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North America's Meth Problem Why is it so popular?
The rich the poor and everyone in between can be a victim of .Young people who want to "party like a rock star."School and college age students use meth to boost performance while studying for exams; Type A personalities in fast-paced jobs use meth because they believe it gives them an edge by boosting their mental energy. Young women and teenage girls use it for weight loss Long haul truckers use meth to keep them awake while driving. (meth dealers regularly set up shop at truck stops); So called "supermoms "trying to be the perfect wife, mother and career woman, end up with abused and neglected children do to the meth abuse. People from all walks of life and economical status have succumbed to the allure of methamphetamine. An entire town in Iowa, as filmed in a 2003 documentary by HBO, where every inhabitant - including the Mayor - is addicted to meth. A tough-on-drugs prosecutor in Denton, Texas, who showed no mercy for people caught in possession of meth and was himself busted for possession; His career and family were the casualties of his meth use.
What They Are:C (say: meth-am-FET-uh-meenz) are stimulants. Stimulants are a type of drug that speed up your brain. They are produced as pills, powders, or chunky crystals called ice.The crystal form, nicknamed crystal meth, is a popular drug, especially with young adults and for those who frequently go to dance clubs and parties.
Clover Simmons a former cocaine and crystal meth addict tells her story.
in Women
Clover Simmons snorted cocaine for 7 years. Then she graduated to smoking crystal meth. for 13 years. After being diagnosed wtih Congestive Heart Failure Clover continued to smoke and had a stroke. She realized that God had given her a second chance at life and she took it. Now she wants to help others know that they too can live a life free of drugs and go after the dreams that once seemed impossible. Clover is currently working to regain custody of her twin girls. With God's help & guidance all things are possible (if you believe they are)!
The Spiritual True Story and Faith of Recovering Meth Addict Natasha Budde
in Motivation
The testimony of a recovering Meth Addict Natasha Budde who uses faith in the battle against her addiction and a special guest Jason Greene who will offer some spiritual as well as motivational commentary. This is a powerful story of stuggle and faith.
Meth, AIDS, and Homosexuality
in Radio
HIV positive student 'could have filmed himself having unprotected sex with more than 30 men he met online'
Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2542535/HIV-positive-student-filmed-having-unprotected-sex-30-PEOPLE-met-online.html#ixzz2rNUQK9mw
Follow us: @MailOnline on Twitter | DailyMail on Facebook
Who is she? As second woman is arrested in photobombing murder police release picture of third 'person of interest' as family say victim's organs have already been used to save lives
Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2545587/Second-woman-arrested-fatal-fight-killed-23-year-old-woman-accidental-photobomb-outside-nightclub.html#ixzz2rNUXjqG1
Follow us: @MailOnline on Twitter | DailyMail on Facebook
Meth addict mom, 30, 'raped three of her children and charged adults to watch before nine-year-old son escaped and turned her in to police'
Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2534668/Meth-head-mom-30-raped-three-four-children-charged-adults-watch.html#ixzz2rNUb53O9
Follow us: @MailOnline on Twitter | DailyMail on Facebook
Meth Head: The Movie - Based on True Stories
in Movies
Meth Head, a much-needed film, is finally available worldwide, via Amazon.com. In this episode, Nicholas Snow welcomes writer/director Jane Clark and actors John W. McLaughlin (the inspiration for the story) and Blake Berris for a compelling discussion of the true-to-life feature film Meth Head in which the lead character is faced with a choice of life or meth.
In each episode of Nicholas Snow Live, Producer/Host Nicholas Snow focuses on "Connecting the Circuitry of Humanity." The presenting sponsor for this episode is Intervention 911, part of Ken Seeley Communities (Nicholas Snow Productions LLC is honored to also produce the podcast, Intervention 911 with Ken Seeley, available at this link.)
Twitter | Facebook Page | YouTube Channel | Instagram | Books | Official Website
Meth Head: A Riveting Film About a Horrific Reality
Meth Head The Movie, a much-needed film, is finally available worldwide, via Amazon.com. In this episode, Nicholas Snow welcomes writer/director Jane Clark and actors John W. McLaughlin (the inspiration for the story) and Blake Berris for a compelling discussion of the true-to-life feature film Meth Head in which the lead character is faced with a choice of life or meth. Nicholas Snow Live, a daily, global conversation "Connecting the Circuitry of Humanity."
in Christianity
With Host & Author of "MY 7 SECONDS IN HELL THE COMPLETE STORY" Dale Garrett
And Featuring Guest Host Sarah Beth Wheeler Author/Poet of "THE UNFORGIVABLE GHETTO"
Jeanie Cisco-Meth: Controlling Your Habits
in Self Help
We are all shaped by our beliefs, and our beliefs turn into habits. If we reevaluate our beliefs, then our habits may change, as we change. However, if we never examine our beliefs, then our habits control us. We run on autopilot and our habits run us.
It's important to control your own destiny, and a big part of that is controlling your own habits.
Examine your habits, and if you some bad habits, change your beliefs. Jeanie Cisco-Meth shares how you can keep your habits from controlling you, by controlling them.
Meth and Nunchucks
in Comedy
Sam is joined by recent Caroline's March Madness winner Gary Vider, Carmen Lynch and Becky Astphan. The crew talks about road gigs, comedy festivals, speech impediments and of course meth and nunchucks. Sam also tells a story about getting mugged when he was 16 while trying to score a fake ID in Times Square. Joe Machi is not a man!
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Check out all of our shows at http://standupnylabs.com
in Christianity
With Host and Author of "MY 7 SECONDS IN HELL THE COMPLETE STORY" Dale Garrett
The Ignorance Equation- Meth Mountain Snowpocalypse Bitch Session!
in Comedy
Are you snowed in and going stir crazy? Are you about to go all Jack Nicholson "Shining" if you don't break up the monotony of being trapped indoors? Are you so damn bored your picking flowers off the wall paper? Well fear not my isolate semi-psychotic little friend, we have the cure for your winter blues! A special impromptu episode of The Ignorance Equation just for you.
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Of the 109 escapees, 59 succeeded in reaching Union lines, 48 were recaptured, and 2 drowned in the nearby James River.
Escapes were regular occurrences at both Federal and Confederate prisons. John Bray's (First New Jersey Cavalry) account of his own escape from Libby Prsion can be found at the CivilWarSources site.
At the outbreak of the Civil War, Luther Libby was running a ship supply shop from the corner of a large warehouse in Richmond. In need of a new prison for captured Union officers, Confederate soldiers gave Libby 48 hours to evacuate his property.. The sign over the north-west corner reading "L. Libby & Son, Ship Chandlers" was never removed, and consequently the building and prison bore his name. Since the Confederates believed the building inescapable, the staff considered their job relatively easy.
The first floor of Libby Prison housed the various offices of the Confederate guard unit; the second and third floors were partitioned as inmate holding areas. The basement of the prison was divided into three sections. The western end was a storage cellar, the middle section was a carpenter's shop used by civilians, and the eastern end was an abandoned kitchen. This kitchen in the eastern section was once used by Union inmates, but an infestation of rats and constant flooding compelled the Confederates to close it off. The abandoned area became known as "Rat Hell."
Though most of the prisoners (and guards alike) did what they could to avoid Rat Hell, a handful of Union officers schemed to break in. By removing a stove on the first floor and chipping their way into the adjoining chimney, the officers constructed a cramped but effective passage for access to the eastern basement. Once access between the two floors was established, the officers set about plans to tunnel their way out.
The floor of Rat Hell was covered in two feet of straw. This straw was a bane and a blessing for the officers. On one hand, it provided a perfect hiding place for the dirt excavated from the tunnel. Captain I. N. Johnston, who spent more time in Rat Hell than any other Union officer, commented, "I have been asked a thousand times how we contrived to hide such a quantity of earth as the digging of a tunnel of that size would dislodge. [On the floor] we made a wide and deep opening...in this the loose dirt was closely packed, and then nicely covered with straw. By such means, the Union officers were able to conceal all signs of the tunnel that might tip off civilians and wandering sentries. The straw in Rat Hell also provided a convenient hiding place for workers during the day.
One man was chosen to secrete all signs of the tunnel while the digging party scrambled up to the first floor. He would then remain buried in the straw for the remainder of the day until the next relief arrived at dusk. Johnston wrote, "...There was a large quantity [of straw] there, and but for which our undertaking must have been discovered nearly as soon as begun. As helpful as the straw might have been, it was nevertheless the main reason for the nickname, Rat Hell. Lt. Charles H. Moran, a recaptured officer from Libby, wrote, "No tongue can tell...how the poor fellow[s] passed among the squealing rats,—enduring the sickening air, the deathly chill, the horrible interminable darkness."
Major A. G. Hamilton, a leading founder of the escape party, pointed to the dilemma of the rats: "The only difficulties experienced [were lack of proper tools] and the unpleasant feature of having to hear hundreds of rats squeal all the time, while they ran over the diggers almost without a sign of fear. Colonel Thomas E. Rose, the leader of the escape, addressed the double-edged lack of light in Rat Hell: "The profound darkness caused some...to become bewildered when they attempted to move about. I sometimes had to feel all over the cellar to gather up the men that were lost. Despite the difficulties, the dark repugnant atmosphere of Rat Hell offered the most effective cover. "On rare occasions, guards entered the large basement rooms. 'This was, however, so uninviting a place, that the Confederates made this visit as brief as nominal compliance with their orders permitted.'
Union officers meandering through the streets of Richmond late at night might appear to be a leg of the plan doomed to failure, however, the guards simply did not expect that escape from Libby prison was possible. The fact that the Libby guards were not looking for signs of escape meant that they were in a position to be more easily deceived. Union Army Lieutenant Moran described how the sentries were not interested in stopping people outside the bounds of their jurisdiction, "provided, of course, that the retreating form...were not recognized as Yankees." The tunnel provided enough distance from the prison to stealthily subvert those jurisdictional lines and allow prisoners to slip into the dark streets unchallenged.
So effective was this buffer that 109 men escaped the prison without ever being stopped. At one point, Colonel Rose walked straight into the path of an oncoming sentinel. Unflinching, he "strode boldly past the guard unchallenged." Even more amazing, once news of the escape way broke out among the prisoners a panicked rush resulted, creating a thunderous stampede for the tunnel. Wholly unsuspecting of the reality of the situation, one Confederate guard yelled out to a fellow sentry, "Halloa, Bill—there's somebody's coffeepot upset, sure!"
Despite the stampeding of prisoners, strong senior officers such as Colonel H.C. Hobart had the sense of mind to tie off the flow of escapees before dawn's light. "The remaining prisoners replaced the bricks at the fireplace, and the guards began their morning routine, unaware that 109 escaped Union officers were making their way toward the Federal lines." Keeping the escape secret from the Confederate guards until the last possible moment gave the evading inmates what they needed most: time. After the morning roll call came up over a hundred short, the Confederates counted frantically several more times to ensure that the Yankees weren't pulling a trick. Such "tricks" had occurred on many occasions when men slipped in and out of the counting lines; this "repeating" was a mild prank often used to frustrate the Confederates at roll call, much to the glee of the Union prisoners.
On the morning of 10 February, the Confederates realized that this was no trick. By this time, the first prisoners had been loose for nearly twelve hours. Frenzy broke out among the Confederates: "Messengers and dispatches were soon flying in all directions, and all the horse, foot, and dragoons of Richmond were in pursuit of the fugitives before noon." Despite the mobilization of Richmond, almost 17 hours passed before the Confederates could respond. This no doubt added greatly to the window of opportunity that helped 59 men reach Union lines. The Richmond Enquirer of 11 February, 1864 ,expressed such a sentiment: "...It is feared that [the fugitives] have gotten rather too much the start of the pursuers to admit anything like the recapture of them all."
Just as slaves had been following the North Star to envisioned freedom, it also guided escaped Union prisoners from Libby in 1864. Most of the prisoners made reference to following the North Star, such as Captain Johnston who wrote, "I...started due north, taking the north star for my guide, changing my course only when [I] came near any of the [Rebel] camps." Familiarity with the terrain and the guidance of the North Star played a large part in the success rate of the Libby prisoners.
Rose and Hamilton worked tirelessly together to bring about the escape. It was Rose who thought of breaking into the basement from the chimney and Hamilton who engineered the passage. Rose toiled feverishly in the tunnel and organized digging teams while Hamilton worked out the logistics and invented contraptions for removing dirt and supplying oxygen to the tunnel. The incredible success at Libby Prison was no less a direct result of the determination of these two men than any other factor. Various setbacks plagued the tunneling effort but as Lieutenant Moran recorded, "the undaunted Rose, aided by Hamilton, [always] persuaded the men to another effort, and soon the knives and toy saws were at work again with vigor." Lieutenant Colonel F. F. Cavada, a prisoner at Libby, wrote, "To Colonel Rose is chiefly due the credit [for the escape]...Animated by an unflinching earnestness of purpose, unwearying perseverance, and no ordinary engineering abilities, he organized...working parties [which] he conducted every night [in] the cellars of the prison." Hamilton said of his partner: "[Rose] was the acknowledged leader of the tunnel party, the acknowledged projector of the tunnel, and it was through his good sense, energy, and management...that the escape was a success." In an ironic twist, Rose was not one of the 59 who succeeded in reaching Federal lines. Minutes from an advancing Union front at Williamsburg, he was ambushed by Confederate pickets and wrestled back to Libby Prison. Though placed in solitary confinement, the Confederates felt Colonel Rose's presence at Libby was too dangerous. Given the chance, they gladly traded the famed escapist for a Confederate colonel on 30 April, 1864. Rose returned to his unit, the 77th Pennsylvania Volunteers, and fought through to the end of the war.

subset: commoncrawl


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Uttar Pradesh (UP) Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) president Laxmikant Bajpai said Monday that it is too early to comment on Union Minister for Women and Child Welfare Maneka Gandhi's reported suggestion to make her son Varun Gandhi the chief minister of Uttar Pradesh.
It is correct that if the Bharatiya Janta Party forms a government in Uttar Pradesh, then there will be a definite improvement in the circumstances, the law position will be better and development will also take place," said Bajpai. "But the issue of who will be the chief minister and when the government is to be formed, is too early to talk about. A required decision will be taken at the right time and the concerned body will decide. It is of no use to talk about it at present. Only they can tell what objective they have," he added.
Addressing a public meeting in her parliamentary constituency of Pilibhit, Sunday, Maneka said that it would be better if Uttar Pradesh government was headed by the BJP, and even better if Varun Gandhi was governing the state. She made the remarks while blaming the Akhilesh Yadav-led Samajwadi Party for the slow pace of development in the state.
Maneka said of Varun: "I think he is doing very well. It's his second time as Member of Parliament and he is very comfortable in it. He does a lot of reading. He writes articles for a large number of newspapers. He is a very well informed young man and I am happy with his progress." While the BJP is yet to officially react to her statement, BJP's UP chief Laxmikant Bajpai said, "This (Varun for CM) is Maneka Gandhi's personal opinion, too premature to comment on such issues."
Apparently sensing trouble, Varun himself has played down his mother's comments with media reports quoting him as saying, "It's not my mother's stand, it is a vivid media report." Varun has reasons to worry as his projection as a possible CM candidate may have come a bit early in the race.
A Member of Parliament from Sultanpur, Varun has been active in the party as general secretary and is tipped to find a place in the new team being put in place by Amit Shah. However, given the intense competition for the Chief Minister's chair, it remains to be seen whether Maneka's move to gain early advantage will prove beneficial or backfire.


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- Studio: Paramount Pictures
- Release Date: Jun 29, 2011
- Critic Score
- Most active
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Dark of the Moon is hardly a fleet production, but here Bay makes his best, most flexible use yet of all the flamboyant bigness at his command: Computer-drawn characters and human actors seem to occupy the same narrative for once.
Bay doesn't care about your soul, he just wants your money - but he at least makes sure you go home feeling exhausted and spent rather than vaguely dissatisfied. It's a fair exchange.
Jun 28, 2011While I still protest Bay's too-hasty cutting (many shots are good enough to warrant a few extra seconds), his set pieces, and his sets, are magnificently entertaining.
Nothing you see makes any sense at all, but the sensations are undeniable, and kind of fun in their vertiginous, supercaffeinated way.
Not a great movie -- not even a great sci-fi action movie based on toys. But it is brisk and eye-catching, it builds to a truly impressive action set piece, and it's the most fully-realized 3D film since "Avatar."
The scorekeepers at the various sites that rate critics' enthusiasm for a film shouldn't even try to elicit a Pass or Fail grade from me on T3. I'm a fascinated, stupefied outsider. Just mark me Present.
Jun 29, 2011If you're going to make a movie in which some of your stars are animated toys and much of downtown Chicago is reduced to rubble, this is the way to do it: shamelessly, with no expense spared and no cliche avoided.
Its urban devastation knows no peer. Robots smash into each other with steely ferocity, and the humans - well, they do a fine job providing comic relief.
The franchise remains as much an endurance test as a movie, but at least a better Bay has delivered a leaner, meaner, cleaner 3-D rage against the machines.
He concocts a climactic war that flattens downtown Chicago. Bay is such a little boy's director. You know he picked that city because it's the one with the best rock-'em-sock-'em street names. Wacker! Wabash!
The result may still be a big, bloated spectacle, but it's a big, bloated spectacle you can just about follow.
Jun 28, 2011Dark of the Moon is capable of having a little fun with itself. In one scene, mini-Autobots watch "Star Trek'' on TV, not noticing that Spock has the same voice as Sentinel Prime, the formerly moon-stuck 'bot who's rescued and revived in order to play a major role in this installment.
Stinting on story, dialogue or character development, Bay leaves us with little more than destruction and a hollow, clanking spectacle.
This "Transformers" is better than the second film (though that's not saying much), with some enjoyable bits here and there.
The millions of man hours put into producing this techno shock and awe must be staggering. Everyone got his job done, but somewhere along the way, the movie got lost.
Oh, what a hollow experience Dark of the Moon is! Bay is so afraid of boring his audience, he pitches every scene at the same high volume right from the first shot, and the effect is exhausting.
The only saving grace is that this time around, the script (yes, there is one, and it was concocted by Ehren Kruger) has occasional wisps of lucidity, and Bay delivers – overdelivers – on the mayhem.
Marveling at its grotesque gigantism doesn't make this two-and-a-half-hour-long movie any less dull.
All the problematic aspects of the Hollywood bad boy's filmography - reactionary rah-rah patriotism, sneer 'n' drool female fetishization, callously detached bloodletting - remain in soul-shattering force.
An improvement on Transformers 2, but then what isn't? To paraphrase the Bard, it's a tale, full of sound and fury and extremely stupid dialogue and nonsensical plotting and preposterous stunts and robots punching each other's heads off, signifying nothing.
Jun 28, 2011It's true epic filmmaking that's toppled over its tipping point: after the 20th explosion and 64th wall of shattering glass, its enormity undermines its impact.
Jun 28, 2011Amid the windy speeches, fiery explosions, exposition dumps, and product placements, there are a few treats to help the intelligent moviegoer - drawn to Dark of the Moon by peer pressure or kitsch factor or an insatiable desire for overstimulation - through the ordeal.
Jun 28, 2011The overwhelming sci-fi action spectacle is a merciless sensorial assault that leaves you with something akin to post-traumatic stress disorder.
LaBeouf, who appeared to hit a low in "Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull," has sunk to greater levels of incompetence here.
The first ten or fifteen minutes of Michael Bay's movie tremble, unaccountably, on the verge of being fun. [11 & 18 July 2011, p.101]
A visually ugly film with an incoherent plot, wooden characters and inane dialog. It provided me with one of the more unpleasant experiences I've had at the movies.
Anyone hoping to engage even a single brain cell, however, is out of luck. Which is too bad, since popcorn blockbusters don't actually have to be mind-numbingly stupid or soul-suckingly empty.
Director Michael Bay, Hollywood's answer to the Antichrist, isn't primarily interested in your soul, though his movie does a pretty effective job of sucking that away (and sucking, in general).
Transformers: Dark of the Moon - high on any list of the worst blockbusters ever - is a movie bereft of wit, wonder, imagination, and any genuine reason for being. Watching it makes you die a little inside.
User Score
Mixed or average reviews- based on 901 Ratings
User score distribution:
Positive: 161 out of 313
Mixed: 62 out of 313
Negative: 90 out of 313
Sep 18, 2011The movie's CGI is very impressive, i'll tell you that. But the movie lacks strong narration to their overly cliched plot and its overwhelmingThe movie's CGI is very impressive, i'll tell you that. But the movie lacks strong narration to their overly cliched plot and its overwhelming explosions and flashes will hurt your eyes. However, the movie's main criticism is the British girl from Victoria's Secret; in all that 157minutes, she does nothing but screaming and staring at the Decepticons like a brainless moron. The next thing I would need is a another popcorn and Megan Fox.… Full Review »
Jun 29, 2011You better start looking for the red carpet leading to the Oscars because Transformers is sure going to be at it's TECHNICAL end. MichaelYou better start looking for the red carpet leading to the Oscars because Transformers is sure going to be at it's TECHNICAL end. Michael Bay, with all his grace, delivers one of his finest peaces of contemporary cinema up to date. You wouldn't believe it without seeing it. Close to the end of the film, my friend sitting next to me turned at me and whispered: "This is beyond Blockbuster madness". And it made sens. What Bay and his team have achieved is beyond conventional summer movie making. The crafting here is so perfect and detailed that it pushes and redefines the boundaries of film making. From the chilling sound design, to the godlike visual effects, and perfect attention to detail from Bay's part when choosing his shots.
It's an honest work that re establishes what fun is all about when the lights dim down and the screen springs to life.
Just... Have fun and don't pay attention to all those lifeless critics who's conceptual fun is merely based on egocentric shallow intellectual show off and pragmatic dismissing of Bay's work. Criticising his editing and shot compositions which are, to a large extent, unique, but welcome.… Full Review »
Jun 29, 2011Transformers 3, action action ACTION, forget about the plot, Transformers 3 is the best action movie! Tons of special effects and sci-fiTransformers 3, action action ACTION, forget about the plot, Transformers 3 is the best action movie! Tons of special effects and sci-fi action that you feel guilty if you blink your eyes once!
3D will be your main choice seriously, though I still think it's a bit expensive, Transformers 3 really show what 3D effects are capable of!
I found some parts are not that logic, otherwise Transformers would have win OSCAR!… Full Review »


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Maiden Voyage Newbie Trainwreck
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I'd also err towards early morning than flirt with dusk. We had an hour before sunset when we got back, but the tankers didn't have their lights on yet and discerning their bearing in waning light was very difficult.
Three more notes:
1. Ships in general do not have "bow lights." They have "side lights." The red and green lights are more likely to be on the "house" in the stern then anywhere near the bow. If your mindset (like mine was) is that the colored lights are in the bow you will think everyone is making sternway! Big ships have a 225 degree (112.5 on each side) masthead white light in the bow and a 225 degree white light in the stern. The stern masthead light is higher. Think of a triangle with the pointy part at the bow and the top of the triangle at the stern if that helps you remember. They also have a true stern light. When combined with the stern masthead light it means a while light in the stern from 360 degrees.
2. Carry a couple of cheap air horns and don't be afraid to use them. 5 short blasts means "I disagree with your intentions" and also can be used as an emergency or danger signal. You don't have to be sinking, burning etc. to warn that BFS that you don't have things under control - technically you are at the moment a "vessel not under command" if you don't think you can get out of the way in time. In tight quarters trying to sort out which BFS is CBDR (constant bearing decreasing range - in other words on a collision course), getting their name, calling them on the radio, and having a conversation all take time. They don't want to hit you - the paperwork is a bitch - they would rather do a crashback. You can apologize later after things are under control. Don't be afraid to broadcast in the blind "I'm the little sailboat and I am out of control." Anything so two of you are trying to avoid the problem rather than just one of you. Sure it is embarrassing but less so than being pulled out of the water with bits of your boat floating around you.
3. In unexpected strong winds dump the main, furl most of the jib, and head downwind. Your boat speed with decrease the apparent wind speed, the boat will flatten out and you will have a lot more control.
Fair winds and following seas
CAPT Roger J. Jones USN (ret.)
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High school students compete for auto repair crown
DEARBORN, Mich. For Matthew Ludwig and Justin Dwyer, their future in the auto industry is a bright one, unmarred by a slumping auto sales market and Chapter 11 bankruptcy filings.
The high school juniors from Faribault, Minn., won the annual Ford/AAA student auto skills competition Tuesday, by repairing a series of mechanical problems in a Ford Escape in just 42 minutes.
The competition brings 50, two-person teams of student automotive technicians to the Detroit suburb to race against the clock and their skills for scholarship money and an opportunity to participate in a pit crew during a NASCAR race.
But for sponsors Ford Motor Co. and AAA, the event is an investment in future employees, whether the students end up repairing vehicles at a dealership, or seek careers elsewhere in the auto industry.
"People are looking at an average age of nine years for their cars. That's going to provide work," said Steve DeAngelis, technical support operations manager for Ford. "And I told them that these technical skills can lead them to other careers."
DeAngelis and several of the instructors said the current generation of tech-savvy teenagers and young adults are well-matched to work on vehicles which are loaded with mini computers.
"There's a shortage of qualified technicians," said John Nielsen, director of AAA's approved auto repair network. "As technology continues to grow, this competition highlights those skills."
About 950 high schools across the U.S. offer an automotive technology program, where students get hands-on instruction on vehicle maintenance and repair, according to DeAngelis. Some students at the competition already have part-time jobs at repair shops. Ford has been sponsor for 15 years, placing many of the top students in jobs at Ford, Lincoln, Mercury dealerships.
Eric Reed, half of the California team – which finished in fifth place – said he planned on becoming an architect before taking an auto shop class at his San Luis Obispo, Calif high school. Now the recent graduate plans to attend Northern Arizona University to study mechanical engineering.
"I don't see myself working in a shop," said Reed, 18, adding that he wants to contribute to designing and building the next generation of hybrid or electric cars.
To get to the national competition, held at AAA's regional headquarters – across the street from Ford's headquarters – 9,750 students take a test to first qualify to compete at the state level. Winners come to Michigan to vie for the national title.
With the title comes exposure for the high school's auto program, say instructors who spent dozens of extra hours working to prepare the students. While many said that their principals have been supportive in terms of funding, others said that budget cuts have put a strain on vocational opportunities.
"It's been a challenge. They're not all that supportive of career and technical education," said Daniel Pontes, the auto instructor at Newport Area Career & Technical Center, a Newport, R.I. school in which students from surrounding high schools can take electives.
"It's due to a lack of money," he said.


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Jenn-Air side by side. Had a puddle of water next to the freezer door, when I opened the panel to the heat exchanger, I had the classic symptom with the drain tube was buried under a sheet of ice.
Melted the ice and eventually cleared the drain tube with weed wacker lines. Fed the line through the drain tube and tied a tight loop on the other end of the drain tube to help clear anything inside. I pulled out a wet dustball mess. Eventually, I took out the drain tube and clean it and the nipple from the drain completely.
My question is... what would cause my drain tube to clog with a dust ball?


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of reports to members of the space research community. The SSB publishes the executive summaries of all new reports in its quarterly newsletter, which is made widely available, both by mail and by e-mail. The Board also offers briefings by committee chairs and members or SSB staff to agency officials and scientific societies. Reports are posted on the SSB Web home page at www.nationalacademies.org/ssb/ssb.html and linked to the institution's site for reports at www.nap.edu. The SSB teamed with other NRC units to exhibit and distribute copies of recent reports at the January 2004 meeting of the American Astronomical Society and the December meeting of the American Geophysical Union. In 2004, the SSB also secured NRC funds to support a special dissemination project—a publication for lay audiences on the decadal solar and space physics survey report.
Much of the work of the Board involves topics that fall entirely within its principal areas of responsibility and can be addressed readily by its members and committees. However, there are other situations in which the need for breadth of expertise, alternative points of view, or synergy with other NRC projects leads to compelling arguments for collaboration with other units of the NRC. The Space Studies Board has been engaged in many such multiunit collaborations, and the increasingly interdisciplinary, multidimensional character of contemporary science and technology is likely to lead to more cross-NRC activities. This approach to projects has the potential to bring more of the full capability of the National Academies to bear in preparing advice for the government. Multiunit collaborative projects also present new challenges—namely, to manage the projects in a way that achieves economies of scale and true synergy rather than just adding cost or complexity. Collaborative relationships between the SSB and other NRC units during 2004 are illustrated in Figure 1.1.
The SSB has operated a very successful summer internship program since 1992. The general goal of the internship is to provide a promising undergraduate student an opportunity to work in the area of civil space research policy in the nation's capital, under the aegis of the National Academies. The intern works with the Board, its committees, and staff on one or more of the advisory projects currently underway. In 2004 the program was expanded to include two interns.


text:
Don Chareunsy
Senior Editor/arts & entertainment
Story Archive
Photos: Jason Strauss and Nina Agdal's birthdays; plus, Snoop Dogg/Lion
Thursday, April 11, 2013
It's bound to be a platinum party weekend in Las Vegas when you have two birthdays -- one for a nightlife impresario and another for a Sports ...
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Thursday, April 11, 2013
Handsome R&B singer Omarion hosted and performed on the rooftop of Chateau Nightclub & Gardens at Paris Las Vegas. The former ...
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Monday, April 1, 2013
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Monday, April 1, 2013
Grammy Award-nominated Australian DJ and producer Tommy Trash kicked off the 2013 pool season at Wet Republic in MGM Grand on ...
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Monday, April 1, 2013
British singer-songwriter Rita Ora hosted and performed at Tao in The Venetian on Saturday night. The Yugoslavia-born 22-year-old, whose new ...
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Matchbox Twenty, with heartthrob frontman Rob Thomas, rocked a sold-out concert at the Pearl at the Palms on Friday night, and contributing ...
Q+A: Yes, it's 'True' -- Ryan Cabrera and his guitar are at Hyde Bellagio tonight
Thursday, March 28, 2013
Singer and actor Ryan Cabrera brings his guitar and spiky hair to Hyde Bellagio tonight at 9. The crooner of hits "On the Way Down," "True," ...
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The gorgeous pop star arrived at the hotspot about 1 a.m. Sunday and walked the red carpet in a sleeveless white chiffon top, leather Capri ...
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The handsome and dapper British crooner kicked off his mini-set with "Hit the Lights," and, jumping from banquette to banquette, he ...
Star Surveillance photos: Bill Maher, Steve and Andrea Wynn, Chumlee, Joe and Melissa Gorga and more
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Monday, March 18, 2013
Upon arrival, Jeremih was escorted to his VIP booth in the middle of the party, and Chateau's French maids delivered bottles lit with ...
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Gym Class Heroes frontman Travie McCoy hit the stage with artists Ax and Tim Williams about 1:30 a.m. (so St. Patrick's Day morning). Ax ...
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Oh, to be 26 again. Reality TV star Rob Kardashian celebrated his 26th birthday weekend in The Entertainment Capital of the World with mom ...
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Sunday, March 17, 2013
About 1:30 a.m. (so technically Saturday morning), the R&B crooner made his way to the hotspot with his father and girlfriend Nazanin Mandi, who ...
Photos: Alicia Keys sets Mandalay Bay Events Center on 'Fire' with tour stop
Sunday, March 17, 2013
Grammy Award-winning singer and actress Alicia Keys set Mandalay Bay Events Center on fire Friday night with her "Set This World on Fire ...
Photos: Sam Hornish Jr. clinches victory at Sam's Town 300 at Las Vegas Motor Speedway
Sunday, March 10, 2013
It was all NASCAR all the time this week and weekend in Las Vegas and at Las Vegas Motor Speedway, and contributing photographer Tom ...
Cee Lo's 'Loberace' would work better in a different time slot
Wednesday, March 6, 2013
Loberace needs a few tweaks but could become a hit.
Happy Birthday, John Katsilometes -- you're The Kats Meow!
Friday, March 1, 2013
Today is the birthday of John Katsilometes, editor at large of the Las Vegas Sun, columnist of the award-winning The Kats Report and No. 1 fan of Santa Fe and The Fat City Horns every Monday night. ...
Photos: CeeLo Green arrives on the Las Vegas Strip, flaming piano and all
Tuesday, Feb. 26, 2013
Superstar CeeLo Green arrived on The Strip tonight and, in his signature flamboyant and over-the-top style, played a flaming piano while ...
Celebrity preview: Human Nature, Bonnie Raitt, Ray Rice, Circus Oz and Lee DeWyze
Friday, Feb. 22, 2013
Also in Las Vegas this weekend: Marilyn Manson, 1OAK turns 1, Tim McGraw and Faith Hill, Natalie Cole, Brandi Glanville, Dave Attell, Tim Allen and much more.
Coco Austin extends her contract in 'Peepshow' at Planet Hollywood
Friday, Feb. 22, 2013
Buxom blonde bombshell and "Peepshow" star Coco Austin has extended her contract with the hit topless adult burlesque at Planet Hollywood, ...
Photos: MVP Chris Paul celebrates at Lavo; Chord Overstreet and Whitney Port at Tao
Monday, Feb. 18, 2013
L.A. Clippers star Chris Paul headed directly to Lavo in Palazzo fresh off his MVP win at the 2013 NBA-All-Star Game in Houston, Texas, baby, ...
Photos: Adrian Grenier parties with his entourage at Hyde Bellagio
Sunday, Feb. 17, 2013
The handsome, dark-haired, blue-eyed Grenier, who reprises his role as Vincent Chase in the much-anticipated film version of the hit HBO ...
Photos: 'Glee' star Chord Overstreet celebrates his 24th birthday at Heraea
Sunday, Feb. 17, 2013
"Glee" heartthrob Chord Overstreet, who portrays trouty-mouthed Sam Evans on the Fox series, celebrated his 24th birthday with a guys night ...
Photos: Adult-film legend Tabitha Stevens toasts 43rd birthday at Crazy Horse III
Sunday, Feb. 17, 2013
The AVN Hall of Famer's birthday group included her husband Gary and adult-film star Taylor Stevens, and she was presented with a ...
Photos: Sammy Hagar celebrates 3rd anniversary of his Cabo Wabo Cantina
Sunday, Feb. 10, 2013
Hundreds of fans lined up early morning to get tickets at the Strip-side cantina. Hagar joined the house band Cabo Uno, from the flagship restaurant ...
- Robin Leach
Photos: Like a G6, Far East Movement leads the party at Pure
Sunday, Feb. 10, 2013
About 2 a.m., DJ Virman took over the wheels of steel, and Kev Nish got on the mic and shouted, "It looks like Pure came to party tonight!" and started ...
- Robin Leach
Photos: Imagine Dragons perform a sold-out concert at The Joint
Sunday, Feb. 10, 2013
Las Vegas indie rockers Imagine Dragons -- frontman and drummer Dan Reynolds, bassist and backing vocalist Ben McKee, guitarist and backing ...
Photos: Michael Phelps parties at Ghostbar Dayclub and Hyde Bellagio
Sunday, Feb. 10, 2013
What's an 18-time Olympic gold medalist to do now that he's hung up his Speedos, jammers and goggles to dry? Party hard in Las Vegas, of course ...
Photos: Holly Madison and Pasquale Rotella host baby shower at Meatball Spot
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Attendees included former "Peepshow" cast mate Josh Strickland, former "Holly's World" cast mates Laura Croft and Claire Sinclair, the 2011 Playboy ...
Photos: Sean Kingston celebrates his 23rd birthday at Paris' Chateau
Monday, Feb. 4, 2013
Singer, songwriter and rapper Sean Kingston loves to celebrate his birthday in Las Vegas. When he turned The Big 2-1, he toasted the milestone ...
Photos: Wilmer Valderrama celebrates his 33rd birthday at Hyde Bellagio
Monday, Feb. 4, 2013
On-again, off-again girlfriend singer Demi Lovato, 20, reportedly did not accompany Valderrama to Las Vegas for his birthday -- so much for ...
Photos: Eva Longoria celebrates opening of SHe at CityCenter
Monday, Feb. 4, 2013
Longoria's guest list could certainly be described as eclectic, as it included business partner Tilman Fertitta; "The Bachelor" hunk Jake Pavelka, who was a ...
Photos: Beyonce scores touchdown with fierce Super Bowl XLVII Halftime Show
Sunday, Feb. 3, 2013
At 5:08 p.m., Beyonce and her fans hit the field at Mercedes-Benz Superdome in New Orleans. Pyrotechnics were abundant, and Sasha Fierce, ...
Photos: George Strait graces MGM Grand Garden Arena with class in a night befitting a legend
Sunday, Feb. 3, 2013
Song after song, Strait, in his trademark black Stetson and a light blue or purple plaid button up, received standing ovation after standing ovation. And deservedly so for one of the most successful artists in the history of country music embarking on his farewell tour.
Photos: Beyonce meets the media, sings the national anthem ahead of Super Bowl XLVII
Thursday, Jan. 31, 2013
Beyonce, aka the wife of music mogul Jay-Z and of Destiny's Child fame, sang the national anthem at the press conference and killed it. Take that, haters. ...
Meet Shoku, the new ramen spot by Bachi Burger
Wednesday, Jan. 30, 2013
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Photos: Jude Law gets into The Act at Palazzo, Lady Gaga after-party
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Singer Lady Gaga performed two shows of her "Born This Way Ball" concert tour at MGM Grand Garden Arena on Friday and Saturday nights and ...
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Photos: Sunset Strip -- early evening in The Entertainment Capital of the World
Thursday, Jan. 24, 2013
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Photos: Kourtney Kardashian's first solo appearance at Kardashian Khaos
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2013 AVN/AEE photos: Bree Olson hosts at The Act in the Palazzo
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Monday, Jan. 21, 2013
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text: The pictures don't do justice to this cabin nestled among some beautiful homes with great views of the lake. Very spacious cabin with updated kitchen and views from the living room and bedroom that will leave you in awe. The games and puzzles were great for just relaxing. The stone fireplace gave a cozy feel to the living room. Felt at home for the week and enjoyed being the smallest cabin among some very interesting larger homes on the water. The deck was nice for relaxing in the sun after hiking trails nearbyand bird watching. There was so much beauty to explore both north and south of this rental. Great location and would stay here again! more


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text:
Teeth and Gum Care Center - La Crosse, WI
WebMD Physician Directory
La Crosse, Wisconsin
Teeth and Gum Care
How Should I Care for My Teeth and Gums?
There are four basic steps to caring for teeth and gums:
Other Related Teeth and Gum Care Articles
Emergency Contact for La Crosse
Nearby La Crosse Hospitals *
Mayo Clinic Hlth Sys Franciscan
Gundersen Lutheran Health Sys
Caledonia Care And Rehab
Franciscan Healthcare Sparta
Winona Health
Vernon Memorial Hospital
Tweeten Lutheran Hlthcre Ctr
Arcadia Nursing Home
*Provider Directory Terms of Use:
The WebMD 'Provider Directory' is provided by WebMD for use by the general public as a quick reference of information about Providers. The Provider Directory is not intended as a tool for verifying the credentials, qualifications, or abilities of any Provider contained therein. Inclusion in the Provider Directory does not imply recommendation or endorsement nor does omission in the Provider Directory imply WebMD disapproval.


text:
Inside Out Burgers
|Ground chuck
|2 Pound
|Worcestershire sauce
|3 Tablespoon
|2 Teaspoon
|2 Teaspoon
|1⁄4 Pound, chopped
|2 , thinly sliced
|Swiss cheese
|8 Ounce, shredded
|Olive oil
|1 Tablespoon
|Kaiser buns
|4 , split and toasted
Preheat the grill to high.
In a large bowl add the ground chuck, Worcestershire sauce, salt and pepper; combine all ingredients together, making sure not to work the meat too much. Divide meat into 8 equal sections and create 4-inch patties.
In a pan over medium-high heat, add in the bacon and cook until rendered. Remove bacon with a slotted spoon and place on a plate lined with paper towels. Add the shallots directly into the pan and cook until translucent and fragrant.
Equally divide the bacon, shallots and cheese between 4 patties. Add a patty over the top of your bacon, onion and cheese mixture and gently seal the edges; repeat for the remaining patties. Lightly oil the outside of the patties and place on the grill. Cook on one side for 4 minutes over direct heat, then flip and cook for an additional 4 minutes. Transfer the patties to an indirect heat and allow for them to cook for an additional 7-10 minutes, or until it reaches desired doneness.
Remove from the grill, toast the buns and serve with your favorite condiments. Enjoy!


text:
BVB Fantasy Manager '13
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Code: S51Q6Glh (der vorletzte buchstabe ist entweder ein kleines L oder ein großes i ) :D danke
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Fangen zur neuen Saison alle Spieler wieder bei Null an?
My partner add code is: Ls1HUkP?
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Super Spiel. Ich nehme auch gerne jeden an. mqzRy8ev
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text:
In the late '90s/early '00s, three of the West Coast's premiere rappers (Ice Cube, WC, and Mack-10) teamed up as the Westside Connection to release the albums Bow Down and Terrorist Threats. In 2005, Mack-10 left the group, but recently The Game has been reported to be the new member. Whether these reports are true or not, Cube has brought over Dub-C and Game for the newest release from his upcoming album Raw Footage, ready to show his audience that they're back in full force…so Get Used To It. While the production might sound more Dirty South than West Coast, all three members' voices maintain their local appeal and go perfectly in sync with each other to whet fans' appetites for future collaborations. For now, they can look forward to the release of Raw Footage on August 19, and L.A.X. the following week (Aug 26).
Written by Burmy on Jul 31, 2008
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Gender Equality Events
Journey to Leadership: A Conversation with Afghan Women Changemakers
October 05, 2012 // 9:00am — 10:30am
Global Women's Leadership Initiative
The Global Women's Leadership Initiative and the Middle East Program at the Wilson Center and Amnesty International USA are pleased to invite you to a conversation with two remarkable Afghan women change-makers who will discuss the many challenges—and opportunities—facing women in Afghanistan today.
Programmatic and Policy Recommendations for Addressing Obstetric Fistula and Uterine Prolapse
September 27, 2012 // 3:00pm — 5:00pm
Maternal Health Initiative
Obstetric fistula is "not just a medical issue, but a human issue," said Dr. Luc de Bernis, senior maternal health advisor at UNFPA, during a September 27 panel discussion at the Wilson Center. Obstetric fistula, a hole in the birth canal that can develop between the vagina and the bladder and/or rectum during prolonged labor without proper medical intervention, is preventable and treatable but continues to affect more than two million women worldwide, mostly in developing countries where women lack access to cesarean services. Women stricken with it face severe pain and suffering, social stigmatization, and usually give birth to a stillborn child.
Women Leaders Respond to the United Nations General Assembly
September 24, 2012 // 6:00pm — 8:30pm
Global Women's Leadership Initiative
"Against the backdrop of the 67th U.N. General Assembly, when leaders gather together for high-level debate, our conversation highlights the critical importance of women leading and serving their communities and countries," said Rangita de Silva de Alwis, director of the Women in Public Service Project and Women's Leadership Initiatives at the Wilson Center.
Adolescent Reproductive Health: The Challenge and Benefits of Delaying Sex
August 28, 2012 // 12:00pm — 2:00pm
Environmental Change and Security Program
There are 1.2 billion adolescents (ages 10 to 19) in the world today, accounting for 17 percent of the global population. They are the largest youth cohort in history, and 90 percent live in the developing world. Within that broad age group, very young adolescents (ages 10 to 14) often fall through the cracks of international development work, especially when it comes to health, and reproductive health in particular.
Domestic Violence in Post-Conflict Settings: Interventions, Shelters, and Policy Recommendations
July 24, 2012 // 3:00pm — 5:00pm
Environmental Change and Security Program
Liberia is a case study in post-conflict violence against women, said panelists at the Wilson Center on July 24. "Confined merely to performing household chores and childrearing duties, from early childhood, women and girls have been socialized into subservience and powerlessness and acceptance of domestic abuse as a norm," Annette Kiawu, deputy minister for research and technical services at the Liberian Ministry of Gender and Development, told the audience.
Family Planning and Results-Based Financing Initiatives: Opportunities and Challenges
May 21, 2012 // 12:00pm — 2:00pm
Environmental Change and Security Program
Results-based financing programs aim to address hurdles on both the supply and demand sides of the equation in developing countries by incentivizing the provision of a variety of quality services while removing barriers to access.
Sex and World Peace: How the Treatment of Women Affects Development and Security
April 26, 2012 // 12:00pm — 2:00pm
Environmental Change and Security Program
Valerie Hudson and Chad Emmett present their new book in which they argue that the status of women is the single most important predictive factor in determining state stability.
Learning From Success: Ministers of Health Discuss Accelerating Progress in Maternal Survival
April 23, 2012 // 3:00pm — 5:00pm
Maternal Health Initiative
On April 23rd Ministers of Health of Afghanistan, Cambodia, the Dominican Republic, and the Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Health, Rwanda discussed the drivers of successful maternal health programs and how such efforts can be accelerated and sustained throughout the developing world.
Women in the World Summit 2012
March 10, 2012 // 10:30am
The Council of Women World Leaders was proud to be featured at the Women in the World Summit 2012.
Addressing the Evolving Needs of Haiti's Women and Children Two Years After the Earthquake
January 30, 2012 // 2:00pm — 4:00pm
Maternal Health Initiative
This event will be aimed at highlighting the progress in health for women and children in Haiti since the disaster occurred and communicate how Haitian and U.S. governments, multilateral organizations, and civil society are continuing to work together to build a healthier future for women and children.


text: Publications Search Results Users may wish to consult What's Included in the Bibliography. Results 1 - 1 Results per page: 25 50 100 Sort by: Pub Date (newest) Title Recent Additions Author Clear All Pub. Year Citation 1968 Oden, M.H. . The fulfillment of promise: 40-year follow-up of the Terman giften group. Genetic Psychology Monographs. 77, 3-93. Full Text Options: Worldcat Google Scholar Export Options: RIS EndNote XML [1]


text:
Community: Cold Killerz Clan
Cold Killerz Has Been Going Strong Since December 29, 2008 and is Still Going Strong.
=CK= Plays Operation 7, Alliance Of Valiant Arms, Battle Field 2, and Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas.
All Appliers Must Also Apply At Our Clan Website.
: 50 : 12210
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June 06, 2009 - 11:21 AM


text:
To home, business or free to our stores. Click for more info.
Order now to collect from 11am tomorrow. In stock items only. Click for more info.
This pocket-sized dictionary offers huge coverage for the 40,000 plus people studying or working in architecture, construction or any of the built environment fields. From Abaciscus to Zophorus, the reader is able to quickly track down precisely the term they are looking for. It is illustrated with stunning drawings that provide a visual as well as a textual definition of both key concepts and subtle differences in meaning. Compact and affordable; Davies and Jokiniemi's work is the miniature version of the Dictionary of Architecture and Building Construction. The Architect's Illustrated Pocket Dictionary can be used on site or quickly at the desk and is suitable for all those interested in the buildings that surround us.
More books by Nikolas Davies
More books by Erkki Jokiniemi
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Matt Brougton, Senior Designer at Vintage Books, reveals how he came up with the jacket design for Death and Mr pickwick, Stephen Jarvis' novel about the origins of The Pickwick Papers.
Emma Craigie's new YA novel deals with the traumatic topic of FGM. She explains how meeting campaigners prompted her to write about about the subject for a younger age group.
In the second of our occasional series of interviewers, presented in translation with English PEN, Margaret Jull Costa OBE talks about her translation of the Spanish bestseller Out in the Open by Jesús Carrasco.


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Work and school absenteeism as a result of allergic reactions of the upper airway contributes to the economic burden posed by indoor allergens.
Although complete data are lacking, sufficient information exists to conclude that indoor allergens constitute a substantial public health problem. Given the amount of time most Americans spend indoors, expanded efforts to assess, prevent, and control the health threats posed by indoor allergens are warranted.


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OLYMPIA, Wash. -- The Department of Licensing mistakenly released information about 50 vehicles with license plates considered confidential by the state.
The information was sent out as part of a public disclosure request.
Department spokesperson Brad Benfield said the documents were emailed before confidential sections had been blacked out, or redacted.
Local police departments and federal law enforcement agencies must file with the state to receive standard license plates for vehicles that usually have government exempt plates.
The unredacted paperwork contained names and vehicle information from 15 different agencies, including the FBI and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms.
Who do we have guarding these records? asked Arthur West, one of six people who received the unredacted reports.
Benfield said no undercover identities were revealed and no personal addresses of any law enforcement officials were released.
According to Benfield, all staffers who prepare public disclosure requests are being retrained and all requests involving confidential files will now be dealt with by the License Integrity Unit that operates the undercover driver license program.
Benfield said within 45 minutes of the release, the department sent emails to the six recipients asking them to delete the information.
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Confidential license plate requests released by state
OLYMPIA, Wash. -- The Department of Licensing mistakenly released information about 50 vehicles with license plates considered confidential by the state.


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The same tools and practices that help technology users maintain and administer their computer systems in an efficient and confidential manner may also be used improperly to spoil digital data and other evidence that is subject to discovery in a lawsuit. Misuse in this manner is short-sighted, improper and opens a party to legal sanctions, including contempt and monetary damages, not to mention the negative impact such conduct may have on the merits of the case.
These factors were all in play in a recent Minnesota case in which employees of the defendant tried to purposely avoid complying with a discovery request by deleting digital information and failing to enclose encrypted data. [Multifeeder Tech. Inc. v. British Confectionery Co. Ltd., No. 09-1090 (JRT/TNL), 2012 WL 4135848 (D.Minn. Sept. 18, 2012)]
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Occupational and Indoor Air Exposure Assessment Mike Flynn, Sc.D., C.I.H. Dr. Joel Schwartz Harvard School of Public Health • "This isn't just pure science – it's science for public policy. If you're not willing to rub people's noses in the fact that you've identified a problem, and that something needs to be done about it, then have you improved public health? You need to be willing to take the next step – and to take a lot of criticism of your findings from people who have a monetary interest in their not being true." The flip side • If you rant and rave about a statistically significant finding that indicates a public health problem when in fact its trivial or non-existent you may have done more harm than good to the goal of improving public health. • Correlation is not causality; statistical significance is not enough for conclusive, effective action, beware of bias and respect the unknown. The Issues • To what extent do airborne pollutants within indoor environments (home, school, and work) represent risk factors for significant health impairment? • How do we differentiate an observed association between exposure and disease from exposure as a cause of the disease? • When should we act vs. require additional study? What are effective control interventions? Causal Inference – establishing exposure as the "cause" of the disease Scientific Inference • Deductive – Conclusions follow necessarily from premises – Logical, Mathematical – Physics – first principles • Inductive – Reasoning from the specific to the general – Observational studies - epidemiology – Statistical evidence References for Causality • Hill, A.B. (1965).The environment and disease: association or causation? Proc. Roy. Soc. Med. 58, 295-300. • Stellman S.D. (2003). Issues of causality in the history of occupational epidemiology. History of epidemiology. • Rothman K & Greenland, S (2005). Causation and Causal Inference in Epidemiology. AJPH (95) Sup 1, S144-S150 Hill on the definition of causation and the goals of preventive medicine • "….the decisive question is whether the frequency of the undesirable event B will be influenced by a change in the environmental feature A. How such a change exerts that influence may call for a great deal of research. However, before deducing causation and taking action we shall not invariably have to sit around awaiting the results of that research. The whole chain may have to be unraveled or a few links may suffice." A.B. Hill - perspective • Somewhat of disdain for p-values as they cannot account for non-random errors • A practical approach to data analysis • "All scientific work is incomplete – whether it be observational or experimental…. That does not confer upon us a freedom to ignore the knowledge we already have, or to postpone the action that it appears to demand at a given time." A.B. Hill - Causality • Strength of association (e.g., Relative Risk) • Consistency (Effect observed repeatedly by others) • Specificity (mesothelioma – asbestos; VC and angiosarcoma) • Temporality (does the cause (exposure) precede the effect (disease)) • Biological Gradient e.g., Dose Response A.B. Hill - Causality cont'd • Plausibility (consistent with current understanding e.g. mechanistic models - PBPK) • Coherence ( not in conflict with "generally known facts") • Experiment (Successful Interventions e.g., LEV in granite industry and TB) • Analogy (previous similar patterns – e.g., ceramic fibers and asbestos?) Annual TB Mortality From Ventilation for Control of the Work Environment by Burgess et al TB Deaths for various exposures From Ventilation for Control of the Work Environment by Burgess et al A - pneumatic tools; B-Surface machines: C-plant dust; D-Ventilation Effect of Ventilation dust levels From Ventilation for Control of the Work Environment by Burgess et al General Background For Indoor Air Exposures Basic Principles: Exposure and Risk • Risk is often assumed to be approximately proportional to exposure (Haber's Rule). • Acute effects (e.g. ammonia and irritation, CO and death) = short term exposure limits • Chronic outcomes (asbestos and cancer, metals and neurological disease), = longer time limits • Exposure is the product of time and concentration. It is quantified as a time weighted average (TWA) concentration: Time Weighted Average Concentration (Exposure) N 1 T C t i i C twa C bz dt i 1 N t T 0 i i 1 Consequences of the Definition of Exposure – the importance of time! • We spend 80-90% of our time indoors! • About 25% of our time at work (often indoors) • Thus indoor and workplace airborne concentrations may often represent a major part of the dose received from inhalation even if the concentrations are lower. • Note indoor air is directly influenced by outdoor levels (and in some cases vice-versa) so a decoupling is not always possible Concentration = Generation Rate divided by the effective ventilation G C Q Other factors affecting risk & exposure • Interaction with & Proximity to sources of pollutants • Individual Susceptibility – Health Status – Age (Children, Fetus) – Sex – Genetic makeup Historical Background Historical Perspectives • 400BC Hippocrates- Pb toxicity in miners • 100AD Galen- toxic acid mists in Cu miners • 1556 G. Agricola - De Re Metallica • 1500's Paracelsus- Hg Poisoning in smelters • 1700 Ramazzini - De Morbis Artificum – silicosis, Occup. as a risk factor! • 1788 P. Pott - Cancer in Chimney Sweeps • 1833 The English Factory Acts – first workers comp, & Factory Inspectorate Historical Perspectives, cont'd • 1900 Alice Hamilton - Exploring the Dangerous Trades (1943). • 1910 US B.O.M & PHS - Steel & mining • 1913 NY and MI- first state IH Depts. • 1936 Walsh Healy Act • 1969 Coal Mine Health and Safety Act Historical Perspectives, cont'd • 1970 Williams-Steiger Act – OSHA and NIOSH created; • 1970 EPA created • 1973 Oil Embargo • 1978 First International Indoor Climate Symposium • 1980 Supreme Court: Benzene Case (Risk Assessment is born) • 1980 Supreme Court: Cotton Dust Case (Cost-Benefit Analysis rejected) Primary Regulatory Authority for Indoor Air Pollution - OSHA • OSHA – PEL's for the workplace only • EPA – Some back-door authority via Clean Air Act and TSCA e.g., controlling VOC content in some products • Federal and State Laws Regulating E.T.S. and Pb, Hg, As in some products • Other than the workplace there appears to be little regulatory authority for Indoor Air The major force for OSHA legislation = Labor Unions • It was only through the efforts of organized labor that the 1970 OSH Act was passed. This law had a profound influence by creating not only an enforcement agency (with ability to promulgate administrative laws) but also research and education capabilities via NIOSH. • The growth of industrial hygiene, occupational medicine and nursing, epidemiology and safety and ergonomics accelerated dramatically! AIHA Membership 14,000 12,000 10,000 Members 8,000 Series1 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 Year OSHA Permissible Exposure Levels = PELS • 29 CFR 1910.1000 Tables Z1; Z2 and Z3 = TWA's for 8hrs, Ceilings for 15 minutes, various peaks • Special Standards – Lead, Cotton Dust • Personal Sampling –Worst case (compliance) sampling not random • Legal Recognition of Engineering and Administrative Controls over PPE • Cancer standards e.g. Vinyl Chloride Philosophy of Control Interventions • Hierarchy of Controls – Engineering – Administrative – Personal Protection – Work Practices • ALARA Usually for radiation ACGIH Threshold Limit Values = TLV's • Recommendation's only - they lack the force of law • Extensive documentation; under constant revision • Published annually - TLV booklet • Castleman and Ziem, Rappaport and Roach – undo influence by industry in the setting of the TLV's NIOSH Recommended Exposure Level's REL's • Also lacks the force of law • NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards • IDLH Levels • HHE's = Health Hazard Evaluations • Criteria Documents • Control Technology Assessments • http://www.cdc.gov/niosh A comparison of EPA and OSHA Particulate Material Standards • PM2.5 and PM10 24hr TWA values are 35 and 150 μg/m3 respectively. • OSHA's respirable nuisance dust 8 hr PEL is 5 mg/m3 or 5000 μg/m3 ! • If you worked 8hrs at the OSHA PEL and had no other exposure then your 24hr TWA would be 1666 μg/m3 or over 40 times the PM2.5 level or 11 times PM10! Major Legal Cases The Benzene Case (1980) • AFL-CIO vs. API • The Court upheld the 5th Circuits decision to vacate the standard that lowered the Benzene PEL from 10ppm to 1ppm • The Court rejected the notion of regulating carcinogens to the lowest level feasible. It required that a "significant risk of material impairment" be demonstrated (quantitative risk assessment) The Benzene Case cont'd • In addition it required OSHA to show that the proposed standard (lower PEL) would reduce the risk • The issue of cost-benefit was not decided in this case but deferred to the Cotton Dust case Magnitude of Occupational Disease (injuries not included here) • 49,000 deaths estimated 1997 (Steenland et al Am.J.Ind.Med. 43:461-482 (2003) • Estimated to be the 8th leading cause of death ahead of motor vehicle deaths, but less than diabetes • Respiratory disease, cancer, cardiovascular disease, chronic renal failure and hepatitis were the major contributors. Asbestos Deaths Looking at effects beyond mortality (WHO) • The DALY – disability adjusted life year • Includes years of life lost YLL plus years lost to disability YLD • DALY=YLL + YLD • YLL=N*Le; N=# of Deaths; Le = life expectancy at age of death • YLD=I*DW*Ld; I=# of cases; DW = weighting; Ld=average duration till death or remission WHO 2004 ESTIMATED DALY's HIGH INCOME COUNTRIES 6% 9% Communicable, Maternal, Nutritional Injuries Non Communicable 85% WHO 2004 ESTIMATED DALYs Communicable, Maternal, Nutritional HIGH INCOME COUNTRIES Injuries 8% 6% 4% 9% Malignant Neoplasms 4% Neuropsychiatric 6% 15% Cardio vasc 8% Sense organs 15% Respiratory 25% Musculo-skeletal Digestive WHO 2004 DALY's Neuropsychiatric Conditions Depression 18% Alzheimers 32% Alcohol 2% Drug use 5% Bipolar 5% Schizophrenia 5% Migraine 14% Parkinson's 6% 13% Other What fraction of the Neuropsychiatric conditions have Environmental causes • Metals: Lead, Manganese, Mercury, • Pesticides - • Solvents – • Further research is needed here as a small attributable fraction could make a big difference - NIOSH-NORA Research items for Indoor Air • Improved assessment of the economic consequences of unhealthful indoor environments • Attention to reducing building-related respiratory infections • Improved methods for measuring exposures • Development of biomarkers indicating exposure and health effects • Attention to mixed exposures (both biological and chemical) in the indoor environment in relation to adverse health effects • Improved understanding of the effectiveness of indoor environment interventions in reducing exposures and alleviating associated health effects Exposure Assessment ENVR-890-03 What are the questions we seek to answer and why? • We want to assess exposures because we believe they represent a risk for disease – What are "safe" levels? – Do exposures exceed standards? (compliance) – Do controls reduce levels? (quasi- compliance) – Law suits – is an individuals disease the result of a given exposure (job)? What are the "safe" levels? • Studies to assess long-term exposures and correlate with biomarkers of effect or disease/symptom rates (Hill's dose response) • Population based epidemiological studies with exposure assessment component Compliance: Enforcement and Controls • Estimate worst-case and sample that – inference based on this being ok or not • Not a random sampling approach • But an effective use of resources • Concept of action level i.e. ½ the TLV for intervention Legal • Reconstruction (documentation) of an individual's exposure • Knowledge of population studies is relevant, but we now have more specific info on the person, (e.g., health status, genetics, smoking history, etc.) Assessing long term exposures • For many of the major diseases of concern (e.g, cancer, neuro-degenerative, cardiovascular, COPD, etc) we want multi- year or lifetime exposures to correlate with disease. • Practical realities make it necessary for us to infer these chronic exposures from a set of finite shorter-term exposures The basic problem • Given a set of short term (lets say 8-hr TWA) measured exposures on an individual; estimate a longer term (lets say month or year long TWA) • If the short term samples completely cover the long term interval there is no problem we get the answer as a single number, difficulties arise when only a small portion of the interval is covered (the usual case) The mathematical statement Definition N 1 T C t i i CTWA C dt i 1 N t T 0 i i 1 N where t i 1 i T 1 ti and Ci ti 0 Ci dt The real – world approximation • sampling N Ct i i CTWA i 1 N t i 1 i N where t i 1 i T Question • How good can the real world approximation be? How should a sampling strategy be devised to estimate the long term number based on sparse data? • The problem is one within the domain of time series i.e., the analysis of stochastic processes (exposure); e.g, see reading #11) The concept of stationarity • A stationary stochastic process has a mean, variance, and covariance that do not change in time, i.e., there are no trends in the data. • Most time series analysis hinges on the assumption of stationarity. • Most exposures are unlikely to be stationary; particularly long-term ones of interest in health studies. Campaign Sampling • The resources required to conduct sampling generally are significant and a common approach is to collect data over a given finite period – a campaign • What are the consequences of this, or any other approach for assessing long-term exposures outside of the time period sampled? Basic Sampling Strategy Concepts • To estimate an individuals exposure: – random vs. stratified random sampling in time – campaign sampling • To estimate a group exposure – Random individuals – Stratified in time Worker 3 exposure to IPA 100 80 IPA ppm 60 Series1 40 20 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 Day Worker 3 Exposure to IPA 500 400 IPA (ppm) 300 Series1 200 Poly. (Series1) 100 0 0 50 100 Day first 3 week middle 3 stratified Mean 66.776 262.2493 150.5787 Median 71.83 215.51 114.5 Std. Dev, 22.21495 118.371 106.271 Kurtosis 0.557688 -1.11776 5.866483 Skewness -0.92276 0.475718 2.242699 Range 78.87 371.82 424 Minimum 15.17 101.24 49.06 Maximum 94.04 473.06 473.06 Count 15 15 15 LCL 54.47377 196.6977 91.72777 UCL 79.07823 327.801 209.4296 Worker 3 (20 week TWA) • CTWA = 126.4 ppm (T=20 weeks) • It is a single number (no variability) • ONLY the stratified time sampling 95% CI contains the true mean! Basic Principles • Exposures cannot reasonably be extrapolated to periods outside the interval sampled based on statistical considerations alone • To avoid bias in estimating the exposure for a given interval, stratification in time is necessary • Exposures correlated with contaminant generation rates and ventilation rates or their surrogates represents the only scientifically defensible way to do this (exposure determinants problem and retrospective assessments)
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I get some of my favorite tv shows (Friends, Sex and the City, Bones, etc.) on DVD (usually from Netflix) and ONLY allow myself to watch an episode if I'm working out! Plus, it helps the 45 minutes to an hour go very fast!
When I start telling myself that 10 minutes of exercise won't make a difference, I then say out loud, "it does more than ... sitting in front of the computer, sitting on the couch, eating that last whatever." 306
If you are sitting around watching TV, get on the ground and STRETCH while you watch, so at least you are getting SOMETHING done while you're wasting time :D
WATCH your food intake! Watch for "Portion distortion"...


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The House is beating the Senate five to nothing in the race to pass next year's appropriations bills. The topline spending amounts for federal agencies are already set, but even so Congress isn't exactly sprinting to finalize the budgets. But the clock is still ticking and September 30th is only about three months away. David Hawkings is Senior Editor of Roll Call. He explained where Congress stands in the appropriations process on In Depth with Francis Rose.
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Congress returns to work today with a crowded agenda and little time. Lawmakers must come to agreement on 2014 funding before the fiscal year ends Sept. 30 or risk a government shutdown. Also on the agenda: coming up with an alternative to the automatic spending constraints known as sequestration and negotiating a raise in the government's borrowing limit. There are also other measures affecting federal employees that remain to be worked out, including legislation to overhaul the cash-strapped Postal Service and a potential 1 percent pay raise for civilian federal workers.
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Senate to debate transportation, housing budgets
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GSA, Treasury officials decry House committee budget shortfalls
Top officials at the Treasury Department and the General Services Administration say budget cuts being considered by House lawmakers - and that have since adopted by the House Appropriations Committee - would erode their agencies' missions. In sharply divided vote mostly along partisan lines Wednesday, the committee approved the fiscal 2014 Financial Services and General Government appropriations bill.
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From the Publisher"Pasquier's book is a high-quality study of French émigré missionaries that should attract readers of both religious history and the social sciences."—American Historical Review
"Michael Pasquier's work immeasurably enriches our understanding of southern, and American, religious history, by placing the Catholic priesthood at the center rather than the periphery, mining heretofore little-known sources, and showing the centripetal force exercised by slavery even on religious institutions ostensibly controlled outside the region. More successfully than any other scholar, Pasquier has put Catholicism as a central actor in the religious history of the pre-Civil War South."
—Paul Harvey, author of Freedom's Coming: Religious Culture and the Shaping of the South from the Civil War through the Civil Rights Era
"Histories of Catholicism in the United States have too often deferred unduly to its institutional forms or else understated their importance to U.S. Catholics in assuming that the 'real' story of American Catholicism lies always elsewhere than in church. Michael Pasquier's wonderfully subtle, fresh, and welcome achievement in Fathers on the Frontier is to present a lived history of Catholic institution-building in the United States. His portrait of the vividly 'unsettled, unscripted, and unofficial' lives of the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century French missionary priests who labored to create a settled, scripted, and official American Catholicism sets a promising course for new scholarship both in and beyond U.S. Catholic history."
—Tracy Fessenden, Author of Culture and Redemption: Religion, the Secular, and American Literature
"French clergy were unquestionably the most influential priests during the expansion of U.S. Catholicism through the late eighteenth and well into the nineteenth centuries. Opening to the reader the daily lives of Pères both in their native and adoptive homelands, Fathers on the Frontier makes singular contributions to studies of the priesthood and to the international links that significantly shaped Catholicism in the antebellum United States."
—Timothy Matovina, William and Anna Jean Cushwa Director, Cushwa Center for the Study of American Catholicism, University of Notre Dame
"Drawing on a wealth of primary sources and exhibiting a stunning familiarity with a vast secondary literature, Pasquier exhibits the best of historical scholarship and writing in this superb study. No more will the story of American Catholicism be able to marginalize the French contribution." —The Southern Journal of Religion
"...this book is a significant scholarly effort written in an accessible style, it is highly recommended for librarians, scholars, and a wide range of students in religious studies and history"—Christopher J. Kauffman, The Catholic University of America
"...significant work, reinforcing the trend to free the Catholic past from understanding based on old narratives and the constraints of canonical and theological definitions and language...."—Joseph White, The Catholic University of America
"The book...is an intense, reasoned, carefully written, and well-documented volume."—Terence J. Fay SJ, University of St. Michael's college
"Hughes has crafted a cogently argued, well organized, and clearly written work. Its compelling story and broad historical span will appeal to a wide audience, both scholar and student life."—Brian Larkin, St. John's University
"The book under review is an intense, reasoned, carefully written, and well-documented volume."—Terence J. Fay, University of St. Michael's College
"Fathers on the Frontier offers a compelling portrait of how intelligent men managed to bend themselves to an accomodation with slavery, and it does so without restorting to anachronistic psychohistory, the pleasures of individual biography, or the device of sectional stereotyping."—Michael Pasquier, Louisiana State University
"...an impressive study...."—Jay P. Dolan
"...this book is valuable in understanding the impact of French and Catholic culture in the greater world."—H-France
"This book's contribution resides in its analysis of an underutilised resource: the letters and diaries of French missionaries. Moreover, Pasquier provides an illuminating perspective on the American missions that pays heed to the intricacies of transnational Catholic politics. The directives emanating from Rome (Propaganda Fide) and France (L'oeuvre de la propagation de la foi) during the nineteenth century, and their effects upon the American missions, have seldom been articulated so coherently."—Journal of Religious History
"[T]his book is valuable in understanding the impact of French and Catholic culture in the greater world...Pasquier provides a nuianced and sensitive portrait of men trapped between two cultures and a set of expectations based on French norms on the one hand and the very real conditions of the American frontier on the other. He makes excellent use of source material in both the United States and Europe."—H-France Review