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text: View larger Rotate A. Reynolds Cord Alameda (Worn Black Front) Not Available Available Colors:Worn Black Front Worn Black Front Sorry, this product is out of stock and has been discontinued! Details: Colors: Dark Chocolate, Grey, Worn Black 98% cotton / 2% spandex five-pocket 14 wale corduroy pant with coin pocket, printed pocket lining, Andrew Rey-nolds embroidery on inside back waistband and Altamont custom trim package. Sizes: 26x30, 28x30, 29x30, 30x30, 30x32, 31x30, 32x30, 32x32, 32x34, 33x32, 33x34, 34x32, 34x34, 36x32, 36x34, 38x34 Item code: 3130000005/537 Share this: Facebook Twitter Like

subset: commoncrawl


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29 year old woman | Kingman, AZ, USA | Seeking men 26-41 in United States
Gra anois agus go deo gan aifeala.
A little about me ... my name is Audra, but those close to me call me Audi - not to be confused with the German car. Grew up very country and the love of the outdoors runs through me. It has been said that I have unreal expectations of myself and others. It is a rare day when I sit and watch "regular television" - but I do watch the morning news with my coffee daily. I hate ambiguous or confrontational situations, especially if it involves ambiguous food ordering. Napkins have issues with me. Sometimes I struggle get out of bed because of that fiction novel on my nightstand. Shopping is not where I find pleasure. Zombies, midget and clowns make me geeked beyond words. I've never too busy to put a shopping cart away. Hrm ... There is not a cookie cutter for the man I seek. What I do know is, the fellow that will have my attention is a man who already knows who he is. I am not seeking to go on a journey with a boy to help him discover himself or to show him how to cut apron strings. I know exactly who I am - where I am going and what needs to be done to get to the next point. I'd hope for the same. What I can tell you is this ... I am not seeking someone to come play night in shinning armor, I do very well for us. What I seek to find is someone to share the days with, share dreams and what they truly mean. Laughter as the day is long ... and arms that are strong enough to hug/hold tight.
Camping , Coffee and conversation , Business networking , Cooking , Dining out , Fishing/Hunting , Gardening/Landscaping , Hobbies and crafts , Movies/Videos , Museums and art , Music and concerts , Exploring new areas , Performing arts , Playing cards , Playing sports , Political interests , Travel/Sightseeing , Volunteering , Watching sports , Wine tasting
Billiards / Pool, Bowling, Dancing, Football, Other types of exercise, Running, Tennis / Racquet sports, Walking / Hiking
I exercise 3-4 times per week.
I don't believe in astrology
I like Cats, Dogs, Exotic Pets, Horses
Should have a zoo.
Middle of the Road
A spot that has sushi will make me melt any time. Searching for the perfect hammock location.
Am an eclectic with most forms of entertainment, depending on the setting will usually make pace for the music. Very open ... with music it ranges from Barber Shop Quatets, to Kings of Leon/Staind to Son House.
During the week is my busy time - but, during the weekend we are usually camping, fishing and hiking. All about the weekend get aways. Sporadic weekend trips to Co. thrill me. Going off trail to explore beauty at its best.
Greatly enjoyed Preston and Child - anything to do with Special Agent Pendergast. Reality that flirts with fantasy just long enough to make you question the everything you believe you know. Reading Incarnations of Immortality by Peirs Anthony
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What she is looking for
|5'9" (175cms)
|6'0" (182cms) to 6'11" (210cms)
|Body type:
|About average
|About average, Athletic and toned, A few extra pounds
|No preference
|Dark brown
|No preference
|No Way
|No preference
|Social Drinker
|Social Drinker
|Self-Employed / Entrepreneur
|No preference
|I'll tell you later
|No preference
|Never Married
|Never Married, Divorced
|Have kids:
|I'll tell you later
|Yes, and they sometimes live at home, Yes, and they live away from home, Yes, and they live at home
|Wants kids:
|I'll tell you later
|No preference
|Native American, White / Caucasian
|No preference
Just a little over 3/4s native ... Lummi, based out of Washington. Irish too. Bad combo? NO! fun!
|No preference
|English, Other
|I'll tell you later
|No preference


text:
A small Shih Tzu was tragically mauled Thursday in Concord by a Rottweiler. The popular way to frame this story, of course, is one of David vs. Goliath - of innocent Shih Tzu vs. evil Rottweiler. The reality, as it so often is when dealing with animals, is much more complicated.
82-year-old Suzy Hudson lost her best friend Teddy in an accident that should have never happened. She and Teddy were on a routine morning walk when Teddy encountered a man and his Rottweiler. A fight ensued and Teddy died shortly after. The man blamed Hudson. The media is blaming the Rottweiler, and Contra Costa Animal Control is still investigating but leaning toward saying that Hudson is to blame because Teddy wasn't under control. Hudson was reportedly walking Teddy with a 20-foot retractable leash.
As someone who has both a big and small dog, this story breaks my heart. My big dog loves small dogs, but I've seen even the best-natured dogs turn into *well* dogs at the blink of an eye. Sometimes it's an unfortunately placed nose. Sometimes a dog is literally at the end of his leash while another, freer dog is harassing him. Sometimes it's a squabble over a toy or something edible. Dogs are unpredictable, which is why a dog owner should be aware and ready to react to any and all situations.
Obviously, I don't know exactly what happened with the Rottweiler and Teddy. Americans want each story to have a villain and a protagonist. Often, it's simply not that easy. And sometimes, the "villain" could be an inanimate object that is marketed as safe and is anything but.
While I understand the desire to let your dog roam a little freely while having some control, I have long been against retractable leashes. They are dangerous to dogs, dangerous to humans and horrible for training. The ASPCA lists some of the dangers to dogs:
1. The leash can get caught on you, your dog, a cyclist or jogger and cause tripping, rope burn, cuts and even strangulation.
2. You might have the best-behaved dog in the world, but what about that other dog down the block? When you use a retractable leash, you're opening your dog up to all sorts of dangers, including those posed by less-friendly dogs, bikes and cars. You may not be able to hit the brakes in time.
3. Retractable leashes allow your dog to approach other dogs uninvited, and that's just downright inconsiderate. Other pet parents may not want their dogs to greet your dogs for a variety of reasons, including your own dog's health and safety.
4. Perhaps worst of all, should you drop the leash in an already-busy area, its sudden retraction and the noise the handle makes when dragging on pavement can terrify even the most even-keeled dogs. That means your dog is much more likely to bolt.
As Hudson noted in the story, she suffered injury to her hands because of the leash. That is unlikely to happen with a cloth leash, but the cable of a retractable leash can act as a razor blade cutting against skin when you are trying to regain fast control of your dog. I once knew a professional piano player who suffered nerve damage from a retractable leash. He no longer plays piano. While these might both sound like freak injuries, Consumer Reports writes that in 2007, over 16,000 humans went to the emergency room because of injuries caused by retractable leashes.
While many argue that their dog is perfectly well behaved on the retractable leash - and perhaps they are - it sends a confusing message to the dog about who exactly, is the leader. A truly well-behaved dog knows his place in the pack and by letting him walk ahead of you, you are telling him that he is in charge. Even if you are clearly the leader of the pack in all other circumstances, being allowed to walk several feet ahead of you is going to tell your dog that he is in charge under some circumstances. A dog who is confused about his place in the pack is more likely to lash out at other dogs or at small children.
I'm not saying that there's no place for a long leash. We sometimes put our small dog on a 50-foot cloth leash when we are relaxing in the unfenced front yard. He is supervised at all times and he's not able to reach dogs as they walk by on the street. If you are wandering through a field, sure, let your dog wander a bit too. But if you are walking around the neighborhood, please, limit your dog to six feet or less (I prefer four).


text:
14 Toilet Paper Roll Craft Ideas
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Fiber Card
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By Lisa Galvin for Arnold Grummer's
This creative handcrafted card from Arnold Grummer's Paper Making Kits and Supplies is perfect for autumn greetings.
- Arnold Grummer's Magnolia Ceramic Casting Mold
- Arnold Grummer's Cotton Linter Pre-Shredded: 8 oz package
- Off white polymer clay
- Square trifold window card
- Rubber stamp
- Stamp pad
- Fibers
- Craft knife
- Glue
- Make magnolia cast using cotton linter or polymer clay.
- To make casts from cotton linter, follow directions on any package of cotton linter, or click here.
- Directions for using polymer clay in Arnold Grummer's Casting Molds can be found by clicking here. Remember to trim polymer clay cast before baking.
- Stamp the center panel of a square trifold window card.
- Fold back and glue the right card panel onto the back of the center panel.
- Mount magnolia cast in window with glue.
- Wrap and knot fibers around card top.
- Fold the remaining panel to make card.
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text:
An Apollo 12 Panorama
January 2, 2004
The Apollo 12 mission was the second ever to land humans on the Moon. The mission was dedicated to studying the Moon, developing techniques, and developing instruments that could be used in future lunar landings. Astronauts Charles (Pete) Conrad and Alan Bean spent just under two days on the lunar surface in November 1969, while Richard Gordon orbited above in the Command Module. Pictured above in this digitally stitched panorama, Alan Bean works near the Lunar Module. Scrolling to the right will reveal a dark color panorama where flat lunar terrain and a tall video camera are visible. Apollo 12 mission astronauts visited the site of the nearby Surveyor 3 robot spacecraft that had landed on the moon three years earlier.
Topics: Technology Internet, Moon landing, Apollo 12, Apollo program, Surveyor 3, Apollo Lunar Module, Alan Bean, Apollo spacecraft, Moon landing conspiracy theories


text:
Birthday not showing up?
Jul 1st 2014 new
Did anyone else experience the problem of the birthday words not showing up and then showing up and then not showing up under their name? It has been going in and out and I have asked for help tickets, but the problem only gets solved temporarily. Now it won't let me send any more help tickets.


text:
Description: Very cute Kamal hasaan song i love .. Tamil song remix version ...Comments are welcome ..Hope u all like it :) inji idupalaga - Tamil old song remix from thevar magan by smita
inji idupalaga - Tamil old song remix from thevar magan by smita by Staymagic - Download MP3 music or MP4 video:
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Inji Idupazhagi Song In Yugam Unplugged A musical programme presented by popular artists, featuring popular songs, of popular musicians. Click The Below Link...
Sai Bhaskar Playing "Sannajaji Padaka" another timeless composition from Ilaiyaraja sung by Janaki amma. Movie - Kshatriya Putrudu. In Tamil the song is "INJ...
In Telugu Club Mix and in Tamil Kalakkal.
Inji Idupazhagi - Devar Magan - Illayaraja Music Cover By Harish Kumar & Preeti Rayen - Super Leads Music Acoustic Rhythm Guitar - Kumaran, Acoustic Lead Gui...
Listen to song 'Inji idupazhagi...' from the movie 'Devar Magan' in this episode of 'Ganamela'. http://www.istream.in/
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I am a PCHE homeschooling mom who is offering voice lessons to female students ranging from 6 years old to adult. I have been instructing for 17 years. My heart is to offer professional, vocal coaching by systematically teaching healthy, vocal technique. Each student has the opportunity to participate in monthly recitals and various competitions throughout the year.
Complimentary first lesson.
Ginger Allen
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Highlands Ranch
Cost: $25 per 40 min. lesson


text:
Tablet. Hotels for Global Nomads
Travel Better.
Show recommendations for:
Clift Hotel
Hotel in San Francisco, California, USA, San Francisco Bay Area, California, USA
"The room was excellent with high ceilings and a wonderful view which I had requested. The decor felt like it had recently been redone so there was nothing … " more


text:
eVote Adds Elections to Mailing Lists
A specialized database server for keeping votes, combined with a conferencing system, can create a medium for a true nonhierarchical democracy (see the Ideal Democracy Sidebar). The work of administering the voting system would be shared by the users and the software, not the system administrator. When the correct architecture for the problem came to me, I could no longer simply advocate Electronic Democracy; I built it.
Ideal Democracy Includes Both Discussion and Voting
The specialized vote server, the Clerk, is written in C++ and provides many features for voters. Anyone can initiate a poll, and users can change their votes as long as the poll is open. Polls also can be public, allowing all the participants to view each other's votes, private, or if_voted, allowing us to know who voted but not how they voted. Several poll types are supported: yes/no, numeric and grouped. The software is easily enhanced to add new features and poll types by extending the existing classes. The Clerk maintains data on the fly, requiring no help from the administrator. True to the promise of object-oriented architecture, the addition of each new feature has made the code more robust.
The ballots are dynamic. When the user closes her poll and then drops it from the conference, and when the software is otherwise idle, the ballots are collapsed, rolling the storage bytes for other items toward the top and making space for new polls. The item objects recalculate their new places in the ballots, and everything is set to continue without any intervention from the administrator.
The Clerk's main() function is an infinite loop that watches for incoming messages on the interprocess communication messaging facility from eVote clients, i.e., user-interface processes with live voting users. The Clerk has one permanent message queue for incoming requests from users, and it is managed by the single instance of the InQ class. Each eVote process has a temporary message queue of its own for receiving messages from the Clerk. These are instantiations of the OutQ class.
Although the statistics about polls and the personal information requested by a voter are communicated via the OutQ objects, another interprocess communication facility, shared memory, is used for slow-moving data. The list of poll items and their properties are stored in shared memory so that all the eVote clients currently active in the same conference can see them. Properties of the poll items may include public, private or if_voted, where users can see if another voter has voted, but not how he voted; yes/no or numeric; visible or hidden, where the statistics are available only after the poll is closed; single or grouped; and the title.
The conference's ItemList object is responsible for maintaining the shared memory. When a new poll is created for a conference, if the growing list of poll items requires a new patch of shared memory, a message is sent to all active eVote clients. This dynamic notification feature enables the voters to conduct their meeting in real time.
The Clerk keeps three data files for each conference or e-mail list and one overall data file that lists all the e-mail addresses and a corresponding numerical ID. For the sample e-mail list, a sample.dat with the current ballots, keyed by the voter's numerical ID, is kept by the BallotBox object. The BallotBox also keeps sample.bnf, which contains a hash into sample.dat and some handy statistics. A sample.inf file storing the current map of items onto the ballots is maintained by the ItemList object.
eVote, the user interface, keeps a petition's signatures and comments in a flat file, one file per petition.
At this time, the Clerk has two user interfaces and invites more. The Clerk's first user interface is a simple text-based Telnet interface, designed with conferencing systems and BBSes in mind.
The explosion of the Internet dampened enthusiasm for conferencing systems. E-mail arose as the dominant form of communication, and e-mail lists became the community discussion medium. So the e-mail user interface was built to allow e-mail communities to make formal decisions, while still using the popular Mailman mailing-list software.
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Tools and Technologies for Scale and Reliability
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Curriculum and Reauthorization
Many questions arose after the 1998 Head Start Reauthorization Act. This article, written for Head Start education staff, breaks down the process of making existing curricula compatible with new mandates from Congress. The article also gives helpful catch phrases ("Wow GERMS") and offers cautions in implementing new curricula.
The following is an excerpt from...
by Cindy Bewick, Pamela Murchek, & Mary Salman
Cautions in Implementing a Curriculum for Your Head Start Program
The Process of Developing a Head Start Curriculum
- Have you discussed the 1998 Head Start Reauthorization Act with your colleagues?
- Are the new Education Program Performance Standards and Performance Measures circulating faster than the latest best seller?
- Do you wonder what the new legislation means for your curriculum?
- Do you think you must immediately hire a consultant, buy new materials, change your activities, and develop new teaching strategies?
These questions and many others are on the minds of Head Start education staff throughout the country. Tri-County Head Start in Paw Paw, Michigan, is no exception. We have explored how we make professional decisions about curriculum, and we've identified possible pitfalls. We've also taken a close look at our curriculum to see if it is compatible with the new mandates from Congress, and we realize there are two relatively simple steps in this process:
Step 1: Have a working knowledge about child development principles.
When adults are knowledgeable about early childhood development, they present appropriate curriculum. In addition, each child's learning style and cultural context must be addressed by presenting appropriately challenging experiences that allow for positive achievement and engage children in multidisciplinary activities. Both are necessary to make curriculum meaningful for children as well as adults.
Step 2: Understand curriculum as defined by the Program Performance Standards.
Before you can recognize curriculum, you must have a clear understanding and working knowledge of the definition. It's not enough to list the different aspects. You must be able to apply the definition and evaluate whether something IS or is NOT Head Start curriculum. The rewards for this understanding are increased program quality, and the ability to act as an informed professional and to share accurate information with families and community partners.
In Paw Paw, we wrote self-instructional units for staff on how to achieve these two steps. Throughout each unit, Wow, GERMS! serves as a reminder for each part of the definition. Here's how it works:
Wow = WRITTEN plan
GOALS and objectives for children's development and learning
EXPERIENCES or activities to meet the goals
ROLES of staff and parents
MATERIALS, space, and equipment necessary for optimal development and learning
SOUND child development principles and the Head Start Program Performance Standards
Wow! These GERMS are AMAZING because they help staff remember the curriculum definition and apply the definition. We suggest they think about how quality curriculum is contagious— the better it is, the greater it spreads, and the more children learn— and that they picture children learning and being challenged because of these good germs. We ask that they see families with big smiles saying, "Wow, GERMS are great for curriculum!"
Cautions in Implementing a Curriculum for Your Head Start Program
We have identified two things to watch out for in developing curriculum: folks marketing curriculum that does not meet the Head Start Program Performance Standards (and GERMS reminds us of what we must have), and pressure from others.
Remember that child development principles form the foundation for everything we do in Head Start. Be an educated consumer. Carefully review curriculum and related materials BEFORE you purchase them, and make sure they have GERMS and fit your program goals.
Caution #1: Some publishers are more concerned about selling their product than offering quality curricula based on sound child development principles. Beware of statements such as:
- "This will make it easy to meet the Program Performance Standards and Performance Measures."
- "Head Start children will develop print and numeracy awareness with these activities."
- "These are the 10 letters all Head Start children must know!"
Caution #2: How many times have you heard other people say:
- Research shows that direct instruction is the only effective teaching strategy.
- A little skill and drill never hurt anyone.
- Doing written work will make it easier for them in kindergarten.
The results of teaching children primarily through "drill" comes nowhere near our goals for quality curriculum in Head Start. We don't expect a child to walk before (s)he crawls, so why would we expect a child to read and write before (s)he can hold a pencil, make controlled marks, or recognize his/her name?
Your curriculum must be based on sound child development principles and be individualized to meet the specific needs of each child in your program. As you plan your curriculum, ask yourself the following:
- Are the goals suited for children's individual development?
- Do I rely on the various learning domains and disciplines?
- Do my experiences, teaching strategies, and materials allow an appropriate degree of challenge?
- Am I knowledgeable about the developmental sequences for reading, writing, and numeracy?
- How are parents involved in developing curriculum? Are their roles evident?
- How do I use children's, parents', and my own ideas to develop plans based upon ongoing observation and assessment, rather than falling back
on "old plans"?
- What evidence do I have that individual children have increased their knowledge and skills?
The Process of Developing a Head Start Curriculum
All published curriculum need modification to suffice as a Head Start curriculum. Necessary modifications may include:
(1) individualizing the curricular practices to meet the needs of every Head Start child, including those with disabilities;
(2) expanding the scope of the curriculum to address all aspects of Head Start programming; and
(3) assuring that the curriculum reflects the families served and the local community.
Modifying or developing a curriculum is a process that programs must go through–one that involves staff and parents and community partners. At least four phases are usually involved:
(1) gathering background information;
(2) gathering materials and potential resources;
(3) the process of developing and implementing the curriculum; and
(4) evaluating the outcomes. These phases are outlined in the chart below.
Background Information
- Program's philosophy
- Head Start Program Performance Standards
- Community assessment and other information regarding the community's cultural heritage, and physical and safety issues
- Information on the children's ages and assessments
Materials to Review
- Published curricula
- Activity books/ activities
- Specific interests and needs identified by:
- staff/parents
- cultural heritage
- physical necessity
- staff/parents
Process–involves staff and parents
- Examine background and program information.
- Develop desired program outcomes.
- Evaluate published curricula in light of information from previous examination.
- Identify additional ideas from community resources.
- Work with staff and parents.
- Identify and review published curriculum if appropriate to use as a base from which to develop the Head Start curriculum.
- If a published curriculum is not selected, identify specific goals around which to structure the Head Start curriculum. These goals drive decisions on environment, schedules, activities, experiences, and materials to implement goals. Review goals to ensure that the curriculum follows good child development practices and encompasses the Head Start Program Performance Standards.
- Identify additional goals to supplement those included in the published curriculum, if a published one is selected.
A Head Start curriculum that includes:
- Goals for all children;
- Experiences for children;
- Activities for parents and teachers to foster children's development;
- Materials to be used; and
- A curriculum that is consistent with the Head Start Program Performance Standards and based on sound child development principles.
Our team reached several conclusions when discussing the Program Performance Standards, the Performance Measures, and the 1998 Reauthorization Act. Most importantly, we understand that much of the new legislation reflects our current curriculum. We will not immediately hire a new consultant, completely change our activities, throw out current quality teaching strategies, or use any other reactive response. We WILL assure that all children have the opportunity to engage in intellectually challenging experiences based upon the Program Performance Standards' definition of curriculum (think Wow, GERMS). We will also demonstrate how children learn as a result of their Head Start participation. As long as we continue to implement a quality curriculum as defined by the Head Start Program Performance Standards, we achieve quality outcomes for children.
Cindy Bewick is Education Services Manager, Pamela Murchek is Center-Based Family Educator, and Mary Salman is Education Services Assistant Manager at Tri-County Head Start in Paw Paw, Michigan, T: 800-792-0366.
"Curriculum and Reauthorization." Bewick, Cindy, Murchek, Pamela, and Salman, Mary. Curriculum in Head Start. Head Start Bulletin #67. HHS/ACF/ACYF/HSB. 2000. Engilsh.
Last Reviewed: November 2008
Last Updated: October 7, 2014
- A Checklist for Early Childhood Curriculum
- Curriculum and Reauthorization
- Curriculum in Early Head Start
- Curriculum in Head Start
- Infants Have Their Own Curriculum: A Responsive Approach to Curriculum Planning for Infants and Toddlers
- Linking Assessment with Curriculum
- Relationship as Curriculum
- The Curriculum: A Written Plan for Action


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Explore the Entrepreneurship.org Resource Center to find resources. Designed with entrepreneurs in mind, our resource center allows you to find materials to grow great ideas.
The SBA Office of Advocacy released its latest annual study of banks' and other financial institutions' small business lending.
The study "Small Business and Micro Business Lending in the United States for Data Years 2007-2008" revealed that the growth of small and microbusiness lending remained positive during the first half of 2008 (4 percent and 6.8 percent, respectively), although the expansion was slower than in 2007. In this study, small business loans are business loans of less than $1 million, and microbusiness loans are loans of less than $100,000. In terms of number of loans, the largest increase was in microbusiness loans, which were up by 15.7 percent, indicating that more loans are being made through business credit cards. The number of mid-sized loans ($100,000 to $1 million) fell by 23.3 percent.
So which banks are the most likely to make business loans in your state? The study offers a detailed account of small business lending overall, as well as totals for each state and for individual lenders (click on your state for more detailed information).
"In the current financial climate, it's especially critical for small firms to know which banks and financial institutions have been the most likely to make small and microbusiness loans," expressed Economist Victoria Williams, coauthor of the study with Senior Economist Charles Ou.
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Fiji Time: 10:08 PM on Thursday 28 May
/ Front page / News
Shalveen Chand
Wednesday, January 22, 2014
DEFENCE counsel for a young man who was convicted yesterday by the Magistrates Court in Suva has asked if her client could be committed to the St Giles Hospital for his own betterment.
Sema Semisi, 18, pleaded guilty to burglary and theft.
He admitted entering a house in Rotuma and stealing a bowl of doughnut and also admitted to stealing a cane knife, with which he slaughtered a pig.
The court proceedings had to be conveyed to the accused in the Rotuman language.
Semisi has been in remand for more than three months.
His lawyer Barbara Malimali told the court that Semisi committed crime because he was hungry.
She said a psychological analysis was done on the young man and it was found that his cognitive development was lacking.
Ms Malimali told the court because of the language barrier, there was a need for Semisi to spend more time at the psychiatric hospital.
She added that Semisi had similar incidents in the past where he would just walk into anybody's compound and take fruit if he was hungry.
She said the accused came from a village lifestyle where he spent time between his parents' and grandparents' place.
According to Ms Malimali if Semisi was sent to prison he would grow into a hardened criminal.
She said there was a Rotuman nurse at St Giles who could help the doctors communicate with Semisi and then the doctors could work towards his rehabilitation.
Chief Magistrate Usaia Ratuvili will sentence Semisi this Friday.
Use the free Acrobat Reader to view.
Copyright © 2014, Fiji Times Limited. All Rights Reserved.


text:
The Facebook social cause game Half the Sky Movement: The Game, provides a range of stories for the main character, Radhika, on a journey from her small village in India to Kenya, Vietnam, Afghanistan and the US. "As the game progresses, players will get an opportunity to unlock real-world giving opportunities that mirror actions in the game," writes Nishtha Kanal.
View Full Article in:TechCrunch · Tech2 (India)
Published in Brief:


text:
Apparatus and methods for remotely sensing meteorological conditions and for building models from the sensed conditions. More particularly, networks and systems are provided for gathering remotely sensed profiles of the meteorological conditions and for building the meteorological model. The networks and systems can also predict the weather. Also, various remote profilers are provided including LIDAR, RADAR, nano-sondes, microwave, and even GPS (Global Positioning System) related instruments.
1. A network comprising:
a mobile sensing node including a profiler, the profiler to sense a profile of an atmospheric property; and
a modeling node including a processor, the processor in communication with the profiler to receive data from the profiler regarding the sensed profile, the processor being adapted to determine a model of the weather from the sensed profile.
2. The network of
3. The network of
4. The network of
5. The network of
6. The network of
7. The network of
8. The network of
9. The network of
10. The network of
11. A method comprising:
sensing a profile of an atmospheric property, the sensing being from a mobile sensing node;
communicating the sensed profile to a modeling node; and
determining a model of the weather using the sensed profile, the determining of the model being by a processor of the modeling node.
12. The method of
13. The method of
14. The method of
15. The method of
16. The method of
17. The method of
This invention relates generally to meteorological sensors and models and, more particularly, to meteorological profilers for use in gathering data for building the models.
Current meteorological models are limited in their capabilities by the quality and quantity of available weather data. In particular, the sensors that gather weather data are few and far between in remote areas such as deserts, the polar regions, and oceans. The Eastern Pacific Ocean is one such example and has only a few weather buoys scattered along thousands of miles of United States coast. Since weather moves in from the Pacific in the western United States, the lack of data regarding the weather over the Pacific hinders the ability of forecasters to predict the weather in these coastal areas. Furthermore, while conditions near the ground can be readily sensed, conditions aloft can only be sensed remotely or on limited occasions (e.g. during the ascent of a radiosonde). Moreover, weather conditions can change rapidly thereby rendering what data has been gathered stale and inaccurate. For these reasons, among others, a need exists to improve the quality and quantity of readily accessible weather data.
It is in view of the above problems that the present invention was developed. The invention provides remote profilers and methods for sensing the profiles of atmospheric properties. Additionally, the invention provides apparatus and methods for building weather models from weather data collected by the profilers.
These weather models typically include data regarding the current winds, pressure, temperature, humidity or moisture content, precipitation, insolation, surface conditions, cloud interior conditions, soil moisture, particulate concentrations, and the presence or likelihood of turbulence, icing, lightning, and the like. Mathematical fields and profiles (as appropriate) of these properties may also be included in the models. The models, and the forecasts derived therefrom, may be provided to end users for planning activities that may be affected by the weather. For instance, aircraft operators are particularly interested in the possibility that icing or turbulence might occur. When the aircraft operators become aware that these conditions are imminent they can take precautions such as preparing de-icing equipment for use or re-routing flights around the affected area. Improving the data available with which to build weather models will therefore enable the improvement of many types of operations.
In a first preferred embodiment, the present invention provides a computer network for building weather models from the meteorological property profiles. The network of the current embodiment includes remote profiling instruments (e.g., "vertical profilers") mounted on commercial aircraft, unmanned aerial vehicles, or other mobile platforms which are networked together via a communications network or system. Each of the vehicles therefore represents a sensing node of the network. Since the sensing nodes are mobile, the present invention allows gathering profiles over a larger region than was heretofore possible. A modeling node with a processor communicates with the sensing nodes to receive the gathered profiles and use them as inputs to a three dimensional weather model. The processor can also use the model to forecast the weather in the region where the profiles were gathered or even over adjacent areas.
In a second preferred embodiment, the present invention provides a system for modeling and forecasting weather. The current embodiment includes a set of sensing nodes which include manned aircraft, UAVs, and/or ground vehicles. Each sensing node is equipped with a remote profiler using, for instance, RADAR (radio detection and ranging) or LIDAR (laser detection and ranging) to sense the profile of an atmospheric property. In the alternative, microwave sounders can be used to sense the profile of an atmospheric property. Another alternative is to use the scintillation of a GPS (Global Position System or other positioning system signal) to sense the profile along the signal path between the transmitting station and the receiver.
For airborne sensing nodes, the current embodiment includes remote profilers that are modified to meet the weight, power, and other constraints of the aircraft. Each sensing node (whether airborne or not) is also equipped with a communication device that allows it to communicate with other nodes, either directly or via an external network. Exemplary networks for this use include the Connexion by Boeing™ network and digital air traffic networks. At least one node is equipped with a computing device that is programmed to perform weather modeling. While this node is generally referred to as a modeling node, it too may be a sensing node equipped with a remote profiler.
In operation, each sensing node of the current embodiment continuously measures a profile of a meteorological property. Note that the profile may be sensed either above or below the altitude of the sensing node or at any angle relative to the orientation of the sensing node. The sensing nodes transmit the resulting weather observations (including the location and time of the observations) to the modeling node. When the modeling node has sufficient data to build a model, it executes a modeling algorithm to create a three dimensional map, or model, of the current atmosphere in the region (a "nowcast"). In another preferred embodiment, the model also creates a forecast based on the three dimensional model. Additionally, the modeling node sends relevant subsets of the model to user nodes (e.g., aircraft and air traffic control centers), some of which may also be sensing nodes.
In a third preferred embodiment, the present invention provides a network that includes mobile sensing nodes and a modeling node. The sensing nodes each include a remote profiler for sensing the profile of an atmospheric property. Data regarding the sensed profile is sent from the sensing node to the receiving node which uses the data to determine a model of the weather. Preferably, the network is an airborne WAN (wide area network) over which the processor communicates the resulting model to the end users including, potentially, the sampling nodes. Moreover, the network may include a publish-subscribe architecture. Optionally, the processor may forecast the weather based in part on the sensed profiles. In a preferred embodiment, one of the sensing nodes is an aircraft that operates over remote areas. Also, the modeling node can include both the processor and a remote profiler such that the modeling node is also a sensing node.
In yet another preferred embodiment, the present invention provides a method of building a meteorological model. The method includes using mobile sensing nodes to remotely sense profiles of atmospheric properties. Preferably, the sensing nodes are aircraft that operate over geographically remote areas thereby "sweeping" the sensed profiles through the atmosphere. From wherever the sensing nodes operate, the sensed profiles are communicated to a modeling node and, preferably, over an airborne wide area network. In any case, from the sensed profiles, a weather model is determined by a processor of the modeling node. The resulting model can be published via a publish-subscribe architecture of the WAN. Optionally, the weather may be forecast using the sensed profiles.
In still another preferred embodiment, a LIDAR wind velocity profiler is provided. The profiler of the current embodiment includes a laser, an optical switch, a plurality of apertures, and a detector. The optical switch has an input port and a plurality of output ports with which the plurality of apertures are optically coupled. The laser, of course, is coupled with the input port of the optical switch. Thus, the laser transmits laser energy to the optical switch which couples the laser energy with the apertures. The laser energy passes through the aperture and illuminates a portion of the atmosphere thereby generating a return signal. The detector receives the return signals associated with the aperture(s) and thereby senses the wind velocity.
In other preferred embodiments additional remote profilers are provided by the present invention. For instance, in one embodiment a profiler is provided that includes a MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical System) sensor, a transmitter, and an antenna. The MEMS sensor generates a signal indicative of the sensed condition. The transmitter and antenna serve to transmit the signal for reception by a receiver. In addition, the antenna is configured to resonate at a RADAR frequency.
Further features and advantages of the present invention, as well as the structure and operation of various embodiments of the present invention, are described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and form a part of the specification, illustrate exemplary embodiments of the present invention and together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention. In the drawings:
Referring to the accompanying drawings in which like reference numbers indicate like elements,
A weather station 19 is shown as including a vertical profiler 18 and an instrument tower or equipment shack 20. The vertical profiler 18 shown is a conventional RADAR vertical profiler. It operates by transmitting a vertical beam 22 of electromagnetic radiation through the atmosphere and sensing the signals returned from the portion of the atmosphere 10 through which the radiation travels. In a well known manner, the vertical beam 22 allows the vertical profiler to sense, for example, the vertical wind speed at various altitudes along the path of the beam 22. The exemplary vertical profiler 18 also transmits orthogonal beams 24 and 26 to sense the horizontal components of the winds aloft. Of course, the vertical profiler 18 could be used to sense a variety of atmospheric properties including, but not limited to, temperature and liquid water content (e.g., rain droplets).
With continuing reference to
Since the weather can be assumed to be relatively stable for some finite time, any given measurement will remain valid, or "fresh," for some time after it is made. As a result, the mobility of the profilers increases the amount of available weather data.
By way of comparison, the stationary vertical profiler 18 will continue to take repetitive measurements of the atmospheric property directly above it. In contrast, even a relatively slow moving vehicle such as the ship 34 will move from one location to the next gathering new data as it travels. Similarly, a relatively fast vehicle such as the aircraft 32 rapidly moves between new positions thereby quickly gathering new data. The difference in the amount of data that rapidly moving, slowly moving, and stationary profilers gather is shown schematically by the length "l1" and "l2" of the curvilinear surfaces 38 and 40 and the narrow width of the RADAR beam 22. These lengths "l1" and "l2" are defined by the current position of the profiler on the leading edge and, on the trailing edge, by the length of time for which the gathered data can be considered fresh.
It is preferred to place the profilers on mobile platforms such as the aircraft 30 and 32 in part because these vehicles travel long distances quickly. Some aircraft 30 and 32 can traverse 12,000 kilometers during a non stop trip. These track lengths are convenient because a preferred measurement spacing is about 25 kilometers between measurements for many meteorological phenomenon. Even at a much closer measurement spacing of about 1 kilometer the profilers provided by the present invention are able to respond quickly enough to provide meaningful weather data.
Still with reference to
With reference now to
In operation, the various meteorological data sources or sampling nodes (devices 19, 30, 32, 34, 40, 42, 44, 52, 54, 56, and 58) gather meteorological data. Of course, any or all of these devices may include a remote profiler and may transmit the gathered weather data to the modeling node 48 via the network 60. Using the received data, and in particular the remote profiles, the modeling node 48 creates a three dimensional model of the weather in the region near the devices.
Further, the modeling node 48 may also distribute the model over the network 60 to the various end users 50. These end users 50 may include the devices 19, 30, 32, 34, 40, 42, 44, 52, 54, 56, and 58 (or the crews thereof). One particular end user 50 is the Air Traffic Control System, its Air Traffic Control Centers, and their users. To reduce traffic on the network 60, the modeling node may be configured as a publisher with the end users 50 acting as subscribers in a publish-subscribe architecture. Moreover, the modeling node 48 may organize the weather model to correspond to smaller regions in which one, or more, of the end users 50 may be interested. In this manner, the modeling node 48 may publish subsets of the model to those end users 50 not wishing to receive the complete model.
As alluded to earlier, a large number of sensors and sensor types can be incorporated in the system illustrated in
Turning now to
Some of the Doppler shifted laser energy is of course reflected back toward the LIDAR sensor 100. The reflected energy re-enters the port associated with the lens 112, 114, 116, or 118 from which it was previously transmitted. Then the appropriate lens 112, 114, 116, or 118 couples the reflected energy back into the fiber optics assembly 110 and then to the fiber switch 108. As noted above, the fiber switch 110 temporarily holds its position after routing any particular laser pulse to one of the ports of the optics assembly 110. One of the reasons for the switch to hold its position is to allow time for the laser energy to be reflected back to the sensor 110 and routed back through the fiber switch 108 for subsequent detection. By timing the arrival of the reflected laser energy it is therefore possible to determine the distance to the measured wind velocity. Of course, the length of time during which the fiber switch 108 holds its position determines the maximum distance at which the wind velocity can be measured without introducing an ambiguity into the determination of the sensing distance (due to a return from a previous laser pulse arriving during the sensing period for the current laser pulse). Accordingly, increasing the duration (or gate) of the hold allows for detection of the wind velocity at more remote distances.
Once the reflected laser energy exits the fiber switch 108, the bi-directional coupling 106 routes the received reflected laser energy to the homodyne detector 120 via a photo detector 119. The photo detector 119 generates an electric signal that is representative of the reflected laser energy as frequency shifted by the particles entrained in the wind. By mixing the frequency shifted signal with the oscillator signal, the homodyne detector 120 extracts the change in frequency (and if desired the phase difference) between the transmitted laser energy and the reflected laser energy. The difference signal is then communicated to the amplifier/signal conditioner 122 and the analog to digital converter 124 for conversion to digital data that conveys the wind velocity. This data may be transmitted or otherwise communicated to a modeling node 46 (see
In the preferred embodiment shown in
In a preferred embodiment, the LIDAR sensor 100 of
Referring again to
Preferably, these expendable nano-sondes 150 are packaged to weigh about 1 gram each and have a coefficient of drag that rapidly dissipates the horizontal component of their velocity after they are released from the aircraft 136. Acting under the influence of gravity, the nano-sondes 150 then reaches terminal velocity and transmits weather data to the aircraft transceivers 152. Preferably, the nano-sondes 150 are configured to transmit the weather data that they gather at intervals of about 100 meters of altitude using active RF (radio frequency) technology.
While the nano-sondes 150 could include a tracking subsystem, it is preferred that the tracking of the nano-sondes 150 be accomplished from onboard the aircraft 136. Aircraft based tracking allows the wind velocity being experienced by a nano-sonde to be measured in part by detecting the cross range motion of the nano-sonde. Active measurement of the range between the aircraft and the nano-sonde allows the in-track wind velocity to be measured with conventional RADAR systems located on the aircraft (and incorporated into the transceivers 152 if desired). Such aircraft based tracking systems can be augmented by fabricating the antenna of the nano-sonde 150 to resonate at the RADAR frequency used by the onboard transceivers 152. The resonating antennas allow the nano-sondes 150 to possess a large RADAR cross section for convenient detection and tracking by the transceivers 152 or other RADAR systems. Thus, in at least this manner, the nano-sondes 150 allow remote detection of the various meteorological conditions which they can be configured to detect.
Also, the nano-sonde 150 dispensing system on the aircraft can be configured to adapt to local conditions or user commands. Such an intelligent dispensing system could vary the drop spacing of the nano-sondes 150 to maximize the gathered data where the weather is active (e.g., near a storm) while saving cost (i.e., conserving nano-sondes) where the weather is quieter. Additionally, the dispensing system can be configured to receive remote programming while in-flight (via the aircraft 136 communication systems or otherwise) to, among other things, allow a centralized system to coordinate nano-sonde 150 coverage among multiple aircraft 136.
In operation, the nano-sonde 150 detects meteorological conditions via the sensor package 212, conditions the raw signal(s) from the sensor package 212 via the signal conditioning portion 206, and transmits the resulting data via the transceiver section 208. More particularly, the sensors 240, 242, and 244 transduce the weather phenomenon to a signal which is communicated to the sensor driver(s) 220. The drivers 220 condition the raw signals to generate, preferentially, linearly proportional signals that represent the sensed conditions. From there, the analog to digital converter 222 sends a digital representation of the conditioned signals to the formatter 224 which performs any desired formatting, encoding, etc of the digital signals. For instance, the formatter 224 can assemble the gathered data into a relatively compact 64 bit message that, even at low power levels (e.g. less than 10 milliwatt average power and 1 watt peak power for easy detection), should take only a few milliseconds to transmit. Assuming that any one nano-sound 150 is configured to transmit every 1-2 seconds, the timing allows dozens of nan-sondes to be dropped and transmit to a particular aircraft 136 at any given time. The formatted signals are then sent to the modulator 236 and mixed with the carrier (which is preferably in the range of 1.5-3.0 GHz) from the oscillator 234 for broadcast via the amplifier 238 and antenna 204. Subsequently, the transmitted signal from the antenna 204 is received by the transceivers 152 on the aircraft 136 (see
Because the nano-sondes can be small and made from conventional MEMS materials, they represent no impact hazard to aircraft or objects (or people) on the ground. Also, the nano-sondes can be non toxic and, accordingly, represent no ingestion hazard for wildlife. Thus, dispensing the nano-sondes should have no adverse environmental impacts. Additionally, since the nano-sounds have fewer parts than a typical digital watch, the nano-sondes are estimated to cost only a few cents a piece. Given that there are approximately 500,000 kilometers of commercial air routes and assuming that each route is sampled with nano-sondes every 2 hours, the cost of providing the additional weather data is estimated to amount to about $10M year which is less than one third as much as the National Weather Service of the United States spends each year on ballon-borne radiosondes. Since many times this amount could be saved by increasing the accuracy of weather forecasts, the cost of sampling the air routes with nano-sondes is economically feasible.
Now turning to
With regard to the occultation of signals in general, an observation is a set of measurements taken as the receiver or viewer (e.g., a satellite) views an infinitely distant source of electromagnetic radiation such as a star. If the radiation passes through the atmosphere 310, the passage affects the electromagnetic signal in one or more ways, e.g. attenuation or delay. Passage through denser layers (e.g, layer 321) of the atmosphere 310 affects the radiation more strongly, and a longer distance traveled through any layer 321, 322, or 323 of a given density, pressure, and temperature (for simplicity "density" will be used hereinafter as a surrogate for these conditions) affects the radiation more strongly.
This method is similar to a tomography algorithm called algebraic reconstruction. Where the measurements Q are stellar brightness and the densities ρ are attenuation coefficients, we have a standard limb occultation measurement. Astronomers used this to estimate the atmospheric density profiles of Mars, Jupiter, and other planets before spacecraft visited those places.
For remote weather sensing via GPS occultation the Q values are signal path delays, the p values are refractivities, and M is the signal paths through the atmosphere. The distance matrix M can account for the motion of the source (e.g., the GOS satellite 304 of
One method to obtain the three variables P, T, and e from the single variable n is called one dimensional variational analysis (hereinafter "1D-var"). 1D-var uses known physical and statistical laws governing the three variables, and it includes use of a priori knowledge such as measurements of P or T at nearby locations. For instance Aoyama et al uses a cost function
Aoyama et al use knowledge about the precision and reliability of each measurement y0 and each a priori estimate xb to determine the values in cost matrices B and R. Since some xb estimates may come from precise, reliable instruments or well-established laws, the cost of disagreement with these particular xb values is high. Other xb estimates may be wild guesses, so the cost of disagreement with them is low. Aoyama varies the values of x to minimize the cost function, J(x). The minimum-cost x contains the most likely values of P, T, and e at each altitude.
In one preferred embodiment, the GPS transmitters used to generate these signals are located on ships or aircraft with the GPS receivers located on aircraft. Additionally, it is possible to create a GPS like system that operates at frequencies (preferably either in the radio or optical range) that are highly sensitive to atmospheric conditions. These frequencies are preferred, in part, because the GPS system frequencies were chosen to be relatively unaffected by atmospheric conditions. Of course, as disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/003,868 filed on Dec. 3, 2004 by Tillotson and entitled System For Measuring Turbulence Remotely which is incorporated herein as if set forth in full, it is also possible to sense turbulence remotely using GPS signal scintillation even with signals using the GPS frequency bands. Furthermore, as set forth therein, it is also possible to build a tomographic model of the remotely sensed turbulence.
In addition to the remote profilers previously discussed, many other sensors can be included in the system shown in
In an alternative embodiment, a GPS receiver is modified to detect the signal delays and phase changes associated with the reflection of a GPS signal from the surface of a body of water (e.g., the ocean). The returns from the surface features (e.g., waves) can reveal information regarding the winds in the vicinity. This result occurs because as waves develop over the body of water, the distribution of signal delays in the reflected signal increases. Therefore it is possible to correlate wave size (i.e., the wave amplitude), the distance between waves (i.e., the wave length), and wave direction with the signal delay distribution in the reflected signal. Since these parameters can be correlated with the wind velocity it is possible to remotely sense the wind velocity over the body of water using this technique of "GPS reflectometry." For more information regarding GPS reflectometry, the reader is referred to "The Application of Reflected GPS Signals to Ocean Remote Sensing," Garrison, James L., Katzberg, Stephen J., Remote Sens. Environ. 73:175-187 (2000) which is incorporated by reference as if set forth in full herein. Of course, GPS reflectometry can also be used to measure soil moisture as reported in Masters, D., Zavorotny, V., Katzberg, S., Emery, W., (2000), GPS Signal Scattering from Land for Moisture Content Determination, Presented at IGARSS, Jul. 24-28, 2000 which is incorporated as set forth in full herein. Likewise, transmissions other than GPS signals can be used to characterize surface features such as waves. For instance, the airborne weather radars that are found on many commercial aircraft can be modified to function in conjunction with a computer that analyzes the returns from the surface. Microwave sounders can also be installed on commercial aircraft and used to remotely sense atmospheric temperature, water content, precipitation, and even pressure. Likewise, a microwave imager can be used to measure these properties and soil moisture and wind velocity over a wider area. Meanwhile, a passive infrared sensor may be used to measure atmospheric temperature and water content.
Thus, the exemplary sensors that can be used in the systems and networks provided by the present invention include wind LIDAR, onboard radar modified to provide improved turbulence measurements, onboard radar modified to sense Doppler shifts induced by weather conditions, space based bistatic radar, GPS occultation sensors, GPS reflectometry sensors, passive microwave sounders, passive microwave imagers, expendables (e.g. nano-sondes), ship-to-air occultation sensors, air-to-air beacon detectors, and passive infrared sensors. The sensors actually chosen will usually depend on the needs of the customer or end user of the model. In addition to the properties that the user wishes to measure, the impact of the sensor on the vehicle and on the vehicle's integrated systems should also be considered.
With reference now to
In view of the foregoing, it will be seen that the several advantages of the invention are achieved and attained. More particularly, it has been shown that the present invention dramatically increases the volume of data available for creating weather models. The increase in available data also, of course, improves the accuracy and reliability of these weather models. In turn, the improved weather models provided by the present invention increase the safety, comfort, and reliability of air travel (in particular). Similarly, the present invention also expands the airspace through which aircraft can fly at any given moment because the present invention allows accurately nowcasting and forecasting the weather over a greater territory. Such improvements enable the flexibility necessary to implement the "Free Flight" program of the Federal Aviation Administration of the United States.
The present invention will also save the aviation industry significant amounts of money. According to the Air transportation Association, U.S. airlines consumed 18.7 billion gallons of jet fuel in 2004 (13.7 billion gallons domestically and 5.01 billion gallons internationally), for which they paid an average of $1.15 per gallon. If global wind profiles had been available to enable the pilots to fly more efficient routes, the estimated fuel reduction for domestic flights would have been about 0.5% and for international flights would have been about 1.0%. Thus the likely savings would have been on the order of $130M/year or, perhaps greater. For more information see Cordes, J. J. and A. Flanagan, 1995: Economic Benefits and Costs of Developing and Deploying a Space-based Wind Lidar, Final Report, NWS Contract No. 43AANW400223. George Washington University.
Additionally, better prediction of disruptive events would allow airlines to take preemptive action (e.g., anticipate a snowstorm, cancel flights, or move aircraft to unaffected airports where they can be used for other flights). These disruptive events increase airline costs by causing a need for additional fuel, crew time, and maintenance. Airline costs also increase due to disruptive events because the airlines pay additional amounts for passenger meals, lodging, and alternative flights. Moreover, the airlines lose revenue and suffer the ill will of passengers dues to flights canceled by these disruptive events. Thus, according to the Mitre Corporation, in a single year, US airlines can incur disruption costs of $1.8 billion.
The Air Traffic Organization of the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration estimates that weather delays cost $2.2B (excluding passenger time) with thunderstorms causing about 40% of all Weather Delay Costs (approximately $880M). If it is assumed that 40% of the thunderstorm disruptions could be avoided, or mitigated, due to the improved weather forecasts enabled by the present invention, $352M in avoidable costs could be saved. One study by The Boeing Company showed that modest improvements in accordance with the principles of the present invention in weather forecasts could provide a 5% improvement in airline schedule effectiveness as measured by the effective seat miles of the airline.
More specific examples also illustrate some of the benefits provided by the present invention. For instance, improved prediction of convective weather at Newark Airport alone could save $2 million during a single convective weather event. Over one year in the New York area, improved convective weather predictions could reduce delays by 49,000 hours (primary delay reductions of 27,000 hours and downstream passenger savings of 22,000 hours). These effects have a monetary value of over $150 million. In addition, savings of $480,000 per event could be achieved with better prediction of low ceilings and high winds according to a study by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
While the aviation system is a likely beneficiary of more accurate prediction services, other industries also have the potential of benefiting from the information services provided by the present invention. For instance, the maritime, broadcast media, energy, agriculture, construction, insurance, and other industries could benefit from the advantages provided by the present invention not to mention the government, secondary markets, and other public sectors.
For instance, simulations indicate that accurate global wind predictions could improve hurricane prediction by 17% (e.g., a 29 hour forecast based on data provided by the present invention would be as accurate as a current 24 hour forecast). Such an improvement would reduce preventable losses from hurricanes by 2%-3%. Given that average losses in this area equal about $1.2 billion per year, the present invention could yield potential economic benefits on the order of $24 to $36 million per year in preventable property damage (plus likely reductions in loss of life and injuries). Furthermore, the cost of undertaking unnecessary preventative actions is approximately $32 million for a typical hurricane. According to a study by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Agency (N.O.A.A.), if it is assumed that a 17% savings occurs for two land falling hurricanes per year the resulting potential annual savings is about $11 million.
Positive environmental effects will also arise from the practice of the present invention. Up to the minute response information on currents and winds that can now be provided will improve the effectiveness of deploying oil spill containment and cleanup efforts. It is estimated by N.O.A.A. that even a one percent increase in the efficiency of oil spill cleanup would have saved $100 million in the US over the last 10 years. For another example, Natural Resource Damage Assessment, Inc. estimates that preventing one major oil spill could save $3 billion. Since unforeseen weather events can contribute to some oil spills, improving weather forecasts in accordance with the present invention will repeat environmental benefits.
Further still, according to NOAA, the general public will benefit from the practice of the present invention. Since weather forecasts are generally not traded in traditional markets (with the exception of some highly specialized forecasts), it is difficult to value an improvements to weather forecasts. Analysis by N.O.A.A., however, has indicated that most consumers value improving the accuracy of one day weather forecasts. Surveys indicate that in the US alone, households value improved weather forecasts at $16 per year, yielding a U.S. total of $1.73 billion. This figure does not include business users (agriculture, transportation, construction, etc.).
Utilities will also reap benefits from the improved weather forecasts made possible by the present invention. Improved short-term weather forecasts will allow power generation savings of $69 million per year. A mere one degree improvement in temperature forecast accuracy alone would save $35 million per year according to NOAA. For the Tennesse Valley Authority alone, which generates 4.8% of the electricity produced in the U.S., a one degree improvement in forecast could save $100,000 per day according to U.S.A. Today.
Of course, other weather forecast end users such as the maritime industries (e.g., commercial shipping, fishing, cruise ships, tourism, and pleasure craft operators) could reap the benefits of improved weather forecasts due to the present invention. More particularly, the world fleet of commercial ships has over 33,000 ocean transits per year. The weather data expected from an improved weather satellite, the National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS), is expected to save these shippers about $95 million per year according to the Marine Policy Center of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute. Thus, significant public benefits will be realized from the improved weather predictions made possible by the present invention.
The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and its practical application to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the invention in various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated.
As various modifications could be made in the constructions and methods herein described and illustrated without departing from the scope of the invention, it is intended that all matter contained in the foregoing description or shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative rather than limiting. For example, the images of storms can be captured from radar systems onboard aircraft that are relatively near a storm. These images can then be fed to the modeling node and incorporated into the model. This aspect of the current invention is useful for weather sensing in regions where NEXRAD radar do not have coverage (e.g., over the oceans or near mountains). Thus, the breadth and scope of the present invention should not be limited by any of the exemplary embodiments, but should be defined in accordance with the claims and their equivalents.
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Super Liga: Ortiz fuels Petron win over PLDT
More News from Mark Giongco
MANILA, Philippines—Maika Ortiz pumped in 22 points as Petron rebounded from its opening game loss to turn back PLDT MyDSL, 25-22, 25-19, 17-25, 25-19 Wednesday night in the 2013 Philippine Super Liga Invitational at the Filoil Flying V Arena in San Juan.
The Blaze Spikers, who barged into the win column after suffering a straight-set defeat at the hands of Cignal last Sunday, also got 13 points each from Angeli Tabaquero and Aiza Maizo-Pontillas.
"Nung first game namin, I told them I wasn't expecting that kind of performance," said Petron coach Vivet Ponce de Leon, who also serves as assistant coach with the University of Santo Tomas women's volleyball team. "But now they really worked on their jelling on the court."
Angela Benting fired 21 points while Pau Soriano added 17 for the Speed Boosters, who were still within reach before a couple of mistakes put the game away with Petron's Gretchen Ho providing the match point.
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Edmunds.com features a complete listing of Audi dealerships in Calumet County, making it simple to the find new or used Audi vehicle of your dreams. Compare local dealer prices in Calumet County with instant online quotes for Audi car, truck, wagon, SUV, and minivan models. At Edmunds.com car buyers can search a comprehensive network of trusted Audi car dealerships in their region, allowing them to pinpoint the lowest prices at the most convenient location.
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about Todd FlowerdayA Roman Catholic lay person, married (since 1996), with one adopted child (since 2001). I serve in worship and spiritual life in a midwestern university parish.
about John Donaghy
John is a lay missionary since 2007 with a parish in western Honduras. Before that he served in campus ministry and social justice ministry in Iowa. His ministry blog is http://hermanojuancito.blogspot.com
He also blogs reflections on the lectionary and saints/heroes/events of the date at http://walktheway.wordpress.com
He'll be a long-term contributor here analyzing the Latin American bishops' document from their 2007 Aparecida Conference.
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Tag Archives: Bishop Tobin
Providence's Bishop Thomas Tobin's interview included this aside in a response to another question: The other thing I want to say though, is that I'm a little bit disappointed in Pope Francis that he hasn't, at least that I'm aware … Continue reading
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In the largest study of its kind, researchers last week suggested that in older people, not getting enough vitamin D may double the risk of developing dementia and Alzheimer's disease.
GNC Holdings on Tuesday named Michael Archbold CEO and appointed him to the board, effective immediately.
Gummy vitamins continues to be a fast-moving subsegment within multivitamins, Jim Craigie, Church & Dwight executive chairman and CEO, told analysts Friday.
The Council for Responsible Nutrition on Friday submitted comments to the Food and Drug Adminisration regarding the agency's proposed rule changes of nutrition and supplement facts labels.
Abbott, the makers of Similac, studied the diets of more than 80 lactating women to assess how their nutritional intake compared to dietary recommendations. In the study, only 1-of-10 breastfeeding moms on average got 100% of the desired levels for DHA, lutein and vitamin E from their diet.
Inergetics, a developer of nutritional supplements, announced that the company will be presenting Martha Stewart Essentials, a line of whole food-based vitamin supplements developed in tandem with Martha Stewart herself at Cardinal Health's Retail Business Conference.
DripDrop, an oral rehydration solution, announced that it would make its debut on the shelves of more than 100 H-E-B stores in Texas.
Women know that dairy, whole grains, fruits and vegetables are keys to a balanced diet – yet many aren't eating them because of the uncomfortable consequences that often occur when they do.
CytoSport announced the launch of Muscle Milk Organic, available exclusively at Target stores and Target.com.
CVS/pharmacy has introduced its new radiance PLATINUM brand of preservative-free vitamins and supplements.
Skin care brand derma e has announced the launch of its new Stretch Mark Crème.
Bowel cancer patients with high levels of vitamin D in their blood are more likely to survive the disease, according to a study released Wednesday and published in the Journal of Clinical Oncology.
New research released Wednesday found that dietary fats impact gut bacteria — some for the better (omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids or PUFAs) and some for the worse (omega-6 PUFAs).
The makers of Larabar have announced the debut of Renola, a new type of granola made with nuts, fruits, seeds and spices, which the brand is billing as an alternative to classic granola.
A vitamin D boost may prevent early death from heart disease and cancer, according to a large scale study by Mount Sinai and a consortium of international collaborators, published online in the June issue of BMJ and released Monday.
The Walmart Foundation on Monday announced the start of a summer-long initiative to help children and families gain access to nutritious meals and learn healthy-eating habits.
Capitol Hill staffers this week learned useful tips from a medical expert on reading and understanding dietary supplement labels, and received a primer on the depth of regulation behind dietary supplement labeling during an educational briefing held by the Congressional Dietary Supplement Caucus in cooperation with the leading trade associations representing the dietary supplement industry, the group announced Friday.
The Food Marketing Institute on Thursday launched its 22nd annual survey with Prevention that explores consumers' health and nutrition attitudes.
GelStat on Tuesday announced that it has launched its new weight-loss diet aid Chews 2 Lose Appetite Suppressant Gum and has signed a distribution agreement with Windmill Health Products.
ThinkThin, a protein bar brand, expands its lineup with the new ThinkThin Lean Protein and Fiber bars.
America's biopharmaceutical research companies are developing 435 innovative new medicines to target 15 leading chronic conditions affecting the Medicare population, according to a new report released by the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America last week.
Soy protein supplements, which contain natural estrogens, do not reduce testosterone levels in men with Type 2 diabetes who already have borderline-low testosterone, according to a new study.
Vitamin D and calcium supplementation along with diet and exercise may prevent Type 2 diabetes in prediabetic individuals who have insufficient vitamin D in their bodies, a study from India suggests.
With a focus on expanding its retail presence, Vestiage, which creates and distributes nutraceuticals under such brands as RegiMEN for men and Monterey Bay Nutraceuticals for women, has appointed Laura Stall as national VP sales.


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Classic hope What A Name made a perfectly satisfactory return to action with victory in the Prix Imprudence at Maisons-Laffitte.
Racing in mid-division through the early stages, Christophe Lemaire's mount temporarily looked like she might struggle to get a clear run.
But a gap came, with the Mikel Delzangles-trained filly showing a smart turn of foot to take it, and she ran on under mainly just hands and heels to beat Holy Dazzle.
Peace Burg, who looked a brief danger on the outside at one stage before What A Name hit top gear, was third.
Earlier, Style Vendome earned a 14-1 from 33-1 quote for the 2000 Guineas following his victory in the Prix Djebel.