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A trunk connection to a stack of network switches is coupled to physical ports distributed among the switches. A switch has an internal logical port for a protocol engine. A packet received by way of the trunk at a port on a switch which does not host the protocol engine is sent over a cascade connection to the host switch with a tag that is interpreted within the host switch as if the packet cam from the logical port. The tagging and interpretation distinguishes between packets which might or might not be intended for the protocol engine and did not arrive by way of the trunk from packets which are intended for the protocol engine and have been received by way of the trunk.
1. A method of operating a plurality of multi-port network devices of which at least one supports a protocol engine which generates and responds to addressed data packets, said network devices being connected in a logical stack by means of a cascade connection, the method comprising:
(a) constituting a trunk connection including a multiplicity of physical ports distributed among said one device and a least a second of said devices;
(b) defining in said one device a logical trunk port for the forwarding and reception of packets for said protocol engine;
(c) receiving packets intended for said protocol engine at said physical ports;
(d) directing a packet intended for said protocol engine and received at a physical trunk port of said second device to said one device by way of said cascade connection;
(e) providing said packet with an indication that said packet was received by way of said trunk connection; and
(f) interpreting said indication to signify that said packet has been received at said logical trunk port.
2. A method according to
receiving by way of said cascade connection at a third of said devices a replica of said packet;
determining that said packet is not intended for a protocol engine supported by said third of said devices; and
thereupon discarding said replica.
This invention relates generally to packet-based communication systems, such as 'Ethernet' systems, wherein data is conveyed by means of data packets that include address data and control or type data in addition to, in general, message data and cyclic redundancy code data.
The invention more particularly relates to network devices which can be stacked so as effectively to form a single logical unit and more particularly relates to a stack which can accommodate a trunk which has physical ports on a multiplicity of stacked units which include protocol engines.
It is known to extend the performance or versatility of a network device, such as a switch, repeater or router for example by forming a stack of similar units. Each device normally is a multi-port device which can forward packets from or receive packets at any of the ports (which can typically both forward and receive packets) and it is known to connect such stack units by means of a cascade connection whereby for example a packet received at a port on one of the units in the stack can be directed to a port on another stack. Since units of this nature maintain a database which identify the remote devices which are connected to the respective ports, a packet received at a port on a particular unit and intended for a second remote device to which no port on that unit is connected can be tagged so that the packet is conveyed by way of a cascade connection to the other units including the one to which the second remote device is connected.
In general practice hitherto, each remote device to which a unit in a stack is connected is connected to a single one of the ports. However, in more recent practice the expedient of a trunked port has been developed. A trunked port is in essence a multi-path connection from a remote device to a multiplicity of ports. The advantage of a trunked port or trunk is that it can carry much more traffic than a single connection and accordingly it is useful where the data packet traffic from (or to) a particular device, such a server, is likely to be very heavy, so that it would likely exceed the traffic carrying capacity of a single link to a single port on a switch or other device.
Where a trunk is connected to a multiplicity of physical ports on a single device or unit, it is known practice to employ, for forwarding packets to the trunk, a 'logical' or 'bridge' port and for the unit to direct all packets intended for forwarding over the trunk to that logical internal port. By means of hashing address data of the packet, the packets are distributed to the physical ports connected to the trunk. Packets received over the trunk will in any event be directed from the physical ports to the internal 'logical' or 'bridge' port.
Prior copending applications Ser. Nos. 09/201,368 and 09/201,345 to Jennings et al., filed 30 Nov. 1998, now issued as U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,463,479 and 6,425,015, respectively, describe the distribution of ports of a trunk over a plurality of units in a stack. It is necessary to be able to distinguish at a cascade port between packets that come via the cascade from another unit connected to a source which has a trunk connection to physical ports on both units and packets from a different source connected to merely another unit but which must arrive at the first unit by way of the cascade. This is solved according to the aforementioned applications by tagging packets (i.e. inserting a tag field) when they are transmitted by a cascade link to indicate whether the packet in question has arrived at the stack on a port which forms part of a trunk connection and, if so, which trunk. Such a field may be inserted immediately in front of a destination address field in a packet or at any other appropriate or convenient position within the data packet.
The present invention concerns the running of protocol engines on a unit which forms part of a stack and wherein there is a trunk connection to a multiplicity of physical ports on two or more of the units in the stack.
A protocol engine is an entity, normally modeled as a finite state machine, that takes in data formatted according to the protocol formatting rules and produces a deterministic output based on that incoming data, previous data inputs and the processing rules of the protocol. That output is then applied to the system outside the protocol engine. The output could be in the form of some protocol data that is to be transmitted or some command passed to the external system.
In traditional systems a protocol engine is run on each unit in the stack. Each protocol engine controls all of the ports on the unit it is running on. With a trunk port that has physical ports on multiple units this solution does not work. Firstly the internal inputs to the protocol engine come, in part, from the packets that are received for that port. With a distributed trunk these protocol packets would be received by the local protocol engines which would not have knowledge of the packets received by other protocol engines. Since a protocol engine uses current and previous inputs to determine its current output, receiving an incomplete set of inputs would prevent the protocol engine from functioning correctly.
Secondly, the output from the protocol engines must be applied coherently to the trunk port. That is to say that any output packets should not be sent multiple times. It is not sufficient for the state of the port to simply be the state set by the last protocol engine that affected the port. Additionally any state applied to the trunk port must be applied to all physical ports that are a member of that trunk port and not just to the physical ports on any particular unit.
Hitherto, protocol engines which have been run on distributed systems, that is to say a system of stacked units, have required the running of a respective protocol engine on each unit in the stack and to arrange for the protocol engines to communicate across the stack to maintain synchronization within the stack. This solution is satisfactory for port-based system in the absence of a trunk which has physical ports distributed over the units in the stack, because all the data that a protocol engine requires is available locally on the unit to which the trunk ports are connected.
If a trunk (or each trunk) is connected to physical ports on more than one unit in a stack, some of the information that a protocol engine working with a trunk needs is now held on a remote unit in the stack.
As the remote sender is entitled to send protocol data messages down any of the physical ports in the trunk there is no guarantee which physical port and therefore which unit will receive any protocol messages sent. Protocol messages sent to special addresses reserved for that protocol will not automatically be forwarded across the cascade in the way that normal data packet would be. This means that unsolicited protocol messages and replies that use special addresses could arrive at any unit in the stack.
To enable protocol engines to use distributed trunked ports some mechanism must be found to make the information for that trunk port available locally to the protocol engine. Since the protocol packets that are needed by the protocol engine can only be identified by looking at the destination MAC address, packet type, incoming port number, and, in some cases, by looking into the data contents of the packet, the normal MAC address based forwarding mechanism will not solve this problem.
If a trunk is connected to ports on a multiplicity of units then the trunk can potentially be controlled by a multiplicity of protocol engines. In the majority of cases a single protocol engine should be running on the trunk port.
The present invention is based on a scheme wherein the trunk is unified into a single logical port located somewhere in the stack from the point of view of all the protocol engines within the stack. Thus the protocol engines are all presented with a single extra port on one unit in the stack. Actions that are applied to the logical protocol port are replicated over all the physical ports in the trunk. The protocol engine that is controlling the trunk is on a unit, in the stack, that has a physical port in the trunk connected to it locally. The protocol engine can then use the local port to send any protocol messages to the far end.
Accordingly, protocol data from any of the physical ports anywhere in the stack is made to appear to have come from the logical protocol port by forwarding the protocol messages to the unit hosting the logical protocol port. The forwarding mechanism looks at the incoming port number, destination MAC address, the protocol type, and optionally the data within the packet and determines if the packet should be forwarded. If the packet should be forwarded it is sent across the cascade to the unit that has the protocol engine for the trunk port on the same VLAN and with the same trunk ID as the incoming packet. The forwarded packet is the same as the received packet except that it is sent to the unit hosting the protocol engine across the cascade.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a multi-port switch which may be used to support the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of part of a packet-based communication network including a stack of switch units connected by a distributed trunk to another switch;
FIG. 3 is a flow diagram illustrating the stages in the forwarding of a packet produced by a protocol engine;
FIG. 4 is a flow diagram illustrating the manner in which a packet reaches a protocol engine according to the invention; and
FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating a path for a packet to a protocol engine in accordance with the invention.
FIG. 1 illustrates a typical switch 1 which may be used to support an operating scheme according to the invention. The switch 1 is in generally known form. It includes a multiplicity of ports, of which for convenience five ports, numbers 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 have been illustrated. As will be apparent from FIG. 2, ports 4 and 5 are two physical ports which form part of a trunked connection to a remote switch. Port 6 is a port which is connected by way of a cascade connection to other switches in a stack of switches organised so that the stack effectively forms a single logical unit having as a multiplicity of ports the aggregate of the ports on the devices 1, 21 and 31 (FIG. 2).
The switch 1 includes a bus 7, which may convey both packets and status information. Coupled to the bus 7 is a processor (CPU) 8, memory 9, and a switching ASIC 10. Each of the ports 2 to 6 has associated with it a respective port ASIC 2 a to 6 a respectively. These ASICs each comprise a physical layer device (PHY) which, among other things, converts signals from the format in which they are transmitted between unit 1 and other units into a conventional media independent format and a media access controller (MAC) which performs certain basic operations on the header portion of a packet to ensure that the packet is sent to the appropriate physical location.
As previously indicated, the present invention is concerned with the operation of a protocol engine on each of a multiplicity of units such as the unit 1 connected in a stack, as will be explained with reference to FIG. 2. Such a protocol engine is constituted by software stored in memory 9 and executed at appropriate times by the CPU 8. A protocol engine is normally supported by a forwarding engine which may likewise be constituted by software stored within memory 9 and executed by CPU 8 or may be performed by the switching ASIC 10. The main function of the switching ASIC is to determine, with the aid of forwarding database, the destination of a packet which is received at any of the ports of the switch. Forwarding databases are well known and will not be described in detail herein.
As previously indicated, it is known to define a 'logical port' which is allotted a port number but which in combination with appropriate logic or software is interpreted by the network device such that packets directed to such a logical port are automatically directed to one or more physical ports of the device. A logical port may be used to facilitate the forwarding or reception of packets on a trunk constituted by a multiplicity of ports on the same network device. In the present invention a logical port is employed to enable a protocol engine to operate in conjunction with a set of trunk ports which are distributed over a multiplicity of units in a stack of units coupled together by a cascade connection.
FIG. 2 illustrates a stack of switches forming part of a packet-based network, shown in greatly simplified form for the sake of convenience. The stack comprises in addition to switch 1 two other multi-port switches 11 and 21. Each switch has a port, capable of sending and receiving data packets, connected to the other ports by means of a cascade 12. Such a cascade may take a variety of forms; one suitable form is that described in prior copending application Ser. No. 09/207,655 (Brewer et al) filed 9 Dec. 1998. In any event, the switches are configured so that for example a data packet received by or generated by switch 1 but having a destination which is not matched to any of the ports of the switch will be directed to a cascade port so that it can be conveyed to the other switches in the stack.
As indicated above, it is often expedient to employ a trunk connection from a network device to another in order to increase the bandwidth beyond that which could be obtained using a single connection. The present invention relates particularly to circumstances in which a trunk is connected to a multiplicity of ports which are distributed among more than one unit in a stacked cascade. In the Figure, a trunk 15 is coupled to a switch 16 which itself is coupled to a server 17, this being one example where the traffic from the remote device (the switch 16) to the stack composed of switch units 1, 11 and 21 may be very heavy.
In the present case, the trunk has connections to physical ports 4 and 5 of switch 1, port 13 of switch 11 and port 14 of switch 21.
The switch units 1, 21 and 31 may also be connected to users such as users 8 connected to ports 2 and 3 of switch unit 1.
It is known, when two or more ports of a network device such a switch are connected to a trunk, to define a 'logical' port which has a port number as if it were an ordinary physical port but which is connected to the relevant ports in the trunk by, for example, hash logic in the outward direction. From the point of view of the switch or other device having the logical port, packets are sent to or received from the logical port. However, packets directed to the logical port by the internal switching logic are distributed, for example by hashing address data in the packets, so that they are distributed, preferably evenly, to the physical ports to which the logical port is connected. Moreover, packets received by any of the physical ports are connected to the logical port before they are further processed by the switch.
The present invention particularly relates to the running of 'protocol engines' shown at PE1, PE2 and PE3 on the switches 1, 11 and 21 respectively, wherein the protocol engines necessarily must communicate with a remote device which is connected to the stack of units by a trunked connection composed of ports distributed among at least some of the units instead of ports of a single unit.
It is necessary for the proper working of such protocol engines, such as those performing the protocols known as spanning tree, IGMP snooping, GVRP or GMRP, that all the data that such a protocol engine requires is available locally, that is to say within the switch or network device that supports the protocol engine.
In a system as shown in FIG. 2 however at least some of the data that for example the protocol engine PE1 requires will be supplied via the switch 16 and trunk 15 to ports 13 and 14 on switch units 11 and 21. The present invention provides a means to enable all the information received by way of the trunk 15 to be available locally to any given protocol engine, such as the protocol engine PE1 running on unit 1 in FIG. 2. The data is forwarded across the cascade 12 and, when it arrives at unit 2 is made to appear as if the data arrived directly from the trunk. This process of forwarding protocol packets makes it appear as if there were a single logical trunk port 20 that spanned the entire stack and was connected to the protocol engine PE1 on unit 1 but not to the protocol engines on the other units in the stack. Data that arrives on ports (such as 4 and 5) that are on the same unit as the unit 1 that is hosting the protocol engine PE1 are passed directly to the protocol engine PE1.
FIG. 3 illustrates the process by which a packet is forwarded from the protocol engine over the trunk 15 to the switch 17 and on to a destination such as the unit 17. The protocol engine generates a packet, shown in stage 31. A logical trunk port number is assigned to the packet by means of the forwarding engine within the CPU, as shown in stage 32. There is a look-up using the logical port number for the physical trunk port on which the packet should be forwarded. This is shown in stage 33. Finally, the packet is forwarded on the trunk, stage 34.
More specifically relevant to the present invention is the process by which a packet which traverses switch 16 and is intended for a specific protocol engine, such as engine PE1, traverses the stack to reach the destination. FIG. 4 illustrates the various stages whereas FIG. 5 shows the paths taken by packets intended for the protocol engine PE1.
FIG. 5 is specific to the case where the packet from switch 16 is sent to the unit 21 which does not host the relevant protocol engine PE1, this protocol engine being hosted by unit 1.
The return process begins with stage 41 in FIG. 4, at which the switch 16 forwards the packet on the trunk 15. This is shown by the arrow A in FIG. 5, the packet being sent by the switch 16 across the trunk 15. The packet travels along path B to a physical port on one of the units in the stack. It is inherent in the use of trunks that the switch 16 cannot determine which of the destination ports (4, 5, 13 and 14) should be the recipient of a packet sent by switch 16 on the trunk 15. As will be appreciated, if the packet happens to be dispatched so that it reaches either port 4 or port 5, it is then received by the unit that is hosting the protocol. The present invention is intended to cope with the distribution of the trunk ports over more than one stacked unit, so that the packets sent by switch 16 and intended for protocol engine 1 might be received at port 13 on unit 21 or port 14 on unit 31.
When a packet is received on a trunk port of any of the units, the relevant port ASIC makes the determination whether the packet identifies a protocol engine which is hosted on that particular unit (stage 43). This may be done, in accordance with known practice, by examination of the packet type, a destination MAC address and other data in the packet. If stage 43 is performed on a packet received by either port 4 or port 5 on unit 1, the determination is affirmative and the packet can therefore be forwarded to the logical trunk port (20) which is defined for the protocol engine. This is shown by stage 44.
If however the packet is received on a port, such as port 13, on a unit, such as unit 21, not hosting the relevant protocol engine (PE1), it will be sent over the cascade 12 along with a trunk identifier. The packets may be forwarded to all units in the stack or to the specific unit hosting a protocol engine. If the packet is sent to all the other units in the stack then a copy of the packet may follow paths D and E to the unit 31 which does not have the protocol engine PE1. The unit 1 will identify the packet as being a protocol packet, according to the destination MAC address, the packet type and the contents of the packet, but will determine that the packet arrived on a cascade port. Because the protocol packet came in on a cascade port and the receiving unit is not hosting the protocol engine (PE1) for the trunk the packet is discarded. These stages are stages 46 and 47 in FIG. 4.
However, the packet or a copy thereof will follow paths F and G in FIG. 5 to the unit 1 that is hosting the protocol engine PE1.
The version of the packet that passes over the cascade will have the same format as the packet that was received at port 13 of unit 21 but will be encapsulated within any cascade formatting. As described in the aforementioned application Ser. No. 09/207,655 (Brewer et al) the cascade formatting normally includes two bits, identified in the aforementioned application as 'trunk 0' and 'trunk 1' which identifies the trunk, in the case the trunk 15, to which the packet belongs.
Accordingly, when a packet arrives at the unit 1 the packet is examined by the ASIC of the cascade port to see if the packet originally entered the stack of units 1, 21 and 31, on a port that is a member of a trunk. This may readily be done by examination of the trunk field above mentioned. If the packet did come from the physical trunk port the packet is tagged (stage 48) with the number of the logical trunk port (20) and is directed (stage 49) to the protocol engine, as shown by path H.
Packets that have not come by way of the trunk yet arrive on the cascade port 6 will after an examination of the trunk fields in the encapsulation of the packet be tagged as coming from the logical port associated with the cascade. This provides distinction between packets which may or may not be intended for the protocol engine but did not come by way of the trunk 15 from those packets which are intended for the protocol engine and have been received by way of the trunk 15.
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Lt. Col. Richard Felices replaced Lt. Col. David Koonce as the commander of the Criminal Investigation Battalion during a change of command ceremony July 12 at the Benning Conference Center.
This ceremony recognizes the formal transition of commanders, which come and go, but also demonstrates the enduring nature of the organization, said Col. Jan Apo, commander of the 3rd Military Police Group and reviewing officer.
Apo said she was excited to welcome Felices and his family to the battalion.
Rick and Karina, we are very excited to have you both on our team and I know you will continue to develop this fine battalion during your tenure, Apo said. Your recent law enforcement expertise and combat experience will make this transition as seamless as possible.
Felices said he felt heartfelt gratitude and appreciation for the privilege to be able to serve as commander of the battalion.
His last assignment was as the U.S. Army Japan Military Police Battalion (Provisional) commander and U.S. Army Garrison-Japan, director of Emergency Services.
Koonce said the two had worked together in the past and felt comfortable relinquishing command to Felices.
I am pleased to have the opportunity to turn over command of this great battalion to you, Koonce said. I know that the battalion is in good hands and that you are the right person to lead them into the future. Felices thanked the Koonce family for welcoming his own family into the battalion and wished the family godspeed and good luck at Human Resources Command.
Apo highlighted several of Koonces accomplishments during his two years as commander.
Dave is a seasoned professional who has deployed seven times in his career and served in a variety of challenging positions, Apo said. Daves tenure has been marked by several key challenges and significant events.
Apo said CID opened more than 1,500 reports and investigations, recovered more than $2 million in government funds, and solved many crimes, making his area of operations safer for Soldiers and civilians. You leave the battalion better than you found it and we wish you the best as you move on to your next assignment at HRC managing missing personnel, Apo said.
Koonce said the Soldiers standing in formation at the ceremony represent a sample of the agents in the battalion.
They represent the 80 plus CID agents from the battalion who are spread throughout the southeastern part of the United States, the Caribbean and Central and South America, Koonce said.
They are Soldiers, special agents professionals, he said. These are the persons Soldiers fear and that commanders dont want to receive a phone call from. Yet they are the ones scarred by images, witnesses at crime scenes they are the ones that bring justice to victims, they are the ones who attempt to remove crime-induced conditions and they are the ones who are disheartened when all their best efforts result in no action taken.
Koonces next assignment is commander of Human Resources Command Military Police Enlisted branch at Fort Knox, Ky.


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Demonstrations, rallies, observance of fast, formation of human chains held in Coimbatore and Tirupur in this regard
The Gandhi Jayanthi day witnessed a slew of agitations in Coimbatore and Tirupur demanding that the sale of Indian Made Foreign Liquor be abolished in the State.
Members of the Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (MDMK) on Tuesday staged a demonstration in front of the Tamil Nadu Hotel in Gandhipuram demanding total prohibition. It was part of a State-wide protest the party had planned on Gandhiji Jayanti.
Around 250 activists participated in the protest in Coimbatore.
The party's district secretary V. Eswaran said that MDMK was for total prohibition. The party leader Vaiko would lead a march of party cadre from Tirunelveli to Madurai, touching nearly 400 villages, to campaign for total prohibition. This would be between December 12 and 25.
Prior to this, the party would stage an agitation on November 6.
Mr. Eswaran said that the income from sale of liquor had increased from Rs. 2,828 crore in 2003 to Rs. 18,000 crore as of 2012. In the corresponding period, while the State's population had increased by 15 per cent, the alcohol consumption had gone up by a whopping 800 per cent. And the State's income had increased by around 20 per cent. He said that the age of people taking liquor had come down from 19 about a decade ago to 13 now.
If this continued, the future of hundreds of thousands of youth and that of the State and nation would be seriously jeopardised. Alcohol consumption would seriously impact the physical and psychological growth of youth, he said and added that studies had shown that following the increase in sales of liquor, there had been an increase in incidents of domestic violence and crime against women.
Citing Gujarat, he said that the State fared better than Tamil Nadu, though it had total prohibition. The rate of growth of agriculture in Gujarat was 9.6 per cent while it was a little above 3 per cent in Tamil Nadu.
He appealed to the Government to take a decision in this regard keeping in mind the welfare of 1.86 crore Tamil families.
In Tirupur MDMK opted to observe a fast to press their demand for stopping the sale of liquor.
MDMK town secretary S. Sivabalan said consumption of liquor had been destroying many a youth and families and hence, its sale should be banned.
"A good chunk of family problems are the result of its male members consuming liquor and damaging the financial stability," he added.
The Social Democratic Party of India (SDPI) formed human chains in Tirupur city, Mangalam, and Dharapuram to highlight the demand.
SDPI sources said it was planned to lay siege to the Collectorate on October 17 asking the authorities concerned to close down all IMFL sales outlets.
In Coimbatore, more than 500 SDPI cadre staged a protest demanding total prohibition. The Coimbatore City police said that the party cadre formed a human chain from Gandhipuram to Cross Cut Road in support of the demand. The protesters included more than 120 women.
The Democratic Youth Federation of India (DYFI) members took out awareness rallies in Tirupur city and its outskirts on Tuesday to educate youth on the ill-effects of drugs, watching obscene video footages, and use of chewing products that contain tobacco.
DYFI district secretary R. Vadivel said the latest studies had indicated that drug abuse had been high in India and hence, there should be a greater awareness among the young population on its impact in society.
"We will be advocating for frequent counselling sessions at government hospitals, schools, and public places to tell people how they can stay away from the temptations to inhale narcotic drugs or liquor," he added.
The DYFI called for gradual scaling down of liquor sales in the state.
The rallies covered thickly populated areas like Veerapandi, J.J. Nagar, and Murugampalayam.
Keywords: Gandhi Jayanthi, Liquor prohibition, MDMK


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A Special Salute to our Soldiers!
As a "Mahalo" for your service, we offer special pricing to members of the United States Military. Active military will receive a 10 percent discount off any room, complimentary champagne and chocolate-covered Hawaiian macadamias. We look forward to serving you soon!
Two-night minimum stay required. May not be combined with any other offer, promotion, or special rate/discount.
Enhance your love affair with a Big Island romantic getaway package that includes rose petals on the bed, chilled complimentary bottle of champagne, a box of chocolate-covered macadamia nuts and a fresh cut tropical flower bouquet. Romantic getaway package is $65 plus selected room rate.Book Now
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BRAZORIA COUNTY, Texas A community near Alvin was left stunned Friday after a local family was robbed by two men claiming to be police officer in a car disguised as a patrol unit, deputies said.
According to the Brazoria County Sheriff s Office, the robbery happened around 3 a.m. in 1000 block of County Road 147. It s not a place where you d expect a violent home invasion.
Investigators said the armed robbers posed as police as they terrorized the family inside.
They had maybe a Crown Victoria with a red and blue police light on the top of the car. When they pulled in front of the house and turned the lights on, when they busted in through the door they started announcing themselves as police officers, BCSO Investigator Ulysses Velez said.
The man and woman inside were forced onto the floor and tied up - their children were sleeping in bedrooms just a few feet away, deputies said.
The robbers took off with cash, jewelry and a pick-up truck, deputies said.
The victim is very shaken up and too afraid to speak on camera. He said he wishes he never left his front gate open last night. He now has a big mark on his forehead, because the suspects pistol-whipped him.
My daughter looked out and there was a car in our driveway and they just took off, Jenny Hendricks, a neighbor, said.
A neighbor two doors down thinks the suspects may have pulled into her place first deputies don t know why they targeted this particular home.


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Tag Archives: Greece
A New Phase in Euro-Zone Crisis – Zero Coupon Perpetuities for Greece?
I don't have an enormous amount of time to consider the implications of the Greek election yesterday in a tremendous amount of detail. So the following are my thoughts, disorganised and potentially incoherent.
3 Accounts of Euro-Zone Crisis Management
If you are interested in EU integration and if you've been following the Euro-Zone crisis for the last 5 years, then last week would have definitely registered the publication of the following blog post by Peter Spiegel on the FT's Brussels … Continue reading
Posted in A € for your Thoughts, ECB, European History, European Integration, European National Politics, Finance, Media Coverage, Sovereign debt Crisis, Visions of the Political Future of Europe Tagged Deauville, Debt haircut, Discord, Draghi, EFSF, Euro-Zone Crisis Management, European Leadership, France, Geithner, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Matt Persson, OMT, Peter Spiegel, Sovereign debt crisis negotiations, Tony Barber Leave a comment
How Will Europe's Crisis End? And When?
This post is based on a report I wrote some time ago about the future of the Euro-Zone crisis. It is divided in four parts: The first offers a recap of the crisis until May 2013. No details as to … Continue reading
Posted in European Integration, Finance, Risk Scenario Analysis, Sovereign debt Crisis, Uncategorized, Visions of the Political Future of Europe Tagged Crisis, Cyprus, ECB, EU, Euro-zone, Euro-Zone breakup, European Central Bank, European Fiscal Federalism, European Union, EZ, Fiscal Federalism, France, Future of the Euro-Zone, Germany, Greece, How Will Europe's Crisis End?, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, Sovereign debt, Sovereign Debt Crisis, Sovereign debt Yields, Spain, Stealth Mutualisation, When will the Euro-Zone Crisis end? Leave a comment
Elections in Europe 2013: Calendar and Voter Intention Surveys – France, Greece, Italy, Austria and Germany
In the following lines I provide a brief calendar of the relevant elections ahead. Following this, I summarise the likely outcome of these elections in light of the present and past voter intention surveys. Much will change in the next … Continue reading
Posted in European National Politics Tagged 2013. Austrian Elections 2013, Beppe Grillo, Berlusconi, Bulgaria, Calendars, CDU, Czech Republic, Der Linke, Elections, FDP, France, Germany, Greece, Hollande, Italy, Lithuania, Merkel, Monti, New Democracy, Papademos, PASOK, Pirate Party, Slovakia, Slovenia, SPD, Voter intention polls, Voter intention surveys Leave a comment
No Early Elections in Germany… But Almost?
In the Summer of 2011 I stuck my neck out and "predicted" early elections in Germany, ahead of the scheduled September 2013 deadline. I was wrong. However, and probably as a consolation gift to myself, I review some a sequence … Continue reading
Posted in Media Coverage, Risk Scenario Analysis, Uncategorized Tagged Angela Merkel, Antagonism to Greece, bailout, CDU, Debt haircut, Euro-Zone Sovereign Debt Crisis, FDP, German attitudes to Greece, German Elections 2013, German Politics, Greece, Greek bailout, Haircut, Horst Seehofer, Mario Draghi, OMT, OMTs, Outright Monetary Transactions, Patrick Doering, Peter Ramsauer, Philipp Roesler, Rainer Bruederle, Summer 2012, Volker Kauder, Voter intention polls, Voter intention surveys Leave a comment
The Latest Greek Deal – Another Indictment of Intergovernmentalism
This will be a short one about the latest example of the uselessness of intergovernmentalism… So after two failed attempts at finding common ground on Greece on November 13th and on November 20th, the Eurogroup finally came to a provisional … Continue reading
Divergence in the Euro-Zone: Famous, Obscure and Predictable Facts
In a previous post about the theory of optimum currency areas (OCA), asymmetric shocks, structural problems and the intrinsic need that this creates for the institution of a fiscal union, I argued that incomplete by monetary unions (i.e.: lacking a … Continue reading
Posted in Economic Concepts, Euro-zone Update, European Interdependences, Uncategorized Tagged Divergence, Euro-zone divergence, France, GDP, Germany, Government Bond Yields, Greece, Inflation, Ireland, Portugal, Potential GDP, real Exchange Rate, Spain, ULB, Unemployment, Unit Labour Costs Leave a comment


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Gilded Youth
Bonal is a French apéritif infused with gentiana, a low-growing wildflower common in many parts of France
Tepache is a fermented pineapple liquor commonly sold by street vendors in parts of Mexico.
Aperol Mist
"A more flavorful, slightly stronger version of an Aperol Spritz. Who could be mad at that?" –Alison Roman, senior associate food editor
Summer Babe
The bartenders at Reynard, in Brooklyn, use Greenhook Ginsmiths's botanical American dry gin in this citrusy cocktail, but feel free to make it with your favorite.
Strawberries and Vodka Frozen Cocktail
For best flavor, head to the farmers' market for peak-season fruit. Freeze in a single layer on a parchment-lined rimmed baking sheet until solid.


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Welcome! You are browsing as a guestWould you like to see 17 projects made from this pattern and much more? join Ravelry now What am I missing?
Anniversary Cowl
This pattern is available for free.
A simple, cozy, cabled cowl with only two pattern rounds to remember.
For more information, see: http://orinda5.blogspot.com/2008/12/anniversary-cowl...


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Monday, February 25, 2013
2 comments
Today was the third day in a row that I walked for 15 minutes. I have been pretty tired all day, I am so inactive that this is really challenging me! I have been doing the inflight movies yesterday and today, I'm not sure I can keep that up. ... Read more
Sunday, February 24, 2013
3 comments
I joined the 5% Winter into Spring challenge, and I am honoured to have been chosen as a Cloverleaf! ... Read more
Wednesday, December 05, 2012
3 comments
Yesterday I went off script for my meal plan. For one thing, I had forgotten about my monthly lunch out with a friend, and so my lunch did not go as planned. I did eat a very healthy lunch though, salmon, veggie stir fry and rice. Then, I did... Read more
Sunday, December 02, 2012
2 comments
There need to be steps taken by me in order to prepare for planning my meals a week at a time. I need to start by planning each meal. This will require time each week to fill in a chart by hand. There are so many resources I created for mysel... Read more
Saturday, December 01, 2012
4 comments
I am trying to take a closer look at why I am not able to stick with my goal of tracking my food. Part of the problem is that when I eat something I find difficult to measure or determine serving size, such as shelled nuts or Christmas candy, i... Read more
Wednesday, November 21, 2012
4 comments
I just don't seem to have the interest I used to in achieving daily goals. So, I need to change it up. I am going to set myself a goal to accomplish over the week, just one thing to work on. I will set the goal on Wednesday since that is my w... Read more
Saturday, November 17, 2012
1 comments
So, my daily goals haven't been happening consistently lately, but giving up will not make them consistent, so I am forging on.
Sunday goals
1. Drink 8 water.
2. Walk
3. Eat cabbage soup for lunch
4. Clean up living room and ge... Read more
Wednesday, November 14, 2012
1 comments
1.Walk 30 minutes
2. Drink 10 cups H2O
3. Track food
4. Clean up the living room
5. Fold laundry
I have been an emotional mess this week, working through it. Not well, but working through it. I didn't weigh in this morning like I ... Read more
Friday, November 09, 2012
3 comments
1. Mom duty, done, and done well.
2. Drink my water, still need a couple cups, gonna have it when i am done here.
3. Have a healthy lunch, yuppers!
4. blogging right now
Very busy day, out of the house for many, many hours. I spen... Read more
Thursday, November 08, 2012
1 comments
1. Walk with a friend. I did this, it was a great walk.
2. Drink 10 cups water, not so much.
3. Track, did not happen past lunch.
4. Checking in right now.
5. Planning did not happen.
Pretty brutal day in terms of my goals, but I s... Read more
Wednesday, November 07, 2012
2 comments
Another very busy day. Thank goodness I had some goals set, because my plan for the day completely got derailed.
1. Walk 1.75 miles I got this in in the evening, not the morning like I had planned, but I managed 2 miles instead in 36:43... Read more
Tuesday, November 06, 2012
1 comments
So, I didn't set Tuesday goals. Not going to stress over it. I did blog yesterday, and I walked for 33 minutes. I did not track my food or drink my water. I also did not plan lunches. So, for my Monday goals, I was 2/5. However, I complet... Read more
Monday, November 05, 2012
1 comments
While looking at my Sparkpage recently, I noticed something. My profile picture shown on my posts and the picture at the top of my page look remarkably similar. In both photos I am wearing the same shade of blue on top and black pants. I also... Read more
Sunday, November 04, 2012
1 comments
I had a pretty good day today. I got a lot accomplished, including completing one of my tasks for the week: Put away Halloween decorations. My husband brought in the last two hangers on for me, so I recruited the kids to help me sort them, pur... Read more
Sunday, November 04, 2012
4 comments
I had a very successful day yesterday, the first time I have managed even one day of success for a very long time. I am very pleased.
Goals for Saturday
1. Walk 1.5 miles What a hectic day it was with the kids having friends over an... Read more


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- Shopping Bag ( 0 items )
From Barnes & Noble
The final novel written by Tom Clancy before his death proves that the old master never lost his gift for writing first-class technothrillers—or being prescient. In Command Authority, President Jack Ryan and his Jack Jr. use ample quantities of ingenuity to thwart a Putin-like Russian dictator with empire-building on his mind. A timely bittersweet treat for longtime Clancy fans; now in mass-market paperback and NOOK Book.


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You can't watch movies and TV shows on your device just yet
But you can still browse and buy
Sorry, but blinkbox movies and TV shows are currently only available in the UK
Rent, buy and watch the latest movies and TV shows online
How it works
Browse the latest movies and TV
blinkbox has more of the latest movies and TV shows than our competitors.
Pay for what you want to watch
No subscription, so you only pay when you rent or buy a movie or TV show, from just 99p.
Enjoy on a range of devices
blinkbox is available on PC, Mac, mobile, tablets, Chromecast, consoles, smart TVs, set‑top boxes and Blu‑ray players.
It destroyed his world. He won't let it destroy ours. As an age old battle rages amongst the stars, Kainan's ship burns brightly as it crash-lands into the Nordic coast. His space ship comes to rest in the fjords of ancient Norway and it's with dismay that Kainan (Jim Caviezel) realises that he is not the only survivor, as a second passenger, the Moorwen, also emerges from the wreckage. A hellish, fire-breathing monster, the Moorwen is intent on causing havoc and destruction to those it has perceived to have wronged it. As the Moorwen kills everything in its path, Kainan must work together with the tribe of fierce warring vikings to destroy the blood thirsty beast before it kills them all.
Asset Details
- Genre
Action, Sci-Fi
- Certificate 15
Suitable only for 15 years and over
- Run Time
1 hour 55 minutes
- Released
- Cast & Crew
Howard McCain Jim Caviezel John Hurt Ron Perlman Sophia Myles
Viewing options
- Watch online
PC, Mac, Chromecast, iPad, iPhone, Android phones and tablets, Windows phones and tablets, Xbox, PS3, smart TVs, set-top boxes and Blu-ray players.
- Find out more
- Download
Watch offline on iPad and Android tablets. Includes rentals.
Download is also available on Windows PC but requires a UK internet connection to initiate playback.
- Find out more


text:
Search Apartments, Condos and Houses for Rent all on one site!
Snowflake, AZ 85937
View more pictures!
Not finding the perfect home for rent in Snowflake, Arizona? Try searching within these results by using our Rental Search page. You can search Snowflake, Arizona rentals by zip code, bedrooms and rent range to ensure you find the perfect apartment or house for rent in Snowflake, AZ. At RentDigs.com, we know you want your new Snowflake rental home to be as close as possible to your dream home. We encourage you to search through all the Snowflake apartments and houses for rent until you find that perfect place to call your home.
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Copyright 2015 - RentDigs, LLC


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SATA-RAID with SuSE 9.x
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Registered User
Join Date: Mar 2005
Posts: 33
Re: SATA-RAID with SuSE 9.x
Your question is twofold - (1)Is it hardware RAID or not and (2)How can I get it to work with Linux 2.6.x kernels.
(1): Yast is right - the A7N8X uses a software RAID solution.
How comes ? The Silicon Image 3112 SATA controller used includes a RAID BIOS, so it should be hardware, isn't it ? Well, in fact no.
Hardware RAID is when a dedicated controller does all the dirty RAID management job by itself - your Athlon CPU basically says "here is some data, write it to your connected disk" and the RAID controller splits them between disks. The CPU doesn't even know some RAID is involved. Hardware RAID is usually costly stuff used in servers and high-end machines.
The Si3112 (as most of the cheap RAID controllers sold) doesn't do that job. In that case, it is your Athlon CPU that does all the computation by itself. The SATA controller is only an interface with the connected disks, just like any ordinary IDE controller.
The only use of the RAID-BIOS of the Si3112 is to allow access to the RAID array in real mode (the mode in which an x86 computer initializes itself), so you can use it as a bootdisk. It is of no use under 32-bit operating systems like Linux or Windows - that's why both of those need special drivers to work.
(2)To access to the content of the array under Linux, you have to use the dmraid tools.
2.6.x kernels manage those arrays "in userspace" for various reasons. The program to use is called dmraid. If you want to boot from a RAID array, you'll have to use that tool. If your root partition is on the RAID array, you'll have to create an initrd image including that utility.
Notice that unless you want to share your RAID content with Windows, you're better off using the Linux Software RAID driver - it performs better and is more flexible, as you can spawn the array regardless of the controller the disks are connected on (for example, my own RAID-0 array extends to 2 SATA drives on the Si3112, one ATA133 on the nForce2 and one ATA100 on a Promise PCI add-in card).
SuSE-provided information:
Hope this helps !
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text:
Synonyms: 2-5-phosphoribosyl-3-dephospho-CoA
|an ester → a thioester → a coenzyme A-activated compound
2'-(5''-phosphoribosyl)-3'-dephospho-CoA is a cofactor of the enzymes citrate lyase and malonate decarboxylase complex. The cofactor is attached via phosphodiester linkage to a serine residue of an ACP protein, one of the subunits of the enzyme complex.
For biosynthesis of this cofactor, see citrate lyase activation and malonate decarboxylase activation.
Chemical Formula: C26H42N7O19P3S
Molecular Weight: 881.64 Daltons
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight: 885.1782025529 Daltons
InChI: InChI=1S/C26H46N7O19P3S/c1-26(2,20(37)23(38)29-4-3-16(34)28-5-6-56)10-48-55(44,45)52-54(42,43)47-8-13-7-14(24(49-13)33-12-32-17-21(27)30-11-31-22(17)33)50-25-19(36)18(35)15(51-25)9-46-53(39,40)41/h11-15,18-20,22,24-25,35-37,56H,3-10,27H2,1-2H3,(H,28,34)(H,29,38)(H,30,31)(H,42,43)(H,44,45)(H2,39,40,41)/p-4/t13-,14+,15+,18+,19+,20?,22?,24+,25+/m0/s1
InChIKey: InChIKey=QENAVNODCCJSIG-ANDIXLFVSA-J
Unification Links: PubChem:25202407
Standard Gibbs Free Energy of Change Formation (ΔfG'° in kcal/mol): -455.92593 [Latendresse13]
This compound has been characterized as a cofactor or prosthetic group of the following enzymes: citrate lyase , citrate lyase , malonate decarboxylase
Revised 08-Nov-2011 by Caspi R , SRI International
Latendresse13: Latendresse M. (2013). "Computing Gibbs Free Energy of Compounds and Reactions in MetaCyc."
©2014 SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, CA 94025-3493
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text:
Does Data have a soul?
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June 16 2013, 04:16 PM
Dale Sams
Fleet Captain
Re: Does Data have a soul?
Chemahkuu wrote:
Well, the problem is that the soul has to be something tangible, or it would keep getting left behind during transport.
And I would love to see the religious bend-over-backwards explanations as to how a soul binds to a machine instead of the brain.
I'd think maybe Data would notice that some weird energy field was attaching itself strangely to his positronic net. And the fact that deleting his ethical subroutines does not trigger this imaginary soul to compensate.
Or that Thomas Riker and William must now be in possession of half a soul each, Voldemort style.
Or that creatures resembling this aethereal form, energy born, seem to be largely evil or devoid of anything a soul is meant to impart. Strange, given that they're the closest to it.
Sorry but, really? Data may never exist in any form at all no matter how advanced our technology becomes. He acts the way he does because of the script and an entirely Human actor dictating that he does.
Obviously the Klingons and Bajorans believe in a soul. And I think our 'so-called more enlightened Feds' do as well. After all some of them ran off with Worf to help Jadzia get in Stovokor. Without even bothering to ask "Why would a Trill go to Klingon heaven?" And they did NOT appear to be doing to support their ignorant superstitious friend.
The smartest person TODAY is the one who says he doesn't have all the answers. In the future? In the STAR TREK universe with all they've seen??? I wouldn't want to have lunch with someone so smug and closed minded.*
*Then. In the Star Trek universe mind you. I would have lunch with anyone on this board.
Dale Sams
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