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A smart pixel is comprised by a chiral smectic liquid crystal light modulator (45) (ferro-electric or electroclinic) disposed on a semiconductor substrate and having associated therewith electronic circuitry (41-44) formed in the semiconductor substrate in particular a single crystal silicon VLSI substrate, which circuitry is such as to provide localised intelligence (electrical signal processing and conditioning, pointwise operations, logic functions) at the modulator. The circuitry may comprise photodetector/threshold circuitry (FIG. 7) or digital-to-analogue conversion (FIGS. 3 or 4), for example.
1. A smart spatial modulator device whose output comprises an optical beam modulated in accordance with optical and/or electronic input signals, the device including a pixel comprising:
a chiral smectic liquid crystal material disposed between a semiconductor substrate carrying a first electrode and a panel carrying a second electrode;
first electronic circuitry formed in the semiconductor substrate in the vicinity of the first electrode for changing the sate of the liquid crystal material;
further electronic circuitry formed in the semiconductor substrate in the vicinity of the first electrode to provide pointwise operations at the pixel, said pointwise operations including logic function, amplification and thresholding;
a photodetector outputs said optical input signal for addressing said pixel;
said further electronic circuitry includes an electronic input circuitry which outputs said electronic input signal for addressing said pixel in addition to the addressing by said optical input signal or alternatively to the addressing by said optical input signal, said first and further electronic circuitry acting instantaneously to process said input optical and/or electronic signal or signals and to change the state of the liquid crystal material to modulate the output optical beam and/or to provide an electronic output in accordance with the processing carried out; the device further including a plurality of said pixels, said plurality of pixels being in combination with neighboring pixels to form an array, and each pixel of the plurality individually performs an identical logic function to the other pixels of the plurality, the array performs one of a plurality of different respective logic functions in dependence on the interconnection of said plurality of pixels.
2. A smart spatial light modulator device as claimed in claim 1 and including a plurality of pixels, said pixel comprising one of the plurality of pixels and being in combination with neighbouring pixels of the plurality of pixels.
3. A smart spatial light modulator device as claimed in claim 1 wherein the semiconductor substrate is of silicon.
4. A smart spatial light modulator device as claimed in claim 3 wherein the first and further electronic circuitry is formed by VLSI technology.
5. A smart spatial light modulator device as claimed in claim 1 and wherein said logic functions are performed on an electrical signal comprising the output of the photodetector and corresponding to the optical input signal, which logic function is performed being determined by application of corresponding electrical control signals to the further electronic circuitry.
6. A smart spatial light modulator device as claimed in claim 1 and wherein said logic functions are performed on an electrical signal comprising the output of the photodetector and corresponding to the optical input signal, which logic function is performed being determined by control codes stored in memory registers of the further electronic circuitry.
7. A smart spatial light modulator device as claimed in claim 1 and wherein information is carried between the logic functions associated with different pixels in the array by optical signals.
8. A smart spatial light modulator device as claimed in claim 1 and wherein the chiral smectic liquid crystal material is a ferroelectric effect chiral smectic liquid crystal material.
9. A smart spatial light modulator device as claimed in claim 1 and wherein the chiral smectic liquid crystal material is an electroclinic effect chiral smectic liquid crystal material.
This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 540,905, filed Jun. 20, 1990, now abandoned.
This invention relates to spatial light modulators.
The design of electrically addressed spatial light modulators (SLM) has been influenced to a great extent by the displays industry, although there are major differences between the requirements for good displays and those for SLMs. Typically a conventional liquid crystal display as illustrated in FIG. 1 and which may form the basis of an SLM, comprises a silicon substrate 1, an FET comprised by source and drain regions 2, 3 and a gate 4 in a silicon dioxide layer 5 which is apertured to provide electrical contact between a transparent electrode 6 and drain 3. Another transparent electrode 7 is provided on a transparent panel 8. A liquid crystal, for example a ferro-electric effect chiral smectic liquid crystal material 9 is disposed between the electrodes 6 and 7. The cell (pixel) may be operated by applying a control signal to the gate such that the electrode 6 is driven to a positive or negative voltage relative to the other electrode 7 so as to switch the ferro-electric liquid crystal material between its two stable states, i.e. cause it to appear light or dark, for example. Attention is directed to our GB patents 2149555B, 2149176B, 2166256B and 2188742B, which describe various aspects of the structure and operation of ferro-electric liquid crystal displays.
A second important electro-optic effect in chiral smectic liquid crystals is the "electroclinic effect" which uses the "soft mode" dielectric response (Bahr C. H. and Heppke G, Liq. cryst, 2(6), 825-831, 1981; Collings N., Crossland W. A., Chittick R. C. and Bone M. F., Proc. SPIE, 963, (in print), 1989). This electroclinic effect is capable of a sub-microsecond response as is the ferro-electric effect, but the electroclinic effect also gives an analogue response to the voltage, that is the optic axis of the liquid crystal medium rotates (in plane of the liquid crystal layer) by an amount that is proportional to the applied voltage. Switching times of several hundred nanoseconds have been observed (Davey A. B. and Crossland W. A., Second International Conference on Ferro-electric Liquid Crystals, Goteberg, Sweden, June 1989) and also significant optical responses at voltages compatible with silicon integrated circuits.
In principle, electro-optic effects in chiral smectic liquid crystals may alter the amplitude and/or phase of incident light.
The electro-optic effects in ferro-electric liquid crystals (tilted chiral smectic phases, such as Sm C*) utilise the Goldstone mode dielectric relaxation which in principle allows phase modulation of light beams as well as intensity modulation (Tomas Carlson, Bostjar Zeks, Cene Filipic and Adrijan Levslik, Ferro-electric, 1988, Vol 84, pp 223-240). This arises because the n director of the liquid crystal, which coincides with the optic axis, is not constrained to move only in a plane orthogonal to the light beam. It can adopt any position on a cone of angles. This out of plane movement is often suppressed in the realisation of electro-optic effects, for example in so-called "surface stabilised" devices (N. A. Clark and S. T. Lagerwall, Appl. Phys. Lett. 36, 899, 1980). This, however, need not necessarily be the case (W. A. Crossland, M. Bone, P. W. Ross, Proc. S.I.D., Vol. 29, No. 3, pp 237-244, 1988).
The electroclinic effect in chiral smectic A liquid crystals utilises the soft mode dielectric relaxation, which in the device geometry normally used (Bahr. C. H. and Heppke--see above) does not allow analogue modulation of the phase of a normally incident light beam, because the principal optic axis is rotated by electric fields only in a plane orthogonal to the light beam.
For both "stabilised" Goldstone mode devices (ferro-electric) or electroclinic (soft mode) devices, the phase of an incident light beam can be modulated by the electro-optic effect when the angle of incidence of the light is not parallel to the plane of the smectic layers, or orthogonal to the plane containing the movement of the optic axis.
According to one aspect of the present invention there is provided a smart pixel comprising a chiral smectic liquid crystal light modulator disposed on a semiconductor substrate and having associated therewith electronic circuitry formed in the semiconductor substrate in the vicinity of the modulator, which circuitry is additional to that required to switch the modulator and is such as to provide localised pointwise operation at the modulator.
According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a smart pixel comprising a chiral smectic liquid crystal light modulator disposed on a semiconductor substrate and having associated therewith electronic circuitry formed in the semiconductor substrate in the vicinity of the modulator, which circuitry is additional to that required to switch the modulator and is such as to provide electrical signal processing and conditioning.
According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a smart pixel comprising a chiral smectic liquid crystal light modulator disposed on a single crystal silicon substrate and having associated therewith electronic circuitry formed by VLSI technology in the silicon substrate in the vicinity of the modulator, which circuitry is additional to that required to switch the modulator and serves to provide localised intelligence at the modulator.
Embodiments of the invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 illustrates a cross-section through a conventional liquid crystal display;
FIG. 2 illustrates input/output to a smart pixel;
FIG. 3 illustrate schematically one embodiment of the smart pixel;
FIG. 4 illustrates schematically another embodiment of smart pixel;
FIG. 5 illustrates optical implementation of matrix-vector multiplication;
FIG. 6 illustrates a conventional spatial light modulator;
FIG. 7 illustrates schematically a photodetector/threshold circuitry smart pixel embodiment;
FIG. 8 indicates a possible circuit for part of the pixel of FIG. 7;
FIG. 9 illustrates an array of photosensors, modulators and microcircuits;
FIGS. 10a, 10b, 10c illustrate three views a, b and c (perspective, plan and elevation) of an optical interconnect scheme between array devices.
FIG. 11 illustrates an example of a circuit for a pixel of a hybrid optical processing array;
FIG. 12 illustrates an alternative circuit to that of FIG. 11, and
FIG. 13 illustrates a truth table showing the logic functions provided by the circuit of FIG. 12.
In a conventional spatial light modulator the pixels respond to a digital or analogue voltage. The present invention is concerned with special spatial light modulators i.e. so-called smart pixels. The notion of smart pixels arises when "localised intelligence" is included at the pixel (light modulator). Such localised intelligence includes, for example, static memory, digital to analogue conversion and photodetector/threshold circuitry, examples of which and other possibilities will be described hereinafter. This local intelligence is provided by extra circuitry to that provided for the basic switching function of the modulator, which is described above as an FET. The extra circuitry can be formed at the same area of the substrate as the modulator or at least in its vicinity.
The marriage of chiral liquid crystal and single crystal silicon VLSI substrate technologies is believed currently to offer the best prospects for smart pixel devices. With silicon VLSI technology, submicron feature sizes are predicted. This means that a useful amount of circuitry can be collected under a single pixel light modulator of say 100 microns square. The chiral liquid crystal technology, which includes ferro-electric and electroclinic effects, offers large electro-optic modulation effects at comparatively low voltages. Therefore, much finer line technologies than are possible with, for example, PLZT modulators can be exploited. In addition, the total power dissipation, which is not inconsiderable in more sophisticated versions of these devices benefits from the low capacitance and low operating voltage of the chiral crystal material. All electro-optic modulation possibilities can be catered for; binary amplitude (ferro-electric); binary phase (ferro-electric); analogue amplitude (electroclinic); and analogue phase (electroclinic or ferro-electric).
Thus it can be said that the smart pixel notion arises when the individual light modulator elements (pixels) are additionally associated with electronic circuitry and/or optical detectors that allow electronic conditioning or processing of signals or data within the pixels, or the electronic communication of data between pixels. From this direction it can be considered that more functionality is being added to the pixel. From a second direction the notion of an electronic island, which is equivalent to a smart pixel, is arrived at.
In an optimised electro-optic system the size of the smart pixels might correspond to the distance over which it is more efficient to communicate using electronics rather than optics. For silicon logic operating at the fastest possible clock frequencies this size might be in the range of 100's of microns to millimeters. However, this is not to say that systems may rely on smart pixel structures where the pixel size is less than this value.
The most general smart pixel (FIG. 2) in an array of such pixels can receive data from three sources: electronic input from the peripheral circuitry; electronic input from the neighbouring pixel circuitry; and optical input from distant arrays. The pixel transmits data to the peripheral circuitry (when it is acting as a pure photodetector), to neighbouring pixels (when some local neighbourhood operation or scrolling is required), or back into the optical realm via the liquid crystal modulator.
A conventional arrangement used for driving nematic liquid crystal pixels in display devices is shown in FIG. 1. A similar arrangement may be used to drive ferro-electric liquid crystal pixels in spatial light modulators. The objectives of adapting this arrangement in ferro-electric liquid crystal SLMs is to reduce the time required to address one frame of data compared with a directly multiplexed array of pixels, and to improve the contrast ratio, perhaps from 100:1 to a much larger value.
In FIG. 1 a switching transistor is provided at each pixel to switch it on or off. There is an active backplane containing one switching transistor, as illustrated, at each pixel so that the pixel circuitry resembles a Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) cell with the ferro-electric liquid crystal as the capacitor dielectric. Such an arrangement is not however "smart".
With a DRAM pixel structure as described above and active backplane addressing there are row and column conductors. The rows are connected to the gates of the transistors, the columns to the sources and the pixel pads (electrodes) to the drains. The power dissipation in chiral smectic liquid crystal modulator arrays is low. Due to the high resistivity of the liquid crystal (resistivity of order 1010 Ω cm) the pixel behaves as a capacitor with negligible leakage. Consequently, the power is dissipated in the transistor drivers and the conducting tracks to the pixels.
For DRAM type cells using chiral smectic liquid crystals on silicon technology there are limitations when we try to increase the spontaneous polarisation of the liquid crystal, in an attempt to decrease switching time and increase frame rate. Such problems may be greatly reduced at the expense of increased pixel complexity by using pixel circuitry resembling static RAM memory cells such that the electro-optic switching does not occur in an isolated capacitor, rather the pixel capacitor voltage is maintained by supplying dc voltages to each pixel. SLM with pixel circuitry resembling static RAM memory cells and employing the substantially slower nematic liquid crystals have previously been proposed. The present invention, however proposes smart pixels based on silicon integrated circuit technology (VLSI) together with chiral smectic liquid crystals. The use of chiral smectic liquid crystal upon silicon VLSI technology is advantageous since the speed of one technology complements that of the other whilst minimising power dissipation. Static RAM memory cells using chiral smectic liquid crystals are only one example of smart pixels i.e. pixels with "localised intelligence" provided thereat, or, in other words, pixels incorporating signal processing and conditioning.
There are various applications in optical signal/information processing where smart SLMs (pixels) may be employed. The pixel may be optically or electrically addressed with the light modulation being binary or analogue in amplitude or phase.
In digital optical processing, the arithmetic and logic operations relating two image arrays may be implemented using seven basic operations involving nearest neighbour pixels (left, right, up, down; or N, S, E, W, (north, south, east, west)). These are the shift operators (left, right, up, down), the array complement operator, a substitutional operator (which detects a target pattern and replaces it by an "icon" pattern everywhere in the image) and an array 0R operator operating pixel by pixel on the two images. The basic logic operations may be realised very conveniently using smart binary pixels as the processing arrays. The adaptive interconnects between the logic arrays may be specified by an N x N optical cross-bar switch. A smart binary pixel may also be used to provide temporary storage of data images. Digital optical processing will be discussed in greater detail hereinafter with reference to FIGS. 9 to 13.
In optical processors, for example, coherent processors although this is not restricted to coherent processors, SLMs of high quality may be used in the input plane or as adaptive spatial filters in the Fourier transform plane to perform image enhancement and pattern recognition tasks in real time. The most general and fundamental procedure required in a coherent system is the precise analogue modulation of the amplitude and phase of the wavefront of a light beam having a well-defined wave vector. In advanced systems having several optical paths the superposition of many precisely modulated beams may be required. The phasor nature of the coherent superposition places severe restraints on the acceptable variations in phase if spurious intensity modulations are to be avoided. High optical flatness (˜λ100 nm in reflecting devices) and homogeneity are needed to limit spurious phase variations to ≦0.1 rads for optimum performance. Smart pixels with DAC circuitry in each pixel, to be described hereinafter, enable these severe mechanical tolerances to be relaxed by providing the facility to tune the optical response over the area of the device.
A basic smart analogue SLM which has a grey scale facility may have smart pixels which incorporate the functions shown in FIG. 3. The pixel is the (i,j)th of an array. A pixel electrode/mirror 10 is provided on a semiconductor substrate. There is a counter electrode 11 overlying a chiral smectic liquid crystal layer 12. There is a memory register 13 and a switched resistance network (or DAC - digital to analogue converter) 14. A liquid crystal drive signal is applied to network 14. The drive signal may be derived from any of the following:
(a) a common power rail in order to give the same constant voltage to all pixels;
(b) an external D.C. or A.C. (i.e. clocked) voltage source;
(c) a voltage signal generated by the intensity of the light incident on a photosensor within the pixel circuitry;
(d) a voltage signal generated by interrogating neighbouring pixels.
The drive signal is tuned to the pixel electronically using network or DAC 14. A 3-bit controlled network can provide 8 levels of amplitude control on the signal applied across the liquid crystal layer in each pixel. Operation may be as follows. Following reset, a "significant place" signal is broadcast to inform the silicon array that a data record about to be transmitted constitutes the bit pattern for the most significant grey level of an image. For each pixel the signal on the row "data" line is gated by the column "enable" pulse into the most significant bit of the memory register and this in turn sets the "resistance ladder" (or DAC) to modify the liquid crystal drive signal fed to the mirror/electrode of the pixel. Next, the "significant place" signal is activated again to route the next data bit into the next significant bit of the memory register. This, of course, causes further modification of the liquid crystal drive signal. The process continues until the least significant bit is loaded or until writing of the image is aborted by a microcomputer controlling the operation when, for example, an appropriate feature of significance in the image is detected. With appropriate design of the resistance network/DAC, the silicon backplane may be used in certain circumstances to (a) tune out mechanical defects in the SLM, (b) display grey level patterns at increasing levels of detail and (c) if the liquid crystal drive signal is derived from the intensity of light falling on the pixel, to perform arithmetic operations on the light reflected from the pixel mirror. Aspect (c), is also applicable to binary addressed SLMs and will be discussed in greater detail hereinafter, particularly with reference to neural networks.
FIG. 4 illustrates an embodiment of smart pixel circuitry which produces phase modulation at 8 values (at 2nπ,(2 n-1)π and 6 intermediate values, n being determined by the optical thickness of the cell). Data is loaded into the static memory register 20 and a data word D3 D2 D1 D0 used to control the resistance network in the DAC 21. The analogue output of DAC 21 is set so that the input D3 D2 D1 D0 generates a signal (VB /2+VD) and the complemented input D3 D2 D1 D0 generates (VB /2-VD). With the XNOR arrangement shown, the voltage on the pixel mirror 22 oscillates at the clock frequency with an amplitude VD about a mean dc level of 1/2 VB. The voltage bias on the counter electrode 23 ensures that there is no mean d.c. voltage across the liquid crystal 24 to cause degradation.
In digital image processing it is often essential following the capture of a scene to detect edges and contours and then to segment the image as the preliminary stage of processing. For those tasks requiring real time analysis of large data arrays, optical pre-processing may be necessary and therefore there is need for smart pixels capable of performing basic processing at high speed. This may be realised on a silicon chip by fabricating an input array of photodetectors interspaced with an optical array of light modulating pixels, formed by a liquid crystal layer over a small aluminium mirror evaporated directly on the silicon surface. The optical transmission of each pixel is controlled by the voltage drive signal fed to the mirror electrode, which drive signal is determined by the states of the neighbouring photodiodes. By incorporating appropriately designed digital circuitry in each pixel the reflected read light from the device can provide an output image with enhanced edges, improved contrast or a segmented image, as required, from a noisy input image. These pixels operate in reflection mode, but pixels operating in transmission mode are possible at wavelengths greater than one micron, in which case there are no aluminium mirrors.
Neural networks are parallel distributed systems for processing information in a nonalgorithmic way and are basically pattern recognition systems. Typical applications are for error correcting sub-systems in optical communications links, for associated memories in computing systems and for maintaining and controlling production lines where precise analytical procedures are not feasible and the control system has to be trained using expert knowledge. Optics is regarded as a promising technology for neural networks because of the ability to provide, economically, massively parallel interconnections. Common features uniting many neural network architectures are the multiplication of an input vector by a matrix of weights, followed by the application of a non-linear threshold to the components of the product vector. For those neural networks which can be represented mathematically by a matrix-vector multiplication, a conventional arrangement for the optical implementation of such a neural network is shown in FIG. 5 of the accompanying drawings. An input vector S=[S1 S2 . . . SN] T is realised as a column of stabilised light sources each of which illuminates uniformally a single row of elements in a mask (matrix) M=[Mij ]. Optical routing devices (lenses or holograms) ensure that the light passing through the jth column of the mask is collected by the photodetector D'j. The output vector is the row D'=[D'1 D'2 . . . D'N ]. The intensity Ij of the light falling on the jth photodetector is ##EQU1## For example, in the Hopfield model [J. J. Hopfield, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79, 2554-58 (1982)], Si takes binary values, Mij may take analogue values in the range 0 to 1 and the threshold is "hard". Io is the intensity when only one source and one mask element are fully on. In the simplest version, a feedback arrangement is required which switches the source Sj according to the conditions.
Sj =1 (ON) when Ij>θj
Sj =0 (OFF) when Ij≦θj
where θj is a controllable threshold value. This is a "hard" threshold example.
When an arbitrary input vector is presented by forcing a pattern on the light sources for a short period, the system responds by finding and displaying the nearest matching pattern stored in the mask. If an adaptive mask with a temporary memory (i.e. an SLM) is used, the net may be trained to store target patterns for later recall by similar, but not necessarily identical input patterns.
An optical neural network is described in "Designs and devices for optical bidirectional associative memories" C. Guest et al. Applied Optics. Vol. 26, No. 23, 1 Dec. 1987 p. 5055-5060. A compact bidirectional associative memory implementation described therein employs a spatial light modulator device which comprises an array of single element detectors paired with optical modulators of a similar form. Light falling on a detector causes its associated modulator to become more transparent. The known spatial light modulator shown in FIG. 6 of the accompanying drawings consists of alternating stripes of silicon photodetectors 31, and electro-optic modulators 32. The signal for each detector is amplified and thresholded by silicon drive circuitry 33 that then drives the associated modulator. Two such device arrays orientated orthogonally with a connection matrix therebetween are used to implement an optical bidirectional associative memory. It is suggested in the aforementioned article that such spatial light modulator devices may be comprised by a hybrid system with silicon detectors and circuitry and PLZT modulators. According to the present invention it may be comprised by a smart pixel incorporating a photodetector, a liquid crystal modulator cell and appropriate drive circuitry and formed by a chiral smectic liquid crystal on silicon technology. FIG. 7 shows a circuit on which such a smart pixel is based. It comprises a photodetector 41, a pass transistor 42, a memory latch 43, an XNOR arrangement 44 and a liquid crystal modulator cell 45 including a pixel mirror 46 and a counter electrode 47 between which the liquid crystal 48 is disposed. FIG. 8 illustrates a possible arrangement of transistors which comprise the pixel circuit i.e. the pass transistor 42, the memory latch 43 and the XNOR 44.
This circuitry shows how the circuit functions might be carried out using an electro-optic medium (e.g. a liquid crystal) that responds to the RMS applied voltage. In the cases considered here of the effects in chiral smectic liquid crystals, this circuitry would be modified to reflect the polarity sensitive response of these electro-optic materials.
The threshold θj at which the pixel latch may be triggered when the pass transistor is ENABLED is determined by the voltage bias, Vbias. The latch is therefore set or reset depending on the total intensity of the light incident in the photodetector (photodiode) 41. The output of the memory latch controls through the XNOR arrangement the voltage drive signal applied to the mirror electrode. The provision of the latch means that an applied voltage can be removed without the voltage on the pixel (liquid crystal) decaying. A universal clock signal CK or its complement is applied to the XNOR arrangement and the clock signal CK is applied to the counter electrode. The complement input enables image reversal to be performed and is used to ensure that there is no net d.c. bias applied across the liquid crystal. Depending on the condition of the ENABLE input, the cell may be run asynchronously or with clocked synchronous logic. The circuitry elements of FIG. 7 may all be formed in silicon technology and the liquid crystal may extend over the detector as well as the modulator provided that the liquid crystal is always transmitting over the detector and there is some method of isolating the modulator drive circuit from photoactuation by light falling on the detector. Attention is directed to our co-pending GB Application 8911917.6 (N. Collings - 8) the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference which describes use of photodetector/threshold circuitry smart pixel as a neural plane for neural network applications.
Various examples of smart pixel constituent parts and functions are summarised in the following, namely:
1. Photodiode; latch; hard limit threshold and ferro-electric liquid crystal modulator. An array of such smart pixels can provide an implementation of a Hopfield neural network.
2. Photodiode; latch; AND/OR logic in association with neighbouring N, S, E, W pixels and ferro-electric modulator. An array of such smart pixels can implement the basic operations of binary image algebra.
3. Photodiode; latch; N, S, E, W connections and ferro-electric modulator. Such smart pixels can be employed, for example, in an optical correlator where there is the possibility of spatial variance limiting the system or where a coordinate transformation is being performed and it is important to centre the image correctly, in which case lateral motion of a captured image could be important.
4. as 3 and with detection circuitry at the periphery of the array. A smart pixel photodetector array for recognising sequences of correlation peaks can thus be achieved.
5. One photodiode associated with a line of modulators and with hard wired logic so that the photodiode can switch one modulator on while the rest remain off. This arrangement is an important component for SLM cross bar switches.
6. Latch; resistance ladder; ferro-electric/electroclinic modulator. This can implement the DAC function.
7. 64 element photodiode array; microprocessor; 64 ferro-electric modulators. This can implement a 64-channel optical bus interconnected between processors.
The above description refers only to examples of possible smart pixels. The exact integrated circuitry associated with the pixel will clearly vary in dependence on the intended function of the smart pixel. In order to use silicon area economically the integrated circuitry should be positioned under the light modulator (mirror) and provide an active backplane therefore. This requires that a planarisation technique be employed to produce optically flat surfaces over the integrated circuitry.
The localised intelligence at the modulator referred to above may comprise localised pointwise operations at the modulator, for example a Sobel operator which is a weighted sum of nearest neighbour pixel values in the case of pixels disposed in arrays. Electrical signal processing and conditioning at a pixel may, for example, comprise thresholding. By providing one or more photodetectors at each pixel the intelligence could be modified optically in addition to electronically.
Digital optical processing using smart pixels will now be discussed in greater detail. It is well known in digital image processing that a machine to implement any arbitrary binary logic function relating two 2-D bit arrays of data (binary images) may be constructed using a combination of logic gates selected from a basic set.
A typical basic set of logic gates, functions or operators is:
1. An identity operator which leaves the 2-D bit array unchanged.
2. Shift left, right, up and down operators which produce movement of the image relative to the array indices by displacement of the complete image a single bit to the left, right, up or down.
3. An array complement operator which replaces the logic value in each pixel of the array by its logical complement.
4. A NAND operator which generates the logical NAND between the data value in a pixel of one image and that in the corresponding pixel of the second image.
Another desirable operator is a substitutional operator which detects a pattern in an image and replaces that pattern everywhere by another (substitutional) pattern.
A hybrid electronic-optical device which can form the basic element for an optical logic processor or computer is illustrated schematically in FIG. 9. The device consists of a 2-dimensional array of smart pixels fabricated on a substrate. Each pixel has (a) a photosensor P to detect an optical input signal (b) a transducer to modulate an interrogating light beam, or a source to generate a light beam, as an optical output signal and (c) microcircuitry fabricated on the substrate to control the modulation of the optical output beam. In FIG. 9, P(i,j) represents the photosensor, M(i,j) the modulator (or source) and C(i,j) the microcircuitry for the pixel in the ith row and jth column of the array (i=1, 2, . . . e and j=1, 2, . . . m).
The operation of the microcircuitry at each pixel is controlled by electrical signals E(1), E(2) . . . E(n) broadcast to all pixels in the array. Neighbouring pixels are interconnected so that the optical output signal L (i,j) from the (i,j)th pixel depends on the input light signals B(i,j), B(i+1, j), B(i-1,j), B(i,j+1) . . . etc applied to the (i,j)th pixel and its neighbours, the precise response being determined by the values of the electrical input signal E(k), k =1, . . . n. By arranging that the response is as specified in the Boolean expressions ("An adaptive Fourier optical processor", I. Underwood, P. H. Wilson, R. M. Sillitto and D. G. Vass, Proc SPIE 860, 2-8 (1987)), or equivalent relationships, all of the basic 2-dimensional logic processing functions discussed above can be realised in a single device and selected under electrical control.
L (i,j)=R(i,j).E(6)+R (i,j).E(6) (1)
R (i,j)=E(1). B(i,j)+E(2). B(i,j-1)+E(3)B(i,j+1)+E(4). B(i-1, j)+E(5). B(i+1, j)
Valid output signals are obtained for all pixels having
i=2, 3 . . . , (e-1)
j=2, 3, . . . , (m-1)
The function in equation (1) can be realised by many different variants of this logic expression. De Morgan's theorem allows interchange of AND and 0R function, for example.
In principle the individual pixels can each be programmed to perform a specific logic operation independently by including a sufficiently large number of electrical control signals or, more efficiently, by providing memory registers in the microcircuitry at each pixel to store the control code. Powerful processing arrays without pixel memory registers can also be fabricated by partitioning the array into a few sub-arrays either in contiguous blocks or interlaced so that while each pixel in a sub-array performs identically, the sub-arrays may carry out different optical logic operations if necessary.
How this is used in a system will now be discussed with reference to FIG. 10 (a, b and c) in which a hybrid processing array 51 is connected into a system with arrangements to receive the output images from at least two other arrays (52 and 53) accurately registered onto its photosensors. The array 51 also transmits the output image from its modulators to the input photosensors on at least two other arrays (54 and 55) again accurately in register pixel by pixel. The imaging optics is not shown in detail in FIG. 10 but it may be implemented using standard lenses and beam splitters (58), holographic elements, lenslet arrays and/or integrated optics techniques.
By assembling systems using standard optical interconnects and the standard hybrid electronic-optical processing arrays, versatile optical logic processors or computers can be assembled from only a few types of modulator units. The logical architecture is determined thereafter by the electrical signals. The information is carried between logic gates by restored optical signals.
As discussed above with reference to FIG. 1 etc, the computing/processing devices can be constructed using advanced silicon microfabrication and liquid crystal technologies. The inclusion of photodiodes or phototransistors as the photosensors fabricated on the single crystal silicon substrate or in amorphous silicon films grown on the surface, is a straightforward process. Clearly there are several microcircuit fabrication technologies which are compatible with the provision of photosensors and photo-emitters or light modulators in integrated devices, or at least in compact devices, and these can therefore be used to fabricate the hybrid processing array.
Two example implementations will now be referred to. The first relates to implementation of the identity, shift and complement operations. Common E(k) signals are broadcast to all pixels of an array for each k value, k=1, . . . 6. For a cascade of q arrays the following operations can clearly be performed.
(i) A data image may be transmitted through the cascaded system unchanged and in the same relative position to the array indices, i.e. the identity operation can be performed.
This is achieved by setting
on all devices in the cascade.
(ii) An image may be shifted r bits to the left where Γ<q. This is achieved by setting, for example,
on r arrays and
on the remaining (q - r) arrays in the cascade.
The shift right, up and down operations may be obtained in an analogous way. It should be noted that feedback techniques whereby an image leaving the cascade is subsequently fed back to the input of the cascade may be employed to produce images shifted by a number of bits longer than q. Also, by electrically coupling the last row to the first row and the last column to the first column, the rotate operators may be realised.
(iii) The array complement operation may be performed by setting
E(1)=0, E(2)=E(3)=E(4)=E(5)=1 and E(6)=0
on any array.
The second example implementation is of the array NOR operation relating two data images. In order to perform the NOR operation between two images it is necessary to arrange that the data signals for the first image I(p,q) use only the odd columns of a pixel array, and the data signals for the second image I'(p',q') use only the even columns of an array. The two images may then be accommodated in an interlaced format on a single device. When superimposing, pixel by pixel, the two data images on an array to form the interlaced data set, it is necessary to ensure that the even columns of the device inputting image I(p,q) are all set to the dark state and correspondingly for image I'(p',q'), that all of the odd columns are set in the dark state. With images I(p,q) projected on the odd columns and I(p',q') on the even columns, the pixel-wise NOR operation on the images can be performed by a hybrid device with its electrical inputs to all pixels set to the following logic states:
E(1)=E(3)=E(6)=0 and E(2)=E(4)=E(5)=1
The results of the NOR operations are returned at the outputs to the odd columns of the array.
A typical circuit for a smart pixel of a hybrid optical processing array is shown in FIG. 11 and is considered to be self-explanatory. A less complicated but nevertheless still powerful processor may be fabricated based on the pixel circuit employed in FIG. 12 which is part of a pixel array and includes two such circuits. FIG. 12 is similarly considered to be self-explanatory. The truth table showing the logic functions available with this device is presented in FIG. 13.
The invention provides so-called smart pixels which are distinguished from conventional spatial light modulators in that they have other types of electronic and optical functionality present at the pixels in addition to the conventional electronic component placed at the pixel so that it can be turned on an off by means of an electrical signal. By providing this additional circuitry by silicon VLSI technology and in particular by building the liquid crystal devices over the silicon VLSI circuitry, extreme circuit complexibility and flexibility can be achieved.
Patent Citations
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text:
What To Eat When Your Tummy Hurts?
Posted 17 April 2006 - 11:04 AM
- 0
Posted 17 April 2006 - 11:09 AM
- 0
Inconclusive Blood Tests, Positive Dietary Results, No Endoscopy
G.F. - September 2003; C.F. - July 2004
Hiker, Yoga Teacher, Engineer, Painter, Be-er of Me
Bellevue, WA
Posted 17 April 2006 - 12:30 PM
For me, I always have rice. I really like the jasmine rice, it has a nutty kind of flavor. Also, if you can do dairy, I like cottage cheese and yogurt. Those tend to get me through when I feel really icky!
Hope your better soon!
- 0
Posted 17 April 2006 - 12:37 PM
Hi--sorry you feel so yucky I would suggest eating something different--like rice bread toast, cream of rice cereal, gluten-free broth, tea, or any bland, cooked thing that sounds good to you. I would switch off the peanut butter and bananas for a day or 2 at least--if they have not helped by now, maybe they are not what your body is needing. Since I've been gluten-free, I can only tolerate PB once or twice a week. Hope you feel better soon!
I have had an upset stomach for a week now, and feel extremly sick. I still am eating, but use to eat saltine crackers and bland food when my stomach is upset I have been eating a lot of peanut butter banannas does anyone have any suggestions to some bland foods that wont upset my already turned stomach?
- 0
"Life is what happens while you're busy making other plans"
"When people show you who they are, believe them"--Maya Angelou
"Bloom where you are planted"--Bev
Posted 17 April 2006 - 12:39 PM
I'd go for non-high fiber cooked to death fruits and veggies, and plain meats if you can handle it.
Applesauce, canned pears and peaches (in their own juices), nothing very acidic.
I miss saltines, too.
- 0
We'll all float on, alright
Well we'll float on good news is on the way...
Posted 17 April 2006 - 12:45 PM
- 0
Posted 17 April 2006 - 12:51 PM
- 0
Posted 17 April 2006 - 01:00 PM
- 0
Posted 17 April 2006 - 01:17 PM
Yea they are good Iv had one today too, its a convient food when you don't feel so hot!
I've read that bananas are good for a damaged intestine.
- 0
Posted 17 April 2006 - 06:36 PM
Hope you feel better soon.
- 0
Positive Blood test and Biopsy
Inflamed stomach lining
Gluten free since July 6, 2005
Tarrytown, NY
"Sometimes being a b$tch is all a woman has to hold onto." - Dolores Claiborne
Posted 18 April 2006 - 04:01 AM
Sounds a little crazy, but I was willing to try anything. The sauteed kale all by itself really works for me.
- 0
Posted 18 April 2006 - 04:36 AM
You might want to try a different nut butter or hemp seeds for protein. Also, I can ususally tolarate rice protein powder in water. Juice is always too strong when my stomach is upset.
Hope you feel better soon ... marcia
- 0
2004 - Digestive pain all the time.
May 2004 - Hiatal hernia, erosive gastritis, gastroparesis (endoscopy)
August 2004 - Colon polyps, diverticulitus, internal hemorrhoids (colonoscopy)
No relief from Nexium, Prilosec, Protonix, Zelnorm, Miralax, Imodium, Lomotil ...
July 2005 - GP recommended WFDFSFEFCF + vegan (Also, anything that hurts free)
Immediately stopped needing naps and digestive pain reduced.
Sept 2005 - GFDFCFSFEF + chemical free - Immediately stopped feeling jittery / buzzing and digestive issues were much better.
June 2006 - Dx B12 and iron deficient. Started B12 injections and using cast iron pan.
August 2006 - MYOCLONUS GONE. (off Klonopin)
September 2006 - ATAXIA, INSOMNIA and Feeling like the floor was moving under my feet gone.
June 19, 2007 - Positive DQ2, Dx Celiac
October 2007 - Sleeping like a baby, waking up with energy, but still having fatigue/stamina issues
Nov 2007 - Started Paleo diet for chronic hypoglycemia
April 2008 - GTT normal. I'm no longer hypoglycemic. Started Low oxalate diet for kidney stones.
May 1, 2008 - Began salt loading for OI/NMH - noticed immediately muscle weakness was gone. I was sodium deficient but my labs don't reflect it. Still working on OI and PEM.
Posted 18 April 2006 - 08:26 AM
- 0
Posted 18 April 2006 - 08:29 AM
I hope you feel better!
- 0
Posted 18 April 2006 - 08:32 AM
- 0
Indianapolis, IN
gluten-free since Feb 2005
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
EA and Spielberg to develop three new video games
SAN FRANCISCO (Reuters) – Oscar-winning director Steven
Spielberg and Electronic Arts, the world's biggest video game
publisher, said on Friday they are teaming up to develop three
original video game titles.
Spielberg, a video game enthusiast and co-founder of
DreamWorks SKG, will work with EA's Los Angeles studio on the
concept, story and design of the new game franchises. Terms of
the multiyear, exclusive agreement were not disclosed.
Neil Young, vice president and studio head at EA Los
Angeles, said that Spielberg and EA's developers are aiming to
deliver titles that take advantage of new technology in
upcoming gaming consoles, while delivering more engaging and
novel play and entertainment.
"Who is a better person to tackle that challenge with than
Steven Spielberg?" Young said.
EA will own the intellectual property and the games, which
it will develop, publish and distribute. Spielberg — who
directed such films as "Schindler's List," "Saving Private
Ryan" and "E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial" — gets the first crack
at turning the games into film or television productions.
DreamWorks had produced video games for a time under its
DreamWorks Interactive division, but EA bought that property in
2000. The unit, which created the World War II "Medal of Honor"
game series, is now known as EA Los Angeles.


text:
Neuroscience on wheels comes to Chicago
The Think Tank is an outreach initiative that brings the brain wherever there's a parking space
By Bethany Brookshire, 12:51 PM February 28, 2014
CHICAGO —Tyler Alterman was still an undergraduate neuroscience student at the City University of New York in New York City when his mother told him about an art exhibit. It was called "Trailer Park." But instead of a trailer in a park, the exhibit was a park in a trailer. Viewers stepped into the trailer and found themselves surrounded by trees, grass and birdsong. "I thought, if it worked for nature," says Alterman, "why not for neuroscience?"
That's the idea behind the Think Tank, a new kin...
Source URL: https://student.societyforscience.org/blog/eureka-lab/neuroscience-wheels-comes-chicago?mode=blog&context=80


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text:
Originally written on isportsweb.com | Last updated 11/19/14
Michigan basketball got a test from the Iowa Hawkeyes this afternoon…for about 18 minutes. After that, the Wolverines absolutely destroyed any good vibes that Fran McCaffery's team was playing with. Michigan improves to 15-0, 2-0 with a 95-67 win. One more win and they will match the best single season start in school history. Iowa actually had Michigan down for most of the 1st half. Their last lead was 27-26 with about 4 minutes left in the opening stanza. From there, Michigan outscored the Hawkeyes 68-41. Trey Burke and Glenn Robinson III paved the way with their double-doubles. Burke was 7-10 from the floor on his way to 19 points and a career-high 12 assists. He turned the ball over just 1 time. Today's effort marks his 3rd double-double of the season. Robinson had 20 points (8-13 shooting) and 10 boards for his first career double-double. Trey Burke and Glenn Robinson III How They Won Michigan had to battle uphill for pretty much the first time all season during the 1st half today. It mattered not as they came away with a blowout win by 28 points. Michigan put on an aerial assault in the 2nd half with a series of dunks that continuously brought the Crisler Center crowd to its feet. The Wolverines shot 58.1% from the floor (36-62) and 10-22 from three point range (45.5%). John Beilein's team turned the ball over just 6 times and owned the glass, out-rebounding Iowa 41-26. Nik Stauskas added 13 points (3-6 from deep) and threw down a ferocious 2-handed dunk off the dribble in the 2nd half, further showing off his complete all-around game. Roy Devyn Marble had a team-high 14 for the Hawkeyes. Winning in the Big Ten isn't supposed to be easy, and it won't always look like this, but Michigan is looking like an unstoppable force at the moment. 3 Stars Trey Burke – This is becoming a bit repetitive. Burke is placing himself firmly into the National Player of the Year discussion with his play this season. Burke seems to be able to do whatever he wants on the floor whenever his team needs it. Glenn Robinson III – Today marks the first of what should be many double-double efforts from this high flyer. He has been torturing the rims with an array of slam dunks lately and seems to be gaining a lot of confidence each time out on the court. On top of his 20 and 10, he added 3 assists to his line. Tim Hardaway, Jr. – TH2 continues to shoot the ball at a prolific rate over his last several games. Hardaway was 7-13 on the night and 3-5 from beyond the arc in a tremendous overall game. He netted 19 point, 5 boards, and 5 assists, and played with a serious edge all game long. News and Notes Mitch McGary's spirited play really helped to spearhead the overwhelming run Michigan put on Iowa in the 2nd half. McGary was blocking shots and corralling rebound with reckless abandon. Playing with a partial Kleenex stuffed up his nose during the 2nd half to stop the blood from flowing after a shot he took early on, McGary shook it off and grabbed 11 rebounds and had 3 blocks, including an emphatic swat of an Aaron White dunk attempt. Michigan as a team threw down 10 dunks with 5 of those coming from Robinson III. When is the last time you saw a Michigan team living above the rim like this one does? If you're thinking the Fab Five then that would be the correct answer. Caris LeVert put forth another solid effort. He poured in 9 points in just 15 minutes of action. He was 3-5 from the floor and 2-3 from beyond the arc. Iowa did an excellent job not turning the ball over (7 total turnovers) but Michigan did an even better job converting on those miscues. Michigan scored 15 points off of those 7 turnovers. That's not easy to do. The Hawkeyes came into the game with a full court press after made baskets and seemed content to run with the Wolverines. That move proved folly as Michigan scored 16 fast break points. Iowa scored exactly 0. Michigan outscored Iowa in the paint 44-32. The Wolverines shot 22-31 in those situations thanks mostly to their slew of slam dunks. Up Next Michigan will play host to Nebraska (9-5, 0-1) on Wednesday evening at the Crisler Center. Opening tip is set for 7 pm and the game will be aired on the Big Ten Network. Nebraska most recently got slapped by the Buckeyes in Columbus, 70-44. Unconfirmed rumors support the idea that the Cornhuskers might just stay home… If you would like to receive an email notification each time a Michigan Basketball story is posted you can fill out the Email Notification Form. Video
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text:
Christine (Arnoldi) Kirk, 61, of Westerville, Ohio, passed away peacefully at home with her family at her side on Saturday, Oct. 19, 2012.
Chris was born May 9, 1951, in Sandusky. She attended Sandusky St. Mary Central Catholic High School and graduated from The Ohio State University with a bachelor's and master's degree in social work. Chris worked at Franklin County Children's Services, Children's Hospital and for the past 20 years at the National Youth Advocate Program where she is the assistant director of care management.
She was preceded in death by her parents, Robert and Elizabeth Fitz Arnoldi.
Chris is survived by her loving husband of 38 years, Michael "Mick"; daughters, Jennifer (Kyle) Guilliams and Andrea (Conor) Kinsella; grandchildren, Brynn and Aubree Guilliams; and sisters, Peg (Phil) Weis, Mary Jo Arnoldi (Craig Subler) and Joanne (Chuck) Egasti; and numerous nieces and nephews.
Chris was a member of St. Paul's Catholic Church and was a long time member of York Golf Club.
Mass of Christian Burial will be at 10:30 a.m. Wednesday, Oct. 24, at St. Paul Catholic Church, 313 N. State St., Westerville. The Rev. David Gwinner, celebrant. Arrangements handled by Hill Funeral Home, Westerville.
In lieu of flowers, donations may be made in Chris' memory to the National Youth Advocate Program, 1801 Watermark Drive, Suite 200, Columbus, OH 43215. Donations will be used for "Christmas for the Kids."


text:
2014-2015 Season
Adapted by Stephen Mallatratt
from the novel by Susan Hill
The Black Box Theatre, Snow Fine Arts Center
September 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 @ 7:30 pm
A solicitor must clear up the affairs of a recently deceased woman. Years later, as he recounts his experience, he is desperate to exorcise the ghosts of the past. This spine-tingling story is a unique blend of suspense and drama and is sure to be one of the scariest events of your life. Tickets are free but you must reserve them in advance.
The Black Box Theatre, Snow Fine Arts Center
September 19 @ 7:30 pm
September 20 @ 2:00 pm
Ten of our students have created and imagined this original piece of theatrical fun over several weeks of experimentation and exploration. Join this "Creative Company" as they present a category of performance unique to theatre. Admission is free and tickets are not required. Doors open 30 minutes prior to curtain.
by Aristophanes
Bridges/Larson Theatre, Snow Fine Arts Center
October 30, 31, November 6, 7 @ 7:30 pm
November 1 @ 2:00 pm
Lysistrata leads the women of her day in a war against their husbands as the women hatch a plan to force the men to stop fighting. The plan? No sex until peace is made between Sparta and Athens. But who can hold out the longest? This risque' and bawdy comedy is an anti-war campaign like no other.
Bridges/Larson Theatre, Snow Fine Arts Center
December 2, 3, 4 @ 7:30 pm
Over 50 cast and crew members participate in this lively series of one-act plays, produced and directed by our 2014 Directing Class. Two to three different one-acts will be presented each evening. Join us for one night or the whole series. Admission is free and tickets are not required. Doors open 30 minutes prior to curtain.
by Emily Snyder
Reynolds Performance Hall
January 30 @ 7:30 pm
January 31 @ 10:00 am
What happens when Cinderella finds Prince Charming rather vain and self-centered? Fairy Godmother extraordinaire, Lilynimble is there to sort out the mess and bring this fairy tale to its "happily ever after" conclusion. Although fun for the whole family, this charmer is tailor-made for children ages 4-12. Admission is free and tickets are not required. Doors open 30 minutes prior to curtain.
by John Patrick Shanley
Bridges/Larson Theatre, Snow Fine Arts Center
February 12, 13, 19, 20 @ 7:30 pm
February 14 @ 2:00 pm
This 2005 Pulitzer Prize and Tony winner for Best Play takes place in the Bronx in 1964. Sister Aloysius, principal of St. Nicholas Catholic School has accused Father Flynn of sexual advances on one of the students, a 12-year old boy. Is there doubt about his guilt? She can only trust the Church leaders to handle the situation.
Book & Lyrics by Lynn Ahrens
Music by Stephen Flaherty
Based on The Man Who Broke the Bank at Monte Carlo by Michael Butterworth
Bridges/Larson Theatre, Snow Fine Arts Center
April 9, 10, 16, 17 @ 7:30 pm
April 11 @ 2:00 pm
In this delightful musical, a shoe salesman must pass off his dead uncle as alive and well in order to inherit six million dollars. If he can't, then all the money might go to the Universal Dog Home of Brooklyn and this particular shoe salesman hates dogs. It's a hilarious murder-mystery farce complete with slamming doors, mistaken identities and a corpse in a wheelchair. Winner of the Richard Rogers Award for Best Musical in 1988.
Unless otherwise noted, tickets are $10.00 each for the general public.
UCA faculty, staff, and students may secure two tickets free with a current UCA I.D.
Advance reservations are highly recommended for performances requiring tickets.
Tickets are available through UCA Ticket Central located in the
box office at Reynolds Performance Hall.
Box office hours are 10:00 am to 4:00 pm Monday through Friday.
The general public may purchase tickets online at http://www.uca.edu/tickets
Click here to subscribe to our email list to receive notifications about our upcoming events!


text:
Interior Design Today
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text:
Bills tickets in Toronto now more affordable
Updated: December 4, 2012, 4:30 AM ETAssociated Press
ORCHARD PARK, N.Y. -- With an agreement nearly in place to have the Buffalo Bills continue playing an annual home game in Toronto beyond this season, Rogers Communications executives are confident this north-of-the-border experiment can succeed.
Just not at any ticket price.
After having difficulty selling out the first six games -- including two during the preseason -- organizers have drastically reduced ticket prices.
The average price for a ticket for Buffalo's "home" game ...
Read full story
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- McShay: Mariota moves up in Mock Draft 4.0
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text:
Woohoo! Finally found the leak into the v-berth!
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Crealock 37
Join Date: Apr 2007
Location: Alaska
Posts: 559
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Thanked 18 Times in 18 Posts
Rep Power:
Woohoo! Finally found the leak into the v-berth!
For the entire time we've owned Cirrus we've been searching for the source of the water we were getting into the toe of the V-birth when it would rain. It wasn't a horrible amount of water, but it was certainly a pain and was starting to stain the wooden bulkhead in the bow. Over the last 4 years I've re-bedded virtually everything on the deck of my boat. Poked and prodded and cussed and cried. No joy, still a puddle after a rain. The anchor locker is fiberglass and is about 1/2 the depth of the hull with an open area below (right at the toe of the v-berth). There is a wooden bulkhead just aft of the anchor locker and a wood "floor" under the anchor locker. The leak was along the port side where the bulkhead and floor intersect, the water would run down along the bulkhead and puddle under the v-berth cushion. The drains for the anchor locker are located in the aft corners of the locker, and that left drain was the first place I looked when we decided we had a leak.
Admittedly I was near-sighted in that I assumed the fiberglass floor and bulkhead to the anchor locker were watertight, but I decided that this weekend I would clean the anchor locker and paint a coat of West System epoxy in the bottom to seal any pinholes/invisible cracks/etc. When I started rinsing the locker with the hose the admiral started screaming about water everywhere. Hmmm, it seems we've confirmed where the leak is. I started looking and inside the 5/8 inch drain hole on the port side I was a very fine crack. I was surprised that this tiny crack could let it very much water but decided to epoxy it.
Using a Dremel with a small burr wheel I started "opening" the crack a bit so I could fill with epoxy and as I worked to the aft side of the drain hole the bit plunged through!!! It appears there was a void in the hull layup, or perhaps during construction someone gouged an area in the glass.
Started filling with epoxy using a syringe, after pushing about 1 - 1 1/2 inches of plunger I started wondering why I wasn't seeing the void fill...dropped below to find a big streak of epoxy running down the inside of the hull....kind of confirmed I was in the right spot.
Tested the next day with large amount of water from a hose and dry as a bone inside!!!!
Now I truly do have a dry boat.
S/V Elnora
Pacific Seacraft "Crealock" 37 #312
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Iran is ready to stop enriching uranium to 20 per cent purity if the global powers agree to export medium-enriched nuclear fuel for its Tehran-based medical reactor, Turkish Foreign Minister Ahmet Davutoglu has said.
Mr. Davutoglu said Iranian Foreign Minister Manouchehr Mottaki had made the offer during trilateral talks in Istanbul on Sunday in which Brazilian Foreign Minister Celso Amorim also participated.
The three countries in May had signed the Tehran Declaration, which covered the broad contours of a nuclear swap deal. Iran, according to this agreement, had agreed to export to Turkey 1,200 kg of its domestically produced stocks of Low Enriched Uranium, purified to less than five per cent. In return, it would receive 120 kg of 20 per cent enriched fuel for its Tehran reactor that produces medical isotopes required for the treatment of cancer. The global powers led by the United States had then rejected the deal, and had swiftly gone ahead to impose a fourth round of sanctions against Tehran.
Key concerns
But signalling that a new round of the talks between Iran and the West was now on the horizon, Mr. Davutoglu said Tehran was ready to address one of the key concerns of the global powers — halting the 20 per cent enrichment that Iran had begun in February. The West is concerned that by undertaking 20 per cent enrichment on its own, Iran is getting closer to the development of an atomic weapon, which requires uranium purified beyond the 90 per cent level.
"Another important message given by Mottaki during his visit to Turkey was that if the Tehran [swap] deal is signed and Iran is provided with the necessary fuel for its research activities, then they will not continue enriching uranium to 20 per cent," said Mr. Davutoglu on Wednesday during a joint news conference with visiting German Foreign Minister Guido Westerwelle.
In a reciprocal move, the Americans have also expressed their readiness to resume a nuclear dialogue with Iran.
"We hope to have the same kind of meeting coming up in the coming weeks that we had last October," said U.S. State Department spokesman P.J. Crowley. "We are interested in a process — more than one meeting."
On October 1, Iran had held talks with the United States, Britain, China, France, Germany and Russia in Geneva where discussions took place on inspections by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) of Iran's so far undeclared Fordo nuclear facility, near Qom. Besides, the concept of a nuclear fuel swap was also on that meeting's agenda.
Later that month, the Vienna talks were held where the specifics of a nuclear swap deal for the Tehran reactor was proposed. "We obviously are fully prepared to follow up with Iran on specifics regarding our initial proposal involving the Tehran research reactor," said Mr. Crowley.
Keywords: Iran nuclear issue, Tehran research reaction, uranium enrichment, IAEA


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Hamilton's economy bounced back from the last recession faster than those of its neighbours and is poised for even more growth.
A new study by the Social Planning Council to be released Wednesday concludes key pieces of the city's economic development strategy helped draw enough new jobs and investment here that Hamilton's unemployment rate, at 6.7 per cent, was a full percentage point below the provincial average during 2011 and the situation got even better through last year.
"The key message here is that Hamilton bounced back much faster than many other areas," said social planner Sara Mayo. "This is just a small picture of Hamilton's economy and we hope it will spark a discussion about how to improve the economy."
The council's study is one of a series to be released over coming months looking at ways of pushing the city's economy forward. Wednesday's version looks at unemployment rates for the city and its neighbours and offers three key ideas for doing that: putting more money in the hands of the poorest workers, universal child care to help more people get out to work, and attracting more immigrants to meet a growing skills shortage.
During the most recent recession, the report notes, Hamilton's unemployment rate went from 6.7 per cent in 2007 to a peak of 9.1 per cent in 2009. At the end of 2011 it stood at 6.8 per cent. For the same period the rate for Ontario went from 6.4 per cent to 7.8 per cent.
The magic of this number, compared to the monthly figures released by Statistics Canada, is that it is for Hamilton alone. The monthly StatsCan release is for the Hamilton Census Metropolitan Area that includes Grimsby and Burlington. The most recent unemployment rate for the CMA is 5.8 per cent in December. The provincial rate stood at 7.9 per cent. Throughout 2012 the Hamilton CMA jobless rate averaged 6.5 per cent compared to 7.8 for the province. (These are "official" unemployment numbers that count only people actively searching for work.)
The report concludes Hamilton's strength came from several factors including economic diversification efforts that mean the city doesn't live and die by shifts in the demand for steel, better home prices than in Toronto, skills development collaboration between employers, and educators and a focus on poverty reduction.
The social planning council's prescriptions include making Hamilton a Living Wage community, more access to child care and efforts to attract more immigrants to the city.
"These aren't new ideas but it takes a while for there to be consensus around some of them," Mayo admitted. "These ideas have been around for a while, but an austerity environment makes it hard to get buy-in around some of them."
The report notes 10,000 Hamilton workers are employed full time, but at wages so low they are beneath the poverty line. Supporters of the Living Wage campaign say a person needs to make $14.95 an hour to afford "a minimally decent standard of living in Hamilton."
OPINION: Living wage, a necessary conversation
The report notes Hamilton's current program for subsidized child care has a waiting list of more than 1,700 children, an increase of over 50 per cent since 2011, and available provincial funding will cover only about half the children living in poverty.
More child care, the report argues, means more people free to work — in Quebec such an effort produced enough new tax revenue to pay for the expanded child-care programs. It also argues Hamilton needs more immigrants — with the right skills — to replace retiring workers.
For Mayor Bob Bratina, the social planning study confirms Hamilton is on the move.
"Internally we've known this all along, but maybe now the public will finally be convinced we're on a rising tide," he said. "It shows investors are starting to see Hamilton as a viable destination."
Neil Everson, director of the city's economic development department, saw the results as an endorsement of the conscious effort to diversify the economy. Both he and Bratina noted an immigrant attraction strategy for the city is being developed.
David Adames, president of the Hamilton Chamber of Commerce, found the study "very encouraging."
He added the chamber is on record as generally supporting the Living Wage campaign, as long as any increases are phased in over a period of time.
"Companies get the need for this, but they also have a bottom line they have to manage toward," he said.
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Student comments:
I learned I don't have to be rich to give.
We learned that we can make a difference.
The hands-on factor was really unique .... It really helped me understand how much work is involved in setting up a business.
It's been so rewarding that I'm now considering a career in the non-profit sector.
The experience of doing this project has been a great asset in job interviews.
The 10-10-10 Foundation
The 10-10-10 Foundation has been established to promote and support Social Entrepreneurship among student teams. It has evolved from an innovative course in Entrepreneurial Marketing at Temple University's Fox School of Business called the 10-10-10 Project.
The projects at Temple have been a great success ̶— over the past five semesters, 96 student teams have raised over $75,000 in cash donations for a wide variety of charity and community organizations, collected significant in-kind donations, and gotten many businesses and organizations involved with their efforts.
More importantly the students have learned key lessons that are not just academic. They learn about real business situations, risks and benefits of social involvement, as well as life in general —lessons that enhance their ability to be productive employees or entrepreneurs.
The impact of the project is best summed up in the words of the students involved:
And from another:


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You Are Here > CFB Home > Players > > Frank Emanuel > News Archive
News: s-r blog:College Football Logos Added
School: Tennessee
Position: ??
Consensus All-American: 1965
Draft: 4th round, 52nd overall of the 1966 NFL draft by the Philadelphia Eagles 2nd round, 9th overall of the 1966 AFL draft by the Miami Dolphins


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Subaru at the 85th Geneva International Motor Show
Subaru automobiles announced earlier this month that the key exhibits at next week's Geneva International Motor Show will be European debuts for the Levorg sports tourer and new Outback.
This is a reminder that the Subaru press conference is scheduled for 9:15 AM (Central European Time) on the first press day, Tuesday March 3 on the Subaru booth (2241).
A special Geneva Motor Show site will open the same day via the Subaru Global Site at: http://www.subaru-global.com/2015geneva.html. The site will include al the updated press information relating to the press conference.
The upgraded Forester featuring the Subaru Boxer diesel with Lineartronic will also appear on the stand.


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PPO marks 40th anniversary; opens concert season Jan. 25
The Philippine Philharmonic Orchestra, under music director Olivier Ochanine, opens its fifth season with a concert on Jan. 25, 8 p.m., at the Cultural Center of the Philippines' Tanghalang Nicanor Abelardo (CCP Main Theater). PPO associate concertmaster Dino Decena is featured artist.
The PPO will perform New Work for Violin and Orchestra, especially written by Ryan Cayabyab for the group's 40th anniversary. Program also includes Wagner's "Siegfried Idyll," and Robert Schumann's Symphony No. 1 "Spring."
Decena came from a family of musicians. He started his formal training at the age of 5 under the tutelage of Rosario Cruz. At 7, he was granted a scholarship by Philippine Research for Developing Instrumental Soloists to train under world-renowned violinist Basilio Manalo.
In 1986, Decena won the National Music Competition for Young Artists (Namcya). In that same year, he was the featured soloist of Predis Orchestra under the baton of Manalo.
Decena's versatile musical talent extends to playing the viola. In 1998, he became the viola principal of Manila Symphony Orchestra II. The following year, he was one of the featured violists in the Bamboo Organ Festival together with Maestro Oscar Yatco and former energy minister Geronimo Velasco.
He finished his musical training at St. Scholastica's College under the direction of professor Gina Medina.
Decena teaches violin at St. Paul College Manila, Ryan Cayabyab Music School and Chinese International School Manila.
Next PPO concert is on Feb. 22 with guest artists Korean soprano Hyunah Yu and Filipino tenor Arthur Espiritu.
Tickets are P1,000, P800, P500, P350 and P200, with discounts available to students, senior citizens and groups. Subscription packages are also available. Call the CCP Marketing Department tel. 8321125 loc. 1806; CCP Box Office, 8323704; or Ticketworld at National Book Store, 8919999.
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Factual errors? Contact the Philippine Daily Inquirer's day desk. Believe this article violates journalistic ethics? Contact the Inquirer's Reader's Advocate. Or write The Readers' Advocate:
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Jeff Kravitz/Filmmagic
Keira Knightley is a mom!
The Imitation Game actress and her husband, musician James Righton, welcomed their first child, multiple sources confirm to PEOPLE.
Although PEOPLE confirmed her pregnancy in December, the mom-to-be, 30, kept mum on the news, and let her baby belly speak for itself in the weeks leading up to award season.
But after stepping out several times in gowns that kept her bump under wraps, Knightley — who later joked her 'waist had disappeared' — opened up about the perks of pregnancy while walking the Golden Globes red carpet in January.
"Luckily, I don't have lipstick. I only have nuts in here. It's the wonderful thing about being pregnant. You just need to make sure you have snacks. So this is a snack bag," she told Entertainment Tonight of her clutch.
Read More


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Admitted Student Regional Receptions
Each spring, UVM hosts a number of off-campus receptions for admitted students and their families. Each event offers a slightly different program, but it is another opportunity to learn more about UVM and meet other admitted students in your area. Members of the UVM community, including current students, admissions and alumni office staff, and local UVM alumni from your area, will be on hand to answer your questions. We hope your attendance at a reception will entice you to also visit campus this spring for one of our Admitted Student Visit Day (ASV) programs.
Burlington, VT
Monday, March 30, 2015
7–8:30 p.m.
Dudley H. Davis Student Center
University of Vermont
590 Main St.
Burlington, VT
RSVP online
Greater Boston MA Area
Thursday, January 29, 2015
6:30–8:30 p.m.
Sheraton Hotel - Framingham
1657 Worcester Rd.
Framingham, MA 01701
RSVP online
Washington, D.C.
Monday, February 2, 2015
6:30–8:30 p.m.
Venable LLP
575 7th St. NW
Washington, D.C. 20005
RSVP online
Greater Philadelphia, PA Area
Tuesday, February 3, 2015
6:30–8:30 p.m.
The Haverford School
Upper School Building-lower level
Ball Auditorium
450 Lancaster Ave.
Haverford, PA 19041
RSVP online
New York, NY
Wednesday, February 4, 2015
7–9 p.m.
The Chapin School
100 East End Ave.
New York, NY 10028
RSVP online
Long Island, NY Area
Thursday, February 5, 2015
7–8:30 p.m.
Hilton Long Island/Huntington
598 Broad Hollow Road
Melville, NY 11747
RSVP online
Minneapolis/St. Paul, MN Area
Tuesday, February 24, 2015
7–8:30 p.m.
Buca di Beppo Restaurant
7711 Mitchell Road
Eden Prairie, MN 55344
RSVP online
Atlanta, GA
Sunday, March 22, 2015
6 –7:30 p.m.
Maggiano's Restaurant-Buckhead
3368 Peachtree Road NE
Atlanta, GA 30326
RSVP online
San Francisco, CA
Wednesday, March 25, 2015
7–9 p.m.
Jewish Community Center of San Francisco
3200 California Street
San Francisco, CA 94118
RSVP online
Fairfield County, CT
Tuesday, April 7, 2015
7–8:30 p.m.
The home of Andrew and Ellery Malkin
UVM Class of 1989
354 Old Mill Road
Fairfield, CT 06824
RSVP online
Westchester County, NY
Wednesday, April 8, 2015
7–8:30 p.m.
Hickory & Tweed Ski Shop
410 Main St.
Armonk, NY 10504
RSVP online
Greater Chicago, IL Area
Wednesday, April 8, 2015
7–8:30 p.m.
Winnetka Community House
620 Lincoln Avenue
Winnetka, IL 60093
RSVP online
Questions about out-of-state receptions should be directed to Nan Tougas at (802) 656-4647 or firstname.lastname@example.com.
Last modified January 26 2015 08:26 PM


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Product DescriptionThe Bizango is a lightweight cross country race hardtail designed for the rider who appreciated the supple handling characteristics of a high end steel bike. Reynolds 853 steel tubing with Breeze rear dropouts. Sloping top tube, extended seat tube. Detachable brake bosses allow for either linear brake or disc brake set up.
Review Options: Sorted by Latest Review | Sort by Best Rating
|Reviews 1 - 6 (6 Reviews Total)
User Reviews
Date Reviewed: February 24, 2011
Strengths: Stiff climbs well handles very tight lightweight
Weaknesses: Derailuer hanger is part of the frame
Bottom Line:
Expand full review >>
Price Paid: $600.00
Purchased At: Thebikeman.com
Similar Products Used: nashbar 4130 , KHS Summit
Bike Setup: Azonic outlaw wheelset Avid elixer mag CR, Marzocchi Bomber 33 , Sram x9
Date Reviewed: December 15, 2010
Strengths: Stability and reliability of steel; Ritchey dropouts; easy to maintain, builds and re-builds very well; geometry well suited to many rider types – I very much enjoy its smooth power transfer on ascents.
Weaknesses: Its just getting old...if you find an original 97/98 you won't be able to run disc brakes in the rear; but if this is no issue, then you won't be disappointed. I've recently re-built with Avid SL's F+R, and they're solid.
Bottom Line:
Expand full review >>
Duration Product Used: More than 3 years
Price Paid: $1800.00
Purchased At: LBS
Similar Products Used: Giant Xtc
Bike Setup: SRAM X-9 F+R Derailleurs; SRAM X-9 Twist Shifters F+R; Avid SL brakes and Levers; Truvativ Noir Cranks; Crank Brothers egg beater SLs; Thomson Elite post; WTB Rocket V saddle; Easton EA70 stem + riser monkey-bar; Mavic Crosstrail rim brake specific wheelset; Continental Gravity + Flow tires; Pro (Shimano) rigid carbon fork.
Date Reviewed: November 4, 2009
Strengths: Light! Classic 71/73 geometry which may be old hat now compared to the longer, slacker bikes of today but it climbs well, descends well, handles open rocky stuff, tight woodsy stuff & has good mud clearance with 2.3" tyres and ample chain ring clearnace with x-type BB: no chain gouges in d/s chainstay. If you email Voodoo, Joe Murray may well email you right back - reassuring!
Weaknesses: Paint is very thin. Has rack mounts @ dropout but none at top of seatstay - curious. Welding is not as tidy looking as the 1995 RM Blizzard it replaced, but is equal to other bikes like Orange R8, On-One etc. Frames apparently not prepped from factory - BB threads need chasing to remove burrs inside BB shell.
Bottom Line:
Expand full review >>
Duration Product Used: 1 Year
Price Paid: $300.00
Purchased At: eBay Taiwan
Similar Products Used: 95 Rocky Mountain Blizzard, 92 KHS Montana Comp, 93 Kona Cinder Cone
Bike Setup: 100mm RS Reba fork, disc brakes, Hope hubs & Shimano drivetrain. No bling.
Date Reviewed: February 2, 2009
Strengths: Great ride. Awesome color. Great price.
Weaknesses: Too muck paint in the dropouts.
Bottom Line:
Expand full review >>
Duration Product Used: 2 Years
Purchased At: East Ridge Bicycles
Date Reviewed: November 9, 2008
Strengths: confort,climbs well,fast,v brake mounts,Reynolds 853!
Weaknesses: none so far
Bottom Line:
which contributed for the supreme ride.Dont miss suspension at all.I will use this bike for off road tours and epic rides.Most of the frames using reynolds 853 dont have v brake option or are in the 1500 isd range,this frame is all you need,get it and invest in top components! check some pics here (orange bizango)
Expand full review >>
Duration Product Used: Less than 1 month
Price Paid: $600.00
Purchased At: Sideways cycle,UK
Similar Products Used: many
Bike Setup: ritchey wcs,thomson,mavic,xtr,xt,CK,CB,waltworks custom rigid fork,selle italia,oury
Date Reviewed: June 17, 2005
Strengths: disc and canti mounts
full cable housing mounts
good balance of light-weight, strength and ride character
Weaknesses: weld not great
color a little weird
head badge only glued on
Bottom Line:
The geometry is not the best for me, but I am a lover of the genesis/rock-it thing. The Bizango is so quick, it is almost darty. I like slower stearing bikes, but on curving trails when I am feeling "on" this thing is quick. I assume a 100 mm fork would "slow" it down a little.
The frame is flexible in building it up, able to run both rim and disc brakes. I ran XTR V's until this week and am so happy to have the option to easily switch to disc. I like how the v brake mounts bolt. With the mounts removed the bike has nice clean lines.
There is one messed up weld on my bike. The welder missed a tiny, < 1 mm, at the headtube/downtube junction. Joe Murray, who answered my emails before I bought and after I got the frame, said it would be OK, but I could still send the frame back for a replacement. Since it was already built I just kept it and it has never been a problem.
Expand full review >>
Duration Product Used: 1 Year
Price Paid: $750.00
Similar Products Used: two Gunnar Rockhounds
Bike Setup: XT/X.9. Skareb Super
|Reviews 1 - 6 (6 Reviews Total)
Review Options: Sorted by Latest Review | Sort by Best Rating
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Another First Time BVI Charter
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Self-provisioning & money question in the BVI?
We will be chartering from Horizon out of Nanny Cay and plan to self-provision. This is our first time in the BVI and we'll be following what seems to be a pretty standard itinerary. Two questions:
1. Is it feasible to re-stock at any of the other islands, and if so, where would you recommend going?
2. I keep seeing recommendations to take either cash or travelers checks, because ATMs are scarce and many smaller places don't accept credit cards. Is this outdated advice? I travel a lot internationally and must confess that I haven't seen a travelers check in years! Are there really few ATMs (esp. at the smaller islands), and are travelers checks really the way to go?
Originally Posted by
Two unsolicited comments:
- Consider only half-provisioning. You'll likely be eating some meals ashore and snacking enough that you'll skip some meals.
-You'll probably find the 35' boats meet your needs in terms of space for two and sailing. Typically the distances covered in the Virgins are are not great. If you don't need the waterline, why bother manhandling bigger sails?
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Same for Arsenal, they need help for RVP and NEED to keep RVP.
United could do with a tune-up in certain areas. People are saying with is the weakest United squad in Fergies era.
Liverpool could use a few beast signings as well. Certain areas you're covered but I think you could use someone really good as well.
City will need someone to replace Yaya if he is leaving and I've always wanted a LB or an extra CB who'se world class to make sure we're covered.


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Dispatches investigates: Inside Britain's Israel lobby
Video: Inside Britain's Israel lobby (48 min.)
Inside Britain's Israel Lobby: Pamphlet
Peter Oborne and James Jones says:
'In this pamphlet, published on opendemocracy.net also, we investigate which groups make up the pro-Israel lobby, how they operate, and how they exert influence.
We discover that the Chairman of Britain's major pro-Israel lobby group, BICOM, has business interests in a large settlement in the West Bank east of Jerusalem. These settlements were described recently by Foreign Secretary, David Miliband, as 'illegal' and 'an obstacle to peace'.
We reveal opaque patterns of funding of MPs and candidates by members of a pro-Israel group in Westminster. We pick apart how these groups in Westminster operate and assess whether British foreign policy has been affected. We also speak to journalists about the pressure they face from groups in the UK and abroad.
We conclude that the pro-Israel lobby, in common with other lobbies, has every right to operate in Britain. But it needs to be far more open about how it is funded and what it does. The present obscurity surrounding the funding arrangements and activities of many of the lobby groups can paradoxically give rise to conspiracy theories that have no basis in fact.