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In this Issue - Civil Cases; Lou v. Otis Elevator Co., 77 Mass. App. Ct. 571 (Sept. 3, 2010); Tiffany (NJ) Inc. v. eBay, Inc., 2010 WL 3733894 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 10, 2010); M.C.I. Foods, Inc. v. Bunte, Canc. No. 92046056 (TTAB Sept. 13, 2010); Super Bakery, Inc. v. Benedict, Canc. No. 92047859 (TTAB Sept. 16, 2010)
Lou v. Otis Elevator Co. ABSTRACT - In a question of first impression, a three-judge panel for the Massachusetts Appeals Court affirmed a multimillion-dollar jury verdict against Otis Elevator Co. for liability as a trademark licensor under the "apparent manufacturer" doctrine for injuries resulting from an escalator accident in China, despite the fact that defendant did not sell or manufacture the escalator. The court held that there was ample evidence for a jury to find that defendant "participated substantially in the design or manufacture of the escalator," as required under the court's interpretation of the apparent manufacturer doctrine, by licensing its trademarks and providing product-design information, production-method rights, technical know-how, and managerial support to the manufacturer.
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The John Murray Show with Miriam
A lively mix of entertainment, human interest and lifestyle features with Miriam O'Callaghan.
A lively mix of entertainment, human interest and lifestyle features with Miriam O'Callaghan.
Miriam spoke to Martina on Monday of last week, who is in Bangkok at the bedside of her son Robbie, who was in a coma after falling four storeys there. Many of you have been wondering how they are getting on & Martina is again on the line to Miriam with the latest update.
Last summer Mark kept us updated on some of the quirkier summer festivals around the country. Well he is still on the road & at the weekend he walked the final leg of Brigid's Way in the company of its organisers.
In recent weeks Deirdre Pierce McDonnell wrote an article for The Journal.ie. Deirdre wanted to kick start a discussion about miscarriage & how we talk about the subject in Ireland. Deirdre is in studio with Miriam, along with Ronan Hession, a musician who has also written about the subject.
A singer songwriter from Bournemouth who was in Ireland at the end of June playing support to Rod Stewart with a song called 'Making Me Fall'.
For more information on Moya & her music go to www.moyamusic.com
1. Talent must be emerging rather than established. Open to those who have not received considerable air-play and/or exposure. Entrants must also normally be resident in the 32 counties.
2. It is open to all musical genres like punk, pop, rock 'n' roll, folk, country, electronic, compositional etc.
3. A backline and sound engineer will be provided by the Saturday Night Show on the night of the winning performance, May 30, but the winning act will provide their own instruments and drum kit. The winning act will look after their own expenses on the night of the Saturday Night Show performance.
4. The act must be available to perform on the John Murray Show on Friday, May 29th and on the Saturday Night Show on Saturday, May 30th.
5. How do I enter?
All entries are by email only and should be sent to firstname.lastname@example.com
6. What should my entry include?
Your email should include a short description (maximum 100 words) of the musician or band, a contact mobile phone number and ONE audio file attachment. The audio filename should contain the band/musician name and composition title. The entry should also include a photo of act of approximately 1Mb.
Only original work will be considered – no covers or samples. Due to a high volume of entries we cannot give individual feedback on music received.
7. Which type audio files should I send?
Audio files must be sent in high-quality audio, preferably stereo and of as high a production standard as possible as this track is what will be played on the John Murray Show on RTE Radio One. MP3 (192kbps or higher) files only will be accepted. No other file types should be entered as they will not be accepted. Tracks should be no longer than 3'30" in duration.
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No. One entry is sufficient.
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Get your music in ASAP. Deadline for submissions is 12 noon, Friday, May 8th.
If you require a CD copy of this programme please e-mail firstname.lastname@example.com or click here for RTÉ Archives sales form. Transfer fees and terms and conditions apply.
Presenter: John Murray
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subset: commoncrawl


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"It was a bad move on my part," Shutt told the jury, regarding his failure to pat Coats down. "I should have done it as soon as we suspected criminal activity was afoot, especially when the dog hit." It was a "very, very scary" and "potentially very violent" situation, he said.
As for the scanner, Shutt testified that Coats said, "'I got it from K-Mart and it came with those frequencies,'" adding, "We kind of laugh at that, because that's not true."
Later, as Coats was being loaded onto the police transport to take him to lockup, Shutt told the jury, "He stops, turns around, and says, 'There's your side of the story, there's my side of the story, and there's the truth. We'll see what the judge believes.'"
Shutt and his crew hightail it to the hotel, Coats' three IDs in hand. When they get there, the hotel staff checks the registry and finds that Coats has rented Room 943. Shutt, his crew, and hotel security go up to the floor and walk down the hallway toward the room—a "fatal funnel," Shutt explained, since "we don't have any place to hide to shield ourselves from being shot." His "senses are heightened" and he believes "we need to act swiftly and tactfully at this point," but the hotel security staff balk at letting them in without a warrant. So they knock on the door, screaming "Police!" Cavazos answers it, and "could not have been" more cooperative and agreeable in what was a very tense situation.
Shutt's second mistake was harmless, but telling. According to Cavazos, Shutt screamed "We got kilos! We got kilos!" after he'd found a bag of vacuum-packed, heat-sealed blocks wrapped in aluminum foil in Cavazos' room. "He was jumping up and down," Cavazos recalled on the stand, and "people next door were complaining about the noise."
Shutt's account was more muted. "I get very excited, because I think I just found kilos," he told the jury.
But Shutt was wrong.
After reading Cavazos his Miranda rights, Shutt testified, "Mr. Cavazos informs me it's not drugs, it's money," adding that Cavazos admitted to him that "he is just the money counter," "that there are no drugs here yet," and that "I count the money to make sure it's right, and then the drugs come." And there was a lot of money—all told, about three-quarters of a million dollars, found in the hotel room and in Cavazos' minivan, parked in the hotel garage.
Cavazos, however, testified that all he told Shutt was, "That's my money," and nothing else.
Shutt's third mistake, though, goes to his credibility. Shutt admitted under cross-examination that, in June 2009, he misled a federal grand jury about the case. Contrary to his trial testimony, he told the grand jury that neither Coats nor Cavazos made any statements after being read their Miranda rights. Confronted on this by Coats' defense attorney, Ivan Bates, Shutt meekly contended that he "may have been confused by the question from the grand jury."
The most acute vulnerability of the case against Coats and Cavazos was not Shutt's conflicting testimony or his tactical errors. It was, instead, the case's most hard-fought legal issue during the many months before it came to trial: former HIDTA Group 54 detective Mark Lunsford's involvement in the investigation, and to what extent information about Lunsford's crimes—in which he falsely credited information to a paid informant, with whom he would split the proceeds, and stole valuables from suspects—should be available for the jury's consideration.
The question even led to the cancellation of a previously scheduled trial in the case, for which a jury was seated and then dismissed in October 2010. Ultimately, U.S. District Judge William Quarles, who presided over the trial, blocked defense attorneys' efforts to have Lunsford take the stand before the jury. But, on the last day of testimony, the two sides agreed to stipulate for the jury that Lunsford was in prison after a conviction for theft and lying, that a watch belonging to Coats had been found in his possession, and that he had given clothing that belonged to Cavazos to a cooperating source in the FBI investigation that ultimately led to the September 2009 charges against him.
The defense team exploited the Lunsford factor as best it could. Since there were discrepancies in the investigative record about the amount of money recovered from Cavazos' hotel room and minivan, there was room to create doubt about whether Lunsford had helped himself to some of it. Shutt had testified, after all, that Lunsford was left alone for hours in the hotel room and with the minivan. This meant that when Cavazos testified, and told the jury that all that money was not for cartel drugs, but was actually his winnings in an illegal Texas Hold 'em poker game that took place over a four-day period in Baltimore just prior to his arrest, he could boldly state that he'd been robbed by the police.
"They stole over $200,000," Cavazos told the jury. "It was taken by the police. . . . They lied and they stole."
Shutt shared his feelings about Lunsford's crimes with the jury. After a long, thoughtful pause, he said: "I don't lie, cheat, or steal, and I don't tolerate anyone who does. It was a black mark on my police career because someone I worked with, without my knowledge, was committing criminal acts. It has taken a toll on me personally and professionally."
After arresting Coats, Cavazos, and Brown, and conducting search warrants all over town in connection with their suspected drug-dealing scheme, Shutt knew there was more yet to find. The first order of business was to try to secure Brown's cooperation. That was obtained immediately; given Brown's serious criminal background, which would expose him to a severe sentence in this case, he was eager to help himself in any way he could in order to gain the possibility of leniency. But Brown's help only went so far—he could say he had gone into business with Coats, selling about five to 10 kilograms of cocaine Coats had provided him in 2008 and 2009, but he didn't know who Coats' supplier was, and he'd never even heard of Cavazos. Based solely on the fact that Cavazos was a Hispanic male from Texas, Shutt suspected cartels in the picture, but he had nothing to prove it.
So Shutt started going through what he had so far. He had a flash drive from Coats' briefcase that contained photos of two people Brown did know: associates of Coats, whom Brown called "Jimmy" and "B." By following other clues—records of phone calls, text messages, financial dealings, airline flights, and the like—he established numerous links between Coats and Cavazos. But who were "Jimmy" and "B"?
Shutt told the jury that communications are drug dealers' "weakest link," and narcotics investigators such as himself are trained to exploit them. In Coats' phone, he found something to exploit: phone calls and a text message from James Bostic, all right around the time Cavazos was staying at the Baltimore Inner Harbor Marriott. The text message read: "Home boy is alright. I'm about to head up." Shutt's interpretation of this, he explained to the jury, is that Bostic is letting Coats know that Cavazos has arrived at the hotel, and that Bostic is taking the elevator up to meet him.
The Bostic angle was tantalizing. Shutt was able to learn that Bostic owned a house in Dover, Pa., outside of York, two doors down from one owned by Coats and his fiancee, Shannon Best. He was able to determine that the man Brown called "Jimmy" was, in fact, Bostic. He knew Bostic was involved somehow, but he needed a break.
Shutt's big break came in December 2009, when the FBI in Dallas called him shortly after they'd arrested a man in Texas with nine kilos of cocaine. This man, the FBI said, had immediately begun to cooperate, and had provided intelligence that James Bostic was Wade Coats' partner. This man, of course, was Mendoza-Cano, and Bostic did not yet know Mendoza-Cano had been arrested. Neither did the Mexican cartel for whom he had been working. The investigation suddenly kicked into high gear to nab Bostic—and to establish with unexpected clarity that, despite its origins as a routine drug bust of a run-of-the-mill Baltimore drug dealer nicknamed "Truck," this case was really about the far reach of ruthless Mexican cartels.
Corner Cartel
A federal trial shows how Mexican cartel drugs get to Baltimore street corners
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The message should be framed not as "this monitoring device is here to make sure you don't break the rules" but as "this device is here to protect you as well as the students."
Today's surveillance systems not only record students on multiple channels, many record risky driving behavior, issue alerts for specific events and track buses through GPS. Here are details on these and other specifications from eight companies' offerings.
Get breaking news, industry updates, product announcements and more.
Shop at School Bus Store


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Latest Colorado River Stories
It's great news that an agreement has been struck to restore the clarity of the largest natural lake in the state. Formed by glaciers and sustained by natural sources of fresh water, Grand Lake is one of Colorado's unique natural wonders, and has been a scenic attraction for decades.
The Upper Colorado River and the San Juan River endangered fish recovery programs recently received Cooperative Conservation Awards from the U.S. Department of the Interior. The two programs were selected from a field of 700 nominees.
By Patty Henetz, The Salt Lake Tribune Jul. 5--BAKER, Nev. -- On moonless nights here in the Utah-Nevada borderlands of Snake Valley, the naked eye can see five planets, countless stars and the great swath of the Milky Way.
By Patty Henetz, The Salt Lake Tribune Jul. 4--BAKER, Nev. -- On moonless nights here in the Utah-Nevada borderlands of Snake Valley, the naked eye can see five planets, countless stars and the great swath of the Milky Way.
By Jerd Smith Colorado has stepped forward to save one of its most important natural wonders, Grand Lake, establishing for the first time a standard to restore the renowned clarity that has drawn thousands to the lake's shores for more than a century.
PAGE, Ariz. -- The search continues for a man believed to have drowned near Lake Powell. The National Park Service said Thursday that they are searching an area near Piute Farms within the Glen Canyon National Recreation Area for Benjamin Saltwater, 23, of Kayenta, Ariz.
Fitch Ratings assigns the rating of 'AA+' to the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California (Metropolitan or the district) $77.4 million water revenue refunding bonds, 2008 series C.
By Tony Davis, The Arizona Daily Star, Tucson Jun. 25--PHOENIX -- It's 2048 in the Sonoran Desert.
Researchers told lawmakers Tuesday that they may have two new weapons against the quagga mussel, an invasive mollusk that clogs municipal water pipes, takes food from native species and may even stimulate the deadly bacteria that cause botulism.
By Chris Woodka, The Pueblo Chieftain, Colo. Jun. 19--River levels are rising again and expected to increase and stay high through the weekend. "It's a surprise to many of us to see it come back this strong," said Steve Witte, Water Division 2 engineer.
Latest Colorado River Reference Libraries
Grand Canyon National Park is located in the American state of Arizona and is the country's fifteenth established park. The main feature of the park is the Grand Canyon, which is a gorge of the Colorado River, and is often thought of as one of the Seven Natural Wonders of the World. The park contains 1,217,262 acres of land. It was established as an official national park in 1919, but the area was already well known as a landmark for thirty years. In 1903, President Theodore Roosevelt...
Formally known as the Colorado squawfish, this freshwater species is now called the Colorado pikeminnow. This fish was native to Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming, as well as portions of Mexico, but with the natural habitat changed by the damming of rivers and streams, this fish is now restricted to the Colorado Basin. Limited numbers of the Colorado squawfish still remain in the following rivers: Green, Gunnison, White, San Juan and Yampa; additionally it...
The Bonytail Chub (Gila elegans) is a species of freshwater fish native to certain areas of Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada and Utah in the United States. Bonytail chub prefer backwaters with rocky or muddy bottoms and flowing pools, although they have been reported in swiftly moving water. They are mostly restricted to rocky canyons today, but were historically abundant in the wide downstream sections of rivers. It is the rarest of the endemic big-river fishes of the Colorado River. It...
The Woundfin (Plagopterus argentissimus) is a species of minnow endemic to the Virgin River of the southwestern United States. It is a slender, silvery minnow, with a flattened head and belly, long snout, leathery skin, and no scales. There are barbels on the corners of its lips, and its common name likely comes from the first spinous ray of its dorsal fin, which is sharp-pointed. Its maximum length is rarely more than 3 in (7.5 cm). Historically, the Woundfin occupied much of the lower...
- A hairdresser.


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ULM Warhawks
Preview 2009
Pete Fiutak
ULM Preview |
ULM Offense
Defense |
2009 ULM Depth Chart
2008 ULM Preview |
2007 ULM Preview |
2006 ULM Preview
2009 Schedule
CFN Prediction:
CFN Record: 0-0
9/5 at Texas
9/12 Texas Southern
9/12 at Arizona State
9/26 at Florida Atlantic
10/13 Arkansas State
10/24 at Kentucky
10/31 at Troy
11/7 at North Texas
11/14 Western Kentucky
11/21 at UL Lafayette
11/28 Middle Tenn.
2008 Schedule
CFN Prediction: 5-7
CFN Record: 4-8
8/30 at Auburn L
9/6 at Arkansas L 28-27
9/13 Alabama A&M
9/20 at Tulane L 24-10
10/4 UL Lafayette L
10/11 at Arkansas St L 37-29
10/18 North Texas W
10/25 Florida Atlantic
11/1 Troy W 31-30
11/8 at Middle Tenn L 24-21
11/15 at Ole Miss L 59-0
11/22 at FIU W 31-27
ULM was on a roll at the end of 2007 having won five of its final six games,
highlighted by an upset over Alabama, and a loaded team was coming back for
The defense was awful and the offense wildly inconsistent, but there were still
chances to come up with big wins and come up with a nice season. Instead, ULM
lost a one-point heartbreaker to Arkansas, a one-point killer against Florida
Atlantic, and a three-point battle against Middle Tennessee when there were
three missed field goals. While it's not fair to think about what would've
happened had UL won those three games, especially considering there was a
shocking 31-30 win over Troy and a 31-27 win over FIU to close things out, the
time needs to be now to win those games to get over the Sun Belt hump.
ULM simply won't be good enough this year to give away any winnable games. Troy,
Middle Tennessee, and Florida Atlantic are just three of the league's stars, and
ULM isn't in their category. That doesn't mean there can't be wins over everyone
and anyone in the Sun Belt, but it does mean that all the close games have to go
the team's way to get the first winning season at the D-I level since 1980.
This year's team will have issues. It needs to find a pass rush, the offensive
line has to be far better, the defense has to come up with a stop or two, and
the offense has to be more consistent. However, there's tons of speed on both
sides of the ball, the receiving corps should be excellent, and the linebacking
corps will be among the best in the Sun Belt. Will it be enough to finally make
ULM a major factor in the conference race? Maybe.
No one will pick the Warhawks to win the Sun Belt title, and expectations will
be kept relatively low. With as much potential explosion as this year's team
has, and with the experience on defense, this could be a sleeper team in the
chance … again. ULM would rather be good enough to become the hunted, but there
must be more wins to get to that level.
What to watch for on offense: An interesting quarterback battle. Trey
Revell should be ready after serving as the understudy to Kinsmon Lancaster, but
junior Zach Rhodes is speedy fast and has the upside to become a dangerous
playmaker with a little more time to work. Revell can run, too, and he has a
live arm who can push the ball deep, but Rhodes might still be too good a
prospect to keep on the sidelines.
What to watch for on defense: A change in alignment. ULM ran a 4-2-5 over
the last few years with some semblance of success. Now things will change to a
3-3-5 set, and that's a big positive considering the Warhawks are thin at tackle
and have an abundance of good linebackers. However, the front three will now
have to show it can get into the backfield on a regular basis.
The team will be far better if … more plays are made in the backfield …
again. ULM hasn't come up with steady sacks over the last few years, and now
there will have to be more from the linebackers and even the safeties to
generate pressure. Aaron Morgan is a tremendous pass rusher who has to all but
do it all by himself while all-star linebacker Cardia Jackson provides a little
bit of help, but that's it. Those two came up with ten of the team's 13 sacks.
Obviously, those two will be keyed on by every blocking scheme.
The Schedule:
It's tricky, but there are moments of manageability. Forget about the
season-opener at Texas, that's just a game to get everyone's feet wet, but Texas
Southern is a winnable game the following week. The rest of the non-conference
schedule is against Arizona State and Kentucky, but those two will have their
heads focused on games ahead and could be ripe for the picking. Starting out the
Sun Belt slate at Florida Atlantic isn't a plus, but FIU and Arkansas State will
be a decent back-to-back home stand before going on the road for four times in a
five week run. Going to Troy, along with the early date at FAU, will all but
kill Sun Belt title hopes, but getting Middle Tennessee at home to close things
out is a plus.
Best Offensive Player:
Junior RB Frank Goodin. He has the speed and surprising power for a 5-9,
200-pound back. While he had a bit of a disappointing season running for 783
yards and five touchdowns, he led the team in rushing and was fourth in
receiving with 25 catches for 277 yards and two scores. He did all of that while
trying to get through an ankle injury, and now he's 100% and should be ready for
a breakout year.Best Defensive Player:
Senior LB Cardia Jackson. The star of the defense for the last three years,
Jackson is coming off a 127-tackle season and should do even more with more
responsibility. He got bigger and is now up to 240 yards, so the potential is
there that he can be an even bigger hitter after already being known as one of
the most intimidating poppers in the Sun Belt.Key player to a successful season:
Senior NT Aaron Williams. In the new 3-3-5 set, the tackle has to be a true
anchor for everyone to work around. The 296-pound Williams had a good season
making 29 tackles, but he has to do more this season. More stats isn't a must,
but he has to gum up the works to allow the rest of the back six to roam around
and make plays.
The season will be a success if
... ULM comes up with a winning season. It'll take a win at North Texas, at
least one other road upset somewhere else, perhaps against FIU or UL Lafayette,
and there can't be any slips at home. There aren't any home dates against anyone
who came up with a winning record last year. In the end, 6-6 would be
acceptable, but 7-5 would be tremendous.
Key game:
Sept. 26 at Florida Atlantic. The Warhawks lost to the Owls in a 29-28
heartbreaker last season. It might be tough to come up with the upset in the Sun
Belt opener, but it would be a tremendous tone-setter for the rest of the season
if they can do it considering there are two home games to follow. A win means a
winning season quickly becomes a truly attainable goal.
2008 Fun Stats:
- Sacks: Opponents 31 for 176 yards – ULM 13 for 87 yards
- Field goals: Opponents 20-of-28 – ULM 8-of-17
- Punt return average: Opponents 11 yards per try – ULM 6.5 yards per try
ULM Preview |
ULM Offense
Defense |
2009 ULM Depth Chart
2008 ULM Preview |
2007 ULM Preview |
2006 ULM Preview


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After posting a 10-5 win over the Troy Trojans in Pensacola, Fla. on Tuesday night, the No. 30 Alabama Crimson Tide (16-8, 3-3 SEC) will host the No. 9 ranked Ole Miss Rebels (21-5, 4-2 SEC) for a three-game Southeastern Conference series this weekend. The series gets underway on Friday night with first pitch scheduled for 6:35 p.m. CT at Sewell-Thomas Stadium.
Click here for the original story.
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Kanye West jumped in a lake in Armenia Sunday, causing a commotion that led to authorities shutting down the outdoor performance.… READ MORE
Kim Learns If She Can Get Pregnant After Scary Uterus Surgery
The aftermath of Kim Kardashian's scary surgery to clean up her uterus was shown on Sunday night's episode of Keeping Up with the Kardashians… READ MORE
Kanye West Slams Himself, Calls Kim 'Amazing' & North 'Supersmart'
Kanye West has a huge ego — and he knows it! The rapper slammed his own narcissism, called his wife Kim Kardashian amazing and more in a bizarre new interview R… READ MORE
Kim, Kanye, North & Khloe Explore Ancient Armenian Monastery
Kim Kardashian, Kanye West, their daughter North and Khloe Kardashian visited the Geghard Monastery Thursday on the latest leg of their Armenian trip.… READ MORE


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Cheap SVO to Powell River flights
Popular Flights from Moscow, Russia
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5,052.45 miles
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Browse the most popular airlines servicing the Moscow (SVO) airport. Visit their flights pages to learn more about the most popular routes these carriers fly.


text:
WBAL-TV 11 News says goodbye to a friend and ultimate professional, Rod Daniels.
The sky looks ominous after days of heavy rain on May 25 in Austin, Texas.
Defensive end Ray McDonald, who was released by the San Francisco 49ers in December 2014 amid allegations of sexual assault, was cut by the Chicago Bears on Monday following his arrest on domestic violence and child endangerment charges in Santa Clara, California. While still with the 49ers, he had also been arrested in 2014 in another domestic violence case against his pregnant fiancée, but prosecutors dropped the charges for lack of evidence.
2010: Canadian-American radio and television host Art Linkletter dies at age 97 in Los Angeles, California. Linkletter was most famous interviewing kids in the segment "Kids Say the Darndest Things" for his radio show "House Party" and television series "Art Linkletter's House Party." The segment later became a comedy series hosted by Bill Cosby between 1998 and 2000. Linkletter also hosted the radio and television game show "People are Funny" from 1943 to 1960 and served as a guest host of "The Tonight Show" in 1962 between Jack Paar's departure and Johnny Carson's arrival as its new host. He also served as the television broadcast host when Disneyland opened in 1955.


text:
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Love you too!
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Ultra Marina Dress in Black
An old friend invited you to the christening celebration of her new boat, and you couldn't turn down the offer. But as the evening approaches, you're at a loss for what to wear to a gathering of so many people you've never met! Take cues from the deep blue sea and catwalk down that port confidently in this black, strapless dress! Its horizontal pintucks and chiffon material dress you up in finery, while its elasticized back section and tie sash cool you down to casual as you 'harbor' assurance that your salmon wedges and beaded, seaweed-inspired necklace will be a hit. Lined, with a stay-put band along the top, this dress will make you feel like the cutest gal to walk the dock!
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text:
A green tongue! A green tongue?!
Submitted by Michael Nystrom on Wed, 02/27/2013 - 10:32. Permalink
You can't have a green tongue in this country! You need to have a red tongue. If you have a green tongue, you need to step out of the car.
Where do you think you are - America?
/ end sarc.
- Login to post comments


text:
|Harris holds rally on anniversary of JoePa funeral
|Written by Admin
|Friday, 25 January 2013 19:19
The intention of the function, hosted by former Penn State running back and NFL Hall of Fame standout Franco Harris, was to question the findings of the Louis Freeh report that was released last July, and to exonerate any culpability of former coach Joe Paterno's role in the Jerry Sandusky scandal.
``We want to break down and analyze the facts. That's what this is all about,'' Harris said. ``People clung to the story without questions; even our board of trustees didn't question it. They threw Penn State under the bus. Every act they did said Joe Paterno was guilty. We're trying to find the answers. The purpose of this is to let people see what was put out there was so misleading, and so false, the presentment and the Freeh report. We want answers.''
Friday marked the one-year anniversary of Paterno's funeral. He died Jan. 22, 2012.


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Ryan Dempster turns down $26 million offer from Royals, Cubs not involved in bidding
Dec 5, 2012, 9:18 PM EDT
10:13 p.m. EST update: According to Gordon Wittenmyer of the Chicago Sun-Times, negotiations between the Cubs and Ryan Dempster are "not happening" and a reunion is "implausible."
9:10 p.m. EST update: ESPNChicago.com's Bruce Levine says the Cubs and Dempster are discussing the parameters of a deal. Dempster spent 8 1/2 seasons with the Cubs before being traded to the Rangers in July.
Holding out for a three-year contract, Ryan Dempster turned down a two-year, $26 million deal from the Royals, according to the Kansas City Star's Bob Dutton.
Dempster asked the Royals to go to three years, but that appears to be a deal breaker for Kansas City.
Besides Kansas City, Boston and Milwaukee appear to be the prime suitors for Dempster. The Red Sox have already handed out a pair of three-year, $39 million contracts to Mike Napoli and Shane Victorino, so what's one more?
The Angels were also interested in Dempster, but they've backed away now, says CBSSports.com's Jon Heyman.
Dempster went 5-5 with a 2.25 ERA in 16 starts for the Cubs and 7-3 with a 5.09 ERA in 12 starts for the Rangers last season. While the latter mark doesn't speak well of his ability to pitch in the AL, he did have a 70/25 K/BB ratio in 69 innings with Texas.
- beefytrout - Dec 5, 2012 at 7:37 PM
Bit of a ballsy move on KC's part, no?
- mazblast - Dec 5, 2012 at 8:03 PM
Kind of ballsy move on Dempster's part, too. I've always liked him and hope he's not following the Jody Reed money path.
- bigherm74 - Dec 5, 2012 at 9:22 PM
He probably will except a 2 year offer from the Cubs since he feels comfortable there family there and he feels he owes them since they reaurrected his career
- eshine76 - Dec 5, 2012 at 10:02 PM
I'd argue he owes them for blowing up that trade with Atlanta and then trying to force his way to the Dodgers.
- brewcrewfan54 - Dec 5, 2012 at 10:06 PM
"How's he supposed to feed his family on $13 million a year?"
-wondered Latrell Sprewell
- boyofzimmer - Dec 5, 2012 at 10:32 PM
You are not welcome back in Chicago… Burned your bridges.
- brewcrewfan54 - Dec 5, 2012 at 10:38 PM
How's that?
- jwbiii - Dec 9, 2012 at 8:18 AM
Before being traded to the Dodgers, he vetoed a trade to the Braves, which some thought had a better return.
- shorttracknews - Dec 6, 2012 at 2:25 PM
He's welcome back…just not at 13M per…
- dizoakiusmaximus - Dec 6, 2012 at 4:33 AM
Big fan of Dempster. Phils could use him, especially if they're trying to move Lee or Worley.
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Caution Cools Old Feeding Frenzy at Sundance
By RICK LYMAN
Published: January 25, 2001
PARK CITY, Utah, Jan. 24— The British film director Michael Apted sat in a coffee shop on Main Street here, trying desperately to get a cup of tea, while across the street at the Egyptian Theater his latest film, ''Enigma,'' was in the middle of its second Sundance Film Festival screening.
''Everything seems to be going well,'' he said. ''Now the feeding frenzy begins. We hope.''
Mirroring the changes in the American independent film movement that it helped create, Sundance is a film festival in transition. The jampacked parties with sadistic doormen are still here, and the hot-air buzz and the leather-clad celebrities, but rarer these days are the ragged, unsophisticated filmmakers rolling in from the hinterlands with a fresh, raw vision to unleash. Now everyone is wise. Cool savvy rules the day.
The bidding wars over film rights that once turned untested directors and unknown actors into overnight sensations also appear to have faded from the scene.
''I feel pretty pleased,'' said Geoffrey Gilmore, the festival's programming director. ''It feels as though everything is running very smooth this year and the films are generally being responded to very well. Yes, there is a cautiousness on the part of buyers. But I understand there are something like eight films in some stage of negotiations, so I expect the acquisitions will pick up before the festival is over.''
The films being shown are also changing. Now there are films with extensive special effects, smooth production values, complex animation and, increasingly, major stars. Mr. Apted's ''Enigma,'' a $20 million World War II thriller set in the world of Nazi code-breaking, has a Tom Stoppard script that is based on Robert Harris's best-selling novel and a cast that includes Kate Winslet, Dougray Scott and Saffron Burrows. This is a Sundance film?
''If you define independent film as a film that was produced outside the studio system, then yes, this is an independent film,'' Mr. Apted said, tea finally in hand. ''I recognize that with a $20 million budget, big stars and some special effects, it's not your typical Sundance film. But they asked us to be here and we're delighted.''
Mr. Gilmore said he expected to be criticized for including such a movie but that he believed it indicated one way that independent film has been changing in recent years.
Robert Redford, who founded the Sundance Institute 20 years ago, was not able to attend this year's festival because he was in Morocco and England shooting a film. Being absent was difficult, he said in a telephone interview from London today, but he planned to be back in Utah for the institute's annual festival post-mortem in a few weeks, where decisions are made about where independent film is heading and how Sundance must adapt to match it. ''Things are changing,'' Mr. Redford said. ''What with digital filmmaking and the Internet and the economy going this way and that way and the globalization, it's all having a real effect on independent filmmaking. Our commitment is to continually adjust, to try to make sure we recapture our original vision. Sometimes the attention focuses too much on the fashion or the celebrities or the acquisitions, but what we are concerned about it providing a forum for the best independent work that's out there.'' Mr. Apted's film was financed, in large part, by Intermedia, the German film company, and Jagged Films, owned by Mick Jagger. But, like most of the films at Sundance, it has no distributor, which was why Mr. Apted was hoping for a feeding frenzy.
One quality that distinguished past Sundance festivals, particularly ones in the late 1990's, was the intense competition among specialized-film distributors trying to lock up the hot films, often paying millions of dollars for the privilege. But the specialized-film business has been going through a painful transition of its own, with more films competing for the same number of art-house screens and fewer breakout smashes like ''The Blair Witch Project'' in 1999 or the current ''Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon.'' Many, many more films have simply opened, failed to find an audience and disappeared in the blink of an eye, including some that were bought for a great deal of money at Sundance and other festivals.
''Last year was a key year for the festival,'' said Ted Hope, a founder of Good Machine, a film production and distribution company based in New York. ''It was the first year that there were no major bidding wars for any film.''
It is, he said, a matter of economics: If an independent film makes $5 million at the box office, it is now considered a success, and those that make above $10 million are fewer and farther between.
''You buy the movie, and then you have to spend another $5 million to get it released,'' Mr. Hope said. ''So add up the numbers. Why is anybody going to come up with more than a couple hundred thousand dollars to buy a movie here?''
A few hundred thousand dollars is pocket change compared with the millions that many Sundance films drew a few years ago.


text:
Arthur Bohlmann 10/13/2013 7:33:00 PMColorful #1548415
David Resnikoff 10/14/2013 4:48:07 AMIndeed Arthur, it was.
David #10871340
Rita K. Connell 10/17/2013 2:23:32 PMgreat shot David its too bad you clipped her nose. was she in a parade #10874450
David Resnikoff 10/17/2013 2:53:30 PMRita
I agree with you. That is the actual shot.
The bull was quite close and I shot as fast as I could.
It was a parade celebrating the Saint San Francisco, Patron of animals and mad men.
This is a tradition in small towns in Mexico
David R #10874471
Nikon D90 with Nikon 18-300
Managed with Aperture 3, PS and Nik Software
Exif: F Number: 5.6, Exposure Bias Value: 0.00, ExposureTime: 1/400 seconds, Flash: did not fire, auto mode, ISO: 200, White balance: Auto white balance, FocalLength: 100.00 mm, Model: NIKON D90
Uploaded on 10/9/2013 5:53:19 AM
Camera: Nikon D90 Digital SLR Camera
Copyright for this gallery photo belongs solely to David Resnikoff. Images may not be copied, downloaded, or used in any way without the expressed, written permission of the photographer.
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Salinda J Word
Kingsland, GA
Basic information on Salinda J Word, Kingsland GA. Find Salinda J Word's age, gender, possible aliases, associates and professional status.
Also Known As
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Salinda J Word is in his 40's
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Salinda J Word
Zodiac SignLibra
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Salinda J Word Has Lived in 4 States
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955 Bx S 5x Gxx
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Venus Williams withdraws from Australian Open
More News from Agence France-Presse
WASHINGTON—Seven-time Grand Slam singles champion Venus Williams withdrew from the Australian Open on Monday as she struggles to return from the autoimmune disease Sjogren's syndrome.
In a posting on her website, the US star said that she has been making progress and plans to return to WTA Tour play in February, when events begin in the United States.
"I regret to announce that I am withdrawing from the 2012 Australian Open," Williams posted on her website.
"After several months of training and treatment, I am making steady progress to top competitive form.
"My diet and fitness regimen have allowed me to make great strides in terms of my health and I am very close to being ready to return to WTA competition. I have every intention to return to the circuit in February."
Williams, whose ranking has slipped to 100th in the world, pulled out of last week's WTA event in Auckland because of the illness, which saps her energy, causing fatigue and joint pains.
Williams, 31, is not the only member of her family in doubt for the first Grand Slam event of 2012. Younger sister Serena, a 13-time Grand Slam singles champion, pulled out of last week's event at Brisbane with a sprained ankle.
Serena Williams posted a Twitter message saying she was doing better, hinting she might be ready for the Melbourne fortnight that begins next Monday.
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text:
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Doesn't even load. Piece of crap. Its kinda sad.
(62 stars)
Everyday, everyday i use to read comics. Ifunny just got stale meme's got overated. But rage comics is where its at! But not anymore, now its just a loading screen. Thanks, you dick!!
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The comics are not loading and I have downloaded this app on 3 different phones and my tablet. After the ifunny ad nothing ever pops up. Please fix because this is actually a really great app... When it is working.
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Used to b good but just crashes anymore. Needs updated badly.
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Stuck On Loading Screen After Opening The App


text:
Approaching Solar Maximum
April 22, 2014
These six images from SDO show a representative image about every nine months to illustrate the rising level of solar activity since the mission first began to produce consistent images in May, 2010. The period of solar maximum is expected in the first half of 2014. Active regions appear as brighter areas. The images were taken in the 171 Angstrom wavelength of extreme ultraviolet light. Credit: Solar Dynamics Observatory/NASA.
Topics: Environment, Technology Internet, Sun, Plasma physics, Astronomy, light sources, Solar maximum, Solar Dynamics Observatory, Space, Solar Maximum Mission, Spaceflight, Solar telescopes, Space plasmas, Io


text:
High court sustains Ariz. employer sanctions law
PHOENIX The Supreme Court on Thursday upheld an Arizona law that penalizes businesses for hiring workers in the country illegally, buoying the hopes of supporters of state crackdowns on illegal immigration.
They predicted the ruling would lead to many other states passing laws that require employers to use the federal E-Verify system to check that workers aren't illegal immigrants. And some said the ruling bodes well for the prospects of a much broader and more controversial immigration law in Arizona, known as SB1070, to be found constitutional.
The state is appealing a ruling blocking portions of that law from taking effect.
But some legal experts said the ruling should not be read as a broad validation of such tactics. While they acknowledge that other states will now pass similar employer sanctions, they cautioned that the court did not make any sweeping endorsement of states' rights to enforce federal immigration laws.
"It's a very careful and narrowly reasoned opinion, so it doesn't really tip the court's hand one way or the other with respect to SB1070," said Peter Spiro, a Temple University law professor who specializes in immigration law. "That being said, the court here is validating a state measure that implicates immigration enforcement. The court today has rejected an argument that the states have no business in immigration enforcement. That's off the table."
Arizona Senate President Russell Pearce, a Republican who was a prime sponsor of the legislation that became the 2007 employer sanctions law, said his reaction to the ruling was "jubilation."
"This is not only good for Arizona, it's good for America," Pearce told The Associated Press. "Finally, American workers are treated the way they ought to be. We're going to put the profits-before-patriotism crowd in the back seat."
Pearce said the ruling bodes well for an eventual Supreme Court decision on SB1070.
"I'm very confident we'll win a 5-4 or possibly a 6-3 decision," he said. "States have never been pre-empted from enforcing federal law."
Both laws were written with the assistance of Kris Kobach, Kansas' secretary of state and a former law professor. He said they were constructed to only use federal immigration law definitions, and the ruling upholding the first could mean success for the second.
"That language will vastly assist the state in defending SB1070,' Kobach said.
Others aren't so sure. Arizona State University constitutional law professor Paul Bender said Chief Justice John Roberts went out of his way to say the employer sanctions law was being enforced in conjunction with the federal government because its provisions mimic federal law.
That's not the case with SB1070, Bender said. With that Arizona law, police decide who to detain, and illegal immigrants can be prosecuted in state court.
"If they really mean that this is OK but only because there are safeguards here to make sure the states don't go crazy and start doing things contrary to federal policy, that would bode ill for 1070," Bender said. "Because 1070 does not have these safeguards and there's a real danger."


text:
Method and system for a direct transmission of motion path data (310) from a generating system (204) to a control system (205) for use in controlling a servo-driven machine. For example, a machine tool for machining stock material, and the data generating system includes a computer-aided-design software package (301). Tool paths for directing the tool members of the machine tool can be extracted from a design file opened by the CAD software through the operation interface of the CAD software (302). Alternatively, the design file can be used to specify motion paths rather than end product geometry. The CAD interpreter application extracts the motion path data from the design file, eliminating the need to translate the data into another or intermediate form for controlling the machine tool.
1. A system for interfacing a control system with a machine comprising: a first processor executing a design application that generates motion path data without machine control language conversion; a second processor, that interfaces with said first processor, said second processor executing motion control software that accesses said motion path data from said design application on said first processor, and the second processor executing servo-control software, wherein said motion control software and said servo-control software controls the machine in accordance with said motion path data, and said motion path data comprises objects which are adaptable to allow the control system to interface with a different machine, wherein the first processor and the second processor are part of the same computer.
2. The system of
3. The system of
4. The system of
5. The system of
6. The system of
7. The system of
8. The system of
9. The system of
10. The system of
11. The system of
12. The system of
13. A method of operating a machine tool for machining a supply of stock material according to a specified design, the method comprising extracting tool path data from a design within a computer-aided-design/computer-aided manufacture software package through an Application Program Interface of said computer-aided-design/computer-aided-manufacturing software package, wherein the design application operates on a first processor and generates the tool path data without machine control language conversion, wherein the tool path data is extracted by a second processor that executes motion control software, the second processor also executing servo-control software, wherein the tool path data comprises objects which are adaptable to allow the control system to interface with a different machine, wherein the first processor and the second processor are part of the same computer.
14. The method of
15. The method of
16. A method of interfacing a control system with a machine comprising: executing a design application that generates motion path data for said machine, the motion path data being generated without machine control language conversion; executing motion control software that receives said motion path data in a same form as output by said design application; and controlling the servo-driven machine with said motion control software in accordance with said motion path data from said design application, further comprising executing said design application and said motion control software on different processors that are part of the same computer, wherein a second processor executes servo-control software.
17. The method of
18. The method of
19. The method of
20. The method of
21. The method of
22. The method of
23. The method of
24. A system for interfacing a control system with a machine comprising: means for generating motion path data for the machine, the motion path data being generated without machine control language conversion; means for executing motion control software that receives said motion path data in a same form as output by said means for generating said motion path data; and means for controlling the machine in accordance with said motion path data, wherein the means for generating motion and the means for executing motion control software are part of the same computer, further comprising means for executing servo control software.
25. The system of
26. The system of
27. The system of
28. A system for interfacing a control system with a machine comprising: a first processor executing a design application that generates motion path data without machine control language conversion; a second processor, that interfaces with said first processor, said second processor executing motion control software that receives said motion path data from said design application on said first processor passed through an Application Program Interface of said motion control software, wherein the second processor also executes servo control software; and wherein said motion control software controls the machine in accordance with said motion path data, wherein the first processor and the second processor are part of the same computer.
29. The system of
30. The system of
31. The system of
32. The system of
33. The system of
34. The system of
35. The system of
36. The system of
37. A system for interfacing a control system with a machine comprising: a first processor executing a design application that produces a motion object containing motion path data that has been generated without machine control language conversion, said motion path data defining motion paths along which a tool head of the machine is to be moved; a second processor, that interfaces with said first processor, said second processor executing motion control software that receives said motion object from said design application on said first processor, the second processor also executing servo-control software; and wherein said motion control software controls the machine in accordance with said motion path data, wherein the first processor and the second processor are part of the same computer.
38. The system of
39. The system of
40. The system of
41. The system of
42. The system of
43. The system of
44. The system of
This application claims the benifit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/204,609, filed on May 16, 2000.
The present invention relates to the field of digitally interfacing a robot, machine tool or other servo-driven machine with a system for providing the data for controlling that servo-driven machine. The present invention also relates to the field of machining equipment parts from appropriate material with a numerically controlled or computer controlled machine tool that roughs and/or finishes an initial piece of material according to the specifications defining a part to be made. More specifically, the present invention relates to a new paradigm for controlling the operation of such machine tools by directly transferring the machining data defining the part to be made from a CAD/CAM application to the machine controller.
There are many machines in modem industry with moving parts that are driven by servo-motors. These machines include industrial robots, coordinate measuring machines, machine tools and the like. These group of machines are referred to generally herein as "servo-driven machines."
Typically, a master system provides data to a servo-controller that, in turn, controls the servo-motors to appropriately operate and move the components of the servo-driven machine. Machines tools are a prominent example of such servo-operated machines with which the present invention is particularly concerned.
When machines are first developed or are produced on a limited basis, parts specific to those machines must be custom made from appropriate material. This is generally accomplished through "machining," a process in which a piece or stock of material is mechanically cut, ground, drilled and finished as necessary to create the desired part. The machines used to transform raw materials into specified parts are referred to hereafter as "machine tools." Modem machine tools are highly sophisticated and precisely controlled so as to create parts according to exacting specifications. Most such modem machine tools are controlled by computers that process precise numerical instructions defining the part to be made.
The first numerically controlled machine tool was a 3-axis milling machine built in 1952. Numbers were used to specify movement of the milling head in a 3-axis system to machine a desired part. However, the machine tool was mechanically set by hand according to the specification numbers as the machining progressed. As electronic technology has subsequently progressed, "numerical control" machine tools have incorporated increasingly sophisticated electronics to automate the machining process. Today, numerically controlled machine tools include computer processors and electronic memory units (RAM and ROM). Thus, today's machine tools are computer controlled and referred to as "computer numerical control machines."
Early computer controlled machines received input from punched tape. The instructions recorded on these tapes were both input/output ("I/O") commands (e.g, turn on/off spindle or coolant, setting default feed rate and speed, etc.) and motion commands (e.g., move to some x y z position in a linear or circular fashion.) The language that these instructions were written in has come to be called M&G code. M&G code can be thought of as analogous to assembly language for personal computers; it is the lowest level of programming for machine tools and is generally accepted by all machine tools regardless of make or model. Even though the first numerically controlled machines were built about fifty years ago, we still program machine tools using this same M&G code language with only minor modifications.
Over the past 50 years dozens of companies have attempted to build the ideal machine tool controller. These controllers have consisted of custom hardware components and highly specialized one-of-a-kind operating systems. Many of these have been proprietary closed systems. While open architecture for the hardware of these control systems may be appearing on the horizon, machine tools of today, for the most part, use technology that is decades old. Where proprietary control is maintained over machine tool hardware controller technologies, programming the machine can only be performed through the M&G code environment.
M&G code uses words, or individual commands, and blocks, or lines in a single file or program. All the commands on one line are read and all are executed simultaneously. In order to create an M&G program, it is necessary to calculate all the geometry for all the tool paths, e.g., the line segments and arcs that the tool tip of the machine tool passes through while machining the desired part. From this geometry, motion and I/O commands are calculated. These commands must then be written in M&G code and the code must be entered into the controller. Originally, the M&G code had to be manually entered into the controller or punched into Mylar or paper tape that was then fed into a reader on the controller. Even today, it is a long and tedious task to write an M&G program to machine a complex part.
In the late 50's and early 60's many new and more flexible programming languages came into existence. Automatically Programmed Tools ("APT") was one of the first of these new languages. Using APT, an engineer defines the geometry of the machine tool, the geometry of the tool tip, and the machining parameters that control the I/O of the machine tool. However, due to the proprietary and inconsistent nature of available machine systems, the commands created using APT must ultimately be translated in the more basic M&G code. APT applications perform calculations to generate a Cutter Location ("CL") file based on the commands in the APT program. The CL file is an ASCII file that contains the geometry of the paths that the tool tip of the machine tool must pass through during the machining process. This CL file is then translated into M&G code using a program called a postprocessor.
In the 60's and 70's, as computers became less expensive and more powerful, more mechanical design was done using Computer-Aided-Design ("CAD") programs. Computer-Aided-Manufacturing ("CAM") programs allow users to use the geometry defined in CAD programs to plan out the tool paths for programming a machine tool. CAD, CAM and CAD/CAM programs are considered herein as belonging to a general class of software packages referred to generally as "design applications." The tool paths defined by a CAM application are exported in the form of CL or APT files, which still must be translated into M&G code before being transferred to the machine controller. This practice is still the standard in use today.
A typical process of using a CAD/CAM application to program a machine tool is illustrated in
The CAD/CAM application, or perhaps a separate application, then uses the CAD/CAM file to calculate the cutter location data for the machine tool tip throughout the machining process and creates a CL file (102). The CL file (102) is an ASCII file. The CL file (102) can then be translated into M&G code (103), which is also an ASCII file. The translation form CL file (102) to M&G code (103) is typically performed by a post processor. The M&G code (103) is then transmitted to the machine tool controller (104) which uses the code to control the machine tool (not shown) throughout the process of machining the specified part.
Starting with the export of the CL file (102) from the CAD/CAM software, each CL file is uni-directionally associated with the parent CAD/CAM file (101). Thus, any modification to the parent CAD/CAM file (101) will not be reflected in an exported CL file (102) and would require generation of a new "child" ASCII CL file (102), modification always flowing from parent to child. Similarly, modification of a child file (102), perhaps by a machinist preparing the M&G code file, would not effect a modification or correction of the parent design file (101).
As a design evolves, this uni-directional flow of data makes the task of keeping all relevant files current and deleting obsolete files very problematic. Consequently, there is a need in the art for a method and system of better controlling a machine tool that facilitates the modification, updating and management of control files being provided to a machine tool controller.
A further problem arise in the variation of even the "standard" M&G code between machine tool controllers. In reality, M&G codes are not consistent from machine tool to machine tool. Efforts have been made to standardize M&G codes, but have not yet succeeded. This problem arise principally from the fact that the M&G standards do not have the flexibility to implement many of the functions that some advanced process machine tools make available. The manufacturers of these advanced machine tools have, of necessity, extended existing standards using unique new commands to force new machining technologies onto a code architecture not otherwise capable of supporting these technologies.
For example, many modern machine tool controllers are capable of directing the machine tool to machine a true Non-Uniform Rational B-Spline curve ("NURBS"). Even though it is not part of the M&G code standard, these controllers recognize non-standard M&G codes as codes for NURBS.
The effect is that programming interfaces and languages now vary by machine manufacturer and model, even when purporting to be based on standard M&G code. Consequently, there is a need in the art for a method and system that avoids the problems of inconsistent M&G code versions between machine tools of different make and model.
In CL files and M&G code, geometry is represented as a series of points that the tip of the cutting tool passes through in order to manufacture the geometry. These points define the path of the cutting tool. This path is comprised of straight-line segments and circular or helical arcs. Paths that are neither linear nor circular are approximately by discrete points or small line segments. Sculpted and free form surfaces are increasingly used in consumer products. CAD vendors have made great strides in their software to model complex curves, surfaces, and solids, but the tools and techniques used to manufacture them are the same ones that have been in use for decades.
A complex surface may be represented inside the CAD program with a single equation, but may need to be represented as thousands of line segments in the instructions provided to the machine tool controller in order to get the required accuracy. There is no way to avoid this loss in accuracy while using the traditional data flow illustrated in
As mentioned above, there are some very expensive machine tool controllers that have the ability to handle complex paths such as NURBS. This allows such machine tools to manufacture complex surfaces faster and smoother than with linear interpolation. The problem is in communicating the specification for the desired NURBS to the machine tool controller. In order to communicate with the machine tool controller, the NURBS specified in the CAD/CAM design file (perhaps using a single equation for each curve) must be translated into the line segment geometry used by M&G code. The machine tool controller may then translate the line segment instructions of the M&G code into the NURBS command used by the machine tool (specified perhaps by interpolating a NURBS curve through a series of points). This conversion of a NURBS into line segments and then back into a true NURBS expression results in a needless loss of accuracy in defining the NURBS.
Consequently, there is a further need in the art for a system and method that avoids the needless loss of accuracy associated with transmitting one NURBS representation created by a CAD/CAM application to a possible different NURBS representation used by an advanced machine tool controller through the mediacy of line-segment-based M&G code.
It is an object of the present invention to meet the above-described needs and others. Specifically, it is an object of the present invention to provide an improved system and method of programming a machine tool controller to machine a specified part based on data generated with a CAD/CAM or other design application. It is a further object of the present invention to provide a system and method of programming a machine tool controller that avoids the problems associated with managing a series of child files that reflect the evolution of the part design in a parent design file.
It is a still further object of the present invention to provide a system and method of programming a machine tool controller that avoids the problems caused by the variation in advanced commands among the various versions of M&G code used in different makes and models of machine tools. And, it is a further object of the present invention to provide a system and method of programming a machine tool controller that avoids needless loss of accuracy in specifying curves, such as NURBS, associated with translating representations of those curves through line segment approximations used in, for example, M&G code.
Additional objects, advantages and novel features of the invention will be set forth in the description which follows or may be learned by those skilled in the art through reading these materials or practicing the invention. The objects and advantages of the invention may be achieved through the means recited in the attached claims.
In summary, the present invention provides for a conceptual integration of the traditional CAD workstation and a machine tool controller. The machine tool controller preferably includes two processors, or two computers each providing a processor. The first processor executes a design application, i.e. a CAD, CAD/CAM or similar software package, that can be used to generate, review or modify a design file. The second processor executes the software required for controlling the machine tool.
The control of the machine tool can be accomplished entirely by the software running on the second processor. This software, which may include several Applications or objects, is generally referred to as "motion control software." No additional hardware architecture is required as part of the machine tool controller.
Motion path data specifies the path or paths along which the tool head or heads of the machine tool must be moved to manufacture the desired product Motion path data can be extracted directly from the design file if the application program interface (API) of the design application, e.g., a CAD/CAM package, is open and available. The motion control software can then use that tool path data to drive the machine tool and produce the specified product.
Where the API of the design application is unavailable, the design application, e.g., a CAD/CAM package, could pass motion path data to the motion control software using an API set of the Direct Machining motion control software. The motion control software can then use the tool path data to drive the machine tool and produce the specified product.
Preferably, the motion path data is passed in the form of a C++ motion object that specifies the position and orientation of the tool head or heads of the machine tool and any point in any tool path. Preferably, the motion object includes three other object: a rates object that determines feed rates and speed rates for control of elements of the servo-driven machine; a velocity profile generator object for controlling velocity transitions in those motion paths; and a path object containing information defining each motion path.
The motion path data extracted from the CAD system will typically be in a Cartesian coordinate system. Consequently, the motion control software translates the Cartesian tool path data into an appropriate reference frame from which servo control signals for driving servo-motors of the machine tool can be generated by a servo controller application.
The accompanying drawings illustrate the present invention and are a part of the specification. Together with the following description, the drawings demonstrate and explain the principals of the present invention.
The present invention provides a new, open, software architecture for digital control interfaces. As will be recognized by those of skill in the art, this new interface architecture can be utilized in any system in which control data is sent to a servo-controlled machine that is interfaced with a control system.
A preferred application of the digital control interface and accompanying principles of the present invention is to the machine tool controller of a machine tool for making machine parts according to predetermined specifications. For example, the present invention provides a new paradigm in which it is possible to utilize the abilities of existing design applications, such as CAD/CAM packages, and machine tool controllers to more directly and efficiently transfer a CAD-generated design of a part into the instructions necessary to appropriately control the machine tool. The process of the present invention will be referred to as "Direct Machining."
Direct Machining eliminates the need for ASCII files, such as CL files and M&G Code files, that exist external to the CAD design file. Rather, the machine tool controller is enabled to read the original CAD design file and extract therefrom all relevant machining data required to control the machine tool to make the specified product.
A preferred embodiment of this particular application of the present invention will now be described with reference to the Figures. As shown in
Of course, a design file generated at a separate CAD workstation could also be transmitted to the processor (203) for display, review and/or modification on the hardware (201, 202) of the machine tool controller (200). The CAD file could be transferred to the machine tool controller (200), for example, on a floppy disk or by any other means of file transfer including over a wired or wireless network connection between the workstation and the controller (200).
In the example of
The software executing on the second processor (204) is referred to generally as "motion control software" and is a complete system for controlling the machine tool. No additional controller hardware is needed.
A system interface (206) is provided between the machine tool controller (200) and the machine tool (not shown in
While the dual-processor unit (200) illustrated in
In order to best accomplish Direct Machining, it is necessary to have both a CAD/CAM system and a machine controller with known architectures to enable access to their internal functions. For example, to machine the specified part, a mathematical representation of each machine tool path, i.e., motion path data, must be created from the design of the part to be made.
CAD or CAD/CAM packages have an Application Program Interface (API). The API is an interface between the operating system and the design application. The API defines the way in which the design application communicates with the operating system, and the services the operating system makes available to the design application.
Direct Machining will work best if the motion control software controlling the machine tool could access the design application through its API and directly take the tool paths for the machine tool out of the design file opened by the design application Unfortunately, conventional CAD/CAM packages do not seem to have publicly available APTs with the functionality necessary to accomplish this extraction. However, if the API of the design application is available, the best implementation of the present invention might be to simply take the machine tool paths directly from the design file data through the API of the design application. This extraction would preferably be performed by the software running on the second processor (204). These machine tool paths can then be used by the machine controller software of the second processor (204) to control the machine tool to make the specified part.
Where, as is generally the case, the API for a CAD/CAM package is not available, the principles of the present invention can still provide for Direct Machining. In this case, the motion control software will provide an API set that the CAD/CAM package can call to pass tool path information to the Direct Machining Software.
To understand how tool paths are passed to the controller in the present invention, it is necessary to understand something about the architecture of the software being executed on the first (203) and second (204) processors. As shown in
The CAD Interpreter (301) is considered a design application and is able to understand the design file (309) created with a CAD package and extract therefrom the relevant machining information, i.e., the machine tool paths represented by the data in the design file (309). The CAD Interpreter (301) needs almost no information about the controller or the machine tool that will be controlled to make the specified part. However, it is the CAD Interpreter (301) that provides the motion path data that the Motion Controller (305) will use to guide the tool heads of the machine tool.
As will be described in more detail below, the Motion Controller (305) is an application running on the second processor (204), is part of the motion control software of the present invention and receives the tool path data (310) from the CAD Interpreter (301) on the first processor (203). The Motion Controller (305) is responsible for translating the tool path data (310) from the CAD Interpreter (301) into data that can be used to appropriately control the machine tool to make the specified product. The Motion Controller (305) also determines move tangency. The Motion Controller (305) contains two subsystems that accomplish these tasks.
The motion path data (310) provided by the CAD Interpreter (301) typically specifies tool paths in a Cartesian coordinate system. The Motion Controller (305) first executes a Motion Planner (307) to map the tool path data from Cartesian space to joint-space. Joint-space is a coordinate system which defines the possible paths of the tool head or heads of the machine tool. From the joint-space data, a Trajectory Planner (308) calculates the actuator values required to appropriately move the tool head or heads of the machine tool through the specified paths.
As shown in
Preferably, the system of the present invention employs objects written using the C++ computer language. C++ objects are data structures that can have both members (sub data structures or variables) and methods (functions that can be called on the objects) associated with them. Functions can also "ask" an object a question by calling an appropriate function on that object. The "answer" is received through the return value of the function.
C++ objects also have the properties of inheritance and polymorphism. Inheritance describes the ability of an object class to inherit properties from a parent class. As such, any specific members or methods defined for the child (or derived) class, will also have all the members, methods, and properties of the parent class. Consequently, an object of the derived class can be treated as either a member of the child class or as a member of the parent class. Polymorphism allows that all classes derived from the same parent class can have the same interface, so that objects can treat them externally as the parent class. However, when the functions in that interface are called, the behavior of the object can be very different, depending on the object's derived class.
The Motion Controller (305) contains the member objects (307 and 308) that perform the special functions mentioned above. The Kinematics Object (307) transforms Cartesian values to joint values and the Joint-list Object (308) then transforms joint values to actuator values. The Joint-list Object (308) preferably contains a specific joint-actuator object for each joint of the machine tool being controlled. Thus the joint-to-actuator transformation is performed by a separate joint-actuator object for each joint. The actuator positions and rates are then passed to the software servo-controller (306). The Kinematics Object and Joint-actuator Objects that the Motion Controller (305) uses are actually derived from base classes and will be different, based on the type of transformation that they represent (e.g., 3 or 5-axis machine tool for the Kinematics, and geared or ball screw for the Joint-actuator).
The servo-controller application (306) contains pointers to objects that perform tasks like closing the servo-control loops and communicating with the motors. (See
Machining information is preferably sent from the CAD Interpreter (301) to the Motion Controller (305) through a C++ object called a Motion Object (302). After the Motion Controller (305) receives the Motion Object (302) from the CAD Interpreter (301), it gets all necessary tool path information by querying the Motion Object (302). The Motion Object (302) is created by the CAD Interpreter (301) and tells the Motion Controller (305) the position and orientation that the tool needs to be in at any time during movement of the tool head along the tool path. The Motion Processor (305) then utilizes the C++ objects that it contains, as described above, to transform the tool position, orientation, etc., into the actuator values that the servo-controller (306) will use. The servo-controller (306) will then use control laws, which have been stored in the system and are specific to the machine tool being controlled, to calculate the torques to apply to the motors of the machine tool to achieve those values.
This process can be, and is preferably, implemented entirely as software with no additional hardware required. Thus, closed hardware architectures can be eliminated.
As described herein, the Direct Machining method and system of the present invention provide a wealth of advantages over traditional machining techniques. Direct Machining eliminates many of the problems associated with the current design-to-manufacturer processes because of the use of the true design geometry instead of just the discrete point data used in CL files and M&G code. Because machining is based on the original design geometry, there is no geometric information loss or approximation.
Additionally, because there are no new files created, there is no problem with obsolete CL and M&G files residing on the system which might inadvertently be used to incorrectly machine a part. Changes to the design file are directly reflected in the operation of the controlled machine tool. There are also indirect advantages associated with direct machining and having shop floor access to the original model. While many machining centers are capable of doing in-process inspection, with the CAD model resident in the controller (200) this inspection can be done using a touch probe and evaluated against the model itself as opposed to an extrapolation from cutter location points in the M&G file. Additionally, the controller (200) could be required to check the design file out from a Product Data Management (PDM) system to which the controller (200) is networked, further eliminating the possibility of machining obsolete parts.
An example, of the method of creating tool paths from the CAD file (309) and generating the Motion Object to incorporate that tool path data will now be described in more detail. In general, there are two types of machining: roughing and finishing. Roughing removes the majority of the material from the stock, while finishing tries to match the surface of the stock to an exact surface specified for the part. In this example, we will only concern ourselves with finishing tool paths in milling operations.
Tool paths represent the path that the center of the tip of the tool head of the machine tool follows, not the path of the point of tangency between the surface of the part and the tool. In some simple operations, like face milling, the tool tip is the tangent point, so the tool paths lie directly on the machined surface. In slightly more complex machining, such as machining pockets, the side of the end mill does the cutting. In this case, the tool paths lie on a surface offset from the machined surface at a distance of the radius of the tool.
Things are a little more complicated when machining free-form surfaces because such surfaces are often machined using ball end mills that have a spherical tip with the same radius as the tool. Tool tip locations are calculated for ball end mills using the following equation:
In the C++ environment described above, all Motion Objects passed to the Motion Controller (305) are actually members of classes derived from the Motion Object (302). There can be many different derived classes from the Motion Object (302) for specific control purposes. The elegance of this arrangement is that the Motion Controller (305) never knows what type of Motion Object is passed to it. As long as the passed object has the interface of the Motion Object (302), the Motion Controller (305) doesn't need any additional information. This means that new Motion Objects can be developed and integrated in the CAD Interpreter (301) and the Motion Controller (305) can understand them without being updated itself.
As noted above, the motion object passed to the Motion Controller (305) will typically specify tool paths in Cartesian coordinates. This is a convenient way to specify motion that is to follow a prescribed path like that in machining operations. Consequently, a specific child class of the Motion Object (302) may be called the Basic Cartesian Motion Object class. For simplicity, all references to a Motion Object will hereafter be understood to refer to a Basic Cartesian Motion Object.
As illustrated in
Just like the Motion Object (600), the Path Object (603) is also a base class from which specific paths are derived. Path Objects (603) store the geometry as a parametric equation. With these parametric equations, the Path Object (603) can tell the Motion Object (600) the desired position and orientation of the tool at any point along the curve. The Motion Object (600) combines this geometry with the information contained in the Rates Object (601) and the VPG Object (602), and calculates position and orientation at any time. Because the Path Objects (603) are always members of derived classes, the Motion Object doesn't need a specification of the type of Path Object that it is working with.
This mode of transferring geometry to the controller is very different from what is currently being done with M&G code, and has some significant implications. In the prior art system of
Using the polymorphic C++ objects of the present invention to pass geometrical information does not require the Motion Controller (305) to know what type of path it has received. Further, the path is only known as a general curve that can tell the Motion Controller (305) its geometry to any level of detail necessary.
The use of polymorphic C++ objects as described herein involves a much greater amount of data processing and storage than has been required in previous systems such as illustrated in
The preceding description has been presented only to illustrate and describe the invention. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to any precise form disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching.
The preferred embodiment was chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and its practical application. The preceding description is intended to enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the invention in various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the following claims.
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Hikari products are excellent
posted 7 years ago
I really like all of the Hikari products. They are easy to distribute without dumping a ton into the tank, and the fish really enjoy them. Hikari makes it easy to have a variety of food for your fish.
Pros: My fish love them
Cons: None
5 of 5 people found this review helpful.
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A super treat!
posted 7 years ago
I don't use this as a staple, but it's a fabulous treat that makes all of my fish just go crazy. They also crumble easily for small fish or a protein rich meal for young fry.
Pros: The fish love it!
Cons: none
1 of 1 people found this review helpful.
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Shrimp delight
posted 7 years ago
My mother uses this product on her fish Lidia. It's what she uses on special occassions.... The fish loves the food. Eats all of it. And even eats the food extremely fast.
Pros: Healthy
Cons: Addicting
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Again, another hit for hermit crabs
posted 7 years ago
Add some variety to your hermies diet. They love variety as much as we do. You will see their appetite pick up if you give them many different types of foods to enjoy.
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