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Hainan Island is located around the conjunction of East Asia and Southeast Asia, and during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) was connected with the mainland. This provided an opportunity for the colonization of Hainan Island by modern human in the Upper Pleistocene. Whether the ancient dispersal left any footprints in the contemporary gene pool of Hainan islanders is debatable.
We collected samples from 285 Li individuals and analyzed mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variations of hypervariable sequence I and II (HVS-I and II), as well as partial coding regions. By incorporating previously reported data, the phylogeny of Hainan islanders was reconstructed. We found that Hainan islanders showed a close relationship with the populations in mainland southern China, especially from Guangxi. Haplotype sharing analyses suggested that the recent gene flow from the mainland might play important roles in shaping the maternal pool of Hainan islanders. More importantly, haplogroups M12, M7e, and M7c1* might represent the genetic relics of the ancient population that populated this region; thus, 14 representative complete mtDNA genomes were further sequenced.
The detailed phylogeographic analyses of haplogroups M12, M7e, and M7c1* indicated that the early peopling of Hainan Island by modern human could be traced back to the early Holocene and/or even the late Upper Pleistocene, around 7 - 27 kya. These results correspond to both Y-chromosome and archaeological studies.
Hainan Island, the second largest island of China, is located in the Beibu Bay (Gulf of Tonkin) and separated from Guangdong's Leizhou Peninsula to the north by the Qiongzhou Strait (Figure 1). During the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), around 19 - 26.5 kya (thousand years ago) [1], Hainan Island was connected with mainland southern China and northern Vietnam, as the sea level was around 80 - 100 m below present day [2,3]. Thus, Hainan Island might lay on one of the modern human northward migration routes from Southeast Asia to East Asia and it is likely that Hainan islanders may maintain certain ancient footprints of these dispersals [4]. This scenario has been supported by some recent archaeological evidence, which suggested that Hainan Island might have been colonized by human in the Upper Pleistocene or the Upper Paleolithic period [5-8].
Due to the post-glacial sea level rising and the formation of the Qiongzhou Strait, Hainan Island has been isolated from the mainland for at least 6 thousand years [3,9]. Presently, Hainan Island is home to people with many different languages and/or cultures. Compared with other ethnic/linguistic groups (e.g. Lingao, Han, and Hmong) - the recent immigrants from mainland southern China [10], Li (Hlai) people were suggested to be the earliest settlers, having arrived in Hainan Island at least 3 kya [11]. In terms of linguistic analyses, the Hlai language, used by the Li people was suggested to split from other languages within the Tai-Kadai (Daic) family ~ 3 - 4 kya [12]. Meanwhile, some current Li populations still maintain some ancient cultures of the Neolithic, e.g. bark cloth and original ceramic making [10]. Therefore, colonization of Hainan Island by the ancestors of the Li people can be at least traced back to the Neolithic period (~ 2 - 6 kya) [11,13]. However, whether the ancestor of the modern human had settled in this region in the Upper Pleistocene and contributed to the gene pool of modern Li populations in Hainan Island is unclear.
To depict the prehistoric peopling events in this region, human genetic approaches based on the uniparental genetic systems - mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and the nonrecombining region of the Y chromosome (NRY) - have been widely adopted [14]. By analyzing the dominant NRY haplogroups (paragroups) O1a* and O2a* in Hainan aborigines (five Li populations and one Cun population), Li et al. suggested that Hainan aborigines had been isolated at the entrance to East Asia for ~ 20 thousand years [4]. However, because of the relatively poor resolution of phylogeny based on limited numbers of Y-SNPs, the candidate founders of the ancient dispersal were still ambiguous. Moreover, in their later work about O1a*, wide connections among the populations around the Beibu Bay (i.e. Guangxi and Hainan) and other populations from southern China and Southeast Asia were observed [15]. This implies that the effect of some recent gene flows between Hainan islanders and the populations in the mainland could not be ignored.
In this study, we adopted mtDNA analyses to trace the ancient peopling of Hainan Island in a maternal perspective, because: 1) the phylogeny of mtDNA in context of East Asian and Southeast Asian has been improved thanks to large scale complete mtDNA genome sequencing [16-28]; 2) mtDNA data of many ethnic/linguistic groups in the neighboring regions of Hainan Island (i.e. southern China [29-36] and northern Vietnam [23,37]) have been reported. Given that the maternal structures of the Li populations were poorly characterized in previous work [30], we collected new samples from 285 Li individuals. With comprehensive phylogeographic analyses based on complete mtDNA genomes sequencing, we identified some potential candidate markers for the early peopling of Hainan Island, which could be traced back to ~ 7 - 27 kya.
The phylogeny of mtDNA in Hainan Island
Hypervariable sequence (HVS) analysis and partial coding region testing indicated that all mtDNA lineages of the 285 Li individuals were unambiguously assigned into the previously defined haplogroups in East and Southeast Asians (see Additional file 1). The predominant haplogroups in southern China and Southeast Asia: haplogroups B, F, and M7 together account for ~ 69%, 71%, and 63% of the maternal gene pools of the populations Li-BT, Li-LD, and Li-QZ, respectively (Table 1). The prevailing haplogroups in northern China, such as haplogroups A, D4, G, and Z, were rare or even absent in the three Li populations. Meanwhile, the previously reported 162 sequences from five populations (Li-TZ, Jiamao, Cun, Danga, and Lingao) in Hainan Island [30] were re-evaluated and incorporated into further analyses. The skeleton of the resulting phylogeny of 447 individuals from Hainan Island was constructed (Figure 2). The mtDNA haplogroups profiles of the Hainan islanders were similar to the patterns observed in the populations from the mainland southern China and northern Vietnam (Table 1). However, haplogroups M12 and M7e had higher frequencies (~ 6.3% and ~ 4.5%, respectively) in the Hainan islanders than those of the populations in the mainland, whose average were less than 1%.
Additional file 1. mtDNA control and coding region information of 285 Li individuals from three populations. The data provide the markers examined in the subjects of the present study.
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Table 1. mtDNA haplogroup frequencies in Hainan Island, Taiwan, mainland southern China, and Vietnam
Figure 2. Tree drawn from a median-joining network of 180 mtDNA haplotypes observed in Hainan Island. mtDNA motifs of HVS-I (16080-16488) combined with HVS-II and/or certain coding region sites were considered to improve the resolution of the tree which was constructed manually and checked by using the Network 4.510. The circles represent mtDNA sequence types, shaded according to population with an area proportional to their absolute frequency. The geographic sources of populations were also noted. These are transitions while suffixes A, C, G and T refer to transversions, "Y" specifies heteroplasmic status C/T at the site, and "@" means a reverse mutation. Seven haplotypes were determined as the existing of heteroplasmic sites.
Comparison of the Hainan islanders with other populations in the mainland
To compare the Hainan Islanders with other populations in the mainland (see Additional file 2), the principal components (PC) analysis based on haplogroup frequencies (see Additional file 3) was performed (Figure 3). In the first PC, some Sinitic populations (Han-DG, HK, Hakka, and Chaoshan) clustered in one pole. In the other pole, except Lingao and Danga, most Hainan islanders were clustered with some populations from Guangxi, which were distinguished from the other populations in the mainland by the second PC. The genetic difference between Hainan islanders and populations from the mainland was statistically significant (p < 0.001, Analysis of molecular variance, AMOVA), whereas the difference between the Li populations (Li-BT, Li-LD, Li-QZ, Li-TZ, and Jiamao) and non-Li populations (Cun, Danga, and Lingao) was not (p = 0.147 ± 0.010, AMOVA). Then, we used the regression method to estimate the contribution of each haplogroup to the PCs [38]. The haplogroups M12, M7e, M7b1, M7c*, and B4b1 were found to contribute most to the pole consisting of Hainan islanders and the populations from Guangxi (Figure 4).
Additional file 2. Information of comparative populations used in this study. The information includes ethnic groups, sample sizes, geographic locations, language affinities, and the references for all additional files.
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Additional file 3. mtDNA haplogroup frequencies of 50 populations from Hainan Island, mainland southern China, and Vietnam. The data were used in the PCA and AMOVA.
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Figure 3. Principle components analysis (PCA) of populations in southern China and Vietnam. The detailed information of 50 populations employed and their haplogroup profiles was indicated in Additional file 2 and 3.
Figure 4. Plot of the haplogroup contribution of the first and second PC. The contribution of each haplogroup was calculated as the factor scores for PC1 and PC2 with regression method (REGR) in SPSS13.0 software.
Dissection of mtDNA haplotypes in Hainan Island
To analyze mtDNA variation at a finer level, we dissected the haplotype information mainly based on HVS-I segment 16080 - 16488 (Figure 2). In general, the Hainan Island populations showed fairly high haplotype diversities compared with Taiwan aborigines or other populations from the mainland (Table 1). Some haplotypes were shared by the Li and non-Li populations within Hainan Island. In total of 178 haplotypes (16090 - 16365) observed in Hainan islanders, 80 types could be found the identical counterparts in the mainland (see Additional file 4). In addition, the median-joining networks of the most frequent haplogroups (B4b1, B5a, F1a1, R9b, and M7b1) were unable to identify candidate founder types which were suitable to date the related peopling of Hainan Island (see Additional file 5).
Additional file 4. Haplotype sharing between Hainan islanders and the populations in the neighboring mainland region. The haplotype sharing was calculated with the fragment 16090 - 16365 in HVS-I.
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Additional file 5. Median-joining network of HVS-I sequences of haplogroups B4b1, B5a, F1a1, R9b, and M7b1. The information refers sequences from populations in Hainan Island and its neighboring regions in the mainland.
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For the rest of the three haplogroups (i.e. M12, M7e, and M7c*) contributing most to the pole of Hainan islanders in PCA (Figure 4), some interesting patterns were observed. With HVS-I motifs as 16223-16234-16258T-16290, 16189-16223-16278 and 16166C-16172-16223-16311, three lineages assigned within haplogroups M12, M7c* and M7e, respectively, were restricted in Hainan Island. Meanwhile, the lineages of 16223-16234-16258T-16290 and 16166C-16172-16223-16311 underwent certain sub-differentiation to generate the derived lineages (Figure 2). Moreover, haplogroups M12, M7c* and M7e were more concentrated in the Li populations than those in other non-Li populations (Table 1). Hence, this implies that the three haplogroups might be useful to trace the early peopling of Hainan Island.
Candidate markers for the early peopling of Hainan Island
As the available phylogeny of haplogroups M12, M7e, and M7c* has not been well depicted at a fine-grained level, we sequenced 14 complete mtDNA genomes: eleven from haplogroup M12, two from haplogroup M7e and one from haplogroup M7c* (Figure 5). The phylogeny of haplogroup M12 was much improved compared to previous work [20,39]. As the result of the earliest split, haplogroup M12b was defined by mutations 11359-16129-16172 and haplogroup M12a was determined by 318-12358. Within haplogroup M12a, haplogroup M12a2 was newly determined by two sequences from Vietnam as sharing mutations 463-16261 and C insertion at 573. Haplogroup M12a1 was defined by the sequence variation motif in HVS-II as 125-127-128 and then was further divided into two clades as M12a1a and M12a1b. All sequences from Hainan Island were clustered with the sequences from Guangdong and Vietnam into haplogroup M12a1a defined by transitions 15463-15651. The unique lineage of Hainan islanders with HVS-I motif as 16223-16234-16258T-16290 was derived directly from the root of M12a1a suggesting that the modern human colonization of Hainan Island was likely to be associated with the differentiation of M12a1a around 17 - 20 kya.
Figure 5. Reconstructed phylogenetic tree of 21 complete mtDNA genome sequences from haplogroups M12 and M7c'e. The six reported sequences were taken from the literature and were further labeled by the symbols MD [18], AC [39], QK1 [20], and QK2 [28] followed by "#", the geographic locations, and the sample codes or the access numbers in GenBank. One sequence (Accession No. EU294322) submitted by "Family Tree DNA" was retrieved from GenBank. Haplogroup age estimates (±standard errors) are indicated at the branch roots in terms of the calibrated mutation rate with symbols as SP [58] and LE [66], respectively. Mutations are transitions at the respective nucleotide position unless otherwise specified. Letters following positions indicate transversions. Recurrent mutations are underlined. +: insertion; d: deletion; @: back-mutation. "R" specifies heteroplasmic status A/G and was also noted in italic. Amino acid replacements are specified by single-letter code; s, synonymous replacements; t, change in transfer RNA; r, change in ribosomal RNA gene.
To characterize the phylogeographic pattern of haplogroup M12, the median-joining network was constructed with all available M12 mtDNAs (Figure 6; see Additional file 6). Haplogroup M12 was widely distributed in southern China, Southeast Asia and the eastern part of India, but relatively concentrated in Yunnan and Hainan Island (Figure 6). The network suggested haplogroup M12 was likely to originate from mainland southern China and Southeast Asia. The estimated expansion time of M12a1*, which includes the lineages from Hainan Island, was 24.2 ± 10.0 kya. The expansion of M12a1-16362 lineages in Hainan Island was estimated as 6.9 ± 3.4 kya. The results were largely in agreement with the results from the complete mtDNA genomes (Figure 5). The two ages would be considered as the potential upper (~ 24 kya) and lower (~ 7 kya) limits for the peopling of Hainan Island represented by haplogroup M12, respectively.
Figure 6. Median-joining network of HVS-I sequences of haplogroup M12 and the spatial frequency distribution. The circles represent mtDNA HVS-I (16090 - 16365) sequence types, shaded according to region with an area proportional to their absolute frequency which is also indicated by the number in the circle. Mutations are transitions unless the base change is explicitly indicated. Heteroplasmic positions are indicated by an "H" after the nucleotide positions. Some HVS-II sites were employed to improve the resolution and were noted in parentheses.
Additional file 6. mtDNA sequences of haplogroup M12. The information refers 98 sequences of haplogroup M12 used to reconstruct the median-joining network.
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The phylogeny of haplogroup M7e based on complete mtDNA genomes revealed that the sequence (Li241) with 16166C-16172-16223-16311 was directly derived from the root of haplogroup M7e around 6.5 - 8.0 kya (Figure 5). As the lineages with the proto haplotypes defined by HVS-I variations 16172-16223-16311 were mainly found in southern China and Vietnam (see Additional file 7), the colonization of Hainan Island represented by haplogroup M7e would be probably from this region around 15.1 ± 11.5 kya (Figure 7). However, as the network of haplogroup M7e was not in the ideally star-like structure, the time estimates with a huge standard error should be treated with caution. When we estimated the expansion time of M7e without the Hainan data, the age (9.4 ± 5.9 kya; Figure 7) seemed more compatible with the result based on mtDNA genomes (Figure 5).
Additional file 7. mtDNA sequences of haplogroup M7e. The information refers 35 sequences of haplogroup M7e used to reconstruct the median-joining network.
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Figure 7. Median-joining network of HVS-I sequences of haplogroup M7e. The circles represent mtDNA HVS-I (16085 - 16365) sequence types, shaded according to region with an area proportional to their absolute frequency which is also indicated by the number in the circle. Mutations are transitions unless the base change is explicitly indicated. Heteroplasmic positions are indicated by an "H" after the nucleotide position.
For the sequences of M7c* with HVS-I motif as 16189-16223-16278, the complete mtDNA sequence (Li152) could be assigned into M7c1 but did not cluster with any known lineages of M7c1. This pattern implied that the related peopling of Hainan Island was likely to be traced back to the initial differentiation of haplogroup M7c1 as early as ~ 18 - 27 kya (Figure 5).
In general, the mtDNA haplogroup profiles of Hainan islanders are similar to the profiles of the populations from mainland southern China. This pattern is consistent with the previous work on NRY [4,40-43]. It suggests the Hainan islanders should have derived from mainland southern China and/or have had a common origin with the populations from this region [30]. Especially, most Hainan islanders were clustered with some populations from Guangxi (Figure 3). This pattern was also reflected by the genome-wide data: the Jiamao population in Hainan Island was clustered with the Zhuang population (i.e. the dominant minority ethnic group in Guangxi) as a branch in the tree of the "Pan-Asian" [44]. Thus, the ancestors of the Li populations were likely from Guangxi.
As the prevailing haplotype sharing has been found between the Hainan islanders and the populations from the mainland, the role of the recent gene flow from the mainland in shaping the maternal pool of Hainan islanders can not be ignored. This result is in agreement with the archaeological research, which revealed that the tight links between Hainan Island and mainland southern China existed during the Neolithic period [5,10,13]. Meanwhile, some haplotypes were shared by the Li (original aborigines) and the non-Li (recent immigrants) populations (Figure 2). It suggests that intermarriages among different populations might be common and could strengthen the effect of recent demographic events. As a result, although certain haplogroups in Hainan islanders present the star-like phylogeny in the network (e.g. B5a and M7b1, Figure 2; see Additional file 5) and the characteristics of the candidate founders [45], whether their expansion time estimates (Table 2) could be associated with the early peopling of Hainan Island is still elusive.
Table 2. Coalescence ages of the most frequent mtDNA haplogroups in Hainan Island
To trace the early peopling of Hainan Island, we paid more attention to haplogroups M12 M7c1*, and M7e, because: 1) they have relatively high frequencies in Hainan Island and are relatively concentrated in the Li populations; 2) some lineages within these haplogroups are only found in Hainan Island; 3) certain sub-differentiation within these haplogroups are observed. Detailed phylogeographic analyses based on mtDNA genomes suggested the initial peopling of Hainan Island was likely to be around 7 - 27 kya (Figure 5 - 6) when Hainan Island was connected with the mainland southern China and/or northern Vietnam [3,9]. The long-standing connection between Hainan Island and the mainland from the LGM to 6 - 7 kya [3,9] could provide the opportunity for some of the dispersals of modern human. Our results are largely in agreement with the time estimates from NRY [4] and are supported by the recent archeological findings [5-8]. However, as mentioned above, the gene pool of Hainan islanders was likely to be affected by the recent immigrants from the mainland. To pin down the recent gene flow and the ancient components in detail, it is necessary to improve the resolution of molecular markers, together with extensive sampling, and even to employ genome-wide autosomal markers, which could be the future direction and would provide more details about the peopling of Hainan Island.
Combining the fresh data of the mtDNA variation of the 285 Li individuals and those from previous study, we not only help to further understand the mtDNA phylogeny in Hainan Island but also provide deeper insights into the peopling of Hainan Island. Although some genetic differentiations from the populations in the mainland did emerge, in general, the mtDNA phylogeny in Hainan Island was represented as a subset in the context of East Asian and Southeast Asian. The ancestors of the Li people were likely from the populations in mainland southern China, especially in Guangxi. The recent gene flow from the mainland might play important roles in shaping the maternal pool of Hainan islanders. Based on the mtDNA genome sequencing, the phylogeographic analyses of haplogroups M12, M7e, and M7c1* suggested that the related immigration from mainland southern China and Vietnam could be trace back to around 7 - 27 kya, which largely corresponds to the results from NRY and archaeology.
Population samples and DNA extraction
In total, we collected samples from 285 unrelated Li individuals residing in Hainan Island (Figure 2): 86 from Qiongzhong Li and Miao Autonomous County (Li-QZ); 99 from Baoting Li and Miao Autonomous County (Li-BT); and 100 from Ledong Li Autonomous County (Li-LD). All subjects were interviewed to ascertain their ethnic affiliations and to obtain informed consent before blood collection. Comparative mtDNA data from southern China and Vietnam were taken from previous published literature (see Additional file 2). Genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood samples by the standard phenol/chloroform methods.
MtDNA typing
The mtDNA control region sequences were amplified by the PCR method previously reported [46]. HVS-I (minimum length sequenced was nucleotide positions (np) 16080-16569; maximum length sequenced np 16001-16569) and HVS-II (minimum length sequenced np 1-207; maximum length sequenced np 1-575) were sequenced in all samples as described elsewhere [47]. We performed haplogroup-specific control region motif recognition and (near-) matching search with the published mtDNA data to assign each mtDNA into specific, named haplogroups [46]. Then we selected certain mtDNAs from sequences having similar HVS motifs to genotype the related diagnostic sites in the coding region to confirm their haplogroup status (see Additional file 1). Moreover, 14 whole mtDNA genomes were sequenced following protocols reported elsewhere [48-50]. The sequences generated in this study have been deposited in GenBank database (Accession Nos. HQ156470-HQ156754 for HVS and HQ157971-HQ157984 for mtDNA genome sequences).
Sequences were edited and aligned by Lasergene (DNAStar Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA) and mutations were scored relative to the revised Cambridge sequence (rCRS) [51]. For the length variants in the control region, we followed the rules proposed by Bandelt and Parson (2008) [52]. The transition at 16519 and the C-length polymorphisms in regions 16180-16193 and 303-315 were disregarded in the analyses. The classification of the mutations of each mtDNA genomes was performed with mtDNA GeneSyn 1.0 http://www.ipatimup.pt/downloads/mtDNAGeneSyn.zip webcite[53]. To avoid any nomenclature conflicts, we followed the criterion of PhyloTree (http://www.phylotree.org webcite, mtDNA tree Build 10) [54] and the recent updating mtDNA phylogeny in East Asia [28].
Data analyses
For HVS data, we constructed the median-joining network using Network 4.510 http://www.fluxus-engineering.com/sharenet.htm webcite[55]. The coalescent age of a haplogroup of interest was estimated by statistics ρ ± σ [56,57] and the rate of 18,845 years per transition for control region (16090-16365) [58] was used (Table 2). Principal components analysis (PCA) followed the method developed by Richards et al. with SPSS13.0 software (SPSS) [38]. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) was computed with the package Arlequin 3.11 http://cmpg.unibe.ch/software/arlequin3/ webcite[59]. The counter map of spatial frequency was created by using the Kriging algorithm of the Surfer 8.0 package (Golden Software Inc., Golden, Colorado, USA) [60]. To detect the recent gene flow, haplotypes sharing analyses between the Hainan islanders and the populations from the mainland were carried out based on phylogeny [61].
For complete mtDNA sequences, the phylogeny was reconstructed manually and checked by Network 4.510. Six reported sequences were employed for tree reconstructed (Figure 5). To estimate the coalescence time of haplogroup M7c1, additional 13 complete mtDNA genomes from the published literature (Accession Nos. EF153823, EF397561, EU007890, EU597541, AP008755, AP008336, AP008647, AP008886, AP010681, AP010827, HM030514, HM030523, and HM030547) [18,27,28,62-65] were employed but not displayed in the tree. The coalescent age was also estimated by statistics ρ ± σ [56,57]. The recent calibrated rates for the entire mtDNA genome [58] and for only the synonymous mutation [66] were adopted, respectively (Figure 5).
Authors' contributions
MSP: contributed to the experiment work, data analysis and manuscript writing; JDH: carried out the experiment work and data analysis; HXL: performed the experiment work and commented the manuscript; YPZ: designed the study and prepared the manuscript; and all authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
We are grateful to all the donors for providing blood samples. We thank Chun-Ling Zhu, Shi-Fang Wu, and Ji-Shan Wang for technical assistance and Yan-Tao Yao for providing the map of Hainan Island. And we thank Dr. Chad L. Samuelsen for language editing. This study was supported by grants from National Natural Science Foundation of China (30621092 and 30900797), and Bureau of Science and Technology of Yunnan Province (2009CI119).
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Gan RJ, Pan SL, Mustavich LF, Qin ZD, Cai XY, Qian J, Liu CW, Peng JH, Li SL, Xu JS, et al.: Pinghua population as an exception of Han Chinese's coherent genetic structure.
J Hum Genet 2008, 53:303-313. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Li H, Cai X, Winograd-Cort ER, Wen B, Cheng X, Qin Z, Liu W, Liu Y, Pan S, Qian J, et al.: Mitochondrial DNA diversity and population differentiation in Southern East Asia.
Am J Phys Anthropol 2007, 134:481-488. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Wang WZ, Wang CY, Cheng YT, Xu AL, Zhu CL, Wu SF, Kong QP, Zhang YP: Tracing the origins of Hakka and Chaoshanese by mitochondrial DNA analysis.
Am J Phys Anthropol 2010, 141:124-130. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Wen B, Li H, Gao S, Mao X, Gao Y, Li F, Zhang F, He Y, Dong Y, Zhang Y, et al.: Genetic structure of Hmong-Mien speaking populations in East Asia as revealed by mtDNA lineages.
Mol Biol Evol 2005, 22:725-734. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Wen B, Li H, Lu D, Song X, Zhang F, He Y, Li F, Gao Y, Mao X, Zhang L, et al.: Genetic evidence supports demic diffusion of Han culture.
Nature 2004, 431:302-305. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Yao YG, Nie L, Harpending H, Fu YX, Yuan ZG, Zhang YP: Genetic relationship of Chinese ethnic populations revealed by mtDNA sequence diversity.
Am J Phys Anthropol 2002, 118:63-76. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Kivisild T, Tolk HV, Parik J, Wang YM, Papiha SS, Bandelt HJ, Villems R: The emerging limbs and twigs of the East Asian mtDNA tree.
Mol Biol Evol 2002, 19:1737-1751. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Yao YG, Kong QP, Bandelt HJ, Kivisild T, Zhang YP: Phylogeographic differentiation of mitochondrial DNA in Han Chinese.
Am J Hum Genet 2002, 70:635-651. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
Irwin JA, Saunier JL, Strouss KM, Diegoli TM, Sturk KA, O'Callaghan JE, Paintner CD, Hohoff C, Brinkmann B, Parsons TJ: Mitochondrial control region sequences from a Vietnamese population sample.
Int J Legal Med 2008, 122:257-259. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Richards M, Macaulay V, Torroni A, Bandelt HJ: In search of geographical patterns in European mitochondrial DNA.
Am J Hum Genet 2002, 71:1168-1174. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
Chandrasekar A, Kumar S, Sreenath J, Sarkar BN, Urade BP, Mallick S, Bandopadhyay SS, Barua P, Barik SS, Basu D, et al.: Updating phylogeny of mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup M in India: dispersal of modern human in South Asian corridor.
PLoS ONE 2009, 4:e7447. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
Sun Y, Yang B, Ou C, Chen L, Su Z, Li D: Investigation into the origin of Li ethnic group in China by genetic analysis of Y chromosome single nucleotide polymorphism.
Sun Y, Yang B, Ou C, Zhou Z, Su Z, Li D: Origins of the Three Minority Populations in Hainan Island as Seen from Y-SNP.
Yang B, Li D, Sun Y, Ou C, Ying D: Genetic analysis of Y-chromosomal single nucleotide polymorphoism in three banches of Li ethnic groups in Hainan Province.
Li D, Sun Y, Lu Y, Mustavich LF, Ou C, Zhou Z, Li S, Jin L, Li H: Genetic origin of Kadai-speaking Gelong people on Hainan island viewed from Y chromosomes.
J Hum Genet 2010, 55:462-468. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Abdulla MA, Ahmed I, Assawamakin A, Bhak J, Brahmachari SK, Calacal GC, Chaurasia A, Chen CH, Chen JM, Chen YT, et al.: Mapping human genetic diversity in Asia.
Science 2009, 326:1541-1545. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Richards M, Macaulay V, Hickey E, Vega E, Sykes B, Guida V, Rengo C, Sellitto D, Cruciani F, Kivisild T, et al.: Tracing European founder lineages in the near eastern mtDNA pool.
Am J Hum Genet 2000, 67:1251-1276. PubMed Abstract | PubMed Central Full Text
Yao YG, Kong QP, Wang CY, Zhu CL, Zhang YP: Different matrilineal contributions to genetic structure of ethnic groups in the Silk Road region in China.
Mol Biol Evol 2004, 21:2265-2280. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Yao YG, Kong QP, Man XY, Bandelt HJ, Zhang YP: Reconstructing the evolutionary history of China: a caveat about inferences drawn from ancient DNA.
Mol Biol Evol 2003, 20:214-219. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Fendt L, Zimmermann B, Daniaux M, Parson W: Sequencing strategy for the whole mitochondrial genome resulting in high quality sequences.
BMC Genomics 2009, 10:139. PubMed Abstract | BioMed Central Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
Wang HW, Jia XY, Ji YL, Kong QP, Zhang QJ, Yao YG, Zhang YP: Strikingly different penetrance of LHON in two Chinese families with primary mutation G11778A is independent of mtDNA haplogroup background and secondary mutation G13708A.
Mutat Res 2008, 643:48-53. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Zhao M, Kong QP, Wang HW, Peng MS, Xie XD, Wang WZ, Duan JG, Cai MC, Zhao SN, et al.: Mitochondrial genome evidence reveals successful Late Paleolithic settlement on the Tibetan Plateau.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009, 106:21230-21235. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
Andrews RM, Kubacka I, Chinnery PF, Lightowlers RN, Turnbull DM, Howell N: Reanalysis and revision of the Cambridge reference sequence for human mitochondrial DNA.
Nat Genet 1999, 23:147-147. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Bandelt HJ, Parson W: Consistent treatment of length variants in the human mtDNA control region: a reappraisal.
Int J Legal Med 2008, 122:11-21. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Pereira L, Freitas F, Fernandes V, Pereira JB, Costa MD, Costa S, Maximo V, Macaulay V, Rocha R, Samuels DC: The diversity present in 5140 human mitochondrial genomes.
Am J Hum Genet 2009, 84:628-640. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
van Oven M, Kayser M: Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation.
Hum Mutat 2009, 30:E386-E394. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Bandelt HJ, Forster P, Rohl A: Median-joining networks for inferring intraspecific phylogenies.
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Forster P, Harding R, Torroni A, Bandelt HJ: Origin and evolution of native American mtDNA variation: a reappraisal.
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Saillard J, Forster P, Lynnerup N, Bandelt HJ, Norby S: mtDNA variation among Greenland Eskimos: the edge of the Beringian expansion.
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Soares P, Ermini L, Thomson N, Mormina M, Rito T, Rohl A, Salas A, Oppenheimer S, Macaulay V, Richards MB: Correcting for purifying selection: an improved human mitochondrial molecular clock.
Am J Hum Genet 2009, 84:740-759. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
Excoffier L, Laval G, Schneider S: Arlequin ver. 3.0: an integrated software package for population genetics data analysis.
Evol Bioinform Online 2005, 1:47-50. PubMed Abstract | PubMed Central Full Text
Cavalli-Sforza LL, Menozzi P, Piazza A: The history and geography of human genes. Princeton: Princeton University Press; 1994.
Achilli A, Olivieri A, Pala M, Metspalu E, Fornarino S, Battaglia V, Accetturo M, Kutuev I, Khusnutdinova E, Pennarun E, et al.: Mitochondrial DNA variation of modern Tuscans supports the near eastern origin of Etruscans.
Am J Hum Genet 2007, 80:759-768. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
Bilal E, Rabadan R, Alexe G, Fuku N, Ueno H, Nishigaki Y, Fujita Y, Ito M, Arai Y, Hirose N, et al.: Mitochondrial DNA haplogroup D4a is a marker for extreme longevity in Japan.
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Hum Mutat 2009, 30:115-122. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Ingman M, Gyllensten U: Rate variation between mitochondrial domains and adaptive evolution in humans.
Hum Mol Genet 2007, 16:2281-2287. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Nohira C, Maruyama S, Minaguchi K: Phylogenetic classification of Japanese mtDNA assisted by complete mitochondrial DNA sequences.
Int J Legal Med 2010, 124:7-12. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Loogväli EL, Kivisild T, Margus T, Villems R: Explaining the imperfection of the molecular clock of hominid mitochondria.
PLoS ONE 2009, 4:e8260. PubMed Abstract | PubMed Central Full Text


text:
Description: Aparna playing "Netru Illatha Matram" from the movie Pudhiya Mugam.
Netru Illatha Matram - Download MP3 music or MP4 video:
Watch Video OnlineDownload MP3 Download Video
Are you the owner of this convertable material and do you want to disable the conversion of your media on clip.dj? Then you can request a conversion block for this video.
Pudhiya Mugam Kavithai Variyin Suvai Artham Puriyum Varai.
Anakha sings "Netru Illatha Matram Ennathu" from the movie Puthiyamugam on Music Bowl show on the Rosebowl Channel.
Shweta sings "Netru Illatha Matram" from the movie "Pudhiya Mugam" on the Nightingale Music Show on Rosebowl Channel.
Netru Illadha Maatram by Swetha in Neengalum Vellalam Oru Kodi.
Nasnin sings 'Netru Illatha Matram' from Pudhiya Mugam on the Yuva program on Kairali TV.
Netru Ilatha Maatram - Puthiya Mugam.
so I've been listening to a lot of tamil songs lately..lol....don't hate! Original: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Tt1QLVCeSs&.
Netru Illatha Matram - By A.R.Rahman - Piano / Keyboard Tutorial Tamil Movie: Pudhiya Mugam.
Malayalam playback singer Sujatha sings 'Netru illatha maatram...' from 'Pudhiya Mugam' in the 'Gandharva Sandhya' program.
For more Sujatha Songs sujathamohansinger.hpage.com.
Hey guys! clip.dj is an easy online tool to convert videos from YouTube, Dailymotion and Vimeo to high quality MP3 music or MP4 video files. Important: You must agree to our terms of service before using this web application! Have fun! ;)
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Narrow your search
Plenty of people tweet gripes about potholes going unrepaired. Now the potholes themselves are tweeting their frustration.
Officials in Guangzhou and Chengdu have investigated two Uber offices in China, as part of the government crackdown on the taxi-hailing app's operations.
His book about a colony on Mars is about to become a Hollywood blockbuster, but Andy Weir isn't quite as bullish as NASA about his fiction becoming fact within 25 years.
An armchair detective and a biochemist claim to have solved the mystery of the Ripper's identity through DNA testing a shawl. But some experts aren't convinced.
R.L. Stine, the "Stephen King of children's literature," composes an impromptu horror story online to the delight of his fans. And it was all about a sandwich.
Some of the literary world's biggest names sign a letter opposing the e-commerce company's muscle-flexing with book publisher Hachette.
Author David Mitchell has released a new short story called "The Right Sort" piecemeal, less than 140 characters at a time.
The terms of service for Amazon's new e-book subscription offering mean uncertainty for self-published Kindle authors, whose work is automatically rolled into the program.
Fetishman, the Badger King and a crime-fighting moon -- we give authors and artists of indie comics just 12 seconds to pitch their creations. Check it out.
From Fetishman to the Badger King and fruits that are best friends -- see authors and artists of indie comics explain their creations really, really quickly.


text:
Today in Terrible Job Ideas
"If I tell you, you're not going to believe me," Torres said. He was crying as he told them an incredible story about being recruited by the Defense Intelligence Agency to participate in a secret operation testing the security of Washington-area banks. He said he'd been assigned to rob a half-dozen banks over four days. And he told them about Theo, the man who hired him and gave all the orders—even though Torres had never met him.
Previously on The Billfold
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text:
Tando Productions LLC is proud to announce the launch of ARG Zombies to Kickstarter. ARG Zombies is an upcoming indie developed, GPS based, Alternate Reality game for iOS and Android devices. They are seeking funding to finish the project started while deployed to Afghanistan in the United States Marine Corps.
ARG Zombies uses your devices GPS capabilities as the core concept behind the game. Travel across the US, fighting zombies and other monsters that are unique to the part of the country you are in. "Check-In" when you enter a building in real life, clear out the zombies and find loot in the game. Use the materials you find to craft items to trade with other players, but watch out, everyone playing the game can attack or be attacked by other players near their current location. A unique main quest line will drive players to achieve the maximum level, where an updating story will yield progressive loot and real life rewards.
You can find our Kickstarter page here: http://www.kickstarter.com/
For everyday updates about the game follow our social media feeds here: https://www.facebook.com/
Qualified press members can find more information about the game, screenshots, and other images for use in articles here: http://www.argzombies.com/
The 3 minute YouTube video for Kickstarter about how the game works is available here: http://youtu.be/
Any questions about the game, the developers, or requests for interviews can be sent to firstname.lastname@example.com
Owen Morris, first came up with the idea for ARG Zombies, while deployed to Southern Afghanistan in '09-'10 as a Marine Corps infantrymen. After spending his spare hours designing the game in a war zone, Owen returned home safe, and began production with his own money. Since then fellow Marine David O'Hagan and Jordan Doty have joined the effort along with Owen's brother Trevor Morris. They hope with a successful Kickstarter campaign, they will achieve their dream of becoming game designers and continue to push the limits of modern day mobile gaming in future releases.
Thank you for your time, if you would like to check out the beta, let me know and we will get your iPhone enrolled so you can see where the game is at now. If you have any other questions you can email me directly, or call 805-709-8168. Hope to hear from you!
David O'Hagan
PR Director
Tando Productions LLC


text:
MP, Tunbridge Wells
See full list of topics voted on
New: more analysis of votes on health, welfare, foreign policy, social issues, taxation and more.
Greg Clark
A graduate with a student loan of £41,000 will expect to earn during their career, net of tax and student loan repayments, £200,000 more than a similar individual with two or more A-levels. That is why more young people than ever are choosing to go to university, with the biggest jump coming from people from the most disadvantaged backgrounds.
No. In fact, the success of the Government's policy reforms are reflected in the hon. Lady's own constituency. In October 2009, 20.8% of young people in her constituency went to university, whereas this October it was 30.2%—nearly a 50% increase. What is extraordinary is that a day before the general election campaign begins, the Labour party has not worked out how to pay...
My right hon. Friend is absolutely right. I pay tribute, as the whole House should, to his work in achieving this transformation. This is a proud moment for him to leave the House, in a year in which more young people have been to university in this country than ever before as a result of the far-sighted policies that he championed in the House.
More of Greg Clark's recent appearancesRSS feed (?)
Conservative MP for Tunbridge Wells
Entered House of Commons on 5 May 2005 — General election
Expenses data for MPs is available from 2004 onwards split over several locations. At the moment we don't have the time to convert it to a format we can display on the site so we just have to point you to where you can find it.
Please note that numbers do not measure quality. Also, representatives may do other things not currently covered by this site.
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Last updated: 30 Mar 2015.
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This data was produced by TheyWorkForYou from a variety of sources. Voting information from Public Whip.


text:
Digital Vice President Group Director
Edelman Portland
Marko Z Muellner has been a digital marketer for more than 18 years with deep experience in cross-channel, integrated, and multi-touch marketing and communications strategy, creative development, and account management. He has spent his time learning how digital and social media marketing is applied in nonprofits, international digital and PR agencies, start-ups, global sportswear and beer brands, and at a leading Web analytics and optimization company. This experience has brought him to the stage as a featured speaker and to the pages of top-tier publications as a columnist. His social media and digital marketing expertise have been featured in ClickZ, Luxury Daily, the SmartBlog on Social Media, Mobile Marketer, Social Fresh, and InsideFacebook to name a few. He is currently the digital vice president and group director at Edelman in the Portland, Oregon, office and he can be reached on Twitter at @markozm.
June 23-25, 2015
July 9, 2015
August 4-6, 2015
August 10-12, 2015
September 8-10, 2015
Gartner Magic Quadrant for Digital Commerce
This Magic Quadrant examines leading digital commerce platforms that enable organizations to build digital commerce sites. These commerce platforms facilitate purchasing transactions over the Web, and support the creation and continuing development of an online relationship with a consumer.
Paid Search in the Mobile Era
Google reports that paid search ads are currently driving 40+ million calls per month. Cost per click is increasing, paid search budgets are growing, and mobile continues to dominate. It's time to revamp old search strategies, reimagine stale best practices, and add new layers data to your analytics.
Wednesday, June 10, 2015
12pm ET/9am PT
Tuesday, June 16, 2015
12pm ET/9am PT


text: If you are looking for a competitive team, if you are willing to learn how to really play the game, and you want the edge needed to help take you to the next level, we want to speak with you. If you are a pitcher who believes in himself, who knows he has more inside waiting to get out, and who is open to science-based, unconventional pitching instruction, we want to speak with you. If you are a hard-nosed cathcer, willing to work and compete for playing time, we want to speak with you. Please call John Baird at 317-698-1798 or send an email to firstname.lastname@example.com. Check out our website at www.leaguelineup.com/indywildfire. We are waiting for you!!


text:
Lyndon B. Johnson, Terrorist
FlaglerLive | October 11, 2014
In 1926, Lyndon Johnson and his friends bombed the town square in Johnson City, Texas, taking out all the windows of a bank. He was never punished, let alone arrested. Times have changed.
No Bull, No Fluff, No Smudges
Your news source for
Flagler, Florida and Beyond
FlaglerLive | January 19, 2015
Full text and video of Martin Luther King's "I Have a Dream Speech," a brief history of the origins and battles of the Martin Luther King federal holiday, and of the Martin Luther King monument at the Washington Mall.
FlaglerLive | October 11, 2014
In 1926, Lyndon Johnson and his friends bombed the town square in Johnson City, Texas, taking out all the windows of a bank. He was never punished, let alone arrested. Times have changed.
FlaglerLive | June 6, 2014
Let me tell you about a very lucky trip I had a chance to take with my wife and child about a year ago, to Omaha Beach in Normandy. I'd been wanting to go there for 30 years. I consider it part of my transformation, as an immigrant, into an American, like traveling the 50 states and being a Yankee fan.
FlaglerLive | May 25, 2014
FlaglerLive | March 14, 2014
Bill O'Reilly's "Killing Kennedy," this year's choice for the annual Flagler Reads Together event, is not the usual O'Reilly polemic and provides in parts a fair summary of Kennedy's presidency and the assassination, but it also has many flaws, writes Pierre Tristam.
FlaglerLive | December 29, 2013
Phil Robertson's comments about gays, cloaked in religious dogma, touched off an immediate firestorm, but his observations about blacks in the Jim Crow South prompted an oddly muted response, though those comments reveal a man still living in a fantasy only white prejudice can construct.
FlaglerLive | December 16, 2013
President Franklin D. Roosevelt changed the date of Thanksgiving in 1939, moving it up a week, to accommodate merchants and business still reeling from the Depression. The full text of FDR's proclamation issued on October 31, 1939.
FlaglerLive | November 11, 2013
It's hard to see how, if a war is unjust, it can be heroic to wage it. So it's flat-out preposterous to claim that everyone who has ever been in the U.S. military is a hero, argues Arnold Oliver, a Vietnam veteran who finds it troubling that Veterans Day has devolved into a hyper-nationalistic worship service of militarism.
FlaglerLive | May 27, 2013
Maj. Sullivan Ballou's letter to his wife, written a week before he was killed at Bull Run in 1861, is one of the great eulogies of sorrow and divided duty to nation and family. As a memorial to the victims of war, who include survivors, especially civilians, the letter has few equals.
FlaglerLive | July 7, 2012
Walmart's 50th anniversary caps a 150year stretch when the number of independent retailers fell by over 60,000, and when, between 2001 and 2007, some 40,000 U.S. factories closed, eliminating millions of jobs.
Pierre Tristam | January 29, 2012
Saul Alinsky: a profile of the author of "Rules for Radicals," dead since 1972, whom Newt Gingrich names as the reason to oppose Barack Obama. But the Saul Alinsky Gingrich creates never existed. The invention is more revealing of Gingrich than it is of Alinsky. A corrective to both.
Pierre Tristam | November 27, 2011
Tom Wicker, the Times columnist for 25 years, wrote as if he'd seen the country's best days. He probably had even then, having witnessed the eight years of Reagan taking out a second, third and fourth mortgage on the nation's prosperity while making Americans feel like a million bucks.
FlaglerLive | November 11, 2011
In a moving tribute to veterans and Frank Buckles, the late, last World War I veteran, Sisco Deen, Flagler County's archivist, reminds us why we must "always remember and honor those who have served and dedicated their lives to our country."
FlaglerLive | November 11, 2011
Reagan's speech at Normandy's Pointe du Hoc on June 6, 1984, commemorating the 40th anniversary of D-Day, is one of his noblest, especially in retrospect, for what he said about the cold war, the Soviet Union and nuclear weapons.
FlaglerLive | October 24, 2011
Andrew Young headlined Palm Coast's African American Cultural Society's 20th anniversary celebration Sunday with humor, a little Martin Luther King memorabilia, and a lot of pragmatic hope about American culture.
FlaglerLive | September 17, 2011
Jimmy Carter's malaise speech is revisited in the more positive context in which it was initially received, when the nation faced an energy and self-confidence crisis. Barack Obama is not in Carter territory yet.
FlaglerLive | August 14, 2011
The last time the nation faced war debts Franklin Roosevelt didn't hesitate to raise taxes and show up Republicans who stood in the way of fiscal responsibility, argues Sam Pizzigati.
FlaglerLive | August 14, 2011
Federal income tax rates by year: the full history of marginal tax rates in the United States going back to 1913 in an easy-to-read format.
FlaglerLive | April 25, 2011
Full text and audio of John F. Kennedy's Amherst College speech on the arts in 1963, one of the most eloquent defenses of the artist and art's role in American civilization by an American president.
FlaglerLive | February 24, 2011
The writer, a Canadian who just became a citizen, realized she would not pass the U.S. Citizenship test unless she kept the correct answers to herself. She investigates the big differences between the citizenship test's presumed answers and the real answers.
FlaglerLive | February 20, 2011
On the 50th anniversary of Eisenhower's farewell address, what's striking about the speech today, Donald Kaul argues, is its tone of balance and moderation. It sounds like a speech not merely from another era but from another planet.
Pierre Tristam | May 30, 2010
Graduation speeches are part of the American habit of reinvention. They should be provocative and revealing, even if we don't all agree with the message.
FlaglerLive | May 3, 2010
Original text of Thomas Jefferson's separation of church and state letter from Thomas Jefferson to the Danbury Baptist association, 1802.
Pierre Tristam | April 4, 2010
The Pacific war was not a sequel. It is here, with all the hand-me-down fatigues of war sequels.
Pierre Tristam | January 4, 2010
On the history and stupidity of Prohibition, the 13-year binge of sanctimony that a minority of eugenics fans and anti-German racists imposed on the majority.
FlaglerLive | December 6, 2009
Gerrymandering's origins had plenty to do with the wily efforts of Elbridge Gerry, governor of Massachusetts in 1812, whose redistricting scheme ensured that Democrats would clobber Federalists in elections.


text:
the setlist wiki
setlist.fm > Artists > V > Vega, Suzanne > Song Statistics
Song Statistics
(I'll Never Be) Your Maggie May by Suzanne Vega
Total Plays
32 times by 1 Artist
From the release
Songs in Red and Gray (Album)
* Do you think it did not appear on Songs in Red and Gray first? Get info why this data might be incorrect.
First Played in Concert
July 3, 2001 by Suzanne Vega at Göta Lejon, Stockholm, Sweden
Most Recently Played
November 9, 2014 by Suzanne Vega at Sixth & I Historic Synagogue, Washington, DC, USA
Performing Artists
|Suzanne Vega


text:
Learn about Windows PowerShell
Hey, Scripting Guy! I need to delete some desktop shortcuts; however, I don't know which folder those shortcuts might be in. For example, they might be in C:\Documents and Settings\All Users\Desktop or they might be in, say, C:\Documents and Settings\kenmyer\Desktop. How can I delete these shortcuts if I'm not sure where they're located?-- SB
Hey, SB. You know, this is kind of a bad time; the second half of the UNLV-Georgia Tech game is just about to start. It's hard enough to try and watch a basketball game at work as it is; to then have to answer a scripting question at the same time is darn near impossible.
On the other hand, Virginia is currently destroying Albany (66-45 with less than 8 minutes remaining), so maybe we can take some time out to answer this question after all. And before you ask, yes, the Scripting Guy who writes this column did pick Albany to upset Virginia, a selection that caused the Scripting Son to take one look at his father's choices and go, "Look, if you're not even going to try then why bother making picks in the first place?"
Strong words from the Scripting Son, especially in light of the fact that, after day 1 of the NCAA men's basketball tournament, the Scripting Dad had the lead over the Scripting Son and the Scripting Brother in their annual March Madness challenge. In fact, if Gonzaga could have made a few shots and if Albany could have – well, OK, made a lot of shots – the Scripting Guy who writes this column would have a perfect score at the moment.
But then again, that's the story of his life: he's always this close to being perfect.
Do you realize that, as this column is being written, North Texas only trails Memphis by 6? Unbelievable.
Anyway, on the off-chance that some of you aren't obsessed with the ups and downs of college basketball, here's a script that can delete a desktop shortcut regardless of the folder where that shortcut actually resides:
strComputer = "."
Set objWMIService = GetObject("winmgmts:\\" & strComputer & "\root\cimv2")
Set colItems = objWMIService.ExecQuery _
("Select * From Win32_ShortcutFile Where FileName = 'Digital Voice Editor 2'")
For Each objItem in colItems
If Instr(objItem.Name, "desktop") Then
strPath = objItem.Name
strPath = Replace(strPath, "\", "\\")
Set colFiles = objWMIService.ExecQuery _
("Select * From CIM_Datafile Where Name = '" & strpath & "'")
For Each objFile in colFiles
End If
Can we explain how this works? Let's see … well, Virginia just called timeout, so the answer to that is yes, we can explain how this works. (Though we'll have to do it before the 30-second timeout is over.) What we've got here is a desktop shortcut named Digital Voice Editor 2. We want to delete it, but we don't know for sure which folder the shortcut resides in. Is that a problem? Sure sounds like one, doesn't it?
As it turns out, though, this is no problem at all. To delete the shortcut we start out by connecting to the WMI service on the local computer. (Although you can easily modify this script to remove desktop shortcuts from a remote computer: all you have to do is assign the name of that computer to the variable strComputer). After making the connection we then use the ExecQuery method and the Win32_ShortcutFile class to return a collection of all the shortcut files that have a FileName of Digital Voice Editor 2:
Set colItems = objWMIService.ExecQuery _
("Select * From Win32_ShortcutFile Where FileName = 'Digital Voice Editor 2'")
Just a second, SB: Memphis is now up by 13. That's more what we expected. On the other hand, Albany is now trailing 80-55. In retrospect, picking Albany to win might have been a mistake.
But hey, there's still 55 seconds left.
Now, back to work. As it always does, the ExecQuery method returns a collection of items; in this case, that's a collection of all the shortcuts that have the name Digital Voice Editor 2. That means that our next step is to set up a For Each loop that loops through that entire collection:
For Each objItem in colItems
The first thing we do inside that loop is actually an optional step. Because SB specifically mentioned desktop shortcuts we use the InStr function to determine whether the term desktop appears anywhere within the file Name (which, when it comes to the Win32_ShortcutFile class, is equivalent to the file path):
If Instr(objItem.Name, "desktop") Then
This enables us to remove desktop shortcuts while retaining, say, Start Menu shortcuts. If you'd prefer to delete all the shortcuts to a file (whether or not they happen to be on the desktop) then simply delete the If-Then statement.
And yes, we know: every time UNLV pulls ahead Georgia Tech comes roaring back. Of course, we can't actually watch that game because CBS insists that either UNLV or Georgia Tech is in the same geographical area as Redmond, Washington. Apparently we don't know as much about geography as we thought we did.
Geographic Update. The Notre Dame (Indiana) and Winthrop (North Carolina) game is blacked-out for the same geographical reason. OK ….
Now, where were we? Oh, right: inside the For Each loop. As you can see, inside the loop we assign the value of the file Name (which, again, is the same thing as the file path) to a variable named strPath. And then we encounter this line of code:
strPath = Replace(strPath, "\", "\\")
Why do we need this line of code? Well, our file path is going to be something like this: C:\Documents and Settings\All Users\Desktop\Digital Voice Editor 2.lnk. There's nothing wrong with that; that's what a file path is supposed to look like. However, to actually delete this shortcut we need to use that path in a WMI query. That's a problem, because the \ is a reserved character and can't be used in a query without first being "escaped" (which simply means that you need to preface each of those characters with another \).
And that's what we use the Replace function for: we replace each \ with a \\. That gives us a path (stored in the variable strPath) that looks like this: C:\\Documents and Settings\\All Users\\Desktop\\Digital Voice Editor 2.lnk.
That also gives us a path we can use in a WQL query:
Set colFiles = objWMIService.ExecQuery _
("Select * From CIM_Datafile Where Name = '" & strpath & "'")
What's this query going to do? It's going to return a collection of all the files that have a Name (path) equal to the value of the variable strPath. And after it does so we're going to use this block of code to loop through that collection and delete the corresponding shortcut file:
For Each objFile in colFiles
And then we swing around and repeat the process, just in case there are any other shortcuts named Digital Voice Editor 2 that we need to delete.
We hope that helps, SB. As for the Scripting Guy who writes this column, nothing will help; he's having a miserable day. At lunch time they had a projector TV set up in the cafeteria. NCAA basketball, right? Wrong: instead, they were showing a cricket match. (Yes, a cricket match.) Not long after lunch the Scripting Guy who writes this column had to go to a meeting, meaning that he missed both Wisconsin's frenzied comeback against Texas A&M-Corpus-Christi and Nevada's overtime win over Creighton. Between cricket matches, meetings, and the need to do his job the Scripting Guy who writes this column has hardly had a chance to watch any basketball whatsoever. Apparently Microsoft has lost its sense of priorities.
Now don't get 'testy' with me....
Question: How could you modify this script to delete a .url instead of a .lnk? Any thoughts/suggestions would be much appreciated! Thanks!
I get an error:
PS C:\powershell> .\deleteavg2012icon.ps1
Unexpected token '&' in expression or statement.
At C:\powershell\deleteavg2012icon.ps1:3 char:46
+ Set objWMIService = GetObject("winmgmts:\\" & <<<< strComputer & "\root\cimv2")
+ CategoryInfo : ParserError: (&:String) [], ParseException
+ FullyQualifiedErrorId : UnexpectedToken
@2xTheGeek The above code is VBScript. It will generate all kinds of errors when you try to run the code in PowerShell.


text:
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text:
Colva Canopy Bed
- Color:
- espresso
Please select an available size.
Please select a size.
Share This Item: Email
Description: Colva Canopy Bed:
- Made of UV treated synthetic wicker with a reinforced interior aluminum tube frame
- Cushions and folding canopy made of water resistant fabric
- Measures 55 inches in width by 53 inches in depth by 53 inches in height
- Wipe with a damp cloth; spot clean canopy and cushions
Delivery charge includes delivery to your home, placement of items, and removal of all packing materials. You will be contacted to schedule a delivery time. Please note that this item can not be delivered to Hawaii and Alaska; to PO, FPO and APO boxes; or to addresses outside the U.S.
Material: Aluminum, synthetic, foam and water resistant material
Brand: Zuo
Origin: Imported


text:
This is similar to beerware. A variation, Emailware, uses the same approach but requires the user to send the author an email.
Postcardware, like other "novelty" software distribution terms, is often not strictly enforced.
The concept was first used by Aaron Giles, author of JPEGView. Another well-known piece of postcardware is the roguelike game Ancient Domains of Mystery, whose author collects postcards from around the world. Orbitron is distributed as postcardware. Exifer is a popular application among digital photographers that is postcardware. Caledos Automatic Wallpaper Changer is a "still alive" project cardware. Linux was postcardware for a long time as well.


text:
The Yellow-lighted Bookshop: A Memoir, a HistoryPaperback
List price $17.08
You save $4.35 25% off
Free delivery worldwide
Dispatched in 3 business days
When will my order arrive?
- Publisher: Graywolf Press,U.S.
- Format: Paperback | 225 pages
- Dimensions: 127mm x 175mm x 18mm | 227g
- Publication date: 30 September 2008
- Publication City/Country: MN
- Edition statement: Reprint
- Sales rank: 110,365
Product description
In "The Yellow-Lighted Bookshop," a "Book Sense "selection, Lewis Buzbee celebrates the unique experience of the bookstore--the smell and touch of books, the joy of getting lost in the deep canyons of shelves, and the silent community of readers. He shares his passion for books, which began with ordering through the "Weekly Reader "in grade school. Woven throughout is a fascinating historical account of the bookseller trade--from the great Alexandria library to Sylvia Beach's famous Paris bookstore, Shakespeare & Co. Rich with anecdotes, "The Yellow-Lighted Bookshop "is the perfect choice for those who relish the enduring pleasures of spending an afternoon finding just the right book.
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Author information
Lewis Buzbee is a former bookseller and sales representative, and the author of several books, most recently "Steinbeck's Ghost." He lives in San Francisco with his wife and daughter.
Review quote
"I cannot remember when I have read a book with such delight." --Paul Yamazaki, City Lights Bookstore"When [Buzbee] describes walking into a bookstore, feasting his eyes on the walls lined with stock, gravitating to the tables stacked with new issues and then discovering some volume so irresistibly beautiful he just has to buy it, you realize that he just doesn't love books, he's besotted." --"Publishers Weekly "(starred review) "In "The Yellow-Lighted Bookshop", Lewis Buzbee recounts not only his personal experience of being a bookseller and a publisher sales rep, but also shares the history and inside world of bookselling. A beautiful book both inside and out." --ERIC GESELL, Harry W. Schwartz Bookshops


text:
Wing wall
A wing wall (also "wingwall" or "wing-wall") is a smaller wall attached or next to a larger wall or structure.
In a bridge, the wing walls are adjacent to the abutments and act as retaining walls. They are generally constructed of the same material as those of abutments. The wing walls can either be attached to the abutment or be independent of it. Wing walls are provided at both ends of the abutments to retain the earth filling of the approaches. Their design period depends upon the nature of the embankment and does not depend upon the type or parts of the bridge.[1]
The soil and fill supporting the roadway and approach embankment are retained by the wing walls, which can be at a right angle to the abument or splayed at different angles. The wing walls are generally constructed at the same time and of the same materials as the abuments.
Classification of wing walls[edit]
Wing walls can be classified according to their position in plan with respect to banks and abutments. The classification is as follows:
1.Straight Wing walls: They are used for small bridges, on drains with low banks and for railway bridges in cities (weep holes are provided).
2. Splayed Wing walls: These are used for bridges across rivers. They provide smooth entry and exit to the water. The splay is usually 45°. Their top width is 0.5 m, face batter 1 in 12 and back batter 1 in 6, weep holes are provided.
3. Return Wing walls: They are used where banks are high and hard or firm. Their top width is 1.5 m and face is vertical and back battered 1 in 4.[2] Scour can be a problem for wing walls and abutments both, as the water in the stream erodes the supporting soil.[3]
Other uses[edit]
Wing walls provide smooth entry of water into the bridge site and provide support and protect the embankment. Wing walls can serve as buttresses to support walls.[4] They can also be purely decorative.[5]
- ^ "Wing Walls". David Childs Ltd. Retrieved February 1, 2009.
- ^ Pierce, Phillip C.; Brungraber, Robert L.; Lichtenstein, Abba; Sabol, Scott; Morrell, J.J.; Lebow, S.T. (April 2005). "Covered Bridge Manual: Publication No. FHWA-HRT-04-098" (PDF). US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center. Retrieved February 1, 2009.
- ^ Melville, Bruce; van Ballegooy, Sjoerd; Coleman, Stephen; Barkdoll, Brian (2006). "Scour Countermeasures for Wing-Wall Abutments". Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 132 (6): 563–574. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2006)132:6(563). Retrieved February 1, 2009.
- ^ Mahan, Dennis Hart (1873). Descriptive Geometry, as Applied to the Drawing of Fortification and Stereotomy. New York: John Wiley & Son. pp. 26–27. Retrieved February 1, 2009.
- ^ "Two wing walls make all the difference". Sunset. January 1989. Retrieved February 1, 2009.
|This engineering-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.


text:
UC Davis Extension - CCenter for Human Services
Northern Academy Home
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Contact Us
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This biannual newsletter examines current issues in child welfare practice, particularly in rural communities. It includes topic overviews, research on best practices and promising practices, profiles on local counties, articles on issues for administrators, tips for social workers and more.
Winter 2015 – Safety Organized Practice
Summer 2014 – Innovative Practice: Entry into Care
Spring 2013 – Well-Being in the Child Welfare System
Fall 2012 - AB 12/Extended Foster Care
Fall 2011 - Engaging in Safety Organized Practice
Spring/Summer 2011 - Surviving These Challenging Times
Summer 2010 - Meth Grant Special Edition
Winter 2010 – Fathers and the Child Welfare System
Spring/Summer 2009 - Concurrent Planning: Existing Challenges and New Possibilities
Fall 2008 - Visiting: New Guidelines for Child Welfare Social Workers
Spring 2008 - Children and Incarcerated Parents
Fall 2007 - Permanency, Part II: Continuing Our Focus on Current Issues
Spring 2007 - Permanency, Part 1
Fall 2006 - Alcohol and Drug Abuse in Today's Child Welfare System
Spring 2006 - Native American Communities and the Child Welfare System
Summer 2005 - What is Rural Practice, Anyway?
Copyright © The Regents of the University of California, Davis campus, 2010. All Rights Reserved.


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- New? Start Here!
- 35 Dividend Growth Stocks
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I wanted to take the time to lay out my ground rules for investing in dividend growth stocks. If you are interested in dividend growth stock investing you should go through the same exercise. If you are unsure where to start you can definitely take my rules as a starting point and modify them or adjust them to fit your needs and beliefs. Every one has different goals and different life situations, so while my rules may work for me, you may want to change them up to fit more closely to your own goals and life.
My 10 Rules for Dividend Growth Investing
- Only purchase companies I have heard of and companies that I understand how they are making their money. I think it is very important only to trade in companies you understand. For me, I like trading in the big blue chip companies that are recognizable names and I understand how their business operates. Companies like Coca Cola and McDonald's are good examples. I understand exactly how they make their money, I have heard of them and know they are industry leaders and I believe that they will continue to be selling the same products far into the future.
- Purchase for the long term. My goals are long term wealth and to earn dividend income to offset my expenses in the future. Every single company I purchase is for the long term. I don't speculate that a company will have a good year and that I can make a quick capital gain by purchasing for a few weeks. I want solid companies that I feel comfortable owning for many years into the future. I purchase for the dividend growth and it takes years for the dividend growth to work it's magic on my overall wealth.
- Always do a complete stock analysis before each purchase. This is very important because there may be companies out there that I am considering a purchase in. However, when I go to research the stock and do a proper analysis I find out the company may not be as great as I thought or that I believe there are a couple warning signs that could affect future potential. If I don't do a full analysis with each purchase I may end up buying companies that I shouldn't have. This could end badly for me and my portfolio.
- Purchase companies with at least 5 years dividend growth. This is a subjective rule for me in which I believe in purchasing companies that have shown the willingness to increase dividends for at least the past 5 years. If dividend growth is less then 5 years then I am not exactly how strong managements commitment to dividend growth is. Now there is always a chance that any company's management may decide not to raise a dividend. But I believe that companies that have already demonstrated a strong commitment to dividend growth will try everything they can to maintain that dividend growth reputation in the future.
- Sell if company cuts the dividend or fails to increase the dividend after a year. I am a dividend growth investor and I want to own companies that are going to pay me annually increasing dividends. If a company cuts a dividend or fails to raise a dividend, this signals to me that management is not confident in the companies future. They see tough times ahead and this could be a signal that the company is going to face trouble. For me this is enough of a reason to sell and look for a different company to own. There are plenty of good dividend growth companies out there to invest in so keep away from any companies that you may have concerns in.
- Purchase stocks with dividend yield of at least 2.5%. This is another of my own subjective rules. Many dividend growth investors have thier own entry yields and for me I have decided on 2.5% as my minimum entry criteria. There are plenty of good candidates that meet this criteria. Typically the lower yielding the stock is, the higher I expect dividend growth to be. So dividend growth is also something to pay attention to while looking at current yield.
- Dividend growth must be higher than inflation. I want dividends that are outpacing inflation with their growth. This means that I will have more purchasing power with each annual dividend increase. More purchasing power is how you get ahead in wealth. Therefore the minimum dividend growth rate I look for over the past 10 years is 3%. I actually prefer it to be closer to at least 7% but will consider lower. I just won't consider a stock if the dividend growth is less than 3%.
- P/E must be less than 20 at purchase. It is important to purchase stocks that are reasonably valued. For some stocks a P/E of 20 might be high and I won't purchase these. In general I like to compare a companies P/E ratio with historical averages of the same company to make a buying decision. But the maximum P/E ratio I will consider looking at a stock is 20.
- No position more than 10% of my portfolio. I like to keep my portfolio diversified so that one or two bad investments won't end up ruining my whole portfolio. This means not to let a single position be valued at more than 10% of my total portfolio. Personally I am working towards building a portfolio of at least 30 companies so this rule shouldn't be much of a problem.
- Monitor each stock I own for issues such as earnings or sales decreases. This is one of the most important rules for your portfolio once you have purchased a stock. This is not buy and hold investing but rather I like to refer to it as buy and monitor investing. You must constantly monitor your companies for their reported earnings and sales numbers. Make sure there is not a negative trend in these numbers that may signal future troubles worth addressing now.
There you have it. These are my 10 rules for dividend growth stock investing. Do you have any suggestions? Any rules that I would be advised to add to my list? Please share your thoughts in the comments section below!
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One Response to My 10 Dividend Growth Investing Rules
Silvia says:
These are great! Thank you for posting! Very helpful to someone just starting out like me.
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