text:
A weather radar system includes an input for receiving lightning detection data and processing electronics for determining a presence of a convective cell or associated hazard. The processing electronics receive weather radar data and the lightning detection data. The weather radar data is related to radar returns. The processing electronics provide temporal or spatial filtering of the lightning detection data to provide filtered data and determine a position of the convective cell or associated hazard in response to the weather radar data and the filtered data.
1. A weather radar system for an aircraft, comprising:
an input for receiving lightning detection data on the aircraft; and
processing electronics coupled to the input, receiving weather radar data, and receiving the lightning detection data via the input, the processing electronics providing temporal, spatial, or both temporal and spatial filtering of the lightning detection data to provide filtered data, the processing electronics using the filtered data to map a presence of lightning to a geographic area including an error factor, the processing electronics determining a position of a convective cell by correlating the weather radar data and the geographic area including the error factor.
2. The weather radar system of
3. The weather radar system of
4. The weather radar system of
5. The weather radar system of
6. The weather radar system of
7. The weather radar system of
8. The weather radar system of
9. The weather radar system of
10. The weather radar system of
11. The weather radar system of
12. The weather radar system of
13. The weather radar system of
14. A method of displaying an indication of a convective cell on an aircraft display in an avionics system, the method comprising:
receiving lightning sensor data from an aircraft lightning sensor;
filtering the lightning sensor data with spatial and temporal filters;
receiving radar returns from an aircraft weather radar system;
using the filtered data to map a presence of lightning to a geographic area including an error factor;
determining a position of the convective cell by correlating the weather radar data and the geographic area including the error factor; and
providing the indication of the convective cell on the aircraft display by correlating the radar returns and the filtered lightning data.
15. The method of
16. The method of
17. The method of
18. The method of
19. The method of
20. An apparatus for determining a presence of a hazard for an aircraft, the apparatus comprising:
means for determining a location of cells from weather radar returns;
means for determining a presence of lightning;
means for mapping the presence of lightning to a geographic area including an error factor;
means for determining a hazard location by correlating the geographic area of the lightning and the location of cells from the weather radar returns; and
means for displaying the hazard on a display in response to the hazard location in relation to an aircraft flight path.
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/370,085 filed on Mar. 7, 2006 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,515,087, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material that is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by any one of the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent files or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever.
The present application relates generally to the identification of hazards or potential hazards. More particularly, the present application relates to a method and a system for identifying convective and non-convective cells using a weather radar system.
Hazardous weather is generally associated with convective weather cells. Convective weather cells can produce turbulence, high winds, lightning, hail, and other weather hazards. With the large amount of air traffic and rising fuel costs, pilots are interested in identifying convective cells (e.g., often hazardous weather) from non-convective cells (e.g., stratiform rain) so they do not unnecessarily avoid flight routes through non-hazardous weather.
Lightning is generally caused by an updraft of induced charges. Generally, cells that are producing lightning are turbulent and have the capacity to produce hail. Therefore, the presence of lightning in a particular area can be an indication of the presence of a convective cell or at least a potentially hazardous weather region.
Weather radar systems generally include an antenna, a receiver/transmitter circuit, a processor, and display. The processor is coupled between the display and the receiver/transmitter circuit. The receiver/transmitter circuit is coupled between the processor and the antenna. The processor provides transmit signals through the receiver/transmitter circuit to the antenna to transmit radar beams. The processor receives radar return signals derived from radar returns received by the antenna. The radar return signals are provided to the processor via the receiver/transmitter circuit.
Conventionally, pilots use weather radar systems to detect and avoid hazardous weather. The radar return signals are processed to provide graphical images to a radar display. The radar display is typically a color display providing graphical images in color to represent the severity of weather. Some aircraft weather radar systems also include other hazard detection systems such as a turbulence detection system. The turbulence detection system can provide indications of the presence of turbulence or other hazards. Conventional weather radar systems include those manufactured by Rockwell Collins, Inc., Honeywell International, Inc. and others.
Some aircraft also utilize lightning sensors or lightning detection systems. Conventional lightning detection systems or lightning sensors include automatic direction finding (ADF-like) equipment at radio frequency (RF) or by narrow band optical imaging systems. Lightning sensors can include a display for showing the presence of lightning strikes with respect to the position of the aircraft.
Generally, lightning sensors have the ability to detect a rough spatial location of lightning strikes at a relatively significant range. However, conventional lightning sensors do not have the ability to locate and identify convective weather cells with relative accuracy and precision. Heretofore, lightning detection systems have not been effectively utilized with aircraft weather radar systems.
Both lightning sensors and weather radar systems have regions in their weather search range that are more accurate then other regions. Generally, lightning sensors have the ability to detect lightning strikes at long range, but cannot locate the distance to such lightning striking with a relatively high degree of accuracy. High performance weather radar systems can detect weather at substantial ranges but at some ranges have difficulty in determining whether or not an illuminated weather cell is hazardous.
Weather radar systems that utilize spectral width methods to determine turbulence hazards are generally used at ranges less then forty nautical miles because these methods are not as accurate at ranges greater then forty nautical miles. High performance weather radar systems can also utilize vertical reflectivity (e.g., cloud height) as an indicator of cell hazardousness. However, weather radar systems utilizing hazard detection methods based upon vertical reflectivity are limited in accuracy at longer ranges because the smaller antenna diameter of these systems prevents more accurate estimations of storm height.
In addition, certain weather phenomena (such as not convective or convective and dissipating weather cells that have substantial returns) are indicated as hazardous weather even though they are not necessarily hazardous. When the weather radar system indicates hazardous weather in response to this weather phenomena, the weather radar system unnecessarily provides hazard warnings and behaves more like a simple rain gauge than a hazard detector.
Lightning sensors can detect lightning at ranges far in excess of a weather radar system's ability to ascertain the level of a weather hazard. However, lightning sensors and lightning detection systems are generally not provided on aircraft because of their inherent range inaccuracy even though they provide accurate bearing estimations. Further, lightning detection by lightning sensors is generally only spatially correlated with hail and turbulence at scale lengths comparable to or greater than a typical size of a convective weather cell. Therefore, a lightning sensor is most accurate at pointing to the bearing of a cell that is producing lightning, and is less accurate at producing a range estimate to a hazard and identifying an aircraft sized path of safe passage.
Thunderstorm cores are difficult to identify using a conventional on-board weather radar system because weather frontal systems include many cells at different stages of development. Typically, a thunderstorm that has decayed still produces significant returns with a radar because the radar only detected water droplets, but water droplets do not necessarily pose a hazard to the aircraft. Within many thunderstorms, a new thunderstorm can develop that cannot be detected by the radar because it is growing within or adjacent to the decaying cell and is therefore obscured by the decaying cell. Growing or developing thunderstorm cells are generally hazards to aircraft because they include an updraft core that has turbulence, hail, and/or lightning associated with it. Convective cells can grow at rates between 1000 and 6000 ft/min. Conventional radar systems may not operate quickly enough to immediately detect quickly growing cells.
Intracloud or cloud to cloud lightning can be a good indicator of growing thunderstorms and their core regions. Unfortunately, airborne lightning detectors provide poor location information on the lightning flash location. The azimuth error may be in excess of 5 degrees and the range error may be in excess of 20%.
Therefore, there is a need for a weather radar system that accurately combines an airborne radar with an airborne lightning detector and is capable of identifying where high rain rates are located (extent of thunderstorm) and where the thunderstorm cores producing aviation hazards are located. There is also a need for a weather radar system and method capable of predicting weather as an aircraft approaches the weather. There is further a need for a weather radar system and method capable of identifying and predicting soft spots, penetration points, or decaying regions within weather frontal lines to avoid long deviations around frontal lines. There is further still a need for a weather radar system and method capable of quickly detecting convective changes in cells.
It would be desirable to provide a system and/or method that provides one or more of these or other advantageous features. Other features and advantages will be made apparent from the present specification. The teachings disclosed extend to those embodiments which fall within the scope of the appended claims, regardless of whether they accomplish one or more of the aforementioned needs.
One exemplary embodiment relates to a weather radar system including an input for receiving lightning detection data and processing electronics for determining a presence of a convective cell or associated hazard. The processing electronics receive weather radar data and the lightning detection data. The weather radar data is related to radar returns. The processing electronics provide temporal or spatial filtering of the lightning detection data to provide filtered data and determine a position of the convective cell or associated hazard in response to the weather radar data and the filtered data.
Another exemplary embodiment relates to a method of displaying an indication of a convective cell or associated hazard on an aircraft display in an avionics system. The method includes receiving lightning sensor data, filtering the lightning sensor data, receiving radar returns, and providing the indication of the convective cell or associated hazard on the aircraft display using the radar returns and the lightning data.
Another exemplary embodiment relates to an apparatus for determining a presence of a hazard for an aircraft. The apparatus includes means for determining a location of cells from weather radar returns, means for determining a presence of lightning, means for mapping the presence of lightning to a geographic area including an error factor, and means for displaying the convective cell or associated hazard on a display in response to the presence of lightning in the geographic area and the location of cells.
Alternative examples and other exemplary embodiments relate to other features and combination of features as may be generally recited in the claims.
The invention will become more fully understood from the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements, in which:
Before describing in detail the particular improved system and method, it should be observed that the invention includes, but is not limited to a novel structural combination of conventional data/signal processing components and communications circuits, and not in the particular detailed configurations thereof. Accordingly, the structure, methods, functions, control and arrangement of conventional components software, and circuits have, for the most part, been illustrated in the drawings by readily understandable block representations and schematic diagrams, in order not to obscure the disclosure with structural details which will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, having the benefit of the description herein. Further, the invention is not limited to the particular embodiments depicted in the exemplary diagrams, but should be construed in accordance with the language in the claims.
Referring now to
System 10 is advantageously configured to receive lightning sensor data. In one embodiment, system 10 is coupled to a lightning detector 23 as described below. Advantageously, convective cell detector 24 can provide convective cell information and/or hazard information, such as gust advisory information and lightning hazard information on a display 16 to improve pilot situational awareness, improve passenger safety, and decrease maintenance due to weather on aircraft.
Lightning detector 23 is an airborne lightning sensor that can provide an azimuth, time, duration, polarity, and frequency amplitude from the aircraft to the lightning flash. Detector 23 can derive a range interval from the frequency amplitude information. Applicants believe such combined information alone can be inadequate for determining an accurate position of the lightning flash or for determining the presence of convection.
Existing techniques for correlating lightning data use clustering techniques rely solely on the lightning data. Those techniques are inadequate for an airborne solution because airborne lightning sensors do not provide latitude and longitude of the lightning data. The hybrid approach of system 10 advantageously correlates radar reflectivity and lightning data to overcome the shortcomings of the lightning strike inaccuracy. The hybrid approach determines lightning strike position relative to radar reflectivity measurements, with sufficient accuracy, to make a convective assessment on a weather event.
Lightning detector 23 is a lightning sensor that can be integrated within system 10 or be a separate unit from system 10. Lightning detector 23 can be aboard the aircraft associated with system 10 or can be an onboard system communicating wirelessly with system 10. Detector 23 preferably provides lightning data indicative of the presence and/or location of lightning strikes. The lightning data can be raw data from detector 23 or processed data that indicates a location and presence for each lightning strike. In one embodiment, the lightning data points toward or indicates the bearing of detected lightning strikes.
System 10 advantageously uses weather radar ranging and cell identification in a multi-scan or volumetric radar system paired with a lightning detector's angle to a lightning strike to build a threat description on display 16. Applicants believe that using lightning data allows system 10 to identify and detect weather cells at ranges longer than a conventional radar is capable. Applicants believe that the identification of convective cells (and hazards associated therewith) with system 10 has superior ranging accuracy compared to a conventional lightning detector.
System 10 preferably includes a radar antenna 11, a processor 15, a memory 13, a display 16 and a receiver/transmitter circuit 18. System 10 is advantageously configured to include hazard detector 24. In a preferred embodiment, convective cell detector 24 is part of processor 15. Alternatively, convective cell detector 24 can be coupled to processor 15, to another part of system 10, or to other aircraft electronics. Detector 24 can be configured solely as a convective cell detector or as a hazard detector.
Convective cell detector 24 is shown in
In a preferred embodiment, weather radar system 10 is a pulse Doppler radar system. System 10 preferably includes a weather radar return processing unit (e.g., processor 15) that can calculate standard deviations of wind velocities, a mean velocity parameter, a spectral width parameter, a range parameter, and reflectivity parameter to generate turbulence alerts, and to provide a display signal to display 16. In one embodiment, system 10 detects reflectivity by measuring the power of the returned signal. Velocity is measured by detecting changes in phase angle of returned pulses. Spectral width is measured by detection variation in change of phase angle of returned pulses.
Display 16 preferably provides color graphical images corresponding to the intensity of the radar returns. The graphical images can represent weather regions, rainfall densities, turbulence regions, etc. Convective cell detector 24 causes display 16 to provide visual indications of potential hazards and/or convective cells. In one embodiment, audio alerts are also provided.
System 10 can be a multi-scan radar system or similar system manufactured by Rockwell Collins, Inc. configured to include the features associated with convective cell detector 24 and lightning detector 23. According to certain embodiments, system 10 can be an RDR 4000 system or similar system manufactured by Honeywell International, Inc. configured to include the features associated with convective cell detector 24 and lightning detector 23. The type of weather radar system is not disclosed in a limiting fashion. The principles of the present application are applicable to any aircraft weather radar system in which sensing of potential and actual convective cells and/or hazards is performed or desired.
Advantageously, system 10 (e.g., convective cell detector 24) can determine the presence of a convective cell or hazard by utilizing data derived from weather radar returns received from circuit 18 and data derived from lightning detection data from lightning detector 23. Processor 15 and/or detector 24 can utilize the lightning detector data and the weather radar detector to determine the presence of a convective cell or weather hazard. For example, if lightning detector 23 indicates that lightning is occurring at a particular heading or a particular direction from the aircraft and the weather radar data indicates that a cell is located in that direction, processor 15 and convective cell detector 24 can mark that cell on display 16 as being a convective cell because lightning indicates the presence of a conductive cell which may contain hail, lightning or high turbulence. In this way, a weather radar system is complemented by the use of data from lightning detector 23.
Weather radar system 10 advantageously uses lightning detector data and weather radar returns to identify and locate hazards as a hybrid system. Three exemplary algorithms for identifying convective cells are discussed below with reference to
Hazard and convective cell indications can be provided on display 16 in a number of fashions. In one exemplary embodiment, cells that are evaluated as potential lightning hazards can be identified by an icon that encompasses the entire weather cell or an individual threat icon. Alternatively, an individual threat icon (e.g., a lightning bolt) can be embedded at the cell center. Further, a color or colored border can be utilized to identify the cell with the potential lightning hazard. In another embodiment, the icon can fade or change color as the period of time (after which the triggering thresholds are no longer met) expires. In addition, hazards can be identified on display 16 as a cell labeled with the letter "C" or a color border to indicate a convective cell.
The details about system 10 are provided in an exemplary fashion. The principles of the present application are applicable to any weather radar system utilizing radar data for a display. The various components and circuits described below can be implemented in almost any hardware or software configuration depending upon design parameters and system criteria.
In a preferred embodiment, processor 15 and circuit 24 are implemented in software subroutines. The subroutines can be executed on one or more digital signal processors associated with system 10. In one embodiment, system 10 uses a hardware platform of a WXR-2100 weather radar system manufactured by Rockwell Collins, Inc. or an RDR 4000 weather radar system manufactured by Honeywell International, Inc. However, the present application is not limited to any type of hardware platform.
Lightning detector 23 is preferably a Storm Scope™ ADF lightning sensor, narrow band optical imaging system, or other sensor for determining the presence of lightning strikes. Detector 23 preferably also provides a bearing to lightning strikes and an estimated location of lightning strikes. In one example, the lightning detector can be an LD-250 lightning detector configured for communication with detector 24.
In one embodiment, detector 23 provides the data in range and azimuth form to processor 15 indicating the location and presence of lightning strikes or at least the bearing from the aircraft to the lightning strike. Alternatively, processor 15 can obtain raw data from lightning detector 23 and determine presence and location of lightning strikes from the raw data.
Detector 23 can be a detector purchased from Boltek Company or L3 Communications Company and modified to be used with system 10. Alternatively, detector 23 can be a ground based detector system and lightning data can be provided by transmission to the aircraft. In one embodiment, detector 23 is simplified by only providing angle to lightning strike information as discussed with reference to
An antenna for detector 23 can be located at a base of a pedestal boom and utilize the pedestal power associated with weather radar system 10 and its interface to the remote radar transceiver circuit 18. In addition, the antenna for detector 23 can use the current weather radar mechanical pedestal structure associated with antenna 11.
Advantageously, system 10 can be configured for self-calibration. Convective cells can be correlated with lightning tracks to determine a direction dependent azimuth bias. The bias can be identified over time by comparing the azimuth difference from the detections from detector 23 and detector 24. Once the azimuth bias is known, it can be removed to calibrate the azimuth response of detector 23 (e.g., by adding or subtracting the bias). That bias may vary over the azimuth range of detector 23 or with movement of antenna 11. Data can be collected to determine the azimuth bias on a per range and/or movement of antenna 11 basis. The calculation of bias and correction of bias can be performed by detector 24.
With reference to
Processor 15 can receive the radar returns (or signals/data related thereto) directly or through memory 13. Similarly, processor 15 can receive the lightning data either directly or through memory 13. Receiver/transmitter circuit 18 can be a single path or can have separate circuits for a receive path and a transmit path. Processor 15 can determine a reflectivity parameter, a mean velocity parameter and/or a spectral width parameter for use by detector 24.
Detector 24 preferably utilizes information from lightning detector 23 to identify and locate lightning bolts 67 on display 16. As shown on graph 47 (
Utilizing the lightning data, hazard detector 24 can identify cell or system 55 as including more hazardous weather and cell 59 as not including as hazardous weather because of the limited or lack of lightning. Accordingly, a pilot can advantageously find a flight path through weather system 51 which may have been avoided as hazardous weather without the advantageous use of lightning data.
Flash rate history may be used to determine cell maturity. Increasing flash rates verses time indicate a cell in a growth stage while decreasing flash rates verses time indicate a cell that is decaying. High continuing flash rates indicate possible mature super-cell convection.
The determination of cell maturity allows cells that are in the dissipating stages to be identified as potential flight paths when needed by an aircraft after some delay to allow decaying non-flashing cells to discharge. Flash rate history can be stored in memory 13.
With reference to
With reference to
Convective cell detector 24 can process at least one of parameters 60, 62, 64, 66, 68 and data from detector 23 to provide a display screen 84 including hazard detection. In addition, convective cell detector 24 can cause system 10 to perform further analysis in light of information from lightning detector 23 or parameter 60, 62, 64, 58 and 66. The further analysis can even include causing system 10 to perform weather radar queuing as well as examining new data or historical data.
Threat descriptions on display 16 can include lightning, hail, and turbulence. All three hazards can have substantial impact on airline operations and may be blended with a weather radar's solo threat assessments at shorter ranges. In one embodiment, the display of turbulence and potential lightning may be paired with entire cells and circled by a line of the normal turbulence color at lower levels of hazard. Regions of likely lightning and directly measured turbulence may use either a solid second level turbulence color or be encoded with an icon. Display 16 should allow slewing from the full cell identification of convective weather at long ranges to a shorter range sub-cell size regions of likely hazard.
With reference to
System 10 can utilize a variety of algorithms preferably implemented in software. In one embodiment, temporal and/or spatial filtering is achieved by a correlation algorithm that is utilized in detector 24 to correlate lightning data and reflectivity data.
In order to correlate lightning and reflectivity data, detector 24 minimally receives a lightning flash azimuth data from detector 23 and then performs spatial and temporal correlation of the lightning flash data and airborne radar reflectivity data from processor 15 in the following exemplary manner:
Spatial Correlation:
1. A geo-referenced line segment is generated using the sensor position, azimuth, and maximum range of detector 23. The geo-referenced line segment is stored in memory 13. If a range interval is provided for the lightning flash, the geo-referenced line segment end-points may be bounded by that range interval. Alternatively, two geo-referenced line segments may be calculated, bounding the azimuth uncertainty of the lightning flash.
2. Detector 24 segments the current detected reflectivity regions (weather objects) into disjoint reflectivity regions. Those disjoint reflectivity regions represent unique weather events and will be stored as geo-referenced shape descriptors (i.e. points, polygon, ellipse, etc.). Identifying disjoint weather events is valuable because it represents the aggregate contours of the reflectivity region and is a better representation of the total area of the weather event, as detected by system 10.
3. The lightning line segment and disjoint reflectivity regions are mapped to geo-referenced memory. If the lightning line segment intersects a reflectivity region shape descriptor, then the lightning flash is associated with that lightning line segment, and therefore correlated with the weather event associated with the reflectivity shape descriptor. The lightning flash and weather event are now successfully correlated, so the weather event has at least one lightning flash associated with it.
4. If the line segment intersects more than one disjoint reflectivity region, then detector 24 may use one or more techniques such as Set Theory, Fuzzy, or probabilistic logic to determine to which disjoint reflectivity region, the lightning flash belongs. As an example, a set theory approach would define each disjoint reflectivity region as a unique "set" and lightning flashes would be an element correlated with each set based upon the axioms and rules that define varying degrees of membership. For example, a lightning flash line segment that intersects or bisects two sets (disjoint reflectivity regions) would violate an axiom where lightning flash elements can only belong to one set. Rules are used to determine which of the two reflectivity sets the element belongs. For example, an exemplary rule states for each bisected set, the proximity of the bisecting line to the bisected set's centroid may be compared to determine the set that is bisected closest to the centroid. The set that is bisected closest to the centroid is the correlated set and the set that the element belongs. Additional rules including uncertainty may also be modeled as part of the rules for membership.
5. If a lightning flash does not intersect or bisect a reflectivity region, then the lightning flash is correlated with the nearest reflectivity within 10 miles of the lightning flash. Otherwise, the lightning flash is probably from a weather event that is not currently being detected by system 10.
6. Previous steps are repeated as new reflectivity and lightning flash data are received.
Temporal Correlation:
7. Storing the reflectivity and lightning data is necessary for convective assessment and tracking reflectivity and lightning regions is useful for growth and decay assessment of the convective region. New geo-referenced disjoint reflectivity shape descriptors are generated as new data is received from the radar.
8. The new reflectivity shape descriptors are correlated with previously stored reflectivity shape descriptors so that weather events can be tracked over time.
9. New lightning flash data is correlated with the new reflectivity shape descriptors. Since the previously correlated lightning and reflectivity data is correlated with the new data through the reflectivity tracking, detector 24 can determine the cumulative number of lightning strikes (total lightning strikes) associated with a weather event over time.
10. As new lighting flash data is correlated with new and previous reflectivity, the lightning flash data associated with each disjoint reflectivity region may be aggregated to form a unique lightning region or shape descriptor associated with the weather event. For example, if eight lightning flashes were correlated with a weather event over the last minute, the position and area uncertainty of each lightning flash is modeled and may be mapped to geo-referenced memory. A shape descriptor may be generated representing the aggregate lightning region associated with that weather event. That information is useful for convective assessment of the weather event as well as weather event tracking.
11. Previous steps are repeated as new reflectivity and lightning flash data is received.
The above description of the spatial correlation and temporal correlation algorithm is for example only. Both spatial and temporal correlation do not have to be performed. Various other algorithms can be utilized to interpret lightning data and reflectivity data. Once spatial and temporal correlation is achieved, detector 23 can analyze the correlated data to identify convective and/or hazard regions.
With reference with
At step 205, radar queuing is performed. Radar queuing allows system 10 to provide radar beams and obtain radar returns from a particular area associated with the lightning discharge. For example, system 10 can identify a region based upon the lightning data and add several dB and loop gain to provide further analysis of the region associated with the lightning. Further, system 10 may dwell longer in limited regions of space for higher loop gain. Such radar queuing allows system 10 to detect new thunder storms growing under the radar sample volume.
According to one embodiment, a scan strategy can be developed to maximize convective cell identification and detection. When lightning detector 24 produces an azimuth with a reasonable chance of a cell being alone, the radar scan can be both focused in time and changed in properties to maximize cell detection along that line. Vertical scans may be used alone the line detection to best detect early convection or cells below the current normal radar scan altitude. For short range detection, such as detection of a cell below the current scanning system that is growing, system 10 can use freezing point (temperature detection) to assist. Freezing point is an initial growth point for most convective cells so starting there at short ranges is a reasonable scan strategy. (This case assumes a lightning track before detection by radar returns.)
In addition, radar queuing allows Low Probability of Intercept (LPI) operations since only limited azimuth angles need to be scanned. In this way, system 10 advantageously samples azimuth regions that are likely to have convective activity while limiting radar pulses that may allow an adversary to produce a bearing on the aircraft carrying the LPI radar. Radar queuing allows system 10 to use its available sample time more efficiently, allowing detections at both longer ranges and at lower radar reflectivity levels.
Preferably, analysis using the weather radar with lightning return data is performed at a step 208. The analysis can allow weather cells to be characterized as convective versus non-convective cells. Cells that are significant convective cells will have associated flash rates greater than 3 flashes per 10 minute interval (see Hallowell et al. (1999))
In addition, convective regions can be identified for Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) penetration. Since ITCZ weather returns have a different characteristic from other weather environments (such as Continental United States (CONUS)), the association and hazard logic may be different (See On the Relationship Between Lightning and Convective Rainfall over the Central Pacific Ocean, Pessi et al. 2004). Penetrations should be made in regions where flash rates are at a minimum. Since cell maturity is somewhat related to flash rate, regions with non-existent or decaying flash rates may be targeted as possible penetration points. Further, cell characterization allows identification of false weather returns caused by anomalous propagation and discrimination of tropical weather from convective cells. Further, analysis of the weather radar return data based upon radar queuing and use of lightning data allows characterization of convective cell maturity and inferences of hail to be determined.
With reference to
With reference to
With reference to
In alternative embodiments, the additive, cross qualify, and subset algorithms can be adjusted to take into account various factors including geographic locations, ranges of radar returns and lightning data, temperatures, etc. For example, radar returns tend to be more accurate at shorter ranges and accordingly greater weight may be given to regions detected by weather radar at shorter ranges. Longer range detection may be more accurate for lightning sensors. Accordingly, longer range detection may be given more weight when done by lightning detector 23.
By using temporal filter 412 and spatial filter 414 on the lightning data received from lightning detector 23, weather radar system 10 preferably identifies the core locations or most active regions of lightning, which indicate thunderstorm core locations. Temporal filter 412 processes lightning data over a predetermined time period (e.g., about thirty seconds, about one minute, about two minutes, about five minutes, about ten minutes, etc.) and maps the area to an estimated geographic location as determined by lightning sensor 23. Spatial filter 414 may also filter out lightning strikes based on the frequency in a particular geographic region. For example, lightning may only be used at geographic positions with the top 10%, the top 25%, the top 50%, etc. of observed lightning strike rates. In other examples, lightning may only be used at geographic locations where at least 5 flashes, 10 flashes, at least 20 flashes, etc. have occurred. The estimated geographic location generally includes range and azimuth data from sensor 23. Using the expected error associated with the range and azimuth location, a lightning map can be created to show the geographic area covered by the lightning flash (including the error).
The lightning flash error may cause multiple pixels (where each pixel has a predetermined size) to map to a single detected flash. If over the sample period another flash maps to the same pixel location, then a summation function may be applied to add another flash to the pixel value. Therefore, the map may include pixels with various corresponding flash values or lightning strike frequencies/rates. The pixels with the largest flash values may correspond to the thunderstorm cores, because thunderstorm cores produce the majority of the lightning flashes associated with a thunderstorm.
The core locations can be combined/filtered with the airborne radar data to improve the identification of the location (including range and azimuth) of the thunderstorm and/or thunderstorm cores within a detected radar signature. Spatial filter 414 is configured to filter the lightning data from lightning detector 23 with respect to the position of the lightning strike and radar data. Spatial filter 414 may filter out lightning data that does not correspond to a similar position as radar data of a predetermined reflectivity (e.g., greater than about 0 dBZ, greater than or equal to about 10 dBZ, greater than or equal to about 20 dBZ, greater than or equal to about 30 dBZ, greater than or equal to about 40 dBZ, etc.) or spectral width. The spatially and temporally filtered lightning data may then be overlayed or combined with the radar data on display 16 or stored in memory 13 for later use.
Lightning detector 23 may detect both cloud to ground lightning 422 (represented by dashed line polygons) and cloud to cloud lightning 424 (represented by solid line polygons). The polygons represent lightning flash locations including associated range and azimuth errors. Processor 15 may analyze the lightning flashes for one or more strikes (e.g., each lien of spidering for cloud to ground lightning, for each stroke of cloud to cloud lightning, etc.) over a pre-determined time interval (i.e. temporal filtering) and in a certain area (i.e., spatial filtering) for estimated lightning strike positions and estimated error in azimuth and range. The error calculation can be derived from the lightning sensor performance and by historical comparisons, comparing the detected lightning from the air with ground based lightning detectors/truth data. The estimated range may include the most error. The lightning error is represented by the size of lightning polygons 422 and 424 as an area where the lightning strikes may have occurred. As illustrated, cloud to cloud lightning is generally the most prevalent type of lightning in a cell and may be most indicative of cell activity. Therefore, according to other exemplary embodiments, lightning sensor 23 may detect only cloud to cloud lightning.
According to various exemplary embodiments, the cloud to cloud and cloud to ground lightning flashes can be detected by multiple lightning sensors tuned to detect lightning flashes at different frequency bands. For example, the system may include a sensor tuned to detect lightning flashes in a frequency band where cloud to cloud lightning typically occurs or is expected to occur as well as a sensor tuned to detect lightning flashes in another frequency band where cloud to ground lightning typically occurs or is expected to occur. Alternatively, the system may include a single sensor tuned to detect both cloud to cloud and cloud to earth lightning. In other exemplary embodiments, the system may include more than two sensors to detect lightning in more granular frequency bands or to redundantly detect lightning flashes in similar frequency bands to increase the likelihood of detection. It is noted the a frequency band where a certain type of lightning is expected to occur can change or be manually or automatically adjusted over time based on actual lightning data.
By correlating lightning data with radar reflectivity, weather radar system 410 can correctly identify whether a cell is growing or decaying. According to some exemplary embodiments, a file containing the lightning flash polygons and an estimation of the lightning flash error may be generated by computer code executed on processor 15, for example the computer code listed below:
Copyright Rockwell Collins, Inc. 2008
public class FileCreator {
public FileCreator( ) {
protected static void begin(int aStart) {
public static void exit( ) {
private static boolean processFiles( ) {
} catch (IllegalArgumentException anExc) {
private static void adjustFlashNumbers(long anEndTime) {
private static void findCG(long aBegTime, long anEndTime) {
if (prevFlashIndex>=0) {
} else {
m_logger.info("matchCnt: "+matchCnt
private static void storeCgInfo(int aCgFlashIndex, int aStrokeCombinedIndex) {
private static FlightPoint determineVehPos(long aTime, boolean aRestart) {
private static boolean determineError( ) {
private static boolean createFlashFile( ) {
Configuration.getDefaultMessageLogBegFilename( );
The above code is exemplary only and can be compiled to operate on a processing platform associated with system 10.
Locations or positions of greatest lightning activity or flashes 430 mapped on the radar data (e.g., as the color cyan, by a textual symbol, etc.) may represent thunderstorm cores or highly convective regions. The lightning map may provide a clearer picture of a penetration point 432 in cell 426, a location that an aircraft could more safely proceed through cell 426 and avoid convective or growing regions. Penetration point 432 may be a generally non-convective corridor or a less hazardous decaying region of cell 426 or a weather frontal line. When a convective cell is detected, weather radar system 410 may perform queuing on the cell and direct a weather radar beam to the position of the cell to obtain more detailed radar data (e.g., reflectivity, spectral width, etc.).
When the lightning is combined with the reflectivity image, it can be used to identify areas that are likely electrically charged. The identified areas could be a decaying cell or anvil blow-off area with 30 dBZ reflectivity above the freezing level and a very low flash rate (e.g., a location with one strike in the last 10 minutes). The electrically charged area is associated with reflectivity, but may not be associated with a convective core or with significant turbulence. The electrically charged area may pose a risk of aircraft induced lightning strike.
The filtered lightning and reflectivity hazard information can be compared with the aircraft flight path as received from the Flight Management Computer. The hazard information may be filtered from the display (i.e. not displayed) if the hazard is not predicted to intersect with the aircraft flight path. Conversely, the hazard may be displayed if it is predicted to be in close proximity to the aircraft flight path (e.g., an aircraft flight path over a growing convective core).
According to other exemplary embodiments, the radar map may be additionally spatially filtered to only display reflectivity data in regions that the lightning map indicates as being highly convective or growing so that only the most pertinent data related to safer operation of the aircraft is displayed. According to other exemplary embodiments, the lightning map may be additionally spatially filtered to only display lightning data in regions that the radar map indicates as having the greatest reflectivity (and possibly the most convective activity or growth) so that only the most pertinent data related to safer operation of the aircraft is displayed.
While weather system 410 is shown to use a single spatial and a single temporal filter for lightning, according to other exemplary embodiments, multiple temporal or spatial lightning filters could be used. According to other exemplary embodiments, only spatial filters may be used or only temporal filters may be used. According to other exemplary embodiments, weather system 410 may include a spatial filter for radar reflectivity to limit the display of radar activity to the most relevant or active data.
While the detailed drawings, specific examples, detailed algorithms and particular configurations given describe preferred and exemplary embodiments, they serve the purpose of illustration only. The inventions disclosed are not limited to the specific forms shown. For example, the methods may be performed in any of a variety of sequence of steps or according to any of a variety of mathematical formulas. The hardware and software configurations shown and described may differ depending on the chosen performance characteristics and physical characteristics of the weather radar and processing devices. For example, the type of system components and their interconnections may differ. The systems and methods depicted and described are not limited to the precise details and conditions disclosed. The flow charts show preferred exemplary operations only. The specific data types and operations are shown in a non-limiting fashion. Furthermore, other substitutions, modifications, changes, and omissions may be made in the design, operating conditions, and arrangement of the exemplary embodiments without departing from the scope of the invention as expressed in the appended claims.
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Get Up And Move! Sitting May Be As Bad As Smoking
May 1, 2014
Recent research says that in some cases, sitting can be equally as bad as smoking when it comes to major cardiovascular risk. One study found that men who spent five or more hours a day sitting were 34% more likely to develop heart failure than those who spent no more than two hours per day sitting. The answer? Not only exercise regularly, but get up from your desk at work at least once an hour and find other ways to move around more throughout your day.
[ Read the Article: Sitting: Is It As Bad For You As Smoking? ]
Topics: Health Medical Pharma, Behavior, Human behavior, Ethics, Sitting, Habits, Tobacco, Smoking, Addiction

subset: commoncrawl


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Fighting back from its own PR nightmare, Edelman has posted, as part of its Earshot podcast, audio from its mandatory, firmwide Edelman University course on Ethics in Social Media Communications. It's a fascinating presentation by Rick Murray, President of Edelman's me2revolution group (who ironically doesn't appear to have a blog...), somewhat because of the palpable discomfort and regret involved, but mostly for how it puts the company's money where its mouth is on the transparency issue. There's some interesting discussion of the updated, FCC approved WOMMA guidelines and the role they stand to play in controlling (or eliminating) the degree of related regulation. And the new Ethics 20 Questions strike me as a great tool for helping not just corporate communicators but all online publishers (from institutional to individual) ensure the integrity of their offerings.
Topic: Social Enterprise
- Follow via:
Edelman on mistakes, social media, and not being this decade's spam
Summary:Edelman Communications is used to providing image damage control to clients. Now see how it executes when Edelman itself is fighting to regain trust and credibility. With its podcast: well.
By Denise Howell for Lawgarithms |Follow @ZDNet
Topics: Social Enterprise
About Denise Howell
Denise Howell is an appellate, intellectual property and technology lawyer who enjoys broad industry recognition for her expertise on the intersection of emerging technologies and law. For further details please see her professional background and speaking schedule. Denise's career is characterized by her passionate engagement in intell... Full Bio


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The Space Between
Using a Minor White quote as a starting point, Patricia Lay-Dorsey alternates portraits of children with images of natural objects that reflect the magic of childhood.
Patricia Lay-Dorsey brings years as a social worker and visual artist to her photography. She is all about seeing herself and others from an insider's point of view. Patricia's self portrait project, "Falling Into Place," took third prize in the 2010 FotoVisura Grant for Outstanding Personal Photography Project. Her photo essays have been featured in Newsweek Japan, NY Times Lens Blog, Visura Magazine, Burn, LensWork, American-Journal, New Mobility Magazine, and Catherine Edelman's The Chicago Project. Patricia has had solo exhibits at Boston's Griffin Museum of Photography and Detroit's Ellen Kayrod Gallery. She was invited to show work at the Annenberg Space for Photography and the Detroit Center for Contemporary Photography. Her POD books, Falling Into Place, Young Musicians, Just Another Married Couple, and The Space Between can be ordered in the Blurb bookstore. Patricia and her husband Ed have lived in the Detroit area since 1966.
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what a beautiful book Patricia...absolutely precious.
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Just Another Married Couple Publicado 26 de enero de 2013
Young Musicians Publicado 05 de octubre de 2012
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HYDRABAD: In a finding that would make parents sit up and take note of, a study revealed the prevalence of hypertension in urban schoolchildren in city.
Carried out under NICE Foundation School Child Health Care Plan, the cross-section study involving 2,500 children between five and 14 years from 10 randomly selected schools found that the prevalence of hypertension was 7.2 per cent (6.6 per cent in boys and 7.9 per cent in girls).
The study which was presented at the recently concluded PEDICON-2010 (47th national conference of the Indian Academy of Paediatrics) bagged 'V.Balagopal Raju Award' for best scientific paper.
Principal Investigator of the study, K. Pavan Kumar, who is a paediatrician at Mahaveer Hospital, told The Hindu that obesity, eating junk food, sedentary lifestyle and family history of hypertension were the main causes for the high prevalence of blood pressure among children. He said the American Heart Association's systematic review and meta analysis in 2008 pointed out that there was a strong evidence that children in upper percentile of blood pressure levels were more likely to become hypertensive in adulthood and early intervention was important. He said it was vital for early recognition of hypertension as it would help in preventing cardiovascular diseases, stroke and kidney failure.
Another significant finding of the study was the direct correlation between higher socio-economic status and hypertension.
There were high mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures in children of high socio-economic status and it was attributed to increasing Body Mass Index (BMI).


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Established in 1879, the USGS has a distinguished history of leadership serving the nation by providing scientific data to describe and understand Earth systems and by providing unbiased assessments to facilitate management of the nation's natural resources. Since its beginning, the USGS has been the primary federal agency responsible for assessing the quantity and quality of the nation's surface water and groundwater. Hydrologic research and hydrologic data collection and analyses are implemented through the USGS Water Resources Discipline, one of four broad earth science Disciplines around which the USGS is organized (Biology, Geography, Geology, and Water, and a directorate for geospatial information). At present, the Water Resources Discipline has a workforce of about 3,300 water scientists and technicians working in 181 offices throughout the country. The USGS maintains Water Science Center offices (or integrated Science Centers offices) in every state and three major regional research offices (western, central, and eastern). The Water Resources Discipline has evolved throughout the history of the agency, yet Water's mission has remained constant—"to provide reliable, impartial, timely information needed to understand the nation's water resources."
Because the USGS is a science agency with no regulatory or management responsibilities, the Water Resources Discipline is recognized as a source of unbiased scientific information and hydrologic data. USGS research, studies, and data are used by other federal agencies; state, local, and tribal governments; the private sector; and academia as a basis for a wide range of water resources research and water planning and management decisions, including: water infrastructure design and maintenance, flood monitoring and emergency notification, drought monitoring, water rights administration, water quality management, and other related services. The USGS is also a trusted source of hydrologic data and science for resolving inter-jurisdictional disputes, such as water disputes between states.
The USGS carries out its water resources mission through several individual programs (Box 1-2) that cumulatively support the nation's hydrologic data network and provide hydrologic assessments at the national, regional, state, and local scale. USGS data and information from these programs are integrated into the National Hydrologic Information System and provided freely to all parties via the internet. These data are used by a wide audience for many purposes and serve as an important national resource of hydrologic information.
Most of these WRD programs are familiar to water resources interested parties; most are also identified as budget lines for the agency. To


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It looks a great deal like Salafis set the movie in motion, then began promoting a movie that no one had ever heard of before on their own channel and then used it set off riots and carry out an attack on US embassies.
Were "Sam Bacile" and "The Innocence of Muslims" Part of a Salafi Plot All Along?
September 13, 2012 by 18 Comments
Like Allah, Islamic Revolutions Devour Their Own Children
August 17, 2012 by 133 Comments


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Winter!: Prepare for holiday gaming!
We've all fantasized about blowing away city blocks by shooting lasers from our hands, and this game is the best way to do it! :D The controls are tops and the combat is innovative and very well-handled. An absolute must for any DBZ fan.
Game Traits applied to Dragon Ball Z: Budokai 3 (PS2) by JinTetra
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Alien races you would like to have seen expanded upon?
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June 11 2013, 09:48 PM
Alien races you would like to have seen expanded upon?
One thing I dont like with startrek is the alien of the week menality were they meet a cool alien and move on never to revist them. In some cases ok fine but there were some really cool aliens I would have loved to see be expanded on.
For me:
Tamarians: I would love to see what develped after first contact with them.
Sheliak: Who were they? They seemed far diffrent from the useal humanoid aliens we get.
The aliens from schisms: Why were they abducting people? Again who were they?
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Wedding of Carl & Corrina Palliser 5th November 2011
by Amy-Jayne Liff
I'm quite new at photography but recently have been lucky by booking jobs for my family. A lot of my photography is of flowers and wildlife.
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Wedding of Amy & Antony McGarry-Thickitt 6th June 2012
Published March 16, 2013
Frances & David Stillwell''s Wedding 13th August 2011
Published November 03, 2011
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(a) Section 3(f) of the Act contains a very comprehensive definition of the term "agriculture." The definition has two distinct branches (see Farmers Reservoir Co. v. McComb, 337 U.S. 755). One has relation to the primary meaning of agriculture; the other gives to the term a somewhat broader secondary meaning for purposes of the Act (NLRB v. Olaa Sugar Co.,242 F. 2d 714).
(b) First, there is the primary meaning. This includes farming in all its branches. Listed as being included "among other things" in the primary meaning are certain specific farming operations such as cultivation and tillage of the soil, dairying the production, cultivation, growing and harvesting of any agricultural or horticultural commodities and the raising of livestock, bees, fur-bearing animals or poultry. If an employee is employed in any of these activities, he is engaged in agriculture regardless of whether he is employed by a farmer or on a farm. (Farmers Reservoir Co. v. McComb, supra; Holtville Alfalfa Mills v. Wyatt,230 F. 2d 398.)
(c) Then there is the secondary meaning of the term. The second branch includes operations other than those which fall within the primary meaning of the term. It includes any practices, whether or not they are themselves farming practices, which are performed either by a farmer or on a farm as an incident to or in conjunction with "such" farming operations (Farmers Reservoir Co. v. McComb, supra; NLRB v. Olaa Sugar Co.,242 F. 2d 714; Maneja v. Waialua, 349 U.S. 254).
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2 killed as lightning strikes in 2 Toledo villages
More News from Jhunnex Napallacan
More News from Inquirer Visayas
CEBU CITY, Philippines — Two persons were killed when lightning struck two villages of Toledo City while hail hit at least three villages of nearby town of Pinamungajan on Wednesday.
The two fatalities were identified as Marites Lacheca, 37, a resident of Sitio (sub-village) Bawod, Barangay (village) Magdugo, and Victoriano Macaday, a security guard and a resident of Barangay Biga, both in Toledo City.
The Toledo City police said Lacheca, a mother of four children, was doing the laundry outside her house when she was struck by lightning at 1:30 p.m. Wednesday.
Magdugo barangay councilor Max Macapobre said Lacheca's children had asked their mother to get inside their house because of the series of lightning but she refused.
Macapobre said Lacheca who died on the spot had black marks on the body, especially her neck.
Meanwhile, Erna Ricacho, nurse on duty at the Carmen Copper Corporation Hospital in Toledo City confirmed that Macaday was pronounced dead on arrival at the hospital 1:30 pm.
Nurse on duty Erna Ricacho said the persons who brought Macaday told the hospital staff that the victim was fixing something outside the house when he was struck by lightning.
Ricacho, however, said the hospital doctor had yet to give official report on the cause of his death, which has yet to be recorded at the Toledo City police station blotter.
In Pinamungajan town, hail or freezing rain was experienced in the barangays of Binabag, Poblacion and Pandacan, also on Wednesday.
Police Officer 2 Carlos Barluado happened to be in barangay Pandacan when he noticed hail the size of ice cubes falling down with the rain at around 1:40 pm.
Barluado said some people who were afraid of what they believed as unusual occurrence in the town hid inside their houses.
But Barluado said he was able to take video of the hail, which lasted for two minutes.
He said not much hail accompanied the rain, but some plants were also damaged in Barangay Pandacan.
In Barangay Poblacion, Pinamugahan, a mango tree was uprooted and fell into the house of Sergio Balungcas, causing minor damage, said Chief Inspector Roseller Paller.
Paller, Pinamungahan chief of the police, said a minor waterspout simultaneously hit also in Sitio Pondol, Binabag, damaging the roof of two houses, owned by Emilie and Analie Obatay, which were made of light materials.
The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (Pagasa) in Cebu had issued a thunderstorm alert in several areas of Cebu, including Toledo City and Pinamungajan.
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Prehistoric Elephant Tusks and Fossils
The coast east of Herne Bay between Beltinge and Reculver is a particularly important location for the Palaeocene, the period of geological history following the extinction of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago. Fossils, including razor-sharp sharks' teeth can be found from the Palaeocene rocks at low tides on the beach.
Over the last 2.5 million years there have been several ice ages. During the last ice age woolly mammoth roamed cold grassy tundra in southern Britain. Some fossils such as the tusks and teeth of straight-tusked elephant found at Herne Bay are from animals that lived during warm periods in between the Ice ages. Other animals from these warm periods include hippopotamus, narrow nosed rhinoceros and cave lions.
Visit the Museum to see:
- Prehistoric animal bones
- A sea turtle from around 50 million years ago in the Eocene when Herne Bay was part of a shallow tropical sea fringed with lush forests. Other fossils found in the London Clay include plants, fish, crabs, sharks, snakes, crocodiles and even birds!
- Fossils from Beltinge including sharks' teeth
Fossil turtle from the London clay
Follow the Museums on:
Other Collections
- Reculver Roman Fort
- The 1953 Flood
- Birds and sealife
- Herne Bay Clocktower
- Seaside amusements, piers, pastimes & souvenirs
- William Sidney Cooper
- Barnes Wallis's Bouncing Bomb
How to find us
Herne Bay Museum and Gallery
12 William Street, CT6 5EJ
Nine miles from Canterbury via A28 and A291. Nearest station: One mile from Herne Bay train station.
Phone: 01227 367368
Email: email@example.com
Have details of our latest exhibitions and events sent straight to your inbox.


text: Culture at the Core tag:blog.lib.umn.edu,2010-07-14:/bakk0077/cultureatthecore//12443 2010-07-14T18:25:48Z Find out what's new with Culture at the Core and interact with Culture at the Core student leaders through the live blog. Movable Type Enterprise 4.31-en testing testing testing tag:blog.lib.umn.edu,2010:/bakk0077/cultureatthecore//12443.242971 2010-07-14T18:25:17Z 2010-07-14T18:25:48Z testing 1 2 3...... email@example.com testing 1 2 3...]]> Testing an entry from my other account tag:blog.lib.umn.edu,2010:/bakk0077/cultureatthecore//12443.242966 2010-07-14T17:19:08Z 2010-07-14T17:19:34Z Let's see how this works. Hmmmmm not too bad.... email@example.com Let's see how this works. Hmmmmm not too bad. ]]> Testing again tag:blog.lib.umn.edu,2010:/bakk0077/cultureatthecore//12443.242963 2010-07-14T13:55:07Z 2010-07-14T16:58:47Z bakk0077 Testing Culture at the Core Blog tag:blog.lib.umn.edu,2010:/bakk0077/cultureatthecore//12443.242941 2010-07-14T13:32:41Z 2010-07-14T13:35:32Z Just testing this out. How does it look? Do you think people will be able to use it?... bakk0077 Just testing this out. How does it look? Do you think people will be able to use it?]]>


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A jilted wife was caught on CCTV footage dragging her husband's mistress by her ponytail and hurling her over the edge of a cliff.
The wife, Lissette Lupo Mamani, spotted her cheating spouse, Renzo Zanabria Huanca, with the alleged 'other woman', Sandra Bruna Morales, during a hush-hush meeting in Arequipa, Peru, the Mirror reported.
In the shocking video of the bust-up, the hubby can be seen running away from the scene as mother of his four children grabs Morales by the hair.
The outraged wife was then seen dragging the 25-year-old girlfriend along the ground by her ponytail to the edge of a ravine before pushing her off.
Morales escaped serious injury and just had cuts and bruises.
The drop into the cliff was about 20ft.


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|Property type
|Minimum Stay
|2 - 5 nights
Located in a very well maintained Hausmanien building right by the Eiffel Tower,this studio has gone through an extensive refurbishment to make it the perfect place for couples traveling together. You have your own private terrace really rare in Paris where you can take your breakfast or have a drink in the evening We have designed the studio With Air Conditioning specifically to satisfy tourist visiting Paris. You have a bedroom, a luxury bathroom room and a fully equipped kitchen .The studio is very quit and you do not hear any street noise.
The apartment's neighborhood on the left bank by the river Seine is a very secured and residential area. it is the perfect peaceful place to rest after a busy day visiting museums and monuments of Paris.
It is only 300m from to the famous Eiffel Tower which is the monument best identified with Paris, otherwise you can enjoy the peace and quietness of the charming streets around.
We paid attention to the quality of the furniture in particular to the mattresses choosing the same quality as used by Paris luxury hotels.
There is also cable TV with international channels, high-speed Internet connection with WIFI and free phone call to both fix and mobile phone to the US and Canada. For other region only fix line calls are included.
Live like a true Parisian: Part of the fun of coming to Paris and staying in an apartment is to live like a Parisian and our welcome pack allows you to fully enjoy your stay in Paris. It contains our favorite bakers, patisseries, cheese chops, gourmet and wine shops, butchers, fish stores, open markets, cafes and restaurants in the neighborhood. You in particular will enjoy the open market, Bd de Grenelle, with all fresh products and so typically French.
Our Studio will make you feel at home. You will be experiencing a true Parisian life rather than stay in an impersonal hotel room.
Note from the pictures how small this unit is. What you can't see is how clean and well provided it is. The location and privacy were absolutely perfect for our eight night stay in Paris. Free Wi-Fi was fast and available all the time.
We began our honeymoon here & couldn't have asked for anything better! The owner & his son (who is on-hand for any help) were great great people! The residence was beautiful plus is very close to the Eiffel Tower & in a great walking location. We had such a positive experience here, I can't say enough great things about it. They deserve your business! A+
Our stay at Phillipe and Leo's studio was fantastic.
It was quite comfortable and well equipped, and the location was ideal for our visit to Paris. In spite of the cold, we loved spending a romantic week-end away, and the studio, certainly contributed to it.
It is exactly as presented in the website. And the price/relation quality was quite good. The only 'not so nice' detail is the preservation of the inner patio where it is located.
Leo was quite friendly and provided us with uptodate suggestions.
We certainly recommend it!
My husband and I stayed in this charming studio for two weeks in mid-September. It is exactly as described, perfectly situated, and very quiet. It was, to us, the perfect Parisian neighborhood. The owners were friendly and responsive to all our questions. I especially enjoyed my morning coffee in the little patio area shown in the description. It was the perfect way to start our day of exploring. The location is absolutely ideal. We would return in a heartbeat!
Very nice and luxurius studio very near the Eiffel towel and very friendly owner! We had a fantastic stay in Paris thanks to this great studio. It's located in a safe neighbourhood at a courtyard and so very quiet day and night. Very modern interior, the best bathtowels EVER!, big tv, very clean, basically everything you need is inside. Nearby metro station Dupleix (line 6). I would recommend this place to everyone. We would definitely book here again. Worth more than it's priced so don't hesitate to book! :-D Thank you Philippe for the great welcoming.
When planning our trip to Paris we were first looking for a good location, then find an apartment with good reviews. We are extremely pleased we stayed at this apartment. The owner, Phillipe, emailed us with directions and contact information and when we arrived his son met us. He took the time to explain how everything worked, where to go for all the good restaurants and stores closeby as well as a few other local tips. The apartment is a little tight around the bed, but for the two of us it was fine. Phillipe's son even offered to take our suitcases and store them if we wanted more space, but it wasn't necessary. The kitchen area and bathroom were not cramped at all. We cooked two suppers in the kitchen and it was fully equipped with every utensil and pan we needed. The apartment was clean and comfortable, and as we said, it is in the perfect location. The Champs de Mars and Eiffel Tower are a very short walk away; so is the metro station which we took every day. Everything you need for a romantic holiday in Paris.
|Rental Period
|Minimum Price
|Additional Nights
|Weekend Night
|Monthly *
|Event Price
low season rate
1 Nov 2015 - 18 Dec 2015
2 night minimum stay
for 2 nights
19 Dec 2015 - 3 Jan 2016
5 night minimum stay
for 5 nights
low season rate
4 Jan 2016 - 29 Feb 2016
2 night minimum stay
for 2 nights
My Standard Rate
2 night minimum stay
for 2 nights
|Refundable Damage Deposit
|late check in after 09:00pm wxill be charged an extra 30€ .
* Approximate monthly price. Actual pricing will depend on the days of the month you stay.
Please Note: The owner of this property accepts payment in the original currency specified (EUR), before use of conversion tool. The conversion tool is provided for your convenience only. The owner may accept other currencies if specifically agreed in advance.


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Tell Me More continues the conversation on infidelity by talking with a panel of people who have been there. They discuss why a person would cheat, and what goes into the decision to stay or leave a relationship after an affair. Host Michel Martin is joined by two listeners who wrote in about their experiences with infidelity: Scott Childress and Tina Curiel-Allen. Also, Dr. Scott Haltzman, author of "The Secrets of Surviving Infidelity."
Source: NPR
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Check out all the details below and then click "Get Points" to submit a form for points!
For nearly a year, a PETA investigator worked undercover inside a Virginia laboratory owned and operated by Covance, one of the largest animal testing companies in the world.
PETA's investigation revealed that workers at Covance were striking, choking, and screaming curses at confused and terrified monkeys. Our investigator saw injured and sick monkeys who were deprived of veterinary care and primates who were slammed into their cages and sprayed with pressurized hoses.
As a contract research corporation, Covance will test any product—including chemicals, drugs, pesticides, cosmetics, and other household products—on animals for any company with enough money to pay it to do so. As part of these tests, small monkeys are forced to endure a crude procedure called "gavage,"in which thick plastic tubes are forced up their nostrils and down their throats in order for experimenters to pump experimental substances into their stomachs.This procedure causes the animals to choke, gag, and sustain bloody noses.These types of cruel tests are often designed to see how much of a substance will make the monkeys sick, and they explicitly forbid veterinary intervention, even if the animals begin to exhibit symptoms of extreme pain or discomfort.
Primates are normally very social animals, but in Covance's laboratory, they are isolated in tiny barren, stainless-steel cages. Many monkeys bit their own flesh and pulled out their own hair as a result of being locked in this environment.
In recent years, Covance has been cited for additional violations, including leaving dogs to suffer from preventable dental disease; allowing monkeys to be housed outdoors in frigid weather, which resulted in frostbite; failing to notice that a monkey's leg had become trapped in the back of a cage, which caused the animal to be unable to access food for several days; and keeping primates in isolation, which fails to meet the basic psychological needs of these highly social and intelligent animals.
The good news? Demand is declining for Covance's cruel services, and the company has since closed the Virginia laboratory where PETA's investigation took place! Covance has also announced that it's closing another animal testing facility that PETA had vigorously campaigned against and is laying off employees elsewhere.
Share our investigation video on Facebook, Twitter, and everywhere else you are online to get points! Click "Get points" to submit a screenshot of where you shared!


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Monday, June 24, 2013
In my last blog, I outlined a plan for myself to help form the habit of consistently tracking what I eat and staying within my calorie range. I quickly discovered that I needed to add some additional steps to my plan: make the commitment to be mindful of negative comments and to re-start when you falter. These last two steps, of course, apply to the whole process of forming healthy habits, but I especially need to remember them for this segment of my efforts. As I have heard more than once, forming a habit is a marathon, not a sprint.
I don�t have a long streak going yet, but I am seeing more consistency in my efforts to track. In one of the articles I have read about forming new habits, the author stated �Missing one day in a row is not the end of the habit. Missing two days isn�t great, but you can recover. Miss three days, and the habit is shot.� The article doesn�t cite sources, but it makes sense to me, and it does match my experience with other healthy habits I have formed.
I have had more on days than off days, and never more than two off days in a row. As I move on, I am going to work on having fewer off days. Key to that is building a routine that encourages the habit I want to form. I covered that in the very first step in my original plan by stating I would pre-plan my meal plan the night before. That works for me.
Where I have faltered is with recognizing and planning for obstacles. For one thing, I neglected to include the part about actually following through with the plan and coming up with a Plan B for next time if the first plan didn�t work for me. I had two obstacles that I recognized and planned for this week, and I had some - but not - complete success.
One obstacle I had this week was dealing with those times when I felt I was hungry. The worst time for me these days is mid-afternoon. It used to be all the time, I swear, so this is infinitely more manageable. I know that drinking water helps or eating some vegetables or fresh fruit, so I keep those readily available. Today, it was a real struggle, but I stuck to the plan and stayed within my range. It was closer to the top of my range, but it was still within range. I was trying to figure out why this is such a challenging part of the day for me, and I realized that I had formed this habit since childhood. I have a lot of un-doing to do. This is going to take time, and I need to be patient and persistent.
The second obstacle dealt with managing to stay on track while eating out. I had an unusually high number of meals out this week, which made it especially challenging. Everything considered, I stuck with the plan most of the time and went off once. A positive is that I did not use the one off day as an excuse to continue to have off days. I think I can fairly say that that is a sign of progress in itself.
Foundation habits I will continue to work on:
*Pre-plan meals for the next day.
*Track everything
*Run summary each day and evaluate success and areas that need improvement.
*Follow the plan for eating out (i.e.order a salad with dressing on the side, skip the bread basket and dessert, stick with water, when possible use on-line menu to pre-plan order, track everything as completely as you can) - luckily I only have one meal out this week
*Have fresh fruit and prepped veggies readily available.
That�s my plan, and I am sticking to it!
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Member Comments About This Blog Post:
I love seeing how focused & determined you're being. I'm learning!
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Super job in evaluating what's working and what's not and coming up with a plan of action!
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So you have a couple of issues! Great job in picking them out and working extra hard on them!! You also did VERY well in not letting any slips ruin your week! You know, these are the things we all have to come to grips with and that is a huge part of the journey! Just being able to recognize them! I salute you, my friend!! Love hearing how well you are doing and your great plans for making it all even better!!! ((HUGS))
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This is a great plan. I like how you're planning to evaluate your successes and the areas that need improvement. You got this!
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You have a great plan, your learning from your mistakes, and mindful of how to correct them. Great job! Keep it up!!
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....enjoy the journey
have a healthy day
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Sounds like a great plan! You have a great attitude and I am sure you will be successful.
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A fire broke out at the domestic arrival area of the airport in Chennai on tuesday, however no casualty was reported, airport officials said.
The fire at the basement area was suspected to have been caused by a short circuit in a cable wire. Three fire tenders which were pressed into service doused the fire, officials said, adding, the incident did not affect operations.
In a statement, Airports Authority of India said the fire, broke out in the basement level of New Domestic Terminal in the UPS battery backup system, was a 'minor one.'
"It was observed that one of the battery monitoring device of UPS systems caught fire due to high temperature, resulting in smoke in the battery bank area," Airport Director K Suresh said in an AAI statement.
While automatic fire safety systems were activated, fire teams also rushed to the site and restored normalcy, he said, adding there were no disruptions in the flight operations.


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Rye Buns
If you like it, save it!
Save and organize all of the stuff you love in one place.Got it!
If you like something…
Click the heart, it's called favoriting. Favorite the stuff you like.Got it!
Author Notes: Rye rolls are soft, fragrant, airy, not even mentioning that they are healthy and freeze OK as well.
Adapted from www.butterybooks.com with slight changes. And I did kneading by hand. - Olgalina
Makes 20
- 50 milliliters water
- 1 teaspoon sugar
- 4 teaspoons dry yeast
- 2 tablespoons sugar
- 3 tablespoons carob molasses
- 2.5 cups warm water
- 3 teaspoons espresso powder
- 2,5 tablespoons cocoa powder
- 2 cups rye flour
- 2 teaspoons salt
- 1 cup AP flour
- 2 cups WW flour
- 1 egg white
- flax seed for the top
- Start with mixing first 3 ingredients and let it stand for several minutes to foam.
- Add the rest of water, coffee powder, cocoa and molasses. Add rye flour and stir until there are no lumps.
- Now add salt and 1AP and 1WW flour. Start kneading and adding some more WW flour, as much as is needed to make slightly sticky dough. Place the dough in a big bowl, cover with plastic and let it rise for 1 hour.
- Punch the dough down and press with your hands to create square disk. Cut it into smaller squares (I made 19 actually), transfer these buns onto lined with paper baking sheet and let them rise again, 45 minutes approximately.
- Preheat oven to 190C. Coat each with egg white wash and sprinkle with flax seeds. Bake for 20 minutes and let them cool on a wire rack.
A Better Way to Prepare Asparagus
Plus a genius dressing.
A better way to prepare asparagus.
Your Memorial Day menu made easy.
Freshen up for spring.
Meat-free Memorial Day recipes.
Drink better coffee.


text:
Deep Down Expanding Buoyancy Facilities to Serve Growing Deepwater Market
(OTC Bulletin Board: DPDW) today announced expansion plans of its buoyancy
manufacturing facility and flotation testing services in response to recent
orders and anticipated demand for its drilling riser buoyancy system used in
ultra-deepwater production. The facility's expansion effectively doubles its
buoyancy manufacturing capacity.
Deep Down acquired the
Technologies, Inc., in June of 2008 in conjunction with its continuing
strategy to expand services in the deepwater and ultra-deepwater drilling and
production markets. Subsequently, the Company announced an
for its deepwater drilling riser buoyancy modules to be installed on the Delba
III semisubmersible drilling rig, which has a long-term contract to drill in
Brazilian waters.
"Deep Down's primary opportunities are in the growing deepwater drilling
and production services sector," commented
president and chief executive officer. "To ensure our Company is prepared to
meet demand, we have committed over
testing service capabilities. We have undertaken this expansion to advance
Deep Down's strategy to become a leader within the deepwater buoyancy
Deep Down's newly engineered drilling riser buoyancy solution, with its
patent-pending CoreTec(TM) syntactic foam buoyancy technology, has solved many
difficulties over current buoyancy products because it is inherently stronger
at depth and provides a longer service life, which ultimately translates into
a much more cost-effective drill riser buoyancy solution.
Ground has already been broken on the first phase of the expansion
project, with construction to improve the
operational functionality. The second phase of the project, which includes
is slated to begin later this quarter.
About Deep Down, Inc.
Deep Down, Inc. is an oilfield services company serving the worldwide
offshore exploration and production industry. Deep Down's proven services and
technological solutions include distribution system installation support and
engineering services, umbilical terminations, loose-tube steel flying leads,
distributed and drill riser buoyancy, ROVs and ROV tooling, as well as marine
vessel automation, control, and ballast systems. Deep Down supports subsea
engineering, installation, commissioning, and maintenance projects through
specialized, highly experienced service teams and engineered technological
solutions. The company's primary focus is on more complex deepwater and ultra-
deepwater oil production distribution system support services and
technologies, used between the platform and the wellhead. Deep Down provides
these services through its four subsidiaries. More information about Deep Down
is available at http://www.deepdowncorp.com, by contacting the company at
(281) 862-2201 x250, or email@example.com.
One of our most important responsibilities is to communicate with
shareholders in an open and direct manner. Comments are based on current
management expectations, and are considered "forward-looking statements,"
generally preceded by words such as "plans," "expects," "believes,"
"anticipates," or "intends." We cannot promise future returns. Our
statements reflect our best judgment at the time they are issued, and we
disclaim any obligation to update or alter forward-looking statements as the
result of new information or future events. Deep Down urges investors to
review the risks and uncertainties contained within its filings with the
Securities and Exchange Commission.
SOURCE Deep Down, Inc.


text:
Start your search
Over 30,000 records from History San José's catalog are available here for searching. We will continue to add more records to our online interface, and encourage you to explore one of the largest and most comprehensive regional history collections in the state of California.
The Research Library and Archives contains over 5,000 printed publications documenting our local history, the businesses and industries that thrived in the Valley, biographies of local citizens, and trade catalogs and instruction manuals for companies and products of local significance. It also includes more than 5,000 linear feet of archival records and manuscripts, architectural drawings and specifications, maps, oral histories, and audio and film materials. Records of the Pueblo of San José (founded 1777) are the oldest municipal records in the state, while contemporary documentation of Silicon Valley captures the reinvention of the future almost daily.
The Research Library is open by appointment, M,T,W,F from 9:00 am to 2:00 pm. To schedule an appointment, email research @ historysanjose.org or phone 408.521.5025.


text:
The latest news about technology in education, including articles, Commentaries, and special features.
Common-Core Testing Drives 'Tech Prep' Priorities
As most states shift their required tests to computers, teachers are discovering that their students are missing key technical skills to show what they know. (May 15, 2015)
Spotlight on Technology in the ClassroomThis Spotlight takes a closer look at innovative high-tech resources that are transforming classrooms and learning.
Issue Backgrounder
• Technology in Education
Digital Education Blog
EdTech Researcher Blog
Vander Ark on Innovation Blog
On-Demand Webinars
It's important for educators to be thoughtful and deliberate in aligning both technology and curriculum to develop the most successful programs for students, which was the focus of this webinar.
The District Goes Digital: Leveraging Online Learning for Broader Student Achievement
In this webinar, Kim McClelland, assistant superintendent of Falcon School District 49 in Colorado Springs, discussed how her district leveraged lessons learned from the implementation of a full-time, online virtual school to address a much broader spectrum of student needs.
Chat Transcript
Join us on April 9, as our guests will discuss why accountability is so important for virtual schools, what they are doing to ensure high-quality learning for students, and what challenges they face in meeting that goal.
Special Collections
The 15th edition of Education Week's annual report on educational technology tackles the shift in the virtual education landscape, where the rise in popularity is intersecting with a call for greater accountability.
Digital Directions
Education Week's destination site for ed-tech leaders, educators, and advocates, Digital Directions provides daily content on the latest trends, issues, and developments in ed tech.
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• Computer / Technology
• Data Analysis
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Latest News
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NTRP (estimated) 2.5 Wall Practice (Video)
View Single Post
sunof tennis
Join Date: Dec 2010
Posts: 1,119
Thanks for posting the match video. Much better for analyzing than hitting agains t a wall. You are absolutely correct on movement and court positioning. A couple of very simple suggestions: (I will leave the more techinical stuff to the coaches). There is nothing even remotely resembling a split step or even being "on your toes". You are completely flat footed, standing and waiting for the ball to come to you before moving. Easy concept to change. Second simple thing. When you serve in the deuce court you are standing way too far to the right or near the sideline. That would be about the place to stand if you were playing doubles. Standing there, you have too much ground to cover to the left.
Good luck with your tennis progress.
sunof tennis
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They're real people
Lynchburg is not like Colonial Williamsburg in Virginia -- it's full of real people with real lives. Though Jack Daniel's Distillery makes it a "company town", many of those who don't work at the Distillery work in the aerospace field at nearby Arnold AFB or Huntsville AL's Army and NASA facilities. The guy in the bib overalls might really BE a rocket scientist! It's a southern courtesy to take the time to chat with strangers as well as friends. Do that and your experience will be greatly enhanced.
- School Holidays
- Road Trip
- Family Travel
Dry County, but can buy beer singles??
This really puzzled my friends and I. You can walk into the drug store & shops & buy a a single beer, but the catch..... you can't drink it in public!! That's right. You buy the single beer, then drink it in secret. How backward can you get! So, buy your single, pour it into a glass at a restaurant & all is good (at least that's what we did!
- 1
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text:
Victory for vulnerable whale sharks at Pacific meeting
More News from Agence France-Presse
MANILA, Philippines—Asia and Pacific nations agreed at a meeting in the Philippines on Wednesday to take steps to protect whale sharks in a victory for the world's largest fish, officials said.
Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission nations agreed that tuna fishers must stop setting their nets around the vulnerable giants in order to catch smaller fish that gather underneath them, said Palau fishing official Nanette Malsol.
She said the deal binds tuna-fishing nations such as the United States, China and Japan, and was a victory for a coalition of small Pacific nations, called the Parties to the Nauru Agreement, that has been campaigning for this measure.
"This rule follows negotiations by the Parties to the Nauru Agreement for three years to try and get the big fishing nations to adopt protections for whale sharks," said Malsol, who also heads the coalition.
The small Pacific island nations said they already imposed such a rule on their own tuna fishers.
Smaller fish like tuna congregate under whale sharks, so fishermen often seek the giants and set their nets under them to catch the other fish, said Angelo Villagomez, a spokesman of the US-based Pew Environment Group.
As a result, whale sharks, which are considered a vulnerable species, often get entangled in tuna nets and die, he said.
Fifty whale sharks were recorded having died from tuna nets in 2010 and 19 in 2011, said Villagomez, adding that there were likely many other cases that went unreported.
Parties to the agreement reached at the Manila meeting Wednesday must free any whale shark that gets caught in their nets and must also record and report any incidents involving the giant fish, Malsol said.
The Pew group, which is also attending the meeting, is pressing for other measures to protect 143 other threatened species of sharks that are affected by tuna fishers.
However, Villagomez said he doubted they would pass as some fishing countries actively catch these sharks.
Whale sharks measure as much as 12 meters (39 feet) long but are harmless to humans and feed on tiny marine animals. They have become popular tourist attractions in countries such as the Philippines, Mexico and Australia.
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text:
A last minute safety car caused by a spin from the Kessel Racing Ferrari 458 GT3 of Jorge Lorenzo changed the face of the 2014 Gulf 12 Hours race. Michele Rugolo, driving the AF Corse Ferrari 458 GT3, made the best use of the...
At the three quarter mark of the 2014 Gulf 12 Hours race at Abu Dhabi's Yas Marina Circuit, the home team car #1 of Abu Dhabi Racing Black Falcon's Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG GT3 remains at the top of the lap charts leading the race...
Cars gridded up for the start to the second half of the Gulf 12 Hours and it was AF Corse's Davide Rigon starting from pole position with the number 1 Abu Dhabi Racing Black Falcon AMG SLS Mercedes of Jeroen Bleekemolen starting alongside on...
Part one of the 2014 Gulf 12 Hours has been run with six hours of racing completed, bringing out the chequered flag that ushers the cars into Parc Ferme and it was the AF Corse Ferrari 458 GT3 driven by Steve Wyatt, Michele Rugolo...
The half way mark of the opening six-hour stint in the 2014 Gulf 12 Hours at Abu Dhabi's Yas Marina Circuit has been reached and impressively it's the McLaren 650S making its world competition debut that's leading the field of 24 cars after three...
Defending race winners, Abu Dhabi Racing Black Falcon got off to a flying start to the 2014 Gulf 12-Hours with Jeroen Bleekemolen behind the wheel jumping from third on the grid to take the lead by turn 1 which he has held through the...
- RT @JensonButton: "@McLaren_GT: A fantastic end to the weekend, and to the 2014 season. Here's to 2015! http://t.co/QCJv0ROdzT" Great Job g…
- RT @rigondavide: @jbleekemolen @abracing73 @sportscar365 @gulf12hours @michelerugolo Was very difficult! Well done to you mate, you were re…
- RT @kevinestre: Great pic's from our 650S GT3. #AbuDhabi #mclarengt #estre #bell #parente #P3 #goodStart http://t.co/ARL2HmGUFH
- RT @RichardMuscat36: What a great experience Abu Dhabi was. We won the Pro-AM class and came 4th overall. I would like to thank Black... ht…
- RT @jbleekemolen: @SeanEdwardsF @TeamBlackFalcon @gulf12hours Proud to have the name on the car! http://t.co/QMJdk1bPbF
- RT @rigondavide: Really happy for this Victory !! Super @michelerugolo and #Wyatt ! I'm so happy @gulf12hours http://t.co/9LZQ68NY7G
Wednesday, 9 December
|17:30 – 18:50
Gulf 12 Hours untimed test session 1
(1h 20m) *night lights*
Thursday, 10 December
|9:15 – 10:25
Gulf 12 Hours untimed test session 2
(1h 10m)
|12:25 – 13:35
Gulf 12 Hours untimed test session 3
(1h 10m)
|16:00 – 16:15
|Gulf 12 Hours qualifying driver 1 (15m)
|16:30 – 16:45
|Gulf 12 Hours qualifying driver 2 (15m)
|17:00 – 17:15
|Gulf 12 Hours qualifying driver 3 (15m)
|17:30 – 17:45
|Gulf 12 Hours qualifying driver 4 (15m)
Friday, 11 December
|9:00 – 15:00
|Gulf 12 Hours Race 1 (6h)
|17:45 – 23:45
|Gulf 12 Hours Race 2 (6h) *night lights*