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A fusible link structure and method of making the same for use in integrated circuit structures is provided in which the fusible link comprises, in one embodiment, an alloy of platinum and silicon. The preferred alloy comprises the eutectic mixture having approximately 23 atomic percent silicon. Electrical connections to the fusible link are preferably provided by a layer of aluminum on a layer of material, preferably an alloy of titanium and tungsten wherein the titanium and tungsten alloy is disposed between the fusible link and the aluminum layer, and serves as a diffusion barrier for preventing diffusion of the aluminum into the fusible link. In a preferred embodiment, a fusible link is deposited on a relatively thick dielectric layer, preferably more than 10,000 Å thick, having a relatively low thermal conductivity. The preferred method of depositing the fusible link is sputtering from a target comprising the platinum-silicide alloy, thus achieving a fuse element having uniform composition throughout its cross section. A fuse of this type has high reliability, requires low fusing current, and is dielectrically encapsulated sealed within the integrated circuit structure.
1. In an integrated circuit structure, a fusible link structure comprising:
a first layer of dielectric material;
a resistive film comprising the platinum-silicide eutectic having approximately 23 weight percent silicon and having uniform composition throughout its thickness deposited on said first layer of dielectric material; and
a second layer of dielectric material deposited on said resistive film.
2. A fusible link structure as in claim 1 in which said first layer of dielectric material has sufficient thickness and sufficiently low conductivity to reduce the transfer of heat from said resistive film through said first layer.
3. A fusible link structure as in claim 2 in which said first layer of dielectric material comprises a silicon oxide.
4. A fusible link structure as in claim 2 in which said first layer of dielectric material comprises a lower portion of silicon oxide and an upper portion of silicon nitride.
5. A fusible link structure as in claim 2 in which said first layer of dielectric material comprises polyimide.
6. A fusible link structure as in claim 2 in which said first layer of dielectric material is at least 10,000 Å thick.
7. A fusible link structure as in claim 1 having a resistance within the range of approximately 35 to 70 ohms.
8. A fusible link structure as in claim 1 able to be opened by a current within the range of approximately 15 to 20 milliamperes and a voltage within the range of approximately 2.3 to 2.8 volts.
9. A fusible link structure as in claim 1 further comprising:
a first conductive material in contact with portions of said resistive film; and
a second conductive material placed in contact with said first conductive material for passing a current through said resistive film;
said first conductive material serving to inhibit the material of said second conductive material from diffusing into said resistive film.
10. A fusible link structure as in claim 9 in which said first and second conductive materials are metal.
11. A fusible link structure as in claim 10 in which said first conductive material is a metal which will not diffuse into platinum-silicide.
12. A fusible link structure as in claim 11 in which said first conductive material comprises an alloy of tungsten and titanium.
13. A fusible link structure as in claim 12 in which said alloy of tungsten and titanium comprises approximately 10% titanium by weight.
14. A fusible link structure as in claim 12 in which said second conductive material comprises aluminum.
15. A fusible link structure as in claim 1 in which said film is formed by the process of sputtering from a target, and subsequently sintered to achieve decreased resistance of said film and said first layer of dielectric material comprises a silcon oxide.
This is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 06/564,439 filed Dec. 21, 1983 abandoned.
The present invention relates to fusible link structures in general, and in particular to a silicide fusible link structure suitable for use in a field programmable, custom logic, integrated circuit, such as a programmable read-only memory (PROM) and a programmable logic array circuit.
PROMS and programmable logic array circuits employ a means which can be modified to provide a predetermined arrangement of electrically interconnected circuit elements. A PROM, prior to being programmed comprises a uniform array of identical memory cells. In programming the PROM, certain memory cells are modified, for example by opening fuses connecting them to other circuit elements, so that upon reading the PROM, the modified cells provide one kind of output signal such as a logical "1" and the unmodified cells provide another kind of output signal such as a logical "0".
Similarly, a programmable logic array circuit, prior to being programmed, comprises a uniform array of circuit elements. In programming the array, electrical connections between certain ones of the circuit elements are either left intact or broken to thus provide a custom logic circuit. An example of a programmable logic array circuit referred to herein is the PAL family of programmable logic array circuits manufactured by Monolithic Memories, Inc., of Santa Clara, Calif., the assignee of this application. PAL is a registered trademark of Monolithic Memories, Inc.
The present invention, being directed to a unique fusible link structure and method of making the same is most closely related to those programmable integrated circuit structures which are programmed by destroying or otherwise interrupting electrical connections between certain circuit elements in the structure.
In general, a fusible link structure comprises a conductive member for electrically interconnecting a pair of circuit elements. The conductive member may comprise a number of different types of materials having predetermined electrical characteristics, commonly called fuse blowing characteristics. When it is desired to interrupt or break the interconnections, a current of selectedl magnitude and duration is passed through the conductive member. The conductive member, typically comprising a resistive element, is thus caused to disintegrate or fracture and thereby become an open circuit.
It has not previously been recognized that it is desirable to provide a fuse having a low melting point. Accordingly, widespread use has been made of tungsten-titanium fuses, having a very high melting point (typically 3300� C.). Nichrome fuses have also been used, which have lower melting temperatures than tungsten-titanium, but which suffer from being difficult to fabricate consistently and highly prone to chemical attack. Platinum silicide fusible links have also been made using various compositions of platinum and silicon. In the fabrication of the prior known platinum silicide fusible links, the compositions were formed by sintering a layer of platinum and an underlying layer of silicon to form predefined platinum silicide fuse regions. The resulting fuses were often found to have a melting point as high as 1229� C. With a melting point of 1229� C., a relatively high current and voltage were required to "blow" the fuse. FIG. 4, taken from "Constitution of Binary Alloys" by Max Hansen, Copyright 1958, McGraw Hill Book Company, shows melting point of platinum silicide alloys as a function of composition and shows three eutectic mixtures at 23, 39, and 67.5 atomic percent silicon (4.2%, 8.4% and 23% by weight) having melting points of 830� C., 983� C., and 979� C., respectively. It has not previously been recognized that forming fuses from a uniform mixture of one of these eutectic mixtures would allow the fuse to blow at a lower temperature and would thus improve fuse performance.
It has also not been previously recognized that it is desirable to provide a fuse structure having a uniform melting point throughout its cross section. It was found that the fuse blowing characteristics were often inconsistent and varied over an undesirably wide range of current and voltage. These undesirable characteristics are, at least in part, attributed to the formation of nonhomogenous, nonuniform compositions of silicide by the conventional methods used in the fabrication of the prior known silicide fuses, regardless of the type of silicide used. Thus these problems exist for prior art platinum silicide fuses, prior art tungsten silicide fuses, etc.
It is known that more uniform structures can be achieved by cosputtering than by sintering. An article by S. P. Murarka, entitled "Refractory Silicides For Integrated Circuits", J. Vac. Sci. Technology, 17(4), Jul./Aug. 1980, and incorporated herein by reference, provides a chart on page 781 showing the uniformity characteristics of various processes, including cosputtering onto silicon, polycrystalline silicon, or oxide, from a hot pressed silicide target. Murarka states on page 780 that cosputtering from two independent targets is preferred for controlling the metal to silicon ratio. Even though a method is known for forming uniform silicide films, it has not been recognized that such uniformity is important for the formation of fuses. The Murarka article was published in 1980, yet prior to this invention no application of cosputtering or sputtering from a silicide target has been made for forming fuses. The industry continues to use other methods, for example chemical vapor deposition to deposit a layer of polycrystalline silicon onto oxide, evaporation to deposit a layer of nichrome, sputtering to deposit a layer of titanium-tungsten onto a layer of oxide, and sputtering from a platinum target to deposit a layer of platinum onto a layer of polycrystalline silicon and subsequently sintering the structure to form a platinum silicide fuse. For example, Schlupp, in P.C.T. Patent Publication WO No. 83/01866 published in May 1983, and incorporated herein by reference, describes a platinum silicide fuse structure in which platinum is deposited above polycrystalline silicon and sintered. Schlupp teaches leaving a layer of polycrystalline silicon below the silicide alloy in order to make good diodes.
FIG. 5 shows the composition of platinum and silicon as a function of depth below the surface in a sintered platinum silicide test fuse structure formed by a method such as that of Schlupp. In FIG. 5, a layer of platinum 190 Å thick was deposited on a 500 Å polycrystalline silicon substrate. The structure was then sintered at 550� C. for one-half hour. FIG. 5 shows that the composition within about 450 Å of the surface is fairly uniform platinum silicide, whereas the region from 450 to about 700 Å below the surface is rich in silicon. Below 700 Å, FIG. 5 shows the oxide layer beneath the fuse layer. An ideal structure would have a uniform mixture of platinum and silicon throughout the depth of the fuse, as shown in FIG. 7. The nonuniform structure of FIG. 5 does not melt at a uniform temperature throughout its depth when a fusing current is passed through it. As shown in FIG. 4, in the case of platinum silicide, melting point varies from 830� C. for a eutectic mixture of 23 atomic percent (4% by weight) silicon to 1769� C. for pure platinum and 1412� C. for pure silicon.
Thus in a nonuniform fuse, such as that shown in FIG. 5, during the short fusing pulse the uppermost portions of a fuse which have a near eutectic mixture will melt, separate and pull back, due to surface tension, and leave the lowest portions of the fuse structure, having a composition approaching pure polycrystalline silicon (and thus having a melting point over 1000� C.) unmelted. Since this unmelted material is conductive, the fuse would remain partially intact under fusing current, voltage and time that would completely separate a uniform fuse. For integrated circuit structures, fuse blowing reliability cannot be compromised. If one fuse in a million fails, 6% of 64K PROMs on the average will fail, producing an unacceptable yield, thus some action is needed to achieve complete fuse blowing such as higher current or voltage or longer fusing time.
The incomplete separation of fuses has been recognized in the past. Other fuse manufacturers have solved the problem of a remaining conductive path by leaving an air gap above the fuse. For example, David W. Greve, "Programming Mechanism of Polysilicon Resistor Fuses", IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Vol. ED-29, No. 4, Aril 1982, pp 719-724, incorporated herein by reference, described the fuse-opening mechanism in polysilicon fuses and states on pg 724, "Our experiments have shown that is is necessary to remove the passivation layer over the fuse to obtain reasonable programming currents." One theory is that in a partially melted fuse, the air in this air gap will oxidize the remaining silicide, forming nonconductive silicon oxide, thus achieving an opened fuse which will not conduct. However, air gaps cause problems in the packaging and reliability of the integrated circuit structure. Greve states on pg 724, "For this reason, bipolar PROM's with polysilicon fuses are packaged in hermetically sealed ceramic packages [1] at additional expense." Sealing, which can be done with either ceramic packages or applying low temperature glass to the integrated circuit wafer during the final fabrication steps, is necessary to protect the integrated circuit from moisture and other contaminants, such as sodium ions, which can cause corrosion, leakage, instability, or other failures.
Another solution to the nonuniformity problem might be to sinter the metal-on-silicon structure at a higher temperature for a longer time, thus achieving a fair degree of uniformity. However, at a higher sintering temperature other devices including Schottky junction devices and shallow junction devices are destroyed or degraded, thus higher temperature sintering is not acceptable for most integrated circuit structures. In some cases even the uniformity attained by sintering can be detrimental to Schottky diodes, as taught by Schlupp at page 5, line 19 to page 6, line 18.
In addition to the problems associated with the use of nonhomogenous and nonuniform slicide films in prior art silicide fuse structures, it has also been determined that silicide fuse structures as well as other types of fuse structures, e.g., titanium-tungsten and polycrystalline silicon fuse structures suffer from heat dissipation during blowing of the fuse due to the thermal conductivity of the material contiguous with the fuse. The effect of thermal gradients can be reduced by reducing the temperature gradient within the adjacent dielectric. A thicker dielectric layer serves this purpose. Holmes, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,288,776 suggests at col. 1, lines 51-55, using thick dielectric to allow for laser trimming, but says nothing about the benefit of thicker oxide adjacent to fuses for the purpose of reducing fuse heat loss during fuse blowing.
Low blowing current and voltage are important for increasing fuse opening reliability. For a given circuit having given voltage and current values, the margin of safety can be increased. Also there is a need to make fusing power requirements smaller so that other circuit elements can in turn be made smaller without compromising fuse blowing reliability.
For the foregoing reasons, in accordance with the present invention a novel fusible link structure is provided having lower programming currents and voltages than any previously attained. This structure is suitable for use in programmable integrated circuits which are to be packaged in either ceramic or plastic. The fuse structure of this invention will not cause degradation of other devices in the integrated circuit. In addition, a novel method is provided for fabricating the novel structure of this invention.
Among the features of the present invention provided to achieve the above objects are
1. a fusible link structure and method in which uniform, homogenous films of fuse material are deposited on a substrate body;
2. a fusible link structure and method comprising a low melting point alloy of metal and silicon; and
3. a fusible link structure and method in which a relatively thick layer of dielectric of low thermal conductivity is provided contiguous with the fuse for controlling the magnitude of thermal gradients in the dielectric and heat loss from the fuse.
In order to achieve a uniform, homogenous fuse film for reliable fuse blowing, a principal feature of the present invention is the use of sputtering from a target already having the desired fuse composition for depositing onto the surface of suitably prepared dielectric material the uniform, homogenous film of fusible material.
In order to achieve a fuse which can blow at low current and voltage, another feature of the present invention is that the fusible material has a uniform low melting point, thereby requiring a low fusing current. The low fusing current allows device size to be minimized and thus reduces signal delay times. Even small reductions in fusing current allow reducing the size of the associated fusing circuitry, thereby decreasing chip size and signal delay time. In a preferred embodiment, the fusible material used is an alloy of platinum and silicon, also called a silicide, comprising approximately 23 weight percent silicon, which is a eutectic mixture of silicon and platinum.
To avoid loss of fusing energy from the fuse, the low thermal conductivity of the adjacent dielectric is taken advantage of by making the dielectric thicker. Typically a dielectric integrated circuit structure is prepared in accordance with this invention by growing on the surface of semiconductor material a layer of silicon oxide, or deposing a composite layer of silicon nitride and silicon oxide, polyimide, or other dielectric of low thermal conductivity, e.g., 14 milliwatts/cm� C. for silicon dioxide. Preferably the layer of oxide, nitride, or polyimide which underlies the fuse material should have a thickness above 10,000 Å, or in some cases 16,000 Å thereby providing good thermal insulation so that a lower product of fusing current and fusing time will bring the fuse to melting temperature.
The process includes deposition of a second dielectric layer over the fuse. Unlike prior art platinum silicide structures having nonuniform fuse composition and requiring an air gap to assure reliable fuse blowing at moderate current, the structure of this invention operates reliably with no air gap, thus not compromising either the fuse blowing reliability or the resistance to corrosion or other failure-producing contamination. Although it is possible to seal a programmable structure having air gaps remaining within it, as indicated by Greve, above, the manufacturing process is simpler and the product more reliable if no air gaps are provided adjacent to fuse sites.
By controlling the size and shape of the fuse structure and the exact composition of the fuse material, the structure can be tailored for a desired resistance, with reduced blowing current and voltage.
Using the above described structure and method of fabrication, there has been achieved in the fabrication of a fusible link according to the present invention in comparison to prior art structures, a 60-70% reduction in fuse blowing current and a 10-15% reduction in fuse blowing voltage. Specifically, fuse blowing currents of approximately 15 to 20 ma and fuse blowing voltages of approximately 2.3 to 2.8 volts have been achieved compared to typical prior art fuse blowing currents of 55 to 60 ma and fuse blowing voltages of 3.0 volts. Importantly, the fuse structures of this invention can have surprisingly uniform fuse blowing characteristics.
The above and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the accompanying drawing in which:
FIG. 1 is a partial plan view of a fusible link structure on the surface of a suitably prepared integrated circuit substrate body according to the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a partial cross-sectional view taken along the lines 2--2 of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a graph depicting the fusing current required as a function of thickness of the oxide underlying the fuse.
FIG. 4 is a prior art graph depicting the melting point of platinum-silicon composition as a function of percent silicon.
FIG. 5 shows composition as a function of depth below the surface for a prior art sintered platinum-on-silicon fuse structure.
FIG. 6 shows a composition distribution achievable using the method of this invention.
FIG. 7 shows an ideal composition distribution for a PtSi fuse structure on a silicon substrate.
FIG. 8 shows ranges of fusing current and fuse resistance for two prior art fuse structures and for the current invention.
FIG. 9a and 9b show a comparison of dynamic resistance and fusing time between prior art fuses and those of the current invention.
Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, there is provided in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, a suitably prepared integrated circuit designated generally as 1. The integrated circuit 1, of which only a very small portion is shown in FIG. 1, typically comprises a silicon substrate 10 in which has been formed a plurality of active devices such as memory cells and/or logic circuits (not shown).
The surface of the substrate 10 has deposited or formed on it a thick layer 2 of silicon oxide, a thick composite layer of silicon nitride and silicon oxide or a thick layer of other suitable insulating material, such as polyimide. Preferably, layer 2 comprises a relatively thick layer 2a of thermally grown silicon oxide greater than 10,000 Å thick on which may be deposited, for example by chemical vapor deposition, a layer 2b of silicon nitride typically 1200 Å thick. The thermal conductivity of layer 2 should be low, e.g., approximately 14 milliwatts/cm� C. or less.
After the layer 2 is formed on the substrate 10, a thin film 3 of an alloy from a composite target, preferably of platinum and silicon comprising approximately 23 weight percent silicon, is R.F. sputter deposited onto the surface of the layer 2. It was found that the PtSi composition and homogeneity of fuse link 3 is critical. Only a small difference in the percentage of the component parts of the composition can result in a large variation in the melting point of the composition, e.g., several hundred degrees centigrade. A graphical representation of the melting point of a platinum-silicon composition as a function of a percent silicon, taken from "Constitution of Binary Alloys" by Max Hansen, Copyright 1958, McGraw-Hill Book Company, is shown in FIG. 4. The 23 weight percent composition is preferred. Although there are three eutectic compositions of platinum and silicon, as shown in FIG. 4, the composition having 23 weight percent silicon (67.5 atomic percent silicon) and a melting point of 979+ C. is chosen because the resistivity of this composition is stable at 180 μohm-cm and the slope of the curve toward the eutectic point is less steep and thus the manufactured composition has a more reliable melting point. Typical manufacturing tolerances are �2.3%. The sputtering is done using a target comprising a cold-pressed sintered powder composition of platinum and silicon, having the desired composition of approximately 23 weight percent silicon as described above, in an argon atmosphere using an R.F. signal having a frequency of 13.56 MHz. FIG. 6 shows the composition distribution of PtSi fuse structure 3 when formed by this method. It approximates the ideal curve of FIG. 7 much more closely than does the prior art method shown in FIG. 5.
Thereafter, using conventional photolighographic techniques and etching, for example reactive ion etching in a tetrofluoromethane atmosphere, individual discrete fusible links are formed on thick dielectric layer 2. One etch process uses an etch bias power of 1200 watts, a pressure of 7 millitorr and flow rates of 40 standard cc/min tetrafluromethane and 10 standard cc/min of oxygen. These fusible links can have any desired shape, although an hourglass shape or a rectangular bar shape are preferred. In one embodiment each hourglass shaped fuse was 11-14 μ long, 4-6 μ wide at its ends and about 1.5 μ wide in the middle. The fuse links 3 and 4 shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate typical fuses formed in accordance with this invention. Etching is complete when the silicide is completely removed except where fuses are to be formed.
After the etching step, the photoresist covering the fuse links is removed and the remaining silicide is sintered to attain its final resistivity of approximately 180 μohm-cm. The sintering is performed at 550� C. for 10 minutes in a nitrogen atmosphere. The final resistance of each fuse is in the range of 35 to 70 ohms. However, it is to be understood that this sintering step is not essential but, if not performed, the fuses will have higher resistivity and thus a greater programming voltage will be required.
With the present method, using a target of uniform alloy composition for sputtering the fusible link film onto the dielectric substrate followed by sintering the film at a controlled temperature for a controlled time it is possible to accurately tailor the resistivity of the fusible film for the conditions under which it will be used. In most circuit applications, low resistance fuses (i.e. 35 ohm) are preferred to provide the lowest programming voltage and shortest circuit delay.
Electrical contact is then made to the opposite ends of each fusible link by a D.C. sputter deposition in an argon atmosphere of a titanium-tungsten (TiW) diffusion barrier layer 5 followed by a layer of aluminum or aluminum alloy 6. The TiW layer 5 typically comprises an alloy comprising 10% titanium and 90% tungsten, by weight, though these percentages are not critical. A typical thickness of the layer 5 is within the range 1050 to 1350 Å. The aluminum layer 6 is typically 7200 Å to 8800 Å thick.
The diffusion barrier 5 is disposed between the aluminum layer 6 and the fusible link 3 in order to prevent diffusion of the aluminum into the fusible link 3 which would change the resistance thereof. Of importance, the titanium-tungsten diffusion barrier 5 has a very high melting point and is very stable, and thus does not diffuse into the fusible link. Other metals which will not diffuse into the fusible link and which have high melting point can of course be used.
Following the deposition of the diffusion barrier 5 and the aluminum layer 6, the layers 5 and 6 are etched, for example using a hydrogen peroxide etch and a conventional metal etch, respectively. The etching of the layers 5 and 6 is done to provide a gap 8 thereon 2-7 microns wide over the center of each fuse 3. The shorter length is preferred, to decrease overall space requirements. After the layers 5 and 6 are etched, there is deposited, such as by chemical vapor deposition, a dielectric oxide layer 7 which is approximately 9000 Å-10,000 Å thick. The dielectric layer 7 is provided to electrically insulate the fusible link 3, the diffusion barrier 5 and the aluminum layer 6 from subsequently deposited conductive layers.
It is not always necessary to form thick dielectric layers on top of the fuse; in applications where material of high thermal conductivity will not be used above the dielectric any dielectric layer of convenient thickness can be used. The reason for this is that dielectric layers, such as silicon oxide or silicon nitride, have a higher thermal conductivity and thermal capacity than the ambient atmosphere surrounding the integrated circuit. However, if metal interconnects are to be formed above the fuses, it is desired to have a relatively thick dielectric formed between the fuse and the metal interconnects to minimize heat dissipation from the fuse to the overlying metallization.
After the deposition of the dielectric oxide layer 7, the integrated circuit is, if desired, subjected to additional conventional processing steps including, for example, forming a second metallization layer and a glass passivation layer (not shown). Vias (not shown) are provided through oxide layer 7 to connect conductive layers 5, 6 to current sources (not shown) in order to allow the fuse to be blown at the appropriate time. Vias are also necessary to connect the fuses to underlying active circuit elements.
A fusible link structure made in accordance with this invention blows at a much lower current and voltage than do prior art fuses due to the greatly reduced melting point of the platinum-silicon eutectic used in accordance with this invention as compared with prior art fuse structures and because the structure beneath the fuse minimizes heat flow away from the fuse 3 and thus reduces the power required to melt the fuse 3. To minimize the heat flow away from the fuse 3, the thick dielectric layer 2 comprises a material having a relatively low thermal conductivity as described above. FIG. 3 is a graph depicting the fusing current required to blow a fuse constructed in accordance with this invention as a function of the thickness of the dielectric beneath the fuse. The line in FIG. 3 depicts characteristics of an hourglass shaped fuse and the characteristics of a rectangular fuse. The parameters of the fuses are as follows:
______________________________________ Hourglass Rectangular______________________________________Material Platinum silicide, Platinum silicide, 23 � 2.3% silicon by weight 23 � 2.3% silicon by weightFuse Length 5-6 microns 4-5 micronsFuse Width 1.5 microns 1.5 micronsFuse Thickness 650Å 650Å______________________________________
Use of a thick oxide layer, such as layer 2, minimizes heat flow away from the fuse 3 due to low thermal conductivity of the oxide layer as compared to the thermal conductivity of the underlying substrate by reducing the thermal gradient driving force for the heat flow (that is, the magnitude of the thermal gradient decreases as the thickness of the layer 2 increases). Thus, layer 2 should be as thick as possible in any given circuit regardless of the type of fuse with which it is used. Fuses suitable for use in accordance with this feature of the invention include, but are not limited to, titanium-tungsten, nickel-chromium (nichrome), and polycrystalline silicon in addition to the preferred platinum silicide.
FIG. 8 shows ranges of fusing current (IF) and fuse resistance (RF) for two prior art fuse structures, (boxes 1 and 2), and for those of the current invention (box 3). Box 1 shows the range of current and resistance for fusing TiW fuses formed on a layer of oxide 4,000 angstroms thick in which an air gap is present above the fuse. As FIG. 8 shows, these TiW fuses have a typical resistance of 40-60 ohms and fuse at a current of 45-55 mA. Box 2 shows the range of current and resistance for fusing sputtered platinum-silicon alloy fuses also formed on a layer of oxide 4,000 angstroms thick in which an air gap is present above the fuse. A comparison of boxes 1 and 2 shows that the lower melting platinum-silicon alloy material provides a significant advantage, requiring a fusing current of only 25-30 mA. Box 3 shows the range of current and resistance for fusing sputtered platinum-silicon alloy fuses formed on a thicker layer of oxide, 15,000 angstroms in this case, in which an air gap is present above the fuse. The thick oxide reduces the fusing current an additional 30% below that of the platinum-silicon alloy fuses on thin dielectric shown in box 2, given a fusing current for the preferred embodiment of 15-20 mA.
FIGS. 9a and 9b show a comparison between the resistance of sintered and sputtered platinum-silicon alloy fuses. The sintered fuse of FIG. 9a shows instability in resistance. The sputtered fuse of FIG. 9b shows neither the early decrease in resistance nor the subsequent large increase in resistance before fusing is complete. The increased resistance in portion C of FIG. 9a means that higher voltage will have to be provided in order to reliably open such a fuse. Also FIGS. 9a and 9b show the sputtered platinum-silicon alloy fuse achieves complete fusing in a consideraby shorter time than the prior art sintered platinum-silicon alloy fuse, primarily due to the resistance stability of the homogeneous sputtered film. The shorter fusing time is important to high reliability in the situation where a fixed time is provided for applying the fusing pulse, since it is certain that the time required for fusing to complete will be shorter than the time allowed for the fusing pulse.
Also the smaller current requirement of the fuses of this invention allows for reduced size of other circuit components. In a PROM or programmable logic array, a fuse is generally provided in series with a transistor. The transistor must have sufficient current capacity to carry the current needed to open the fuse. Reducing the current requirement for opening the fuse means that the adjacent transistor may be required to carry less current and if so the transistor can be made smaller. For a chip having 64,000 fuses and transistors, this smaller size can provide a significant savings in chip area.
While fuses made from platinum-silicon alloys are known in the prior art, prior known methods of fabricating fuses have not provided fuses having a uniform, homogeneous composition which are achieved due to the use of sputtering from a composite target, as described above. This uniformity and homogeneity is important because it provides for very low fusing voltage and current to achieve highly reliable fuse-blowing. Moreover, none of the prior known silicide fuses have used a platinum-silicon composition comprising 23�2.3 weight percent silicon, the preferred eutectic composition for high performance, low fusing energy fusible links.
While a preferred embodiment of the present invention has been described in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the embodiments disclosed, but is capable of numerous rearrangements and modifications and substitutions without departing from the spirit and scope thereof. Accordingly, it is intended that the scope of the present invention not be limited to the embodiment described but be determined by a reference to the claims hereinafter provided.
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Information on "Terrorist Attacks"
May 2015
May 2015
The Islamic State in West Africa – Boko Haram Up-Date II
Author: Yossef Bodansky
Publisher: Institut für Strategie- Politik- Sicherheits- und Wirtschaftsberatung (ISPSW)
This publication focuses on the radical Islamist movement Boko Haram in Nigeria. More on «The Islamic State in West Africa – Boko Haram Up-Date II»
April 2015
Apr 2015
Regional Updates No 7: Cyprus, Egypt, and Israel-Palestine
Author: Duygu Alpan, Omar Sheira, Muhammed Ammash
Publisher: Global Political Trends Center (GPoT)
This report highlights the political, economic, security and social developments in Cyprus, Egypt and Israel-Palestine in April 2015. More on «Regional Updates No 7: Cyprus, Egypt, and Israel-Palestine»
February 2015
24 Feb 2015
Confronting Spontaneous Terrorist Attacks
Author: Gabi Siboni
Publisher: Institute for National Security Studies (INSS)
This paper discusses some of the problems faced by state security organizations in countering the increasing terrorist threat posed by radicalized individuals who operate without logistical, intelligence, or operational support from a larger terroris... More on «Confronting Spontaneous Terrorist Attacks»
16 Feb 2015
The Geography of Boko Haram: More Deadly but More Remote
Author: Davin O'Regan
Publisher: International Relations and Security Network (ISN)
This article discusses the geographic distribution of Boko Haram in Nigeria's remote border areas in 2014. More on «The Geography of Boko Haram: More Deadly but More Remote»
Feb 2015
Counter Terrorist Trends and Analysis January/February 2015
Author: Rohan Gunaratna, V Arianti, Anton Chan, Iftekharul Bashar, Halimullah Kousary, Vikram Rajakumar, Abdul Basit, Iromi Dharmawardhane, Nodirbek Soliev, Stefanie Kam, Aida Arosoaie, Chantal Azzam, Mekki Uludag, Syed Huzaifah Bin Othman Alkaff, Thomas Chenesseau, C Nna-Emeka Okereke, Steven Jones-Chaljub
Publisher: S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS)
This paper provides an overview of global developments in 2014, focusing on the continuous rise of terrorism and extremism. More on «Counter Terrorist Trends and Analysis January/February 2015»
Feb 2015
The EU Counter-Terrorism Policy Responses to the Attacks in Paris: Towards an EU Security and Liberty Agenda
Author: Didier Bigo, Evelien Brouwer, Sergio Carrera, Elspeth Guild, Emmanuel-Pierre Guittet, Julien Jeandesboz, Francesco Ragazzi, Amandine Scherrer
Publisher: Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS)
This paper provides an overview of the main EU-level initiatives that were put forward in the weeks following the January 2015 terrorist attacks in Paris. More on «The EU Counter-Terrorism Policy Responses to the Attacks in Paris: Towards an EU Security and Liberty Agenda»
Feb 2015
Is Islamic State in Retreat?
Author: Paul Rogers
Publisher: Oxford Research Group (ORG)
This brief looks at the implications of the terrorist attack on the French magazine 'Charlie Hebdo' and the killing of a Jordanian pilot by Islamic State (IS) in Syria, both of which occurred in early 2015. More on «Is Islamic State in Retreat?»
Feb 2015
CTC Sentinel 8 (2)
Author: Brian Dodwell, Marielle Ness, Matthew Levitt, Geoff D Porter, Cole Pinheiro, Russell Howard, Marc Elliott, Jonathan Prohov, Scott N Mckay, David A Webb
Publisher: Combating Terrorism Center (CTC)
This issue of the Sentinel features articles on 1) the strategic calculations behind Hezbollah's retaliation against Israel following an airstrike that targeted a convoy belonging to the Lebanese group; 2) the targeting of the oil and gas sector by t... More on «CTC Sentinel 8 (2)»
Feb 2015
#We Are Not Charlie
Author: Jannis Grimm
Publisher: Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik (SWP)
This commentary examines how Muslims around the world responded to the attacks against French satirical magazine "Charlie Hebdo" in January 2015 as well as how the media and society reacted to these responses. More on «#We Are Not Charlie»
January 2015
26 Jan 2015
Amateurism: The New Terrorist Strategy
Author: Justin V Hastings
Publisher: S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS)
This commentary contends that the December 2014 Sydney hostage crisis is symptomatic of a wider trend in global terrorism towards more "amateur practices". More on «Amateurism: The New Terrorist Strategy»


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The Indifferent Settlers
Ground zero for a West Bank compromise
In The New York Times today, we learn all about the West Bank settlements of Modiin Illit and Beitar Illit, as well as, potentially, the unique opportunity they offer in potential negotiations. Why are these settlements different from all other settlements? For one thing, they are populated by ultra-Orthodox Jews with no particular religious or ideological attachment to settling the West Bank; they live there because housing is cheap and their community can function outside of Tel Aviv and Jerusalem's more secularized precincts. Additionally, the two communities together account for half of all West Bank settler growth. "If removed from the equation," the authors write of the settlements' tens of thousands of residents, "the larger settler challenge takes on more manageable proportions." Not only that: the settlements are located just on the other side of the Green Line, meaning that their absorption into Israel proper as part of a final deal would present comparatively minor logistical challenges.
Reading the article and watching the accompanying video one is struck by how little these haredim conform to the traditional image of the settler. Strikingly, this distinction is apparent even to the Palestinian villagers of nearby Bilin, where "the settlers over the fence are viewed as different from the Jewish nationalists in, say, Hebron." That said, these settlers' ideological flexibility does not lessen "the harm to the villagers caused by the very existence of Modiin Illit and the contest over its land." (indeed, in the video, we learn that Bilin's zucchini and cucumber crop is affected by the settlements' sewage runoff). This truism, that the land is the land no matter the beliefs of those living on it, does somewhat undercut the "hope" alluded to in the article's headline.
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The Fort Sanders Sevier Senior Center and Office on Aging in Sevierville is presenting "Civil War Days" on Friday, March 13, 2015. The event is open to the public.
We are among the presenters, giving a short half-hour overview of Civil War-era cemeteries, from 12:30 to 1:00pm. Other presentations include: storyteller Ruth Carr Miller portraying Aunt Liddy Whaley, herbs and their uses in the Civil War era, songs of the Civil War, and a Civil War fashion show. Sevier County…
Added by Remembrance on March 9, 2015 at 10:00pm — 1 Comment
Hardly anyone ever sets foot in these two cemeteries anymore. For that matter, hardly anyone knows they exist. One of them was considered lost for decades. They are islands of isolation in an unforgiving wilderness, off-trail, not even a footpath or manway leading to them. The people have been dead for over a century. They certainly rest in profound peace, but rare is it that anyone visits to offer their respects. And so these gravesites provide us an opportunity to return to the roots…Continue
Added by Remembrance on February 19, 2015 at 9:30pm — 16 Comments
For those attending the 25th annual Wilderness Wildlife Week at the LeConte Center in Pigeon Forge, beginning this Saturday, it is an exciting time of year, to be sure. All Wilderness Wildlife Week events are free of charge and open to the public.
We are honored to be presenters this year. Our presentation "Remembrance: Backcountry Cemeteries in Great Smoky Mountains National Park" is scheduled on Thursday, January 29, 2015, 1:30pm to 2:30pm in the North 3 event room. We invite…
Added by Remembrance on January 20, 2015 at 8:27pm — 2 Comments
Everything changes. Some things change more than others.
Walking back to Maddron Cemetery you pass evidence of how things used to be, how things are not anymore. The cemetery lies behind what was once a home, once a hub of activity, long gone. Now there is only silence.
You will never get to the trailhead using the outdated directions in the trail guides, which tell you to take Laurel Springs Road, off US-321, 15.4 miles east of Gatlinburg. The bridge washed out…
Added by Remembrance on January 13, 2015 at 9:30pm — 7 Comments
Visiting the old cemeteries is like going back in time - except there is a veil between you and those people. You can never quite reach across the line. Revisiting a cemetery you have already seen is like going back to going back, a little disorienting. The cemeteries are frozen in time, but time itself is not frozen. All in one instant you see how nothing changes and everything changes.
The recent GoSmokies hike and picnic gave us the opportunity to return to Dorsey Cemetery,…
Added by Remembrance on December 14, 2014 at 9:54pm — 1 Comment
(This post has been revised and reposted to clarify the attendance requirements. The event is open to all.)
We would like to extend a warm welcome and invitation to the upcoming GoSmokies fall hike and picnic to those who have never before attended a GoSmokies event.
There are many readers out there in GoSmokies land whom we do not know. Even though there is a core membership who actively post blogs, photos and comments, any given post may receive several hundred visits,…
Added by Remembrance on October 13, 2014 at 10:30pm — 2 Comments
We recently logged our one-hundredth cemetery in the National Park and felt that an update on the Remembrance project was in order.
First off, we are honored to announce that we will be presenters at the 25th annual Wilderness Wildlife Week in Pigeon Forge, TN, this coming January. Our presentation is titled "Remembrance: Backcountry Cemeteries in Great Smoky Mountains National Park" and is set for Thursday, January 29, 2015, 1:30pm to 2:30pm. All Wilderness Wildlife Week…
Added by Remembrance on October 2, 2014 at 11:00pm — 6 Comments
It is the Nature of the Universe that cemeteries are situated at the top of some hill, and you must huff your way up to them. At least you have the consolation of knowing that after your visit it is all downhill. No such fortune with these two cemeteries. The two gravesites are on rises relative their surroundings, but to access them you enter the National Park from private land outside its boundaries and descend into a valley that was once populated. It is a seven mile round trip to…Continue
Added by Remembrance on September 10, 2014 at 6:30pm — 5 Comments
Southern hospitality notwithstanding, mountain folk with deep roots sometimes are stereotyped as viewing outsiders and tourists skeptically as "foreigners" and would just as soon you move on - a wary mistrust from those who were born in the mountains and whose forebears were evicted from their land by high-minded intruders. We paid an unplanned visit to the two Tow String cemeteries just outside the National Park near Cherokee, NC - a pair of nosy strangers poking…Continue
Added by Remembrance on August 24, 2014 at 12:46am — 12 Comments
The first installment of this two-part series might well have been titled "None of Our Business." The present-day descendants now tending the cemeteries did not ask our opinion of their work, nor do they care what we might think. Visit enough backcountry cemeteries and it is easy to start thinking of them as historic sites, rather than the personal heritage of relatives living today. In our eyes they become museum pieces to be preserved unaltered.
We would be appalled if the…
Added by Remembrance on August 15, 2014 at 4:30pm — 31 Comments
Given the choice, hands down we will nearly always pick exploring the trail over exploring the library. So in the absence of a blog or other material close at hand, often as not we have no idea what to expect when setting out to find a backcountry cemetery. Such was the case with the Abraham Law Cemetery. All we had to go on was a set of GPS coordinates (which labeled the place "White Oak Sink Cemetery") with no other cemetery for miles around (although there could be gravesites outside…Continue
Added by Remembrance on July 21, 2014 at 10:30pm — 6 Comments
A project to honor and preserve the memory of those
at rest in Great Smoky Mountains backcountry cemeteries.
After the opening Project…
Added by Remembrance on June 22, 2014 at 5:00pm — 3 Comments
Dock Conner Cemetery
(sometimes called McMahan or just Conner)
Just getting to Dock Conner Cemetery is an adventure in itself, although it is not far from the road. Once there, it is like going back in time.
Just as in the search for Mac Cemetery, multiple names once again confounded our search for this little cemetery. The listing of cemetery GPS coordinates and one of the topo…Continue
Added by Remembrance on June 16, 2014 at 12:30am — 4 Comments
Mac Cemetery
Mac Cemetery is an enigma.
No cemetery has captured our imaginations the way these two did, or exacted more of our time and energies. In the end, documenting them involved two trips over the mountain to North Carolina, two sessions picking the brain of a National Park ranger familiar with these cemeteries, a visit to the National Park library, an email exchange with…
Added by Remembrance on June 4, 2014 at 8:30am — 16 Comments
Sallie Moore Cemetery
This little cemetery came to our attention before we ever knew what it was called. Looking at the maps in the "History Hikes of the Smokies" guidebook, we noticed a cemetery just spittin' distance off Little River Road, upstream from Metcalf Bottoms Picnic Area. Only later did we notice you have to spit all the way across the river, as the cemetery is above the opposite…
Added by Remembrance on May 9, 2014 at 12:00am — 12 Comments
If ever you wanted evidence of the observation that each cemetery has its own personality, these three could be a master class. Even though they overlook the same waterway, they are as unalike as they can be. Much is in the eye of the beholder, and should we return we might have completely new impressions. You might visit any of them and see something totally different and decide we are nuts.
In Cherokee, NC, you must cross the Oconaluftee River to the…
Added by Remembrance on April 20, 2014 at 12:30am — 2 Comments
If only we had a time machine to go back into the past and see what really happened. In a sense, exploring the old sites IS a form of time travel, but that teleporter machine would sure come in handy. It would assuredly minimize a great deal of speculation - and the Injun Creek valley has its share.
Injun Creek Trail is one of those best-of-both-worlds situations: a trail in good condition with foot logs and easy access to the trailhead, rich in history, but not on the official…
Added by Remembrance on April 7, 2014 at 12:00am — 16 Comments
To commemorate the April 1 holiday:
A moment of comic relief, as our cemetery posts can sometimes be so grave.
Renée and Jim
Added by Remembrance on April 1, 2014 at 4:35pm — 3 Comments
If we had a nice, crisp twenty dollar bill for every time we have floundered fruitlessly through the hinterland looking in the wrong place for some historical site, we could at least put gas in the car for the trips.
We visited this small cemetery along Lower Mount Cammerer Trail before we decided to create the Remembrance blog, so our photography and notation was very limited while we were there. We weren't documentarians that day - we were tourists. (And with so many…
Added by Remembrance on March 9, 2014 at 8:00pm — 11 Comments
From our twenty-first century perspective looking backward, the timelines of the Smoky Mountain cemeteries can be vague abstractions, and distant ones at that. All the cemeteries are just old. We personally remember distinct differences between the years 2000 and 2010. But 1900 and 1910 are foreign countries in our minds, and one seems pretty much the same as the other - but not so to those who inhabited those times. After being fed a steady diet of Cades Cove postcards, we might forget…Continue
Added by Remembrance on January 30, 2014 at 3:30pm — 13 Comments


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|Reviews for Yes, Master
| Sage McGavin chapter 1 . 7/10/2014
oh no's
| Guest chapter 1 . 8/3/2013
Gosh this chapter gave me chills! Do you think that you could finish the story I would love to know how it ends
| little dango chapter 1 . 12/10/2012
so.. that it? more. more please!
| KirarinReader101 chapter 1 . 7/15/2012
I Really Love The First Chapter And Im Wondering If This Storys On Hitus, But I Really Wanna Read 2nd Chapter! Keep Up The Good Work!
| Aozora no kishi chapter 1 . 5/9/2012
Please upload some more soon! I'm DYING to know what happens next...
| tomboy2012 chapter 1 . 9/3/2011
This is actually a really good story. I am glad that I stumbled across it. The descriptions and details are so great, too, and I have never seen this show and I could still sorta understand what was going on. Please update soon!
| sailorlyoko4life chapter 1 . 8/27/2011
please do continue! this is a great sotry so far!


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Japan emissions rising after atomic crisis: report
Japanese manufacturer's greenhouse gas emissions are rising after the Fukushima nuclear power plant disaster, hurting the country's carbon reduction goals, a report said Sunday.
Japanese manufacturer's greenhouse gas emissions are rising after the Fukushima nuclear power plant disaster, hurting the country's carbon reduction goals, a report said Sunday.
Japan's industry minister Tuesday rejected a plan by the operator of the crippled Fukushima nuclear plant to release low-level radioactive water into the sea without approval by local fishermen.
A Japanese nuclear plant leaked 1.8 tonnes of radioactive water from its cooling system, the government said, heightening safety worries as an atomic crisis continues at another plant.
A Japanese company Tuesday unveiled a cheap Geiger counter for the iPhone to enable people worried about the March Fukushima nuclear accident to check their environment for radiation.
The Japanese maker of an exoskeleton robot suit to assist walking on Monday unveiled a model that could help nuclear workers weighed down by heavy anti-radiation vests in contaminated zones.
A new report says the Fukushima nuclear disaster released twice as much of a dangerous radioactive substance into the atmosphere as Japanese authorities estimated, reaching 40 percent of the total from Chernobyl.
Greenpeace called on Tokyo to toughen radiation screening and food labelling rules on Thursday after it said low levels of radiation had been detected in seafood sold at Japanese stores.
It was a marathon project that took six years and the collection and analysis of some 12,000 soil samples, but an international team of geologists has managed to create the Geochemical Atlas of Cyprus.
When the Tohoku earthquake and subsequent tsunami hit the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station on March 11, 2011, the world witnessed the largest nuclear incident since the 1986 Chernobyl disaster. In a special Fukushima ...
Today's nuclear reactors are "much safer" than the Japanese plant damaged in this year's earthquake and tsunami, a US expert said Thursday, citing dramatic improvements that could prevent similar disasters.
We sort our rubbish. We recycle our rainwater. We worry about depleted oceans, ravaged rainforests, threatened species.
Heatstroke cases in Japan have shot up in the early summer as many air-conditioners have been switched off amid an energy saving campaign following the Fukushima nuclear disaster.
About 20,000 people took part in an anti-nuclear demonstration in north Switzerland on Sunday ahead of a government decision on the future of atomic energy in the country.
The world on Tuesday marks a quarter century since the world's worst nuclear disaster at Chernobyl in Ukraine, haunted by fears over the safety of atomic energy after the Japan earthquake.
(PhysOrg.com) -- A new study of the lakes in and around Chernobyl's fallout zone reveals that radiation from the nuclear accident appears to have had no long term effect on the abundance or diversity of aquatic animal life.


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Patrick E. Barry, PGA
Main Address:
Midland Trail Golf Club
Eastwood, KY 40018-0045
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Eastwood, KY 40018-0045
(502) 245-0223
15360 Shelbyville Rd
Louisville, KY 40245-4136
Louisville, KY 40245-4136
(502) 245-0223
Patrick Barry is a PGA Professional in Eastwood, KY. The PGA of America comprises 27,000 men and women professionals with one singular goal in mind - to make the game of golf more enjoyable for you.
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HoopsHype Pops Mensah-Bonsu rumors
Maccabi Tel Aviv announced that they have waived Pops Mensah-Bonsu. The British forward arrived in Israel ready to join his new team but the physicals showed that he was not healed from the knee injury suffered with the National Team during the summer. Sportando
High-flying big man Pops Mensah-Bonsu, whose played only parts of two previous Euroleague seasons were, will return to the competition on a two-year contract with Maccabi Electra Tel Aviv, the club announced on Thursday. Euroleague.net
According to Israel Today, Pops Mensah Bonsu agreed to terms with Maccabi Tel Aviv. The British forward who is playing Olympics in London spent last season in Turkey with Besiktas winning both Eurochallenge and TBL. Galatasaray and Unics Kazan were interested in Pops too. Sportando
Pops Mensah-Bonsu had a terrific season with Besiktas winning Eurochallenge, Turkish TBL and the National Cup. The British power forward is free agent and, according to his agency, is talking with Besiktas to re-sign and with Galatasaray. Galatasaray hired Ergin Ataman who coached Besiktas in the last season and wants him in his new club. Pops is also targeted by Russian and Italian clubs. Sportando
Craig Stouffer: Pops Mensah-Bonsu confirms he signed with Besiktas in Turkey - playing time for top team overseas as prep for Olympics. Also, replaces DWill Twitter
Besiktas signed for the season Pops Mensah-Bonsu. The British big man spent last season with New Orleans Hornets scoring less than 1ppg in 7 games and then moved to France where he penned a deal with ASVEL Villeurbanne. In Pro A Pops scored 16.5 points per game and added also 9.3 rebounds in 14 games played. Sportando
Michael Lee: Ty Lawson is really slim now. In great shape. Defined abs. Down to 185. Blowing by everybody. Just went past Pops Mensah-Bonsu & boomed! Twitter
Milano is looking for an American guard with NBA experience who will not return to US when the lockout ends. If the guard will be American, Emporio Armani will sign a Bosman big man (Pops Mensah-Bonsu and Zoran Erceg the two alternatives). If the guard will be European, in the frontline Milano might add D'Or Fischer or Solomon Jones, former Indiana Pacers. Sportando
Olimpia Milano is still on the market to finish the roster for the coming season. The Italian team already signed Omar Cook and Antonis Fotsis and will announce soon Jacopo Giachetti, Ioannis Bourousis and Malik Hairston. The new name for AJ Milano is Pops Mensah-Bonsu. Sportando
NBA star Chris Bosh's Las Vegas bachelor party, dubbed "The Hangover 3," was a four-day bro-down on the Strip involving guns, booze, red meat and magic over the weekend. "It was everything these guys don't get to do during the season," said a source close to the 12-man party posse, including New Orleans Hornets Jarrett Jack and Pops Mensah-Bonsu. They landed in Sin City Thursday and headed straight to a shooting range to blow off steam before moving to N9NE Steak house. Friday included dinner at Lavo before Criss Angel's show, "Believe." Angel pulled Bosh onstage to make him part of the act, and later levitated before the Miami Heat player's crew backstage. Next stop was the Boom Box at Marquee. They played paintball the next day and partied at Tao, then capped off the festivi ties Sunday with a "Rat Pack" casino night at Caesars and a Mark Curry comedy show. New York Post
ASVEL Villeurbanne announced the signing of Pops Mensah-Bonsu. The English power forward was free agent but started the season in NBA with New Orleans Hornets. Sportando
The New Orleans Hornets waived backup forward Pops Mensah-Bonsu on Tuesday. Bonsu played in only seven games this season and averaged 0.3 points. He had missed the previous 17 games with a right elbow infection. Sportando
According to Greek and Spanish press Saski Baskonia made an offer for Pops Mensah-Bonsu and is looking forward to add him as soon as possible. Bonsu is currently in New Orleans but is not playing at all and NBA career is not looking good for him. He is also a member of British National basketball team. hoopsleader.com
Mark Woods: Pops Mensah-Bonsu confirmed on New Orleans Hornets opening night roster. Contract fully guaranteed for this season. Twitter
Once more, the Londoner must prove himself. And wonder if, this time, it will be different, that he might stick around, that there might be a need for his raw athleticism and uncanny radar for an available rebound. "It's a great opportunity but I'm not going to get too far ahead of myself," Mensah-Bonsu told MVP. "I'm 27-year-old now and I've been at this stage before. I'm a bit older and wiser. But I have a chip on my shoulder and when I played for GB in the summer, it definitely helped that I was playing with a bit of anger. It made me focus in a little more and it made sure I brought the same intensity to every game. I just wanted to show the best of my abilities. I did that this summer. And I want to continue to do that." MVP 24/7
The Hornets have reached agreement with forward Pops Mensah-Bonsu on a non-guaranteed training camp deal, a league tells Y! Sports. Twitter
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Biography Wikipedia
Azra Jehan is a two-time Nigar Award winning playback singer from Pakistan.
She is related to singers, Noor Jehan and Zille Huma and actress, Sonya Jehan.^ Nur Jehan Khalid Hasan. October 2008 Retrieved 04 August 2013
Jehan has sung the title songs for the following television dramas.Thakan ARY Digital 2012^ Thakan Retrieved 04 August 2013


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Shows developers how to integrate Flex applications with PHP-based data services.
Offers developers an overview of the latest enhancements found in Flash Builder 4.5 and Flex 4.5.
Explores the newest release of the Flex SDK and Flash Builder, explaining critical information for building rich internet applications.
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A new Family Education Center is now available at the Johnston County Library in Tishomingo to help parents and guardians of young children improve their skills as caregivers and teachers.
"You gotta live until you die," believes Lorene Rocker, which explains why she is finishing her bachelor's degree at East Central University this summer -- at age 80 and with 13 great-grandchildren -- and is looking forward to a new career and possibly earning a master's degree in counseling.
"I've got to work. I can't just sit at home," she said.
Wendell Godwin, a senior business executive who directed all sales functions in an 18-state area for a national Fortune 1000 company, has been named dean of the School of Business at East Central University. He will begin on May 17.
The Masonic Fraternity of Oklahoma has established a $100,000 endowment at East Central University through its Masonic Charity Foundation of Oklahoma to help fund cultural enrichment programming in ECU's Hallie Brown Ford Fine Arts Center.
A series of free mental health awareness webcasts will begin at 4 p.m. today [MAY 5] to mark "May is Mental Health Month."
"The hour-long webcasts are designed to help you recognize the signs and symptoms of common mental illnesses and learn what you can do to connect people with mental illness to resources in the community," said Bea Waller, director of East Central University's Student Counseling Center.
Open auditions will be held April 16 [FRIDAY] at East Central University for "Te Ata," a musical play based on the life of Mary Thompson "TeAta" Fisher, the famous Chickasaw storyteller and actress. Auditions will be held from 1 to 4 p.m. and 6:30 to 9:30 p.m. in the Chalmers Herman Theatre.
Potential cast members will audition for the playwright, JudyLee Oliva, an ECU alum, and the director, Dr. Christy Stanlake, a theatre professor and director at the United States Naval Academy.
Rehearsals will begin the last week of May.


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Advanced Search | Shop by Brand
Return to view Bahco Raker Tooth Hard Point Bow Saw Blade 24" / 607mm For Green Wood
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Andy james | 14 July 2014
Just what i need to hack through the mound of leylandii branches. Proper job.
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Charles | 27 September 2013
Typifies bahco quality. Enough said.
David porrett | 06 June 2011
I needed a good quality bow saw blade, your site had a good selection and the blade i chose was of good quality, did the job i wanted and will be fine for more.
Mike wallis | 24 September 2014
Bow saw blades are difficult to rate on your scale but i have no complaints and your prices were the best i could find.
Digby ridge | 28 January 2013
Excellent blade, goes through green wood like the proverbial knife through butter.
Tooled-Up.com78 Suez RoadBrimsdownEnfieldMiddlesexEN3 7PSTel : 0844 335 3902


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SMS Translator
50,000 - 100,000 downloadsAdd this app to your lists
+ By Michael Butler
**Google Hangouts disables the in-line SMS translation. Please disable Google Hangouts if you have it installed and incoming SMS messages are not automatically translated****
**This is a bug with Google Hangouts in terms of how it handles SMS messages. Google has been notified of the bug. I will provide status update when I know more *******
Type of speak your messages.
Text to speech of messages for 16 languages, saves to a library for listening and training. You can create your own custom library of phrases that are relevant to you and not be limited to pre-canned expressions.
Now includes an auto-translate option under Options. When selected, all incoming SMS messages will be automatically translated and appended to the bottom of the original message
Now includes speech to text! Speak your message instead of typing. Speech to text will use the language you have set as your language in the options.
Language Training! Use Rosetta-stone like functionality for any phrases saved in your library! To use just press and hold the phrase and press 'Practice'. Practice until you sound like a native! Supports Catalan, Danish, English, Spanish, Finnish, French, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Norwegian, Dutch, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Swedish, and Chinese.
Use Bing or Google for translation.
Over 40 languages supported for translating to and from.
If you have received a large SMS message and are having trouble translating it using the Google Service, try using Bing or the Google Beta service. Bing is probably the best choice as an alternative as the Google Beta is limited on the amount of requests perday
Conversation thread to easily keep track of the messages from within the application.
The app only uses the existing SMS database unlike other apps so there is no separate copies of the messages floating around eating up your disk space.
Only SMSTranslator verified for CMWAP!
Full integration with Contacts list.
Localilzed now to support:
Simplified Chinese
Traditional Chinese
Spanish - US
Please let us know (email@example.com) if any of the translations could be better or are just plain wrong!
I created this application when I moved to Beijing back in 2010 as a way to help myself get around. I hope that it proves useful to everyone. Thanks to everyone for the great feedback via email and on the comments!
Tags: sms translator, sms translate, sms language translator, smstranslator, translate sms, tłumacz sms, text message translator, translator sms, sms language converter, sms translation.
temporarily removing support for 2.0,2.1 and 2.2 until bug fix can be found
fixed copy paste bug on Android 4.0+
Fixing the bug removes the expand option for the text field. We'll be looking at adding the expand back in another update
(66 stars)
(66 stars)
Terrible design. Not intuitive. Does not work well.
(66 stars)
The app is quick and easy to use. Translations are only as good as the online source. Stick to short clear sentences
(66 stars)
I use this app more than any other app I have ever had, my partner and I dont speak much of each others language so a translation app is invaluable to us, and Ive tried many of them, but always come back to this one. I have one complaint, if there is a network issue when I attempt to translate my message before sending it the app is then stuck trying to translate, the only way to get out of this i
(66 stars)
Does not work on gosmart data connection.
(66 stars)
Not good at all don't work booooo you stink!!!!!!!!!!!!
(66 stars)


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Send "The second of three serious accidents on Thursday, Aug. 25, 2011 involved a car-motorcycle accident " to a friend. We will not store the e-mail addresses or give them to anybody. We value your privacy.
Point of View
Do you think Republican Sam Brownback will be the next governor of Kansas?
I think Brownback is a sure thing, unless something changes drastically.
— Max Atwell


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Tee'd Off About Golf Courses
Updated: 08/22/2008 - Lansing's Mayor is on the verge of being sued-- all because he won't allow two city golf courses to be re-opened.
Updated: 08/22/2008 - Lansing's Mayor is on the verge of being sued-- all because he won't allow two city golf courses to be re-opened.
Posted: 08/21/2008 - Storm now blamed for 23 drownings in Caribbean and two in Florida, including Indiana tourist.
Posted: 08/21/2008 - Ludington librarian fired for book on unsavory patrons.
Posted: 08/21/2008 - The Clarkston man arrested on child sex charges is sentenced Thursday.
Updated: 08/21/2008 - More than just local jobs, taking the census can mean tons of services and money for years to come.
Updated: 08/21/2008 - Police say a retired police officer shot a man trying to rob a Quality Dairy
Updated: 08/21/2008 - It could be heard by the Michigan Supreme Court but must have language approval in two weeks to be on ballot.
Updated: 08/21/2008 - The Board of State Canvassers unanimously approves the language for legalizing medical marijuana and expanding embryonic stem cell research.
Posted: 08/21/2008 - Lansing and Jackson following state-wide trend.
Updated: 08/21/2008 - Suit focuses on municipal golf courses.
Updated: 08/21/2008 - Lansing landed one of four state 2010 census bureau offices, which means thousands of local jobs will be created.
Posted: 08/21/2008 - NFL union chief loses his battle with pancreatic cancer.
Posted: 08/21/2008 - 16 year old dies in Tennessee school shooting
Posted: 08/21/2008 - Fay forces more evacuations in Florida
Updated: 08/21/2008 - After a fight and sexual assault in Lansing, some say the anger mis-management is a trend in the wrong direction
Posted: 08/20/2008 - Small SUVs improve in crash tests
Posted: 08/20/2008 - Chrysanthemum white rust is found at a Michigan nursery
Updated: 08/20/2008 - Attorney General's report says prosecutor didn't handle a police report correctly.
Posted: 08/20/2008 - Senators: FBI rules could target innocent people.
Updated: 08/20/2008 - Eric Matwiejczyk is no longer employed by the Ingham County Prosecutor's office.
Updated: 08/20/2008 - Proposal would have dramatically downsized state government.
Updated: 08/20/2008 - Law enforcement and crime prevention advocates say preschool play a vital role in future criminal problems.
Updated: 08/20/2008 - Man tied to 1999 New Year's Eve arson at Michigan State University gets ocean vacation.
Updated: 08/20/2008 - Fay floods hundred of Florida homes.
Posted: 08/20/2008 - 149 dead in plane crash at Madrid airport


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Craig K. Comstock | Posted 07.26.2011 | World
Read More: Toughness, Frederick Kempe, Berlin Crisis, John Kennedy, Brent Scowcroft, Berlin Wall, Nikita Khruschev, Cuban Missile Crisis, Vienna Summit, Bay of Pigs, World News
Does a new U.S. President need to show he is tough by threatening or committing a violent act? Some say it's dangerous not to.
A tense turning point of the Cold War is captured effectively with Frederick Kempe's page-turning book, a solid work of popular history that should be one of the breakout titles of the year.


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The Bombay High Court on Monday refused to grant any ad-interim relief to the society members of buildings in Campa Cola compound in Worli who have been served eviction notice by the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) based on a Supreme Court order upholding its earlier notice for demolition of illegal floors in the building.
Division bench of Justice Abhay Oka and Justice AR Joshi, refused any relief to the legal occupants of the buildings who wanted a detailed programme from the civic body on how they would carry out the demolition and whether it would affect their houses.
The high court while refusing to grant any relief relied on the apex court order which had upheld the notice issued in 2005 by the BMC for demolition under section 351 of the BMC Act.
The bench said "At this stage no case is made out for any relief, this court cannot interfere with the BMC action which has commenced on the basis of the apex court order. Further the society has filed a review petition wherein no stay has been granted by the apex court. In these circumstances we cannot interfere in the proceedings."
The legal occupants of the two societies BY apartments and Mid-Town apartments had argued that the water tank, lifts and electricity boxes are on the top floors and the BMC cannot just demolish the structure without considering their situation.
Further the civic body does not have experience in demolishing part of a residential structure thus it would cause problems to other legal occupants."
The civic body though replied by saying that it had appointed a structural engineer to assess the buildings and they would carry out the demolition in a phased manner, causing minimal inconvenience to the legal occupants.
A total of 140 flats have got eviction notices on April 26, asking them to vacate the flats within 48 hours. The civic body was likely to carry out the demolition on April 29 but it has not yet initiated any action. The society though has filed a review petition in the Supreme Court against its order where no stay has been granted.


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Cheese of the Week: Ricotta cheese
Ricotta cheese
Aroma HIII
Taste HIII
Price HIII
Ricotta cheese isn't a cheese in the normal sense of the word. Rather than whole milk cultured with a bacterial culture and coagulated with rennet, traditional ricotta is made by adding acid to the whey leftover from other cheese production (or permitting the whey to age an additional day to lower the PH naturally) and then heating it to just under a simmer. This coagulates every last bit of protein remaining in the whey, which is strained out — and voilà, ricotta.
The major protein in milk and cheese is called casein. There are other proteins in milk, however, called albumin and globulin, that largely remain in the whey after cheese production. These are the proteins separated from the whey to make ricotta.
While rennet makes for a silky, high-moisture curd, the high-heat, high-acid ricotta technique results in a grainy, low-fat sediment that can be whipped to fluffiness or compressed into a firm cake, but does not readily melt.
Ricotta is popular all over Italy, but especially in the dry and rocky southern parts of the country, where every food source needed to be utilized completely. As a contrast, in the rich northern pastures of Emilia Romagna, the copious whey from Parmigiano cheese production is used to feed the pigs that eventually become Prosciutto di Parma.
In the southern island of Sicily, ricotta is added to pasta sauces to increase the protein content — and the deliciousness. One example is Pasta alla Norma, a vegetarian combination of tomato, eggplant, basil and other herbs, ricotta and olive oil with chunky pasta. It also is very popular in dessert fillings, particularly cannolies and the famous Sicilian cake cassata. And ricotta is often used as a layer in lasagne — although it is notable that lasagnes made this way are recipes from southern Italy. The famous Lasagne Bolognese from northern Italy is layered with a thick white sauce made with whole milk and Parmigiano cheese.
Traditional ricottas from southern Italy are made mostly with whey from goat, sheep or water buffalo milk. One northern variety made in Piedmont uses cows' milk whey plus 10 percent whole cow's milk. Those manufactured and sold in the United States are almost always made with cows' milk, whole or skimmed, and only occasionally from whey.
A sheeps' milk version called ricotta salata is available locally (check Schnucks on north Green River Road), in which the ricotta is salted and pressed to expel moisture and greatly extend shelf life. It is sliceable and not creamy, with a strong sheep's milk flavor. It is very good shaved over spicy southern pastas containing tomato, capers and olives.
Other varieties not available locally at this time are smoked and baked cakes of ricotta, called ricotta afumicata and ricotta al forno, respectively, which are popular in Sicilian dishes.
Pasta With Sausage and Ricotta
(using fresh ricotta)
Serves 8
1 pound sweet or hot fresh Italian sausage
1 medium onion
1 cup chicken stock or broth
¼ cup heavy cream
½ cup ricotta cheese
2 tablespoons prepared pesto
- salt and pepper to taste
12 ounces chunky dry pasta such as rigatoni, penne, or fusilli
1In a large skillet, fry the sausage, crumbling, until it is half-cooked and has rendered some fat into the pan. Add the onion and continue to cook until the sausage is opaque and the onion slightly soft.
2 Add the chicken stock, bring to a simmer, cook to reduce, about 15 minutes.
3 Add the heavy cream and simmer an additional 5 minutes to reduce. Skim off the layer of fat on the surface, if desired. Stir in ricotta and pesto, taste, and season with salt and pepper to taste. Keep warm but don't permit to boil again.
4 In the meantime, bring a large pot of water to a boil, add salt, and cook pasta according to manufacturers's directions. Drain.
5 Toss hot pasta with the sauce, sprinkle with more cheese if desired, and serve immediately.
Mario Batalli's Pasta alla Norma
(using ricotta salata)
Serves 4
4 tablespoons extra-virgin olive oil, plus extra for drizzling
½ medium red onion, chopped into ¼-inch dice
4 garlic cloves, thickly sliced
2 medium eggplants, cut into medium dice
1 (28-ounce) can Italian plum tomatoes
2 sprigs fresh basil, plus leaves for garnish
1 sprig fresh thyme
— Salt and freshly ground black pepper
1 pound macaroni (rigatoni)
½ pound ricotta salata, coarsely grated
¼ bunch flat-leaf parsley, leaves chopped
¼ bunch mint, leaves chopped
— Chili flakes, to taste
1 Bring 6 quarts water to a boil and add 2 tablespoons salt.
2 In a 12 to 14-inch saute pan, heat the olive oil until smoking. Add the onion and the garlic and cook until soft but not yet browned, about 5 to 6 minutes. Add the eggplant and cook, stirring regularly until softened and lightly browned, about 8 to 10 minutes. Add the tomatoes, basil, and thyme, and bring to a boil. Simmer for 15 minutes, and season, to taste, with salt and pepper.
3 Cook the pasta according to the package directions, until al dente. Drain well and pour the hot pasta into the pan with the eggplant mixture. Add ricotta salata and heat through.
4 Garnish with parsley, mint, chili flakes and basil leaves.
5 Drizzle with olive oil and serve.
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Originally written on Fox Sports Ohio | Last updated 11/20/14
CHARLOTTE, N.C. (AP) -- Brendon Kay threw for 332 yards and a Belk Bowl-record four touchdowns, and Cincinnati capitalized on Duke's inept play in the closing minutes to beat the Blue Devils 48-34 on Thursday night. Duke appeared to have the game in hand and was driving for the go-ahead score -- and its first bowl victory since 1961 -- but the final 80 seconds proved disastrous. With the game tied at 34 and the Blue Devils positioning themselves for a winning field goal, running back Josh Snead fumbled at the Cincinnati 5-yard line with 1:20 left and Bearcats defensive lineman John Williams recovered. Kay then connected with tight end Travis Kelce on an 83-yard touchdown strike down the middle with 44 seconds left for the go-ahead score. Cincinnati (10-3) sealed it on the next series when Maalik Bomar came crashing into Duke quarterback Sean Renfree, forcing a deflection that Nick Temple returned 55 yards for a touchdown. Renfree threw for 358 yards -- another Belk Bowl record -...
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Which eLUXURY Fashion Week Outfit Is Most Fab?
by Fashion
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Another New York Fashion Week come and gone. Though it's not really over; it's on to London Fashion Week for Fab UK, and then Milan and Paris for fashion's top flight. I'm still recovering — and unpacking — but I managed to have fun amidst the thunderstorms and hustle and bustle. Stay tuned for some more coverage this week, but I have to thank eLUXURY for making my week that much more Fab. In case you missed it, they outfitted me for four of the fast days, and it really helped me keep on keepin' on. I have my favorite, but I'm dying to know: Which look did you love most?
Read More 2009 Fashion Week2009 Spring Fashion Week2009 Spring New York Fashion Week2009 SpringMost FabDerek LamPhillip LimChristian DiorZac PosenProenza SchoulerNew York Fashion WeekMarc By Marc JacobsELuxury
Marc by Marc Jacobs
Zac Posen
Christian Dior
Lua10 6 years
Zac Posen look.
MandyWH 6 years
Lim and Posen aaalmost tied in my book, but the Lim top pushed it over the edge. So fun!
nancita 6 years
The Posen dress looks great on you and I love those sunnies.
mommie 6 years
I like all the looks but I really loved the snakeskin heels and purple bag so I voted for the Lim
Auntie-Di 6 years
yes, I could definitely see mixing it up with the various pieces for new looks and adding with other pieces for more looks.
Fashion 6 years
Hey hunnies! Thanks so much for your votes. I can't choose a favorite, I had favorite pieces that are even more fun to mix together. Your positive feedback was so sweet. :KISS:
LolaSvelt 6 years
The first one! I also like the third one. The other two are OK, nothing amazing.
xojennifer 6 years
Im in looove with the Zac Posen :) It looks great on you!
jenwils 6 years
I'm opposite of everyone else. My fave was the LBD - such a classic & you added color with the yellow shoes - Nice touch. My second fave was the shiny Proenza top - that outfit looks fun. My least favorite is the Zac Posen dress (which seems to be everyone else's fave) b/c I don't think the square neckline is very flattering. :( Just being honest. Why don't you, FAB, tell us which one you enjoyed wearing the most?
baltimoregal 6 years
Hard call but the Posen dress is so sweet and I know you loved it!
fleurfairy 6 years
The Proenza is the most fab. Love it.
glam-sugar 6 years
The Zac Posen look.
fashion4ward 6 years
Fab, you look amazing in all! I can't choose! :)
MzAquamarine 6 years
While you look FAB in all of them...I had to go for the Lim bc its so beautiful and classy and I'd never have the opportunity to wear it! It was close between that and the Posen- but although I loved the front of the Posen look the back left a little to be desired...though I have to say, from all the choices, the Proenza is definitely so you!!! I could see you wearing that look on a night out any time of the year. xoxo
lizlee89 6 years
ugggh, I can't decide! they are all so fab, but I'm especially torn between the Phillip Lim and Zac Posen - ZP is my favorite designer, and I've been obsessed even since his organic collection from last fall. then, on top of that, Marc Jacobs is my second favorite designer, and I just love the Proezna look so much - uggh!!!!! you are just wayyy too FAB...
CocoChic 6 years
Proenza! Absolutely amazing!
Belowen 6 years
#3 was my favourite... That Lim blouse is to die for!
californiagirlx7 6 years
I loove the Zac Posen dress, but the Philip Lim ensemble is cute too!
NatashaAlexis 6 years
I voted the Lim blouse and skirt combo, but I love the yellow L.A.M.B shoes!
dannysf 6 years
The Lim brought the drama!
RoyalBlueMoss 6 years
Marc LBD ensemble
Auntie-Di 6 years
Chose the Lim but I liked aspects of all of them. The sequins, the yellow heels and the Posen dress, all the bags deserved a vote but I really loved the snakeskin heels and the purple bag. There was no category for "all the above".
FashionCritic1 6 years
♥ the Philip Lim ensemble.
luwam225 6 years
The Lim blouse and skirt combo is too cute.
Shopaholichunny 6 years
I :love: the Marc Jacobs and Zac Posen! :drool: Those Lamb heels are sooo HOT and Posen is beyond fab!!