as well, hence multidrug resistant. All the isolates from the sample analyzed were from newly presenting TB patients; hence the resistance of these isolates was considered primary drug resistance. There was no significant difference in the frequency of drug resistance between patients with clustered genotypes and those with unique genotypes (Table 2). Although the number of patients with strains resistant to any drug in our sample was small, this result contrasted with findings in Ethiopia in which 62.5% of 17 isolates resistant to any drug were found within clusters [10].
The relationship between clustering and sex as well as between clustering and age groups was also analyzed. Generally, as was observed in a study in Botswana [21], there was no statistical link between the risk of a patient belonging to a cluster and any of the demographic characteristics above (Table 2). These results further differ from observations in Ethiopia [10] in which there was a trend toward increased clustering of isolates from tuberculous women residing in Addis Ababa. In northern Malawi, on the other hand, there was a weak association between clustering and sex, with clustering more common in women ≥ 45 years of age [11]; while in South Africa, clustering was not associated with sex but clustered cases seemed to decrease with age, though not significantly [13].
The IS6110 copy number of the isolates ranged from 1 to 20, which is similar to that in the Tanzania study [20] and close to the range of 1 to 17 copies in the earlier study in Kampala [14]. These results are also comparable with that from Tunisia [22] where 75% of the isolates were high copy number. However, there were significant differences in the distribution of the copy number between our strains and those in the Tanzania sample in that the proportion of strains with less than six copies (considered low copy number strains) in this study was 3.8% (Figure 2) and 4.1% (3/73) in the previous Kampala study [14], while that in the Tanzania study was 26.1% (35/134). In fact, the isolates carrying only a single copy of the IS6110 element in the Tanzania study was 8%, while only 2.7% (5/183) of our strain collection and 2.7% (2/73) of the previous Kampala study harbored a single copy of the element. More interestingly, the Tanzania study found a clear correlation between the occurrence of low copy number of IS6110 and classification of the strains into the Asian subgroup, while in our previous analysis of the full set of 344 samples by spoligotyping, we observed that 70% (241/344) of our strain collection was of the T2 type (Euro-American) while only CAS1-Kili (3.5%) and CAS1-Delhi (2.6%) belonged to the Asian subgroup [7]. These results further confirm observations that statistically significant association of a clone to the prevalence of disease in a community may reflect increased adaptation and fitness of the strain type [23].
A majority (96.2%) of the strains in our sample and 95.9% of strains from the earlier Kampala study were high copy number, with histograms of the distribution of IS6110 copies from both studies skewed to the right. In northern Malawi and Botswana, on the other hand, histograms showed a normal distribution for the IS6110 copies. It has been observed elsewhere that high IS6110 copy strains can be epidemiologically resolved using a smaller set of loci on MIRU-VNTR genotyping panel [24]. Our data therefore suggests that it is possible to quickly establish epidemiological links for this group of strains using a less laborious and high throughput PCR-based technique.
A comparison of the RFLP patterns of HIV-related and non-HIV-related isolates showed no significant differences between the categories. The risk of belonging to a group of patients with identical RFLP patterns was not significantly different between the two categories (Table 2). A number of studies about clustering in TB/HIV co-infected patients have yielded contrasting results. In one of these, in a high disease incidence region of Spain, a study of 305 TB patients with known HIV serostatus showed that strains isolated from HIV-positive patients were not associated with clustering [25] a result similar to observations by Yang et al [20] in Tanzania. More studies in sub-Saharan Africa have pointed to absence of association between HIV serostatus and clustering. A study in a high HIV prevalence district of northern Malawi did not find any association between clustering in TB patients and HIV serostatus [19]. A similar result was obtained in a population-based prospective study of pulmonary TB patients in Botswana, in which HIV positivity was not associated with clustering even after stratification by site [21]. In Ethiopia, on the other hand, HIV positive serostatus was significantly associated with clustering of isolates for patients of both sexes [10], a result similar to that obtained in Lima, Peru, using fluorescent Amplification Fragment Length Polymorphism (fAFLP), in which the highest levels of relatedness were found among isolates from the same disease group, with the isolates grouping into two distinct clusters [23]. It may argued that observation of clonal groupings among the AIDS-associated isolates in Peru may have been due to the effect of hospitalization of the patients since all the 25 isolates from HIV-1-negative individuals were found to be relatively heterogeneous and nonclonal.
Since a majority (144/183) of the patients in our sample was aged between 18 – 39 years inclusive, the absence of association between HIV serostatus and M. tuberculosis clustering in this study may be due to a very high proportion of disease attributable to recent transmission in HIV negative patients in the younger category, as has been postulated elsewhere [11].
The sample analyzed showed evidence of on-going transmission of TB in this setting. However, there was no statistical relationship between the risk of a patient belonging to a transmission chain and his or her HIV status, gender, age or drug susceptibility pattern of the strains. A major shortcoming of the study however, is that we included only a subset of patients diagnosed over a nine months period, and this limited the sensitivity for detecting clusters, the consequence being a low power to detect observed differences as statistically significant.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
BBA participated in the planning of the study, acquisition of samples and demographic data, culture and isolation of mycobacteria, RFLP assays, data analysis and drafting of manuscript; SG participated in running RFLP, data analysis and critical revision of manuscript; FAK, DPK participated in isolation of cultures and critical revision of the manuscript, TK participated in general supervision of the research in Sweden and critical revision of the manuscript; RP, AP paritcipated in running RFLP; GK & MLJ participated in the conception, design and general supervision of the study and critical revision of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
This study was funded by Sida/SAREC through Makerere University and Karolinska Institute Research and Training (KIRT) collaboration. GK was also supported by a grant from the Swedish Heart Lung Foundation. We thank the staff of the molecular biology laboratory at Makerere University Medical School and staff at the National TB Reference Laboratory, Kampala, for technical assistance.
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Pre-publication history
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text:
This Instructable show how to make your own audio crossover.
My circuit garranties excellent high class audio quality.
Just a new design to reduce crossover frequency losses.
In this instructable you'll need the folowing items:
A drill
Pcb board
A soldering iron
Deoldering Pump
Ferric Chloride or any other Cooper echent
A horizontal drive transformer ( found in televisions)
10uf and a 2.2uf non-polarized capacitor
1.5 mm to 3.5 mm drill bits
A speaker box with an tweeter and loudspeaker
A digitial or analog multimeter
A permanent maker
Styrofoam Plate
Six strips of wire preferable three different colours about 1.5 metres
Surgical Alcohol
Step 1: Summary Of Operation
It can be placed on a breadboard with ease, overall it shows you how to connect it.
Well the transformer that i used can be found in a crt television set and it must be selected based on the power rating of your speaker.
I have a 15W Loudspeaker and a 5W tweeter this transformer is fairly small, so if you plan to have speakers that are very powerful i advise you to get a transformer of similar ratio but bigger. The transformer's ratio is 1 : 5.
Its primary resistance was 0.8 ohms and secondary 3.4 ohms
The same goes for the capacitors the voltage range is small like 16v -50v for small power applications. As you increase your output power the voltage of the capacitors must increase to the range of 100v -250V. The value of the capactors usually stay the same. Use non polarized capacitors because they wouldnt be damaged by the alternating voltage.
great work! congratulations!
Would you mind sharing the specs for the transformer that you used ?

subset: commoncrawl


text:
We've been lucky enough to have some beautiful weather lately and what a better way to enjoy the Cornish summer than at some of the most stunning locations Cornwall has to offer. With surroundings like these there's no need to go to the Mediterranean, you can enjoy the beauty of the exotic South West!
At the Abbey we love a day trip to St Ives or Falmouth, a visit by boat to St Micheal's Mount or a sunny summer's day drive to Porthcurno or Sennen.
Video: VisitCornwall


text:
Wi-Fi Choices Can Be Confusing
AP — With three types of Wi-Fi "802.11″ technology to choose from for wireless Internet access, and more on the way, which one is best for a new laptop?
First there was 802.11b, the clunky technical name for the wireless technology which made Wi-Fi a must-have for laptops.
Then came versions 802.11g and 802.11a. Letter "n" is coming. And back in the lab, the Wi-Fi wizards are working on "e," "r," "s" and "t."
There's now an alphabet soup of Wi-Fi choices for a new laptop, as well as competing brands and worries that future versions may render a young PC obsolete.
As if there weren't enough headache-inducing options when buying a computer?
Fret not, or at least not too much. The short answer is that nearly all current Wi-Fi products are interoperable, and provide far more speed than most users need, so the decision likely won't result in sleepless nights.
That's because interoperability has been a major thrust of the industry group which mercifully coined the name Wi-Fi to describe the 802.11 family of wireless technologies.
So just about any Wi-Fi modem in a computer will talk to just about any Wi-Fi transmitter, at home or on the road, regardless of manufacturer.
Furthermore, the next generations of the Wi-Fi standard, starting with 802.11n, may not hit the market until after 2006, so really needn't be a distraction in deciding whether to buy a computer now.
Nonetheless, there are some distinctions worthy of consideration.
The original "b" flavor of Wi-Fi can provide data speeds of up to 11 megabits per second (mbps). Actual data transmission is probably closer to half the maximum speed, but that's still several times faster than the broadband connections used by most homes and small businesses.
The next version, 802.11g, allows speeds of up to 54 mbps, but is fully compatible with equipment based on 802.11b because they both use the same radio frequency, or wavelength, to transmit data over the airwaves. Once again, actual speeds are usually about half the maximum rate.
While the third standard, 802.11a, is also billed at up to 54 mbps, it isn't compatible with either of the first two because its signal travels over a different wavelength.
However, nearly all 802.11a products available to the general public are also equipped with 802.11g capability, so some level of connectivity is likely between devices with the latest Wi-Fi standard and those without it.
All that said, it makes sense for most users to pay a little extra for 802.11g, but not necessarily 802.11a, according to Glenn Fleishman, editor of the Web log Wi-Fi Networking News.
Right now, Fleishman said, most DSL and cable broadband connections aren't as fast as the slowest version of 802.11, so few users can take full advantage of Wi-Fi's speed.
But DSL and cable broadband providers are starting to boost the bandwidth they offer with little or no price increase, and some local phone companies are installing fiber-optic cables that will deliver lightning-fast connections in the same $35-to-$40 price range.
"You're starting to see broadband speeds that exceed what 802.11b can deliver, so there is some utility for what 802.11g can deliver, especially if you'll have the machine for five years," said Fleishman.
While 802.11a offers the same increase in speed as 802.11g, Fleishman said the bigger appeal of 802.11a is that it operates at a wavelength that's less clogged by competing signals from other Wi-Fi users, microwave ovens and cordless phones. While most people don't encounter such interference, 802.11a could prove useful in densely populated environments such as an apartment building.
Although a unified 802.11n standard has yet to be finalized, some gear makers are already selling equipment based on their own versions of "n" technology, which is more than twice as fast as 802.11g and 802.11a.
But these "pre-N" products, often twice as expensive as other Wi-Fi devices, might not be a wise investment since they may not be compatible with the eventual official standard.
"You'll be buying equipment that will be obsolete in the near future and will become cheaper in the near future," said Fleishman.


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In the Know: Fr. Fernando Suarez
Fr. Fernando Suarez is a celebrated, albeit controversial, priest, known for drawing crowds in his healing Masses.
Born in 1967 in Barrio Butong in Taal, Batangas province, Suarez had humble beginnings. His father, Cervando, drove a tricycle and his mother, the former Azucena Mortel, was a seamstress. The eldest of four children (he has a sister and two brothers), he attended public school. At an early age, Suarez already knew how to earn a living. At 12, he rented out inflatables at Butong beach.
He holds a chemical engineering degree from Adamson University. After college, Suarez entered the Franciscan Order (Conventuals). He left after one-and-a-half year and enrolled at Christ the King Seminary in Quezon City but went absent without leave after six months.
In 1995, he met a French-Canadian student named Mark Morin who invited him to Canada and paid for his fare. They could have been partners in a business venture but Suarez wanted to pursue priesthood. He tried the Diocese of Winnipeg to study as a diocesan priest but it did not work out and he was made to leave. In 1997 he joined the Companions of the Cross, a newly established community of priests and seminarians in Ottawa. He was ordained in 2002 at the age of 35.
According to Suarez, when he was 16, he saw a paralyzed 60-year-old beggar woman outside Quiapo Church. He asked if she wanted him to pray for her, just to console her. After one Hail Mary, one Our Father and one Glory Be, the woman stood up and walked, he said.
In Canada, when Suarez was still a seminarian, a Canadian woman declared dead eight hours earlier also opened her eyes after he prayed over her. From there his healing ministry continued and in 2008, he returned to the Philippines to resume his healing work. The purported miracles are recorded in the newsletter of Mary Mother of the Poor (MMP)-Healing Ministry, a foundation Suarez established.
In February 2008, Lingayen-Dagupan Archbishop Oscar Cruz banned Suarez from holding healing Masses in his diocese in Pangasinan province, citing the Catholic Church's Congregation of the Doctrine of the Faith, which requires a local bishop's permission for Church-related activities conducted by those who do not belong to the diocese.
Malolos Bishop Jose Oliveros also barred Suarez from his diocese.
Cruz said too many questions had hounded Suarez's "miraculous healing," particularly on the claims of raising people from the dead. He said only Jesus Christ could raise people from the dead.
Cruz also questioned the selling of religious artifacts and solicitation of money for the construction of his healing center, which was originally a 5-hectare property in Batangas, until a 33-hectare land located in Amuyong, Alfonso, Cavite province, was donated to the MMP Foundation in 2010 by San Miguel Corp. The plan includes building a 33-story-high statue of Mary Mother of the Poor.
The Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines says it recognizes Suarez's gift of healing but remains "watchful" of Suarez's healing Masses and other activities.
Those who have sought his healing include former First Gentleman Jose Miguel Arroyo, boxing champ Manny Pacquiao, businessmen Danding Cojuangco, Tonyboy Cojuangco and Greggy Araneta, actress Amalia Fuentes, and TV newscaster Vicky Morales.
A 2007 TOYM (The Outstanding Young Men) awardee for religious service, the priest has a program, "Healing Grace," every Sunday night.—Marielle Medina, Inquirer Research
Source: Inquirer Archives, http://fatherfernando.com http://www.montemaria.ph/index.php
SMC scuttles land donation to healing priest
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Category: Nameberry Picks
Scandinavian names have been slow to enter the American stockpot of names. Maybe it's because they're not as romantic as the Italians, as genial as the Irish, as energetic as the Russians, or as instantly chic as the French.
But there are a lot of great, neglected Swedish, Norwegian and Danish names to be discovered, and those of internationally known Scandinavian celebrities have provided a pathway in. Here are the names of some such notables, both past and present, which are both appealing and accessible– and definitely worth considering.
Astrid—the prolific Swedish author Astrid Lindgren is best known as the creator of Pippi Longstocking. Her royal Scandinavian name has been neglected here in favor of the more familiar Ingrid, but is just as attractive.
We wish we'd thought of the Nameberry Awards.
But the entertaining and illuminating awards given by popular vote to the best names in a range of categories was the brainchild of Genevieve, over on the Nameberry forums.
How it worked: Berries nominated names in each category. Then the entries were organized into polls and people voted as well as commented on their choices. Here's one example.
We see Nameberry favorites such as Charlotte and Genevieve, Henry and Theo showing up in the results. But there are many surprises as well: Rowan chosen as a top unisex name for both girls and boys, for instance. Indiana voted the top celebrity baby name for girls.
But rather than describing the results to you, we'll just bring you the winners and runners up in all the categories. The Nameberry Awards go to:
Best Top 100 Girls' Name
1. Lucy
2. Charlotte
3. Amelia
Maybe it has something to do with Harry Potter attuning our ears to long Latinate names like Bartemius and Xenophilius—after that, suddenly the four syllables of Tiberius and Cornelius or Persephone no longer seem too weighty for a modern little babe.
After all, Isabella is the Number 2 girl's name– and other four-syllable names like Penelope, Amelia, Cecilia, Seraphina and Valentina are standing right in line to join her. So clearly, many parents today are looking for just such substantial names, just as others are seeking them out to balance a short, brisk surname.
Here are our Nameberry Picks of the 20 + freshest four-syllable choices on the table. (But do note that variations in pronunciation and/or speedy speech can sometimes elide four syllables into three.)
Araminta—a delicate and lovely name long used in England and just now making a limited debut in the US. Refreshing nicknames: Minta and Minty.
Calliope—an upbeat, energetic name combining an ancient Greek heritage—Calliope is the mythological muse of epic poetry–with the cheerful musical sound of the carousel instrument.
Dorothea and Theodora are reverse mirror images of each other, both meaning 'gift of God' and both newly stylish, both more feminine versions of rising three-syllable names—Dorothy and Theodore.
Our conclusion: No matter how unusual they are by the numbers, these names are drawing considerable buzz. And that's bound to translate over the coming years into usage for a lot more babies.
Besides their incipient popularity, these names share several appealing qualities. Most relate to nature, but in a fresher, less obvious way than the Lilys and Roses we've heard so much of in recent years. Many have deeper roots than they first seem, plus intriguing cultural connections.
And is it coincidence that four of the 11 start with the letter C, and seven contain the letter L? We don't think so.
Our picks for 11 unusual girls' names we see destined for stardom.
Click here for lots more classic names.
The 12 classic girls' names here qualify. All have deep and illustrious roots yet are also listed by the official U.S. roster of names that were the fastest-rising in the past year. That makes all of them excellent choices, offering both style and substance.


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Strange News
Bear Sends Shoppers Packing At Pa. Sears Store
Originally published on Tue July 24, 2012 11:52 am
By editor
Good morning. I'm Steve Inskeep. Something about Sears was really attractive to a bear. A young black bear strolled into a Pittsburgh area mall and started browsing at that department store. We do not know if he was interested in fall clothing or Kenmore appliances. But we do know that while shopping, he growled at customers, called them all to be evacuated and finally got stuck between a couple of double doors. It could happen to anybody. He was tranquilized and safely taken away. You're listening to MORNING EDITION. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.


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[August 15, 2014]
Trimble, Telogis, and TomTom Top ABI Research's Annual Commercial Telematics Competitive Assessment
(ENP Newswire Via Acquire Media NewsEdge) ENP Newswire - 15 August 2014 Release date- 14082014 - London, United Kingdom - Trimble, Telogis, and TomTom are the top three players in the active commercial vehicle telematics market.
Trimble continues to hold the top spot; its dominant market share is largely due to a mixture of organic growth and acquisition. Through its strategic acquisitions, no other company offers the same depth and breadth of products and services to as many verticals in as many countries. Telogis ranks in second place in the vendor matrix, thanks to high 'Implementation' and 'Innovation' scores, indicating that the company is strong across the range of criteria in its assessment. TomTom now ranks third and climbs up from last year's seventh place; this was mainly due to its strong growth in subscriber numbers, which has now reached 395,000 at the end of 2Q 2014. Omnitracs finished third last year; however, it lost a considerable number of subscribers because it sold its European subsidiary.
Telogis, TomTom, and XRS all scored highly in Innovation, particularly the categories of user interface, features, navigation, vehicle monitoring/sensors and convergence and standardization.
Trimble, Telogis, and TomTom scored well for market share of subscribers, vertical segmentation, and quality and reliability. However, Trimble, which performed the best for regional coverage and organization health, now operates in 150 countries and is reporting strong 1Q 2014 results.
'A lot has changed since last year's Competitive Assessment. We have seen many mergers and acquisitions which have increased subscriber numbers considerably. Trimble and FleetMatics are quite ahead of the others in terms of subscribers, and TomTom's subscriptions have increased drastically since last year's assessment. With so much consolidation, companies cannot just rely on their good name and fortune, they need to proactively invest in ways to increase their subscriber base and explore new markets and verticals. Although some markets are reaching maturity, there are still a number of opportunities in less penetrated markets and in maturing markets the opportunity to capitalize on more advanced features to bring customers greater ROI,' comments Filomena Berardi, senior analyst for ABI Research.
These findings are part of ABI Research's Commercial Vehicle Telematics Market Research.
ABI Research provides in-depth analysis and quantitative forecasting of trends in global connectivity and other emerging technologies. From offices in North America, Europe and Asia, ABI Research's worldwide team of experts advises thousands of decision makers through 70+ research and advisory services. Est. 1990. For more information visit www.abiresearch.com, or call +1.516.624.2500.
(c) 2014 Electronic News Publishing -
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DEMARINI CF5 Adult Fastpitch Softball Bat (-11) 2013
|Eligible for Free Shipping on Orders $49 or More! (see promotion details)
|Members of The League get 5% back when you spend $100! (see promotion details)
Product Details
The lightweight, perfectly balanced DEMARINI® CF5® adult fastpitch softball bat lets you chase after any pitch and send it flying. It's comprised of the brand's tried-and-true TR3 F.L.O. composite material, which is made of fused carbon fibers for strength that batters can really feel. The Half + Half® two-piece design provides a burst of ball-launching energy and works in tandem with a Clutch 2 end cap to silence off-center feedback.
Key Specs:
- Model Number: WTDXCFS-13
- Barrel Size: 2¼" Barrel
- End Cap Style: Clutch 2 Endcap
- End Load : Balanced
- Large Sweet Spot: Yes
- Handle : TR3 F.L.O. Composite
- ASA Approved: Yes
- Meets 1.20 BPF: Yes
- USSSA Approved: Yes
Additional Info
- ISA®, ISF® 2005, NSA® 2012 and ASA® 2004 approved


text:
Tell us if you're miming, UK union urges singers
By Paul Majendie
LONDON (Reuters) – After an infamous tiff between Elton
John and Madonna over lip-synching, Britain's Musicians' Union
has called on performers to come clean — audiences should be
told if they are miming rather than singing.
The union is urging promoters, producers and artists to
back its campaign for lip-synching to be clearly labeled during
TV shows, in pop arenas and on stage.
"Stand up and be honest about it. We won't knock you for
using recordings," said union spokesman Keith Ames, wearied by
the sight of bands with miming singers backed by guitarists
going through the motions to a recorded track.
"If we are going to sell British music around the world, we
cannot go out without a genuine product. You cannot sell
artificiality to the Europeans and the Americans. They will see
through it immediately."
The union suggested that a lip-synching logo could be
flashed up on television or on posters and tickets for shows.
"This campaign is to reward performers who have the talent
to perform live and give it a human edge," Ames said. "In a
funny sort of way, people like the odd bum note. It gives them
a sense of the moment."
He stressed that the union was in no way opposed to the use
of technology, especially in smaller theatres where the
producers could not afford to pay for a full orchestra.
"This is about consumers knowing what they are buying
into," he said.
The issue hit the headlines when British pop veteran Elton
John took a swipe at Madonna, saying she cheated her fans by
miming on stage.
Collecting a song-writing award in 2004, he suddenly
launched into a tirade against Madonna when he discovered she
had been nominated for Best Live Act.
"Anyone who lip-synchs in public on stage when you pay 75
pounds to see them should be shot," John said. Madonna swiftly
denied lip-synching and pointedly said she did not spend her
time trashing other artists.
The union campaign was launched on BBC Television's "The
Culture Show" with a poll showing that 71 percent of those
questioned backed its stance.
The campaign has also won backing from singer Beverley
Knight who told the program: "What I can't bear more than
anything are those who are more than capable of delivering a
show live with musicians and the whole thing and who don't."
Malcolm McClaren, former manager of the Sex Pistols,
agreed, complaining "There isn't enough authenticity in the pop
industry. It is karaoke culture."
But Faye Tozer, a singer with the now disbanded pop group
Steps, defended lip-synching that helped them cope with a
punishing schedule. "We did it to get our product out," she


text:
Monday, December 10, 2012
Character Sheet Clues, Part II
3 comments:
Arneson seems pretty sloppy when dealing with game terms. On page 46 of the FFC, he uses Intelligence, Intellect and Brains all to mean, presumably, the same thing. He also uses both Ego and Egotism.ReplyDelete
I wonder what ability scores are present in that game Rules to the Game of Dungeon. I've only heard of it from Jon's blog.Replies
Yeah. In general, Arneson and some of the other Minnesota gamers tended toward a very informal, off-the cuff gaming style.Delete
There's copies of the game of dungeon floating around but I haven't had time to dig in to that one yet....
Keep up to all your deadlines and honor your appointments. Inaccessibility is another mistake that you ought to avoid. Even if you are based in a famous locale like the holy city of Wichitas, you should still make your contact information crystal clear. If the media isn't able to find your contact information, they won't be able to contact you. This will sabotage the entire purpose of using public relations.ReplyDelete
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Fishing is my ultimate connection to nature, so without hesitation I agreed to a two-day ice fishing trip with long-time friend and Registered Maine Guide, Steve. If only the snow holds off... Read on
Every January we pick a new spot in Maine's woods to rent a cabin with friends. This year the destination is Long Lake in Bridgton. It's a yearly tradition that seems to get better every year. Read on


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3rd Party Product
Make radio button effortlessly with reporting tool
Last Post 20 Aug 2009 06:21 AM by freezea. 0 Replies.
New Member
20 Aug 2009 06:21 AM
Radio button and drop-down box are two common styles in the data input interface of Web report.
When there are not too much options, radio button is better than drop-down box.
Think about your usage of these two styles in Web report. With drop-down box, you have to click the mouse at least twice. While only once is enough with radio button. Moreover, radio button is more intuitive as you can get to know available options at a glance.
Some programmers may think that it is easy to make a radio button by programming. In fact, it is much more difficult in real business. Users have to pay great attentions to the problems below:
(1) Dynamic number of options. In a radio button, the number of options is dynamically determined by data.
(2) The widths of the radio button. It is dynamically determined by the number of options.
(3) The width of the cells at the right side of the radio button. When the width of the radio button changed, they need to be changed dynamically.
(4) The locations of the cells below the radio button. When the radio button is too wide to be displayed in a row, they need to be changed dynamically.
RAQ Report
, users can make radio button effortlessly in Web report now. All things users need to do are defining options and set the number of options for each row easily. Then, RAQ Report will do anything else.
This post is from
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If you would like to read more articles about reporting tool, you are also welcome to refer to my blog.
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My favorite part of working in a law firm is the one-on-one with individual attorneys. It is fascinating to me to learn about them and what drives them professionally and personally, as well as their experiences and areas of practice.
Whenever I coach attorneys on business development, I inevitably find myself repeating a lesson that my father drilled into my head over 20 years ago, when I was just starting my sales career as an independent manufacturer's representative: A salesman who introduces himself to business may find some.
I think my dad repeated that old adage every time we sat down to discuss my job back then. The meaning is simple: One has a far better chance of gaining business by getting out and meeting people. The person who sits in his office waiting for the phone to ring so he can (hopefully) take an order is an order-taker, not a professional salesperson.
It works the same way with attorneys in law firms. All lawyers have days when they sit in their offices doing only legal work; however, rainmakers make it a point to do more.
The only way to keep pipelines full of business is by active engagement in the process of business development.
The most successful attorneys get out of their offices to engage people and seek out opportunities. That includes not only finding ways to touch base with existing clients and referral sources, but also capitalizing on opportunities to meet new people, facilitating introductions between people they know and those who might benefit from meeting them, and developing professional relationships with the people that they meet.
Over the course of my legal marketing career, whenever I have explained that theory to a lawyer, I am almost always asked the same two questions: "Where should I go to find business?" and "How often should I be going out to do so?"
Sadly, there isn't a place where all lawyers can go to find business; it depends on many factors, including the individual and his/her area of practice. There's really no right answer to the second question either, but a nice manageable number is five, as in five times a month.
Consider that in a normal work day you have six different set opportunities to meet with someone: breakfast, lunch, dinner, drinks and at least two times a day when you could meet someone for coffee. A normal month provides you with at least 20 work days. Multiply that by six slots and you have 120 possible time slots — and that doesn't include weekends.
If you want to start down the path of being a rainmaker, start planning on which days and times you'll be out of your office developing your own book of business. As Wayne Gretzky famously said, "You'll miss 100 percent of the shots you don't take."
Attorney Scott F. Katz is director of business development and marketing at Bernkopf Goodman in Boston.


text:
Students from Mt. Hood Community College (Ore.) are collecting seeds from native plants that blanket the forest floor and will transplant them to baron locations to ensure their future survival.
Read more
Along with Colby, which has just over 1,800 students, College of the Atlantic (Maine), Green Mountain College (Vt.), and University of Minnesota at Morris have achieved carbon neutrality
Skidmore College has drawn up plans for a 6,950-panel solar farm that would supply 12 percent of the campus' energy, proposing to place the array on a Greenfield site owned by the college.
Chicago poet Lisa Donahue is training for a new career as a solar equipment installer. The 27-year-old is the new president of the Santa Fe Community College solar club and is working on her associate degree in environmental technology.
The University of Texas System has realized savings of more than $2 billion since 2007 thanks to targeted efforts to be as efficient as possible and employ innovative approaches that allow UT institutions to pool their resources, often providing more tools and options for students while reducing costs.
At UBTech, Don Cogdell, a founding partner of Cogdell & Mendrala Architects, and David Carson, Vice President for Business and Finance with Armstrong Atlantic State University, will discuss how AASU was able renovate an existing building into a high tech learning commons building and earn a Gold LEED certification. Project funding, relation to the strategic plan, and getting campus "buy-in" are among topics that will be covered.
Sterling College, which claims to be the smallest liberal arts school in the country, has decided to divest its $920,000 endowment of stocks in fossil fuel companies as a way to help combat global warming.
The University of Connecticut ranked at the top of a list of the most sustainable campuses in the world.
The University of Connecticut ranked at the top of a list of the most sustainable campuses in the world, according to results of the University of Indonesia's GreenMetric Ranking of World Universities, released this month. Four other American universities ranked in the top 10: Northeastern University (Mass.); the University of California, Los Angeles; The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; and the University of California, Merced.
When Sally Mason, president of the University of Iowa, called for an increased focus on sustainability in the university's operations as a key strategic initiative on Earth Day 2008, her ambitious plan presented a serious challenge.


text: Anyone who wants a swine flu vaccine can now get one, according to the Logan County Health Department. Donna Adkins, with the health department, said today that there is enough swine flu vaccine in Logan County that anyone who wants the shot can come in and get it. We do (have an abundance), Adkins said. Were still having our weekly clinic on Wednesdays. Were taking walk-ins. I think its slowed down because of Christmas and people are busy. But, we are still giving shots every Wednesday to anyone who wants one and to children on Tuesdays. Adkins said vaccine has been sent to all areas of Logan County and the health department is now able to order what it needs from the state. Weve set out vaccine to all health care providers and its available in other areas other than just the health department, Adkins said. Weve supplied vaccine to different areas of the county. When we need to order more, we are allowed to order from the state so we can keep a good supply. In a press release, the state Department of Health and Human Resources is encouraging people to get the H1N1 vaccine before the holidays. There have been 872 hospitalizations and 19 deaths attributed to swine flu in West Virginia since September, the release said.


text:
All Inclusive Options
Come experience the luxury of our all inclusive special offers and leave your wallet at home.
- Eating – Experience gourmet dining in a gorgeous tropical setting. Our restaurant offers a blend of local flavors and international specialties. The dining choices vary based upon the season but you can be assured that all of our fruit and vegetables are fresh from the farm. The All Inclusive Special includes 3 meals, an array of appetizers daily.
- Drinking – Enjoy an open bar for all beverages for the duration of your stay. Start your day with a fresh tropical fruit smoothie or fresh coffee brewed from locally grown beans. Lounge by the pool sipping Nicaragua's renowned Flor de Caña rum. Every hour is happy hour with our All Inclusive Special.
- Perks – Now when you book one of our All Inclusive Specials at Villas de Palermo, you and your partner will receive a complimentary massage!
All inclusive rates vary throughout the year. Contact us to inquire about all inclusive packages.


text:
Talk is cheap, its like y'all grew up in a Jewish home!
Pardon the stereotype
from J. Cole – Villematic Lyrics on Genius
It's a common stereotype that Jewish people are frugal with their money, which is why he says that talk is cheap.
NOTE:This line has absolutely nothing to do with Drake, as far as anyone knows. Drake and J Cole are NOT beefing!
To help improve the quality of the lyrics, visit J. Cole – Villematic Lyrics and leave a suggestion at the bottom of the page


text:
By Touch Titans
Open iTunes to buy and download apps.
A new age of mobile browsing is here!
Browse faster and easier with this unique mobile browser that listens when you talk. Using patent pending 'Tilt to Talk' and voice recognition powered by Nuance.
When the device is tilted voice recognition is activated. Say the website or keywords you wish to search.
Gesture based tabs
•Swipe the bottom swipe bar to move back and forth through up to six tabs.
Tilt to Talk
•Tilt the device at an angle to speak into the mic. This activates voice recognition allowing you to say a website or keyword search term.
To stop recording re-tilt the device or complete the search term. Tilt the device again to perform another voice activated search.
Where is the Back button?
•Three finger tap will go back.
We appreciate your rating and feedback! We do read all feedback and suggestions so please let us know what would improve your experience.
What's New in Version 1.1
*Improved 'Tilt to Talk' detection
iPhone Screenshot
Customer Reviews
Needs a lot of work
Reading about it in the description is very interesting. But the experience of the app is much different. There are no directions or tutorials to signal how to operate the browser. Once the app develops more it may become an adequate browser, but right now it fails on multiple fields.
I like it
- Free
- Category: Navigation
- Updated: Nov 15, 2012
- Version: 1.1
- Size: 4.7 MB
- Language: English
- Seller: Touch Titans, L.L.C.
- © Touch Titans, LLC
Compatibility: Requires iOS 5.1 or later. Compatible with iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch. This app is optimized for iPhone 5.


text:
Flag of Guadeloupe
|Flag of France
Guadeloupe is a region of France
|National flag, civil and state ensign
|15 February 1794
|Flag of the Guadeloupe Region
|State flag
Guadeloupe, an overseas region and department of France located in the Caribbean, has no flag with official status other than the French national flag. Next to the French flag an inscribed regional logo on a white field is often used as regional flag similar to the flag use in Mayotte and Réunion . The logo of Guadeloupe shows a stylized sun and bird on a green and blue square with the subscript REGION GUADELOUPE underlined in yellow.
A locally used unofficial flag, based on the coat of arms of Guadeloupe's capital Basse-Terre has a black or red field with a yellow sun and a green sugar cane, and a blue stripe with yellow fleurs-de-lis on the top.
The independentist People's Union for the Liberation of Guadeloupe has proposed a national flag very similar to that of Suriname.
The French tricolore is the official national flag used in Guadeloupe.[1]
Other flags[edit]
See also[edit]
External links[edit]
- Guadeloupe (France, Overseas Department) at Flags of the World
- Guadeloupe (France): Independentist organizations at Flags of the World
|This Caribbean flag–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
|This Guadeloupe-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.


text:
|Property type
|Minimum Stay
|28 nights
Luxury Condo at Mission Lakes Country Club that blends city chic and modern functionality. The look is subtle sophistication from the cherry wood floors in the living room and bedroom, the granite flooring in the kitchen. Two Plasma TVs on the wall.
Full Cable TV over 100 channels, unlimited 10 Mbps (super fast with wireless router take your laptop anywhere) Internet, unlimited local and long distance phone calls.
This luxurious vacation rental offers you access to the Mission Lakes Country Club pool and Jacuzzis. This resort size pool is perfect for all levels of swimmers. It ranges from 3 feet to 8 feet deep. In addition, you will have access to full size tennis courts, snack bar, and restaurant.
MLCC Golf Course is a semi-private championship length course open to the public. From its signature holes, 1,500 feet above the valley floor, golfers are treated to a breathtaking panorama of mountains, emerald fairways and the valley below. The four finishing holes are considered to be the four toughest finishing holes in the desert.
Also close to historic downtown Palm Springs this area has everything to offer; international cuisine, recreational sports, designer outlet shops (over 150), casinos, street fairs, flea markets, museums, music, movies and theater. Located just four hours from Las Vegas, and two hours from Disneyland and Hollywood.
This unit just became available and won't last long at this price... so book your dates fast!!
Keywords: Condominium
Hi my name is Vilen I'm very friendly, outgoing and love to spend time with my family.
The Owner purchased this condo in 2008
I chose to purchase this vacation rental place because of its beautiful atmosphere. It is very relaxing in Mission Lakes country club. I get to get away with my family and just have some time off and enjoy the sunshine, the climate and everything else that this place has to offer.
My vacation rental is totally design for relaxation with modern and classic outlook, the country club has to offer all set golf course, two amazing pools, barbeque grills under Cabanas and tennis court.
|Rate Period
|Weekend Night
|Monthly *
My Standard Rate
28 night minimum stay
|Property Damage Protection
|Tax Rate
* Approximate monthly rate. Actual rate will depend on the days of the month you stay.
Payment is usually accepted in the quoted currency (USD) unless the currency and the amount is specifically agreed in advance with the owner / advertiser.


text:
Total Time:
Level: Moderate
Serves: 60
Advertisement - Continue Reading Below
- 1 package cream cheese
- 1 large egg
- 1.33 c. granulated sugar
- 0.75 tsp. kosher salt
- 1 c. mini–chocolate chips
- 1.50 c. all-purpose flour
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- 1 tsp. baking soda
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- Bake until the cupcakes are puffed and barely golden, 15 to 20 minutes.


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text:
In 1969, Jake Cazalet saved the life of a Frenchwoman in Vietnam, and a brief, passionate affair ensued. Years later in Paris, he was introduced to another beautiful young woman - his daughter. For many reasons, their relationship remained a secret.
Now Jake Cazalet is president of the United States. Somehow, someone has discovered the truth about his daughter, and she is seized by a vicious extremist group. If the president does not comply with the kidnapper's demands - or uses any of America's security agencies to track them down - they will execute her. He has ten days to decide.
Desperate, he turns to British operative Sean Dillon and FBI agent Blake Johnson. And if these two men cannot find his daughter, the president will have to make the most momentous decision of all.
©2003 Jack Higgins (P)2010 Brilliance Audio, Inc.
"Not up to standard"
I am a fan of the Sean Dillon series. This book was disappointing. The dialogue was so full of cliches that I often found myself saying the next line with the narrator. The plot was predictable and overall this was a disappointment. I will however get the next book in the series and hope for a return to form.
Probably will have to if he performs other books in the Dillon series.
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text:
Fighters currently rated by THE RING are linked to their divisions.
Friday, May 29, 2015
Brooklyn, N.Y. (Spike)
Amir Khan (No. 3) vs. Chris Algieri
Bryan Vasquez (No. 3) vs. Javier Fortuna (No. 6)
Marcus Browne vs. Cornelius White
Heather Hardy vs. Noemi Bosques
Lateef Kayode vs. Nick Kisner
Amanda Serrano vs. Jackie Trivilino
Fuenlabrada, Spain
Hadillah Mohoumadi vs. Mariano Hilario
Saturday, May 30, 2015
Kell Brook (No. 1) vs. Frankie Gavin
Evgeny Gradovich (No. 5) vs. Lee Selby (No. 8)
Jorge Linares (No. 5) vs. Kevin Mitchell (No. 7)
Anthony Joshua vs. Kevin Johnson
Dave Ryan vs. John Wayne Hibbert
Scott Cardle vs. Craig Evans
John Ryder vs. Nick Blackwell
Leibnitz, Austria
Eva Voraberger vs. Nina Stojanovic
Rotherham, England
Josh Wale vs. Dai Davies
Ross Burkinshaw vs. Klaas Mboyane
Milan, Italy
Michele Di Rocco vs. Alexandre Lepelley
Komaki, Japan
Kosei Tanaka vs. Julian Yedras
Ensenada, Mexico
Javier Mendoza vs. Milan Melindo (No. 5)
Temoaya, Mexico
Cristian Mijares vs. Vergel Nebran
Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
Francis Cheka vs. Kiatchai Singwancha
El Paso, Texas
Joseph Agbeko vs. Juanito Rubillar
Tacoma, Washington
Mike Gavronski vs. Tyrell Hendrix
Queens, N.Y.
Patricia Alcivar vs. Keisher McLeod Wells
Will Rosinsky vs. Shujaa El Amin
Sunday, May 31, 2015
Fuji, Japan
Ryuji Hara (No. 7) vs. Petchnamchai Sor Sakulwong
Tuesday, June 2, 2015
Wanheng Menayothin (No. 3) vs. Jerry Tomogdan
Thursday, June 4, 2015
Los Angeles (Fox Sports 1/Fox Deportes)
Jayson Velez vs. Daniel Ramirez
Brooklyn, N.Y.
Jarrell Miller vs. Damon McCreary
Dimash Niyazov vs. Ariel Duran
Friday, June 5, 2015
Flemington, Australia
Blake Caparello vs. Affif Belghecham
Mexico City
Masayuki Kuroda vs. Mario Andrade
Saturday, June 6, 2015
Brooklyn, N.Y. (HBO)
Miguel Cotto (C) vs. Daniel Geale (No. 4)
Carson, Calif. (NBC)
Robert Guerrero (No. 8) vs. Aaron Martinez
Jesus Cuellar (No. 9) vs. Vic Darchinyan
Dominic Breazeale vs. Yasmany Consuegra
Marvin Sonsona vs. Jonathan Arrellano
Yamaguchi Falcao vs. Jose Paz
Surabaya, Indonesia
Daud Yordan vs. Maxwell Awuku
Toshiyuki Igarashi vs. Lionel Mark Duran
Akifumi Shimoda vs. Gosuke Seki
South Africa
Thomas Oosthuizen (No. 10) vs. Robert Berridge
Xolisani Ndongeni vs. Mzonke Fana
Johnny Muller vs. Mateusz Masternak
Mikaela Lauren vs. Hanna Gabriel
Basel, Switzerland
Arnold Gjergjaj vs. Denis Bakhtov
Monday, June 8, 2015
Koki Eto vs. Yuki Fukumoto
Nihito Arakawa vs. Rikki Naito
Wednesday, June 10, 2015
Shingo Wake (No. 8) vs. Mike Tawatchai
Hisashi Amagasa vs. Patomsith Pathompothong
Friday, June 12, 2015
Chicago (Spike)
Erislandy Lara (No. 2) vs. Delvin Rodriguez
Artur Beterbiev (No. 7) vs. Doudou Ngumbu
Ivan Redkach vs. Dejan Zlaticanin (No. 10)
Eleider Alvarez (No. 5) vs. Anatoliy Dudchenko
Anthony Peterson vs. Ammeth Diaz
Artur Szpilka vs. Manuel Quezada
Saturday, June 13, 2015
Birmingham, Ala. (Showtime)
Deontay Wilder (No. 2) vs. Eric Molina
Jose Pedraza (No. 8) vs. Andrey Klimov
Ivan Redkach vs. Dejan Zlaticanin (No. 10)
New York (HBO)
Nicholas Walters (No. 1) vs. Miguel Marriaga
Felix Verdejo vs. Ivan Najera
Sean Monaghan vs. Fulgencio Zuniga
Bristol, England
Lee Haskins vs. Ryosuke Iwasa (No. 10)
Franck Petitjean vs. Christopher Sebire
Hakim Zoulikha vs. Samy Anouche
Carlos Takam vs. Michael Sprott
Yvan Mendy vs. Felix Lora
Brescia, Italy
Cedric Vitu vs. Orlando Fiordigiglio
New Zealand
Joseph Parker vs. Yakup Saglam
Thursday, June 18, 2015
Acelino Freitas vs. Michael Oliveira
Friday, June 19, 2015
Mariusz Wach vs. Konstantin Airich
Saturday, June 20, 2015
Oakland, Calif. (BET)
Andre Ward vs. Paul Smith
Cincinnati (NBC Sports Net)
Adrien Broner (No. 4 jr. welterweight) vs. Shawn Porter (No. 6)
Errol Spence vs. Roberto Garcia
Beibut Shumenov vs. BJ Flores
J'Leon Love vs. Jason Escalera
David Lemieux vs. Hassan N'Dam (No. 5)
Dierry Jean (No. 8) vs. Jerry Belmontes
Schiller Hyppolite vs. Kevin Cojean
Ballerup, Denmark
Patrick Nielsen vs. Charles Adamu
Dennis Ceylan vs. Sergio Prado
Emanuele Blandamura vs. Michel Soro
Mexico City
David Carmona vs. Warlito Parrenas
Sunday, June 21, 2015
Las Vegas (CBS)
Rances Barthelemy vs. Antonio DeMarco
Sammy Vasquez vs. Wale Omotoso
Friday, June 26, 2015
Salinas, Calif. (Fox Sports 1/Fox Deportes)
Alan Sanchez vs. Steve Claggett
Paul Mendez vs. David Lopez
Shelton, Wash. (Showtime)
Dominic Wade vs. Sam Soliman
Hidalgo, Texas (TruTV)
Diego Magdaleno vs. Jose Gonzalez
Gilberto Ramirez (No. 6) vs. Derek Edwards
Debora Dionicius vs. Simona Galassi
Liverpool, England
Callum Smith vs. Christopher Rebrasse
Rocky Fielding vs. Brian Vera
David Price vs. TBA
Tony Bellew vs. TBA
Saturday, June 27, 2015
Carson, Calif. (HBO)
Timothy Bradley (No. 4) vs. Jessie Vargas (No. 6 jr. welterweight)
Raymundo Beltran (No. 1) vs. Humberto Soto
Diego Magdaleno vs. TBA
Bangkok, Thailand
Amnat Ruenroeng (No.2 ) vs. Johnriel Casimero (No. 10)
Carlton, Australia
Zac Dunn vs. Max Bursak
Tuesday, June 30, 2015
Philadelphia (Fox Sports 1)
Vyacheslav Shabranskyy vs. TBA
D'Mitrius Ballard vs. TBA
Lamont Roach vs. Christian Santibanez
Saturday, July 11, 2015
Tampa, Fla. (ESPN)
Keith Thurman (No. 5) vs. Luis Collazo
Tony Harrison vs. Willie Nelson
Los Angeles
Mauricio Herrera (No. 8) vs. Henry Lundy
Manchester, England
Terry Flanagan vs. Jose Zepeda
Liam Walsh vs. Troy James
Magdeburg, Germany
Ruslan Chagaev (No. 9) vs. Francesco Pianeta
Saturday, July 18, 2015
Manchester, England
Scott Quigg (No. 3) vs. Kiko Martinez
Darleys Perez vs. Anthony Crolla
Mickey Bey (No. 3) vs. Denis Shafikov (No. 9)
Ik Yang vs. Cesar Cuenca
Nonito Donaire (No. 4) vs. Anthony Settoul
Brian Viloria (No. 3) vs. TBA
Arthur Abraham (No. 2) vs. Robert Stieglitz (No. 5)
Saturday, July 25, 2015
Las Vegas (HBO)
Sergey Kovalev (No. 1, No. 8 P4P) vs. Nadjib Mohammedi (No. 9)


text:
Study could clarify issue of war-making powers
Bipartisan panel that will examine the constitutional basis of, and limits on, the president's latitude faces huge challenge.
Some influential members of the Iraq Study Group - fresh from having failed to convince the Bush administration to change course in Iraq - will take on another challenging issue that may prove to be just as fruitless. This is the question of constitutional war-making powers.
James A. Baker III and Warren Christopher will head a bipartisan panel to study what the Constitution has to say about who has the authority to begin, conduct, and end wars.
The study is sponsored by the Miller Center of Public Affairs at the University of Virginia. Among the panel's 12 members are Baker, former secretary of state under the first President Bush; Christopher, who was secretary of state under President Bill Clinton; former Rep. Lee Hamilton, D-Ind.; former Attorney General Edwin Meese; and former National Security Adviser Brent Scowcroft.
This issue has long bedeviled presidents, Congresses, and constitutional experts. In the most basic reading, the Constitution makes the president commander in chief. It gives him wide latitude to conduct military operations. The Constitution gives Congress the power to declare war. But where is the line between the two?
The issue has been debated since the Korean and Vietnam wars, both fought without a formal declaration of war. The issue came up again in the first Gulf War, and it has regained traction since Democrats took control of Congress last November.
We would hope this study group will emphasize the basic point. That is that the power of the president is not to send American forces into any war that he or she may choose. Rather, it is the power to pursue whatever war Congress may authorize. It seems clear that the founding fathers wanted to ensure that no one person - in the manner of a European king or emperor - could launch a war on his or her lonesome, that Congress would have to go along. This shared responsibility was intended to reduce the risk of mistakes. But presidents have been able to wage "executive" wars, whether justified or not, because a weak-willed Congress has been unwilling to assert its own constitutional authority. And no study will change that.
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World News
Ecuador Says Britain Threatened to Come Get Assange
by Associated Press
posted Aug 15 2012 5:51PM
QUITO, Ecuador (AP) - Ecuador's foreign minister is alleging that Britain threatened to storm his country's London embassy to arrest WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange.
Ricardo Patino told a news conference that Ecuador received a written threat Wednesday from Britain that "it could assault our embassy" if Assange was not handed over.
He said the threat was delivered to Ecuador's Foreign Ministry and ambassador in London.
Ecuador has said it hopes to announce a decision this week on Assange's asylum request.
The Australian has been holed up in the embassy since June 19, taking refuge to avoid extradition to Sweden, where he faces questioning for alleged sexual misconduct. Assange's supports say the charges are trumped up and believe the U.S. has secretly indicted him and would extradite him from Sweden.
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Quite lush I must add. Cushiony suedy, suede.... me likey
they are lush! Don't u think love?
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Originally written on Fox Sports | Last updated 11/8/14
The National Football Conference's representative to the Super Bowl is determined tonight in the NFC Championship Game. This has been a highly competitive year in the NFC, but in the end, three teams emerged out of the regular season as favorites to be the NFC representative. Tops among those are the Atlanta Falcons, a team with an explosive offense led by quarterback Matt Ryan. The Falcon's offense has balance in both the passing and rushing attacks and can keep opposing offenses off the field with ball control. Close behind the Falcons are the San Francisco 49ers and Green Bay Packers, however, both teams have had some issues during the season. The Packers are led by quarterback Aaron Rodgers, arguably the best quarterback in the league and a player that can pick apart defenses. However, an inconsistent rushing attack and a defense that ranks in the middle of the stats leaves this team vulnerable for a playoff loss. As for San Francisco, a late-season quarterback controversy could...
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text:
Isaiah 61:1-4, 8-11; Psalm 126 or Luke 1:46b-55; 1 Thessalonians 5:16-24; John 1:6-8, 19-28
Luke 1:26-38, 47-55
At Christmas even the most Protestant among us can be drawn to the contemplation of Mary. It seems right to recall her humble courage, her receiving and carrying and giving birth, and her joy as she sang of the saving work of God.
Advent is the season for leveling and upsetting
The text for our meditation is Luke 3:3-5 (NRSV): "Every valley shall be filled, and every mountain and hill shall be made low, . .
Doing justice, loving mercy, making peace
"And the Word became flesh and lived among us, and we have seen his glory, the glory as of a father's only son, full of grace and truth." (John 1:14)
John 1:6-8, 19-28
Although Mark seems to find it right that Jesus of Nazareth should have been among those who heeded John's preaching, the three other evangelists appear concerned over the suggestion that Jesus was in some way a disciple of this other preacher.
Who among us would tolerate John the Baptist for even a few minutes? I understand that there is a medallion called "Laughing Jesus" being handed around.
Revised Common Lectionary © 1992 the Consultation on Common Texts. Used by permission.
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Call 911 or other emergency services immediately if you or a person you know has
hypothyroidism and has signs of
myxedema coma, such as:
See your doctor if you have any symptoms that don't go
away, including:
If you have one or two of the above symptoms that have not
changed or have changed very little over a long period of time, it is less
likely that the symptoms are caused by hypothyroidism. Consult your doctor.
Talk to a doctor if you are pregnant and have some
of the above symptoms. Also talk to a doctor if you have hypothyroidism and are
pregnant or are trying to become pregnant: your dose of thyroid hormone
medicine may need to be changed.
Watchful waiting—a period of time during which
you and your doctor observe your symptoms or condition without using medical
treatment—is not appropriate for hypothyroidism that is causing symptoms.
Treatment should begin as soon as the condition is diagnosed.
Watchful waiting may be appropriate for certain adults with
mild (subclinical) hypothyroidism whose blood tests
show only modest changes. Talk to your doctor about treatment, its cost and
possible risks and benefits. Watch for any signs that you may be getting
hypothyroidism. Health professionals often want people to have yearly thyroid
function blood tests to check to see if
thyroid hormone production is normal.
Hypothyroidism can be diagnosed by a:
Hypothyroidism also may be diagnosed by a specialist,
such as a
gynecologist, or
psychiatrist, depending on the symptoms you have and
who you see to evaluate the symptoms.
Complicated or unusual cases
of hypothyroidism may require consultation with an
To prepare for your appointment, see the topic Making the Most of Your Appointment.
Last Revised:
July 16, 2010
Healthwise Staff
Medical Review:
E. Gregory Thompson, MD - Internal Medicine & Matthew I. Kim, MD - Endocrinology
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Manufacturing Department Chair, Gary Ovans, presents the first of three $1,000 checks being awarded to Brian Stowell by the Plastics Pioneers Association.
Brian, who earned an Associate Degree in Manufacturing Tooling Technology in 2005, is currently a junior in the Manufacturing Engineering Technology Bachelor of Science program. The recipient of the 2005 Plastics Pioneer Scholarship joined the MET faculty and Industrial Advisory Board members for lunch during their annual meeting (Oct. 28,2005).
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Ferris State University
• College of Engineering Technology • JOH 200. 1009 Campus Drive • Big Rapids, Michigan USA - 49307
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