text: > View Product Details Please select the size of the product. Please enter valid quantity. Cynthia Steffe light cream silk crepe 'Loretta' ruffle blouse overview details Retail: $195.00 Reduced: $39.97 $39.97 color : We're sorry. This style is currently unavailable. Light Cream Modern luxury at its finest, blouses from Cynthia Steffe are just the thing to add a sophisticated touch to your wardrobe. Color: Light Cream Lightweight silk crepe Notched v-neck with tiered ruffle trim; extends down placket Button front closure Sleeveless Hi-low hem Contemporary fit 100% Silk; Dry Clean; Imported; style#319711601


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1797 $1 9x7 Stars, Large Letters XF45 PCGS. B-1, BB-73, R.3....
2013 January 9-14 US Coin FUN Signature Auction - Orlando #1181
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1797 B-1, BB-73 Dollar, XF451797 $1 9x7 Stars, Large Letters XF45 PCGS. B-1, BB-73, R.3. Die State I. This example of the 1797 9x7 Stars obverse, Large Letters reverse dollar is from our August 2000 Signature Sale, where it was cataloged as, "Dappled tan iridescence overlays the otherwise silver-gray surfaces of this originally preserved example. Lightly abraded, yet sharply defined and problem-free for the grade." Areas of lighter gray toning can be seen on the highpoints and traces of luster are seen around the devices.
9x7 Stars, Large Letters
9x7 Stars, Large Letters
Ex: Philadelphia Signature (Heritage, 8/2000), lot 6141, where it realized $5,060.(Registry values: N2998) (NGC ID# 24X4, PCGS# 6863)
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Special Correspondent
CHENNAI: Ford India has launched a freshened Endeavour in a bid to add excitement to its premium SUV (sports utility vehicle) line-up.
The freshened Ford Endeavour has plush leather seats and door trims that enhance the luxury of the interiors. To heighten the `in - vehicle' entertainment, a high-end Kenwood iPod compatible MP3 player has been introduced as standard package.
In a release, Arvind Mathew, President and Managing Director, said, "the Ford Endeavour symbolises status and achievement. A market leader in the SUV segment, the freshened Endeavour with its commanding road presence and luxurious interiors is a serious alternative for customers considering purchase of a high-end car." Orders could now be booked for the freshened Endeavour across dealerships in India.
The Endeavour, however, continued to be priced at Rs. 13.85 lakh (ex-showroom Delhi) for the 4X2 variant and Rs. 14.75 lakh (ex-showroom Delhi) for the 4X4 variant, the release added.


text:
Mumbai's chances of having a local train with automatic sliding doors, to prevent commuters falling off overcrowded compartments, may take two years to build as the railway bureaucracy debates three design options.
The railway board had given the Integral Coach Factory (ICF) in Chennai three options for the automatic sliding door train project.
The first option is to have automatic sliding doors but without vestibules or air-conditioning (AC). The ICF estimates it would cost Rs39 crore, which is Rs5 crore more than the Rs34 crore spent on building the Bombardier rake. It would take about 18 months to build, if the permissions come in the next few weeks, sources said.
The second option is to have automatic sliding doors and vestibules but no air-conditioning and this would cost Rs41 crore. This would take about 22 months to build. Also, due to the separate passenger categories, like first class, ladies and handicap, the maximum number of vestibules would be six.
The third option is to build a train with automatic doors that will have vestibules as well as air-conditioning. The sources said this is estimated to cost Rs43 crore and would take more than 24 months to build.
But the officials have criticized the first option as being primitive and they are certain that this would be rejected outright by Mumbaikars.
"A train with doors shut but no AC will see a reduction in the air flow in the compartment by 50 per cent. That will be a nightmare in Mumbai's suburban crush situation," an official said.
There is a cost difference of just Rs2 crore between the second and third options, officials said. "Isn't it best that the Mumbaikar gets the third option if the cost difference is just Rs 2 crore," a senior official said.
This debate over the three options will likely delay the project considerably, the officials agreed, prolonging the risk travellers suffer. Every year, about 700 people die after falling from overcrowded trains in Mumbai.
The three options
The first option is that the train with doors will neither have vestibules nor air-conditioning. It would cost Rs39 crore and take about 18 months to build.
The second option is to have vestibules, but no air-conditioning. It would cost Rs41 crore and take about 22 months to build.
The third, is to have vestibules as well as air-conditioning and this would cost an estimated Rs43 crore. It could take more than 24 months to build.


text:
CLINTON, Miss. — Survivors of the April 23-24 Mississippi tornadoes and severe storms have three weeks remaining to register for state and federal assistance, disaster recovery officials said today.
June 28 is the final day to apply. People in eight disaster-affected counties can register by calling 800-621-FEMA (3362) or TTY 800-462-7585 for the speech and hearing impaired. Phone lines are open daily from 7 a.m. to 10 p.m. CDT, and help is available in all languages.
Online registrations can be submitted on www.disasterassistance.gov.
The designated counties are Attala, Choctaw, Holmes, Monroe, Oktibbeha, Union, Warren and Yazoo. About 1,700 people have already applied for assistance in those counties, and more than $3.5 million in federal aid has been made available to families, individuals and businesses.
Tornado and storm survivors eligible for FEMA grants may get help for uninsured or underinsured home repairs, temporary housing, personal property and other serious disaster-related needs.
June 28 also is the last day to apply for low-interest loans from the U.S. Small Business Administration. Homeowners may seek SBA disaster loans for losses not covered by insurance. Loans may be for up to $200,000 to replace or repair a primary residence, and up to $40,000 to replace damaged personal property.
To obtain SBA loan information and applications, homeowners, renters, businesses and private nonprofit organizations in the designated Mississippi counties should call the SBA Customer Service Center at 800-659-2955 or TTY 800-877-8339 for the hearing and speech impaired. The lines are staffed Monday through Friday from 7 a.m. to 5 p.m. CDT and Saturday from 8 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. CDT.
People can also send e-mail to email@example.com or visit the SBA's website site at www.sba.gov/services/disasterassistance. In addition, survivors may go to SBA's secure website at http://disasterloan.sba.gov/ela/ to apply for disaster loans.
For more information, contact the State Emergency Joint Information Center at 866-920-MEMA (6362), or visit us online at www.msema.org. You can also follow us on Twitter and Facebook using the keyword MSEMA.
FEMA's mission is to support our citizens and first responders to ensure that as a nation we work together to build, sustain, and improve our capability to prepare for, protect against, respond to, recover from, and mitigate all hazards.
Disaster recovery assistance is available without regard to race, color, religion, nationality, sex, age, disability, English proficiency or economic status. If you or someone you know has been discriminated against, call FEMA toll-free at 800-621-FEMA (3362). For TTY call 800-462-7585.
FEMA's temporary housing assistance and grants for public transportation expenses, medical and dental expenses, and funeral and burial expenses do not require individuals to apply for an SBA loan. However, applicants who receive SBA loan applications must submit them to SBA loan officers to be eligible for assistance that covers personal property, vehicle repair or replacement, and moving and storage expenses.


text:
Lately I have been having problems with the Church Website in the following areas
1. The lds.org site now often comes up in Spanish. I have repeatedly changed it to English Interestingly, when I click on "Idiomas' and select North America the only choices I have are Canadá-English or México-Español. Just wondering what ever happened to United State-English
2. If I don't log-in the meeting house locator works although I don't see members. If I log-in the mapping application generates an error Error Page Exception-SRVE0260E The server cannot use the error page specified for your application to handle the Original Exception printed below. This is followed by many lines of detail about the error.
I'm a new bishop and I'm trying to get our membership records straightened out so I'm very interested in the member mapping application so I can locate and visit folks. A day or so ago when it seemed to be working, I determined a number of families for whom we have records actually live in another wards area. I'm wondering how accurate the ward boundary information is. Is there any way to get the text description of our ward boundaries?
I could not locate a problem reporting link on the web site and apologize for using this roundabout method to inquiring about my issues. I did try to use the comment form found on several sub-pages but when I submitted the form I received a 502 Proxy Error - The proxy server received an invalid response from an upstream server. The proxy server could not handle the request POST /tools/feedback. Reason: Error reading from remote server.
The above issues seem to be consistent whether I use Internet Explorer, Google Chrome (my preference), Firefox or Opera. Cache has been cleared without any change in the problems.
Bishop Edward J Gowen, Jr.


text:
Page 1
1. Ecoimmunological theory predicts a link between life-history and immune-defence strategies
such that fast-livingorganismsshouldrely more onconstitutiveinnatedefences compared toslow-
living organisms. An untested assumption of this hypothesis is that the variation in immune
defence associatedwithvariationinlifehistoryhasageneticbasis.
2. Replicate populations of two life-history ecotypes of the garter snake Thamnophis elegans
provide anidealsysteminwhichto testthis assumption. Free-rangingsnakesofthefast-livingeco-
type, which residein lakeshore habitats, showhigher levelsof three measures of constitutive innate
this pattern is consistent with the ecoimmunological pace-of-life hypothesis, environmental differ-
ences between the lakeshore and meadow habitats could also explain the observed differences in
3. We performed a common-environment experiment to distinguish between these alternatives.
Snakes born and raised in common-environment conditions reflected the immune phenotype of
their native habitats when sampled at 4 months of age (i.e. fast-living lakeshore snakes showed
ingmeadowsnakes),butnolongershoweddifferenceswhen19 monthsold.
4. This suggests that the differences in innate immunity observed between the two ecotypes have
an important – and likely age-specific – environmental influence, with these immune components
showing developmental plasticity. A genetic effect in early life may also be present, but further
researchisneededtoconfirmthis possibilityandthereforeprovideamore definitive test oftheeco-
immunologicalpace-of-lifehypothesisinthis system.
Key-words: common-garden,ecoimmunology,immunocompetence,life history,plasticity
A central goal of ecological immunology is to understand
why animals show such broad variation in immune function,
both within and among species. A major theoretical explana-
tion for this variation has been that immune defence is costly
and therefore trade-offs against other resource-demanding
activities such as growth and reproduction (Sheldon &
Verhulst 1996; Norris & Evans 2000). Given such trade-offs,
ecoimmunological theory has proposed that investment in
immune defence should vary with life-history strategy
(Sheldon & Verhulst 1996; Norris & Evans 2000; Zuk &
Stoehr 2002), with different components of the immune sys-
tem emphasized in animals with disparate strategies (Klasing
&Leshchinsky1999;Lee2006;Martin,Weil&Nelson 2006).
In particular, fast-living organisms – characterized by rapid
growth and development, early maturation and short life
span – are predicted to rely more on constitutive innate
immune components, given that these defences tend to be
cheaper, faster to develop and act more rapidly and generally
against pathogens relative to induced acquired defences. On
growth and development, late maturation and longer life
span – should rely more on induced acquired immune com-
ponents, which are more expensive and slower to develop,
but are more effective against repeated infections, increasing
the probability of survival to recurrent reproductive events
†All authors have contributed equally to the research presented in
Page 2
during a long life. To date, support for this hypothesis – in
the few studies that have been explicitly designed to test
it – has been mixed, and further studies are clearly needed to
An important assumption of the ecoimmunological pace-
of-life hypothesis is that the variation in immune defence
associated with variation in life-history strategy has a
genetic basis and has therefore evolved either through
direct selection or indirectly through a correlated response
to the evolution of life-history traits. To the best of our
knowledge, this assumption has not been tested in wild
animal populations. Studies in laboratory or domesticated
animals clearly show the importance of both genetic and
environmental influences on immune defences (Warner,
Meeker & Rothschild 1987; Klasing 1998). Definite demon-
stration of a genetic basis for differences in immune
function documented in the wild has been rare, however,
because of the difficulty of disentangling additive genetic
from early common-environment components of pheno-
typic variance (e.g. maternal effects) in field experiments
(Pitala et al. 2007; Kruuk & Hadfield 2007). In addition,
exposure to naturally fluctuating – and many times unpre-
dictable – levels of food, harsh weather, parasites, preda-
tors, injury and other environmental factors typical of wild
populations can further complicate the detection of addi-
tive genetic variation in immunity in the wild. Nevertheless,
this demonstration is critical for determining whether
immune defence strategies have co-evolved with life-history
strategies as proposed by ecoimmunological theory. Fur-
thermore, testing for the causes of variation in immune
function – genetic, nongenetic maternal effects, and⁄or phe-
notypic plasticity – stands to add considerably to our
general understanding of the ecology and evolution of such
complex defence mechanisms as those that compose the
immune system.
We recently showed that free-living individuals of two eco-
types of the western terrestrial garter snake (Thamnophis ele-
gans) with divergent life-history strategies show the predicted
variation in constitutive innate immune defences (Sparkman
& Palacios 2009), with fast-living lakeshore (L-fast) snakes
ated lysis activity and bactericidal competence than slow-liv-
ing meadow (M-slow) snakes (Table 1). Although this
pattern is consistent with a link between life-history strategy
and immune defence, alternative explanations are possible.
In particular, snakes of the two ecotypes inhabit areas with
considerable differences in two environmental factorsknown
to influence immune function: temperature and food avail-
ability, with warm temperature enhancing, and food scarcity
decreasing immune function (e.g. Cooper, Klempau & Za-
pata 1985; Chandra & Chandra 1986). L-fast snakes living
on the shores of Eagle Lake in Lassen County, California,
experience higher daily temperatures and food availability
than M-slow snakes that inhabit mountain meadows at
higher elevations around the lake (Table 1), which could
potentially explain their higher levels of immune defence. In
addition, although little is known at present about the diver-
sity and abundance of parasites the two ecotypes are exposed
to (Sparkman & Palacios 2009), difference in parasite infec-
tions between lakeshore and meadow habitats could also
constitute a proximate cause of variation in immune defence
parameters between the ecotypes. At the same time, signifi-
cant genetic divergence has been documented between the
two ecotypes in such traits as growth rate (Bronikowski
2000) and colour pattern (Manier, Seyler & Arnold 2007),
suggesting the intriguing possibility that genetic divergence
also underlies the expression of immune function in this
iment to answer the question of whether the observed differ-
ences in immune defence between the two garter snake
the two ecotypes – or plastic responses to environmental dif-
ferences between the two habitats. We raised neonates in
identical nutritional, temperature, photoperiodic and hygie-
nic conditions in the laboratory and assessed the same three
aspects of immune function we measured in our field study:
natural antibodies, complement-mediatedlysis and bacterici-
dal competence of plasma. We predicted that if the observed
differences in immune function are fixed, the two ecotypes
should reflect the immunephenotypeof their respective habi-
tat even when raised in common environmental conditions.
If instead differences are mainly plastic, the two ecotypes
should show similar immune phenotypes in the common
Table 1. Lifehistory,immunologicalandhabitatdifferencesbetween
fast-living lakeshore (L-fast) and slow-living meadow (M-slow)
700 mm
450 mm
3 years
4 years
550 mm
400 mm
5–7 years
8 years
Rockylakeshore Grassymeadow
1555 m
1630–2055 m
aBronikowski&Arnold(1999),bSparkmanet al.(2007),cSparkman
432 M.G.Palacioset al.
Page 3
Replicate populations of the L-fast and M-slow garter snake
ecotypes can be found within several kilometres (5–20 km) of each
other in the surroundings of Eagle Lake, Lassen County, California.
These ecotypes have been the focus of study for more than 30 years
and differ markedly with respect to their life-history strategy
(Table 1) as well as a variety of physiological parameters (Bronikow-
ski 2008; Robert, Vleck & Bronikowski 2009; Sparkman, Vleck &
Bronikowski 2009; Robert & Bronikowski 2010). Earlier common-
environment studies with neonates have revealed both genetic and
plastic components to differences in growth rate between these eco-
types (Bronikowski 2000), and they also exhibit heritable differences
in coloration, scalation and vertebral number (Manier, Seyler &
replicate lakeshorepopulations inJuneandJuly2006 and broughtto
thelaboratorywherethey werehousedindividuallyin10-gallonglass
aquaria. Aquaria contained paper substrate, water dishes with hol-
low rims that conferred shelter and a thermal gradient that ranged
between 27 and 32 ?C at opposite ends. Gravid females were pro-
vided live goldfish twice a week and maintained on a 12:12 light-dark
cycle. Females gave birth between August and September. We sexed
(via hemipene eversion), weighed (g), measured [snout-to-vent length
(SVL) inmm]anduniquelymarked (initiallywithmarkers,laterwith
scale clips) all offspring and housed them individually in aquaria,
At 4 months of age, offspring were weighed, measured (SVL) and an
initial blood sample (c. 50 lL) was collected from the caudal vein
using heparin-rinsed syringes. A second blood sample (c. 100 lL)
and measurements were obtained when they were 19 months old.
Blood samples were centrifuged and plasma frozen at )20 ?C until
analysis. Available blood samples differed in number (and volume)
between the 4- and 19-month sampling times, with initial samples
being fewer in number (and of lower volume) than later samples
because of the smaller size of the snakes and the use of plasma for
ural antibodies and lysis at both 4 and 19 months, while bactericidal
We assessed the levels of natural antibodies and complement-medi-
ated lysis using a haemolysis-haemagglutation assay (Matson, Rick-
lefs & Klasing 2005) that we had previously adapted for use in garter
snakes (Sparkman & Palacios 2009). Serial two-fold dilutions of
10 lL of plasma were made with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) in
a 96-well plate. Each well then received 10 lL of a 1% sheep red
blood cell suspension. We incubated plates for 90 min at 28 ?C, the
preferred body temperature for T. elegans (Peterson, Gibson & Dor-
cas 1993)andthen scoredthem. Titres were estimatedas the negative
log2of the highest dilution factor of plasma that showed haemagglu-
tation⁄lysis. Half scores were given for titres that appeared interme-
diate. We ran all samples in duplicate with positive and negative
We assessed the bactericidal competence of plasma according to
the method byMatson, Tieleman& Klasing(2006), with a fewmodi-
fications for use in garter snakes (Sparkman & Palacios 2009).
A pellet of lyphophilized Escherichia coli (Cat# 0483E7; Microbiolo-
gicsInc.,St.Cloud,Minnesota,USA)wasreconstitutedusing40 mL
1· PBS. A portion of this was further diluted 1 : 64 with PBS to
produce a working solution containing roughly 150 colony-forming
bacteria per 10 lL. Plasma samples were diluted 1 : 10 with PBS.
Sample reactions were prepared by adding 10 lL bacterial working
solution to 100 lL of the diluted plasma samples. We incubated all
sample reactions for 20 min at 28 ?C to provide adequate time for
bacterial killing to occur. Two replicate controls were prepared by
adding 10 lL of the bacterial working solution to 100 lL PBS. We
subsequently plated all sample reactions and controls in duplicate
using50 lL aliquotson4%tryptic soy agar andincubatedovernight
at 37 ?C. The number of bacterial colonies on each plate was then
counted, andthepercentage ofcoloniesoneach plateper the average
numberof colonies in the controlplates was calculated. Thispercent-
age was subtracted from 100 to obtain the percentage of bacteria
We used mixed model analyses of variance (sas Proc MIXED; SAS
Institute, Cary, North Carolina, USA) to test for effects of ecotype,
population nested within ecotype, sex, body size (SVL) and body
condition on the different immune components. Ecotype is the fixed
effect of lakeshore vs. meadow habitat, andpopulation nested within
ecotype represents the effect of the six different lakeshore and mea-
dow populations. Body condition was calculated as the residuals of
the regression of the log of body weight on the log of SVL (Weather-
head& Brown1996).Litter withinecotypewas included asa random
effect inthecaseswheremultiple littermateswerepartofthe analysis.
Initial models included the following interaction terms: ecotype by
sex, ecotype by SVL, ecotype by body condition, sex by SVL and sex
by body condition. For each dependent variable (natural antibodies,
lysis, and bactericidal competence), ecotype was kept in the model
even if it was not significant. All other nonsignificant terms were
model, starting with the interactions. Significance was assessed with
an a-level of 0Æ05. All effects and interactions excluded from the final
model exceeded an a-level of 0Æ1. None of the three dependent vari-
ableswasnormally distributedandtransformationsfailedtonormal-
ize them. Residuals of the models were normally distributed in the
case of natural antibodies and lysis, but not for bactericidal compe-
tence. Nonparametric tests (Wilcoxon rank sum) gave the same
results as the parametric mixed models for all three variables. We
therefore present only the results using the parametric models for
ease of inclusion of covariates as fixed effects and litter as a random
We analysed the data for natural antibodies and lysis using a sepa-
rateanovamodelforeachtimeperiod(4vs.19 months)becauseofthe
different sample sizes available at the two time points, and the fact
that the 4-month sample included only one offspring per litter, while
the 19-month-old sample included several littermates, which cannot
be considered independent data points. A repeated measures anova
using only the subset of individuals for which both time samples
were available (and were not littermates) showed the same trends
as the separate anova models (see Results). Data for bactericidal
Page 4
competence were available only for the 19-month sample and were
The relationshipsamongdifferent immune measures were assessed
using simple correlations for individuals of the 19-month samples
that had all three measurements available. Differences in these corre-
ity test, i.e. a test for significant ecotype by immune parameter
interaction in an ancova. All analyses were conducted using sas 9.2
M-slow and L-fast snakes raised under identical conditions
differed significantly in the levels of natural antibodies and
complement-mediated lysis activity at 4 months of age, in a
manner thatreflectedtheirnative-habitat immunephenotype
(Table 2, Fig. 1). When snakes were 19 months old, how-
ever, the ecotype differences were no longer significant
(Table 2, Fig. 1). None of the remaining variables (i.e. popu-
lation nested within ecotype, sex, SVL and body condition)
explained additional variation in these immune defence indi-
ces. The repeated measures anova models using only the indi-
viduals for which both time samples were available (10
meadow and 13 lakeshore snakes) showed a significant effect
of time (NAbs: F1,21= 10Æ75, P = 0Æ004; Lysis: F1,21=
7Æ83,P = 0Æ01)andecotype(NAbs:F1,21= 8Æ26,P=0Æ009;
Lysis: F1,21= 8Æ98, P = 0Æ007), but the interaction term
between time and ecotype did not reach significance (NAbs:
F1,21= 2Æ80, P = 0Æ1; Lysis: F1,21= 2Æ87, P = 0Æ1), likely
due to the small size of this data subset. Because the levels of
natural antibodies and lysis are highly correlated, we also
analysed these variables jointly using a manova model for
each time period. These analyses also supported a significant
ecotype effect for both immune variables at 4 months (mano-
va: ecotype effect, Wilk's lambda = 0Æ57, F2,20= 7Æ44,
P = 0Æ004), but not at 19 months of age (manova: ecotype
effect,Wilk'slambda = 0Æ98,F2,71= 0Æ68,P=0Æ51).
M-slow and L-fast snakes raised under identical conditions
did not differ in the percent of bacteria killed by their plasma
at 19 months of age (Table 2, Fig. 2), mirroring the pattern
for natural antibodies and lysis at that time point. None of
the remaining variables (i.e. population nested within eco-
type, sex, SVL, and body condition) explained additional
variation in bactericidal competence. Unfortunately we
could not measure bactericidal competence at 4 months of
age (see Materials and methods). Plasma was available, how-
ever, for 16-month-old offspring from females brought into
the laboratory in 2007 (born and raised in same conditions as
the 2006 cohort, our main study group), and these also
showed no ecotype differences in bactericidal competence
(anova: ecotype effect, F1,93= 2Æ51, P = 0Æ12; SVL effect,
F1,93= 10Æ29, P = 0Æ002, Fig. 2), suggesting that this
We used a subset of 19-month-old snakes for which the three
immune variables was available (n = 11 M-slow, 37 L-fast)
toassesstherelationshipbetween thedifferentindicesofcon-
stitutive innate immunity. Natural antibodies and lysis titres
Table 2. anova models for immune defence variables at 4 and
19 months of age in garter snakes from the L-fast and M-slow
ecotypes raised under common-environment conditions. Non-
Dependentvariable 4 monthsold19 monthsold
EffectFd.f.PF d.f.P
4 months old19 months old
Snake age
Natural antibody titre
4 months old19 months old
Fast-living (lakeshore)
Slow-living (meadow)
Snake age
Lysis titre
Fig. 1. Comparison of natural antibody
levels (left) and complement-mediated lysis
(right) between two life-history ecotypes of
gartersnake born
common-environment conditions. Measure-
ments were made at 4 and 19 months old.
Means ± SE and sample sizes (number of
and raisedunder
434M.G.Palacioset al.
Page 5
were strongly positively intercorrelated (Pearson r = 0Æ94,
P < 0Æ0001), but they showed only a weak positive trend
with bactericidal competence of plasma (r = 0Æ26, P = 0Æ07
variables differed between the two ecotypes (ancova models:
ecotypebyimmunevariable,allP > 0Æ05).
Ecoimmunological theory predicts a link between life history
and immune defence strategies and relies on the assumption
that variation in immune defence associated with life history
has a genetic basis. The present common-environment study
presents evidence that can either be seen as equivocal with
regard to this assumption or in opposition. We show that the
differences in immune function between two life-history eco-
types of garter snake could be purely environmental and not
directly linkedtolife-historystrategyperse,althoughwealso
discuss the possibility that a genetic difference may exist, but
L-fast and M-slow snakes born and raised in common-
environment conditions reflected the immune phenotype of
their native habitats – i.e. L-fast snakes had higher levels of
innate immunity than M-slow – when initially sampled at
4 months of age, but not when 19 months old. This result
suggests that the differences in innate immunity observed in
the field between the two ecotypeshave a strongenvironmen-
tal component: early differences in immune phenotypes
observed in the laboratory eventually disappear under
common-environment conditions. Several features of the
lakeshore and meadow habitats could be responsible for the
maintenance of the immune phenotype difference between
temperatures and⁄or food availability could underlie the
lower innate immune levels in M-slow snakes than in L-fast
snakes (Sparkman & Palacios 2009). In addition, potential
differences in parasite abundance and diversity (i.e. disease
environment) between habitats might play an important role
and deserve further study in this system (Sparkman &
Two possible – and not mutually exclusive – scenarios
could explain the initial differences in innate immunity at
4 monthsinneonatesraisedinthelaboratory.Underthe first
scenario, differences in innate immunity between L-fast and
M-slow ecotypes could have a genetic component (i.e. the
two ecotypes could show divergence in genes influencing
innate immunity), but the genetic effects are eventually over-
ridden by environmental factors in the laboratory setting
(e.g. optimal foodandtemperature, reduced exposureto par-
asites). This scenario would be consistent with studies in
diverse organisms showing that the heritability (or genetic
variance) of phenotypic traits, including immune function,
can change with age during ontogeny (e.g. Atchley 1984;
Charmantier et al. 2006; Lesser, Paiusi & Leips 2006). It is
opmental trajectory for lower levels of innate immunity, but
consistent exposure to favourable environmental conditions
during the first year of life is sufficient to override this trajec-
tory and enhance immune function to a level comparable to
that of L-fast snakes. This developmental flexibility would be
particularly adaptive for M-slow snakes that face large
annual fluctuations in food availability, allowing them to
Under the second scenario, the initial differences in innate
immunity between the two ecotypes could be the result of
maternaleffects that,as inthe firstscenario, later get overrid-
den by environmental factors in the laboratory. Although
neonatesin this studywere born andraised in the laboratory,
their mothers were collected in the field when already gravid;
therefore, embryos could have experienced their native habi-
tats through their mothers, and their phenotypes could have
been influenced by these prenatal maternal effects. We can
envision two possible, nonexclusive and potentially interact-
ing mechanisms for the maternal effects: (i) direct transfer of
immune defence components from mothers to offspring and
(ii) maternal transfer of nonimmune components that can
affect offspring immune development
hormones). Maternal transfer of immunity through yolk,
(reviewed by Grindstaff, Brodie & Ketterson 2003; Swain &
Nayak 2009). Levels of maternal immune components trans-
ferred to offspring generally reflect the levels in the maternal
to the transfer (Grindstaff, Brodie & Ketterson 2003).
Although this has not been as thoroughly studied in reptiles
Fast-living (lakeshore)
Slow-living (meadow)
% Bacteria killed
Fig. 2. Comparison of bactericidal competence between two life-
history ecotypes of garter snake born and raised under common-
environment conditions. Measurements were made at 19 months old
for the 2006 cohort and 16 months old for the 2007 cohort. Mean-
s ± SEandsamplesizes(numberofsnakes)aredepicted.
Page 6
as in other vertebrate groups (e.g. mammals and birds), we
know, for example, that turtles can transfer maternal anti-
bodies to their offspring (both IgY and IgM) via their egg
yolks and that this passive immunity can still be detected in
offspring for about one year after hatching (Schumacher
et al. 1999). Furthermore, fish can maternally transfer not
only antibodies (mostly IgM), but also antibacterial proteins
(Swain & Nayak2009).Thus, it is possible that the initial dif-
ferencesinimmunedefencelevels inneonatesborn inthelab-
oratory could have been caused by different levels ofimmune
Nutrients of maternal origin are critical for the normal
trition can have a negative impact on both innate and adap-
tive immune defence components (e.g. Borysenko & Lewis
1979; French, Johnston & Moore 2007). Thus, it is possible
that L-fast mothers, having higher food availability in their
lakeshore habitats than M-slow ones, could have provided
their yolks and, as a result, their neonates with higher nutri-
tion that in turn allowed higher levels of immune function at
an early age in this ecotype. Developing embryos are also
exposed to hormones of maternal origin (e.g. androgens,
estrogens, corticosteroids) that can influence a variety of
traits, including immune function. For instance, maternally
derived yolk testosterone can have immunosuppressive
effects in avianoffspring (reviewedbyGroothuis et al.2005).
Although direct evidence of this maternal effect in reptiles is
lacking at present, indirect evidence in lizards suggests that it
might also occur in this group (e.g. Uller & Olsson 2003). If
this was the case in our system, then we can envision that
M-slow mothers would have deposited more testosterone in
their yolks, which in turn resulted in the lower immune func-
Independently of the cause for the initial differences in
immune function in neonates raised in the laboratory, it is
interesting to note that the differences between ecotypes
observed in the laboratory at 4 months of age (Fig. 1) were
larger than those originally documented in the field (Table 1
and Sparkman & Palacios 2009). This discrepancy might be
partly explained by the fact that while the laboratory sample
consisted of 4-month-old neonates, the sample of snakes
studied in the field included individuals ranging from at least
10 monthsoldallthewaytotheoldestindividualsinthepop-
ulations. It is noteworthy, however, that the discrepancy
seems to be driven mainly by M-slow snakes, that is, while
immune levels of L-fast snakes are similar between the field
and laboratory samples – and show no increase between the
4- and 19-month measurements in the laboratory – those of
M-slow snakesare considerably lowerinthelaboratorycom-
pared to the field, increasing significantly between the two
laboratory measurements. Together these patterns provide
support to our previous suggestion that immune develop-
ment, similarly to overall growth, seems to be slower in the
M-slow than in the L-fast ecotype of garter snakes (Spark-
man & Palacios 2009). In addition, these results suggest the
possibility that immune differences between ecotypes in the
field could also be more pronounced in neonates and become
Regarding the developmental plasticity in immune func-
tion observed in the laboratory, a more complete common-
environment experimental design in which neonates of each
tures, and food availability would allow us to assess the rela-
tive importance of these two environmental factors on the
immune phenotypes of lakeshore and meadow garter snakes.
This design would also allow testing more definitely for
evidence of local adaptation of the immune defence pheno-
types to their respective habitats, as has been carried out for
esting approach would be to study the ontogeny of immune
function in the field, perhaps through a reciprocal transplant
experiment, which would have the benefit of allowing expo-
sure of the snakes to the different parasite faunas in addition
Our results highlight the important role of environmental fac-
terns of variation in innate immune defence in a wild reptile.
Although early genetic effects might be contributing to the
ecotypes of garter snake, it is also possible that the immune
differences are merely plastic responses to differences in envi-
ronmental conditions inthe meadowandlakeshorehabitats–
experienced directly by the individuals and⁄or through their
mothers – rather than co-evolved with pace-of-life differences
as requiredbyecoimmunological theory. Thus, a more defini-
its assumption of a genetic basis – is necessary in this system,
for which the addition of measures of acquired immunity
would be critical (Sparkman & Palacios 2009). It is important
tonote that the conclusions of our studywouldhave been dif-
ferent (even contrary) had we only measured the snakes at
4 months of age. In that case, our data would have suggested
that ecotype differences in immune function were fixed rather
than plastic and that genes (or fixed maternal effects) were
more important than proximate environmental factors in
determining the differences observed in the field. This under-
in common-environment studies involving developing ani-
mals. Finally, current ecoimmunological theory has been
mostly based on studies of endothermic vertebrates (Zimmer-
man, Vogel & Bowden 2010); further studies in ectotherms,
including reptiles, will prove important in testing the general-
ity of current theory and suggesting new lines of inquiry into
the proximate and ultimate causes of the vast diversity in
The authors thank Kylie Robert, Jeremy Chamberlain, Matthew Morrill, Ann
Cannon and the Arnold laboratory for field assistance, Abbie Lehman and
436M.G.Palacioset al.
Page 7
Nicole Reutscher for support in thelaboratory and members of the Bronikow-
ski laboratory forcommentson previous versions of themanuscript. TheState
of California Department of Fish and Game granted collecting permits and all
work was made in accordance with standard animal care protocols and
# 3-2-5125-J). This research was supported by a grant from the National
Science Foundation to A. Bronikowski (DEB-0323379) and National Science
Foundation Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grants to A. Sparkman
Atchley, W.R. (1984) Ontogeny, timing of development, and genetic variance-
Borysenko, M. & Lewis, S. (1979) Effect of malnutrition on immunocompe-
Bronikowski, A.M. (2000) Experimental evidence for the adaptive evolution of
growth rate in the garter snake Thamnophis elegans. Evolution, 54, 1760–
Bronikowski, A.M. (2008) The evolution of aging phenotypes in snakes: a
Chandra, S. & Chandra, R.K. (1986) Nutrition, immune response, and out-
Charmantier, A., Perrins, C., McCleery, R.H. & Sheldon, B.C. (2006)
Age-dependent genetic variance in a life-history trait in the mute swan. Pro-
ceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences, 273,
Cooper, E.L., Klempau,A.E.&Zapata,A.G.(1985)Reptilianimmunity. Biol-
ogy of the Reptilia (eds C. Gans, F. Billet & P.F.A. Maderson), pp. 599–678.
French, S.S., Johnston, G.I.H. & Moore, M.C. (2007) Immune activity sup-
presses reproduction in food-limited female tree lizards Urosaurus ornatus.
Grindstaff, J.L., Brodie, E.D. & Ketterson, E.D. (2003) Immune function
across generations: integrating mechanism and evolutionary process in
maternal antibody transmission. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London
Groothuis, T.G., Mu ¨ ller, W., von Engelhardt, N., Carere, C. & Eising, C.
(2005) Maternal hormones as a tool to adjust offspring phenotype in avian
Klasing, K.C. (1998) Nutritional modulation of resistance to infectious dis-
Klasing, K.C. & Leshchinsky, T.V. (1999) Functions, costs, and benefits of the
immune system during development and growth. Proceedings of 22nd inter-
national ornithological congress, Durban (eds N.J. Adams & R.H. Slotow),
Kruuk, L.E.B. & Hadfield, J.D. (2007) How to separate genetic and environ-
mental causes of similarity between relatives. Journal of Evolutionary Biol-
Lee, K.A. (2006) Linking immune defenses and life history at the levels of the
individual and the species. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 46, 1000–
Lesser, K.J., Paiusi, I.C. & Leips, J. (2006) Naturally occurring genetic varia-
tion in the age-specific immune response of Drosophila melanogaster. Aging
Manier, M.K., Seyler, C.M. & Arnold, S.J. (2007) Adaptive divergence within
and between ecotypes of the terrestrial garter snake, Thamnophis elegans,
assessed with FST)QSTcomparisons. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 20,
Martin, L.B.,Weil,Z.M.&Nelson,R.J.(2006)Refiningapproachesanddiver-
sifying directions in ecoimmunology. Integrative and Comparative Biology,
Matson,K.D., Ricklefs, R.E. & Klasing, K.C. (2005) A hemolysis-hemaggluti-
and domestic birds. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 29, 275–
Matson, K.D., Tieleman, B.I. & Klasing, K.C. (2006) Capture stress and the
bactericidalcompetenceofbloodand plasmain five species oftropical birds.
Peterson, C.R., Gibson, A.R. & Dorcas, M.E. (1993) Snake thermal ecology:
the causes and consequences of body-temperature variation. Snakes: Ecol-
Pitala, N., Gustafsson, L., Sendecka, J. & Brommer, J.E. (2007) Nestling
immune response to phytohaemagglutinin is not heritable in collared fly-
Robert, K.A. & Bronikowski, A.M. (2010) Evolution of senescence in nature:
Robert, K.A., Vleck, C. & Bronikowski, A.M. (2009) The effects of maternal
corticosterone levels on offspring behavior in fast- and slow-growth garter
Schumacher, I.M., Rostal, D.C., Yates, R.A., Brown, D.R., Jacobson, E.R. &
Klein, P.A. (1999) Persistence of maternal antibodies against Mycoplasma
agassizii in desert tortoise hatchlings. American Journal of Veterinary
Sheldon, B.C. & Verhulst, S. (1996) Ecological immunology: costly parasite
defences and trade-offs in evolutionary ecology. Trends in Ecology & Evolu-
Sparkman, A.M. & Palacios, M.G. (2009) A test of life-history theories of
immune defence in two ecotypes of the garter snake, Thamnophis elegans.
Sparkman, A.M.,Vleck,C.M.& Bronikowski,A.M.(2009)Evolutionaryecol-
ogy ofendocrine-mediatedlife-historyvariation inthegartersnake Thamno-
Swain, P. & Nayak, S.K. (2009) Role of maternally derived immunity in fish.
Uller, T. & Olsson, M. (2003) Prenatal exposure to testosterone increases
ectoparasite susceptibility in the common lizard (Lacerta viviparous). Pro-
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Warner, C.M., Meeker, D.L. & Rothschild, M.F. (1987) Genetic-control of
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Weatherhead, P.J. & Brown, P.J. (1996) Measurement versus estimation of
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Developmentalplasticityofimmunedefences 437


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Home > Archives
Friday March 19, 2010
By CHRISTY YOONG
Delight for book lovers as outlet moves to larger premises.
IT IS, by now, the destination of choice for local fans of the written word.
Since opening its doors at the end of 2006, Bookxcess has made a big difference for countless readers, offering books at prices that live up to its tagline, "Read more for less."
Fiction paperbacks start as low as RM9.90 while some children's titles start at even lower prices.
Bookxcess even organised the Big Bad Book Sale last year, which drew hordes of shoppers, all determined to get their hands on RM8 fiction and even lower-priced children books.
Its latest chapter is to move into larger premises, which opens its doors today.
"You can say that this move is premature," said Andrew Yap, who runs Bookxcess with his wife, Jacqueline.
"Our actual plan was to stay where we were for a little longer and save up more money, but it was too good an opportunity to give up."
The new site is two doors away from Bookxcess' previous spot, which it has occupied for nearly two-and-a-half years in Amcorp Mall in Petaling Jaya.
And, since it was the site of the mall's cineplex, the new shop is four times larger than what Bookxcess had.
"More space means that we have better negotiating strength with suppliers as we can now order more books," Yap noted.
"This means that we can reduce prices on more books and bring in even better titles, which is what our customers would appreciate most."
While he is unable to give details on the reductions yet, prices on hardback books will fall and there will be more "Star Buys," which are RM9.90 each.
"For the opening, we've got the latest edition of all of Dan Brown's titles, except for The Lost Symbol, and Danielle Steel's Answered Prayers and The Kiss for RM9.90 each," he added.
Other bargains include Florence Tan's Secrets of Nyonya Cooking and Celine Marbeck's Quick and Easy Cooking at RM5 each, Gordon Ramsay's Playing with Fire (RM19.90), Sophie Kinsella's Twenties Girl (RM19.90), Stephenie Meyer's New Moon (RM17.90) and The Host (RM29.90), Christopher Paolini's Eragon's Guide to Alagaesia (RM24.90) and Michael Jackson's Moonwalk (RM24.90).
There's also Terry Pratchett's Going Postal (RM19.90), Jodi Picoult's Picture Perfect (RM17.90), Khaled Hosseini's A Thousand Splendid Suns (RM17.90), Cecelia Ahern's Thanks for the Memories (RM19.90), Richard Branson's Business Stripped Bare (RM24.90), Paulo Coelho's The Winner Stands Alone (RM19.90) and Robert Sabuda's The Chronicles of Narnia Pop-Up Book (RM29.90).
While securing bargains for customers is paramount, the Yaps are equally mindful of the extras that make a trip to Bookxcess a delight.
For one, the clean, colourful, well-lit and well-organised interior has been retained for the new shop.
"Customer comfort is very important to us," Jacqueline said.
"We want them to come to Bookxcess and enjoy themselves, which is why we make sure our shop is comfortable and nice. I mean, just because our books are cheap doesn't mean the shop needs to look cheap."
Visitors can also expect good customer service when they drop by.
"We'll still be offering free wrapping service, which includes free wrapping paper, and there will now be heads for each section of the shop — fiction, non-fiction, children and young adults — who can recommend titles and help you find a good read," Yap said.
"All in, we want to be a place for the whole family, a more complete experience for everyone," Jacqueline said, adding that the new store also has a magazine section.
"We'll also be organising storytelling sessions for children," she said.
"It's a fun activity and also our little way of encouraging parents to read to their children."
While they are excited about the new store's prospects, the Yaps are also aware of the financial implications of the move.
"It's a big leap for us — all our overheads have gone up as well but we're determined not to increase prices," Andrew said.
"So far, we've been successful in our own small way. We've met people who've said that, thanks to us, they are reading more or have picked up reading," Jacqueline added.
"This customer feedback is very important for us. It makes what we try and do worthwhile," she said.
And, while the Yaps are ready for the fun and headaches of the new shop, they are also hopeful that this is just another step forward for Bookxcess.
"Give us time and we'll move into our dream space — a 200,000 sq ft warehouse of books. It'll be the biggest bookstore in the world and it's our ultimate dream," Yap said.
Sounds like a dream that other book lovers will happily share in.
Bookxcess is located at L3-60, Amcorp Mall, Petaling Jaya, Selangor. For more details, call 03-7956 0455 or log on to www.bookxcess.com.
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The New MacBook in Review
Here is something new you might be interested to know. Apple just came out with a new notebook. The new MacBook as they call it comes with some pretty nice features but it also has some very limiting ones. So before you go to your local supplier to get one, check this out. We will give you a better idea of what the MacBook has in store.
Let's start with the design. It has a nice light and slim design which looks good. It also comes in 3 colors, sliver, gold and space grey. The sliver is very much the standard which is ok. The gold is actually not bad to look at. My personal favourite is the space grey, which I think is wicked to look at. One downside is that it only comes in one size which is a 12inch screen.
The 12-inch, screen is a Retina, 2304 by 1440 pixels resolution display is great. It is ridiculously vivid and sharp. Viewing pictures and video will definitely be a nice experience here.
The computing power is just so and so. Although sufficient and energy efficient, the Intel Core M "Broadwell" processor is not as powerful as previous apples models. It's great for viewing but not for heavy editing of videos and pictures. Click here to check out the specs.
The battery life is much improved in the MacBook. Apple claims it can last for up to one whole day. This is probably due to the energy efficient processor, which incidentally no longer needs a fan to keep cooled down.
The keyboard feels different but in good way. It's like the key press is not as deep as before so it takes some time to get used to it. It is nice when you get past the getting used to stage. The new trackpad is also nice. Pressing soft and hard gives you different options depending on what you are doing. It also takes some getting used to but it also offers more flexibility of use.
Last but not the least important choice point is the data port. There is only one data port which is also the charging connector so you practically have no data port while charging. I suppose Apple thinks this will be a great opportunity for users to go completely wireless. Every peripheral here has to be connected via wireless connection. Otherwise you need to get an add-on dongle that comes with connectors for HDMI and USB plus a connection for your charger.
There you have it, the pros and cons of the new MacBook. Now it's up to you to decide if based on the information above, this is the right or the wrong notebook for you.
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Re: Did you know that the entrance fees to several Nepal National Parks has risen ??
Thank you for your reply nabathapa However if you looked at the date of my original posting, you would see that I put it up last June when the fees were increased. I have also posted a "Tip" on my Nepal page listing all the restricted areas, their entrance fees and the rules about entering them "Trekking permit fees in Restricted Areas of Nepal" - Trekking Tip by into-thin-air Best Regards Rob
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So far, you've defined the content attributes of your Web page. If you want to define the hyperlinks on your page, you need click on "New Style" icon again, and make sure you select the "Use CSS Selector". You will see the different CSS selectors and your .css file name appeared as default. You can choose "a:link" to define the hyperlink in your .css file, "a:visited" to define the visited link effect, and "a:hover" to define the mouse over effect, and so on. When you click on "a:link" to define the link attributes, you'll see this window will open. Then you can define font for your hyperlink, font size, and color. Then click OK. Now you can see the color of your hyperlink has been change to what red color. If you want to define the mouse over effect, you need click on "New Style" icon again and choose "a:hover". Click OK. Select appropriate attributes for your mouse over effect. Click OK. If you want to preview in a browser to see how mouse over effect looks like, you need go to file>preview in browser. Then you'll see the color of your hyperlink has been changed.
To apply your Cascading Style Sheets to other pages or the new page you
just created, you need open the page and click on "Attach New CSS Style" in
this dialog window or you can go to Text > CSS Styles > Attach Style
Sheet. Click "browser" to find your .css file. Now you've attached the .css
file to this new page. To apply .css file to this page, you need highlight
the content on the page and go to Text again >CSS Styles, and click you
.css file name. Now you see the color and the font of your Web page have been
changed to what you defined in the .css file. When you upload your Web pages
to the server, remember to upload your .css file to the server as well. Otherwise,
your Cascading Style Sheets will not be found and applied to your Web pages.


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Each fall I find myself roasting pumpkin seeds for my family. It's a special treat we love after carving a pumpkin or after cleaning out a pie pumpkin to be roasted for pumpkin pie. My family loves roasted pumpkin seeds.
Growing up in East Tennessee I learned from some pretty great southern women the tricks to making fluffy flaky biscuits from scratch. I made up a batch last night and thought I would share my secrets with my readers :)
As promised yesterday I'm posting my simple, quick and most importantly melt in your mouth peanut butter fudge recipe. This stuff is going fast in my house and would already be gone if it wasn't so rich!
I went to make my homemade peanut butter fudge this afternoon and realized pretty quickly I was out of brown sugar. So I just made a batch in about two minutes and wanted to share with my readers in case you ever need to know how.
I have been searching for years for a good chocolate chip cookie recipe friends. No seriously, it is my baking nemesis check out my previous post on this very topic: chocolate cookie recipe fail. I've tried so many recipes it's embarrassing. Each one just isn't very good. I finally have a recipe that has succeeded … Continue reading
Football is back, mornings have a chill in the air, coffee houses have their pumpkin and spice drinks out, and I'm craving pumpkin :) Yes I know fall doesn't officially begin until September 22. That isn't putting a damper on my excitement for the upcoming season though! Sometimes I want pumpkin dessert but don't feel … Continue reading
Growing up one of my favorite things my mom made was buckeyes. They are yummy balls of peanut butter dipped in chocolate. Yep, if I had to name one major food weakness (after bread) it is definitely chocolate peanut butter anything! I also have a dear friend who recently had to go gluten free. This … Continue reading
I love gardening! We have a cute little garden each year and grow our favorite veggies without pesticides and organically as possible. Each summer we have been blessed with a nice little harvest. This week I used some of our tomatoes and made some mouth watering spaghetti sauce!


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Product Details
World Population Policies 2009
Release Date: October, 2010
Sales Number: 09.XIII.14
504 page(s), 8.5x11
Binding: Paperback
Series: Population Studies, No.293
Publisher: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs
This report delineates Governments' views and policies concerning population and development. In particular, it itemizes policies in the areas of population size and growth, population age structure, fertility and family planning, health and mortality, spatial distribution and internal migration, and international migration. Preparation of the publication was facilitated by the cooperation of Member States and non-member states of the United Nations, the regional commissions, and the agencies, funds and programmes of the UN system.


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If there is a notation on the license record regarding disciplinary actions or accusations, you may review the Medical Board Summary of Actions. The summary includes a brief reason for any action taken by the Board; it is not intended to be a complete and thorough explanation, nor is it intended as a presentation of the merits of actions. For copies of complete actions, contact the board's office.


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How Parliament works
Parliamentary Practice in New Zealand
Content provider
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Chapter 4 Speaker of the House of Representatives
The Speaker
The Speaker of the House of Representatives is the highest officer elected by the House. Since the revision of the Order of Precedence in New Zealand in 1974, the Speaker is third in precedence, after only the Governor-General and the Prime Minister [1] (who is appointed to office by the Crown not by the House). On being confirmed in office, the person who is Speaker assumes the title "Honourable" (Hon) ex officio. During the course of this book there are a great many references to specific powers and duties of the Speaker. The purpose of this chapter is to deal with the Speaker's role from a general point of view.
Duties of the Speaker
The first task of the members of a newly elected Parliament, when they assemble for the first time following the general election, is to elect one of their number to preside over them. [2] The person so elected represents and embodies the House in its relations with the Crown. Indeed, this is the reason for the title of "Speaker": the need for the amorphous mass of commoners who came to Parliament to have one person who could report their opinions to the King and the Lords – who could speak for them. The Speaker was the House's orator. In New Zealand, the Speaker still performs this formal representative function by, on behalf of the House, laying claim before the Governor-General to the House's privileges, and by leading the members of the House into the Governor-General's presence at the commencement of each session to hear the Governor-General deliver the Speech from the Throne giving reasons for the summoning of Parliament. The Speaker also presents to the Crown addresses that are adopted by the House, and reads messages from the Crown to the House.
The Speaker is chairperson of the Parliamentary Service Commission and has principal political responsibility for the services and facilities provided to members of Parliament. (See Chapter 3.) Many of the House's contacts with overseas parliaments are carried on by, or in the name of, the Speaker who is president, ex officio, of the New Zealand branch of the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association and the New Zealand group of the Inter-Parliamentary Union. The Speaker announces the presence of parliamentary delegations or other distinguished visitors to the House. The Speaker also makes other formal communications to the House; for example, presenting reports to Parliament made by the officers of Parliament, and announcing and presenting any citizens'-initiated referendum petition that has been signed by at least 10 percent of registered electors. [3] The Speaker determines which portions of the proceedings of the House are to be reported in Hansard and in what form and under what conditions the report is made. [4] The Speaker is occasionally called upon to execute orders of the House. [5] The Speaker also has a number of statutory duties to perform in the case of vacancies in membership of the House [6] and the granting of exemptions to members of Parliament from attending court proceedings. [7] The courts are enjoined to take judicial notice of the Speaker's signature on any document issued under the Speaker's statutory or Standing Orders powers. [8]
However, the chief duty of the Speaker is to chair the House, presiding over its deliberations, keeping order and determining points of procedure.
Speaker's position
The Speaker in New Zealand does not sever all links with a political party, as does the Speaker of the House of Commons. Nor is the Speaker guaranteed any continuity of office over more than one Parliament. There is no tradition of re-electing the member who served as Speaker in the preceding Parliament even if the Government changes following a general election as there is, for instance, in the United Kingdom. With two exceptions, throughout the course of the twentieth century all Speakers came from the governing, or a governing, party. [9] The member who is elected Speaker does not thereby become a non-party member of Parliament. However, the Speaker does not play a politically partisan role and exercises restraint in the speeches or comments he or she makes outside the House. [10] The Speaker must be prepared to assert an independence from the Government so as to ensure that the rights of all sides of the House are protected in the course of the parliamentary process. [11]
Whether the Speaker attends weekly party caucus meetings held while the House is sitting is a matter for the Speaker to decide. Practice has differed between Speakers of different parties and between Speakers of the same party. Speakers from the National party have generally not attended caucus. [12] On the other hand, Labour Speakers until recent years did attend caucus. [13] However, since 1984 most Labour Speakers have not attended caucus during sitting weeks.
The Speaker's vote is included in any party vote cast and the Speaker votes in a personal vote, though without going into the lobbies personally – the Speaker's vote is communicated to the teller from the Speaker's chair. As its presiding officer, the Speaker never participates in debate in the House. When the Speaker has charge of a local or private bill, another member moves the stages of the bill on the Speaker's behalf. [14] The Speaker may speak and vote in a committee of the whole House. Nowadays the right to speak in committee is usually exercised only when changes to the Standing Orders are under consideration or the Speaker is answering questions on the estimates of an office for which the Speaker is responsible. The Speaker may, and indeed often does, serve on select committees, such as the Officers of Parliament Committee and the Standing Orders Committee, but it would not be in keeping with the position for the Speaker to serve on a committee considering a party-politically contentious matter. Where the Speaker does chair a committee written questions relating to matters for which the Speaker has responsibility in that capacity, may be lodged. [15]
The Speaker's exalted position and the restraints it imposes as a consequence require members to treat the Speaker or any other temporary occupant of the Speaker's chair with respect and deference. Members are obliged to make an acknowledgment to the chair when entering or leaving the Chamber, or when crossing the floor of the House (except while voting). [16] The office of Speaker cannot be introduced into debate by members quoting the Speaker's views or otherwise referring to the Speaker during the course of a speech. [17] Nor can the Speaker be attacked, except by a direct motion of censure of which notice has been given. [18] Any statement in the House reflecting on the Speaker either directly or indirectly is out of order; a suggestion of partiality on the part of the Speaker or any other occupant of the chair may constitute a contempt of the House. [19] Accusations against the Speaker that reflect on the Speaker in that capacity or in respect of an office held by the Speaker ex officio (such as chairperson of the Parliamentary Service Commission) may also constitute a contempt. [20]
The procession between the Speaker's office and the Chamber at the commencement and conclusion of each sitting is a regular feature of each parliamentary day, with the Speaker being preceded by the Speaker's assistant and the Serjeant-at-Arms carrying the Mace. The Speaker's route to and from the Chamber is blocked off by messengers to allow unimpeded passage while the procession passes along it. [21] The Speaker enters and leaves the Chamber via the Speaker's door to the left of the chair.
The Speaker may wear a full judge's wig, gown and tabs on formal occasions. This is a matter for the individual discretion of the occupant of the office. At the regular sittings of the House, the Speaker is less formally attired in a gown over ordinary clothing.
Administrative duties
As well as presiding over the House and chairing some select committees, the Speaker has a number of administrative duties.
The control and administration of the parliamentary precincts is vested in the Speaker on behalf of the House, whether Parliament is in session or not. [22] The Speaker may issue trespass notices relating to the parliamentary precincts and delegate the power to do so to other persons. [23] The Speaker has entered into a protocol with the Commissioner of Police regulating the exercise of police powers in the Parliament buildings and grounds. [24]
The Speaker is deemed to be the "responsible Minister" for a number of offices of state. These are: the office of the Auditor-General; the Office of the Clerk of the House of Representatives; the Office of the Ombudsmen; the office of the Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment; and the Parliamentary Service. [25] During the House's consideration in committee of the estimates of these offices, the Speaker occupies the Minister's seat at the Table on the right of the chairperson, answering questions raised by members. The Speaker also attends the estimates hearings on the votes for these offices if requested by the select committee concerned. The Speaker's role in respect of each of these offices varies, with greater involvement in the administration of the Parliamentary Service than in that of the others.
The Speaker chairs, ex officio, the Parliamentary Service Commission, [26] a statutory committee of members which advises the Speaker on the nature of the services to be provided to members of Parliament. The commission meets approximately once each month. The Speaker determines the services to be provided by the Parliamentary Service [27] and the travel, accommodation, attendance and communication services available to members. [28] The administrative head of the Parliamentary Service, the General Manager, is directly responsible to the Speaker in carrying out his or her responsibilities. [29]
The Clerk of the House, as the principal officer of the Office of the Clerk, is directly responsible to the Speaker for the management of that Office. [30] The Controller and Auditor-General, the Chief Ombudsman and the Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment also have a direct relationship with the Speaker concerning the management of their offices (known as offices of Parliament). However, in the case of the offices of Parliament and the Office of the Clerk, the Speaker does not control the discharge of the substantive duties carried out by the chief officers of those agencies. The Speaker's role is confined to the administration and expenditure of the offices concerned, not their professional and statutory duties, for which they are responsible to the House as a whole.
In respect of the Speaker's administrative responsibilities, the Speaker may be asked written questions. [31] But a point of order cannot be raised relating to the Speaker's administrative duties. A point of order must relate to a matter of order in the House and not, for example, to the administration of the building [32] or correspondence with the Speaker as chairperson of the Parliamentary Service Commission. [33]
Term of office
The Speaker assumes office on being confirmed by the Governor-General following the House's choice of Speaker being reported to His Excellency or Her Excellency. [34] (See Chapter 12 for the election of a Speaker.) The Speaker remains in office until the close of polling day at the next general election unless, by death or resignation, the office is vacated sooner. [35] The Speaker continues to hold office as chairperson of the Parliamentary Service Commission and continues to exercise the duties as the responsible Minister of the Office of the Clerk, the Parliamentary Service and the offices of Parliament until the new Parliament first meets. [36] The salary and allowances of the Speaker also continue to be paid until this time. [37]
Deputy Speaker
The Speaker's principal deputy is the Deputy Speaker. The first appointment of a Deputy Speaker by the House was made on 10 November 1992. [38] Until that time the House had, at the commencement of each Parliament, appointed a Chairman of Committees whose chief duty was to chair the committee of the whole House. When, at the Speaker's request or in the Speaker's absence, the Chairman of Committees assumed the Speaker's chair, the Chairman was known as the Deputy Speaker, but only for the period that he or she was actually chairing the House.
In 1992 this position was effectively reversed. The House now, by resolution, appoints a member to be Deputy Speaker. [39] The Deputy Speaker is a full deputy of the Speaker for all the purposes of the Standing Orders, whether actually presiding over the House or not. Thus the Speaker's Standing Orders' powers can be exercised by the Deputy Speaker during an adjournment of the House or a recess of Parliament. [40] The Deputy Speaker may also act for the Speaker in respect of the filling of any electoral vacancies that arise. [41] When the House goes into committee, the Deputy Speaker takes the chair as chairperson.
The appointment of the Deputy Speaker is usually made on the day of the State Opening of Parliament after the House has returned to its Chamber following the delivery of the Speech from the Throne. [42] For this purpose a notice of motion must be given on the previous sitting day and appear on the order paper. A party leader or a whip may not be appointed as Deputy Speaker. [43] The appointment of a Deputy Speaker may be for a fixed period and a Deputy Speaker may be removed from office by resolution of the House. Otherwise the appointment continues until the dissolution or expiration of Parliament. [44] The Deputy Speaker's salary and allowances continue to be payable until the first meeting of the new Parliament. [45] A vacancy in the office of Deputy Speaker is filled in the same manner as the initial appointment, that is, by resolution on notice. [46]
Whenever the Speaker is absent at the commencement of a sitting, the Deputy Speaker takes the chair without the need for any formal communication to the House. [47] Similarly, during the course of a sitting the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker share the task of presiding over the House. The Speaker has deliberately vacated the chair to allow the Deputy Speaker to rule on a matter in which the Speaker or the Speaker's electorate had an interest. [48] In the absence of the Speaker, the Deputy Speaker chairs the Parliamentary Service Commission. [49] Where there is a vacancy in the office of Speaker, the Deputy Speaker may exercise the statutory powers of the Speaker in regard to the parliamentary precincts, the Parliamentary Service and the Office of the Clerk. [50]
Assistant Speakers
Up to two members may be appointed by resolution of the House as Assistant Speakers. [51] These appointments may be made on the day of the State Opening of Parliament after that of the Deputy Speaker. [52] A party leader or a whip may not be an Assistant Speaker. [53] Often one of the Assistant Speakers is a member of an opposition party.
Assistant Speakers are deputies of the Speaker only in respect of the sittings of the House while they are actually presiding. [54] They cannot exercise the Speaker's statutory powers or any powers outside the House, though they may represent the Speaker on formal occasions such as receiving foreign dignitaries. Assistant Speakers hold office for the period named in the resolution appointing them or until the dissolution or expiration of Parliament, unless they are sooner removed from office by resolution of the House. [55] In the case of a vacancy (that is, if there are fewer than two Assistant Speakers at any one time), the House may appoint a new Assistant Speaker by resolution. [56] A special salary has been provided for Assistant Speakers since 1996. [57] This ceases on the dissolution or expiration of Parliament.
If the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker are absent at the commencement of a sitting, an Assistant Speaker may take the Chair. [58] During the course of a sitting, the Speaker, the Deputy Speaker and the Assistant Speakers share the task of presiding over the House between them.
Temporary Speakers
Any presiding officer may during the course of the sitting ask another member to preside over the House as temporary Speaker. This is done without any formal communication to the House and the temporary Speaker merely replaces the Speaker or other presiding officer in the Chair. [59] A temporary Speaker performs the duties and exercises the authority of the Speaker over the House while presiding, [60] except that a temporary Speaker cannot accept a closure motion. [61] A temporary Speaker cannot assume the chair at the commencement of a sitting or on the House resuming sitting following a report from the committee of the whole House. [62]
Position of Members deputising for Speaker
While presiding over the House, the Deputy Speaker, an Assistant Speaker or a temporary Speaker is the Speaker and there can be no challenge to the validity or effectiveness of a decision taken by the House in the Speaker's absence. Likewise, a decision of a member deputising for the Speaker cannot be appealed to the Speaker. [63] When ruling on a matter arising in the House, a Deputy Speaker's, an Assistant Speaker's or a temporary Speaker's ruling is equivalent to that of the Speaker. [64]
The Deputy Speaker and the Assistant Speakers do participate in debates in the House, though less frequently than other members. It is a matter for their judgment as to which debates to take part in. [65] But it is the practice for a presiding officer not to speak in a debate over which that officer has been officiating. [66] It would be improper for a member when speaking in a debate to refer to his or her status as a presiding officer. [67] It would also be improper for other members to do so by way of debate.
- New Zealand Gazette, 10 January 1974, p.5. [back]
- Constitution Act 1986, s.12. [back]
- Citizens Initiated Referenda Act 1993, s.21. [back]
- S.O.9; see, for example, 2002, Vol.602, p.54. [back]
- 1981, JHR, p.40 (House's views on the 1981 Springbok tour to be communicated to the New Zealand Rugby Football Union). [back]
- Electoral Act 1993, ss.129 and 134. [back]
- Legislature Act 1908, ss.261 and 263. [back]
- Evidence Amendment Act 1945, s.11A. [back]
- Speaker Statham from 1923 to 1935 was, at the time of his first election, an independent, "though with some pro-government leanings" (see Scott, The New Zealand Constitution, pp.59-60); Speaker Tapsell from 1993 to 1996 was a member of the opposition Labour party. [back]
- 1982, Vol.448, p.4918. [back]
- See, for example, 1995, Vol.548, pp.7863-4. [back]
- Freer, A Lifetime in Politics, p.144. [back]
- Martin, The House – New Zealand's House of Representatives 1854-2004, p.276. [back]
- 1990, Vol.510, pp.3514-5. [back]
- 2001, Vol.592, p.9701. [back]
- S.O.81. [back]
- 1931, Vol.227, p.595. [back]
- 1970, Vol.368, p.3202. [back]
- 1982, AJHR, I.6, p.11. [back]
- 1996-99, AJHR, I.15C. [back]
- 1982, Vol.449, p.5215. [back]
- Parliamentary Service Act 2000, s.26(1). [back]
- Ibid., s.26(2). [back]
- Policing functions within the parliamentary precincts – An agreement between the Speaker of the House of Representatives of New Zealand and the New Zealand Commissioner of Police, June 2004. [back]
- Public Finance Act 1989, s.2(1). [back]
- Parliamentary Service Act 2000, s.16(1). [back]
- Ibid., s.8. [back]
- Civil List Act 1979, s.20A. [back]
- Parliamentary Service Act 2000, s.11. [back]
- Clerk of the House of Representatives Act 1988, s.16. [back]
- S.O.370(2). [back]
- 1990, Vol.510, pp.3858-9. [back]
- 1992, Vol.532, p.13236. [back]
- Constitution Act 1986, s.12. [back]
- Ibid., s.13. [back]
- Parliamentary Service Act 2000, s.18(3); Public Finance Act 1989, s.2(1). [back]
- Civil List Act 1979, s.17. [back]
- 1992, Vol.531, pp.12103-5. [back]
- S.O.26. [back]
- S.O.27.c [back]
- Electoral Act 1993, s.3(1). [back]
- S.O.14(1)(e). [back]
- S.O.30. [back]
- S.O.29. [back]
- Civil List Act 1979, s.17. [back]
- S.O.31. [back]
- S.O.32. [back]
- 1976, Vol.404, p.1552; 1993, Vol.535, p.15315. [back]
- Parliamentary Service Act 2000, s.16(2). [back]
- Ibid., s.33. [back]
- S.O.28(1). [back]
- S.O.14(1)(e). [back]
- S.O.30. [back]
- S.O.28(2). [back]
- S.O.29. [back]
- S.O.31. [back]
- See now, Parliamentary Salaries and Allowances Determination 2004. [back]
- S.O.32. [back]
- S.O.33(1). [back]
- S.O.33(2). [back]
- S.O.137(4). [back]
- 1994, Vol.542, p.3697. [back]
- 1925, Vol.208, p.468; 1928, Vol.218, p.577. [back]
- 1980, Vol.429, pp.379-80. [back]
- 1974, Vol.395, p.5580; 1992, Vol.531, p.12131; 2001, Vol.591, p.8396. [back]
- 2001, Vol.591, p.8397. [back]
- Ibid., p.8398. [back]


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Latest News
OUT NOW | Denney 'Pimp Out'
Now available to buy on Juno.
Now that 2015 is well underway Denney has stepped in to add another superb notch to the Hot Creations bow. The Pimp Out EP features two heavy weight club bangers and a back to basics remix from frequent Hot Creations contributor Luca Cazal.
A-side 'Low Frequency' is a low slung affair accompanied by 90s inspired synth stabs and a sprinkling of 303 acid flourishes. Over on the B-side there's title track 'Pimp Out' that brings a sense of fun to the release, the bassline bouncing along until it reaches its percussive second half. Rounding it all out Luca Cazal takes the rolling bass from 'Pimp Out' and strips the rest down for a raw interpretation that will no less ignite the dancefloor.
Now available to buy on Juno.
OUT NOW | SEFF 'Jack's Back'
'Jack's Back' by SEFF is now available on Juno or Beatport.
Launching Hot Creations into 2015, Seff brings a solid three track release that defies the reputation that January has for being an uneventful month in music. A-side 'Like That' brings chugging electronic synths and raw bass, getting the release off to a strong start. Then title track Jack's Back hits it home, an energetic and rousing dance floor filler with no intention of letting 2015 start slow. To round out the trio is 'Zoot' bringing a darker vibe that leaves a lasting - if a little ominous - impression as the EP draws to a close.
Hot Creations continues to grow year over year and 2015 will be no exception, with a solid start to the release schedule in SEFF's 'Jack's Back' seeking to set an exciting precedent for the year to follow.
2015 is just around the corner and Hot Creations will be appearing at NYE celebrations around the world in various forms. Perhaps you still need an idea of where to go, or perhaps you already have tickets for one of these nights. Either way here's a quick recap of all the events the Hot Creations crew will be appearing at on 31st December:
Jamie Jones / Richy Ahmed @ Blue Marlin Ibiza UAE, Dubai
Out now | Steve Lawler...
'House Record' by Steve Lawler is now available on Juno and Beatport.
Rounding out 2014 in spectacular style, VIVa boss Steve Lawler has been called upon for the last Hot Creations release of this year. The title track takes its cues from the 80s house sound, plying on synths and soaring vocals that transport your mind and you r ears back in time. Yet it retains a clear modern sensibility, the quality of this production won't let you forget that it was crafted in 2014.
Its been yet another solid year in terms of output and Steve Lawler delivers an absolute killer EP to solidify just how good 2014 has been. The energy levels are perfect for main room dancefloors, ensuring that this record will be played out in clubs worldwide over the winter months.
Click here to buy on Juno or Beatport.
Out Now | Luca C & Brigante...
Luca C & Brigante make their first release on Hot Creations with their second collaboration with Roisin Murphy, titled "Invisions". Roisin tends to lend serious weight to everything she touches and Invisions is no exception, her distinct caramel tinged vocals are accompanied by warm italo disco melodies and a deep, driving bassline.
The accompanying club edit sharpens the edges a little and reshapes the track to fit the floor. Label boss Jamie Jones steps in for the first remix, tellingly titled as "Jamie Jones Submerged Mix" his direction takes the track psychedelically deep. The second remix is delivered by heavy hitter Luke Solomon, making his debut appearance on Hot Creations. Luke takes the track even further out there, distorting the bass and cutting into the vocal to create a track entirely different from the original mix.
Latest Releases
wAFF - Fat Gash EP
Listen/Buy:Beatport | Juno | iTunes
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Mark Jenkyns Feat. MC Chickaboo - On Me (12...
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Listen/Buy:Beatport | Juno


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AM 740TheGame
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The AM 740 The Game App makes it simple for sports fans keep up with their favorite Sports Talk shows in one convenient app. With the push of a button, you can listen to your favorite talk shows podcasts, view AM 740 The Game's program schedule, keep up with Facebook and Twitter feeds, and start spirited discussions in their "Sound Off" forum!
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Judo grips San Diegan again
From Texas, Lafon moved to Glenville, N.Y., to train under Takemori and her husband, Jason Morris. She also dropped from the 52-kilo (114½ pounds) division to 106, where her uncanny strength for a slight physique is even more pronounced.
She won her first senior national title last year, upsetting seven-time champion and 2008 Olympian Sayaka Matsumoto, but lost in the semifinals of the Olympic Trials. As the No. 1 seed here, Lafon has the luxury of advancing to a fight-off for the world team spot if she loses during the regular tournament.
She'll also have home-mat advantage, if such a thing exists. She says numerous friends, many of whom have never seen her compete, are planning to attend tomorrow, when her weight class is contested.
Says Lafon: "I hope they're like, 'Oh, this is why you drove all the way across the country, to do this. We get it now.' "
Mark Zeigler: (619) 293-2205; email@example.com


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Carrot Cake from Life as a Loft-House
Community Recipe from
- 2 cup(s) all-purpose flour
- 2 teaspoon(s) cinnamon
- 1 1/4 teaspoon(s) baking powder
- 1 teaspoon(s) baking soda
- 1 teaspoon(s) salt
- 2 cup(s) sugar
- 1 1/4 cup(s) canola oil
- 4 eggs
- 4 cup(s) carrots peeled and grated
- 1 cup(s) coconut
- Frosting
- 3 cup(s) powdered sugar
- 8 ounce(s) (1 package) cream cheese
- 5 tablespoon(s) butter
- 1 teaspoon(s) vanilla extract
- 1 teaspoon(s) almond extract
- DIRECTIONS: Preheat oven to 350 degrees and grease two 9-inch round cake pans. Set aside.
- Sift flour, cinnamon, baking powder, baking soda and salt in a medium bowl. Set aside.
- In a large bowl mix together sugar, oil and eggs with a hand mixer on low speed until well blended. Mix in the dry ingredients just until blended. Fold in the carrots and coconut. Divide batter evenly into the prepared pans. Bake 35 to 45 minutes, until a toothpick inserted in center comes out clean.
- Cool pans on a wire rack for 10 minutes. Loosen the cake edges with a knife. Carefully invert each layer by placing another rack directly over the layer and turning upside down. Tap on the pan to loosen the cake onto rack. Cool cakes completely on the racks. Meanwhile, make frosting.
- Sift the powdered sugar into a large bowl. Add the cream cheese, butter, vanilla and almond extract. Beat with a hand mixer until well-blended and smooth enough to frost cake with. Avoid over-beating, which may make frosting too soft.
- TO FROST CAKE: Place one layer top side down on a cake plate/platter. Spread top with a quarter of the frosting. Place second layer on top, top-side down. Frost top and sides with remaining frosting. Serve! Cover and store leftover cake in the refrigerator.
April 2012
This recipe is a personal recipe added by caroveys and has not been tested or endorsed by MyRecipes.
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The Global FlyFisher - The Largest and Best Place to go for Online Fly Fishing and Fly Tying
GFF Videos
Quill Gordon Wet Fly
Here is another traditional wet fly, the Quill Gordon. This is a great spring hatch here in our region and this is a great pattern to match it. Also it's a very simple pattern to tie. All the material needed to tie this pattern you can find at our website, http://holsingersflyshop.com. and please take the time to subscribe to our YouTube channel and like us on Facebook. Thanks for watching.
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EA Black Box returns to the Need For Speed series for the first time since 2008's NFS Undercover...
The past twelve months have already seen the release of three different Need for Speed games, from Slightly Mad's simulation Shift 2 to Criterion's highly acclaimed Hot Pursuit, as well as the experimental online game, NFS: World. In a return to the franchise's homeland, Need for Speed The Run is an upcoming action-adventure racing title in development by EA Black Box in Canada, scheduled for release this November.
Alex Grimley, a Producer at Black Box, was able to guide us through the current build of the game as we got our hands on the demo at this year's E3. We were in control of Jack, an American from San Francisco who has somehow got himself into trouble with the kind of people that you really shouldn't be getting into trouble with, as well as becoming tangled up with the police. His dire situation has meant that he is now tasked with participating in an illicit, high-stakes race across the land of the free, with salvation the prize for being the first racer to make it to New York.
In a characteristically thrilling move - rather than framing the game around boring, thousand-mile endurance cruises along never-ending American freeways - The Run sets players in Detroit, Las Vegas and other cities in which to race head-to-head with other drivers to compete for the best time. The action is as ridiculous as ever, with our demo actually beginning with Jack being chased over rooftops with no car in sight whatsoever, demonstrating the first ever out-of-car gameplay in a Need for Speed game. After a number of QTE prompts to shake off our pursuers by jumping and dodging across the buildings, Jack steals a police car from two unsuspecting cops.
In the more comfortable four-wheeled format, The Run starts to feel a lot more like a normal Need for Speed title. The shiny, neon-illuminated roads are dashed with flecks of rain as we zip our way through traffic to get out of the city. A helicopter flies overhead and it isn't too long before it opens fire on our car. Bullets are unable to penetrate the car exterior, but they are hugely frustrating as turning becomes harder and visibility takes a hit for the worse. Staying out of the chopper's spotlight is key here and tunnels provide a welcome respite from the constant harassment.
It's not only the cops that are chasing you, and it's soon clear that the pilot of the helicopter must be working for someone else entirely, as they recklessly open fire on other vehicles in the road. On at least two occasions, oncoming cars were shredded by the aerial onslaught, and later on an oil truck exploded right before we pulled up behind it. However, these events are quite obviously tightly scripted, as the slow-motion stylised camera tricks strongly suggest prior planning by the design team; a notion confirmed when we get a chance to play through the section another few times.
The handling is much heavier than many of The Run's competitors, though remains precise and realistic. It's very forgiving too, probably a concession to the arcade feel of the game and so that, unlike Shift, it remains accessible to newcomers instead of just veterans of the genre. The demo ended with a scramble to get out of the car after a scripted collision left us stranded on rail tracks with a train hurtling towards us, prompting a QTE sequence for us to exit the car just in time.
The Run also borrows some features from the popular Hot Pursuit game released late last year, most importantly the Autolog component. This much-heralded innovation gives players near-constant access to their friends' track times, their overall distance travelled to New York and a whole host of social media utilities. The game looks elsewhere across EA's portfolio of studios for other inspiration, even implementing EA DICE's Frostbite 2.0 engine, its first use ever for anything other than a first-person shooter. This will hopefully mean that the courses and cars are able to take believable damage, with the possible inclusion of deteriorating structures and forceful impacts so keenly associated with the technology. The cut-scenes are better than ever, using full motion capture with real-time audio recording to accurately recreate the actors' performances. Black Box is even using eye tracking to trace the actors' optic movements, a long-time difficult ingredient when depicting graphical versions of humans.
It appears that with Need for Speed The Run, Black Box is looking to take the action up a notch, outside the car, and across the country. With an appropriately bombastic setting and a continuation of the series' notoriously competent driving gameplay, The Run looks set to be yet another runaway holiday racing hit for EA. Wise choices in sharing the qualities of other EA studios will also help the success of this coast-to-coast thrill-ride.
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Beirut Blast Kills Five; Settlement Plans Held
Plus 85-year-old Palestinian man dies from tear gas, and more in the news
Eat This Endangered Species
A partridge native to Yemen might go extinct. A rabbi is trying to save it, because he thinks it's kosher.
500 Million Migrating Birds Can't Be Wrong
Bird watchers in Israel can never cry fowl
The Cranes Are Flying
Searching for birds in a changed Israel


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GENEVA, July 10, 2007 /PRNewswire-FirstCall/ -- Baxter Healthcare Corporation today announced the presentation of findings from the ADAPT (Analysis of Data from ADVATE(R) Prospective Trials) study program database showing a statistically significant relationship between the duration of time spent with factor VIII blood levels below one international unit per deciliter (1 IU/dL, one percent of normal factor VIII level) and an increase in the annual bleed rate in people with hemophilia A. The findings from ADAPT suggest that maintaining trough levels above 1 IU/dL with prophylactic therapy may decrease the number of bleeding episodes, particularly in children.
"Until now there has been insufficient clinical evidence to demonstrate that factor VIII levels less than 1 IU/dL are associated with increased bleeding in patients receiving prophylaxis for the management of hemophilia A," said Peter W. Collins M.D., FRCP, FRCPath, Department of Haematology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, U.K.
"These results suggest that decreasing the amount of time a patient spends with a factor VIII less than 1 IU/dL will reduce the number of bleeds. This can be achieved in part by improving adherence to prescribed prophylaxis, while measurement of trough factor VIII levels in some patients may help individual tailoring of factor VIII dosing regimens."
Dr. Collins presented data from the ADAPT group showing an
analysis of 48 children (one to six years of age) and 100
adolescents and adults (10 to 65 years of age) with severe
hemophilia A and factor VIII levels less than 1 IU/dL who
participated in ADVATE clinical trials. All participants were
initially evaluated in a 48-hour pharmacokinetic study to measure
their rate of clearance of ADVATE prior to initiation of
prophylactic therapy. The 10 to 65 years old grou