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An interface device for an ATM network permits a plurality of ATM devices to be connected to a single ATM switch port. The interface device, in its preferred embodiment, is a modular device which may be interconnected to form a system having various segment arrangements to suit the system operational requirements. Each interface device may include a switch side connector, extension side connector, and a device side connector all on a single card with the interface device being configured in VSLI architecture, and multiple interface devices interconnected to construct the system segments. In an alternate application, the interface device may be used to replace the computer backplane and provide direct connection between a computer's system components and an ATM network. In still another configuration, the interface device may itself be utilized to interconnect a plurality of computers to form a local area network. In still another application, the interface device may be used to loop back data to an ATM device prior to transmission of the ATM data onto an ATM network.
1. An asymmetrical, three port interface device to be connected to an ATM switch in an ATM network, said ATM switch having a plurality of ports, each of said ATM switch ports having means for transmitting and receiving ATM data cells within a predetermined bandwidth, said interface device having a first port for connection to one of said ATM switch ports, and two other ports, said interface device having means for transmitting and receiving ATM data cells between said first port and each of said two other ports at ATM network transmission rates so that an ATM device, upon connection to either of said other ports, has access to said ATM network through said interface device and said one ATM switch port by sharing the bandwidth of said one ATM switch port, said transmitting and receiving means including a multiplexer connected between said interface device ports for multiplexing together all ATM data cells returning to said one ATM switch port, a routing and switching element connected between said interface device ports for routing ATM data cells received by said interface device from said one ATM switch port to said interface device other ports, and a control element connected with at least one of said interface device ports and said routing and switching element, said control element having means for receiving ATM control cells containing routing data from said at least one interface device port and routing said ATM control cells to the routing and switching element, said routing and switching element having means for storing routing information that determines which of said other ports an ATM data cell is routed to and means for updating said storing means in response to receiving said ATM control cells.
2. The interface device of claim 1 wherein said control element is connected to said multiplexer and further comprises means for routing said ATM control cells to said multiplexer, and means for disabling said multiplexer routing means.
3. The interface device of claim 1 wherein said first port is a switch side port adapted for connection to said one ATM switch port, and wherein there are two of said other ports, one of said other ports being a device side port adapted for connection to an ATM device and the other of said other ports being an extension side port adapted for connection either to an ATM device or the switch side port of another interface device.
4. The interface device of claim 3 wherein said switch side port is also adapted for connection to the switch side of another interface device and said extension side port is also adapted for connection to the ATM switch port, and said device side having its input connected to its output, said interface device thus connected providing means for echoing back ATM data cells to any ATM device connected thereto.
5. An asymmetrical, three port interface device to be connected to an ATM switch in an ATM network, said ATM switch having a plurality of ports, each of said ATM switch ports having means for transmitting and receiving ATM data cells within a predetermined bandwidth, said interface device having a first port for connection to one of said ATM switch ports, and two other ports, said interface device having means for transmitting and receiving ATM data cells between said first port and each of said two other ports at ATM network transmission rates so that an ATM device, upon connection to either of said other ports, has access to said ATM network through said interface device and said one ATM switch port by sharing the bandwidth of said one ATM switch port, each of said interface device ports including an upstream port and a downstream port, each of said upstream ports and downstream ports providing a separate physical connection, said interface device further having a multiplexer connected between said upstream ports, a routing and switching element connected between said downstream ports, and a control element connected between at least one of said upstream ports, said multiplexer, and said routing and switching element, said multiplexer having means for multiplexing together all of said ATM data cells returning to said one ATM switch port, said routing and switching element having means for storing ATM data cell routing information that determines which of said interface device other ports each of said ATM data cells is routed to, and said control element having means for receiving ATM control cells containing routing data from said upstream port and routing said control cells to the routing and switching element, said routing and switching element having means for updating said storing means in response thereto.
6. The interface device of claim 5 wherein said control element further comprises means for routing said ATM control cells to said multiplexer, and means for disabling said multiplexer routing means.
7. An asymmetrical, three port interconnection device having three ports for transmitting ATM data cells at ATM data rates between said ports, said interconnection device including a multiplexer connected between said ports for multiplexing ATM data cells input to said interconnection device through two of its ports and transmitting said multiplexed ATM data cells through the third one of said interconnection device ports, a routing and switching element connected between said ports for directing ATM data cells input to said interconnection device through said third port for output through said two of its ports, and a control element connected to said multiplexer and at least one of said interconnection device ports, said control element having means for receiving ATM control cells and routing them to each of said multiplexer and said routing and switching element.
8. The interconnection device of claim 7 wherein each of said interconnection device ports includes an upstream connector and a downstream connector, said upstream connectors being interconnected with said multiplexer to provide an output of a single stream of ATM data cells through one of said upstream connectors, said downstream connectors being interconnected through said routing and switching element to provide an output at a plurality of connectors for a single stream of incoming multiplexed ATM data cells.
9. An interface device for an ATM network, said ATM network having a plurality of ports, each of said ports having means for transmitting and receiving ATM data cells, said interface device having a first port for connection to one of said ATM network ports, and at least two other ports, each of said two other ports including an upstream port and a downstream port, each of said upstream ports and downstream ports providing a separate physical connection, said interface device having means for transmitting and receiving ATM data cells between said first port and each of said other ports at ATM network transmission rates so that an ATM device, upon connection to either of said other ports, has access to said ATM network through said interface device and said one ATM network port, said interface device further having a multiplexer connected between said upstream ports, a routing and switching element connected between said downstream ports, and a control element connected between at least one of said upstream porks, said multiplexer, and said routing and switching element, said multiplexer having means for multiplexing together all of said ATM data cells returning to said one ATM switch port, said routing and switching element having means for storing ATM data cell routing information, said routing information determining which of said interface device other ports each of said ATM data cells is routed to, and said control element having means for receiving ATM control cells containing routing data from said upstream port and routing said control cells to the routing and switching element, said routing and switching element having means for updating said storing means in response thereto.
10. The interface device of claim 9 wherein said control element further comprises means for routing said ATM control cells to said multiplexer, and means for disabling said multiplexer routing means.
A port on an ATM switch is a valuable resource. If a device is designed to interface directly with an ATM switch, but its functionality limits it to using only part of the bandwidth available from its access link, then utilization of this valuable resource can be uneconomical. Furthermore, providing multiple switch ports at some locations may not be convenient, even though more than one device needs access to the ATM network. In order to make more economical use of a port on an ATM switch, other devices in the prior art have been developed. For example, an ATM concentrator is available in the prior art which provides a plurality of ports all centrally located for accessing the ATM port. However, it offers a fixed number of additional ports at a single location so that a user who needs ports distributed throughout a building, for example, would not be able to make efficient use of a concentrator. Furthermore, the number of ports provided by a concentrator is fixed and is not readily modifiable. Another device available in the prior art is the proposed distributed queue, dual bus, for interfacing between an ATM port and a number of peripheral devices. However, this scheme requires modifications to the user interface hardware and an adaptation function. Furthermore, an access protocol overhead on the data transfer phase of a connection is required which reduces the data transfer capabilities.
In order to solve these and other problems in the prior art, the inventor herein has succeeded in designing and developing an ATM interface device which maintains the ATM interface standards and permits multiple devices to share a single ATM access port without interjecting an adaptation function or otherwise interfering with the direct transfer of ATM data between the port and the user's ATM device. With the inventor's interface device, port multiplexing is elegantly simple and preserves the essential operational behavior of the ATM network. It extends the ATM port to multiple interface devices efficiently and transparently and also preserves the functional behavior of ATM channel switching.
In essence, the interface device of the present invention may be readily implemented as a three plug card or board, each of the plugs being designated as either a switch side, device side, or extension side. Each of these "sides" designates the direction of connection for the interface device between the ATM network port and a user's device. As such, it is a building block type of device which permits a user to construct various configurations of sub-networks or busways through which the ATM cells are routed directly to and from connected ATM devices. Each ATM interface device includes a multiplexer to merge ATM data cells into a single upstream data stream and a routing and switching element which generally divides ATM data cell streams into different paths depending upon the configuration of the user constructed sub-networks or busways. A control element processes ATM data cells which are traveling upstream towards the network and either sends them on to the multiplexer or, if they are control cells, sends them to the routing and switching element in order that ATM data cells traveling downstream from the network are properly routed. Routing information for data cells which comprise a VPI/VCI table are stored in a VPXT/VCXT in communication with the routing and switching element. The VPXT/VCXT is updated with control cells received by the control element and transmitted through the routing and switching element.
The interface device of the present invention may be configured in several ways in order to provide different functionality. In the simplest configuration, the interface device may simply be cascaded in order to accommodate the connection of a plurality of ATM devices to a single switch port. In this first configuration, the ATM devices are connected with the switch side of the next succeeding interface being plugged into the extension side of the preceding interface such that they align in a single, unbranched, segment. In a variation of this single segment arrangement, branches may be made by plugging a switch side of an interface into a device side and then plugging additional interfaces using the switch side and extension side connectors as before. In this manner, branches may be made from a single "trunk" in various configurations in order to suit particular installations. This functionality of the interface device of the present invention provides tremendous flexibility to a network manager in building a network with multiple and branched segments. In still another variation, the interface device may be used to substitute for the back plane for a computer to provide direct interconnection between real time data intensive services such as video, audio, and image processing with an ATM network to thereby optimize their functionality. At the same time, a common bus may be utilized for interconnecting a CPU and memory as they are generally viewed as "tightly coupled" such that interconnection through an ATM network would be an inefficient substitute. However, such interconnection could be provided if useful. In still another variation, a ring network or work group of ATM devices may be interconnected using the interface device of the present invention in order to form a stand alone configuration. In this usage, one of the computers interconnected in the ring would need to provide the network control processor overhead, something which would be well known to one of ordinary skill in the art. Lastly, an internal host ATM ring could be formed which would provide an echo feature for viewing, for example, images prior to their being transmitted to the network. In this instance, an interface device would be interconnected between a user and the ATM network in reverse, with the device side being looped back to send the same data cells being transmitted back to the user. Such an interconnection would be desirable if, for example, a user wanted to verify an image or other data prior to its being broadcast over the ATM network.
As is apparent by the short description given in this summary, the inventor's device provides great functionality and is conducive to a number of variations which provide flexibility and features not heretofore known. The interface device itself, and its several different described uses, are more fully explained in the following detailed description of the preferred embodiment.
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of the interface device of the present invention connected in a single segment;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an ATM network terminated by two switches and interface devices connected thereto;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram further illustrating the interconnection of interface devices to an ATM network;
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of the interface device of the present invention detailing the hardware elements;
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of the control element architecture of the interface device;
FIG. 6 is a block diagram of the output multiplier architecture of the interface device;
FIG. 7 is a block diagram of the routing and switching element architecture of the interface device;
FIG. 8 illustrates the cell format illustrating one technique for updating VPXT/VCXT data;
FIG. 9 is an illustrative view of data cells transmitted to and from the interface device for updating VPXT/VCXT data;
FIG. 10 is a schematic view of the interface device illustrating downstream data flow through the switch side;
FIG. 11 is a schematic view of the interface device illustrating upstream data flow through the device side;
FIG. 12 is a schematic view of the interface device illustrating upstream data flow through the extension side;
FIG. 13 is a schematic view of the interface device illustrating the upstream flow of a control cell through the device side;
FIG. 14 is a schematic view illustrating connection of a single interface device between a user and an ATM switch;
FIG. 15 illustrates the interconnections between a number of interface devices to construct a single segment;
FIG. 16 illustrates the interconnection of a plurality of interface devices to illustrate a branched segment;
FIG. 17 is a block diagram illustrating the use of the interface device to connect the various components of a computer terminal to provide a substitute computer back plane therefor;
FIG. 18 illustrates the use of the interface device to construct an ATM ring network; and
FIG. 19 illustrates the use of an interface device for providing an echo back or loop back feature.
FIG. 1 describes the interface device or A-TAP 20 from a conceptual viewpoint. Each ATM device 22 in FIG. 1 might be spatially distributed--for instance, one A-TAP for two separate computers--or tightly coupled within a distributed computing machine (the third device from the left in FIG. 1). The A-TAP, therefore, has the potential to provide a ubiquitous multidrop interface for multiple computers or as a distributed A-TAP computer backplane. The essential method of "tapping" the ATM stream is the same.
ATM Networks
The ATM protocol has been defined by CCITT for communicating over Broadband Integrated Services Digital Networks (BISDNs). It has also emerged as the primary candidate for next generation Local Area Networks (LANs). Clients of an ATM network communicate by first creating a virtual channel connection between themselves, then transmitting data on this connection. The connections can be either point-to-point (involving two clients) or multipoint (involving three or more clients). Multipoint connections allow multicast communication, where all data sent by one client is received by all other clients participating in the call that have chosen to receive on that connection.
Virtual channel connections are identified in the ATM standard by assignment of Virtual Channel Identifiers (VCIs). At the User-Network Interface (UNI) they are assigned via negotiation between an ATM switching system (controlled by the system's Control Processor (CP)) and the requesting network access device. After the connection is established, data flows between the ATM network and the interface device with each cell marked with the assigned VCI number. The VCI number need not be the same for the upstream and downstream side of the bi-directional ATM interface (this is referred to as uni-directional channel assignment). Most ATM designs (switches and some interface devices) utilize some form of a VPI/VCI Translation Table (VPXT/VCXT) to manage the VCI translation at each interface. This is needed to accommodate the high speeds of ATM data transfer and allows different VCIs to be mapped at each node. FIG. 2 describes a connection between two network subscribers at the UNI and the Network-Network Interface (NNI) in a simple ATM network.
The connection is set up between two clients by use of a connection management access protocol (Q.93B or CMAP). This protocol allows an interface to signal the control processor that it wants to establish a connection with another device. The CP sets up the connection and signals the clients when that task has completed. Thereafter, data is sent between clients as shown in FIG. 2 without processing by the CP. This is referred to as the connection setup or call setup phase of client to client communication.
It is through a suite of connection management protocols that a set of switches and their connected client equipment are turned into a network. These protocols define a communication model that describes how clients of the network may interact with one another. An important aspect of such a model is the definition of the network boundary that determines where equipment is considered either client or network. Network equipment will normally have privileged access to internal protocols and other network equipment that may be hidden from view of network clients. The client is constrained to interact with the network through the access protocols. In the simplest case, a fiber optic link (FOL) connected to an interface node (ATM switch or equivalent) defines the network interface that delineates this client/network boundary. A simple communication model would associate a single network address with one network termination. The A-TAP extends this model with minimum overhead so that the client/network interface can have multiple addresses (and multiple devices) associated with one network termination.
To understand the utility of the A-TAP, it is useful to understand how multiple clients--with distinct network addresses--at a single termination will interact with network access protocols. FIG. 3 describes how a control processor (CP)--that houses the network side of the connection management access protocols--views a multiple address termination point. The CP need not understand how the access link interface devices (A-TAPs or equivalent) allow multiple devices to interface to a single network port. It views each address as being a separate entity that has separate connection management controllers (the client side of the access protocols). Client connection management controllers need not cooperate, interact or even be aware of the presence of others (although they are not prevented from such interaction if this is desirable). The clients may access the CP asynchronously and compete with one another for the resources available on the shared access link. Negotiation of virtual channel identifiers can be explicit--between clients prior to a request to the CP--or by CP arbitration. The CP is the central arbitration point and will not allow two clients to have the same VCI or to exceed the bandwidth requirements of the shared interface. The CP serializes all requests and determines VCI/bandwidth arbitration on a first come, first serve, basis (though more complicated schemes may be used). After the client has been granted his request for VCI/bandwidth the call/connection associated with the request is established in the network. The client equipment then sends an A-TAP control message and the A-TAP functionality assures that all ATM cells from the client's call/connection are routed to the client's destination. No additional signaling or link-level transport (beyond the generic ATM level protocol) is required.
It is also possible to use multiple A-TAPs within a single client--as a multi-ported host interface. In this way, the A-TAP can be used by a client device to segregate ATM traffic into separate cell streams. In this case, it is possible that the client only has one network address--and by inference, one client connection manager. When used in this fashion, the A-TAP is used only as a local access control mechanism transparently from the network or other client devices. FIG. 1 describes the mixture of these types of client devices.
Hardward Architecture Overview
The ATM-TAP, or A-TAP 20, is designed to extend the UNI ATM interface from one device (FIG. 2) to many devices while maintaining the UNI functionality for each device. There are two main functions required of the A-TAP to achieve this functionality. First, cells arriving from the network have to be routed to the attached A-TAP devices or to other A-TAP devices downstream from the current A-TAP. This amounts to a simple routing and switching function based on ATM channel identification (VPIs and VCIs) for the downstream flow of cells from the switch. The second requirement is to interleave cells sent from each A-TAP device to the network onto a single upstream flow of cells. The interleaving of cells is a straightforward task that requires no control overhead from the attached A-TAP device. The routing function, however, does require control input from the A-TAP device to indicate which ATM channels it is interested in receiving cells from and which should be passed to downstream neighbors.
FIG. 4 describes the A-TAP hardware architecture that accomplishes these functions. The output Multiplexer (OUT MUX) buffers 24, 26 are required to interleave the two upstream cell streams (cells destined for transfer to the network and which may not, over time, exceed the capacity of the link). The Routing and Switching Element (R&SE) buffers 28, 30 exist to provide the R&SE the ability to accept control messages while simultaneously accepting cells from the network (one or two cell registers may be sufficient if the R&SE can operate at link speeds). The control functionality of the Control Element (CE) 32, R&SE 34 and OUT MUX 36 are very simple. Therefore, it is reasonable to expect that the A-TAP core can be implemented within a single VLSI chip (thus reducing cost). The interface cards are designed to allow multiple interfaces to be developed, fiber, coaxial, twisted pair, bus etc., thus improving flexibility.
The Control Element (CE) 32 processes upstream cells generated by devices directly connected to its Device Side port or from other A-TAPs that are connected to the Device Side from their Switch Side.
It is illegal to connect the Device Side of an A-TAP to the Extension Side of another A-TAP. To do so would "reverse the flow" of upstream and downstream data relative to the ATM network access port, resulting in chaos.
The CE 32 accepts all ATM data cells and sends them to the CE FIFO 26 of the OUT MUX 36. If the CE 32 detects an A-TAP control cell it sends the cell to the Routing and Switching Element (R&SE) control FIFO 28 and the CE FIFO 26 of the OUT MUX 36. No direct manipulation of cell contents is required in either case. FIG. 5 describes the CE 32 in more detail.
The OUT MUX 36 multiplexes the upstream cells from the CE 32 and the upstream port of the Extension Side onto the upstream port of the Switch Side of the A-TAP. All cells are transferred unmodified by the OUT MUX 36 except A-TAP control messages whenever the Tree Disable configuration pin is set. The Tree Disable switch is set for the A-TAP that is directly connected to the ATM switch to tell the OUT MUX 36 to not forward the A-TAP control cells to the ATM network. All other A-TAPs should have this switch unset when configured in a tree. All A-TAP control cells are, therefore, sent upstream to all A-TAPs when this pin is not set.
The optional configuration pin (Tree Disable) may also be used to disable the feature on the entire A-TAP segment (not just the last upstream A-TAP device). A-TAP segments which are not supporting ATM "trees" may configure the OUT MUX to not forward A-TAP control cells to the upstream Switch Side XLI. When the A-TAP is not branched into tree segments then it is unnecessary to propagate the control cells down to the last A-TAP (as described below. An example where this might be useful is the preferred embodiment for this invention of the multiple A-TAP host interface.
The CE FIFO 26 and the Upstream FIFO 24 have to be dimensioned to provide proper interleaving of data between downstream and device side neighbors. In general, this may be demanding because the different sources are not synchronized, nor can it be necessarily expected for them to be cooperating. However, it can be expected that the network signaling software will constrain the overall traffic flow to be consistent with the bandwidth capabilities of the access link for extended periods of time. Nonetheless, given the speeds with which the ATM networks may transfer cells--approximately 350,000 per second at 155 Mbps--it is prudent to dimension these FIFO 24, 26 relatively large to avoid cell loss. FIFOs of the size of 128 to 256 are not unreasonable if the A-TAP core can accommodate this requirement. It should be noted that extra FIFO space can cause additional delay under congestion, and in so doing, cause additional network "jitter". This might make a shared memory configuration a reasonable thing to do at the OUT MUX module. FIG. 6 depicts the OUT MUX 36 in greater detail.
The R&SE 34 provides the basic routing required of the A-TAP by checking the VPI/VCI of an ATM data cell received from the downstream port of the Switch Side against a VPXT/VCXT table to determine if the cell should be routed to the downstream port of the Device Side and/or the downstream port of the Extension Side. The cell itself requires no modification because the VPIs or VCIs are not translated. FIG. 7 depicts the R&SE 34 in more detail.
The R&SE 34 accepts one cell each cell time from the Downstream FIFO 30 (unless a control cell is present in the R&SE CNTRL FIFO 28). The R&SE Control module 38 detects that a cell is present in the Downstream FIFO 30 and causes the Downstream FIFO 30 to put the cell into the Delay buffer 40. THE VPXT/VCXT subsystem 42 will be directed to read the VPI/VCI pair from the cell when the Control module 38 asserts the read pin. The VPXT/VCXT 42 will respond with a match indicator (002 means no match and send to downstream port of the Extension Side, 012 means match and send to the downstream port of the Device Side only and 112 means matched and send to the downstream port of the Extension Side and the Device Side--the Xpoint may be directed to send to both outputs). Based on this information the Control module 38 will assert the port signal to the Xpoint module (again 002, 012, 112) which will gate the cell to the appropriate port or ports.
Generally speaking, the Downstream FIFO 30 should be empty--the R&SE element 34 can process cells as fast as the Switch-Side RLI can send them. Control cells (from the R&SE CNTRL FIFO 28), however, can interrupt the flow between the Switch-Side RLI and the R&SE element 34 because control cells have precedence over data cells in the Downstream FIFO 30. A data cell delayed for this purpose will be held in the FIFO 30 until such time that (1) the CNTRL FIFO 28 is empty and (2) an empty cell arrives from the Receiver Link Interface of the Switch Side Interface. If the Downstream FIFO 30 were to become full, then the grant would not be asserted to the Receiver Link Interface (RLI) and a cell is discarded in the RLI. Since the downstream flow of cells from the network to all A-TAPs must contend only with A-TAP control cells, and since A-TAP control cells are infrequent, the probability of dropping cells due to contention should be very small. The Downstream FIFO 30, therefore, may be minimally dimensioned (8-32 cells).
The VPI/VCI table, must only retain data that indicates whether a cell (VCI) should be sent to the Extension Side, Device Side or Both Sides. This requires only two bits of information per VPI/VCI pair. To support all 28 *216 VPI/VCI pairs would require 33,554,432 bits or approximately 4.2 MegaBytes of storage. Most host interfaces and ATM switch interfaces do not support the full range of VPIs/VCIs available with the ATM standard. The A-TAP, therefore, may be engineered to support a lesser VPI/VCI range (for instance, 28 VPIs and 210 VCIs which would require 65,536 KiloBytes (65 KB) of storage).
An alternative method of storing the required routing information would be through a Content Addressable Memory (CAM). The VPXT/VCXT would only have to store those VCIs which are "active" for a device side (i.e. where a device side host has determined that it wants access to a particular ATM channel). The VPXT/VCXT, therefore, need store only those VPIs/VCIs that are assigned to the Device Side, if the VPI/VCI pair is not found then the default is to send it to the Extension Side. This method is the preferred embodiment of the A-TAP VPXT/VCXT table.
The R&SE 34 accepts A-TAP control cells from the CE 32 by way of the R&SE CNTRL FIFO 28 to manage the VPXT/VCXT 42. The R&SE Control module 38 gives precedence to control cells from the device side (these cells should generally be infrequent) to insure that control/update information is not lost. Given this precedence the CNTRL FIFO 28 may be minimally dimensioned (2-3 cells).
When a control cell arrives from the CE module 32 it is put into the R&SE CNTRL FIFO 28 and the present pin is raised to the R&SE Control module 38 to indicate that a cell is present in the FIFO 28. On the next cell processing cycle the R&SE Control module 38 will withhold grants to the Downstream FIFO 30 and assert a grant to the CNTRL FIFO 28 instead. The CNTRL FIFO 28 will send the cell to the VPXT/VCXT 42 which will process the cell and update its table when the R&SE Control module 38 asserts the write to the VPXT/VCXT 42.
FIG. 8 shows the format of the A-TAP control message for updating a VPXT/VCXT table entry. The OA&M cell type from the ATM standard is used. A two-bit field is embedded in the payload to describe whether the VPXT/VCXT should send cells arriving on the indicated VPI/VCI to (1) 002 -Extension Side, (2) 012 --Device Side, or (3) 112 --both sides. As standards emerge for various OA&M cell formats, the intent is to conform to those standards as appropriate. The cell format depicted in FIG. 8 is the preferred embodiment given the current state of the standards concerning this type of UNI control. It is important to note that A-TAP control cells are not meant to be sent to the network--one of the purposes of the Tree Disable configuration pin is to prevent that from occurring--so this mechanism may be applied outside of standard interfacing requirements from CCITT, the ATM Forum or ISO.
FIG. 9 shows the format of a table read operation. The cell on the right is what the device side client sends to the A-TAP and on the left is the cell returned to the device side client after the entry has been read.
The Plug Compatible Interface Cards (PCIC) are designed to have a generic interface with the A-TAP "core". The interface receives power, clock and grant signals from the core and transfers data on the two unidirectional 16 bit bus interfaces. Any transmission media may be used as long as it can keep up with the link speed. A common interface for Switch and Extension Side interfaces would be fiber. The Extension and Switch Sides are not required to have fiber, they too, may have alternate interface transmission media. The Device Side interface can utilize a more economic interface, twisted pair, coaxial, bus etc. This is application dependent and configurable by a network manager based on usage and economies of scale.
There are two types of cells that the A-TAP recognizes: ATM data and A-TAP control. The data flow properties of both types of data from all switch inputs will be described.
When ATM data arrives at the A-TAP on the downstream port of the Switch Side it will be sent to one or both of two output ports depending on the data stored in the A-TAP VPXT/VCXT. If the VCI stored in the cell has a match in the VPXT/VCXT it may be sent to the Device Side only or the Device Side and Extension Side. If there is no match then it may be sent to the Extension Side only. Data arriving on this port originated from the switch as shown in FIG. 10.
As shown in FIG. 11, when ATM data arrives from the upstream port of the Device Side (originated from a device) it is always sent to the upstream port of the Switch Side (it is always destined for the network switch).
As shown in FIG. 12, when ATM data arrives on the upstream port of the Extension Side it is always sent to the upstream port on the Switch Side. This data originated from a device connected to an ATM-TAP that is located downstream from this tap. The data is intended to be sent to the ATM Switch.
A-TAP control cells are used by a device to set up all A-TAPs in an A-TAP segment to route data for the designated VCI to the device. An A-TAP control cell arriving on the upstream port of the Device Side of an A-TAP is replicated by the CE and sent to the control port of the R&SE and the data port of the MUX (unless the Tree Disable pin is set, which disables the forwarding of the A-TAP control cell to upstream neighbors). The R&SE will process the A-TAP control cell and update the VPXT/VCXT for the designated VPI/VCI. The MUX will send the A-TAP control cell to the upstream port of the Switch Side for output to the next A-TAP (see FIG. 13). If the Tree Disable input is high then the cell is consumed by the MUX and is not sent out to the Switch Side.
A-TAP control cells that arrive on the upstream port of the Extension Side are not used to update the VPXT/VCXT. As shown in FIG. 12, they are sent to the upstream port of the Switch Side for output to the next A-TAP. Again, if the Tree Disable input is high then the cell is consumed by the MUX and is not sent out to the Switch Side.
Given that all internal buses are 16 bits wide, an A-TAP clock cycle of 40 MHz would provide throughput on the order of 640 Mbps. This would be sufficient to support proposed SONET rates of 155-620 Mbps. Clocking the A-TAP at 75 MHz would provide throughput on the order of 1.2 Gbps.
A-TAP Usage
An A-TAP may be utilized in any one of the following configurations to interconnect widely dispersed ATM devices.
As shown in FIG. 14, the first device is connected to the Device Side of the singular A-TAP segment. The Tree Disable switch is set. A-TAP control cells sent from device A0 will update the VPXT/VCXT of A-TAP 1 because they are received on the Device Side of the A-TAP and will then be consumed because the Tree Disable pin is set.
Multiple devices may be connected by connecting a new A-TAP to the free Extension Side and connecting the devices to the Device Side of the A-TAPs. When Device A sends an A-TAP control cell its A-TAP's VPXT/VCXT will be updated and no others. The cell will flow toward the SWITCH and be consumed by the last (first) A-TAP (A-TAP 1 as marked in FIG. 15).
A-TAP segments may be connected in a tree fashion by connecting an A-TAP Switch Side to a Device Side. This provides flexibility to the network manager in building A-TAP segments. Each leg of the tree is called an A-TAP segment and the A-TAP that connects the two segments is called a joining A-TAP. The ATM Control algorithm guarantees that all devices in the downstream path will have the VPXT/VCXT updated to insure that data is switched in the correct direction. FIG. 16 describes the control update of a connecting A-TAP and a joining A-TAP.
A-TAP Host Backplane Interface
The generality of the A-TAP for interconnecting distributed computers in a single multidrop segment or a tree of multidrop segments is a useful and desirable feature. Providing this rich interconnection mechanism while faithfully preserving the ATM functional and operational interface is equally important. The most useful application of the A-TAP, however, may be in its use as a distributed host interface--essentially using the A-TAP chips tightly coupled in a computer backplane to replace the host backplane bus.
FIG. 17 shows a simple comparison of the two approaches. The typical computer backplane for ATM networks implements the ATM interface as "yet another network device". The ATM interface must adapt a very high speed (relative to the bus interface) asynchronous communication network (ATM) with a (typically) synchronous contention bus of fixed bandwidth. Most computer backplane buses operate as a shared resource with contention overhead. Furthermore, many busses only allow one master (typically the CPU) and this makes it doubly difficult for the ATM interface device to get "bandwidth on demand" from the backplane bus subsystem. The shared bus fixed bandwidth problem is compounded by the emergence of realtime data intensive services such as video, audio and image processing. The A-TAP solves these problems by allowing each of the computer subsystems to "bleed" off cell streams from the ATM network through a dedicated A-TAP interface. The computer backplane becomes "native ATM"--making the ATM cell the ubiquitous information "quantum". Since most of these devices require that their information be decomposed into ATM cell streams anyway, this type of "cell based" bus interfacing makes good sense. The effective bandwidth of the ATM bus interface may be easily "subdivided" by adding additional A-TAPs as new devices are added. Additionally, each A-TAP may operate up to full link speed, thus providing the host with true "bandwidth on demand", adaptable to the asynchronous nature of the devices that it interfaces to.
Using the A-TAP as a tightly coupled host interface requires no modification to the essential A-TAP core design. Each device that interfaces with the A-TAP merely acts as a Receiver Link Interface (RLI) or a Transmitter Link Interface (XLI) as appropriate. Flow control is provided by the RLI/XLI grants between the A-TAP core and host's devices that connect to it. Instead of FOLs connecting the devices, point-to-point unidirectional interconnect is used. The host might want to utilize the Tree Disable pin configuration. It also may decide to terminate the cell stream at the end of the A-TAP segment (A-TAP D in FIG. 17) to avoid the cost of extending the segment to another host. Alternatively, the host might provide a "multiple computer interconnect"--perhaps with an inexpensive twisted pair interface--so that downstream host interfacing can be easily done. (Similar to how Macintosh� computers come equipped with "ready-to-go" Appletalk� interfaces.)
It is also possible to build a simple "workgroup" ATM network out of A-TAP equipped computers, as shown in FIG. 18. By connecting the "A-TAP segment in a ring, the A-TAP segment can communicate with each other without the need of an ATM network. (One of the computers will need to act as a network signaling agent (i.e. functioning as the Network Control Processor (CP)) if true transparency is required.) This stand-alone configuration is essentially a "free" artifact of the A-TAP design. No extra hardware is required to support this configuration.
Using the A-TAP as a computer backplane does have one drawback. For devices that communicate primarily in a bi-directional manner--the CPU and memory for instance--it would be inconvenient to have to send cells to the network to have them sent back to a neighbor device connected to an adjoining A-TAP. For this reason, it is expected that the computer bus will not be replaced by the A-TAP, merely enhanced. Some devices will use an internal bus and others will use A-TAPs. Current trends in computer design reflect this separation of functionality. In many of today's computers an internal bus connects tightly coupled components, like the CPU and Memory, and a backplane bus connects peripheral devices, like network interfaces and disk controllers. It is the backplane bus that is envisioned as being replaced with an A-TAP segment. The complete demise of the computer bus is not envisioned but rather a reduced role as an internal interconnection mechanism where it makes sense, and ATM connecting everything else. The devices that interface directly to ATM using the A-TAP, therefore, will typically be peripheral devices like video, audio, image serving, image processing etc. This hybrid configuration was shown in FIG. 17. These types of devices are typically communicating with similar devices through the ATM network. For instance, the video server device might send a video source to a remote network client and that remote client might be sending a video source to a video receiver device connected to another A-TAP on the user local backplane--establishing a bi-directional video communication link.
Nonetheless, it may still be desirable under certain circumstances for a host's peripheral devices to send cells to one another. For example, in the case of the video server and receiver, the user might want to see what image is being presented to the network by "echoing" it back for viewing. This can be accomplished by the computer via the network by setting up a connection from itself, to itself. The cells from the server would be sent upstream to the network and the network would redirect them downstream to the receiver. The video receiver device would update its A-TAP to direct the downstream cells to be sent to it.
An alternative method for setting up these "echoed" connections is described below. This feature is called an Internal Host ATM ring. To implement this feature, an additional A-TAP core chip is used that is "rotated" in such a way that the switch side interface of the rotated A-TAP faces the switch side interface of the A-TAP segment that connects the host devices. FIG. 19 describes this use of the A-TAP. Note that the device side interface is "looped back", this allows cells to be "echoed" back to the downstream side prior to the network. In order to selectively perform this service, the ability for any device to send A-TAP control cells to the loopback A-TAP must be supported. In this way, a receiving device may send an A-TAP control message to set its interface A-TAP VPXT/VCXT table to route the downstream connection to it and the transmitting device may send a message to the loopback A-TAP to set the table to echo the indicated stream back to the receiver. No support from the network or network access signaling protocols is required for this mechanism to be effective but it would be prudent to notify the network signaling system that link resources have been utilized in this manner. Given the state of current signaling protocols, it is not yet possible to know if this type of cooperation is possible.
Changes in the A-TAP architecture are not required for this feature to be supported. If the host controlling the A-TAP ring is utilizing a bi-directional UNI VPI/VCI assignment, then the A-TAP devices can be unset for Tree Disable (thus allowing A-TAP control cells to be sent upstream towards the network). This would allow the receiving device to send one A-TAP control cell to update his own table and then have a copy of the cell sent upstream to the loopback A-TAP. The loopback A-TAP's RS&E will route the cell to the device side which will send it to the CE subsystem input port. The CE subsystem will then send the A-TAP control cell to the loopback VPXT/VCXT and set the channel for R&SE routing.
There are various changes and modifications which may be made to the invention as would be apparent to those skilled in the art. However, these changes or modifications are included in the teaching of the disclosure, and it is intended that the invention be limited only by the scope of the claims appended hereto.
Patent Citations
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Oneworld member British Airways (BA) has reached an agreement to acquire 51 weekly slot pairs at London Heathrow Airport from Star Alliance carrier BMI.
The slots are currently used by BA franchise partner British Mediterranean (BMed), which is being acquired by BMI.
A BA spokesman says: "We can confirm that we have undertaken a slot exchange with BMI and we will also undertake a codeshare with BMI on the former BMed routes from the end of October 2007, when our franchise with BMed ends. BMI has been financially compensated for the slots. It is 51 weekly pairs."
He adds that the slot trade, which will take effect from the end of October, is with BMI and not BMed. The BA spokesman declines to comment on the financial terms of the transaction.
A BMI spokesman refuses to comment on the slot deal. BMI has 12% of the total slot pool at Heathrow, giving it the second largest share after BA.
BMI revealed its plans to acquire BMed in February and recently fixed 28 October as its planned integration date. From this point BMed will operate under BMI's air operator's certificate (AOC) and British Airways' livery and uniforms will be removed.
Specialising in operations to the Middle East and Central Asia from London Heathrow, BMed has a fleet of three Airbus A320s and five A321s. It has operated as an independent BA franchise partner since 1997.
Other high-profile examples of slot trading have included BA's deal with Swiss International Air Lines and Flybe's slot exchange with Virgin Atlantic and Qantas Airways.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Home > Clock Making Parts > Clock Movements > Quartz Chiming Clock Movements > 10 Second Recordable Dual-Chime Quartz Clock Movement
The 10 Second Recordable Dual-Chime Clock Movement is a quartz clock movement that the plays Westminster or Whittington melodies or your own recording! Available in pendulum or non-pendulum styles, this clock motor features a night silencer and chime shut-off option. Volume control is also included on the speaker. 12" lead wires allow you to mount the speaker away from the motor. A built-in microphone allows you to record your own sound.
Warranty1 year
Maximum Dial Thickness7/16"
Total Shaft Length7/8"
Shaft Diameter5/16"
Chiming Melody SoundWestminster, Whittington or Your Own Recording
Case SizePendulum: 5-1/2"H x 2-3/8"W x 1-1/4"DNon-pendulum: 2-3/16"H x 2-3/16"W x 5/8"DSpeaker Box: 3-1/2"H x 2-3/8"W
Free Pair of Hands*Yes
Battery3 AA (#45001)
Hardware IncludedYes
*You will be able to choose your Free Pair of Hands after you make your selection below. Select Group B Sweep Second Hand are an additional charge.
Stock No.
Non-Pendulum Movement
Pendulum Movement
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Because we at Klockit understand that this is possibly a once in a lifetime purchase, the delivery of your Howard Miller grandfather clock
is completed with our Ultimate white glove delivery crew.
The delivery is completed by a 2 man service and placed in the room of your choice.
The unit is then unpacked, the carton packaging is removed, and any light assembly (up to 30 minutes) is completed.
Finally, you get the opportunity to inspect and sign off on the delivery before the delivery crew leaves your house to insure your satisfaction.


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The Florida Panthers will try to get back to their winning ways tonight as they head to New York to play the Buffalo Sabres.
The Panthers were riding a mini 2-game winning streak before they had it snapped Thursday in a heart breaking loss to the Ottawa Senators which saw the Senators scoring with 3 seconds left in regulation for a 4-3 victory. Versteeg scored with less than a minute to tie the game, continuing his hot streak with the Panthers, meanwhile rookie goaltender Jacob Markstrom had 28 saves in a losing cause.
"When you end up on the wrong side of those ones, it has a lot of sting," coach Kevin Dineen told the Miami Herald. "There are some lessons to be learned. It was sloppy play by us. I don't think that's the defining moment for our season. But it's a tough loss.
Much of the great play by the Panthers lately can be credited to rookie phenom goaltender Markstrom who has stopped 92 of the last 96 shots he faced so far this season. He has played great of late, making some crucial saves allowing the Panthers to get themselves into the game early and set the tone.
The Sabres on the other hand are coming off a 4-2 win Thursday night against the Columbus Blue Jackets. Jason Pominville scored two goals in the victory while Jonas Enroth made 32 saves for the victory.
Frustration continues for Sabres' fans hoping that Jochen Hecht will soon return to the lineup as he has suffered another setback in his attempt to make it back in the lineup. He has been out with a concussion since being hit on the second day of training camp.
Tonight's game will be the second meeting between the clubs in the last month. The Sabres won the first game of the 4-game series back on October 20th in Florida 3-0, Ryan Miller stopped all 22 shots for the shutout.
Last season the two clubs split the season series 2-2, with Florida winning the first two games, while Buffalo winning the two latter contests.
Buffalo Sabres: (6-3-0, 4th Eastern Conference, 2nd NorthEast Division) (2-2-0 Home)
Florida Panthers: (5-4-0, 7th Eastern Conference, 3rd SouthEast Division) (3-3-0 Road)
Powerplay: BUF (21.4% 7th NHL) – FLA (24.3% 5th NHL)
Penalty Kill: BUF (93.6% 2nd NHL) – FLA (76.9% tied23rd NHL)
GF/GA: BUF (27GF, tied 7th NHL / 19GA, tied 4th NHL) – FLA (22GF, tied 19th NHL / 23GA, tied 19th NHL)
Key Injuries:
Buffalo Sabres: Jochen Hecht (Concussion), Tyler Ennis (Sprained Ankle)
Florida Panthers: Scott Clemmesen (Knee), Sean Bergenheim (Lower Body), Mikael Samuelsson (Groin), Jose Theodore (Lower Body)


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Meet the Gay Couple Who Made History in Utah
BY Advocate.com Editors
January 17 2014 6:00 AM ET
Were you already planning to get married when Utah initially reversed the marriage ban?
Yes. Michael and I had been engaged since July 2013. We were working on a tea farm in Japan when he proposed to me.
Where had you planned to marry?
We planned to get the license in California, but we planned to have the big party and a ring ceremony in Salt Lake.
Did you know you were going to be the first gay couple to wed in Utah?
No. Our friend who is an attorney had been following the case. When he learned that Judge Shelby had struck down Amendment 3 (Utah's anti–marriage equality constitutional amendment), we rushed to the county clerk's office because we didn't know how much time we had before the state put a stay on the ruling. So the minute we heard on the afternoon of December 20, we literally dropped everything and sped over to the clerk's office.


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There was a time when a successful movie promotion consisted of giving away plastic cups and toys with the purchase of a burger and fries.
Not anymore.
While fast food tie-ins are still a major part of generating hype for a new film, today Hollywood seeks larger and more creative means to create buzz. Call it organic, viral or guerrilla marketing.
The latest incarnation came this week when 7-Eleven transformed 12 of its convenience stores into caricatures of the Kwik-E-Mart as part of a promotion for "The Simpsons Movie."
The promotion further blurs the line between reality and fiction.
It used to be that marketers tried to work real-life products into movies and TV shows. While that still happens, today some highly known fake products are creeping into reality.
One of the first was the Bubba Gump Shrimp Co., a seafood restaurant chain that came out of the hit 1994 movie "Forrest Gump." The first restaurant opened two years after the movie premiered. There are now 21 outlets in the United States and seven abroad including locations in Tokyo, Hong Kong and Cancun.
Items from the "Harry Potter" books and movies have also jumped from fiction to reality. A candy from the books — Bertie Bott's Beans — are now available from jelly bean manufacturer Jelly Belly.
The 7-Eleven stores that have been turned into Kwik-E-Marts are stocked with products from "The Simpsons."
There are boxes of KrustyO's cereal, Buzz Cola, pink doughnuts and special edition "Radioactive Man" comic books. 7-Eleven also renamed its Slurpee frozen drinks as Squishees. One key "Simpson" product, however, is missing: Duff beer.
"'The Simpsons' 7-Eleven campaign feels wonderfully fresh to me," said Drew Neisser, CEO of Renegade Marketing Group. "'Simpsons' fans are already buzzing about it."
7-Eleven only converted 11 stores in the United States and one in Canada, but still managed to create a strong buzz, Neisser said.
"For 'Simpsons' fans, this is an inside joke on a colossal scale," he said. "Among 'Simpsons' fans this conversion is sure to enhance their perceptions of 7-Eleven as a cool place to shop. What it is really clever about this is the blending of reality and fiction."
The marriage of movies and completely unrelated companies is nothing new. Fast food chains for years have offered collectible toys or plastic cups to mark a movie's release.
"James Bond" movies have always featured fancy cars and the series had a major tie-in with BMW a few years back. When the latest "Shrek" movie came out, the producers teamed up with Energizer batteries to market the film. "Shrek" had also joined with Burger King for its first two movies and McDonald's for the latest one.
The number of promotions is also growing.
When "Spider-Man 3" was released, it had several different tie-ins.
Baskin Robbins launched a limited edition ice cream that included extra cream in the form of a web. Sony Ericsson launched special phones that included "Spider-Man" games, movie clips and wallpapers.
Even the U.S. Postal Service is getting in on the action, recently converting 400 mailboxes to look like R2-D2 from the "Star Wars" movies. The change was in honor of the franchise's 30th anniversary. A special stamp was issued to mark the occasion.
Not all marketing schemes go smoothly though.


text:
Pronunciation: Colunga
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Locanto classifieds
Download the free Locanto iPhone App now!
Post your free classified ads on Locanto even when you're on the go! With the Locanto iPhone App, you can post ads, contact advertisers and quickly and easily find the job or car of your dreams anytime and anywhere.
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Posting an ad, contacting an advertiser, saving your favorite ads: The Locanto iPhone App is 100% free and easy to use.
✔ fast & save
Choose the category, upload a picture, enter a description – done! The integrated messaging system, "My Messages", allows you to communicate safely with other users.
✔ anytime & anywhere
On the go? Thanks to the iPhone location functions, you won't miss any deal near you. You can also post an ad and respond to questions to your ads anytime and anywhere.
✔ current & local
Find the latest local classified ads in your city. The ads on Locanto are constantly updated so that you won't miss a thing!
1. Category OverviewFind all ads in a category at one glance. The perfect app to find jobs, housing, used cars, or pets.
2. Ad OverviewOpen the ad of your choice with just one click and contact the advertiser instantly. Sort by distance, date, or alphabet.
3. Ad DetailsThe most important information at one glance: Including description, images, and location map. Contact the advertiser directly through the app.
4. Ad PostingSelect category, add description, upload picture – done! Your ad will be uploaded instantly and will be active in the app as well as on the website shortly.
Are you using a Galaxy, Blackberry or another kind of smartphone?
Do not worry. You can use the Locanto mobile site anytime and anywhere with almost any kind of web-enabled mobile phone:
- Find ads
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Visit Locanto with your mobile phone via http://m.locanto.co.nz/m/info/s/iphone-app.html!
- Copyright © 2015 Locanto™


text:
Results for northern uganda
How Heroes are Made: Remembering Nate Henn
Originally Posted: 07/14/2011 - 8:34am | Type: Blog
Heroes are not made in the warm hallways of cul-de-sac safety. Nor are they made of black and white print from the critic's air-conditioned desk. Heroes are not made in the w ...
Ahead of Sudan Vote, Concern over Interference by Lord's Resistance Army
Originally Posted: 08/31/2011 - 4:40pm | Type: Blog

The murderous regime in Khartoum is showing its true colors again. While they parade and pretend to be preparing for fair election ...


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Privacy and Cookies
Three rockets launched on the same day from three separate facilities have successfully put six satellites into orbit.
The first, a Soyuz U launched from Russia's Plesetsk military spaceport, lofted a reconnaissance satellite into low earth orbit (LEO) for the Russian military. The satellite is reportedly a Yantar-4K2M (Kobalt M) optical reconnaissance satellite.
Shortly after, a Japanese H-IIA launched from Tanegashima Space Center, carrying four satellites to orbit. One satellite, GCOM W1, alternately called Shizuku (dew), will study global water circulation and climate change for Japanese space agency JAXA. The second major payload is the Kompsat 3 Earth observation satellite, launched for Korea. Two smaller satellites, SDS-4 demonstration satellite and Horyu-2 student satellite, were also aboard.
Finally, a Proton launched from Baikonur, Kazakhstan, carrying Nimiq 6 to geosynchronous transfer orbit. Nimiq will provide Ku-band direct broadcasting television for Canadian users. The Breeze-M upper stage must make a series of burns, altogether taking roughly nine hours to reach the separation point.
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text:
Bowel Diversion Surgery Ileostomy, Colostomy Center - Fort Lauderdale, FL
WebMD Physician Directory
Fort Lauderdale, Florida
Bowel Diversion Surgery: Ileostomy, Colostomy, Ileoanal Reservoir, and Continent Ileostomy
What Is Bowel Diversion Surgery?
Bowel diversion surgery allows stool to safely leave the body when (because of disease or injury) the large intestine is removed or needs time to heal. Bowel is a general term for any part of the small or...
Read the Bowel Diversion Surgery: Ileostomy, Colostomy, Ileoanal Reservoir, and Continent Ileostomy article »
Other Related Bowel Diversion Surgery Ileostomy, Colostomy Articles
Emergency Contact for Fort Lauderdale
Nearby Fort Lauderdale Hospitals *
Kindred Hospital
Fort Lauderdale Hospital
Broward General Medical Center
Plantation General Hospital
St Anthony's Rehab Hospital
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Manor Oaks Rehab Center
North Shore Med Ctr-FMC Cmps
Broward Health Imperial Point
Westside Regional Medical Ctr
Hollywood Pavilion
Joe Dimaggio Children's Hospita
Memorial Regional Hospital
Kindred Hospital-Hollywood
Memorial Regional Hospital S
Memorial Hospital Pembroke
University Hospital
University Pavilion
Healthsouth Sunrise Rehab Hosp
High Point Treatment Center
South Florida State Hospital
Aventura Hospital & Medical Ctr
Northwest Medical Center
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Memorial Hospital West
Jackson North Medical Center
Cleveland Clinic Hospital
Transitions Recovery Program
West Boca Medical Center
Villa Maria Nursing/Rehab Ctr
Boca Raton Regional Hospital
Memorial Hospital Miramar
North Shore Medical Center
Palmetto General Hospital
Palm Springs General Hospital
Hialeah Hospital
Miami Jewish Health Systems
Alternatives In Treatment
Citrus Health Network
Southern Winds Hospital
Mount Sinai Medical Center
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Fair Oaks Pavilion
Pinecrest Rehabilitation Hosp
Bascom Palmer Eye Institute
Jackson Memorial Hospital
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Univ Miami Sylvester Canc
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Select Specialty Hospital
Metropolitan Hospital
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West Gables Rehabilitation Hosp
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Doctor's Hospital
Bethesda Hospital West
Larkin Community Hospital
South Miami Hospital
AG Holley State Hospital
Kendall Regional Medical Center
Baptist Hospital Of Miami
John F Kennedy Medical Center
*Provider Directory Terms of Use:
The WebMD 'Provider Directory' is provided by WebMD for use by the general public as a quick reference of information about Providers. The Provider Directory is not intended as a tool for verifying the credentials, qualifications, or abilities of any Provider contained therein. Inclusion in the Provider Directory does not imply recommendation or endorsement nor does omission in the Provider Directory imply WebMD disapproval.


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1-800-GO-VAPOR.com to Market Toxic-Free Vapor Steam Cleaners to Casinos
TANCS®-Equipped Vapor Steam Cleaners Qualify As Disinfection Devices For The EPA And Are More Appropriate Than Customary Hard-Surface Disinfectants For Cleaning Casino Restrooms
Lake Forest, Illinois (PRWEB) May 21, 2013
1-800-GO-VAPOR.com, the go-to source for top performing vapor steam cleaners for home and commercial use with customers in every state in the nation and numerous foreign countries, today announced that it plans to actively market the Ladybug Tekno 2350 vapor steam cleaner to the hotel and gaming industries.
"A lot of people are uncomfortable using a toilet seat at their local casino," says a 1-800-GO-VAPOR.com spokesperson. "Some women won't even step into a stall, believing that they are a breeding ground for disease."
According to 1-800-GO-VAPOR.com, even a public bathroom that looks clean can harbor germs just because so many people use the bathroom all day long.
But clean and sanitary bathrooms in high traffic areas like casinos is a breeze for cleaning staff with the revolutionary Ladybug Tekno 2350 vapor steam cleaner.
Vapor steam cleaners equipped with Ladybug´s proprietary patented Thermo Accelerated Nano Crystal Sanitation technology–called TANCS®–are scientifically proven to produce better results than conventional disinfectants. This qualifies steam vapor systems like the Ladybug Tekno 2350 vapor steam cleaner as disinfection devices for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)–making them more appropriate than traditional hard-surface disinfectants for many public settings such as hotel lobby and casino restrooms.
"There is credible scientific evidence linking many everyday disinfectants to cancer and other diseases," says 1-800-GO-VAPOR.com. "The simplified water-only protocol of the Tekno 2350 cleans, disinfects and deodorizes almost any surface without chemicals. This is significant for hotel housekeeping and casino cleaning staff because according to the Integrated Benefits Institute exposure to cleaning chemicals is the largest contributing risk factor for occupational illness and injury."
Casino cleaning personnel using the Tekno, in addition to sparing their lungs from toxic chemical fumes, will spend less time squatting, stooping and scrubbing on their hands and knees–which helps increase productivity and reduce workman's comp claims.
"Vapor steam cleaners equipped with TANCS® proudly display a label that says ℠EPA Est. No. 82121-WA-01´ in bold letters," says 1-800-GO-VAPOR.com. "The yellow label tells you in a glance that the Tekno qualifies as a disinfection device for the EPA."
Located in Lake Forest, Illinois, 1-800-GO-VAPOR.com is moving fast to educate consumers and businesses that finally, there's a feasible, environmentally friendly alternative to chemicals. The company markets Reliable, Vapamore and Ladybug vapor steam cleaners. For more information, call 1-800-468-2767. 1-800-GO-VAPOR.com is a proud member of the Safer Chemicals, Healthy Families coalition, a nationwide effort to protect families from toxic chemicals. To stay safe and avoid toxic chemicals, keep abreast of the latest news with 1-800-GO-VAPOR.com´s Twitter account, @1800GOVAPOR.
For the original version on PRWeb visit: http://www.prweb.com/releases/prwebVaporSteamCleaners/HotelsCasinosCleaning/prweb10750560.htm


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New weapons. This appears to be a molten brick hammer. How cool is that? Well if you can't scorch 'em with the burning hunk of brick then surely that metal that's being used to contain that molten brick is pretty freaking strong stuff. Give the enemy a knock on the head with that part will surely be effective too.
Zoom Hover on Photo to Zoom


text:
Summer's Coming
A night to help parents and kids get ready for SJCC Summer Camp. June 3. Learn more
Join dads and their kindergarten through 3rd graders for an overnight at Camp Kalsman. June 6-7.Register Now
Don't miss Israeli singer-songwriter Harel Skaat performing at the J!
Get ready for SJCC Summer Camp with a night of camp games and activities!
Check out our Events Calendar to view all of the events happening this month at the J. Want to try a new fitness class? Curious when the pool's lap lanes are open? Click on the links below!Events CalendarGym + Fitness SchedulePool Schedule


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RevenueJet - Taking you to New Heights of Rogue WARNING to New Members!!
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04 February 2011 23:59 [Source: ICIS news]
LONDON (ICIS)--European phthalic anhydride (PA) contract prices in February have increased by €25-30/tonne ($34-41/tonne) from January because of the need to recover margins following the €25/tonne rise in the monthly orthoxylene (OX) contract price, sources said on Friday.
ICIS assessed February PA contract prices at €1,185-1,195/tonne FD NWE for liquid material and €1,120-1,170/tonne FD NWE for flake.
Many PA contract players said they settled February prices at an increase of €25 from January, a straight pass-through of the OX price increase.
Producers that had been at the lower end of the January contract range managed to push through increases of €30/tonne to recoup margins, players said.
Poor consumption for PA in 2010, coupled with rising production costs, had eroded margins by around €200/tonne over the course of last year.
Spot prices of liquid material rose by €20/tonne at the low end to €1,100-1,150/tonne FD NWE because of the increase in the price of OX.
Flake spot prices were stable at €1,100-1,150/tonne FD NWE, and there were expectations that they would increase next week.
The PA market had been oversupplied, but an improvement in consumption – which sources attributed to restocking and firming buying interest in the downstream construction market – brought supply and demand back in balance.
The availability of flake material was reduced further because of a lack of imports, which resulted from escalating feedstock costs overseas, making material uncompetitive.
Players warned that there would once again be too much supply if imports re-enter the market.
($1 = €0.73)
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The correct option is
Viscosity is defined as the resistance to flow.
Here 20W means that the viscosity of oil being measured at. W indicates winter.
The number 50 indicates the oil viscosity.
Chegg is one of the leading providers of homework help for college and high school students. Get homework help and answers to your toughest questions in math, calculus, algebra, physics, chemistry, science, accounting, English and more. Master your homework assignments with our step-by-step solutions to more than 3000 textbooks. If we don't support your textbook, don't worry! You can ask a homework question and get an answer in as little as two hours. With Chegg, homework help is just a few clicks away.


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The Lensic Performing Arts Center
211 West San Francisco Street, Santa Fe NM
The Lensic Performing Arts Center opened as a nonprofit in 2001 following the restoration of the Lensic Theater, a cornerstone of downtown Santa Fe since 1931. Mission: The non-profit Lensic Performing Arts Center enriches lives by bringing diverse art and people together in the historic Lensic Theater, a cornerstone of downtown Santa Fe since 1931. The Lensic presents and supports local, national and international artists and serves as a center for education, community and youth events through its accessible and affordable programming.
• Serves as a national model for a sustainable arts center—with its focus on performance, education and community programs.
• Presents over 200 eclectic performances year-round, at affordable prices, delivering outstanding local, national and international talent.
• Enriches public education by bringing more than 10,000 school children to the theater annually to see free performances of music, storytelling and dance.
• Subsidizes local arts organizations, like the Santa Fe Concert Association, Santa Fe Symphony and Santa Fe Pro Musica by covering half of the rental fee for each group that uses the theater.
• Offers its facilities to local nonprofits for free, or at a nominal cost, helping more than 160 organizations raise $1.7 million over 10 years.
• Delivers best-in-class technical support capable of serving world-class organizations from traveling Broadway shows to the Moscow Ballet.
• Sponsors a technical internship and scholarship program to train Northern New Mexico high school students in theatrical arts.
• Serves as a home to the nonprofit Tickets Santa Fe, a community box office serving more than 35 organizations and venues.
Photos by Kate Russell


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This article is part of the supplement: Research from the Eleventh International Workshop on Network Tools and Applications in Biology (NETTAB 2011)
Modelling osteomyelitis
Author affiliations
1 Computer Laboratory, Cambridge University, William Gates Building, 15 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FD, UK
2 School of Science and Technology, Computer Science Division, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri 9, Camerino (MC) 62019, Italy
3 Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sir Frederick Mappin Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
Citation and License
BMC Bioinformatics 2012, 13(Suppl 14):S12 doi:10.1186/1471-2105-13-S14-S12Published: 7 September 2012
This work focuses on the computational modelling of osteomyelitis, a bone pathology caused by bacteria infection (mostly Staphylococcus aureus). The infection alters the RANK/RANKL/OPG signalling dynamics that regulates osteoblasts and osteoclasts behaviour in bone remodelling, i.e. the resorption and mineralization activity. The infection rapidly leads to severe bone loss, necrosis of the affected portion, and it may even spread to other parts of the body. On the other hand, osteoporosis is not a bacterial infection but similarly is a defective bone pathology arising due to imbalances in the RANK/RANKL/OPG molecular pathway, and due to the progressive weakening of bone structure.
Since both osteoporosis and osteomyelitis cause loss of bone mass, we focused on comparing the dynamics of these diseases by means of computational models. Firstly, we performed meta-analysis on a gene expression data of normal, osteoporotic and osteomyelitis bone conditions. We mainly focused on RANKL/OPG signalling, the TNF and TNF receptor superfamilies and the NF-kB pathway. Using information from the gene expression data we estimated parameters for a novel model of osteoporosis and of osteomyelitis. Our models could be seen as a hybrid ODE and probabilistic verification modelling framework which aims at investigating the dynamics of the effects of the infection in bone remodelling. Finally we discuss different diagnostic estimators defined by formal verification techniques, in order to assess different bone pathologies (osteopenia, osteoporosis and osteomyelitis) in an effective way.
We present a modeling framework able to reproduce aspects of the different bone remodeling defective dynamics of osteomyelitis and osteoporosis. We report that the verification-based estimators are meaningful in the light of a feed forward between computational medicine and clinical bioinformatics.


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Festivals: Latest coverage
Can't make it to Cannes? Follow all the news and reviews of the world's most iconic film festival from wherever you are in the world.
Find out more about the 12 films competing for the Sydney Film Festival's prestigious Sydney Film Prize.
The director of one of most anticipated movies of this year's French Film Festival talks us through a magic moment. Watch the interview and read more below.
The actor and guest of the 2015 Spanish Film Festival opens up about her most memorable movies, many of which are available to watch at SBS On Demand.


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Mon-Fri: 7am-1am EST / Sat-Sun: 7am-11pm EST
ApplianceMaytag Dryer
Level of DifficultyReally easy
Time to do repairLess than 15 mins
Age of Appliance5 - 10 years
31 out of 33 people found this instruction helpful
Unplugged Dryer. Removed two bottom panel screws with nutdriver. Element in back left corner (under drum). Removed two screws holding element in place. Slide element down and pull out at a slight angle until entire element cleared and can be pulled out. Wires are long enough to reach out to the front of Dryer to make work easy. Had to remove two high temp thermostats and transfer to new element. Moved wires that were left and transfered over to new element. Reinstalled element and front cover. Plugged in Dryer and turned on. HEAT AGAIN. EASY!! With a little coaching I could have had my 8 year old do the repair. Honestly, it was that easy. Don't be intimidated and pay the repair man $350 to fix it for you. At least not on my model of Dryer! Hope this helps someone!!! To be honest, it probably took me longer to post this description than it did to make the repair.
Help other customers find the most helpful instructions.
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Part Number: PS2200820
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The PartSelect logo is a Registered Trademark of Atlantic Laundry Centres, Ltd.
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Custom Firmware 6.20 M33 Plug-in Updated
Developer Torky has released an update to his plugin that allows you to play 6.00+ OFW games on your M33 CFW without patching. This new release not only includes a compatibility update, but it now supports Go! Cam.
If you don't want to enable Go! Cam, skip steps 1 and 2. Instructions:
1. Manually extract usbcam.prx and usbmic.prx from the OFW 6.20 update using PSARDumper.
- Copy psardumper into X:/PSP/GAME
- Copy OFW 6.20 to the root as X:/EBOOT.PBP
- Run psardumper and press square
- After psardumper finishes decrypting, copy the .prx files from X:\f0\kd\
2. Create a folder on the root of your memory stick called "kd620" and place the Go! Cam .prx files in this folder. X:/kd620/
3. Install and active the M33 Plugin plugin as you would any other, placing the plugin files in "seplugins" and adding the proper line to game.txt.
- "ms0:/seplugins/m33_620.prx 1″ – The line you add to game.txt.
Similar Posts:
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- N64 Emulator: DaedalusX64 Alpha Revision 551 - August 3, 2010
- Custom Firmware 6.20 M33 Plug-in Updated - July 20, 2010
- M33 Prometheus Installer v2.0 Released - July 16, 2010


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NHL: Hockey News (FREE)
50,000 - 100,000 downloadsAdd this app to your lists
Tweets por @Appszoom
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NHL: Hockeys News (FREE) brings the latest NHL news, team and player updates, NHL Trade Rumors from Yahoo! Sports, The Hockey News and ESPN right to your Android phone instantly. Carry it around in your Android phone like you carry a newspaper. Information is updated in real time - no waiting for morning newspapers.
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Game 6 countdown, 4 p.m.: What are the hockey experts saying?
|06.13.11 at 4:01 pm ET
With Game 6 of the Stanley Cup finals getting closer and closer here is a look at what a few of the hockey experts are saying:
TSN's Bob McKenzie writes that is has been a 'bizarre' Stanley Cup finals. McKenzie has been surprised with just how unruly things have gotten and also writes how he spoke to a referee and he too was surprised at how on edge the players have been. He also writes about how special teams have played a key role in the series and the challenge the Canucks face playing in Boston.
Jeff Klein, of the New York Times, examines just how close the Canucks are to claiming their first Stanley Cup in 41 years of existence. He writes the celebration would rival the celebration that followed the 2010 Winter Olympics gold-medal game held in Vancouver.
Helene Elliott of the LA Times writes how even though the Bruins have dominated the majority of the statistical categories throughout the series it is the Canucks who are one win away from winning the Stanley Cup.
Paul Hunter of Toronto's The Star has five questions for before tonight's game, including: Do the Bruins have another Nathan Horton?
Latest from Bleacher Report
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- Looking at Bruins Defensive Pairings Without Chara


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Narrow your search
Perfect for "Game of Thrones" and "Hobbit" dinner parties or D&D gatherings, this Dragon Cake Pan from ThinkGeek will make you the hit of the kingdom. No slaying required.
Captain America's shield, Thor's hammer and other edible super sculptures adorn this cake, and it's not as hard to make as you might think.
Newlyweds celebrate their special day with a cake that looks good enough to play. Crave chats with the baker about the inspiration behind this tasty tribute to Nintendo.
Already leagues ahead of Apple's Siri in natural-language recognition, Google Now's expanded role in Android M could make it the most valuable feature.
All you pudding brains who have been keeping up with the latest season of "Doctor Who" can make your very own pudding brain for All Hallows' Eve.
Dragons and wizards beware of the hungry gamer! Celebrate a d20 critical hit by making mini dice cakes with this pan available exclusively from ThinkGeek.
Could you survive a week of only emoji food and drinks? One journalist takes the challenge and ends up missing her breakfast bagels.
Today's rerun takes us back to 2008 when Jonathan Coulton joined us for the very first time. (Original air date: 1/28/08)
Netflix adds 58 titles, including the new season of "Orange Is The New Black," while dropping 55. Amazon Prime picks up 26 new titles including one of the worst movies ever made, "Troll 2."
Today, Ashley and Rich wonder if T-Mobile's newest Uncarrier initiative is good (or bad) for consumers. Also, Lego's got a new trick up its sleeve that blends digital and physical toys, a number nerd displays the "correct" way to slice up a cake, and we discuss your thoughts on the Amazon Fire smartphone.


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Three weeks after announcing his retirement from domestic and international cricket, Rahul Dravid said at the BCCI's felicitation function here on Tuesday that he had made a pact with himself: not to cry.
"I have been tested to the limit today. The sentiments expressed by Anil Kumble, V.V.S. Laxman, Sourav Ganguly and Mahendra Singh Dhoni has been touching. Sometimes I feel I have not retired what with the IPL keeping me busy. Maybe when June comes, it will start sinking in.
"I may not be playing for India anymore, but I will watch this young Indian team with great interest with a cup of tea and biscuit in hand. I want the Indian team to be a strong force on and off the field,'' said Dravid, during the course of a 15-minute speech to the audience that included former Indian captains and players like Madhav Apte, Bapu Nadkarni, Bishan Singh Bedi, Ajit Wadekar, Sunil Gavaskar, Dilip Vengsarkar, Dhoni as well as BCCI officials.
Dravid did not forget to thank the BCCI for taking Indian cricket to great heights. "When I went to England in 1996, I felt that the Indian cricket team was treated like a second class citizen. We played in the first half of the season and at small grounds.
"The cricketers have changed Indian cricket by leaps and bounds, but the BCCI has played its role by making the Indian team the big boys of international cricket. Our generation of players have left a legacy for Mahi [Dhoni] and his team to take forward,'' said Dravid, who was presented a silver salver by Sanjay Jagdale, Secretary, BCCI, and Anuragh Thakur, Joint Secretary, BCCI.
Dravid also made a special mention of Ganguly, under whom he was deputy for five years.
"We had our ups and downs, but eventually we came out with flying colours. When I sit back and take it all, I think I have lived my dream of playing for India, and with my heroes. So blessed I have been to live the dream for 16 years."
He thanked the groundsmen, scorers, umpires and the organisers of cricket matches.
Dhoni's pat
Dhoni was the last among the cricketers to speak after Kumble, Laxman and Ganguly.
"Rahul [Dravid] was always ready to give his best for the team and the country. He always had a solution and said yes. Dravid would walk through the obstacles, not around it. That was his greatness,'' said Dhoni.
BCCI president N. Srinivasan said through a recorded message: "There is nothing he did not do for Indian cricket. The fans will miss him.''
Keywords: Rahul Dravid, felicitation function, M.S. Dhoni, BCCI