text:
This invention relates to a directional optical coupler including at least two optical guide cores (26, 28), in silica, lying on a cladding (24) in a mineral dielectric material, and a covering layer (30) in a polymer material, which covers the two optical guide cores, and whose index is less than that of the optical guide cores.
1. A directional optical coupler including at least two silica optical guide cores lying on a mineral dielectric cladding material, said guide cores being separated by a coupling zone, and a covering layer comprised of a polymer material having a refractive index, which covering layer completely covers the two optical guide cores, and completely fills said coupling zone, and wherein the refractive index of the polymer material is less than that of the optical guide cores.
2. The directional optical coupler according to claim 1, wherein the refractive index of said polymer material also permits a single-mode operation.
3. The directional optical coupler according to claim 1, wherein the polymer material is selected from the group consisting of polymethacrylate, α-haloacrylate, polyacrylate, polystyrene, polycarbonate, polyvinyl, polyimide, and polysiloxane.
4. The directional optical coupler according to claim 1, wherein the polymer material is selected from the group consisting of polymethacrylate, α-haloacrylate, polyacrylate, polystyrene, polycarbonate, polyvinyl, polyimide, polysiloxane, mixtures thereof and copolymers thereof.
5. The directional optical coupler according to claim 1, wherein the polymer material is a copolymer of trifluoroethyl methacrylate and methyl methacrylate.
6. The directional optical coupler according to claim 1, wherein the polymer material is a copolymer of methyl methacrylate and an acrylic, methacrylic or α-haloacrylate fluoromonomer.
7. The directional optical coupler according to claim 1, wherein the polymer material having a refractive index, is a copolymer of trifluoroethyl methacrylate and a monomer which permits an increase in said refractive index.
8. The directional optical coupler according to claim 1, wherein the polymer material is a copolymer of trifluoroethyl methacrylate and a monomer which permits the reticulation of said polymer material.
9. A directional optical coupler including at least two optical guide cores comprised of silica, lying on a cladding comprised of a mineral dielectric material, and a covering layer comprised of a polymer material having a refractive index, which covers the two optical guide cores, wherein the refractive index of the polymer material is less than that of the optical guide cores, and also including means for thermo-optic activation.
10. The directional optical coupler according to claim 9, wherein the means for thermo-optic activation includes an electrode deposited on said covering layer comprised of a polymer material.
11. The directional optical coupler according to claim 10, wherein said electrode is located above said coupling zone.
12. The directional optical coupler according to claim 10, wherein said electrode is located above only one of said at least two optical guide cores.
13. The directional optical coupler according to claim 10, wherein said electrode is located above both of said at least two optical guide cores, and also extends above said coupling zone.
This invention relates to the field of directional couplers in integrated optics, in particular to the field of active directional couplers operating in thermo-optic mode.
The operating principle of an active directional coupler will be recapitulated with reference to FIGS. 1A and 1B in which a directional coupler 6 is represented in its two states, that is to say Cross-state (FIG. 1A) and Bar-state (FIG. 1B).
The coupler 6 includes two optical guides 8, 10 separated by a distance c on a coupling length Lc. The distance c is chosen sufficiently small to allow energy to pass from one guide to the other.
FIG. 1A represents the case where an optical signal introduced in a guide 1, in the extension of the guide 8 of the coupler 6, exits from the coupler by a guide 2 located in the extension of the guide 10 of the coupler 6. This is the Cross-state obtained by choosing the distance c on the length Lc.
In the case of FIG. 1B, an optical signal is introduced in the guide 1 and exits by the guide 4 located in the extension of the guide 8 of the coupler 6.
For a symmetrical directional coupler, the percentage of power passing from the guide 1 to the guide 4 is given by:
P1, 4=sin2 (Kz)
where K=π/(2Lc)+Mπ/Lc, m=0, 1, 2, . . .; K is the coupling coefficient, which also depends on the propagation constant β of the guides.
The passage from the state of FIG. 1A to that of FIG. 1B is obtained by acting on the coupling coefficient K, or the propagation constant β of one of the guides 8, 10, or else on both guides. This action on K or on β is carried out by means of an activator.
Directional couplers may be activated by electro-optic effect when they are constructed with highly non-linear materials such as LiNbO3, or again with some polymers. This type of activation is of interest in high-speed modulation or fast switching.
Directional couplers may also be activated by thermo-optic effect. An index difference is induced by heat. This helps to provide cheaper routers when the activation speed of a coupler state has not been too high, that is to say in the range of milliseconds.
The realization of thermo-optically activated directional couplers is described, for example, in the document entitled "Polymer thermo-optic switching matrix for space-routing in transparent OFDM networks" by N. Keil et al., published in SPIE, vol. 2449, pp. 281-292 (1995). A recapitulation of the structure of a directional coupler according to this document will now be given with reference to FIG. 2. A buffer layer 14 in SiOx, a layer 16 of polymer guide (BDK-PMMA) and a buffer layer 18 in Teflon lie on a silicon substrate 12. A heating element 20 is deposited on the layer 18. The operating principle of such a device is based on the dependence in temperature of the refraction index of the guide 16 in polymer material. The temperature variation coefficient of the PMMA refraction index is -140×10-6 /°C. Consequently, the coupler in thermo-optic polymer has the advantage, compared to a silica coupler, of a higher index variation with regard to temperature and of a better heat confinement.
However, a guide structure entirely in polymer requires the application of a technology differing from that implemented for silica components, this technology being less tried and tested at industrial level. This is particularly the case for the step of etching a polymer layer in order to manufacture the optical guide(s) of the coupler. Moreover, the manufacture of such a structure raises problems of adapting the refraction indices of the materials when the polymer guides have to be connected to silica fibers.
Mach-Zender-based, totally silica, thermo-optic routers are also known, which said routers have a low electrical consumption. But the guides of these routers are manufactured in the suspended position so as to avoid heat losses. This is at the expense of simplicity because suspended-guide technology is both delicate and costly. In addition, there is an increase in response time which rises from 1 to 3 milliseconds, even as high as 30 milliseconds, depending on the type of suspension.
Another problem, occurring in the case of couplers made entirely in mineral material, relates to the covering of the interguide space by the mineral layer, particularly in the coupling layer. When the interguide space is "small" in relation to the dimensions of the cross-section of one or other of the guides, the guides can only be properky covered by the mineral layer, particularly in the case of silica coverings, by a so-called "FHD" technique which is extremely difficult to apply.
The invention seeks to solve these problems by providing a directional optical coupler including at least two optical guide cores, in silica, lying on a cladding in mineral dielectric material, and a covering layer in a polymer material, which covers the two optical guide cores, the index of this covering layer being less than that of the optical guide cores.
With the combination according to the invention of the directional coupler (silica guide and polymer covering), excellent covering of the guides is obtained, particularly in the interguide space, in the coupling zones.
Moreover, the silica may be etched in known fashion, in order to produce the guide cores, and polymer may easily be deposited on the whole.
Lastly, the structure according to the invention does not require the etching of a polymer layer: depositions of this layer are made only on silica guides where etching causes no problem.
The coupler according to the invention eliminates problems of connection between the coupler guides and the optical fibers in silica.
Furthermore, the polymer index may be such as to allow a single-mode function. This condition is of interest for applications in the telecommunications sphere.
Such a coupler may be combined with thermo-optic activation means in order to realize a thermo-optic active directional coupler.
The directional coupler according to the invention allows the good thermo-optic properties of polymers and the qualities of the guides in silica. Finally, the structure according to the invention is advantageous in that the polymers and the silica present refraction index variations of opposite tendencies with respect to temperature; thus permitting routing with smaller temperature variations and hence lower electrical currents than in devices of the prior art.
The thermo-optic activation means may include an electrode deposited on the covering layer in polymer material, for example according to one of the following three arrangements:
above the intercore space,
above one only of the two guides, in asymmetric positioning,
above both guides, also extending above the intercore zone, with an asymmetric positioning.
With the second and third arrangements, both the cores in silica and the optical covering cladding in polymer are heated; as the silica and polymer materials possess antagonist index variations (i.e. of opposite signs), the core-cladding index variation will be much greater than with the first arrangement.
The polymer material may belong to the following groups: polymethacrylate, α-haloacrylate, polyacrylate, polystyrene, polycarbonate, polyvinyl, polyimide, polysiloxane.
It is also possible to use a polymer mixture of these groups, or a copolymer obtained by copolymerization of at least two monomers chosen from among the base monomers of the groups listed above.
The polymer material may also be a copolymer of:
trifluoroethyl methacrylate (MATRIFE) and methyl methacrylate (MMA); the adjustment of the percentage in weight of MATRIFE in the final polymer makes it possible to adjust the index of the latter (between 1.41 and 1.49 at 632-8 nm), methyl methacrylate (MMA) and of an acrylic, methacrylic or α-haloacrylate fluoromonomer; such a fluoromonomer reduces the refraction index of the final polymer in relation to that of MMA, and increases the solubility of the final polymer in relation to that of the MMA. This increase in solubility in turn makes it possible to obtain a product which is deposited relatively easily, using a spinner, for the purpose of making thick films (thickness of the order of 10 μm).
trifluoroethyl methacrylate (MATRIFE) and a monomer allowing an index increase of the final polymer obtained, in relation to that of MATRIFE.
trifluoroethyl methacrylate and a monomer allowing the reticulation of the polymer; this displaces the vitreous transition temperature of the final polymer obtained and avoids temperature difficulties linked to the environment of the component.
A better understanding of the characteristics and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description. This description relates to examples of embodiments, given for explanatory and non limitative purposes, with reference to the accompanying figures in which:
FIGS. 1A and 1B, previously described, represent in diagram form the functioning of an active directional coupler,
FIG. 2, previously described, represents a thermo-optic active directional coupler structure according to the prior art,
FIG. 3 represents the structure of an active directional coupler according to the invention,
FIGS. 4A to 4C represent variants of a thermo-optic active directional coupler according to the invention,
FIG. 5 represents an overhead view of the geometrical dimensions of a coupler,
FIGS. 6A to 6D represent steps of a process of manufacture of a directional coupling according to the invention,
FIG. 7 illustrates the performance of a thermo-optic active directional coupler according to the invention.
FIG. 3 represents the structure of a directional coupler according to the invention. This structure includes essentially a substrate 22, for example in silicon. A layer 24 (index ns), called optical cladding and in dielectric and mineral, for example silica, material, is deposited on this substrate. This layer 24 may have a thickness lying between 7 and 20 μm and fulfills the role of inner optical cladding.
References 26 and 28 each designate the core of an optical guide in silica. Each guide may, for example, have a size of 7 μm×7 μm; the two cores are separated by a coupling zone of a width c of about 2 to 6 μm. The index nc of the core of each guide depends on the silica doping. Generally, a germanium doping is chosen. Thus, at a wavelength of 1.3 μm, the following indices are given:
pure silica: n0 ≡1.447,
2% germanium silica: n0 ≡1.452,
silica doped with 8% germanium: n8 ≡1.457.
These values are given at Δn≡5.01-4 more or less.
In general, the silica doping is chosen so as to obtain a refraction index of the cores which is greater than the index of the layer 24, the variation between the two indices lying approximately between, for example, 10-3 and 10-2. These values enable the coupler to function adequately.
The two guide cores 26, 28 are covered by a covering layer 30 in polymer material. The index np of this polymer material is less than that of the optical guide cores 26, 28. If a single-mode operation is required, a polymer whose index allows such an operation is chosen. More specifically, if np1, designates the index value of the polymer for which there is occurrence of a second mode, the single-mode condition is translated by the following relation:
np1 <np (1)
In fact, np1 may be approximately obtained by the formula: ##EQU1## where λ designates an operating wavelength and possesses the width of the core of an optical guide. This approximation follows from the single-mode condition: ##EQU2## where k=2π/λ (propagation constant).
For example, if λ=1.3 μm, a=5 μm and nc =1.451, then np1 ≡1.4451. It follows that, in this particular instance of wavelength, guide size and core index, the polymer will be of index np lying approximately between 1.450 and 1.445.
The structure described above has several advantages.
Firstly, the use of a covering layer 30 in polymer makes it possible to cover completely the interguide in the coupling zone, located between the two cores 26 and 28. This zone is, in fact, usually fairly narrow; it may, for example, have a width lying between 2 and 6 μm. In many cases, where the guides are very high, for example of the order of the interguide distance or more, the silica deposition techniques are unable to fill the interguide completely, and in such cases this problem is resolved thanks to covering by a polymer.
Moreover, since both the cores 26 and 28 are in silica or doped silica, their index is compatible with the index of an optical fiber in silica for transmitting luminous energy in input and output of the coupler (fibers 1, 2, 3, 4 in FIGS. 1A and 1B).
In addition, the orders of magnitude of the index variation of a polymer, under the effect of heating, lie between 5·10-4 and 7·10-3. The factor dn/dT, expressing the index differential variation in relation to the temperature differential variation, is, in the case of a polymer, of the order of -10-4 /K to -5·10-4 /K, whereas the same factor, for silica, has a value of about 10-5 /K. The temperature variations necessary for switching the coupler are thus of the order of 5° to 70° C., values allowing the coupler to function with a minimum consumption, of the order of a few tens of mW.
The polymer possessing the index conditions given above may be selected from among the following groups: polymethacrylate, α-haloacrylate, polyacrylate, polystyrene, polycarbonate, polyvinyl, polyimide, polysiloxane.
A material having an adjusted index may be obtained by copolymerization of two or more monomers selected from among the groups listed above, or by mixture of polymers selected from among these same groups. A test for determining whether the mixture or the copolymer obtained has a satisfactory index consists in making a film of the material in question on a substrate, and in measuring the index by "m-lines" (this technique is described in, for example, the article by R. Ulrich & R. Torge entitled "Measurement of thin film parameters with a prism coupler", Dec. 1973/Vol 12, No. 12, pp. 2901-2908) at the wavelength of application. This technique enables the index to be measured with an accuracy of the order of 10-4 to 10-3, depending on the case.
A copolymer which may also prove suitable is a MATRIFE-MMA copolymer, that is to say trifluoroethyl methacrylate-methyl methacrylate, the mass fraction of each of them being adjusted so as to obtain the required index.
MMA may also be copolymerized with any other acrylic, methacrylic or α-haloacrylate fluoromonomer (for example, trifluorethyl α-fluoroacrylate), these fluoromonomers reducing the MMA refraction index which, at 1.49, is too high for the MMA to be used on its own. Moreover, the presence of fluorine increases the solubility of the polymer and thus makes it possible to carry out thick film depositions: this is advantageous, particularly when making a covering layer 30 so as to cores 26, 28 possessing a cross-section of about 8 μm.
MATRIFE may also be copolymerized with any other monomer selected, for example, from among the groups listed above and providing an increase in the MATRIFE index. In fact, MATRIFE possesses a very low refraction index.
Finally, it is also possible to realize a MATRIFE copolymer with other comonomers selected, for example, from among the groups listed above, allowing reticulation of the polymer. This increases the vitreous transition temperature of the polymer obtained and avoids temperature problems possibly arising from the environment of the coupler obtained.
In all cases, the "m-lines" method makes it possible to measure the index of the product obtained.
The means of coupler activation means will, for example, be thermo-optic means. This implies that the variation of the coupling coefficient K of the coupler is obtained by variation of the respective indices of the polymer and the cores, under the effect of temperature. It also means that, if the single-mode condition is imposed, the polymer then has an index np which, at any temperature T taken in a operating range of the coupler (for example: range lying between, the ambient temperature Ta (˜20° C.) and the vitreous transition temperature of the polymer Tg, or again between Ta and Tg -10° C.), satisfies the inequality (1) given above.
The thermo-optic operating mode of the coupler according to the invention is particularly advantageous inasmuch as polymers and silica possess refraction indices having opposite tendencies with regard to temperature, the result being that it is possible to carry out coupling with smaller temperature variations and thus with lower consumption of electricity.
Starting with a directional coupler according to the invention, described above with reference to FIG. 3, a thermo-optic directional coupler is obtained by realizing, as illustrated in FIGS. 4A to 4C, a control electrode on the polymer layer 30. FIGS. 4A to 4C illustrate three possible positions for this electrode: it may be positioned above the intercore space (electrode 32, FIG. 4A), above the two guides 26, 28 extending also above the intercore zone (symmetrical position, electrode 34, FIG. 4B), or above one only of the two guides (symmetrical position, electrode 36, FIG. 4C).
There now follows a description of a method for calculating the length Lc of a coupler from the data of other parameters of the said coupler and from a certain optimization criterion. This is E. A. J. Marcatili's method, as expounded in Bell Syst. Tech. J., vol. 48, pp. 2071-2102, September 1969. The initial parameters, that is to say the fixed parameters, are:
the parameters a and b on the cross-section of the cores, and the intercore distance c (see FIG. 3),
the curvature radius Rc of the curve portion of the coupler, the total length LT of the coupler (that is, the length Lc of the linear portion + the length of the part of the zone where the guide has a curvature radius Rc and where the coupling still takes place), and the gap h of the guides (chosen so that the guides no longer interact with each other); FIG. 5 illustrates the significance of these parameters,
the indices np (polymer), nc (core of the guides), ns (substrate).
For a given series of values of the parameters listed above, it is possible to calculate, by Marcatili's method, the value Lc and the optical pass band to 99% (OBP for a 99% coupling rate, in Cross-state). In these particular cases, the calculation criterion chosen is the maximization of the OPB, or of the product of the coupling rate multiplied by the OBP. This criterion will be adapted to particular needs: for a coupler designed to be used on its own, the criterion concerning the OPB alone may suffice, whereas in the case of a coupler intended for use in cascade with other couplers, the coupling rate multiplied by OPB criterion will be preferred.
Table I below summarizes the results obtained for 6 cases of different couplers, each line of the table providing the parameters for one coupler. In all six cases, the following parameters are chosen as fixed:
nc =1.4510;
ns =1.4472;
Rc =50 mm;
h=250 μm.
All the calculations, moreover, are carried out for a wavelength λ=1.3 μm.
The parameters dnp and dnc (columns 4 and 5 of the table) are respectively defined by:
dnp =np (cold) -np (hot),
dnc =nc (cold),
where np (cold) and np (hot) respectively designate the cold polymer index, in other words at ambient temperature, and the hot polymer index, in other words when the coupler is activated. All these parameters are fixed according to the nature of the components (polymer nature, silica doping).
Parameter V (column 7 in the table) designates the reduced frequency, given by formula (3) above. In all cases, a check is made to ensure that the single-mode condition V<π is satisfied.
Finally, it must be borne in mind that, for all the structures, tolerances on the interguide c and on the guide widths a are 0.15 μm, for a coupling rate of 99%.
Coefficient Am, given in column 8, is a coefficient based on Marcateli's theory and permitting assessment of the satisfactory character of the method: the smaller this parameter is in relation to 1, the more the application of the method may be deemed satisfactory. In the particular cases given here, it may be seen that this parameter has a mean value, of the order of 0.5. This explains why the results obtained for Lc comprise a relatively high margin of error (compared to other methods), possibly reaching 50%. It follows that this simulation method is not very rigorous and must above all be considered as a means of obtaining an order of magnitude for Lc. A more accurate value may subsequently be obtained by experiment, starting from this approximate value.
TABLE 1__________________________________________________________________________ tolerance to OPBCase cold on at 99%No. c (μm) a = b (μm) np (cold) dnp dnc R (mm) V Am Lc (μm) Lt (μm) np (nm)__________________________________________________________________________1 3 5 1.446 4, 1E-3 5, 0E-3 50 2.54 0.51 603 2.392 3, 80E-4 882 3 5 1.447 5, 0E-3 4, 0E-3 50 2.54 0.49 379 2.168 3, 70E-4 1003 3 6 1.447 3, 6E-3 4, 0E-3 50 3.04 0.39 896 2.685 3, 20E-4 1104 3.5 5 1.447 3, 3E-3 4, 0E-3 50 2.54 0.49 582 2.371 3, 20E-4 1145 4 5 1.447 2, 8E-3 4, 0E-3 50 2.54 0.49 827 2.616 2, 80E-4 1296 4 6 1.447 2, 6E-3 4, 0E-3 50 3.04 0.39 1640 3.429 2, 40E-4 135__________________________________________________________________________
There now follows a description of a process for realizing a coupler according to the invention, with reference to FIGS. 6A to 6D.
In a first step, the deposition is carried out of the cladding layer 24 in mineral dielectric material, for example in silica, on a substrate 22, for example in monocrystalline silicon (FIG. 6A). This deposition may be carried out by plasma radio frequency or microwave, from silicon hydride or chloride.
In a second step (FIG. 6B), a layer 25, in germanium doped silica, is deposited on the cladding layer 24. The technique for depositing this layer 25 is the same as that used for the layer 24.
In a third step, the layer 25 is etched. This etching marks the optical path of the cores 26, 28. The part to be etched is marked in the course of a preliminary photolithography step, this said step also protecting the core zone. The photolithography mask contains the pattern of the coupler to be produced. Following photolithography, etching is carried out by reactive ionic attack (RIE) using a fluorine gas (C2 F6) or CHF3. This gives the structure represented in FIG. 6C.
In a fourth step, the cores are covered with a polymer layer 30, prepared and selected in function of its refraction index. The polymer is preferentially deposited, using a spinner, from solutions which are sufficiently concentrated for layers of several micrometers in thickness to be obtained. In this way the structure illustrated in FIG. 6D is obtained. Other deposition techniques may be applied depending on the properties of the polymer: slow evaporation technique or serigraphy.
Finally, the metallic electrodes, such as the electrodes 32, 34, 36 in FIGS. 4A to 4C, are deposited. The electrodes may be deposited by pulverization, or sublimation, of a metal of aluminum, gold, chromium type, or of any alloy of and between these metals or other alloys of tin-lead or lead-bismuth type, for example. The thickness and the size of the electrodes are calculated so that the Joule effect is sufficient to obtain a temperature rise suitable for the operation of the coupler. This thickness is generally of the order of 0.1 μm to 1 μm or above. A uniform layer of the chosen metal, possessing the said thickness, is thus deposited. The electrodes are then marked by a wet etching process, in aqueous medium, of the said previously deposited layer. The electrodes comprise a useful zone whose surface corresponds to the surface to be heated, this useful zone being prolonged on each side by an electrical current lead circuit.
The third step of the process which has just been described consists in etching a doped silica layer in order to mark the path of the optical guides. This type of technique is tried and tested from an industrial point of view. Consequently, the realization of a coupler according to the invention is devoid of the problems encountered when realizing active directional couplers, operating in thermo-optic mode and whose guidance structure is realized entirely in polymer.
Moreover, the deposition step of the polymer layer 30 completely covers the entire interguide space between the cores 26 and 28, even when this space is fairly narrow in relation to the size of the guides. This makes it possible to resolve the problems raised by the known structures of the prior art, in which the covering layer is a silica layer which does not allow total filling of the interguide space.
An example will now be given of a particular embodiment of a coupler. In conformity with the process described above, the guide cores are realized in silica-on-silicon technology. A 4 inch (101,6 mm) substrate in monocrystalline silicon is prepared, on which said substrate a layer of intrinsic silica is deposited. A layer of silica doped with germanium, of a thickness of up to 8 μm, is deposited on top of this said layer of intrinsic silica. This layer has a refraction index greater than that of the inner layer and the gap is, for example, located between 10-3 and 10-2.
This layer is then etched in order to mark the critical path (third step of the process described above). In order to ensure greater selectivity of attack during etching, only 20 to 30 μm is removed around each core, thus leaving the doped layer on the periphery of the circuit.
The realization of the polymer constitutes a critical step. A methacrylic polymer is prepared, of refraction index lying between 1.44 and 1.450, at the appropriate wavelength (lying between 1.30 and 1.50 μm). This methacrylic polymer is then combined with a small fraction of a common polymer chosen from among the following groups: polymethacrylate, α-haloacrylate, polyacrylate, polystyrene, polycarbonate, polyvinyl, polyimide, polysiloxane. This is an extremely efficient and accurate method, for a polymer of exactly the required index, with a margin of 10-3, can only be synthesized directly with difficulty.
The poly (MATRIFE=trifluoroethyl methacrylate) and the PMMA methyl polymethacrylate) with refraction indices of respectively 1.41 and 1.49 in visible light, was retained. These two homopolymers are incompatible when mixed, and a MATRIFE-MMA copolymer was realized. The polymerization is without doubt of the radical type, which gives a statistic copolymer of the two monomers. This provides an index which is a weighted mean of those of the two corresponding homopolymers:
ncopo =XnPMMA +(1-X) nPMAT,
X being the mass fraction of the PMMA, and nPMMA and nPMAT being the respective indices of the PMMA and the PMATRIFE.
The reciprocal reactivities of these monomers are not known (notably the Lewis and Mayo constant), but since their chemical formulae are very close, particularly around the active polymerization site, it may be supposed that these reactivities are relatively close, especially for concentrations of each monomer greater than 10% mass, as is the case here.
The copolymerization of a polymer with an index of 1.445 to 1.3 μm, may be carried out as follows. In a one-liter flask, the solvent THF (500 cm3) is continuously mixed with the destabilized monomers, at the rate of 69% in mole of MMA, i.e. 57% in weight (for example, 28.5 g) of this monomer, and 43% (in weight) of MATRIFE (21.5 g). Promoting is ensured by AIBN (azo bis-isibutyronitril) at the rate of 1% in mole/monomer. The reaction takes place at 60° C., with reflux under argon atmosphere, for 50 hours. After this, the copolymer (CP2MA) is precipitated in absolute ethanol and dried in a vacuum oven for 24 hours at 40° C. The final yield is greater than 80%.
In order to adjust the refraction index, the CP2MA may then be mixed with a little PMMA, for example so as to bring the index up to 1.448. This copolymer possesses exceptional solubility, with solutions of 600 g/l being obtained in trichloro-1,1,2 ethane.
From these solutions, the polymer obtained is spread, using a spinner, on the substrate which also includes the silica cores.
The electrodes are then deposited by vacuum sublimation so as to obtain an aluminum film, 500 nm thick, on the coupling zone.
FIG. 7 illustrates the performance of a coupler according to the invention. The figure represents the optical output power, on the guides 4 and 2 (see Figure 1A) in function of the electrical power Pelec (arbitrary unit) injected in the electrodes. For a power Pelec equal to 0, P1,4 is maximum (the coupler then operates in bar-state mode), and when Pelec =1 (arbitrary unit), P1,2 is maximum and P1,4 is minimum (the coupler then functions in Cross-state).
The couplers according to the invention may be applied in the telecommunications sphere, particularly in the case of single-mode couplers. Multimode couplers have applications in the manufacture of sensors.
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Degree of difficulty in circumnavigating Lake Superior ?
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Re: Degree of difficulty in circumnavigating Lake Superior ?
It can certainly be done with your boat. Just pick your weather windows wisely, and on those long runs plan for weather to change for the worse.
If you are willing to sit out bad weather on the lake your biggest issues are: Keeping warm, keeping warm, keeping warm! Superior does not warm up much until mid to late June, and warm is a relative term. There is not much colder than a night aboard in June, where the day has been sun and 80 degrees, and it goes down into the 30's at night.
Good Luck, and have fun. It is beautiful!
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(LOS ANGELES, CA) -- Drop dead gorgeous and a live wire of sexual energy, Sondra Hall completed her first feature under contract to Jill Kelly Productions yesterday, a starring role in director Cass Paley's "High Heels." the movie explores the possibilities of changing and cheating one's own fate and destiny, with plenty of "high heel" action for the fetish connoisseur.
"It was a really dialogue-driven piece, moreso than your average JKP picture," explains Hall, who claims acting has become one of her favorite parts of the blue movie making process. "Of course, I enjoy the sex a lot too!" she laughs. "In fact, I think this movie features the best sex scenes I've ever done because I was so into the people I was performing with. I'm also a lot more comfortable now because I'm a part of the JKP family. I know the crew, I know the stars, I know the people behind the scenes - it makes for a much more comfortable environment when you're surrounded by your family."
Hall performed two sex scenes for the movie; one with John West and another with Mark Ashley and Cheynne Collins. The feature also stars jessica drake, Stormy, Jordan Hayes, Aurora Snow, and Hall's JKP sister Ashton Moore in supporting roles.
"High Heels" is tentatively slated for an October 2002 release.
For bio, photos, interview bookings, and more on Sondra Hall, please contact:
Jason Sechrest...
DV8 Incorporate / DV8 Public Relations / JasonCurious.com
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Control ~ Reviewer Rated
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Interview with Ela Darling
Derrick Pierce Interview
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AINews: Skow Among Best
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Olympia man delivering groceries by sailboat - KING5.com
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For any of you losers without a team like me or you bums riding the bench this weekend in the IJFL
I get: RDA -300
I get Ellenberger, you get the bald guy.
this is not first come, first served
Do you think these are legal?
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I get Condit and Dos Anjos, you get Kampmann and Cerrone
i get howard and overeem, you get hall and browne.
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I would like to do my first top lock challenge. I have two ideas...
I get Njokuani you get Bowling or...
I get Diaz and Means you get Thompson...
Separate names with a comma.


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Fighting Corruption in India's Unruly Democracy
Thursday, July 24, 2014
Simon Denyer, former Indian bureau chief for the Washington Post, looks at the characters that are agitating for change in India. He discusses the country's most troublesome issues—from corruption to populist politics, from gender relations to education, analyzes the India's economic malaise, its growing middle class, and its politics. In Rogue Elephant: Harnessing the Power of India's Unruly Democracy Denyer explores the battle between the deep-rooted system of graft and patronage and the forces demanding change and supporting democracy.
Guests:Simon Denyer
Comments [3]
I am compelled to correct the inaccuracies of Lalit Bagai. It's clear from Bagai's post that this person is unaware of Kerala's actual history. This person stated thus : "For information of readers most Christians and Muslims are former lower class Hindus who converted in order to better their lives." Bagai might want to do some research. Even a simple glance at Wikipedia could help Bagai understand that Kerala has had shipping and maritime trade links with Africa and the Mediterranean that stretch back over a millennium. Coins with the faces of Roman emperors have been dug up in both Kerala and Tamil Nadu states. With trade also came migration, including the immigration of groups fleeing religious persecution. This is why Kerala has provided haven for both Christian and Jewish groups throughout the centuries. There is strong archeological evidence that shows that Kerala's Christian community consists of several waves of migrants who settled on the Malabar Coast and brought their Middle Eastern Christianity with them. These groups were welcomed by the kings of the time, who gave them official sanction as their own distinct caste with property and commercial trading rights. Of course, over the centuries, the Christians and Muslims who reached Kerala's shores did intermarry with the local population. But intermarriage is not the same thing as the situation which Bagai describes, where the Syrian Catholic and Syriac Orthodox churches of modern Kerala consist of low-caste Hindus who simply converted to avoid discrimination and poverty. If anything, the reason that the Syriac Christian community has thrived in Kerala while all but disappearing in other regions, is because Kerala was and still is a place of unusual religious tolerance.
Assumeing ist genaration Indian comes from the state of Kerala, I have following comments. Kerala has two poltical parties controlled by bigoted
Christians and Muslims. They have joined up with Congress a corrupt party run by the Gandhi family to form the government. I can understand that he is worried about the new nationalist government under PM Modi- For information of readers most Christians and Muslims are former lower class Hindus who converted in order to better their lives. No one can blame them for this- However as happens in case of converts they start to hate their former community,and become very bigoted.This has happened with muslims across the world,who converted from their former religion to islam.
Foreign governments are now haveing a rethink about PM Mr Modi- Your readers can get an idea by reading American newspapers.Some Economists now forecast that he will bring forth many reforms, cut down on red tape and corruption.Most Indian nationalists- support him- Most Muslims and Christians oppose him- They have allways supported corrupt parties who made policies ostensibely to give them special favours. None of these helped Muslims, who remain the most backward community in all respects .
Hindu Indians are doing well in USA- They are open minded and get along with fellow Americans. Most of them are strong supporters of Mr Modi.
I'm first generation Indian-American.
There are already reports from Kerala that criticism of Modi by university students has met with arrest, or in some cases, strong-armed pressure to remove those criticisms from sites like FB. If these reports bear out, that's fascism.
From what I understand, this is a man who champions the "economy" -- but the stratification of wealth, not someone who will help the growing poor. And he is dangerous to the many non-Hindus in India.
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Microstation 95 for Linux
Product: Microstation 95 for Linux
Manufacturer: Bentley Systems, Incorporated
Retail cost: $3995.00
Reviewer: Bradley J. Willson
My first test for any application is the installation process. If I can install the package without reading the documentation, that is a good thing. If I can use the software within minutes after setting up, I consider that another good quality. Finally, if I can use the application without reading the documentation, I consider it a truly intuitive application.
Microstation 95 met or exceeded most of my expectations in each of these three areas.
As a consultant, I get numerous opportunities to fix things, but as a product reviewer, I get to see if I can break something. Microstation survived the "Can I Break It" test and gets four and a half stars for its performance.
Microstation 95 is a commercial-grade CAD application for architectural, engineering, construction, geographic information systems and mechanical design professionals. Microstation 95 provides the 2D and 3D environment tools necessary to design and add detail to a drawing quickly and efficiently. Furthermore, it provides network connectivity for work group environments and a database server with connectivity to numerous Unix- and DOS-based database applications.
Microstation 95 looks and acts like a typical Microsoft compatible product, with familiar drop-down menus, button pop-up tips and hypertext help. It offers the option of a Windows or Motif-style interface. The Windows option is true to form, even to the extent of using the same names and parameters found in the Windows Control Panel "Colors" option.
I chose the Motif configuration, because it is more flexible than the Windows option. There are no discernible performance or feature penalties for using either interface. Active windows are handled in the same manner as in MS Windows with one notable exception: if one window is too large, it will not arrange the windows to fit the screen, prompting the user to adjust the window size instead.
The toolbox buttons display tool tips, which are helpful because not all of the button graphics are clear as to their function.
Immediately after receiving the Microstation 95 review kit, I loaded the CD and installed the software. Upon executing setup.exe, I encountered an error that had to be resolved before I could continue. Adding a symlink to libncurses.so.1.9.9e fixed the problem, and the installation resumed. The installation prompted me with the customary questions: "Where do you want it?" and "How much do you want to install?"
The user preferences and system configuration are taken care of from within the running application. Overall, the installation is fast, easy and straightforward. The process takes about 30 minutes to complete and the package uses a miserly 50MB of the hard drive.
The only documentation provided with the evaluation copy is in the form of the help files and a Microsoft Windows-based sampler CD. This did not present any major problems, because the interface is generally easy to understand. I did call the company's toll-free number to inquire about tech support, only to find that a call to the tech support people would cost me a long-distance call—not what I wanted to hear.
To compare an application like Microstation 95 to mainframe CATIA may seem unfair at first, but in reality, I find Microstation 95 to be more flexible and more agile in its execution. In the short time I had to review Microstation 95, I was impressed with its capabilities, speed and efficiency in comparison to its mainframe cousin.
I chose to use the tutorials to both learn the system and to judge its suitability for the task. I found the examples to be very informative and a great way to push the test envelope. I learned quickly to turn off the automatic save on exit feature, so I could return to the example later and try new torture methods on it.
The true test came when I began rendering the examples. At each level of display, the load requirements increased and the display performance declined. What surprised me was Microstation 95's speed. I am accustomed to waiting several minutes for a simple shading operation in CATIA. I was not expecting to see a complex model rendered in less time, but that's what happened..
The AccuDraw and SmartLine features enhance productivity by producing intelligent elements that are easily placed and modified. Bi-directional associative dimensioning makes detailing fast and easy. CATIA offers similar functions, but Microstation makes them more readily available to the user.
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DMV to Internet-less New Yorkers: Get in Line
By Jared Chausow
By Katie Toth
By Elizabeth Flock
City Hid Facts From Feds About Rikers
By Albert Samaha
Flood Wall Street Gets Pepper Sprayed and Arrested
By Anna Merlan
By Jon Campbell
Report Sheds Light on Anti-Muslim Bias
By Jon Campbell
Rikers Island Lawsuits Over Diabetic Care
By Albert Samaha
The talking points you've read, however, depend entirely on where you read them. Arecently completed academic analysis found that as many as 10 different versions of the infamous memo have been published by seven national news outlets.
Moreover, the Voice has confirmed that at least three of those organizations altered the "talking points" document, even while presenting it as the genuine article. Following Voice inquiries last week, U.S. News&World Report declared it is now "probing" the origin of its memo.
Each of the seven media outfits that has provided an extended version of the talking points--ABC News, NBC News, The New York Times, The Washington Post, USA Today, Newsweek, and U.S. News Online--claims to possess a copy of the document that Lewinsky reportedly gave to Tripp while driving her home from work on January 14.
Yet almost every news organization's rendition of the document is different; a few outfits have even put out more than one version. Sometimes the discrepancies are small grammatical or stylistic variations; sometimes the meaning of sentences changes depending on which version one reads. Sometimes they're inexplicable: in U.S. NewsOnline's "talking points," a few paragraphs appear in a different order from every other published version.
But the question is: if reporters simply have copies of the same document, why would there be any discrepancies at all?
There are several possible explanations, according to Willard Fox and John Gillis, both of the University of Southwest Louisiana. One answer is that the document might be a compilation "written" by more than one person at different times; Fox and Gillis suggest it was "most likely drafted by three people."
This theory would account for some of the quirks. In the fullest version of the document--which can now be found at both www.nytimes.com and www.washingtonpost.com --the final section essentially repeats the first section, except that it switches from the second person to the first person. For example, the sentence "You and Kathleen [Willey] were friends" becomes "Kathleen and I were friends."
Fox and Gillis say this repetition suggests "that the first [section] was block copied on a word processor and pasted below in a tentative attempt at actually creating an affidavit." If true, this suggests the published document came through Tripp and was changed by her--which is at odds with published accounts of the Lewinsky-to-Tripp-to-Starr transmission.
Aside from Fox and Gillis's examination, the most exhaustive attempt to get to the bottom of the talking points was Philip Weiss's June 15 New York Observer piece; he concluded that White House counsel Bruce Lindsey had written them.
Weiss's thesis, however, doesn't square with a portion of the "talking points" he ignored (Weiss did not return a phone message). Part of the middle section uses a tone markedly different from the legalisms that dominate the beginning: "By the way, remember how I said there was someone else that I knew about. Well, she turned out to be this huge liar. I found out she left the WH because she was stalking the P or something like that. Well, at least that gets me out of another scandal I know about."
Here's USA Today's take: "This paragraph appears to suggest to Tripp what she should tell lawyers in the [Paula] Jones case if she is asked about Lewinsky's alleged sexual relationship with Clinton."
Fox and Gillis have a much more persuasive explanation: this voice is not that of an advising lawyer, but is Tripp herself. The paragraph is tacked on to the bottom of the first legalistic portion of the document, as if it were the tag at the end of an e-mail. This, in turn, suggests that the document went through an initial drafting attorney, Lewinsky, Tripp, and someone Tripp sent it to (my gut says Lucianne Goldberg). With all those hands on it, it could easily have been altered, which would then explain why journalists might have different versions.
Indeed, Newsweek's February 2 edition published a typewritten page that seemed to be presented as the whole thing--except that it didn't contain some of the portions that Newsweek's Michael Isikoff cited. To Fox and Gillis, that discrepancy implies that Newsweek was working from two different versions of the memo.
Newsweek denies this. Washington bureau chief Ann McDaniel told the Voice that the illustration was "a reprint of selected portions of the talking points," though it was not marked as having been altered in any way. In this editing, the magazine says it "inadvertently" inserted a word into the graphic version's first line. Newsweek says the document was "edited for space"--a shaky explanation, given that the magazine devoted more room that week to the Lewinsky story than it has to any topic since the Gulf War.
Newsweek's graphic version, for example, omits a sentence that appears to refer to Tripp's erstwhile attorney Kirby Behre by his first name. The familiarity suggests that a portion might have been written by one of Tripp's allies, thereby poking holes in Newsweek's report that the document passed simply from Lewinsky to Tripp to Starr's office. (Last week, Newsweek stood by that account.)
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Not Your Nonna's Gravy: Red Sauce Sundays at the Salty Pig
Just in case the Salty Pig's roster of prosciutto-topped pizzas, pâtés, and, yes, pig parts aplenty weren't comfort-driven enough for you on a wintry weekend, the Back Bay eatery has upped the ante with Red Sauce Sundays, a weekly menu transforming the industrial-chic restaurant into a North End–style, red-checkered-tablecloth trattoria. Chef Kevin O'Donnell and executive sous chef Michael Lombardi, who both cut their teeth cooking through Italy and at New York's Del Posto, bring that experience to bear on oft-changing red-sauce staples like fried mozzarella, veal saltimbocca, and chicken Parm. Although O'Donnell and Lombardi both grew up in Italian-American households, O'Donnell says that they aren't leaning too hard on recipes from the past: "I don't have this fantasy fairy tale of breading chicken cutlets with my grandmother," he says. Which leaves them free to riff on the classics with a modern perspective. For instance, this next-level take on spaghetti and meatballs: heaping tangles of house-made noodles, bright, made-to-order marinara, and soft spheres of beef, pork, and Pecorino, all finished with fresh-shaved Parmesan and a dab of meaty bone marrow—a final flourish that makes this "typical" red-sauce dish anything but.
Source URL: http://www.bostonmagazine.com/restaurants/article/2014/02/25/red-sauce-sundays-salty-pig/


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Amendment 64
ACLU Worried About Hancock's Proposed Pot Ordinance
There's more controversy over legalized marijuana after some members of the Denver City Council want to limit open consumption. Marijuana advocates say the city may be violating the spirit of Amendment 64.
Hancock's Proposed Pot Measure Has Opponents Furious
Denver City Council is considering a controversial marijuana proposal opponents say would undo parts of Amendment 64.
Louisville Approves Moratorium On Retail Pot Shops
City council members in Louisville heard plenty of public comment on recreational marijuana Tuesday as they considered a moratorium on retail pot shops.
Wyoming, Kansas Brace For More Colorado Pot
Wyoming Gov. Matt Mead's says he's concerned about increased trafficking in his state as Colorado prepares to allow the sale of recreational marijuana to the public.
5 Things To Know About Legal Marijuana In Colorado
Colorado has become the first state to adopt regulations for recreational marijuana businesses, which are expected to open at the beginning of next year.
Feds Won't Sue To Stop Pot Use In Colorado
The federal government says it will not sue to stop the states of Colorado and Washington from allowing recreational marijuana use.
2 From Denver Busted With Pot In Separate Incidents At Mexican Border
A man and woman from Denver have been accused of trying to smuggle marijuana over the U.S.-Mexico border in separate incidents.
Reefer Madness: Why are Cities Treating Recreational Pot Like Armageddon?
The way some cities are reacting to possible recreational marijuana sales, some might think that Colorado hasn't already been living with medical marijuana for years. So, why the fear?
Pot Could Make Appearance At Boulder Farmer's Market
Now that recreational use of marijuana is legal in Colorado one businessman has a plan to bring that crop to the streets.
Taxes On Recreational Pot Sales Could Top 35 Percent
The taxes on recreational marijuana might go a lot higher than first thought. Smokers buying at shops in Denver may pay up to 35 percent in taxes.


text:
Research Output for Mr Wen-zhong Li
Note: The 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015 publications have not been audited.
Jump to: Publications | Grants and Consultancies | HDR completions
2013 School of Life and Environmental Sciences
Shen, Shu-zhong*, Zhang, Hua*, Shi, G.R., Li, Wen-zhong, Xie, Jun-fang*, Mu, Lin* and Fan, Jun-xuan* (2013) Early Permian (Cisuralian) global brachiopod palaeobiogeography, Gondwana research, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 104-124, Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands [C1]
ERA journal ID: 1734 – Scopus EID: 2-s2.0-84877111111
Citation counts: Scopus - 2, Thomson - 3
DRO entry for this publication
2012 School of Life and Environmental Sciences
Li, Wenzhong, Shi, Guang R., Yarinpil, Ariunchimeg*, He, Weihong* and Shen, Shuzhong* (2012) Cancrinella and Costatumulus (Brachiopoda) from the Permian of South Mongolia and South China : their morphology, biostratigraphy and distribution, Geobios, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 297-309, Elsevier Masson, Lyon, France [C1]
ERA journal ID: 1789 – Scopus EID: 2-s2.0-84863099905
Citation counts: Scopus - 1, Thomson - 1
DRO entry for this publication
2011 School of Life and Environmental Sciences
Shen, Shu-zhong*, Crowley, James L.*, Wang, Yue*, Bowring, Samuel A.*, Erwin, Douglas H.*, Sadler, Peter M.*, Cao, Chang-qun*, Rothman, Daniel H.*, Henderson, Charles M.*, Ramezani, Jahandar*, Zhang, Hua*, Shen, Yanan*, Wang, Xiang-dong*, Wang, Wei*, Mu, Lin*, Li, Wen-zhong, Tang, Yue-gang*, Liu, Xiao-lei*, Liu, Lu-jun*, Zeng, Yong*, Jiang, Yao-fa* and Jin, Yu-gan* (2011) Calibrating the end-permian mass extinction, Science, vol. 334, no. 6061, pp. 1367-1372, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, D.C. [C1]
ERA journal ID: 17478 – Scopus EID: 2-s2.0-83255167064
Citation counts: Scopus - 5, Thomson - 5
DRO entry for this publication
2010 External
Shen, Shu-zhong*, Cao, Chang-qun*, Zhang, Yi-chun*, Li, Wen-zhong*, Shi, G. R., Wang, Yue*, Wu, Ya-sheng*, Ueno, K.*, Henderson, C. M.*, Wang, Xiang-dong*, Zhang, Hua*, Wang, Xiao-juan* and Chen, Jun* (2010) End-Permian mass extinction and palaeoenvironmental changes in Neotethys: Evidence from an oceanic carbonate section in southwestern Tibet, Global and planetary change, vol. 73, no. 1-2, pp. 3-14, Elsevier BV, Amsterdam, Netherlands [C1]
ERA journal ID: 1733 – Scopus EID: 2-s2.0-77956191871
Citation counts: Scopus - 2, Thomson - 3
DRO entry for this publication
2006 External
Yichun, Zhang*, Li, Wengzhong*, Cao, Changqun* and Shen, Shuzhong* (2006) Discovery of the Middle Permian carbonate deposits in the Gyainyima area of Burang County, southwestern Tibet, China, Permophiles, no. 48, pp. 26-27, International Union of Geological Sciences, Calgary, Alta. [C4.1]
ERA journal ID: Not matching ERA journal list
DRO entry for this publication
Grants and Consultancies
No grants and/or consultancies found or audited – the 2014 HERDC financial return has not been completed or loaded as yet.
Higher Degree by Research Completions supervised by Mr Wen-zhong Li
No completions found or audited.
- Legend:
- * Not a member of Deakin University at time of output.
DRO to publications collection last synchronised: Saturday 23rd May 2015 10:04pm


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P53M NGO deposits traced to Napoles' bank account
The supplementary statement signed on Aug. 5 by four whistle-blowers, all former employees of Napoles, showed that the amount was withdrawn from accounts of the NGOs in the Metrobank branch on Magdalena Street in Binondo and deposited in the same bank in the account of the businesswoman. A copy of the statement was secured by the Inquirer.
In one day alone, on Nov. 12, 2009, a total of P39.7 million was deposited in cash from Countrywide Agri & Rural Economic Development Foundation (Cared) and deposited to Napoles' Metrobank Account No. 073-3-07352390-8.
It was the most detailed account of fund transfers yet revealed in the current investigation the NBI has been conducting on allegations that Napoles had diverted P10 billion in funds from the pork barrel of lawmakers and government agencies to ghost projects of 21 dummy NGOs allegedly created by Napoles.
"The financial transactions showed that government funds received by these foundations ultimately ended up in the personal accounts of JLN or in her owned or controlled corporations, not to the intended farmer beneficiaries," the statement said.
Some bank transactions on instructions from Napoles and recorded by Benhur K. Luy involved fund transfers from the NGOs "to specific accounts of certain government officials."
The officials were not named, but previous affidavits said pork barrel funds of five senators and 23 members of the House of Representatives were used by Napoles for the alleged ghost projects.
The affidavit was signed by Benhur K. Luy, Merlina P. Suñas, Gertrudes K. Luy and Annabelle Luy. The Luys are all relatives of Napoles, and her former employees. They were among six former Napoles employees who have blown the whistle on Napoles' activities.
Benhur K. Luy, the principal whistle-blower, said that according to records he had personally prepared as he was tasked to do by Napoles, there were cash deposits and withdrawals from the NGO accounts that were deposited in the account of Napoles in the Metrobank branch during a nine-day period in 2009:
— P7,050,000 withdrawn from account of the Masaganang Ani para sa Magsasaka Foundation Inc. and deposited in the account of Napoles on Nov. 12.
— P5,050,000 withdrawn from the account of Agri & Economic Program for Farmers Foundation Inc. and deposited to the Napoles account on Nov. 12.
— P3,100,000 deposited from the account of Agricultura para sa Magbubukid Foundation Inc. (Amfi) on Nov. 12.
— P2,700,000 deposited from the account of Cared on Nov. 12.
— P7,288,000 deposited from the account of Cared, also on Nov. 12.
— P2,950,000 cash deposited from Cared on Nov. 17.
— P4,100,000 cash deposited from Cared on Nov. 17.
— P3,375,000 cash deposited from Cared on Nov. 17.
— P1,075,000 cash deposited from Cared on Nov. 17.
— P3,125,000 cash deposited from Cared on Nov. 17.
— P3,800,000 combined cash from Cared and Amfi deposited on Nov. 18.
— P1,235,000 combined cash from Cared and Amfi deposited on Nov. 18.
— P1,000,000 cash deposited from Cared on Nov. 19.
— P1,610,000 cash deposited from Cared on Nov. 19.
— P700,000 cash deposited from Cared on Nov. 20.
— P750,000 cash deposited from Cared on Nov. 20.
— P1,500,000 cash deposited from Cared on Nov. 20.
The document said that to liquidate these funds, Napoles would instruct her employees, including Luy and Suñas, to prepare acknowledgment receipts from supposed beneficiaries, accomplishment reports and requests for the release of remaining funds and officials receipts.
"In summary, and based on our personal knowledge, all government funds received by these foundations were actually diverted from their intended purposes to the personal accounts of JLN and to her owned or controlled corporations," the affidavit said.
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Cabin Heat
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Handsome devil
Join Date: Jan 2008
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And good input it is..
I am warming up to the possible inevitability of a flue penetration through the deck but it will take some more wrestling in my mind though..Im not usually one to put ascetics above functionality but sill she has such a nice looking deck ...Alas if we must we must..I would really want to steer clear of anything but a straight vertical run if at all possible in the cabin though..just for ascetic's...ok I lied a little..
I like this set up as its tucked away from inadvertent stumbling into hot iron and it actually has potential in Eagle Knights existing layout with some cabinetry modifications.
All this more then likely depends on appropriate locations for a penetration in the deck that would not interfere with sail or line movement above deck or present a constant tripping hazard in a high traffic lane..Most likely I will have to sail her a while to figure thoes out.
These units seem to have the ability to heat your hot water tank as well which would be a plus.
Which would be better the Diesel or Propane?
Still...the smell of a little wood smoke wafting thru the cabin congers up the romantic in me so keep the ideas comming..
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Is Hardocp trying to reform? or is this just another reviewer crusade.
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Join Date: Jul 2002
Location: Highland, IN USA
Posts: 4,944
Originally posted by StealthHawk
He either isn't trying, or he's really an idiot. Everything he has said about all these 3dmark03 issues has been mind numbingly stupid. If he actually believes half the stuff he says....
I honestly don't believe he believes it, and I think he knows EXACTLY what he's doing. When I was exchanging e-mails with him early on in this nVidia fiasco the man seemed damn near embarressed about his own stance.
But he sure defended it hard regardless of what he believed.
Did he actually say that? It looks like he has been trying to change the way benchmarks are done for a few months. You gotta start somewhere. For that, I applaud his actions.
I agree on everything he says about benchmarks except for his total ban on 3dm2k3. I just find that one ridiculous. Granted it's got it's problems and you don't play it, but synthetic benchies are an important review tool and can help you compare cards in ways that game benches won't. I'm not saying they are the final word or represent "real-world gaming" (<---Gads, I'm beginning to loathe that term!), I'm just saying they're a good tool for what they DO do....apples to apples comparisons of hardware.
I'm just curious about Brent now. He posted up over at Rage3D about how he was going to do some testing, but hasn't re-replied since some rude & arrogant little ghit asked him to "Please go piss all over Kyle for me and tell him he's a lying hypocrite while the benchies are running?" (Well, I was mad....
I don't even look at his page anymore, he just wants hits.
[SIZE=1][I]"It was very important to us that NVIDIA did not know exactly where to aim. As a result they seem to have over-engineered in some aspects creating a power-hungry monster which is going to be very expensive for them to manufacture. We have a beautifully balanced piece of hardware that beats them on pure performance, cost, scalability, future mobile relevance, etc. That's all because they didn't know what to aim at."
-R.Huddy[/I] [/SIZE]
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I really don't like the updated version
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Once I figured out that I had to swipe/rotate through the menu options on the initial screen, I had a better appreciation for the new design.
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Hard to navigate and no 10 day forecast. Uninstalling now.
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Marilla Cuthbert
in progress
- "I read in a book once that a rose by any other name would smell as sweet, but I've never been able to believe it. I don't believe a rose would be as nice if it was called a thistle or a skunk-cabbage."
- This article is about Matthew Cuthbert's sister. You may be looking for Gilbert and Anne Blythe's daughter, Rilla Blythe, or Kenneth and Rilla Ford's daughter, Rilla Ford.
|Marilla Cuthbert
|Biographical information
|Also known as
Miss Cuthbert
|Physical information
|Hair colour
|Eye colour
|Skin colour
|Family information
|Family members
Marilla Cuthbert was the sister of Matthew Cuthbert, guardian of Anne Shirley, Davy and Dora Keith, best friend of Rachel Lynde and resident of Green Gables.
Early life
Marilla was born in 1824 in Avonlea, Prince Edward Island, to Mr. and Mrs. Cuthbert. She was raised there along with her older brother Matthew. A few years later after her birth the family moved to Green Gables, a farmhouse which was built by Marilla's father.
In September 1830, Marilla attended Avonlea school. There she met John Blythe who was said to have been interested in Marilla once, and people called him Marilla's beau. Unfortunately, they had a quarrel and Marilla never forgave him. She eventually came to regret it and likely would have forgiven John Blythe if she had another chance.
Life with Anne
Marilla and Matthew were expecting a boy to help out around the farm - instead, they got the red-headed orphan, Anne. The two of them were debating whether to keep or send Anne back, but in the end Marilla gave in to Matthew's wish and decided to bring Anne up herself.
Living with Rachel Lynde
Marilla died in 1910 before World War I and after Jem, Anne's eldest son, went away to Queen's Academy.
- "Marilla Cuthbert has got mellow."
- —Mrs. Rachel Lynde about Marilla[src]
Marilla Cuthbert was very good at keeping cool and hiding her emotions. When she was very happy, she became extremely emotional, but when the event was over, she quickly regained her cool demeanor. Marilla was much more formidable then Matthew, who possessed a very kind nature under his shy countenance. The only time she wasn't calm was during the storm of 1883.
Marilla had a crispness to her, as Mrs. Lynde would say. After Matthew died and Anne matured she got very mellow and showed her emotions a bit more. Marilla was an excellent cook.
Matthew Cuthbert
Matthew Cuthbert was Marilla's brother. He was a very shy man who lived at Green Gables with her, and later Anne, until he died near the end of Anne of Green Gables.
Anne Shirley
Anne Shirley was Marilla's adopted orphan whom she originally didn't want, but later found she couldn't live without. Marilla also had trouble adjusting to Anne's growth when Anne grew taller than herself and felt than Anne was no longer a child. Marilla felt that, in some strange way, Gilbert 's marriage with Anne would put right the old mistake of not forgiving his father.
Davy Keith
Davy Keith was Dora's twin brother and Marilla's relative that she took in when Anne was sixteen. She loved him dearly, though he got into scrapes a lot. Anne once confessed to Marilla that she liked Davy better than Dora, even though Dora had practically no faults to speak of.
Dora Keith
Dora Keith was Davy's twin sister and Marilla's relative that she took in after their parents died. She was very calm, demure, and ladylike.
Rachel Lynde
Mrs. Rachel Lynde was Marilla's best friend. She moved into Green Gables after her husband, Thomas Lynde, died. Marilla is willing to contradict Rachel for Anne's sake.
Physical appearance
- "Marilla was a tall, thin woman, with angles and without curves; her dark hair showed some grey streaks and was always twisted up in a hard little knot behind with two wire hairpins stuck aggressively through it."
- —Anne of Green Gables, Chapter 1[src]
Marilla is a female given name, variant of Muriel or short form of Amaryllis and means shining sea.
- Anne Shirley named her daughter Rilla after her. Years later, Rilla gave her daughter the same name.
Behind the scenes
- Colleen Dewhurst portrayed Marilla in 1985 film Anne of Green Gables and Anne of Green Gables: The Sequel (1987). She also portrayed her in several episodes of Road to Avonlea series and appeared in archive footage in Anne of Green Gables: The Continuing Story (2000) and Anne of Green Gables: A New Beginning (2008). Colleen also had a house on Prince Edward Island.
- Patricia Gage was Marilla's voice actress in Anne of Green Gables: The Animated Series (2000-2001) and in 2005 video film Anne: Journey to Green Gables.
- Fumie Kitahara was Marilla's voice actress in Japanese TV series Akage no An (1979).
- Barbara Hamilton portrayed Marilla in 1972 TV series Anne of Green Gables and its sequel Anne of Avonlea (1975).
- Beta Poničanová provided the voice of Marilla in the 1966 radio drama Anna zo Zeleného domu.
- Marthe Thiéry portrayed her in 1957 TV film Anne de Green Gables, also starring Mirielle Lachance as Anne Shirley.
- Margot Christie portrayed Marilla in 1956 film Anne of Green Gables and also in 1958 film Anne of Green Gables.
- Joan Miller portrayed her in all six episodes of 1952 TV series Anne of Green Gables.
- Helen Westley portrayed Marilla in 1934 film Anne of Green Gables, also starring Anne Shirley as Anne Shirley.
- Marcia Harris was the first actress who portrayed Marilla - in 1919 silent film Anne of Green Gables.
- In Anne of Windy Poplars, it is mentioned that Marilla's mother (and hence Matthew's as well) was a Johnson.[1]
|Anne of Green Gables Wiki has 138 images of Marilla Cuthbert (view gallery).
- Main article: Marilla Cuthbert/Appearances
Notes and references
- ↑ Anne of Windy Poplars (The Second Year: Chapter 11)


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crazy dealers and financing
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Dodge Ram Forum Senior Member
Join Date: Mar 2011
Location: New York
Posts: 166
Gender: Male
Vehicle: 2002 Dodge Ram SLT QC 4X4
Trim Level: SLT
Color: Silver, PB2
Engine: 2002-2007 287ci (4.7L) PowerTech V8 235hp 295lb/ft
Rep Power:
They tried to get me too. The tried and true surprise difference in actual numbers verse the agreed upon numbers. Oldest trick in the book. They basically hold you at gunpoint in the F&I office when you are about to sign and pick up your brand new vehicle. And then tell you the only way to get the numbers down is to buy an extended warranty and VIN etching.
After some heated back and forth last minute negotiating after I started to walk out, we came to an agreement that while I was not happy with, I was willing to accept on behalf of my love and desire for this truck. (And the fact that I sold my car the day before and would be without transportation, Ha!).
Anyway, I zing them on the QC survey, they find out and go bonkers. Whatever.
Then, after going over the paperwork with a microscope, I found just short of a $300 discrepancy in their favor. Basically, they tried to squeeze a few hundred more bucks out of me hoping I wouldn't notice. Now I gotta approach them about this after they are already super pissed off at me. I want my $300 bucks. There is literally almost $300 that vanished into thin air. Which btw, is another trick. After you call them out on it, they will just bluff it off as a simple, plain old fashioned math error, and most likely will get your money back.
This is the last time I buy from a dealership. Next time I'll stick with used, private seller, and go with my gut. I've got one hell of a track record as far as buying really good used cars.
2011 Ram Big Horn...RIP(thanks to Hurricane Sandy)
PS2 Bright silver, Hemi Quad cab, 3:92's, most of the other bells and whistles.
1998 Dodge Durango 5.2 4X4...The family truckster!
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Monday, November 22nd, 2004
Toolbar Reset
In several issues of MS Office Tips & Tricks we've covered many different ways to alter your toolbars.
Have you made some changes that you regret?
Maybe you've made enough of them that you'd like to "wipe the slate clean" and start over with a particular toolbar.
Or, maybe someone else has recently made changes that you'd like removed.
Is there a way to return to the original… Continue reading


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golden state warriors
NBA Rookies Hazed In Front Of Crowd
Report: Steve Kerr To Accept Golden State Job
Knicks Better Hurry With Steve Kerr
Just hours after the Golden State Warriors fired Mark Jackson, the New York Daily News is reporting that the team has already reached out to Steve Kerr.
Since before the season ended, Kerr was rumored to be the favorite candidate for the Knicks job. Over the weekend, it was reporte
Mark Jackson Is The Perfect Fit For the Knicks
Hot Stove Hoops Madness About To Begin- Bruce's Thought Of The Day
2013 NBA Playoff Scores: Spurs Beat Warriors, 94-82, Advance To Western Conference Finals
San Antonio Spurs 94, Golden State Warriors 82
Tim Duncan scored 19 points and teammate Kawhi Leonard added 16 points and 10 rebounds, as the San Antonio Spurs beat the Golden State Warriors, 94-82, in Oakland on Thursday night to win the best-of-seven NBA playoff series between the teams, 4-2
Full Highlights Of Steph Curry's 54-Point Night [VIDEO]
Indiana Pacers And Golden State Warriors Fight During Game [VIDEO]
The Indiana Pacers are one of the NBA's most physical teams thanks, in large part, to big man Roy Hibbert. David Lee of the Golden State Warriors is one of the league's most physical players and one of the league's best rebounders. That amount of physicality on both sides resulted in an ugly scene in last night's game between the two teams as a fight broke out, spilling into the crowd in the process.
The New Golden State Warriors Jerseys Have Sleeves — For Some Reason
Who Is The Most Underrated Team In The NBA? [POLL]
The NBA season has reached its halfway point and is full of fascinating story lines. The Thunder have been fantastic despite the loss of James Harden, the Clippers look like they have taken a huge step forward this year, and the Lakers look like my high school's JV team.
However, there are plenty of teams that have been playing spectacular basketball that have received no attention from the media or fans, despite having great seasons of their own.


text:
World No Tobacco Day - 31 May, 2015 Theme: Stop illicit trade of tobacco products Preamble: Every year, on 31 May, WHO and partners mark World No Tobacco Day (WNTD), highlighting the health risks associated with tobacco use and advocating for effective policies to reduce tobacco consumption. For World No Tobacco Day 2015, WHO is we calling on countries to work together to end the illicit trade of tobacco products. The illicit trade of tobacco products is a major global concern, including health, legal and economic, governance and corruption. Illicit trade of Tobacco Products – What it is Read more
Makerere University-Kampala; May 8, 2015 : The first ever State of African Resilience Report h…
The Centre for Tobacco Control in Africa (CTCA) has won an award to pilot an innovative farming…
The Makerere University Centre for Tobacco Control in Africa is pleased to announce winning the…
The Centre for Tobacco Control in Africa ( CTCA) has effectively started its phase II operatio…
The sixth session of the Conference of the Parties to the WHO FCTC (COP6) will be held from Oct…
The Dean of Makerere University School of Public Health ( MakSPH), also CTCA Director, Prof. Wi…
Demand reduction measures
Price and Tax Measures
Tobacco Economics
Health Economics
Non Price Measures
Pictorial Health Warnings (PHWs)
Supply reduction Measures
CTCA's Achievements during Phase I ( July 2011-July 2014)
The period July 2011- July 2014 covered Phase I of CTCA's operations, while October 2014- December 2017 covers Phase II of the Centre's operations. During Phase I, CTCA focused on six areas of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC); Smoke free environments, Pictorial Health Warnings, Ban on Tobacco Advertising, Sponsorship and Promotion ( TAPS), legislation, Tobacco Industry Monitoring and Alternative Livelihoods. The target countries included; Angola, Kenya, Mauritania, South Africa and Uganda.
During Phase I, CTCA attained the following key achievements:
•Development of a functional institution with a governance structure, systems and processes.
•Developed good knowledge of the Tobacco Control landscape in Africa, understands what works and what does not, and has developed expertise, tools and resources to build capacity for tobacco control at country level.
•CTCA supported the development of tobacco control policies and strategic plans in Mauritania , Uganda, Angola and Gambia
•Facilitated Development of Pictorial Health Warnings ( PHWs) in Kenya and South Africa
•Supported Tobacco Control bills/ legislative processes in Uganda, Mauritania and Angola.
•Spearheaded tax increase for tobacco products in Uganda 2013/2014
• Provided support for establishment of coordination mechanism for tobacco control in Uganda and Kenya
•Provided technical support for the development of Regulations to Rwanda
•Supported the process of validation of the smoke free environments law in Gambia
•Supported Tanzania legislators to bench mark the Tobacco control legislative process in Uganda as well as the process of transiting to Alternative Livelihoods.
Pictorial health warnings HIGHEST achievements 2012-2013
Economically viable alternative activities HIGHEST achievements 2012-2013
Tax Groups in most Popular brand
WHO-ITP and Trade status in Africa
Centre For Tobacco Control in Africa
P.O Box 7072 Kampala Uganda
Tel: +256 312 202 374 /5
Email: ctca @ ctc-africa.org
Physical Address:
Kasangati , off Gayaza Road


text:
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