text:
See : Interstellar - Trailer - Official Warner Bros. UK
***See also:
What are black holes? What are they made of? What is string theory? Is everything we see just vibrations of strings? How are string theory and black holes related? What are the fundamental laws of Nature?
For decades, since the discovery of quantum mechanics and Einstein's theory of relativity, scientists have been trying to combine the two perspectives of the world into one single unified theory. One of the results was string theory: where the strangeness of quantum reality and the weirdness of relativity theory come together and create something even more puzzling - a world with extra dimensions
String theory says that there is only one fundamental object in the universe: the string. Much like the strings in a guitar give rise to different sounds when you pluck them, the strings of string theory give rise to the different constituents of the observed reality when you make them vibrate at different energies. Is everything in the world made of strings? If so, what is a black hole? SEE: Black Holes, String Theory and the Fundamental Laws of Nature with Andrew Strominger
Volume 66, Issue 4, April 2013
Quantum mechanics teaches that black holes evaporate by radiating particles—a lesson indicating that at least one pillar of modern physics must fall. See: Black holes, quantum information, and the foundations of physics by Steven B. Giddings, in Physics Today, April 2013
Citation: Phys. Today 66, 4, 30 (2013); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/PT.3.1946
Citation: Phys. Today 66, 4, 30 (2013); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/PT.3.1946
|Black Holes Shine for NuSTAR Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
NASA's black-hole-hunter spacecraft, the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array, or NuSTAR, has "bagged" its first 10 supermassive black holes. The mission, which has a mast the length of a school bus, is the first telescope capable of focusing the highest-energy X-ray light into detailed pictures. See: Catching Black Holes on the Fly
In February 2013 I was invited by the Institute of Physics to give a lecture in the famous lecture theatre of the Royal Institution of Great Britain as part of their Physics in Perspective series. I was to expect about 400 students and teachers from schools across the country. See: How to Find Black holes with Lasers
NuSTAR is opening a new window on the Universe by being the first satellite to focus high-energy X-rays into sharp images. NuSTAR's high-energy X-rays eyes see with more than 100 times the sensitivity of previous missions that have operated in this part of the electromagnetic spectrum, and with 10 times better resolution. NuSTAR sheds light on some of the hottest, densest, and most energetic objects in the universe.Education & Outreach
The Foundational Questions Institute (FQXi) 2nd International Conference in Ponta Delgada, Azores. July 7-12, 2009. Topics include cosmology, astrophysics, gravity, quantum gravity, quantum theory, and high-energy physics. http://www.fqxi.org/
Meduso-Anthropic Principle is a speculative theory by Louis Crane (1994). The theory develops Cosmological natural selection by leading cosmologist, Lee Smolin and suggests the development of the universe is similar to the development of Corals and Jellyfish. The Medusa generations alternate with Polyp generations. Similarly it is suggested, the Universe develops Intelligent life and Intelligent life produces new Baby universes. Our universe may also exist as a Black hole in a Parallel universe. Extraterrestrial life there may have created that black hole.
Bringing the Heavens down to Earth
If mini black holes can be produced in high-energy particle interactions, they may first be observed in high-energy cosmic-ray neutrino interactions in the atmosphere. Jonathan Feng of the University of California at Irvine and MIT, and Alfred Shapere of the University of Kentucky have calculated that the Auger cosmic-ray observatory, which will combine a 6000 km2 extended air-shower array backed up by fluorescence detectors trained on the sky, could record tens to hundreds of showers from black holes before the LHC turns on in 2007......Thus, hypothetically, the energy required to produce black holes is well within the range of the LHC, making it a "black-hole factory". As Stephen Hawking has taught us, these mini black holes would be extremely hot little objects that would dissipate all their energy very rapidly by emitting radiation and particles before they wink out of existence. The properties of the Hawking radiation could tell us about the properties of the extra spatial dimensions, although there are still uncertainties in the theory at this stage. See: here
We have been assured black hole production can be quite safe so we can deal with the idea that such production quickly dissipates on the level with which we would and can make them?:) So the level at which such an idea is presented would of course be as suggested as to say that this universe in all it's ability is at the level with which we can make black-holes useful? Black holes of sufficient size.:) I find that really interesting, just because we are here.
Which leads to a prediction or an observation that after many, many generations the population of the universes should be fine-tuned to maximize the production of Black Holes. And that has further implications for things that we can actually try to measure and disprove experimentally. So that's, very briefly, the idea of cosmological natural selection.
You see, people are uncomfortable with this information loss. It's the minority view.Pg 64, The Cyclic Universe: A Conversation with Roger Penrose
|(Courtesy: NASA E/PO, Sonoma State University, Aurore Simonnet)
The birth of a black hole may be signalled by a characteristic cosmic flash, according to researchers in the US. It was previously thought that only the most massive of black holes would produce gamma-ray bursts – narrow beams of electromagnetic radiation that shoot out of the poles of the collapsing star – when they form. But other dying stars were thought to produce a black hole without any kind of flash – seemingly disappearing from the visible sky in an event known as an "unnova". The US researchers' work suggests that unnovae might also have their own characteristic flash, allowing astronomers to witness the birth of stellar- and intermediate-mass black holes. See:
Cosmic flashes could herald birth of black holes
The continuing difficulty of achieving a reliable explosion in simulations of core-collapse supernovae, especially for more massive stars, has led to speculation concerning the observable transients that might be produced if such a supernova fails. Even if a prompt outgoing shock fails to form in a collapsing presupernova star, one must still consider the hydrodynamic response of the star to the abrupt loss of mass via neutrinos as the core forms a protoneutron star. Following a suggestion by Nadezhin (1980), we calculate the hydrodynamical responses of typical supernova progenitor stars to the rapid loss of approximately 0.2 to 0.5 M_sun of gravitational mass from their centers. In a red supergiant star, a very weak supernova with total kinetic energy ~ 10^47 erg results. The binding energy of a large fraction of the hydrogen envelope before the explosion is of the same order and, depending upon assumptions regarding the neutrino loss rates, most of it is ejected. Ejection speeds are ~ 100 km/s and luminosities ~ 10^39 erg/s are maintained for about a year. A significant part of the energy comes from the recombination of hydrogen. The color of the explosion is extremely red and the events bear some similarity to "luminous red novae," but have much lower speeds. See: Very Low Energy Supernovae from Neutrino Mass Loss
NASA contracted with Orbital Sciences Corporation to launch NuSTAR (mass 772 pounds (350 kg))[11] on a Pegasus XL rocket for 21 March 2012.[5] It had earlier been planned for 15 August 2011, 3 February 2012, 16 March 2012, and 14 March 2012.[12] After a launch meeting on 15 March 2012, the launch was pushed further back to allow time to review flight software used by the launch vehicle's flight computer.[13] The launch was conducted successfully at 16:00:37 UTC on 13 June 2012[1] about 117 nautical miles south of Kwajalein Atoll.[14] The Pegasus rocket was dropped from the L-1011 'Stargazer' aircraft.[11][15]
On 22 June 2012 it was confirmed that the 10 m mast was fully deployed.[16]
We argue that the following three statements cannot all be true: (i) Hawking radiation is in a pure state, (ii) the information carried by the radiation is emitted from the region near the horizon, with low energy effective field theory valid beyond some microscopic distance from the horizon, and (iii) the infalling observer encounters nothing unusual at the horizon. Perhaps the most conservative resolution is that the infalling observer burns up at the horizon. Alternatives would seem to require novel dynamics that nevertheless cause notable violations of semiclassical physics at macroscopic distances from the horizon. Black Hole: Complementarity vs Firewall
|See:The elephant and the event horizon 26 October 2006 by Amanda Gefter at New Scientist.
Various neutron interferometry experiments demonstrate the subtlety of the notions of duality and complementarity. By passing through the interferometer, the neutron appears to act as a wave. Yet upon passage, the neutron is subject to gravitation. As the neutron interferometer is rotated through Earth's gravitational field a phase change between the two arms of the interferometer can be observed, accompanied by a change in the constructive and destructive interference of the neutron waves on exit from the interferometer. Some interpretations claim that understanding the interference effect requires one to concede that a single neutron takes both paths through the interferometer at the same time; a single neutron would "be in two places at once", as it were. Since the two paths through a neutron interferometer can be as far as 5 cm to 15 cm apart, the effect is hardly microscopic. This is similar to traditional double-slit and mirror interferometer experiments where the slits (or mirrors) can be arbitrarily far apart. So, in interference and diffraction experiments, neutrons behave the same way as photons (or electrons) of corresponding wavelength. See: Complementarity (physics)
|Illusions of Gravity
Three spatial dimensions are visible all around us--up/down, left/right, forward/backward. Add time to the mix, and the result is a four-dimensional blending of space and time known as spacetime. Thus, we live in a four-dimensional universe. Or do we?
Amazingly, some new theories of physics predict that one of the three dimensions of space could be a kind of an illusion--that in actuality all the particles and fields that make up reality are moving about in a two-dimensional realm like the Flatland of Edwin A. Abbott. Gravity, too, would be part of the illusion: a force that is not present in the two-dimensional world but that materializes along with the emergence of the illusory third dimension.
UC Berkeley's Raphael Bousso presents a friendly introduction to the ideas behind the holographic principle, which may be very important in the hunt for a theory of quantum gravity. Series: "Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Summer Lecture Series" [3/2006] [Science] [Show ID: 11140]
What good is a universe without somebody around to look at it?
Robert Dicke
COSMIC SEARCH: How did you come up with the name "black hole"?
John Archibald Wheeler:It was an act of desperation, to force people to believe in it. It was in 1968, at the time of the discussion of whether pulsars were related to neutron stars or to these completely collapsed objects. I wanted a way of emphasizing that these objects were real. Thus, the name "black hole".
The Russians used the term frozen star—their point of attention was how it looked from the outside, where the material moves much more slowly until it comes to a horizon.* (*Or critical distance. From inside this distance there is no escape.) But, from the point of view of someone who's on the material itself, falling in, there's nothing special about the horizon. He keeps on going in. There's nothing frozen about what happens to him. So, I felt that that aspect of it needed more emphasis.
"Roger Penrose and I worked together on the large scale structure of space and time, including singularities and black holes. We pretty much agree on the classical theory of theory of relativity but disagreements began to emerge when we got into quantum gravity. We now have different approaches to the world, physical and mental. Basically, he is a Platonist believing that's there's a unique world of ideas that describes a unique physical reality. I on the other hand, am a positivist who believes that physical theories are just mathematical models we construct, and it is meaningless to ask if they correspond to reality; just whether they predict observations."See: Phil Warnell's comment.
( Chapter Six-The Large, the Small and the Human Mind-Roger Penrose-Cambridge University Press-1997)
Whereas Stephen Hawking and Kip Thorne firmly believe that information swallowed by a black hole is forever hidden from the outside universe, and can never be revealed even as the black hole evaporates and completely disappears,
And whereas John Preskill firmly believes that a mechanism for the information to be released by the evaporating black hole must and will be found in the correct theory of quantum gravity,
Therefore Preskill offers, and Hawking/Thorne accept, a wager that:
When an initial pure quantum state undergoes gravitational collapse to form a black hole, the final state at the end of black hole evaporation will always be a pure quantum state.
The loser(s) will reward the winner(s) with an encyclopedia of the winner's choice, from which information can be recovered at will.
Stephen W. Hawking, Kip S. Thorne, John P. Preskill
Pasadena, California, 6 February 1997
The black hole Information Paradox results from the combination of quantum mechanics and general relativity. It suggests that physical information could "disappear" in a black hole. It is a contentious subject since it violates a commonly assumed tenet of science—that information cannot be destroyed. If it is true, then cause and effect become unrelated, and nothing science knows, not even our memories, can be trusted.
Three Different Views of Quantum Weirdness
(and What It Means)
A: According to the orthodox view of quantum mechanics, called the Copenhagen interpretation, a system (represented here by a child's block) does not occupy a definite state or location until it is measured. Before then it is just a blur of overlapping possibilities.
B: The many worlds interpretation insists that the system occupies all its possible states but that every one of them exists in its own alternate universe. Each universe sees one state only, which is why we never observe the block in two states at once.
C: In Penrose's interpretation, gravity holds our reality together. In each potential state, the block generates a separate gravitational field. Over time, the energy required to maintain these multiple fields causes the block to settle into one state only—the one that we observe.
fancier way of saying that is that in general, it's okay to model the space around us using the Euclidean metric. But the Euclidean model stops working when gravity becomes strong, as we'll see later. The Euclidean model for space
We are told that "mathematics is that study which knows nothing of observation..." I think no statement could have been more opposite to the undoubted facts of the case; that mathematical analysis is constantly invoking the aid of new principles, new ideas and new methods, not capable of being defined by any form of words, but springing direct from the inherent powers and activity of the human mind, and from continually renewed introspection of that inner world of thought of which the phenomena are as varied and require as close attention to discern as those of the outer physical world, ...that it is unceasingly calling forth the faculties of observation and comparison, that one of its principal weapons is induction, that it has frequent recourse to experimental trial and verification, and that it affords a boundless scope for the exercise of the highest efforts of imagination and invention. ...Were it not unbecoming to dilate on one's personal experience, I could tell a story of almost romantic interest about my own latest researches in a field where Geometry, Algebra, and the Theory of Numbers melt in a surprising manner into one another.
It was the beginning of what might be called (and in fact is called) Stringy Geometry. The point is that strings are not points, and specifically, their extended nature means that in addition to being able to see the usual geometrical properties of a space that the theory like General Relativity can see, the strings can see other, intrinsically stringy, data. There is a quantity in the theory that is called the Kalb-Ramond field (or just the "B-field") that can be used to measure how much the string can winds on or wraps a piece of the geometry, in essence. The parameter a that measures the size of a piece of the space that collapses when the geometry becomes singular, is essentially joined by another parameter, b, that sort of measures how much the strings have wound or smeared themselves on that piece of the space. The upshot is that a and b naturally combine themselves into a complex parameter that naturally describes the resolution process, solving the puzzle that the Mathematicians faced.Beyond Einstein: Fixing Singularities in Spacetime
Quantum geometry differs in substantial ways from the classical geometry underlying general relativity. For instance, topology change (the "tearing" of space) is a sensible feature of quantum geometry even though, from a classical perspective, it involves singularities. As another example, two different classical spacetime geometries can give rise to identical physical implications, again at odds with conclusions based on classical general relativity. Brian Greene
Consider any physical system, made of anything at all- let us call it, The Thing. We require only that The Thing can be enclosed within a finite boundary, which we shall call the Screen(Figure39). We would like to know as much as possible about The Thing. But we cannot touch it directly-we are restricted to making measurements of it on The Screen. We may send any kind of radiation we like through The Screen, and record what ever changes result The Screen. The Bekenstein bound says that there is a general limit to how many yes/no questions we can answer about The Thing by making observations through The Screen that surrounds it. The number must be less then one quarter the area of The Screen, in Planck units. What if we ask more questions? The principle tells us that either of two things must happen. Either the area of the screen will increase, as a result of doing an experiment that ask questions beyond the limit; or the experiments we do that go beyond the limit will erase or invalidate, the answers to some of the previous questions. At no time can we know more about The thing than the limit, imposed by the area of the Screen. Page 171 and 172 0f, Three Roads to Quantum Gravity, by Lee Smolin
TWO UNIVERSES of different dimension and obeying disparate physical laws are rendered completely equivalent by the holographic principle. Theorists have demonstrated this principle mathematically for a specific type of five-dimensional spacetime ("anti–de Sitter") and its four-dimensional boundary. In effect, the 5-D universe is recorded like a hologram on the 4-D surface at its periphery. Superstring theory rules in the 5-D spacetime, but a so-called conformal field theory of point particles operates on the 4-D hologram. A black hole in the 5-D spacetime is equivalent to hot radiation on the hologram--for example, the hole and the radiation have the same entropy even though the physical origin of the entropy is completely different for each case. Although these two descriptions of the universe seem utterly unalike, no experiment could distinguish between them, even in principle. by Jacob D. Bekenstein
The old version of string theory, pre-1995, had these first two features. It includes quantum mechanics and gravity, but the kinds of things we could calculate were pretty limited. All of a sudden in 1995, we learned how to calculate things when the interactions are strong. Suddenly we understood a lot about the theory. And so figuring out how to compute the entropy of black holes became a really obvious challenge. I, for one, felt it was incumbent upon the theory to give us a solution to the problem of computing the entropy, or it wasn't the right theory. Of course we were all gratified that it did. Black Holes and Beyond: Harvard's Andrew Strominger on String Theory
Holography encodes the information in a region of space onto a surface one dimension lower. It sees to be the property of gravity, as is shown by the fact that the area of th event horizon measures the number of internal states of a blackhole, holography would be a one-to-one correspondence between states in our four dimensional world and states in higher dimensions. From a positivist viewpoint, one cannot distinguish which description is more fundamental.Pg 198, The Universe in Nutshell, by Stephen Hawking
This year marks the hundredth anniversary of Einstein's "miraculous year", 1905, when he formulated special relativity, and explained the origin of the black body spectrum and Brownian motion. In honor of this occasion, I will describe the modern view of spacetime. After reviewing the properties of spacetime in general relativity, I will provide an overview of the nature of spacetime emerging from string theory. This is radically different from relativity. At a perturbative level, the spacetime metric appears as ``coupling constants" in a two-dimensional quantum field theory. Nonperturbatively (with certain boundary conditions), spacetime is not fundamental but must be reconstructed from a holographic, dual theory. I will conclude with some recent ideas about the big bang arising from string theory.
The purpose of this note is to provide a possible answer to this question. Rather than the radical modification of quantum mechanics required for pure states to evolve into mixed states, we adopt a more mild modification. We propose that at the black hole singularity one needs to impose a unique final state boundary condition. More precisely, we have a unique final wavefunction for the interior of the black hole. Modifications of quantum mechanics where one imposes final state boundary conditions were considered in [6,7,8,9]. Here we are putting a final state boundary condition on part of the system, the interior of the black hole. This final boundary condition makes sure that no information is "absorbed" by the singularity.Gary T. Horowitz and Juan Maldacena,
3) It is claimed that cosmic rays can energy exceeding that of colliders, and they have not caused trouble, suggesting that colliders will not cause trouble either. However, the analogy is not precise. It assumes two things that may not be true. First, cosmic ray center of mass energy exceeding that of colliders has never been measured directly. Measurements that seem to show this are based on showers of secondary particles. Second, the product of a collision between a cosmic ray and an earth particle will always be moving at an appreciable fraction of the speed of light. If it has a small capture radius, it will always pass right through earth like a neutrino. The product of a collider collision can (sometimes) be moving at less than escape velocity from earth. If so, it will fall into earth where it will have forever to accrete other matter. Some calculations show rapid accretion.See: Risk Evaluation Forum
"I'm a Platonist — a follower of Plato — who believes that one didn't invent these sorts of things, that one discovers them. In a sense, all these mathematical facts are right there waiting to be discovered."Donald (H. S. M.) Coxeter
Thus RHIC is in a certain sense a string theory testing machine, analyzing the formation and decay of dual black holes, and giving information about the black hole interior.
"String theory and other possibilities can distort the relative numbers of 'down' and 'up' neutrinos," said Jonathan Feng, associate professor in the Department of Physics and Astronomy at UC Irvine. "For example, extra dimensions may cause neutrinos to create microscopic black holes, which instantly evaporate and create spectacular showers of particles in the Earth's atmosphere and in the Antarctic ice cap. This increases the number of 'down' neutrinos detected. At the same time, the creation of black holes causes 'up' neutrinos to be caught in the Earth's crust, reducing the number of 'up' neutrinos. The relative 'up' and 'down' rates provide evidence for distortions in neutrino properties that are predicted by new theories."
We are "shadows" of the Sun's creations.
"String theory and other possibilities can distort the relative numbers of 'down' and 'up' neutrinos," said Jonathan Feng, associate professor in the Department of Physics and Astronomy at UC Irvine. "For example, extra dimensions may cause neutrinos to create microscopic black holes, which instantly evaporate and create spectacular showers of particles in the Earth's atmosphere and in the Antarctic ice cap. This increases the number of 'down' neutrinos detected. At the same time, the creation of black holes causes 'up' neutrinos to be caught in the Earth's crust, reducing the number of 'up' neutrinos. The relative 'up' and 'down' rates provide evidence for distortions in neutrino properties that are predicted by new theories."
Travis Stewart reports that the LHC's ATLAS detector has seen cosmic ray events, an excellent sign that things are working as they should.
The article traces in non-technical language the historical development of our understanding of nuclear fusion reactions as the source of stellar energy, beginning with the controversy over the age of the sun and earth between Darwin and Kelvin, and including the discovery of radioactivity, the experimental demonstration that four hydrogen nuclei are heavier than a helium nucleus, and the theoretical insights provided by Einstein, Gamow, and Bethe. The concluding sections concern solar neutrino experiments that were designed to test the theory of stellar evolution and which, in the process, apparently revealed new aspects of microscopic physics.
A solar deity is a god or goddess who represents the sun, or an aspect of it. People have worshipped the sun and solar deities for all of recorded history; sun worship is also known as heliolatry. Hence, many beliefs and legends have been formed around this worship, most notably the various myths containing the "missing sun" motif from around the world. Although many sources contend that solar deities are generally male, and the brother, father, husband and/or enemy of the lunar deity (usually female), this is not cross-culturally upheld, as sun goddesses are found on every continent. Some mythologists, such as Brian Branston, therefore contend that sun goddesses are more common worldwide than their male counterparts. They also claim that the belief that solar deities are primarily male is linked to the fact that a few better known mythologies (such as those of ancient Greece and Egypt) sometimes break from this rule. The dualism of sun/male/light and moon/female/darkness is found in many (but not all) European traditions that derive from Orphic and Gnostic philosophies, with a notable exception being Germanic mythology, where the Sun is female and the Moon is male.
Sun worship is a possible origin of henotheism and ultimately monotheism. In ancient Egypt's Eighteenth Dynasty, Akhenaten's heretical Atenism used the old Aten solar deity as a symbol of a single god. The neolithic concept of a solar barge, the sun as traversing the sky in a boat, is found in ancient Egypt, with Ra and Horus. Proto-Indo-European religion has a solar chariot, the sun as traversing the sky in a chariot. At Roman Empire, a festival of the birth of the Unconquered Sun (or Dies Natalis Solis Invicti) was celebrated when the duration of daylight first begins to increase after the winter solstice, — the "rebirth" of the sun. In Germanic mythology this is Sol, in Vedic Surya and in Greek Helios and (sometimes) Apollo. Mesopotamian Shamash plays an important role during the Bronze Age, and "my Sun" is eventually used as an address to royalty. Similarly, South American cultures have emphatic Sun worship, see Inti. See also Sol Invictus.
An enormous light echo etched in the sky by a fitful dead star was spotted by the infrared eyes of NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope.
The surprising finding indicates Cassiopeia A, the remnant of a star that died in a supernova explosion 325 years ago, is not resting peacefully. Instead, this dead star likely shot out at least one burst of energy as recently as 50 years ago.
This image is from a computer simulation of the beginning of a gamma-ray burst. Here we see the jet 9 seconds after its creation at the center of a Wolf Rayet star by the newly formed, accreting black hole within. The jet is now just erupting through the surface of the Wolf Rayet star, which has a radius comparable to that of the sun. Blue represents regions of low mass concentration, red is denser, and yellow denser still. Note the blue and red striations behind the head of the jet. These are bounded by internal shocks.
This stunning false-color picture shows off the many sides of the supernova remnant Cassiopeia A, which is made up of images taken by three of NASA's Great Observatories, using three different wavebands of light. Infrared data from the Spitzer Space Telescope are colored red; visible data from the Hubble Space Telescope are yellow; and X-ray data from the Chandra X-ray Observatory are green and blue.
Located 10,000 light-years away in the northern constellation Cassiopeia, Cassiopeia A is the remnant of a once massive star that died in a violent supernova explosion 325 years ago. It consists of a dead star, called a neutron star, and a surrounding shell of material that was blasted off as the star died. The neutron star can be seen in the Chandra data as a sharp turquoise dot in the center of the shimmering shell.
A year ago scientists thought they had figured out the nature of gamma-ray bursts. They signal the birth of black holes and traditionally, fall into one of two categories: long or short. A newly discovered hybrid burst has properties of both known classes of gamma-ray bursts yet possesses features that remain unexplained.
The long bursts are those that last more than two seconds. It is believed that they are ejected by massive stars at the furthest edge of the universe as they collapse to form black holes.
A supernova is the most luminous event known. Its luminosity matches those of whole galaxies. The name derives from the works of Walter Baade and Fritz Zwicky who studied supernovae intensively in the early 1930s and used the term supernova therein.
Nowadays supernova is a collective term for different classes of objects, that exhibit a sudden rise in luminosity that drops again on a timescale of weeks.
Those objects are subdivided into two classes, supernovae of type I or II (SNe I and SNe II). The distinguishing feature is the absence or the presence of spectral lines of hydrogen. SNe I show no such lines as SNe II do. The class of SNe I is further subdivided in the classes a, b and c. This time the distinguishing feature are spectral features of helium and silicon. SN Ia show silicon features, SN Ib show helium but no silicon features and SN Ic show both no silicon and no helium spectral features.
The class of SN II is further subdivided in two classes. Those are distinguished by the decline of the lightcurve. Those SN II that show a linear decline are named SN II-L and those that pass through a plateau-phase are referred to as SN II-P.
This artist's timeline chronicles the history of the universe, from its explosive beginning to its mature, present-day state.
Our universe began in a tremendous explosion known as the Big Bang about 13.7 billion years ago (left side of strip). Observations by NASA's Cosmic Background Explorer and Wilkinson Anisotropy Microwave Probe revealed microwave light from this very early epoch, about 400,000 years after the Big Bang, providing strong evidence that our universe did blast into existence. Results from the Cosmic Background Explorer were honored with the 2006 Nobel Prize for Physics.
A period of darkness ensued, until about a few hundred million years later, when the first objects flooded the universe with light. This first light is believed to have been captured in data from NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope. The light detected by Spitzer would have originated as visible and ultraviolet light, then stretched, or redshifted, to lower-energy infrared wavelengths during its long voyage to reach us across expanding space. The light detected by the Cosmic Background Explorer and the Wilkinson Anisotropy Microwave Probe from our very young universe traveled farther to reach us, and stretched to even lower-energy microwave wavelengths.
Astronomers do not know if the very first objects were either stars or quasars. The first stars, called Population III stars (our star is a Population I star), were much bigger and brighter than any in our nearby universe, with masses about 1,000 times that of our sun. These stars first grouped together into mini-galaxies. By about a few billion years after the Big Bang, the mini-galaxies had merged to form mature galaxies, including spiral galaxies like our own Milky Way. The first quasars ultimately became the centers of powerful galaxies that are more common in the distant universe.
NASA's Hubble Space Telescope has captured stunning pictures of earlier galaxies, as far back as ten billion light-years away.


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Contract and grant transparency is 'wave of the future'
Nancy Gunderson, deputy assistant secretary for grants, acquisition policy and accountability at Health and Human Services, talks about the challenges her agency faces in contracting.
Tags: nancy gunderson , HHS , Affordable Care Act , Recovery Act , contracting , Federal Drive , grants , Michael OConnell , workforce
Shame as a motivator at Recovery.gov
That's the rationale behind a new feature of Recovery.gov.
Tags: technology , Earl Devaney , Recovery.gov ,
Recovery.gov 2.0 site launched
Tags: technology , Recovery.gov , Earl Devaney , Web 2.0 , government 2.0 , transparency
Recovery Board works to make data fully transparent
WFED's Jason Miller has details.
Tags: technology , management , Earl Devaney , Jason Miller , DorobekInsider
Recovery reporting reaches new milestone
The Chairman of the Recovery, Accountability and Transparency Board tells Federal News Radio that reporting has never been higher and talks about the future of federalreporting.gov in the cloud.
Tags: newsstand , recovery , technology , federalreporting.gov , Earl Devaney ,
Devaney shares lessons learned about transparency, openness
Chairman of the Recovery, Accountability and Transparency Board explains that being transparent and open isn't always easy, but the overall results are often positive.
Tags: management , Open Government Initiative , transparency , openness , Recovery.gov , Earl Devaney ,
Earl Devaney: Stimulus funding progress report
Recovery Accountability and Transparency Board's Earl Devaney on reporting of federal stimulus funding: "it went fabulous." Now the data makes its way to the federal site designed to shed light on Recovery Act spending.
Tags: management , contracting , Recovery.gov , Earl Devaney , stimulus , recovery


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Does anyone know a good way to design an administration dialogue to add and edit items that have a parent child relationship?
In the mockup below, I have bike categories and for each bike category i have different bikes or variation of the same bike (Super Kid 1 in black, Super Kid 1 in red) or different markets (Super Kid 1 for england, Super Kid 1 for sweden).
I am looking for an intuitive dialogue that allows the user to add new bikes but also to edit existing bikes.
So i am looking for a design pattern for administrative dialogues for parent child relationship (for example user in groups -> click on a user and see in which groups he is a member, and also members of group -> click on a group and see every member).
download bmml source – Wireframes created with Balsamiq Mockups


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Chicago — Tight end Jermichael Finley couldn't be more ecstatic about his ever-expanding role in the Green Bay Packers' offense.
Specifically, Finley loves taking it outside, where he is showing remarkable prowess and potential running wide-receiver type routes.
"It's more than love," Finley said of playing so much out of the box. "It's, like, I almost just want to be married to it."
Coach Mike McCarthy, the chief offensive architect, apparently recognizes a good thing when he sees it. Since Finley returned from a knee injury Nov. 22 against San Francisco, McCarthy and quarterback Aaron Rodgers have made him the team's most targeted receiver.
On Sunday, in a 21-14 victory over the Chicago Bears at Soldier Field, Finley led the team in targeted passes with seven. He also led the team against the 49ers with 10 and has 31 in all during the last four games, just ahead of Greg Jennings (28) and Donald Driver (26).
In those four games, Finley leads in receptions with 22, four more than Jennings, and is second in yards with 228, behind Jennings (312) but ahead of Driver (184).
Did Finley, who had modest totals of 17 catches and 260 yards before going down early in the Cleveland game Oct. 25, approach the coaches about getting the ball more upon his return?
"I didn't say nothing," he said. "I think they saw me working hard in practice. They knew I was hungry for the ball. Now it's coming more often."
Donald Lee and Finley continue to split snaps almost evenly, but in the past three games a greater percentage of Lee's action has been in-line whereas Finley has been used more on a wing, in the slot and flanked as a split receiver.
On Sunday, the Bears inserted Josh Bullocks, a third safety, to cover Finley in certain situations. McCarthy then flanked Finley wide and let him go to work on Bullocks for a 12-yard slant and a 6-yard hitch.
"I'm loving the way he's creating mismatches in the game plan," Finley said. "The game plan is great. You get a little 6-footer out there, you've got to be pumped and you know you're going to win."
In the fourth quarter, Finley motioned into the slot and found himself matched against Charles Tillman in a form of combination coverage. Unfazed about facing a veteran cornerback, Finley took him to the post for a 25-yard reception.
"Lot of potential there," said tackle Chad Clifton, a 10-year veteran. "Heck of an athlete. What he brings to the table maybe we haven't had in the past is just someone who can stretch the field and get downfield."
Despite missing three full games and all about a handful of plays against the Browns, Finley has 39 receptions for 488 yards and three touchdowns. With those numbers, the mood inside the meeting rooms of opposing defensive coaching staffs has to be one of concern.
"I think there will be discussions in their room about, 'OK, what are we going to do? Are we going to go nickel against this group? Or are we going to have to match somebody up on him one on one,' " offensive coordinator Joe Philbin said.
"He draws attention, which can be beneficial to either the run game or getting him the ball in the passing game. He's a pretty good route runner so he can be the in-line type routes but sometimes also function on the outside."
Because McCarthy gave the players off Monday, Finley will have 48 hours before he has to watch the film of his fumble at the Chicago 36 in the final 15 seconds of the first half.
"Bad, bad, real bad," Philbin said. "We're not happy about it."
It came during Finley's 19-yard catch down the middle of the field. Safety Al Afalava, a 212-pounder, got the 250-pound Finley to cough the ball up without delivering a particularly ferocious hit.
It was reminiscent of some of Finley's terrible plays as a rookie who had little idea what it meant to be a pro. Finley, however, was quick to reject the idea that he was carrying the ball too loosely. He chalked it up to the defender striking him on the funny bone.
"It wasn't held away whatsoever," said Finley. "But I should have held on and squeezed it tighter."


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Los Angeles County leaders once thought the world of Michael Weinstein, president of the AIDS Healthcare Foundation.
In a gilt-edged 1992 proclamation that still hangs behind Weinstein's desk, officials declared him "a dynamic and inspirational leader" and "an unrelenting and tireless force in the struggle to stem the tide of HIV infection."
In the years since, however, that relationship has come to resemble a dysfunctional marriage, tied together by finances and need, but strained by lawsuits, acrimony and accusations of improper spending. County leaders, now engaged in a furious legal and ballot-box battle with Weinstein, accuse him of spending his nonprofit's funds on a "personal vendetta" against the county rather than on critical services for people living with HIV and AIDS.
"He's out of control," county Supervisor Zev Yaroslavsky said recently.
Just last week, as Los Angeles counted down to the New Year, Weinstein and the organization he leads once again grabbed headlines. Gay marriage opponents called for a boycott of Pasadena's iconic Tournament of Roses Parade because the foundation planned to have a gay couple wed on its float in front of millions of viewers. Critics decried the display, alternately, as inappropriate or having nothing to do with the group's mission to stamp out HIV and AIDS, Weinstein countered that encouraging committed relationships in the gay community helps stem the virus' spread.
The moment — controversial, ostentatious and eye-grabbing — was a distillation of Weinstein. His bruising style of advocacy was forged in the early days of the AIDS epidemic, when the then-young activist grew frustrated that elected leaders were paying scant attention to the thousands of people dying from the disease. Today, 30 years later, the trim, suit-clad 61-year-old travels the globe as leader of the largest private provider of AIDS services in the U.S. and, by some measures, the world.
He oversees a $750-million budget from the 21st floor of a Sunset Boulevard skyscraper, in a corner office with a panoramic view of the Hollywood sign. While the political response to AIDS has dramatically changed since that earlier era, and many other AIDS activists have toned down their rhetoric, Weinstein's tactics remain hard-charging, persistent and, at times, polarizing.
Before the Rose Parade controversy, his group bankrolled a successful 2012 county ballot measure to require condom use in the adult film industry. And more recently it has moved to break the city of Los Angeles away from the county health agency's jurisdiction, contending city residents don't get a fair share of services. County and city officials have sued to block that ballot measure.
Supporters call Weinstein a "genius;" detractors label him a "dictator." All agree that the hawkish-featured advocate remains uncompromising.
"To get anything done in government, you have to be single-minded, dedicated almost to the exclusion of everything else. Can you do that without rubbing anyone the wrong way? I suppose it's theoretically possible," said former Gov. Gray Davis, who met Weinstein while living in West Hollywood and worked with him on AIDS-related issues. "Whether you like him or not — and I like him — he's really been a positive force for change."
Weinstein's foundation holds $30 million in county contracts to provide HIV and AIDS services. But the county has repeatedly accused the group of overbilling — which he denies — and he has accused the county of improperly awarding contracts to other organizations and using the audits to retaliate for his complaints about how health services are delivered.
"We're a black sheep, but we are part of the county family," Weinstein said. "I don't know of any other entities like us, a nonprofit that takes them on the way we do and that has the clout to get away with it."
Since his teenage days in Brooklyn, Weinstein has been a rabble-rouser. At 13, he volunteered for anti-Vietnam War congressional candidate Mel Dubin in 1966. He was active in the civil-rights and fair-housing movements. He traveled to the tumultuous 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago.
Four years later, the long-haired high-school dropout moved to California, came out as gay and met Chris Brownlie, who would become a close friend and partner in activism.
Weinstein settled in Los Angeles for good in the early 1980s. He planned to pursue an architecture degree, but instead went into business making chocolate gold medals to coincide with the 1984 Olympics.
By then, AIDS was becoming a scourge among gay men. Elected officials were paying little attention; President Reagan did not publicly mention the disease's name until 1985.
Weinstein recalled Brownlie dragging him to a community meeting that seemed like a Saturday Night Live skit: "I said 'I cannot do this. It's like too politically correct to be endured and nothing got done.'"
But as friends and neighbors began dying — at the time a person's life expectancy after an AIDS diagnosis was measured in months, not years — he decided he had to engage.
"My activism at that point was really a way of channeling my grief, because people were dropping like flies," he said.
Weinstein and Brownlie launched a campaign to defeat a 1986 ballot measure that would have allowed the quarantining of people with AIDS. Then their attention turned to providing the dying with a dignified death, and the AIDS Hospice Foundation was born. They led marches on the homes of officials, including county Supervisor Michael D. Antonovich — who once suggested the solution to AIDS was for gay people to turn straight.


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Legions: Overdrive is a "spiritual successor" to Tribes, borrowing gameplay elements from the series such as skiing and jetpacks. It's completely free and supports modding, user-hosted servers and more.
No tutorials were found matching the criteria specified. We suggest you try the tutorials list with no filter applied, to browse all available articles. Join now to share tutorials with the community.


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The Early Learning Coalition of Hillsborough County (ELCHC) specializes in the funding and delivery of quality early childhood care and education and after-school programs and services to the children and families of Hillsborough County.
We believe that ALL children should have a quality early learning experience that is essential in building a successful future! We appreciate your support and hope that you will visit us often for all of your early childhood care and education information needs.
Child Care Resource and Referral
The Children's Board of Hillsborough County supports the Early Learning Coalition of Hillsborough County as one of its four focus areas, 'children are ready to learn and succeed.'
The famous "word gap" doesn't hurt only the young. It affects many educators, too.
February 16, 2015 – Washington Post
It will come as a surprise to Americans to learn that as many as 1 million state-licensed and nationally credentialed early childhood educators are at-risk for functional illiteracy
Strengthening early learning in a new ESEA
February 13, 2015 – EdCentral
There is almost no focus in the law on kindergarten through second grade, much less what comes before school entry, other than the allowance of Title I funds to be used for children from low-income families beginning at birth
Free children's dental health program launched
February 16, 2015 – Suwannee Democrat
February is Children's Dental Health Month and the Florida Department of Health is working to promote good oral health for children and families through preventive care


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Beaumont/Port Arthur
The latest report that I've received concerning the drought in the Texas Hill Country has been spotty, at best. The ranches that are in similar areas have different reports, at times. What seems to be the difference is that the ranches may be only a few miles apart and one has gotten a little rain while the other hasn't. There is also the element of natural creeks or rivers and the presence of water tanks that are not dried up. No matter whether a ranch contains all of the water positives or none of them, it is super dry in the Hill Country.
It's been a long hot summer and it's not nearly over yet, but hunting is on the horizon and Sept. 1 is the opener on doves, with teal up shortly after that. And before you know, it we'll be getting up at 4 a.m. to make a duck hunt. With that in mind, it's time to think about how the statewide Texas drought is going to impact duck hunts.
Tarpon fishing along much of the Gulf Coast usually comes to life in June and gets better as we head in the hot months of August and September. Many are caught in October, or until the cool fronts begin to chill the water. In fact, the Texas state record tarpon was caught on Oct 4, 2006.
So where is the best place to fish for tarpon along the Gulf Coast? Based on personnel experience, you can't go wrong out of Venice, La. Along the Texas coast, tarpon fishing can be pretty darned good from the Sabine jetties and on down the coast around Port O'Connor.
I was discussing the upcoming archery deer season with Gary Cox, owner of Trophy Hunter's Archery in Lumberton last week. Cox indicated that each year more and more folks were becoming involved in not only the deer hunting, but also all sorts of other hunting offerings. Feral hogs have become really a top-notch challenge for archers. There is an overabundance of the feral pigs, and archers are chomping at the bit to go after them.
August is right here upon us, and that is normally the month when all sorts of outdoor activity is either happening or right around the corner.
I have not abandoned writing about freshwater fishing. Normally by mid-summer, the saltwater action has taken precedence. That doesn't mean that the sweetwater action has ceased. According to Rayburn professional guide Will Kirkpatrick, the topwater action is really good. The secret is to be on the water when first light appears in the east.
The bass fishing club that I belong to is not looking too good. A few days ago I went out to check on the water level and had to blink a couple of times to believe my eyes. The boat shed was almost high and dry, and there was nothing under the hull but dried mud. On one of the nearby trees, there were several buzzards surveying the scene and feeding on dead carp. An alligator was laid up in the reeds with only its toothy snout showing. Fishing on that particular lake has been sucked dry by the continuing drought.
As we open the month of July, keep in mind that the booklets for lottery hunts are about due. I contacted the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department in Austin and was told the Special Drawing and Regular Permit Hunting Opportunities booklets would be in Austin either the last week of June or the first week of July. If you entered the drawings last year, a book will be sent to you. Otherwise they should be available at the local TPWD on Eastex Freeway in Beaumont.
I know we're only into the first official week of summer amid triple-digit temperatures, but believe it or not now is a good time to plug into this year's deer and duck hunting adventures. A little forward planning often goes a long way when opening day finally dawns.
There has been much concern about the drought and our fish and wildlife. Sure we will get some showers and even possibly some heavy rains, but it will take several days of that to break the dry spell. Since there were so many folks concerned, I went to the most knowledgeable resource of information that I'm familiar with.
While we harbor no disrespect for the Wall Street Journal who called us "that scrappy little paper from Southeast Texas," we prefer to think of ourselves as simple seekers of the truth. We're of the opinion that headlines and sound bites never tell the whole story. Our readers demand all the facts, facets and flavors of every story or event. And, they expect to be informed, educated and stirred to action.
For this week's New York Times crossword puzzle, pick up a copy of this week's The Examiner on newsstands now.


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Jacob Epstein
1 portrait
© National Portrait Gallery, London
Jacob Epstein
by Ida Kar
vintage bromide print, 1953
11 3/4 in. x 9 7/8 in. (297 mm x 251 mm) overall
Purchased, 1999
Photographs Collection
NPG x133283
Click on the links below to find out more:
Sitterback to top
- Sir Jacob Epstein (1880-1959), Sculptor. Sitter in 67 portraits, Artist of 14 portraits.
Artistback to top
- Ida Kar (1908-1974), Photographer. Artist associated with 1508 portraits, Sitter in 137 portraits.
This portraitback to top
Epstein received public recognition late in life, being knighted in 1954, and completed large commissions and numerous portraits in his last decade. It was during this period, while acting as guardian for his son Theo, that Kar photographed Epstein at his studio at 18 Hyde Park Gate, Kensington.
Linked displays and exhibitionsback to top
- Ida Kar: Bohemian Photographer (10 March 2011 - 19 June 2011)


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Erica Vetsch
The Cactus Creek Challenge
Erica Vetsch$13.99Add Your Review
Colorado Dawn
Erica Vetsch$7.99Add Your ReviewGod shows new mercies to three Colorado couples!Watch as God lights the way of love, despite the resolve of three Colorado men. A collapsing mine shaft made David Mackenzie blind and bitter, but Karen Worth will not give up on her unconditional love for him. Disillusioned by... Learn More
Golden State Brides
Erica Vetsch, Keli Gwyn$9.99Add Your ReviewBask in two historical romances from sunny California. A willful widow and a determined merchant find themselves fighting for a town's business--and against their growing attraction. Who will win this contest of wills? A Harvey Girl waits on doughboys and meets a local horse... Learn More
North Star Brides
Erica Vetsch$7.99Add Your ReviewMinnesota tycoon Abraham Kennebrae is in the business of love when he plans to marry his grandsons to the wealthiest heiresses in town. The trouble is the brothers and their future brides aren't happy about the prospect. Jonathan desperately wants to keep his fortune while M... Learn More
Great Plains Brides
Erica Vetsch, Ramona K. Cecil$9.99Add Your ReviewIn Great Plains Brides: Two Historical Romances Under One Cover, visit the Great Plains where shady pasts and family secrets threaten to undo love. These two stories from authors Ramona Cecil and Erica Vetsch feature historical romance in America's Heartland. As a carefree,... Learn More
A Bride's Portrait of Dodge City, Kansas
Erica Vetsch$12.99Add Your ReviewQuench your craving for good fiction with this wonderfully written Old West adventure. Hoping to leave the shadows of her shady yesteryears behind, Adeline Reid is focusing on her photography career. But when her ex-boyfriend's compatriot in crime shows up in Dodge City her ... Learn More


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CAn anyone explain to me a russian tie?
CAn anyone explain to me a russian tie?
"All that we are is the result of what we have thought. The mind is everything. What we think we become."
<object width="425" height="344"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/qLB_0jRj5tk&hl=en&fs=1"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/qLB_0jRj5tk&hl=en&fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"></embed></object>
<object width="425" height="344"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/agNqRGpPRZA&hl=en&fs=1"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/agNqRGpPRZA&hl=en&fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"></embed></object>
I'm a first year wrestler and I'm hoping to be better than I am right now. I wrestle 152 and I've wrestled three matches. The first match, I lasted into the third round agains someone who whas wrestled states, but he eventually teched me out. The second match that I had, I wrestled up a weight class (160) and pinned the guy in the third round. In the third match, my most recent, I wrestled number six in the state and was pinned late in the second period. I need to improve and I need to learn how to improve my shot. Also, I need some input on to what situations I should be more confident to shoot in. Oh and how do you earn tech points? I'm still not sure about the rules. Thanks alot.
I believe that most young wrestlers have problems with the shots not because a lack of penetration but because of finish(not making the angle change. Here are a couple of pointers:
1 Single Leg head on the inside, once you have the leg get your outside elbow down on the mat behind his leg. This will force you to get the angle you need finish the single.
2 Double Leg Head on the outside, try a left knee double (most wrestlers are right handed and a right knee double leads into the strong side) which is taking your shot to your right side(your left leg is the penetrating leg) this requires the guy you wrestle to crossface you with his left hand and is awkward until confortable and might make the difference.
Your coach should answer these questons for you. Judging from how you've done so far, I'd say you have a lot of natural talent and just need to learn some technique. Don't expect to learn it all this year, but next year you should be tough to beat.
A technical fall happens when one wrestler has fifteen points more than his opponent. So if the score is 16-2 and the guy with the 16 points gets an escape, the score becomes 17-2 and the match is over.
Atrophy: what you get when you win atournament.
Can anyone list the ways in which you can earn tech points? Thanks alot
"Every artist was first an amateur."
"You miss 100% of shots you don't take."
Beat the Reach. If someone attempts to throw a collar tie just pop that elbow and go right in for a double
Or You can do what I do Get an underhook and go for a high crotch


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Arm Raise to the Side
During this strengthening exercise your arm should stay about 30 degrees to the front of your side.
Slowly raise your injured arm to the side, with your thumb facing up. Raise your arm 60 degrees at the most (shoulder level is 90 degrees).
After holding the position for 3 to 5 seconds, lower your arm back to your side. If you need to, bring your "good" arm across your body and place it under the elbow as you lower your injured arm. Use your good arm to keep your injured arm from dropping down too fast during the downward motion.
Repeat 8 to 12 times.
When you first start out, don't hold any additional weight in your hand. As your strength improves, you may use a 1 lb to 2 lb (0.5 kg to 1 kg) dumbbell or a small can of food.
Healthwise Staff
Primary Medical Reviewer
William H. Blahd, Jr., MD, FACEP - Emergency Medicine
Specialist Medical Reviewer
Timothy Bhattacharyya, MD
Last Revised
November 30, 2011
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The material on this web site is provided for educational purposes only, and is not to be used for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment.
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Cal Thomas is co-author (with Bob Beckel) of the book, "Common Ground: How to Stop the Partisan War That is Destroying America".
TOWNHALL DAILY: Be the first to read Cal Thomas' column. Sign up today and receive Townhall.com daily lineup delivered each morning to your inbox.
Awkward: CIA Shuts Down Climate Research Program After Obama Frames Climate Change as National Security Threat | Leah Barkoukis


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In the unlikely event that I add a fourth to the clan fertang I've already sounded benchy out - his deep religious convictions and affable temperament make him an ideal choice, imo
In the unlikely event that I add a fourth to the clan fertang I've already sounded benchy out - his deep religious convictions and affable temperament make him an ideal choice, imo
Rejecting 'analysis by checklist' and 'skill absolutism' since Dec '09
Has to be Fred himself tbh.
Has to definitely not be Cribb.
Have you ever been to the Sweeny & Todd Butcher and Pie Shop Fred? Good pies they have there.
I'd be good, I despise anyone under 40, and am not in the least bit religious, but because of these reasons it would be the move no-one is expecting. Always sound tactically, out-foxes them all.
Do I contradict myself?
Very well then I contradict myself,
(I am large, I contain multitudes.
Walt Whitman
I can recommend PEWS in case you want a botparent
benchy is a good choice for godparent
Others could be
Top Cat
And smalishah's avatar is the most classy one by far Jan certainly echoes the sentiments of CW
Yeah we don't crap in the first world; most of us would actually have no idea what that was emanating from Ajmal's backside. Why isn't it roses and rainbows like what happens here? PEWS's retort to Ganeshran on Daemon's picture depicting Ajmal's excreta
LOL, Benchy would ruin the poor kid as a God parent.
My vote is for Mr Z.
Thanks AN. Fingers crossed Fred's expertise will win me my appeal so that I'm allowed within 100 yards of an under 18 again.
Given the inexplicable chain of events that would be required for me to want to Christen a child, it'd have to be somebody I'd trust to throw caution to the wind and snap me out of it. Sledger, maybe.
I'm a trustworthy sort, it must be said.
yeah Zaremba worth a shout too....Zaremba and TC
GIMH or Burgey.
They are both of the "great dad but horrible CW posters" mould. Would make sense that they'd be a great Godfather too.
"I am very happy and it will allow me to have lot more rice."
Eoin Morgan on being given a rice cooker for being Man of the Match in a Dhaka Premier Division game.
Benchy would teach them the school of hard knocks,
Direbirds FTW!
Creator of the Official Unofficial NZ Cricket World Cup Drinking Game
Round 2, 20th February 2015 - NZ vs. ENG
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Fr. Y. David Brault, Pastor
Fr. Tony D'Souza, Associate Pastor
Weekend Liturgies
Saturday 5 p.m., Sunday 7:30, 9 and 10:30 a.m.
(There are two 10:30 a.m. Masses, one in the Church and
one in the School Gymnasium, known as the "Hall Mass"),
12 noon, and 5 p.m.
Daily Mass Schedule
Monday through Friday 7:30 a.m. and 8:30 a.m.
Saturday 8:30 a.m.
Maybe you heard a great homily at a recent Mass and want to download a copy for yourself, or you are new to St. John's and would like to get a sense of what our liturgies are like. You are in luck... several recent homilies delivered by St. John's presiders can be downloaded here.


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No Man's Sky Wiki Guide
|Hello Games
|Hello Games
|Official Sites
| http://www.hellogames.org/
No Man's Sky is an exploratory science fiction game in development by Hello Games. The game uses unique procedural-generation technology to create a near-limitless variety of planets inhabited by unique plants and animals.
Explorers brave a universe of beauty and peril, traveling across the cradle of the stars in a personal spacecraft seeking out all the secrets the vastness of the galaxy has to offer.
No Man's Sky is open ended, exploratory, and incorporates a number of sandbox elements.
No Man's Sky will initially limit player movement, requiring upgrades to a player's ship to reach more distant areas. These upgrades will offer incentives for players to acquire cash, which may be obtained through gathering, trade, combat, or piracy. The extra range afforded by purchasing upgrades will allow players to travel further and discover new troves of beauty and wealth. [1]
Players are free to interact with the environment as they choose. Ships can be modified and upgraded, factions aided or thwarted. Resources can be found on planetary surfaces and gathered for investment.
Announcement Trailer
A brief reveal trailer highlighted a procedural science fiction game which has the player flying around strange worlds in a spaceship.
The game will feature a procedural-generated (planets will be built as you play, and each will be completely unique), massively multiplayer world.
Console Exclusivity
At the Sony press conference during the E3 expo, Hello Games arrived on stage to announce console exclusivity for No Man's Sky, exclusively on the PS4 at launch.
What Links Here
Open References & Sources (3)
Top Wiki Contributors
Need assistance with editing this wiki? Check out these resources:


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Similar Products:
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Flatback Bucket
Average rating from 40 reviews.
(4.6 out of 5, based on 40 reviews)
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Reader's Reviews (40)
Best bucket around!
posted 6 years ago
This is a very useful bucket! We have used this with our donkeys when we have one that is afraid of the big water tubs. We can tie this bucket to the fence to keep the donkeys from knocking it over and also it is wonderful when you are traveling and nead a small bucket that can be tied to things.
Pros: Great when transporting animals
Cons: None
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Great for watering
posted 6 years ago
I have at least 2 of these for every horse I care for. They are easy to store as they are stackable. Easy to clean also.
Pros: Great size for half a day's water for horses.
Cons: The handle shape is hard to carry when full of water
0 of 0 people found this review helpful.
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Pink is my favorite color these are wonderful.I will recommend a good website fou you: www.9footballshirt.org
Freshpet Select Roasted Meals for Cat
June 28, 2013 | By Kittymom314
I introduced this food to my two cats, one is a senior at 13 years and the other is about 7 years. Both females. The 7 year old is a new addition, recently adopted :) Because of their age differenc… more ›


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Come and have a go in this family workshop with Cardiff's Warped Drawings.
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Venue Facts
Venue: National Museum Cardiff
Website: museumwales.ac.uk
Enquiries: 02920397951
→ Cathays 4 min walk


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Josh Thompson Ringtones
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Introduction to Microsoft® Word 2007
Thursday, May 28, 2015 -
2:00pm to 4:00pm
Learners create a basic document, format text, and add graphics and tables. Advanced registration required. Classes are open to DGPL cardholders only.
Jump to navigation
Join us each Saturday morning for stories, songs, and fingerplays. Parent participation is an important part of this storytime, and attending children must be supervised by an adult. Registration is not required. Storytimes attended by eight or fewer people may be canceled by the storyteller.


text: Who is an "Officer"? A Critical Inquiry for Indemnification and Insurance By Kevin LaCroix on September 17, 2014 Posted in Corporate Governance Many companies provide advancement, indemnification and insurance benefits and protection for their officers and directors. However, it is not always clear who is an "officer" for purposes of claiming the benefits and protection. The long-running and high-profile saga of Sergey Aleynikov, the former Goldman Sachs computer programmer and company Vice President accused of stealing proprietary… Continue Reading


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Beyonce has shown off new hair extensions just days after she chopped her hair into a pixie crop.
Proving that she's the queen of reinvention, Beyonce, 31, stepped out with husband Jay Z and daughter Blue Ivy in Miami yesterday with slightly longer hair.
Her new style is a graduated bob - not dissimilar to the style made famous by Victoria Beckham all those years ago.
Apparently the extensions are the result of Beyonce feeling insecure with her new short hair - which was a MASSIVE change from her trademark long tresses which she spends a lot of time flinging about when performing.
A source revealed: "She's asked her team to pack a suitcase full of 40 different wigs and hairpieces in case she bottles it at the last minute. Beyonce is still adjusting to her new look and is worried she won't feel herself on stage."
It remains to be seen what Beyonce does with her hair this weekend when she performs at V Festival. Will the hairpieces be firmly in place?
However, Beyonce did look gorgeous on her outing with her family, wearing denim hotpants teamed with a white vest top, hair band and oversized shades.
The trio were in Miami as Jay Z finishes up the last leg of his Legends of the Summer tour with Justin Timberlake.
[Beyonce gets her bum slapped by an over-excited fan]
[Beyonce shows off new photos of hair]
Beyonce and Blue Ivy have been accompanying Jay whenever they can - and we're seriously hoping he returns the favour and makes a cheeky appearance when she takes to the stage this weekend.
Beyonce has shown off new hair extensions just days after she chopped her hair into a pixie crop.


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Although he did not mention names, the ex-PKR leader's remark was seen by observers as being targetted at Pakatan Rakyat supremo Anwar Ibrahim, who was twice charged with sodomy and later acquitted.
According to Zahrain, a once close confidant of Anwar, allowing the lesbians, gays, bisexuals and transgenders (LGBT) group to hold public office in the country would cause problems.
"We must stand up against LGBTs from becoming prime minister or wakil rakyat," he told a press conference in Parliament.
Zahrain also stressed that LGBTs should not be accepted in mainstream Malaysia as it was against the Eastern culture.
He said that major religions of the world do not accept the LGBT community. "We Malaysians don't share the same culture as the West," he added.
Acknowledging the existence of the group, Zahrain said the LGBT community should mind their own business and not try to fight for their rights.
"You want to be LGBT, it's your business but don't try to get public support for your cause," he added.
Earlier, Dewan Rakyat Speaker Pandikar Amin Mulia rejected Zahrain's motion to discuss the LGBT issue but the latter claimed that he would get his friends in the Dewan Negara to raise the matter.
"I respect the Speaker's decision but many of my friends in PKR and PAS have also voiced support for my motion," he said, refusing to name the parliamentarians.


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- Home
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- London 2012
2012 Olympic Timeline
2012 Olympic Timeline
02 Nov 2002 - United States Olympic Committee elects New York as its 2012 candidate.
11 Dec 2002 Britain rumoured to be uninterested in 2012. Chris Smith (then Culture Secretary) describes the IOC as inherently corrupt.
21 Jan 2003 - Spanish Olympic Committee elects Madrid as its 2012 candidate.
24 Feb 2003 British Cabinet delays decision on Olympic bid until after the war in Iraq.
27 Feb 2003 - French officials meet to decide Paris' intentions for 2012.
12 Apr 2003 - German Olympic Committee makes Leipzig its 2012 candidate.
15 May 2003 Tessa Jowell announces that the government has set aside £2.375 billion to pay for the staging of the 2012 Games in London. Business, the LDA and the government will meet the cost of the bid.
23 May 2003 - Moscow 2012 formally launched by Mayor Yury Luzhkov.
20 June 2003 - Barbara Cassani, former chief executive of low-cost airline, Go, will lead London's bid.
2012 London Olympics
2012 Olympic History
The Olympic Games were the brainchild of Lycourgos, King of Sparta. In 776 BC he was drawn into a treaty with Ifitos and Cleisthen...2012 Olympic History
2012 The Cost
Can London afford the Olympics?That is the question plaguing the minds of ministers and Londoners alike. Culture Secretary Tessa...2012 The Cost
2012 The East End
One of Londons most deprived areas is now guaranteed to receive a massive boost in terms of regeneration, thanks t...2012 The East End
London Hotels
From cheap budget accommodation to luxury 5 star suites see our special offers for hotels, including Ace Hotel London Shoreditch from 68% off.


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Resolution: standard / high
Figure 1.
Schematic representation of bicistronic retroviral vectors. The ABCA1 cDNA was inserted behind a spleen focus-forming virus (SFFV) retroviral LTR following the splice donor (SD) site. The neomycin resistance (neo) cDNA was inserted after a splice acceptor (SA) site derived from the genome of the Moloney murine leukemia virus. Hemagglutinin (HA) epitope was introduced into the first extracellular loop of the N-terminal transmembrane domain (TMD) of ABCA1 (between residues 207 and 208). WT: wild type untagged ABCA1 construct; HA-WT: wild type HA-tagged ABCA1 construct; HA-MK: a variant with a methionine-lysine substitution (K939 M) in the Walker A motif of the N-terminal nucleotide-binding domain (NBD1); HA-KM: methionine-lysine substitution (K1952 M) in the C-terminal nucleotide-binding domain (NBD2); HA-MM: methionine-lysine substitution in both Walker A motifs (K939 M/K1952 M). A vector containing only the neo cDNA after the SA site was used as a negative control (vector).
Kasza et al. BMC Cell Biology 2009 10:93 doi:10.1186/1471-2121-10-93


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This is my second time purchasing this hat - the first time, I wore it into a pub during a local music festival and the patron sitting beside me at the bar simply "had" to have it; so, after a pint (one for me, several for him), we agreed to a price - he left with one fine straw hat and I left with 120 of his dollars (can you believe it?!) - a portion of which I used to purchase a brand new one!
Great for keeping cool in the heat, whether it's in the backyard, floating down a river, or, stopping in for a pint of what ale's ya!
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text: Major banks downgraded by Moody's [Archive] - Glock Talk Glock Talk > Political & Other Important Issues > Political Issues > Major banks downgraded by Moody's PDA View Full Version : Major banks downgraded by Moody's Ruble Noon06-21-2012, 16:34http://money.cnn.com/2012/06/21/investing/bank-downgrades/ rj193906-21-2012, 17:04Not to worry, futures are up for most if not all the downgraded banks................I suppose any rating above "junk" is a winner for them. Cavalry Doc06-21-2012, 18:36Couldn't we call them "Large" banks instead of "Major" ? beforeobamabans06-21-2012, 18:44Moody's is recognizing what the market priced in back in 2008. Nothing new here and it is not effecting the markets. The is more a statement about Moody's incompetence than it is any change in the banks status. Glock30Eric06-21-2012, 20:00It doesn't do anything but that's what we need to see. Outdoor Hub mobile, the outdoor information engine barbedwiresmile06-21-2012, 20:43Sadly, these 'downgrades' were a farce. Check out Morgan's sweatheart deal with that saved them from a 2+ downgrade. "..and two notches of uplift owing to Moody's belief that there is a high likelihood that Morgan Stanley, as a systemically important financial institution, would receive support from the US government in the event such support was required to prevent a default." Indeed. Substitute "generations of U.S. tax chattel" for "US government" anf you're dead on. barbedwiresmile06-21-2012, 20:44BTW, shares rose on the news. Already baked into the cake. Just not your cake. vBulletin® v3.8.7, Copyright ©2000-2015, vBulletin Solutions, Inc.


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Updated: 07/13/2014 10:33 PM |
Created: 07/13/2014 5:59 PM
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Some parts of New Mexico are experiencing rain as the monsoon season continues.
Areas like Albuquerque and Las Vegas saw rainfall.
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Nov. 25: Old Crow Medicine Show with Chuck Mead and His Grassy Knoll Boys
Nashville-based Americana string band, Old Crow Medicine Show will birng a show blended with high energy performances and old-timey bluegrass, alt-country songs to Memphis.
When: 7 p.m.
Where: Minglewood Hall, 1555 Madison
How Much: $29 for general admission
More Information: Visit minglewoodhall.com
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by Calulu cross posted from her blog True Love Doesn't RapeRecently Kevin Swanson, radio babbler and righteous rabblerouser against all things not homeschooling fundamentalist Biblical patriarchy has been making more of an ass out of himself than usual. It's not merely due to the fact that he has a new book to flog about and promote by calling everyone that doesn't agree with him an 'Apostate', a title that is also a big part of the title of his new book. Oh no, Kevin seems to be off the internet deep end this week. … [Read more...]
Dude, Seriously? – Answering Kevin Swanson
Quoting Quiverfull: Happy Breeders Day?
by Mark Driscoll Mars Hill Church in The Washington Post - Who's afraid of pregnant women? On October 28, San Diego Chargers quarterback Philip Rivers' wife, Tiffany, gave birth to their child—a girl. While I extend my sincerest congratulations to the Rivers family, I probably wouldn't have even known about the event except for one key detail: baby Rivers is the family's seventh child. … [Read more...]
Quoting Quiverfull: Crying in Our Petticoats?
by Doug Wilson of Blog and Mablog - Bitterness and the Unsubmissive Wife But if every time we get to such a statement of what a wife's fundamental lack of a submissive spirit might be doing in her relationship to her husband we get a histrionic reaction, then perhaps we are seeing a refusal on the part of certain women to see women as true moral agents. Feminists (including the professing evangelicals) are those who loudly … [Read more...]
Quivering Questions Vaughn Ohlman Questions 6 -10
by Vaughn Ohlman cross posted from True Love Doesn't WaitWell, Suzanne Callulu has asked me another set of questions. This time they won't work to go all in one prose segment, so I have included the questions in the text:6.What do you think of Christians in Politics? Romans 13:1-7 Let every soul be in subjection to the higher powers: for there is no power but of God; and the powers that be are ordained of God. Therefore he that resisteth the power, withstandeth the ordinance of God: and they that withstand shall … [Read more...]
Quoting Quiverfull: Feminism Killed the Family?
by Phyllis Schlafly from WND and Ladies Against Feminism - Who killed the American Family? A combination of forces abolished the American family as we knew it. The many factors include changes in the law such as unilateral divorce, court decisions especially abuses by the family courts, the culture, curricula and customs from elementary grades through college, taxpayer financial incentives for illegitimacy, and pronouncements of self-appointed experts who think they know how to manage … [Read more...]
Spiritual Abuse and Whitewashed Marriage
by Mere Dreamer cross posted from her blog Love is Not Equal to Love(Editor's note: Please welcome Mere Dreamer to NLQ and the SASBN! Another great addition to our group!)I grew up in a 3rd world mission where the horror stories of Northern news overshadowed all other impressions of the US, though I determined to move there after graduation in spite of the fear. My 17 year old, culture-shocked self feared the six block walk from the school to work, morbidly certain it was inevitable that I would be kidnapped and raped. … [Read more...]
Quoting Quiverfull: Requiring Obedience?
by John Piper from his blog Desiring God - Parents, Require Obedience of Your ChildrenRescue from Foolish Parenting The defiance and laziness of unbelieving parents I can understand. I have biblical categories of the behavior of the spiritually blind. But the neglect of Christian parents perplexes me. What is behind the failure to require and receive obedience? I'm not sure. But it may be that these nine observations will help rescue some parents from the folly of laissez-faire parenting. … [Read more...]
Quoting Quiverfull: Bearing It?
by Colin Campbell from Meat For Men The Greek word for "bear" is "stego" meaning "to roof over, to cover with silence, endure patiently, forebear, suffer." There are some things in life that we find difficult to change, and in some cases, cannot change, at least without divine intervention. … [Read more...]
She Deserved My Undeterred Love
by Joe Sands cross posted from his blog Incongruous CircumspectionTrigger warning: Sexual contentThe day was sweltering hot in the two room studio apartment. The air conditioning, rusting in it's metal encasement, rattled and whined, trying to keep up with the radiant heat of the asphalt coming in the back window. The room smelled slightly, as it always did, of a small gas leak from the old, olive green, stove on the east wall. … [Read more...]
Quoting Quiverfull: Voting & Jury Duty Are For Men Only?
by Jonathan Lindvall from Bold Christian Living I obviously share your conclusion that young women serving on a jury is a very vulnerable, potentially damaging experience we should be able to shield them from. Let me share some thoughts of how we can protect our daughters from this particular emotional/mental threat. … [Read more...]


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Get into swing of things
Often dubbed "The King of Western Swing," Texas fiddler and band leader Bob Wills created a musical sensation when his jazzy swing sound emerged in the late 1930s and early 1940s. More than seven decades later, Wills' style continues to influence new generations of dedicated musicians.
One of those younger players embracing the music of the Western swing legends is Dave Alexander.
Alexander and his Big Western Swing Band will be in concert at the Legends of Western Swing Festival for two shows Saturday at the Multi-Purpose Events Center.
A Legends of Western Swing veteran, Alexander said because of scheduling conflicts he hasn't been on the festival bill since 2004, but he is looking forward to coming back for the 25th anniversary of the groundbreaking event.
"I just love it up there," Alexander said from his ranch in Era. "It's a great place to perform, and it's a real nice group of folks. Couldn't ask for a better bunch of folks than the people from Wichita Falls."
Named Entertainer of the Year and Male Vocalist of the Year by the Academy of Western Artists, the three-time Grammy Award nominee said music has been a major part of the Alexander family for generations. So it's natural he would become a professional musician himself.
"I'm basically following in my father's footsteps with Western swing because my dad was pretty tight with (innovative steel guitarist) Leon McAuliffe and those guys from Bob Wills' band," he said. "My granddad and Leon were best friends, and my dad played with Leon quite a bit. That's how I got started.
"I enjoy horns and fiddles. I'm a big fan of original Texas music, as I call it," he said. "It's jazz with cowboy hats, and it's really a challenge to play. It takes good musicians, and it's a whole lot of fun. We have a great time with it."
A trumpet player since childhood, Alexander also is influenced deeply by big band music in general and enjoys working with a horn section in addition to the standard fiddle, steel, piano, guitar, bass and drums in a small-combo band configuration.
"It's hard for bands to carry that many folks these days," he said. "With the economy and everything else, it's hard to keep everyone together. But we'd rather do it that way. If we're going to do it, we're going to do it right."
When not on tour with his own band, Alexander tours with Willie Nelson, Asleep at the Wheel and other artists who call on him to fill places in their bands.
"It's my career," he said. "It's all I've ever done in my life, and I stay very busy with it. I've entertained presidents of the United States, world leaders, I've toured with George Strait and other big names, and just had a great time being a musician."
But he said his favorite way to play is with his Big Western Swing Band.
"The caliber of musicians there is so high that Western Swing musicians can play just about any country gig there is," he said. "Just give them the chance, and they're ready to go. It's just a lot of fun."
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During an interview with the Empire Magazine, Robert Downey Jr., known around the world for his role as Tony Stark as Marvel's Iron Man, confessed his feelings about being recast for future Marvel films that include the character, espcially after Avengers 2. Which means we may see a different actor play Tony in Phase Three.
"Let's just say that the only thing I ever let go of had claw marks in it. There's a little bit of soul reclamation going on. I feel that the first time I played Tony, I did it best. Sorry! The affinity with Tony now is: How do you sustain something? I'm not stupid, I like to play ball, I love the company, I love the character, and the business side of things, I'm not too picky about that either." – Robert Downey Jr.
Robert Downey Jr. IS Tony Stark. Marvel Studios COULD NOT have cast a better person for Tony Stark. They did an excellent job casting RDJ for Tony, Chris Hemsworth for Thor and Tom Hiddleston for Loki. A superb and AMAZING job. Those three people look like they walked out of the pages of the comics and onto the big screen.
Without Robert Playing Tony,Iron Man in Cinema just wouldnt be the same,he is by far the best they could ever find for the role in my opinion…He just plays him so well.


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LETTER: Story's concept lost to headline
Larry Kleeman, Tell City, Ind.
Story's concept lost to headline
I read with interest the Feb. 19 article "U.S. food stamp fraud rampant" written by Isaac Wolf.
While I found the article somewhat interesting, I find objectionable the headline. When reading the headline I jumped to the conclusion that people all across this country were abusing a program designed to help low-income families, including the elderly, low-wage and unemployed workers, with food. But to my amazement it was not about "food stamp recipients;" it was about private retail businesses that accept food stamps for fraudulent purposes.
I think a more appropriate headline would have been "Private retailers divert food stamps for profit."
I hope the majority of your readers indeed read the entire article and did not jump to my false conclusion.
The food stamp program has for decades provided supplemental food assistance to millions of Americans who through no fault of their own are in need. Not only does it assist these folks, it subsidizes the private retailers that honestly participate and the agricultural industry at large.
The program has been one of the most successful "safety net" programs designed and without it the already overwhelmed volunteer food pantries would be unable to meet the nutritional needs of our fellow citizens.
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Lafayette News - Page 13
Boustany Vs. Landry To Be Determined By Runoff
As the voting result numbers began rolling in Tuesday night for the hotly contested 3rd congressional district race, it slowly became more and more apparent that a runoff between the two incumbent congressmen, Republican Charles Boustany, and Republican Jeff Landry would be the most likely outcome
Congressmen Landry and Boustany Debate Wednesday – Ask Your Question
House Fire On Ambassador in Lafayette
Severe Flooding Hits Lafayette Area, Closing Highways
There is a frontal system moving through the Acadiana area, bringing with it the potential for severe weather. We will update this information as new alerts become available, so check back frequently for any new information regarding this weather system.
5 Things To Buy In Lafayette With $1,000
One thousand dollars would be great for anyone to have, but here in south Louisiana, we have access to things that aren't readily available in other parts of the country. By no means is this list complete, but merely a sampling of what $1,000 can get you in Lafayette, especially if you LIKE Seize The Deal Lafayette on Facebook. One lucky fan will get hooked
Mardi Gras 2012 Schedule Of Events
(Photo by Chris Graythen/Getty Images)
It's carnival time again! All over Acadiana, preparations are taking place to celebrate Mardi Gras 2012. From the Mardi Gras Balls to the parades, here's a list of what's going on and when here in Acadiana for Mardi Gras 2012.
Acadiana's Parade Rundown For Saturday – Feb. 11
Okay Acadiana, you've been been patient long enough. It's all about to get started. Just a few more hours left before the streets of Lafayette transform into festival ground zero.
It all kicks off tomorrow morning at 11am in Carencro. Starting at Carencro


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First-time buyers, who are critical to a housing recovery, made up only 30 percent of sales in January, unchanged from December. That's well below the 40 percent typical in a healthy market.
And since the housing bubble burst more than six years ago, banks have imposed tighter credit standards and required larger down payments. Those policies have left many would-be buyers unable to qualify for super-low mortgage rates.
The average U.S. rate on a 30-year fixed mortgage is 3.56 percent. That's near the 3.31 percent reached in November, the lowest on records dating to 1971.
Rising demand for homes is encouraging builders to step up production. In January, builders started construction at a seasonally adjusted annual rate of 890,000 homes. That was down from December but was still the third-highest pace since mid-2008 and nearly 24 percent above the level a year ago.
And applications for building permits, a sign of future construction, rose in January to their highest point since June 2008.
Sales rose in January in all parts of the country except the West, the region that's being hampered the most by the shortage of homes for sale. In the West, sales fell 5.7 percent. Sales rose 4.8 percent in the Northeast, 3.6 percent in the Midwest and 1 percent in the South.


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