text:
In the wake of an outbreak of cholera in Holalu village of Mandya district, the health authorities have stepped up surveillance across the State.
Although no cases have been reported from other districts, Director of Health Geeta Nyamagoudar has said that she has directed all the health officials in the districts to be on an alert and look for cholera symptoms in patients.
"After oral instructions, we have issued a circular asking the doctors to send stool samples for cholera tests if they get any gastroenteritis case. No case has been reported from elsewhere in the State," she said.
Although one person died and 13 cases tested positive for cholera in Hollalu, the epidemic has been contained, she said pointing out that 155 suspected cases had been reported so far in the village.
"On Sunday, five cases were reported of which only two were admitted in hospital. Their stool samples have been sent for tests. We have sent water samples from the village to confirm contamination and the results are awaited," she said.
Cholera is an infectious disease that causes severe watery diarrhoea, which can lead to dehydration, and even death if left untreated. It is caused by eating food or drinking water contaminated with a bacterium called Vibrio cholerae.
Bangalore-based gastroenterologists said that it is important for patients to take oral rehydration salts (ORS) as soon as they see symptoms.
"They should not wait for diarrhoea to become severe. The number of times a person passes stools is not important. Some may get dehydrated even with one or two loose stools," said Naresh Bhat, consultant gastroenterologist at Colombia Asia Hospital, Yeshwanthpur.
He said that it was important for patients to see a doctor immediately after the symptoms are noticed. People should consume boiled water and maintain hygiene, he said.
Parvesh Kumar Jain, gastroenterologist in the State-run Victoria Hospital, said that the disease is most common in places with poor sanitation. He explained that when a person consumed contaminated food or water, the bacteria released a toxin in the intestines that caused severe diarrhoea.
"It is not likely you will catch cholera just from casual contact with an infected person. Transmission occurs primarily by drinking water or eating food that has been contaminated by faeces of an infected person, including one with no apparent symptoms," Dr. Jain said.
K.R. Ravindra, associate professor at Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, said that the city is susceptible to water-borne diseases because of frequent water contamination, especially in the low-lying areas. "There have been no confirmed cholera case reported this year," he said.
Keywords: Cholera, Holalu village, Mandya district, cholera in Karnataka, Karnataka health department


text:
Candlewood Suites Omaha Airport
Candlewood Suites Omaha Airport
Quick Info
- Check In: 3:00 PM
- Check Out: 11:00 AM
- Minimum Check-In Age: 21
- Late Check Out Available
- Parking: Free
- Print Fact Sheet
- Chat With Us
Important Update[{"start": "1280203200000","end":"1303876800000", "desc": "The Candlewood Suites Omaha Airport is now taking reservations for 2011 Berkshire Hathaway Stockholder Annual Meeting."},{"start": "1280203200000","end":"1309492800000", "desc": "General Manager Aaron Jones would like to let all College World Series Fans know that the reservations are now open for 2011 games!"},{"start": "1280203200000","end":"1285819200000", "desc": "Dont forget to make your reservations for RiverCity Round Up a four day western festival featuring the Douglas Country Fair. Ak-Sar-Ben 4-H livestock show and rodeo. In addition, numerous events like the Heritage Parade, Trail rides, Giddy Up gulch and the nebraska beef councils \" Whats for Dinner\" Cooking stage provide hours of excitement and activities."}]
- On-site Guest Self-Laundry Facilities
- Housekeeping Full Service
- Standard Wireless Internet service is free for all members
- On-site Fitness Center Available
It's hard to leave your best buddy at home when you're traveling for extended periods, so we provide a pet friendly experience. Restrictions and fees apply.
Whether you are booking suites for a family reunion or suites for your company's training needs, Candlewood Suites hotels can accomodate your group.
Workout whenever you want: Candlewood Gym always has an open door and lots of aerobic and cardio equipment to make it easier to stick to your exercise routine, no sweat.
At Candlewood Suites® hotels, we want you to experience comfort in every sense.
Getting Here
Guest Reviews
Overall Experience
extremly clean and comfortable
May 31, 2015
Would deffinetly stay here again. so clean and comfy!!
Great Place
May 27, 2015
As a Platinum IHG Rewards I usually stay at Holiday Inns. Stayed at the Candlewood near Omaha Airport and had a great stay. The staff is exceptional and the shuttle service is dependable.
Not for us
May 26, 2015
The target group for this type of Hotel does not meet our needs and that was not clear to me before I booked here. We normally stay at Holiday Inn Express where the accommodations are more flexible in their configurations, free breakfast and pool. Omaha area was very booked, so we thought we would branch out and try something new in the Holiday family. Now I know.
Good Over all
May 19, 2015
Conveniently located. Excellent experience with the overall stay.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
To embed, copy and paste the code into your website or blog:
Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 4(a)(1)(A) states that a notice of appeal "must be filed with the district clerk within 30 days after entry of the judgment or order appealed from." In Cumberland Mutual Fire Insurance Co. v. Express Products, Inc., Nos. 11-3919, 12-2155 (3d Cir. June 24, 2013) (unpublished opinion), the Third Circuit clarified that the 30 days commence when the district court enters judgment — not when it files a memorandum explaining the reasons for entering judgment.
The district court in Cumberland granted summary judgment to the plaintiffs on September 1, 2011, stating that "[t]he Court's supporting memorandum is forthcoming." The court issued the memorandum explaining its reasoning on September 22, 2011, under the title "Memorandum and Order." The memorandum stated at its conclusion that "[a]n appropriate order follows."
Please see full alert below for more information.
Firefox recommends the PDF Plugin for Mac OS X for viewing PDF documents in your browser.
We can also show you Legal Updates using the Google Viewer; however, you will need to be logged into Google Docs to view them.
Please choose one of the above to proceed!
LOADING PDF: If there are any problems, click here to download the file.
DISCLAIMER: Because of the generality of this update, the information provided herein may not be applicable in all situations and should not be acted upon without specific legal advice based on particular situations.
© Schnader Harrison Segal & Lewis LLP
Read fresh new writing on compliance, cybersecurity, Dodd-Frank, whistleblowers, social media, hiring & firing, patent reform, the NLRB, Obamacare, the SEC…
…or whatever matters the most to you. Follow authors, firms, and topics on JD Supra.
Create your news brief now - it's free and easy »
Schnader's team of outstanding lawyers serves the complex litigation and transactional needs of both...
View Profile »
See more »
Sign up for your custom alerts now, using LinkedIn ›
Back to Top
Copyright ©


text:
Results 1 to 7 of 7
Thread: Snipers
July 22nd, 2007 #1
In my computer, the attach tool doesn't work.When I click to the attach tool,it says that there is an error.So I use links from internet to show my pics.Now, if this picture is invisible, can somebody post the picture with attach tool?I'll be glad for this...
- Similar Threads
- Art: O-ren snipers nest
- Art: Noob Drawing(Snipers)
- DSG 185: Character Design: Snipers
Hide this ad by registering as a memberJuly 22nd, 2007 #2
I'm waiting for your replies...
July 22nd, 2007 #3
something very familiar about these pics....have you posted these before?
July 22nd, 2007 #4
Cool concept, reminds me of that one scene in 'Saving Private Ryan'. As for CC; I would focus on contrast, by making your darks even darker, and the whites, whiter. Also, reference some clothing folds.
July 22nd, 2007 #5Registered User
- Join Date
- May 2007
- Posts
- 6
- Thanks
- 0
- Thanked 0 Times in 0 Posts
- Follows
- 0
- Following
- 0
reminds me of "enemy at the gates". Covers pretty much the atmosphere of the movie. Unfortunately it seems like you didnt work on all details with the same enthusiasm like on the charakters. the background in the upper picture looks like you lost your motivation throughout the process. I dont know how to draw rain nicely, but maybe someone else can give you a tip, because these black lines dont look very good. The raincoat of the first sniper and the drops hitting his hat are very cool though.
July 24th, 2007 #6
Is the first guy a paraplegic? I see no legs.
\m|, d=f=b .|m/
July 24th, 2007 #7
... is this an idea from that short story about the two snipers in Ireland?
EDIT: nice, btw. cool rifle-view, but the second man's thumb is a touch too long. watch your proportions
Look, you know what I mean. You take a bunch of people who dont seem any different from you or me, but when you add them all together you get this sort of huge raving maniac with national borders and an anthem.


text:
Been here? Rate It!
Staatsoper Unter den Linden
This venerable opera house has been the scene of some very lively and innovative productions in recent years, for instance Rinaldo by Georg Friedrich Haendel (1685-1759).
This production was not only hilarious, it was also carefully timed so the gags and the slapstick fit in very well (I thought) with Haendel's music. All the singers seemed to be having a great time performing it, especially Miah Persson as Almirena. It was voted Production of the Year by the critics of Opernwelt Magazine in 2003, and the cast recording was voted CD of the Year.
While everybody seems proud of the recording (I'm listening to Miah sing Lascia ch'io pianga from the second act as I write this), the production remains controversial even internally. One of the people involved later told me she couldn't understand why all those critics voted for such a stupid production. "Those must all be people with no taste." Can't say I was terribly flattered, since I liked the production so much myself. (LOL)
Update: Currently, i.e. from 2010 to 2015 or longer, the State Opera House is a construction site because they are doing some badly needed restoration and repair work on it. During this time the State Opera Company is performing in the old Schiller Theater in the Bismarckstraße, in the (West) Berlin district of Charlottenburg. What this means is that for three seasons there are two major opera houses in the Bismarckstraße, within three blocks of each other!
- Music
- Theater Travel
- Architecture
For Mercedes Benz-fans
We just happened to notice old cars through the window and went in. It is free to visit, and you can see Mercedes cars from many ages. Also many MB-accesories sold in here.
We only watched the oldest cars at the street lewel, and didn´t go upstairs. We are not so much MB-fans anyway ;) But we do like old cars. Especially my husband.
And as I said, it is free to visit.
- Historical Travel
- Photography
- Budget Travel
At the State Opera House "Unter den Linden"
On my most recent visit to the State Opera Unter den Linden I saw the opera Norma by Vincenzo Bellini (1801-1835).
This is a bel canto opera, and the singing really is beautiful but the plot is often criticized. It takes place in ancient Gaul under the Roman occupation, and you keep expecting Asterix and Obelix to pop up from behind the bushes at any minute. Norma is the head priestess of the Gauls, but she is secretly in love with the Roman governor and has even borne him two children. (We are asked to believe that nobody in the small Gallic village has noticed this.)
I found the Berlin production quite moving, though, because they stressed the one aspect of the plot that is (unfortunately) timeless, namely the plight of an older woman whose lover (and father of her children) decides to leave her for a younger woman (in this case a younger priestess at the same temple).
Update: As I have mentioned elsewhere, the State Opera House is currently a construction site because they are doing some badly needed restoration and repair work on it. During this time the State Opera Company is performing in the old Schiller Theater in the Bismarckstraße, in the (West) Berlin district of Charlottenburg.
- Music
- Theater Travel
- Architecture
Kronprinzpalais (The Crown Prince Palace) was the residence of the heir to the throne, right up to the abolition of the monarchy. The palace was built the mid-17th century in Baroque style but later on modified in neo-Classical style. Master builder Heinrich Gentz linked the Kronprinzpalais with the connection to the neighboring Prinzenpalais. William the second, Germany's last emperor was born here in 1859.
Works on Unter den Linden.
Presently (till July 2013?) on a large part of the avenue the Linden - lime trees - have been replaced by cranes. These works extend on both sides of the Friedrichstasse cross-road disfiguring the Unter den Linden avenue.
A consequence of these works is that the Metro line U6 does not ride between the Friedrichstr. and Französichestr. stations.
- Architecture
The statue of Frederick the Great (Reiterdenkmal Friedrichs des Grossen) sits in pride of place on the central reservation of Berlin's popular tree-lined boulevard, Unter den Linden. The statue itself is set in bronze and depicts Frederick the Great on horseback. It was created in 1839-51 by a protege of Gottfried von Schadow called Christian Daniel Rauch.
Sadly the area around the statue was a bit of a building site when I visited so many of my photos reflect this. Nevertheless, you can't miss taking a look at this huge statue as you walk from Museum Island towards the Brandenburg Gate.
- Arts and Culture
- Photography
- Budget Travel
Unter den Linden is Berlin's spectacular, wide, tree-lined avenue that forms the hub of Old Berlin. The avenue leads through the centre of the city from Pariser Platz at the Brandenburg Gate to the Lustgarten. Along its pavements lie many imperial buildings including the Opera House, Humboldt university, the Academic Library, St. Hedwig's cathedral, the Berliner Dom. Many of the buildings were designed by the famous German architect Karl Schinkel. According to its name, the street is lined with linden trees that Hitler ordered to be chopped down so that the road could be widened during the Second World War. Many buildings were destroyed during allied bombing but Unter den Linden has been gradually restored to its former glory.
- Architecture
- Historical Travel
- Museum Visits
Deutche Staatsoper
Staatsoper was commissioned by King Frederick II of Prussia in 1741, designed and built by Georg von Knobelsdorff as the first and the oldiest structure on Babelplatz. At that time it was called Hofoper (Court Opera) and was inaugurated with the performance Cesare e Cleopatra in 1742. After the collapse of the German Empire in 1919 the opera was renamed Staatsoper.
After Nazis takeover, members of Jewish origins were dismissed from the ensemble. Many German musicians associated with the opera went into exile too. It is less known fact that great Herbert von Karajan was one of staatskapellmaster during the Thied Reich.
After WW II the opera was reconstructed in its Baroque form and reopened in 1955.
Zeghaus (the old armory) is the oldest structure on the Unter den Linden, built between 1695 and 1730 in the Baroque style and by four different architects. The commissionar was Brandenburg Elector Frederick III. In 1875 this magnificent building was transformed into a Military Museum. There excist an interesting episode regarding this museum.
In 1943 Hitler visited museum in order to inspect captured Russian war material. Rudolf von Gersdorff was to give Hitler a tour of the armory. Gersdorff declared himself ready to give his life for Germany, and his friends knew about such a decision. He set off two 5-minutes delayed-fuse hand granades in the pocket of his coat. His plan was to trow himself around Hitler in a death embrace that would blow up both men. Contrary to expectation, however, Hitler raced through the museum and survived. Von Gersdorff survived the War and died in 1980.
Today Zeughaus is a home of Deutches Historiches Museum, offering on his 8.000 square metres The Permanent Exibition of German History in Images and Artefacts.
Reiterdenkmal Friedrichs des Grossen
The equestrian monument of Frederick the Great, coloqially called "alte Fritz" (the old Fred) is situated at the beginning of Unter den Linden Bulevard and is among the grandest monuments in the city of Berlin. This monument was prepared nearly 70 years by 40 different artists and over 100 designes to determine its final plan. Fridrichs des Grossen is most famous and the most important king of Prussia who reigned from 1740 to 1786. The final design of the monument was made by Christian Daniel Rausch in 1839. It is 13,5 meter high and made of bronze and wondefully ornated. The king sits atop Conde, his favorite horse, and dressed in coronation robes. The pedestal is emblazoned with the 60 men who were the leading figures in Germany around mid of the 19th century.
At each corner of the pedestal are four calvary commanders, while at the same level are 21 statues of the most outstanding generals of Friedrich's army, as well as the leading figures in politics, art and science.
Under the linden trees
In 1985 I stood on the western side of the Brandenburg Gate and peered across the Wall and No Man's Land, through its arches to what was at one time the most elegant street in the city, Unter den Linden. With its western extension, Straße des 17. Juni, it forms the same sort of classically symmetrical urban vista as Paris's Champs Elysées, with the golden gleam of the Siegesaule (Victory Column) at one end, the Brandenburg Gate as its mid-point and distant views of the Berliner Dom (cathedral) in the east. But in 1985 it was difficult to see this view properly, and impossible to walk its length. Not so today; with reunification the boulevard has rediscovered its former glory and once again forms the central spine of the city.
Unter den Linden takes its name from the linden or lime trees that were first planted there in 1647. Duke Friedrich Wilhelm, also known as The Great Elector, was dedicated to the development and beautification of Berlin during his reign and ordered the planting of long rows of Linden trees to spruce up the route from his castle home to the Tiergarten hunting ground, and to keep the route more shady and comfortable for his travels. Thus his carriage ride took him "unter den linden", that is "under the lindens". Lime trees still line the central paved strip, although of course they are not those that Friedrich planted there. Many will have been replaced over the years, and in the 1930s many were cut down when a tunnel for the S-bahn was constructed beneath the road. Those that remained were used for firewood in the last days of World War Two, when the city was under siege. The ones we see today were planted in the 1950s, restoring the character of this famous avenue.
A stroll "under the lindens" will take you past many of Berlin's grand buildings, including the Berlin State Opera, Humboldt University, St. Hedwig's Cathedral, the Neue Wache (once the guardhouse for the royal guards and now the National Memorial to the Victims of War and Tyranny), the Zeughaus (German Historical Museum), and the Altes Palais.
- Historical Travel
Unter den Linden
Unter den Linden is Berlin's loveliest boulevard and the heart of historical Berlin (Mitte). It extends from Pariser Platz, at the Brandenburg Gate, to the Schlossbrucke bridge, a distance of about 1.5km.
It is named for the linden or lime trees which line the grassed pedestrian area between the two carriageways. During the last days of World War II most of the trees were destroyed or cut down for firewood. The trees were replanted in the 1950s and have flourished ever since.
There are many interesting buildings along Unter den Linden (their street number is in brackets below). You can visit the Deutsches Historisches Museum, which is Germany's largest history museum. It is housed in the Zeughaus (2), which was the royal arsenal building built in 1706.
Also you can see the Russian Embassy (63-65), built in typical Stalin-style; the Deutsche Guggenheim (13-15) with its contemporary art exhibitions; the Alte Staatsbibliothek - Old National Library (8), which was founded in 1661; and the Humboldt Universitat (6), Berlin's oldest university, founded in 1810. Oh, and the statue of Frederick the Great in the middle of the road, facing west.
Why not take a walk along the boulevard and admire some of the buildings, or on a fine day you can have a break on one of the seats under the pretty linden trees.
- Architecture
- Historical Travel
- Budget Travel
Humbolt University
Humbolt University is one of many historic buildings to be viewed on a walk down Unter din Linden. Completed in 1753 as the Palace of Prince Heinrich of Prussia. The University was founded there in 1810. The statue is of Hermann Helmholtz, famous German physician and physicist who had a signicant impact on the direction of the University. When I visited there was a book market taking place out the front which I have been told is a regular occurance. The "Little Humboldt Gallery" is located in the main building, Unter den Linden 6, open Tuesday to Friday drom noon to 6:00 p.m and shows exhibitions of artistic works by university staff, students and artists from the Berlin area. There is also a shop in the same building selling university badged clothing such as T shirts, caps and sweatshirts.
The ivy clad State Library is one of many historic buildings to be viewed on a walk down Unter din Linden. It has a sister building at Potsdamer Straße under the same administration which was established due the post war split of Berlin and us such the original collection has been divided. Quantities are hard to comprehend and include 10 million books, 250,000 autographs, 450,000 print music editions, 960,000 maps and atlases, 38,000 periodicals, 180,000 early newspaper volumes, 2,3 million microfiches / microfilms and 13.5 million images in the picture archive. Open 9am to 9pm Monday to Friday and 9am to 5pm Saturday.
Unter den Linden
I was walking along this the most represantitive boulevard of former East Berlin up to the Branderburger Gate when the infamous wall stood in the past.
The street and houses along were (and still are) in rebuilding and renovation process since the wall fell down and it happens again as the houses were complitely destroyed (to the earth) at the end of WWII and remained damaged even till 60' of 20th century.
What was interesting there? A lot of impressive 18th and 19th century, renovated or newly built buildings.
Ok, from the west:
- Branderburg Gate,
- Jakob-Kaiser House - the largest of the Bundestag?s new parliamentary buildings,
- Adlon Hotel building (new),
- Embassy of Russian Federation building,
- Guggenheim Museum (yes, yes - German and new branch of famous NYC museum),
- National Library ( Staatsbibliothek),
- Monument of Frederick the Great (on the horse),
- buildings of Humboldt University,
- Alte Bibliothek (Old Library) and Staatsoper (State Opera),
- buildings of Opernpalais and Konprinzenpalais,
- Neue Wache (New Guardhouse),
- Zeughaus (Arsenal) - amazing baroque building which houses German Historical Museum,
- the Schlossbr?cke bridge where Karl-Liebknechtstra?e with Berliner Dome begins.
- Budget Travel
- Road Trip
- Backpacking
Show Prices
Show Prices
Show Prices
Show Prices
Instant Answers: Berlin
Get an instant answer from local experts and frequent travelers
- Great room rates
- Travelocity
- Save Up To 50% On Hotels
- Orbitz.com Find great deals on Orbitz & pay no hotel change or cancel fees
Sponsored Links
Explore the World
- Legaspi City Hotels
- Lake Minnewaska Hotels
- Gangtok Hotels
- Cebu City
- Palma de Mallorca
- La Spezia
- Laoag City
- Madgaon Hotels


text:
Rules change on importing and exporting racehorses in a move backed by World Horse Welfare
Posted: May 25, 2014|
An appeal has been launched to help protect British horses as they travel abroad.
Currently, horses can move between the UK and France without health checks. But a revised Tripartite Agreement (TPA) has come into force, thanks to an appeal by World Horse Welfare (WHW).
Horses travelling between Britain and France will now need a health certificate signed by a vet.
Roly Owers, chief executive of WHW, said: "This change was needed and has been called for by World Horse Welfare and the wider sector.
"Simply the prebious TPA was unenforceable and an open door for equine disease to enter the UK, and there was evidence of it being used to transport vulnerable horses and ponies of a low value across the Channel."
The organisation revealed the "shocking truth" of imported and exported horses which were not being checked.
In 48 hours, 91 vehicles passed capable of carrying two to 20 horses each and were not checked.
Mr Owers added: "Without accurate records of horses which travelled through the port, there's no way of knowing the origin, state of health, or destination of these horses. As for regulation, this decision will only be worthwhile if effectively enforced and, sadly, the evidence of basic compliance checks at our borders is not something we have seen yet."


text:
Next Generation Network End Offices Are Expected to Reduce Power Consumption by 63%.
Next generation networks (NGNs) are implementations of softswitch and media gateway technology. The softswitch in the network offers an IP-based open network, which integrates PSTN with the IP network, a fixed network with a mobile network, voice services with data and multimedia services.
NGN enables the packet-switched network to inherit existing PSTN services and functions. It arms the packet switched network with great flexibility and potential in view of the fast deployment and combined marketing of value-added services, which is presently beyond the PSTN's capability.
Lower maintenance cost is achieved by converting an existing office into an NGN end office. Metrics include integrity, occupied space, and power consumption of the NGN equipment. These have proved to be superior to those of the original TDM switch. After rebuilding, the occupied space can be reduced by 40%, and power consumption by 63%.
Service providers are engaged in figuring out how to offer revenue generating media services. Price erosion in legacy voice services is accelerating as VoIP services become free or very inexpensive. The equipment vendors and system integrators are looking at new services that would drive their business with the service providers. Users are looking at services and solutions that would make them function efficiently in a globalized and competitive business environment. Transformation to NGNs is an evolution.
Service providers are cautious over technical obstacles associated with NGNs. A rapid evolution of the industry is anticipated to follow a range of trials in various aspects of the business.
Internet Protocol IP trunking focuses on reduction of the total cost of ownership through network simplification. It improves network efficiency. Traffic overflow is routed over a flat IP infrastructure. No trunk ports are needed for the transit extension.
The significantly reduced number of E1/T1 equivalent connections to be managed leads to economic benefits in traffic engineering, provisioning, monitoring, maintenance, inventory and design. Inherent IP backbone self-routing capabilities relieve service providers of the expense of constantly planning and load balancing a trunking network.
Processes can be optimized with end-to-end fully integrated management, reducing operational, administration and maintenance costs. Direct capital expenditures for network infrastructure go towards an IP-based next generation network architecture. Revenue streams with IP applications need to be developed quickly to address the almost immediate precipitous decline in voice revenue.
Key Topics
- CISCO REVENUE GENERATING MEDIA SERVICES - CISCO MARKET SHARES - Voice-Over-Packet (VoP) Market - Wireless Networks - Multimedia Markets - Communications Market Trends - INCREASING AVERAGE REVENUE PER USER (ARPU) - INTERNET PROTOCOL (IP) NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURE - CISCO IP NGN - CISCO WIFI - OPEN STANDARDS - IP WITHIN CDMA - BLUETOOTH - GPRS - EGPRS (EDGE) - CISCO SYSTEMS
Topics Covered
Cisco Ethernet Next Generation Networks (NGNs)
Cisco Revenue Generating Media Services
Cis co / Italtel NGN
Internet Protocol Trunking Transit Network
Intelligent Edge
Voice-over-Packet (VoP) Market
Cisco Market Shares
1.1 Increasing Average Revenue Per User (ARPU)
1.2 Impact of Competition
1.3 Market Growth Dynamics
1.4 Converged Voice And Data Networks
1.5 Wireless Networks
1.6 Multimedia Markets
1.7 IP Telephony Service Solutions
1.8 Web Services
1.9 Strategies To Improve Performance
1.10 Customer Financing Arrangements
1.11 Market Makers
1.12 Demand For Total Solutions
1.13 Marketing Globally
1.14 Internet Traffic
2.1 Transition From Circuit Switch Network To IP Architecture
2.2 Communications Market Trends
3.1 Internet Protocol (IP) Network Infrastructure
3.2 Cisco IP NGN
3.3 Cisco WiFi
4.1 Open Standards
4.2 IP Within CDMA
4.3 Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) Of A Mobile Phone
4.4 Bluetooth
4.7 Multimedia Messaging Service
4.8 Mobile Video
4.9 Presence
4.10 Push to Talk
5.1 Cisco Systems
For more information visit http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/c33680
Reader Opinion
|Printer friendly Cite/link Email Feedback
|Business Wire
|Feb 28, 2006
|Previous Article:
|Research and Markets: In-Dept Analysis of Perusahaan Otomobil Nasional Berhad (Proton) the Vehicle Manufacturer.
|Next Article:
|The Global Sports Drinks Market Increased by 10% Due to New Brands and Original Product Ideas.


text:
Many progressives had hoped Patrick might select ex-Rep. Barney Frank, who had openly lobbied for the job. But while Frank's personal advocacy may have displeased Patrick, I suspect he was more interested in appointing someone he had a personal relationship of trust with. What's more, Patrick had the opportunity to appoint someone young and who was, frankly, not another white guy career politician, and so he understandably seized it. In any event, Cowan said he would not run in the special (even though he is allowed to by law), saying that he is not a "candidate today or any time in the future." However, he's only 43 years old, so that's the kind of thing that could always change.
Meanwhile, PPP is out with their first poll of the election to succeed Kerry. In short, it contradicts all the Tom Menino-style anti-progressive "conventional wisdom" that seems to have congealed about this race. Not only is Ed Markey a stronger candidate against Scott Brown than Stephen Lynch, he also crushes Lynch in a hypothetical Democratic primary. Here are the numbers:
Brown: 48
Markey: 45
Brown: 48
Lynch: 39
Markey: 52While Brown retains a 50-43 favorability rating, Markey has better numbers than Lynch, 38-35 versus 26-31, which helps explain the difference in their performance. Among Democrats, though, Markey really crushes, with a 58-13 score versus an underwater 27-28 for Lynch. That's a pretty lousy place to be with members of your own party, and while I'm sure his internal polling shows something different, Lynch may want to pause and seriously reconsider whether he wants to go this route.
Lynch: 19
As for the general election, Tom Jensen points out that the undecideds in the Brown-Markey matchup voted for Elizabeth Warren by a 69-17 margin last year. That means that while Brown is close to 50 percent, actually getting there will be a serious slog. Indeed, that's why many observers think Brown's better bet is the 2014 governor's race, which PPP also polled. Here's how Brown stacks up against some possible Democratic contenders:
• 48-37 vs. state Treasurer Steve GrossmanI'm surprised, though, that Jensen describes Brown as a "pretty strong favorite" in a hypothetical gubernatorial contest, seeing as he's still stuck just shy of 50 percent, much as he is in the Senate head-to-heads. And even the best-known Democrat, Grossman, is still unknown to over half of all respondents (by contrast, as I alluded above, Markey's name is unfamiliar to only a quarter). So I think this would be a difficult race for Brown as well. Easier, perhaps, and if he's going to run for office at all, I'd prefer it be for governor so as not to put this Senate seat at risk, but ultimately, this is still Massachusetts and recreating what happened to Brown in the 2010 special will be no easy feat.
• 49-32 vs. former Medicare administrator Don Berwick
• 49-32 vs. U.S. Attorney Carmen Ortiz


text:
help baby won't latch after coming home from NICU
Comments (6)
Go to kellymom.com and look for information on getting baby to breast. That site is a gold mine of information that can help you!
keep trying. that tiny mouth is going to have a hard time latching, but she can do it, and you can too! keep at it mama! and enjoy that new baby!
Pump a few minutes before nursing so milk will come right out if she starts sucking.
Get her to suck on your finger and then try to latch her.
Good luck!!
Just keep trying!
Believe me, I know how frustrating it is. My son was in the NICU for 4 weeks because he was born 11 weeks early. He came home weighing just 3 lbs 10 oz...so just imagine how tiny his mouth was! We used a nipple shield for the longest time.
Is there any way you can do something different than the bottle? Nipple confusion is VERY real and it sounds like your LO now prefers the bottle. Try to get the SnS and use a nipple shield with it if you have to. That way, your LO will still get fed but your breasts will get the suckling that they need.
My son was on the shield for a few months then we were finally able to get rid of it. It wasn't easy by any means. So you just have to be patient and don't give up. I kept telling my self that I was NOT going to bottle feed..and I stuck with that :)
You can do it! :)


text:
News from WTOP
News from the AP
Mike Causey
Shows & Panels
Shows & Panels
- Agency of the Month
- Business of Government Hour
- The CFO Agenda: Delivering value from financial transparency and audit efforts in the public and private sector
- Cloud-Driven Data Insights in Government
- CXO Surveys
- Disaster Resilience for America
- Federal News Countdown
- Government Perspectives on Mobility and the Cloud
- Reducing Risk in the Cloud
- Reimagining the Next Generation of Government
Shows & Panels
- AFCEA Answers
- American Readiness: Renewable Power and Efficiency Technologies
- Ask the CIO
- The Business Case for Cloud Computing in Government
- Cloud-Driven Data Insights in Government
- Connecting the Dots: Digital Authentication in Government
- Data-Centric Approaches to Government in the Cloud
- Delivering the Digital Government Mission
- Federal Executive Forum
- Federal News Radio's National Cyber Security Awareness Month Special Panel Discussion
- Federal Tech Talk
- The Future of Government Data Centers
- Government Perspectives on Mobility and the Cloud
- Industrialized, Interoperable and Insight-driven Federal Health Panel
- Innovation and Tech Superiority through Acquisition Reform
- Mitigating Insider Threats in Virtual & Cloud Environments
- Moving Agency Applications to the Cloud with PaaS
- Reducing Risk in the Cloud
- Security in the Age of Targeted Attacks
- Air Traffic Management Transformation Report
- The Business of Cloud
- Cloud First Report
- Data Driven Cloud Series
- Disaster Resilience for America
- General Dynamics IT Enterprise Center
- Gov Cloud Minute
- Government in Technology Series
- Homeland Security Cybersecurity Market Report
- The Intersection: Where Technology Meets Transformation
- Modern Mission Critical Series
- National Cybersecurity Awareness Month
- The New IP for Federal IT
- The Social Platform Solution for the Department of Veterans Affairs
- Technology Insights
- The Cyber Security Report
- The Next Generation Cyber Security Experts
Shows & Panels
- Cloud-Driven Data Insights in Government
- Disaster Resilience for America
- F-35 Lightning II Program
- Government Perspectives on Mobility and the Cloud
- On DoD
- Pentagon Solutions
- Reducing Risk in the Cloud
- Reimagining the Next Generation of Government
- Transforming Business Operations at the Defense Department
Study: Cancer patients overestimate value of chemo
Wednesday - 10/24/2012, 5:08pm EDT
By MARILYNN MARCHIONE
AP Chief Medical Writer
NEW YORK (AP) - Most patients getting chemotherapy for incurable lung or colon cancers mistakenly believe that the treatment can cure them rather than just buy them some more time or ease their symptoms, a major study suggests. Researchers say doctors either are not being honest enough with patients or people are in denial that they have a terminal disease.
The study highlights the problem of overtreatment at the end of life _ futile care that simply prolongs dying. It's one reason that one quarter of all Medicare spending occurs in the last year of life.
For cancers that have spread beyond the lung or colon, chemo can add weeks or months and may ease a patient's symptoms, but usually is not a cure. This doesn't mean that patients shouldn't have it, only that they should understand what it can and cannot do, cancer experts say.
Often, they do not. Dr. Jane C. Weeks at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and researchers at several other Boston-area universities and hospitals led a study of nearly 1,200 such patients around the country. All had been diagnosed four months earlier with widely spread cancers and had received chemo.
Surveys revealed that 69 percent of those with lung cancer and 81 percent of those with colorectal cancer felt their treatment was likely to cure them. Education level and the patient's role in care decisions made no difference in the likelihood of mistaken beliefs about chemo's potential. Hispanics and blacks were three times more likely than whites to hold inaccurate beliefs.
Federal grants paid for most of the research.
In an editorial that appears with the study in Thursday's New England Journal of Medicine, two doctors question whether patients are being told clearly when their disease is incurable.
Patients also may have a different understanding of "cure" than completely ridding them of a disease _ they may think it's an end to pain or less disability, note Dr. Thomas J. Smith of Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Dr. Dan L. Longo, a deputy editor at the medical journal.
"If patients actually have unrealistic expectations of a cure from a therapy that is administered with palliative intent, we have a serious problem of miscommunication," they write. "We have the tools to help patients make these difficult decisions. We just need the gumption and incentives to use them."
Marilynn Marchione can be followed at http://twitter.com/MMarchioneAP
(Copyright 2012 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.)


text:
Welcome! You are browsing as a guestWould you like to see 11 projects made from this pattern and much more? join Ravelry now What am I missing?
by ShelbyD Flickr
© Miazoe
Rambeau Collar
This pattern is available for free.
This cozy, reversible cartridge rib collar is a quick one skein project with a simple two-row repeat. The suggested yarn has some thick and thin attributes, and I think it would look nice in handspun as well.
For more information, see: http://shelbyknits.blogspot.com/2010/01/rambeau-coll...


text:
LHS win gets ringing endorsement
With over $11,000 raised of the $20,000 needed to buy the Lafayette High School All-State champs their winning rings, Lafayette School District Athletic Director Jeff Nelson said he is thankful for how the entire community has come together to help celebrate these students. (January 4, 2011, Page 1)
LHS moves closer to block schedule
In a polling of the teachers at Lafayette High School, the majority are in favor of the school implementing a four-by-four block schedule.
Principal Rodney Flowers reported Tuesday to the Lafayette County School Board that 25 teachers polled support the change while four teachers were against moving to a block schedule. Eight teachers responded they were neutral about it and might be for it if they had more information.
Four-by-four block scheduling would allow for four, 94-minute periods instead of 7 periods a day. Each year-long class only meets for one semester and each semester class only meets for nine weeks. (December 8, 2010, Page 1)
Foster to retire next year
After serving the Lafayette County School District as its superintendent since 2002, Mike Foster will retire at the end of his term on Dec. 31, 2011.
Foster made the announcement Tuesday at the county school board meeting. (December 8, 2010, Page 1)
Lafayette County students in the spirit of giving
Lafayette County School District adopted the Operation Christmas Child program this year with elementary schools students raising money for the program and Lafayette High School students collecting items for the shoeboxes. To donate, contact Mae Stone at 801-8511. (November 16, 2010, Page 6A)
LHS drama students take top honors in theater festival
Two Lafayette High School theater students earned first-place honors in two categories at the recent Tennessee Williams Festival in Clarksdale. Rachel Whitehorn and Kana Carpenter took home the awards. (November 2, 2010, Page 6)
Lafayette schools target test scores
After being put on academic watch this year, Lafayette School District is overhauling teaching methods to get scores up for the next round of state testing that begins in March. At each school, new strategies are being implemented to improve test scores and to better track student progress. (October 5, 2010, Page 1, 2)
LHS students lift voices to raise funds for choir program
A choir concert will be held on Sunday at 2 p.m. at the North Oxford Baptist Church to help raise funds for the Lafayette High School choir. (September 28, 2010, Page 5)
City OKs Foster to head tech school
During its regular meeting Friday, the Oxford School Board approved a motion to have Lafayette County School District Superintendent Mike Foster head up the Oxford-Lafayette School of Applied Technology.
The city and county school districts will split the cost of Foster's $10,000-a-year raise. (September 27, 2010, Page 1)
County schools keep growing
The number of students attending Lafayette County schools continues to grow, Superintendent Mike Foster said.
Foster reported the early enrollment numbers Tuesday to the members of the Lafayette County School Board. The report notes the district has 65 more students this year compared to last school year. (September 8, 2010, Page 1)
Tech Board changes ahead?
Lafayette and Oxford School Boards will soon approve or deny a proposal to give more power to the Lafayette County Schools Superintendent for the School of Applied Technology. The Lafayette Schools already have financial control over the jointly-run school. (September 1, 2010, Page 1)


text:
Oral History Transcript — Dr. Artjom Powsner and Lilia Morozovskia
This transcript may not be quoted, reproduced or redistributed in whole or in part by any means except with the written permission of the American Institute of Physics.
This transcript is based on a tape-recorded interview deposited at the Center for History of Physics of the American Institute of Physics. The AIP's interviews have generally been transcribed from tape, edited by the interviewer for clarity, and then further edited by the interviewee. If this interview is important to you, you should consult earlier versions of the transcript or listen to the original tape. For many interviews, the AIP retains substantial files with further information about the interviewee and the interview itself. Please contact us for information about accessing these materials.
Please bear in mind that: 1) This material is a transcript of the spoken word rather than a literary product; 2) An interview must be read with the awareness that different people's memories about an event will often differ, and that memories can change with time for many reasons including subsequent experiences, interactions with others, and one's feelings about an event. Disclaimer: This transcript was scanned from a typescript, introducing occasional spelling errors. The original typescript is available.
Access form | Project support | How to cite | Print this page
See the catalog record for this interview and search for other interviews in our collection
Interview with Dr. Artjom Powsner and Lilia Morozovskia
Artjom Powsner and Lilia Morozovski; January 19, 1999
ABSTRACT: In this interview, Artjom Powsner and Lilia Morozovskia discuss the International Geophysical Year. Topics discussed include: the Soviet National Committee for the International Geophysical Year; Vladimir Belousov; Ivan Pavlovich Bardin; Moscow State University; Valeria Alexavia Trotskiya; Aleksandr Khristoforovich Khrgian; Nikolay V. Pushkov; Sputnik; Anatoli A. Blagonravov; seismology; oceanography; women in science; International Council for Science (ICSU); Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR); Committee on Space Research (COSPAR); Operation Argus; Vladimir Grigor'evich Kort; Gleb Borisovich Udintsev; Soviet Geophysical Committee; Alla Massevitch; Lloyd Berkner.
TranscriptSession I | Session II
Levin:My name is Tanya Levin, and this is an interview with Artjom Powsner. Do you have patronymic, a middle?
Morozovskia:Mitrovich. His fathers name was Dimitri.
Levin:And for that reason its Dimitrovich.
Morozovskia:My name is Lilia, and my fathers name is Leanida, so Im Leanidanan, but you can call me Lilia.
Powsner:And Artjom you can call me.
Levin:This is an interview with Artjom. It is the 19th of January, 1999. And this being tape recorded in Moscow. And we are joined with Lilia, and what is your last name?
Levin:And you also participated in IGY as an administrator?
Morozovskia:Yes, I was from the start. There were two of us. A typist, you know, who types on a typewriter and myself. We were the first. And then the scientific secretary and that was Valeria Alexavia Trotskiya. She was the first scientific secretary of Geophysical Committee. And of course our president. Thats Beloussov.
Powsner:No, no, Bardun.
Morozovskia:Oh, Bardun. Im sorry. The Commission Bardun. That was bureau and the members of the bureau. None of them are alive now.
Levin:I should also say that we are joined by Alexi, who is also helping in case of translation problems. Artjom, usually when we start an interview we talk a little bit about a persons early life. When were you born?
Powsner:I was born in 13th of October, 1926.
Levin:And where were you born?
Morozovskia:Were both Moscowvites.
Levin:When were you born Lilia?
Morozovskia:19th of November 1935, in Moscow.
Levin:And Artjom, what did your parents work at?
Powsner:My father was the director of a school, of the Normal School. My mother worked at home.
Levin:Did you go to the school that your father directed?
Powsner:Yes, in the beginning.
Levin:When you were little?
Powsner:Yes, yes, little.
Levin:After school did they teach science at all?
Powsner:Of course. Thats a standard program.
Levin:Did they have you perform experiments?
Morozovskia:Experiments with what? Physical experiments?
Powsner:Physical. And I preferred also geography in school.
Levin:Geography — interesting.
Powsner:Physical geography.
Morozovskia:At that time all schools were the same. Now we have specialized schools.
Levin:What type of house did you grow up in? Did you live in an apartment? A dorm?
Levin:And did the apartment have a library, or a lot of books?
Powsner:In my home? Not very much. Not very many. Usually the libraries of our —
Morozovskia:Your father had a large library?
Powsner:Yes, yes. It was a library of course, but it was not a library of science books, but of belles lettres mainly.
Levin:What books did you like to read as a child?
Powsner:Im not so famous a person, yes until I think that its for so many details by Einstein or someone. So, now what books? Everything was interesting. I cannot remember. I am old person.
Levin:Did you have any relatives who were scientists?
Powsner:Relatives? No, many teachers.
Morozovskia:Both of his aunts were teachers.
Powsner:Yes, yes, mainly teachers.
Levin:When did you become interested in studying science?
Powsner:I was interested after the school. I had some interest, but I changed my interest. At the last I had interest just for the law. In general, yes, for military disciplines and sciences — law. And then I had to change my orientation. I got interest for the geophysics and Earth science in general. Especially of the planning of the big projects like IGY because I was involved in the IGY also. But the first time after gerodade [?] and of the institute, the first time I worked in Germany.
Levin:In East Germany?
Powsner:In East Germany mainly. I was also in West Germany. But I worked in Berlin.
Levin:But this was after your early school?
Powsner:After the institute. Because my first education, my first high school I graduated it was from foreign trade, for specialized for foreign trade.
Levin:In high school?
Powsner:High school, yes, my first high school. After this —
Morozovskia:He studied law.
Powsner:To graduate and out of the Moscow University. It was after my return from Germany I had to have some studies to learn in the Moscow University. Geographical faculty rank.
Morozovskia:And he made his doctors thesis there at the Geographical
Levin:Was your schooling interrupted by World War II?
Powsner:No, I was evacuated from Moscow to the Ural. In the Ural we had a school [inaudible].
Morozovskia:Sort of childrens
Alexi:A place where children stayed all the day and night.
Morozovskia:Yes. Not only all the day and night, but theyve stayed there without their parents. Artjoms father was working at that time at a certain institution. I dont remember which.
Morozovskia:Ministry, yes. And the Ministry had arranged that the children of the workers of this ministry would be evacuated from Moscow because Moscow was almost in the circle. So they were evacuated with teachers, and they have set this school in Ural. Whats the name of the nearest town?
Powsner:Nearby from Bardun to the Ural.
Morozovskia:So they lived without seeing their parents because most of their fathers were in the army and mothers were in Moscow. Had to stay in Moscow.
Powsner:Also evacuated to Kubash mainly or to others to middle Asia or central Asia.
Morozovskia:But without their children because it was difficult to have schooling in different places if you were evacuated to other — telling you the history of the War. So it was a
Powsner:Two years.
Levin:And you were able to continue studying in Ural?
Morozovskia:They had good teachers there. Really professional teachers. And of course they had stoves and they had to heat the houses of the school itself where they slept by themselves. So they did all the — carried the water to the kitchen.
Powsner:Everything. Very primitive conditions there. In the winter about 40 degrees Celsius. Minus. But dry. Dry it is not so dangerous. I would suggest to ten or 20 degrees Celsius. Dry, then five degrees.
Morozovskia:Like today. Very much like today.
Levin:So after the War you returned to Moscow?
Levin:And you had finished school already?
Levin:So at this time you decided to go to Moscow University?
Powsner:Not University. I observed this institute for the trade, for the foreign trade. I learned there very hard German language. It was interesting. And also law. I prepared also a work about German law, prepared also a paper about it and wanted to have a dissertation in the field of private law and trade law. And then I had to change my life to geography and geophysics.
Levin:Why? Why did you have to change?
Powsner:Not because I came back from Germany. I was four years there. I saw a lot of prospects for my development as a scientist in the field of law. See, I did want to work farther like I work in Germany, for example, or the Foreign Trade Ministry because its what they did not distinct for me. But then I was invited to this committee of the IGY as an administrative person.
Levin:Who invited you?
Powsner:Mrs. Trotsky, Valeria Trotsky. She was the secretary of the Soviet National Committee for IGY.
Morozovskia:Scientific secretary we call it.
Powsner:Scientific secretary she was doctor to the [???] and so on. She is now in Australia. She married an Australian scientist, Dr. Cole, a very famous person. She also was the president of the Association of —
Morozovskia:Not she, but he.
Powsner:She was also.
Powsner:Yes, of the Association.
Powsner:Earlier. And then Cole was.
Powsner:Cole at that time was the president of the [???] for some time. From his point of view — he visited Moscow. She — both, they — visited Moscow in September of last year. And he let me meet her and discuss some problems.
Powsner:Them. So Ill speak with mistakes, okay?
Morozovskia:I am very [???] mistake, not serious, but
Powsner:So, they —
Levin:You were invited to IGY about 1955, or earlier?
Powsner:The 5th of May of 55.
Morozovskia:May 55.
Powsner:In the beginning of the creating of this committee of IGY.
Levin:How did you begin working on geophysics before 1955? Did you go back to school?
Powsner:Nothing. I was not connected to geophysics. I worked in the committee, mainly administrative functions. I had to write some letters. I had to visit some institutions, some ministries, and so on and also to help in other problems also in the field of the law because we had some problems in IGY of judicial (?) characters. And then parallel with them, I worked, for example, in the day and in the evening. I dealt with the study of geophysics.
Levin:Is that when you began your interest?
Powsner:Yes, yes. I had some connection that extends to the university. My scientific supervisor was very famous person in our country. Especially [???] and also the history of the science, Professor Khrgian. How to write it in English is very difficult.
Morozovskia:This is a [???].
Powsner:No, no, no. Armenian.
Morozovskia:Armenian, Im sorry. Its an Armenian. Of course he was not an Armenian — strictly Armenian.
Powsner:He was chairman of the Physics of the Atmosphere.
Morozovskia:Extremely talented.
Powsner:And he helped me was official also my supervisor. About ten years I had to study at the institute to create a university ten years, and to become Doctor of Science.
Levin:Under Khrgian. And so during the IGY was this formal study that you did with the university or was it informal? It was your own study as a doctorate student?
Powsner:He was my supervisor.
Morozovskia:He was his scientific leader for the doctors thesis. He was aspiring to be a doctor, and there must be someone who would show him how to work and what to do.
Powsner:Looked at all the articles, which was published by me.
Morozovskia:This is the usual procedure in our country. I dont know how in the U.S.A., but everyone who wants to be a candidate or a doctor must have someone.
Levin:I was just confused as to when you started taking classes. When you started study at the university. Was it Moscow State University? When did you ?
Alexi:He started the post graduate study in 1962.
Levin:Thank you. After IGY?
Alexi:After graduation from Moscow University. There were two stages. At first the Institute for Trade. Then as a student in the Moscow University. And then as a post-graduate also the Moscow University.
Levin:Okay. And as a student in the Moscow State University, you were taking classes at night while you worked on IGY during the day? Is that right?
Morozovskia:Um hmm [yes], thats right. Of course, he had to study as an extern.
Levin:External student, right. That is interesting. You were working on the political problems of IGY. What particularly were you working on?
Powsner:You mean the program? It was a problem to invoke all the observation network including also expedition, not only stations of the [???]. Was this very big territory?
Morozovskia:A single program.
Powsner:Yes, to invoke. In the [???] network to include this that we could work in the same methods in order to get the comparable information, comparable data from the whole world. And this part of the world was long time practically excluded from the development of the world network of the —
Morozovskia:Of the rest.
Powsner:Yes, of the rest.
Powsner:Why? For political reasons, and it was very interesting how this progress was well decided because you have network, for example, in metallurgy or in geometry or in seismology or in [???], and so on. How to include it? We have [???] other equipment, in general old, or not too old, but good. But we have to get the comparable results of the whole world. It seems to me it was a first difficulty. The main difficulty. How to decide this problem, to build new stations, for example, in the places, in the cities where we had no observations, for example. To organize new expeditions, like to Antaxis [?] or in the world oceans. For example, in the beginning of IGY, you have only three oceanographic ships. During the IGY we could use about twenty ships because we could invite the other ships and other fishers and also military also. And they worked for the IGY.
Powsner:And then it is also, we could make this geographic distribution of observations. To bring it to the other stages, on the higher stage.
Levin:Who decided the standards that the whole world had to agree on?
Powsner:Who decides how to make it for instance?
Morozovskia:At the International Meeting.
Powsner:No, we had a committee; it was a community and representatives of different institutes and ministries and so on — mainly scientists — also administrative people.
Levin:Just in Russia?
Powsner:Here in Moscow. It was the National Geophysical committee. Excuse me, that is later. But now we had another name. Soviet Committee for IGY.
Levin:And you were on this committee?
Levin:Then once the Soviet committee decided what they wanted to do, did they take their proposal to the International Meeting?
Powsner:Yes, but not only this committee, but we have twelve working groups from the specialists and representatives of the institutions which had money. This was the structure, so we want to combine the possibility of the scientists and their representatives, for example, ministers of universities and so on, people who decide how to spend money and from where to take them. Then these people and each working group —
Levin:Was it hard for them to be convinced that they should pay for IGY? That they needed a lot of money to do this?
Powsner:Yes, yes. And it was the beauty of the ministries, of different administrative bodies.
Levin:How did they decide finally to —?
Powsner:How did they decide? The position of our committee had foreseen [switch tape] must be started from the ministry, from finance, organizations who had money and so on. It was so from the government. This committee was organized by the Academy of Science, but this committee has very good power.
Powsner:Influence or power, maybe also. Because they could say nobody wanted to organize expedition to Antax [?] for example. It was not necessary for also the chief of the High Meteorological Service was against this [???]. And we must to brief him.
Levin:How did you do that?
Powsner:Through government and so on. Of course we had an active person in our staff.
Levin:And the government was interested in Antarctica?
Powsner:In general, not. But we showed them that this is very important because in the beginning not, but after this.
Levin:How did you show them it was important?
Morozovskia:I suppose, Artjom, I think that the most powerful argument was that the Americans are going to make bases in Antarctica. Australia —
Powsner:Yes, also competition. Its also competition among the countries, yes? If you say that American or other countries want to organize something and we have not or we have very bad devices, we had to buy new devices for our station for example. Its a shame, yes?
Levin:I know that in America the way that the scientists convinced their government to do Antarctica was they told them that it was important for the military to be able to understand that area.
Powsner:Yes, but not only. I know the opinion of American scientists who began this work. It is only an impression, because America has invited and worked in these researches many army and power forces. Air forces. Because of aviation and so on. It does not [???]. But they work it from the quite seal [?] purposes. But if you show, for example, the pictures of that time, the pictures of the American station, for example, in the South Pole. So you see these American forces army, but everybody —
Morozovskia:[In Russian] navy.
Powsner:Navy. [In Russian] Aviation. Air Force, Air Force, fine. But it was only so that they had no other possibility. But our expeditions, we tried to organize on a seal basis. But their purposes were the same — the program of IGY.
Levin:Did anyone say anything that the Americans are sending their military there? Were they concerned about that or did they make any mention of that?
Powsner:Yeah, it is important. No, no this argument was false. It is not so. But I heard about this argument. I heard, but it is not because we knew very well. Dont forget that each year, or more than a year, we had these international conferences in different places of the world. And in these conferences our scientists met the American scientists, and knew practically everything about the American plans and the same was from our side.
Morozovskia:They trusted each other.
Powsner:This trust, and ghost of the trust was a very important element of IGY.
Morozovskia:May I add a few words? Everybody was very enthusiastic, everybody. No matter how small a country, but always representatives were at an IGY conference. Always somebody is writing from all over the world. I think that IGY — of course Im a patriot of IGY — but I think that IGY somehow broke this War between Russia and the Western world. Well, at least it made a great — how do you call it? Breakthrough. Because scientists have shown that we can trust each other. At least when it means our health, the health of our children, the health of our planet and so on.
Levin:There is this trust between the scientists, but was there also a trust between the governments at this time? And was it always a free communication between the scientists?
Powsner:Yes. We had good communications between scientists. And also in many publications I met this fact that the cooperation between scientists in framework of IGY program had quite different influence of the political relationship or confrontation, maybe. A positive influence because we joke — a sort of play that we wanted to have that our relationship on the scientific level are more important than on the level of politics, politicians, or governments. For example, we had our dissertation that we have to choose between. One variant that this task will be made on the government level, or on the academic level. We preferred that the field must be done on the academic level because we had more freedom in this case. If you have an agreement between countries — there was about 60 countries, its impossible to have some agreement, to prepare this agreement, they will lose a lot of time for this purpose. You need three or five years to prepare all the documents and agree with everybody. In this case we didn't want that. You cant in framework of this multi-lateral cooperation to have some bilateral agreements between — also on the level of the governors level. It was not necessary, because if you have to change one letter or one paragraph or one number in the agreement on the government level, you have so much to write and so on, form the article, conversations. It could be only [???].
Morozovskia:Like a brick.
Powsner:And so the mechanisms are very interesting IGY. If some governments, they have some very good agreements and so on, it is not very important. Its more important how the system will handle the level of the people who practically work.
Levin:So the scientists handled most of the questions?
Powsner:Yes, yes. Not — informal also. IGY was on a non-governmental level.
Morozovskia:Thats why I think it was a success.
Levin:So did the scientists, when they chose to make the agreements, how did they come to a consensus among themselves? And did they have to get some sort of support? Did they have to say to the government, Well we decide this. Can we do it? Or did they not need permission?
Powsner:It depends. If it was for — but not each one.
Levin:It depends what?
Powsner:It depends from this which problem it was. For example, if the problem was defense, depended on the money or new devices or new techniques, if you have to buy something from abroad and so on, in this case our people, our scientists had to ask, not for example, Ministry for the Trade and so on but not a high level. In general the freedom had a very good — was very good.
Levin:So that was in general how it worked. What about for specific problems such as the question of who would represent China? There was a question of two Chinas and two Germanys. How was that worked out? How did Russia feel about that problem? The scientists and the government?
Powsner:I can tell you about Germany, for example. But China we did it to get some positive results because Thailand was represented. And this big territory of China on which the IGY was more interested than Thailand, its clear. But this was very political, and it seems to me we had no much success in China problem. In Germany it was also difficult, but I participate in this problem, was very active. And we and America also together, an American scientist suggested that this is not important. It was important to know that it was not procedure to accept —
Morozovskia:Accept countries into the IGY.
Powsner:Each country who was wanted to work.
Morozovskia:There were no very difficult procedures.
Powsner:If a country wanted to work, to be a participant of IGY, it must say only about it, distribute some information that they will have some real observations, stations, programs, and so on, with the principles of the IGY.
Levin:Do you remember which Americans did that?
Powsner:Yes. We and Americans decided; and then this principle of the participation together with America. It was agreed with America also that participation of the country depends not from the problem of somebody, of some organization. Not. Each country can't say, I [???] here. This hearings procedure. Theres not membership like, for example, in —
Powsner:No, just not member procedure. A hearings procedure. But in this case we had difficulties with China, yeah, with Germany. With Germany it was so. I knew a lot of people also in the first years from East Germany, scientists also. And some people also from West Germany. We met here in the Geophysical Committee and we drank very long, very good. We had some alcohol, quite enough, in order to decide this problem. It was the first stage or level of the scientists. German, West and East, were agreed to work together. Here in Moscow in hotels mainly or at home and so on. Because here, not especially for this problem, scientific working groups. And it was quite — we fought about the limitation — West Germany, what they will say to their people and East Germany what it is possible to say to their government. Both positions must be acceptable for both sides. But if we had enough vodka we could refine these positions, and the main principle was that we organize these regions, you had to solve each European region of IGY. And the same also in America for the North American Region, you had also Asia regions, regional conferences. We had also a regional secretary from our country. Professor Boulanger. He was leader of this region. He was regional secretary I appointed from the AGI, from the main committee of IGY. They appointed this regional. This regional secretary was very obliged to bring all the countries which were included in this region into IGY. For example, we had the same procedure with Mongolia. We had difficulties. They have very poor network and so on. But we could —
Morozovskia:They could reach agreement and no longer —
Powsner:They built some new stations and so on in Mongolia.
Levin:With the help of Russia or by themselves?
Powsner:No, with the help of our country. But in general they had to make something. The same with Germany. The German democratic republic was very active member or participant of the IGY. Very good.
Morozovskia:And federal.
Powsner:Federal yes, but it was another region. And this regional secretary state discussed this problem also about the participation of those countries, of East Germany and West Germany. But it was a problem decided on the vodka level. Yes?
Levin:How come this did not work with Red China?
Powsner:This principle of that hearing, of the free hearing for the participants of IGY, wasnt a bad rule in the Chinas, because Taiwan did both. China and Taiwan said that [???] in this country is China. Yes? It was hesitation that each was so.
Levin:And they could not work together? Like Germany.
Powsner:They could not. Because the people from the Far Eastern, they consumed very few vodka. For them it was this way not possible. But in general there was the influence of the political people more than here. From this point of view we were both interested in the technical and scientific point of view to participate in the Germanys. But there in China, the big China, the False Republic of China, requested from the central organization of our IGY that it must be brought to refusal, that Taiwan refused this participation. But it was impossible. If you invite everybody to take part in these observations and general scientific works, and somebody said also, I want to be there, and you kind of bring him to refusal, you kind of ask him to refuse.
Levin:Why was Taiwan interested in IGY do you think? They didnt have the scientists that large China had.
Powsner:Yes of course, but in general no. They have also yes. Now they have many good scientists.
Levin:But back then?
Powsner:Then? Then also. Taiwan. I saw a little island, but in general it was not so little because very many people were in immigration from the big China. They wanted to work and have more freedom and so on — The reason why Taiwan was also interested. But if youll speak about this problem, for us, for all the participants of IGY, it was the central organizations, it was very important optimal geographic distribution of operation. And unfortunately Taiwan was not very interesting from this point of view. But we could have said to them, yes, You are not interested. We could have said this. How about we work together? They could not work. I know that Prof. Pushkov was the Deputy Chairman of our national committee on IGY. He wrote private letters to China's participants, and Chinas participants, they participated on the regional conferences. And he has spoken with them and wrote them letters about his problems. That maybe they will build one Chinese national committee. Well, Taiwan went onto continental China. Thats was Pushkovs suggestions.
Levin:Did he write to the government of these countries or to the scientists?
Powsner:Scientists, all the scientists of the lab.
Levin:Pushkov, was he a professor of?
Powsner:Professor Pushkov was Director of the Institute of Geomitism [switch tape] very clever person and self-made man. He was very sincere. He wrote to them these letters. The hesitation in big China was so that if they become this letters from Pushkov, they brought them to the government or to the party, yes? And then they make of our governmental or level, the Chinese government wrote to our government that this Pushkov tries to convince the Chinese scientist for forbidden actions. He has not very great, but he had some difficulties here.
Levin:Here with the Russian government? What happened to him?
Powsner:Yes, Pushkov. Nothing happened, but he was reprimanded.
Levin:Did you hear as well about the problems between Argentina and Chile and England and Antarctica? They were each claiming territory that the other said was theirs.
Powsner:Yes because Argentina declared Antaxis [?] as a part of his country. Now [???] Russia, we have this arctic sector yes? We declared this, but its not interesting for me. Maybe it is interesting for the shelf and so on research, exploration, and the scientists explorations but from this point, from political point. Not only in England. It was not — another conflict between England and Argentina. Antaxis was a conflict in July 55. It was at a Antaxis conference in Paris. And they used a geographical map. Well, this Argentinas limits [???] was not given, was not marked. Argentina was very angry at Beloussov, the first deputy of the chairman of our committee, Professor Beloussov. He suggested that his map will be not an official map. Only geography based. And they could — I know only this.
Levin:So only a physical map of the region rather than political boundaries?
Powsner:Yes, but it was a physical map. But Argentina made this [???] on the physical maps. Not good maps in general. I saw this map after maybe — these scientists didnt understand the dangers of this problem. They lost two days for this argument. And only if they fix it in the protocol this problem will be nothing published, and also the IGY that nothing could [???] nothing. As for [???] two days [???], this conference was maybe only seven days. And two lost.
Levin:What about Sputnik? Where were you when it went up? Were you in Moscow when Sputnik was launched?
Powsner:Moscow. I was in Moscow. I was responsible for all these letters for the answering of the many letters, which we got here. Maybe we answered only half of them.
Levin:About how many did you get?
Levin:Thousands. From all over the world.
Powsner:Thousands. This was different. It was sort of our delegation was to the same time for October of 57 in Russia in Washington. It was a working group for satellites and rockets.
Levin:How appropriate.
Powsner:Yes. And nobody knew that Sputnik will be launched at this time. And our chief of the delegation, Professor Blagonzaivov, was our much known specialist for the rocket artillery and so on. He did know it. And the American scientists came to him, this working group, and What just happened? I didnt know it. It was very top secret in our country. The date. Because they are afraid that maybe we are not launch or something will happen bad. It was very bad for the science because if you know before you can prepare your network. Yes but with delay we have organized — not only we. I mean the IGY people and American, all the companies. We helped organize this quite new network, mainly in astrological observatories, but also in other places. Observation of this Sputnik, yes? Of the orbit. So we had, it seems to me, 40 stations of that kind.
Levin:Were you involved in some of the difficulties of the laws that had to be created to deal with these new satellites because now you have something that was passing over another nations territory? It was over-flying it.
Powsner:Yes, yes. It is a very good question. I visited our foreign ministry about it because they called me and asked me. I was deputy secretary of our committee at that time. After this, in the end of this period there were scientific secretaries. But they called me and say, Somebody wants to launch satellite, and what do you think? Whether the status of the non-governmental organization of IGY is enough that we get not some troubles and maybe they will shoot and solve somebody?
Levin:We will shoot at it?
Powsner:Whats the problem? Whether I was maybe was [???] to repeat it. Whether its this status of non-governmental organization like Saghee [?], like IGY participants is enough that everybody will agree the satellites will fly about the territory of this country because it is confidence of the government if you fly through. If you want to fly through the territory with aircraft, with airplane, so you must ask this country because they have some services who [???]. In this case I have been, not because I — because at that time I am a specialist for the law. I understand something not only in geophysics. The geophysics of that time, I understand quite little. And then I saw that maybe they will inform UNO (United Nations Organization) to this organization will the problem of IGY, will descend the problem IGY and not only satellites, also balloons, and so on but organization where UNO, said — it was also everything in the five seven. They answered us from the stuff, which is good, but all this can be done for the scientific purposes. But you must tell about precisely of the period of the beginning of this flight. But our country didnt do it. But everybody was so happy that they have these instruments for the science and so on that nobody noted this fault. But with balloons we had difficulties. For example, the balloons for the cosmic rays measurements for the upper atmosphere measurements of different for the geomagnetic service also. It was very interesting for the Dopson measurements in the ozone. And so on. We have these balloons and these balloons came to some countries and this direction was strange. But if we, or somebody who launches balloons, informed this country that this is IGY, this was okay. IGY was very popular.
Levin:About seismology, I hear that in the Far East — we just came from an interview, and they were developing new methods of using seismic instruments to tell about Earthquakes and also large explosions. Was there talk at this time about using the seismic instruments to record atomic explosions?
Powsner:No, no, it was not connected at that time. In any case, no. In general to seismology. Seismology is an additional discipline. In the previous plane of IGY you had no seismology and no [???]. Because this is solid Earth. IGY had a main purpose to study interaction of different Earth hills and processes in different areas and different — From this point of view it was the suggestion of our committee and Beloussov that seismology must be for the future compartment because this connections also now is very doubtful between the seismology and for example atmosphere of solar activity and so on. But for the future epics, if you compare IGY with the future maybe you can note something, observe some interesting facts about this relationship. And from this point of view its not political. Its just not.
Levin:Was there any problems with classification of data? For instance, when Russia was working in her territory or say the U.S. in theirs with sensitive areas and political national security, was there any trouble trying to get people to publish their data?
Powsner:No. We had some difficulties using graded [?] data for two reasons. Now for military reasons mainly. More importantly it was connected with oil and other things, yes and with commercial secrets. From this point of view, for example, America had no secrets of [???] and we had secrets in our country, but in many [???]. And then — but in general this is all interesting. For example, before the IGY appeared all the data, which was connected for example with upper atmosphere was a secret in our country but especially for IGY. We were fighting for this with corresponding institutions.
Levin:With scientists in other —
Powsner:Yeah, yeah. They could prove that it was necessary for the science. And in general we had no difficulties. Only — or not. Ill say nuclear radiation maybe we had difficulties because nuclear radiation from there comes the danger of nuclear radiation if you have an atomic bomb, for example, in our country. Fortunately we had also at that time our surface, explosions of the Earths surface. And then came other [???] in the eastern direction. And Japanese were not very happy with this situation. And our people we had during one assembly of IGY in 58 in July. We had an assembly here in the university. Suddenly the Japanese said in some report, in some paper that the main influence is from the Russian for the Japanese from the Russian explosions. Not from the American who make this. And it was a very good scandal, and our people wanted some. But it is so. The measurements belong to the Japanese only. Chinese didn't participate in IGY if also they would not help the Japanese to that time. It was too little realm [?] of observations. It was a position.
Levin:It was the position of Russia?
Powsner:Not only Russia. Russia — also many people understand this. But in general Im sure that Japanese could not speak wrong, lie. They wouldnt have. Because you can compare these other measurements to the time they are published. But it was published and so — Not precisely. Americans had these explosions, higher explosions, and 400 kilometers.
Levin:In the atmosphere.
Powsner:The atmosphere. Dr. Trotskiya elaborated a method of fixation of the precise time of this. And after this it was one of the reasons why this high atmospheric nuclear explosion was forbidden. Today, in the morning I have spoken only German.
Levin:Interesting. So did Soviets send a delegation for the committee of nuclear radiation, or did they just decline?
Powsner:No, no. Decline. This working group had no representative from our country. But this was wrong. The people in this Ministry for the Nuclear obtained permissions. They said they had very influence. Academy could not do with them what they say, No, Im not interested to publish at the time of our explosions.
Levin:Was it also part of that committee throughout the world, except Russia, to look at the level of radiation that people throughout the world were being exposed to? Was it part of the work of the Committee of Nuclear Radiation to determine how much the people throughout the world were being exposed to?
Alexi:This is another topic. This is not the IGY. This is the Magatan.
Powsner:This is quite another thing. Its not connected. But it was organized later than the IGY. It may be also as a result of IGY as a result of this activity in the working group nuclear radiation. But it has come out after some years.
Levin:Another problem I thought might have come up from receiving this data all around the world, what happened if a country sent in data that seemed suspicious? Did you ever get data from say the Third World, Latin American or Africa, that didnt seem correct?
Powsner:So that time we have got from this data — you know you have the system of both centers yes? The American and USSR. Also we had a system of the specialized centers. It was for disciplines. Just a, b, and c. And all these centers got this data also from the countries of the Third World. But what was very important, to me was a very important note, that on the beginning of the IGY the most of the stations in Africa, for example, or in South America, belonged to the big countries from the first world, yes? Because just in fact. This process that after the IGY we had difficulty with. But in general in the first world we had very few stations. Also organized by station, which were organized from England to Germany and so on. Americans mainly. But after if they become independent they have lost the station. They have no money, no interest, only for VELA project after IGY. VELA was a project as it was a seismological project of America for the observation of the nuclear explosions and developed the automatic stations. But it was late. In general we had pretty limited number of stations with these countries. But they worked good.
Levin:They worked well. Did Russia send advisors to these countries or equipment to them? To Africa or to Latin America?
Powsner:Yes, yes.
Levin:They did?
Levin:You said that after independence the Third World countries lost interest in the centers and then of course the people from outside cannot enter those countries easily. That was mostly Africa. What about Latin America? They had scientists there then who were working.
Powsner:In Africa it may be more precisely. They had not lost interest. I said only after IGY the situation changed because the states of Africa became independent. And new independent countries, states had no wish or money to support these observations. But in South America you have enough of IGY. It is written there. I am sure that you can find something. I know this very good representative, for example, in my memory felt — that for example a lot of the geometric measurements were done during this time during IGY. Its not immediately connected with the IGY program, but interesting it was progressing in South America and radiation stations. It is radiation stations that geomagnetic gradiations [?]. It is not so geomagnetic observatories they have all three continents to measure and so on, but it is only radiation, yes? Its a simple device and they have a lot of this simple device, and from this point of view it is really important because it is equator and south of the equator.
Powsner:And the Western Hemisphere. It was interesting. And then they have very good observations in Buenos Aires and Rio de Janeiro and nearby from this. Its just also not here. Its more about Soviet. Maybe I can find something for you now. Maybe during IGY, four or five meridians, international meridians of the stations, which could go through this meridian. They sent the data that they have some measurements and special problems. And these countries are recommended, these countries which have territorials in these meridians to build these new stations or have some new measurements in this line like this meridian from pole to pole.
Levin:Why is that one particular meridian?
Powsner:Its interesting because you see here the residual effect from the geophysical events. Perhaps some differences between equators for example, of a pole. You can see this process better if you have this meridian. You have concentrated measurements of observations along this meridian.
Morozovskia:I think its to see better the effect of not only the meridian, the effect of latitude.
Powsner:Latitude effects.
Morozovskia:You see the latitude, high latitude on the same meridian. High latitude — now how is the turbulence here? At the same moment how is the turbulence in the equator? And on other latitudes on this meridian.
Powsner:America has so meridian. In USA where the observation — where the networks have good geographic distribution it was not so important. But in this country of South America and Central America it was important to build new observation. The main observation was built, was organized, with help from American institutes and the universities and from this point of view. But it was [???].
Levin:They remained at the disposal of these countries?
Levin:Was Russia concerned about that? Did they want to somehow send their own equipment so that perhaps they would have some influence in that region as well?
Powsner:No because it was against the spirit of the IGY.
Levin:And yet?
Powsner:Disorganized. If you can help it. We helped [???] to Vietnam. We organized a station in Vietnam. In Mongolia I said about it. Then we helped organize some expeditions in Africa. Metallurgic [?] expedition later, and also to this time. And so on. We have other trouble.
Morozovskia:The stations were organized and the equipment was carried to the station, and then when —
Powsner:Beliroski [?] is a political compliment in IGY. Must be very, very careful. Because the basis of this problem of the enterprise of IGY, the base was the spirit of the help. With the result that we get the worldwide data. If somebody can help to liquidate and some raccoon[?!] in network. The problem in IGY, they use this [???] . This is good. Nobody is angry or not happy that America helps the south — the nature [???] of it. America was also as regional secretary as leader of the region was responsible for this.
Morozovskia:And then still it was for the progress of science.
Levin:But did you realize that afterwards these people that had been helped would naturally have this reaction? This sort of relationship thing continuing with those that had helped them?
Powsner:Yes, but not absolutely. For example, in Vietnam the beginning of War it was impossible to have this station. This station was very good in nearby from equator, which was very, very important. Then we have a station a geomagnetic station, in North Vietnam and Poland also. In this case not. I cannot say that in any case it was this relationship where continue. Its just different.
Levin:How did the Latin Americans feel about being asked to take these particular measurements? Did they say, Well, this isnt practical for us? We want to do something else. We want to do our own program.
Morozovskia:You see, a program was worked out on which almost all countries, participants agreed if you can do these measurements then you do it; if you dont then you dont. But then you dont get the data to see whether you really need the station or not. In such a thing as network stations for every country it is vitally important to have as many connections with other countries and other stations as you can.
Powsner:In geophysics there is a problem in general. Measurements and science. Each scientist who works in the observatory, he must have some data, he must measure immediately. And to the same time hes interested to participate on the large science. To write some reports, to make data processing and analysis and so on. In general you have also [???] to country. Also in Russia, also in America. Its very difficult to divide. This is how the people make measurements and they are the people who make proceeding analysis. Everybody wont have the clean work without some expeditions. Its hard to measure something. From this point of view this is a general problem of the science of the Earth, yes? Because only some is particular in some specific fields of the science you can observe this division of two categories of the specialists. For people who measure and people who make up only. Plus theres combination of both.
Morozovskia:And still of course there are scientists who can generalize, make conclusions, and give photograph. And there are people who would probably wish to do that but cant. And sometimes of course this problem arises because the people at stations, of course they think we have obtained all this data and we must give it out, we must give it away. But they dont have just as scientists in his study — he cant be everywhere. So he must collect. The same scientists at the station, he must give.
Powsner:Also the country. May I continue this idea? Also the country. You could divide, for example, in your case, South America, or Africa. Somebody in this country can say, I dont want measure of interest of the uncle [?]. I would like to have [???] also. And in IGY we had some mechanism to combine these wishes, but not in any country. In the poor country where you have only one station, for example, you cannot find the people of both categories, yes? Well based on the commercial basis, now you can have some people observers liaison [?], likely we say. This is observers, not just as technical people. But during the IGY it was necessary. It was not some automatics, like now automatic stations and computers and digitized [???] and so on. That was important that somebody who measures in the station must have some knowledge about what he measures, about the results. Because you can, for example, in methology, you can make quite standard operations. It is enough for methological point. For meteorological observatory it is not enough because the people must see whether it's [asks for word in Russian].
Morozovskia:Its [???] rich, or something really worthy of processing and putting into study.
Powsner:Whether its a sense or not, these measurements. After this you have right [?]. Many stations in South America, they stopped measurements in these little countries. Piragua, Peru.
Levin:How was it treated with the organization of the leadership of the IGY? Was there a problem trying to decide how many delegates from Russia would be in the leadership (I know you had Beloussov) and how many were from the West? Or was it just not important where they were coming from?
Powsner:No, it was so. They had some organization. It was a council of the countries. Each country was represented with one person. This council. So about 60 persons were represented in this council. And then it was a working organ, a working body. It was an international — it was a committee for IGY. It consists of the representative of the unions. Not from country. Three from IGG, one from ERC, just regular. From geographical union and so on because geographic union was represented for the [???] measurements mainly and were very important in creation of National Geological because its in the corner of the climate change. This problem also not through county, but in this system as a consult the [???] was clear. Theres only one per country. Here was disproportional. It was clear because the unions could not eliminate only one of the two or three persons from different country and could not coordinate discrimination between these countries that was good geographic distribution. It must be personal. But for this they have also working groups. The main organizations in the framework of the structure of IUGG. Working groups also each discipline. And there was organized the best specialists of the world. And here the chairman wanted to have now maybe everybody. Not only the best, but also the representative from the weak start-up regions. Maybe not from each country. Not from South America, only one. But it could be enough. Then there began to work this mechanism of regions. For example, in the group for metrology you could have only one from each region. And if they need information for the planning, for the coordinating of problems, of the national problems, the main task of the working groups was coordinating of the national problems. And if he needs somebody, this regional secretary, he can get from his countries. Which in many cases it was not necessary to have all people represented. They are represented in one person at this council advisor council, excuse me. The people had to [???] country as each representative of the country had veto. If for example, somebody tells we dont want — if some country refuses the participation of some observation, its fair. But if they are against, for example, some new direction of measurements and so on, if somebodys against, then in this case they will not accept and include in the problem of this discipline.
Morozovskia:[Asks question in Russian]
Powsner:Nuclear radiation, [???].
Levin:So it was not included?
Powsner:It was included in spite of all this.
Morozovskia:Against. Because obligation [?] was against it.
Levin:To travel to countries — oh, I was going to ask you about the leadership. Did you know or did you meet with Sidney Chapman or Nicholai and some of the top level, the president of the IGY and his secretary Herbay and Nicholai, Chapman?
Powsner:Nicholai, Herbay, Chapman. We knew of the people personally very good, very well.
Levin:For traveling to conferences, was it difficult to attain visas? Who helped to attain your visas to leave Russia?
Powsner:To Russia? For visiting Russia?
Levin:For you to leave Russia.
Powsner:To other countries. No, no. It was other limits. Money.
Levin:When the Soviets, Russians traveled abroad — when they left the country to go to these conferences, did they have people that they brought with them? Not just say Lilia, one translator, but were there also KGB agents that went with them?
Powsner:It was another area. In our committee, we have suggested the persons who must go because it was not so like in normal congresses. It was representative of our National Geophysical Committee. We must have an opinion, whether this person or another. It depended from his contribution in our national program. And then we give this list of the persons to the Academy of Science. And your question about [???]. Surely they have some. But immediately we were not connected with this stage. Maybe it was some persona non grata who didn't get or it was shorted the list because Academy has lost so much money — Just different. But this stage it belongs not to our competence.
Morozovskia:Yes, the main thing was to make a list of the delegation and then hand it over for an officer of the Academy. And then they look it through and then they — well, the committee gave a list.
Powsner:The Academy gives of stuff. Responsible for the trips. All these functions. Also visa and so on and maybe [???] also. They must have the scientists lists. But they make it. If it gets some wrong we have very good fighters, like Beloussov or other people. Pushkov. They went to Academy and make a scandal if somebody was stopped.
Morozovskia:To the president from the academy.
Kardebeof(?) from Academy or from somebody else. If necessary they make a scandal. In general, I must say that this is another principle. This working group and these assemblies consist of the representative of the district in some countries in general. Its not so like I was after this committee, scientific secretary of Geophysical Committee. Now I am a scientist here because I'm too old. My position was here. Im in the underlines, Im underSession I | Session II


text:
I'm making a settings screen at the moment that will have a radiobutton group which will determine what controls are displayed. The different settings are contained within a UserControl.
I am dynamically creating this UserControl like so:
panel = new btSettings();
panel.Location = new Point(15, 49);
Just wondering how I can access the fields within this control and design time when the object will only be created during run time?


text:
Registration takes less than 1 minute.
Members of the Transpacific Stabilization Agreement are recommending two $600 general rate increases and a $400 peak season surcharge.
Jacksonville, Fla.-based Caribbean Shipping Services operates primarily in the Puerto Rico market, specializing in refrigerated freight forwarding.
Ports plan to submit the agreement to the Federal Maritime Commission in June.
The first of seven groups will meet early next month to discuss issues surrounding the upcoming peak season.
Profits at the logistics and trade compliance software provider grew faster than revenues thanks to the company's focus on building its Global Logistics Network.
Transportation analyst's Shippers Conditions Index for March declined steeply from February, with further drops expected through the remainder of 2015 due to the impact of regulations on trucking capacity.