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A new system has been invented that can obfuscate the stylometry of a document. This may be used to anonymize a document and make it resistant to forensic stylometry analysis, or to mimic the style of an existing set of documents, for example. A system may compare indicators of distinctive stylometry in a document with corresponding indicators of distinctive stylometry in a stylometric reference, and provide one or more alterations to the document that alter the indicators of distinctive stylometry compared to the stylometric reference, according to one illustrative embodiment.
1. A method, implementable at least in part by a computing device, the method comprising:
measuring a value of one or more indicators of stylometry in a stylometric reference;
measuring a value of one or more indicators of distinctive stylometry in a document that correspond to the indicators of stylometry in the stylometric reference;
comparing, using one or more processors of the computing device, the indicators of distinctive stylometry in the document with the corresponding indicators of stylometry in the stylometric reference, in which comparing comprises, for each of the indicators of stylometry in the stylometric reference and the corresponding indicators of distinctive stylometry in the document, ranking the indicators of distinctive stylometry in an order from highest to lowest difference in a value of distinctive stylometry between the stylometric reference and the document;
providing, using one or more of the processors of the computing device, one or more alterations to the document to replace one or more of the indicators of distinctive stylometry in the document with one or more of the corresponding indicators of stylometry in the stylometric reference, following the ranking, beginning with the indicators of distinctive stylometry with the highest values of distinctive stylometry between the stylometric reference and the document, thereby reducing the distinctiveness of the indicators of distinctive stylometry in the document compared to the stylometric reference and increasing the anonymity of the document; and
measuring a total remaining stylometric distinctiveness between the document and the stylometric reference after each alteration of one of the indicators of distinctive stylometry in the document with one of the indicators of stylometry in the stylometric reference.
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providing the total stylometric distinctiveness measured between the document and the stylometric reference after each of the alterations;
wherein the options selectable by the user are provided after each of the alterations, and further comprise an option to finish altering the indicators of distinctive stylometry in the document.
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determining whether each of one or more of the selected features is above or below a threshold value determined from the stylometric reference; and
determining by what percentage each of the selected features is above or below the threshold value determined from the stylometric reference.
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ranking the indicators of distinctive stylometry in an order of distinctiveness;
removing the indicators of distinctive stylometry that have been subject to the alterations from the document, along with the corresponding indicators of stylometry from the stylometric reference, in order of the ranking, from highest distinctiveness to lower distinctiveness; and
measuring a rate at which a total stylometric distinctiveness between the document and the stylometric reference changes, as the indicators are removed.
15. A computing system comprising one or more processors and one or more data storage components, the computing system being configured for:
measuring a value of one or more stylometrically distinctive linguistic features in a target corpus;
measuring a value of one or more corresponding stylometrically distinctive linguistic features in an input document;
comparing, using one or more of the processors, the value of the stylometrically distinctive linguistic features in the target corpus with the value of the corresponding stylometrically distinctive linguistic features in the input document in which comparing comprises, for each of the stylometrically distinctive linguistic features in the target corpus and the corresponding stylometrically distinctive linguistic features in the input document, ranking the stylometrically distinctive linguistic features in order of greater to lesser difference in the value between the target corpus and the input document;
replacing, using one or more of the processors, one or more of the stylometrically distinctive linguistic features in the input document with one or more of the stylometrically distinctive linguistic features in the target corpus, following the ranked order, beginning with the stylometrically distinctive linguistic features ranked with greater difference in the value, thereby reducing the stylometrically distinctive linguistic features in the input document and increasing the anonymity of the input document; and
gauging a total remaining stylometric distinctiveness between the input document and the target corpus after each replacing of one of the stylometrically distinctive linguistic features in the input document with one of the stylometrically distinctive linguistic features in the target corpus.
16. A computer readable storage medium storing executable instructions that, when executed by the computer, cause the computer to perform a method comprising:
evaluating, using a processor of the computer, linguistic features indicative of distinctive stylometry in a document compared with corresponding linguistic features indicative of stylometry in a reference corpus, in which the reference corpus comprises an anonymized corpus of stylometric references;
determining one or more of the linguistic features in the document that are stylometrically distinctive relative to the reference corpus, and a value of stylometric distinctiveness of the features relative to the reference corpus;
ranking the stylometrically distinctive features in an order of their values of stylometric distinctiveness;
modifying one or more of the linguistic features in the document, in an order of the ranking beginning with the features having the highest value of stylometric distinctiveness, to make the linguistic features in the document less stylometrically distinctive relative to the reference corpus and increase the anonymity of the document, in which modifying comprises altering one or more linguistic features in the document to mimick stylometric indicators in the stylometric references of the anonymized corpus; and
after modifying, determining an updated gauge of total stylometric distinctiveness of the document and modifying one or more additional linguistic features in the document if the gauge of total stylometric distinctiveness of the document is above a pre-selected threshold.
Stylometry analysis involves analyzing telltale aspects of writing style particularly favored by an individual writer, often without explicit recognition of their own subtle preferences. Stylometry analysis addresses aspects of language such as word usage and grammatical choices, and other information contained in the words of a document, as opposed to handwriting, the analysis of which is a separate discipline. Research has shown that particular writers tend to use writing idiosyncracies consistently over time and between written works, allowing these writing idiosyncracies to serve as clues that may reveal a writing of unknown authorship to match writing samples of a known author, or that, even in the absence of specific bases of comparison, may indicate basic aspects of identity such as native language and gender.
Stylometry analysis has been a valuable tool both for linguistic and literary research, and for providing evidence in investigations and legal disputes. However, there are many situations in which forensic stylometry analysis has the potential to be abused, or when the use of forensic stylometry analysis may impede a compelling interest. This may be the case, for example, with writings that provide legitimate criticism of entities that have the resources to use forensic stylometry analysis, such as critical political essays, or whistleblower letters.
The discussion above is merely provided for general background information and is not intended to be used as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter.
A new system has been invented that can obfuscate the stylometry of a document. This may be used to anonymize a document and make it resistant to forensic stylometry analysis, or to mimic the style of an existing set of documents, for example. A system may compare indicators of distinctive stylometry in a document with corresponding indicators of distinctive stylometry in a stylometric reference, and provide one or more alterations to the document that alter the indicators of distinctive stylometry compared to the stylometric reference, according to one illustrative embodiment.
The Summary and Abstract are provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. The Summary and Abstract are not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter. The claimed subject matter is not limited to implementations that solve any or all disadvantages noted in the background.
As noted above, stylometric analysis has been of interest for linguistic and literary studies, among other uses. One well-known example, which is useful for illustrating the concept of stylometric analysis, involves the Federalist Papers, all 85 of which were originally written under the anonymous nom de plume, Publius, but are now known to have been written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay. Additional well-known examples of widely esteemed writings from approximately the same period of time, that were disseminated under a valuable cover of anonymity, include the articles published under the pseudonyms Brutus, Centinel, Cato, and Federal Farmer, the latter two of which have still not had their true authors definitively established.
While the authorship of most of the Federalist Papers was definitively discovered, there are still twelve of the papers for which no direct evidence has been discovered to establish authorship between either Madison or Hamilton. These persistently anonymous Federalist Papers have been a favorite target for stylometric analysis, which strongly indicates that at least eleven of the twelve remaining Papers were written by Madison.
One particular stylometric technique used to demonstrate this includes measuring the frequency of usage of different words, particularly function words, between Hamilton and Madison in the Federalist Papers of known authorship. One particular example of this is based on the choice between "while" and "whilst", two English function words with the same meaning but with two alternate forms. The Papers known to have been authored by Hamilton include 36 instances of the word "while" and only one instance of the word "whilst", while the Papers known to have been written by Madison include no instances of the word "while", but twelve instances of the word "whilst". The Federalist Papers of unknown authorship include no instances of the word "while", and nine instances of the word "whilst", thereby strongly correlating with the indicators of Madison's distinctive stylometry.
These optional function words persistently used in preference over their alternates constitute a clear example of indicators of distinctive stylometry, in the documents of both authors relative to each other, as well as relative to general usage of the language, as might be represented by a large, diversely sampled stylometric reference. While indicators of distinctive stylometry are not typically as stark as in this particular comparison between Hamilton and Madison, they can generally be found in a more comprehensive stylometric analysis for authors in general.
The examples above demonstrate how valuable writings were produced for which there was a compelling interest in keeping their authorship anonymous at the time. Many other applications with a compelling interest in anonymizing authorship are present today, such as for whistleblowers, investigative journalists or their sources, and political commentators, whose efforts may subject them to unwelcome attention unless they have an effective way to ensure that their writings can remain anonymous, even in the face of modern stylometric analysis. This interest has been recognized by groups such as Journalists Without Borders, which publishes guidelines for journalists and writers to protect their anonymity where needed. Stylometric analysis techniques have also been used to indicate the probable gender or native language of the author, which there may also be a compelling interest in preventing. A wide variety of other applications and implementations also exist, and are not limited to the sample of illustrative implementations described herein.
A compelling need therefore exists for implementations for obfuscating indicators of distinctive stylometry.
Distinctive stylometry indicator extractor 23, or extractor 23 for short, extracts or measures a wide variety of indicators of distinctive stylometry, in both stylometric reference 25 and document 21. Some illustrative examples of the indicators of distinctive stylometry extracted or measured by extractor 23 are depicted in
Step 11 is finished by distinctive stylometry indicator classifier 27, or classifier 27 for short, in the illustrative embodiment of architecture 20 in
The extracted features are stored and compiled as the basis for classifier 27, which incorporates a model of the stylometric indicators from the stylometric reference 25, in an illustrative embodiment. Any new indicators of stylometry from document 21 that are measured to be similar to the corresponding stylometric indicators of classifier 27 are classified as "in-class", or within the class modeled for that linguistic feature type by classifier 27, in this illustrative embodiment. A document whose features are mostly indicated to be "in-class" are therefore classified with a low total stylometric distinctiveness. Indicators of stylometry from document 21 that do not fit the learned model of classifier 27 for the corresponding indicators of stylometry are classified as "out-of-class", or, in this case, as having indicators of distinctive stylometry compared with stylometric reference 25. A document with many stylometric indicators that are classified as out-of-class are gauged with a high stylometric distinctiveness.
In one particular implementation provided as an illustrative example, classifier 27 is based on a support vector machine (SVM), and has the reference stylometric indicators stored as feature vectors. An SVM is an automated learning system based on statistical learning theory. In the present illustrative embodiment, the SVM uses a kernel function to model the stylometric indicators of the stylometric reference 25, as measured by extractor 23. A linear basis kernel function is one particular option that may be used in the present embodiment, though any of a variety of other kernel functions may also be used. Classifier 27 may be used as a one-class classifier, or a multi-class classifier. A wide variety of other implementations for classifier 27 may be used in other embodiments.
Distinctive stylometry indicator modifier 29, or modifier 29 for short, provides one or more alterations to the document that alter the indicators of distinctive stylometry compared to the stylometric reference, according to one illustrative implementation of step 13.
Method 10 enables a user to remove indicators of distinctive stylometry from a document, and normalize the stylometry of the document compared to a stylometric reference. The stylometric reference could be a large, anonymized corpus, representing a statistically significant sampling of well-written documents from a large number of writers, for example. A number of popular corpora are in use. One illustrative example which has been in use for some time is the Wall Street Journal corpus, which collects a large number of articles from the Wall Street Journal from over a significant period of time, with a total of approximately a million words.
With such a large corpus providing a substantial cross-section of writers, as in the foregoing illustrative example, the indicators of stylometry may be expected to be smoothed out and anonymized, so that no particular individual author's style is represented in such a sample, and its indicators of stylometry are not significantly distinctive. Altering indicators of distinctive stylometry in the document 21 is therefore effective for reducing the distinctiveness of the indicators for the document 21 compared to the stylometric reference 25, thereby increasing the anonymity of the document 21, as altered by modifier 29. Method 10 can thereby anonymize the stylometric indicators of a document 21, and render the document 21 more resistant to identification of its author by means of stylometric analysis.
The illustrative implementation above focuses on anonymization, by mimicking stylometric indicators in an anonymized stylometric reference, such as a corpus of general language usage. Other implementations may also be used for altering the indicators of distinctive stylometry, which may involve mimicking stylometric indicators in a different stylometric reference, such as one drawn from the writings of a single target author or other narrow sample group.
For example, this could be used for a book or series of books written partially by one or more co-authors or ghostwriters, or for speeches written on someone else's behalf by a speechwriter or a revolving team of speechwriters. Such collaborative writing efforts are likely to have distracting stylistic inconsistencies. These can be resolved by using a stylometric reference of writings by the lead author as the basis of comparison for the contributions of the supporting writers.
The documents written by the supporting writers have their stylometric indicators compared with the corresponding stylometric indicators in the stylometric reference of the lead author's writings, and the stylometric indicators found to be distinctive in the supporting writers' contributions are altered to remove their distinctiveness from the stylometric reference, yielding a stylistic consistency throughout the joint writing of the lead author and supporting authors.
Returning to method 10 in
Ranking the indicators of distinctive stylometry and then altering them in order from most distinctive on down provides considerable advantages, according to this illustrative embodiment. The alterations may be performed either automatically, or manually, where one or more suggested alterations for each of the indicators of distinctive stylometry are provided, for the user to consider one at a time. Manual alterations may enable more stylistic consistency, avoid any potential linguistic quirks due to the alterations, and enable greater attention to other considerations of writing quality. However, manual alterations have the trade-off of requiring much more time and attention. An automated routine of alterations performed by a computing device may be finished before the user has an opportunity to consider a single alteration. The greater time and attention required for manual alterations are largely resolved by the advantages of progressing through the alterations according to a ranked order.
Tests have shown that altering the indicators of distinctive stylometry according to a ranked order enable the total stylometric distinctiveness between a document and a stylometric reference to be reduced roughly exponentially, so that a relatively small number of alterations suffices to eliminate most of the stylometric distinctiveness, when the indicators of distinctive stylometry are evaluated starting from the most distinctive and working down through the highest remaining distinctiveness at each iteration.
Working downward from the highest ranked indicators of distinctive stylometry therefore enables a great majority of the alteration of distinctive stylometry to be accomplished by altering only a relatively small fraction of the possible indicators of distinctive stylometry. To cite one particular test implementation as an illustrative example, it was found that altering only fourteen words for each thousand words in the document was sufficient to remove 83% of the likelihood of the author of the document being identifiable in comparison with an anonymized stylometric reference.
Returning again to method 10 in
A small total stylometric distinctiveness such as in this range, combined with the limited sample size of a typical document, is likely to achieve an effective homogenization of the document with the stylometric reference, and make the authorship of the document impossible to distinguish compared with the stylometric reference with any confidence. The user can proceed with the alterations until the gauge shows, after one of the alterations, that the total remaining stylistic distinctiveness is less than the target level, indicating that the indicators of distinctive stylometry have been smoothed over enough to make the document sufficiently resistant to stylometric analysis.
Finishing the alterations once the total stylometric distinctiveness reaches a pre-selected threshold, as in step 15, may also be done when the alterations are run automatically. This may be particularly useful for large documents, for which analysis and replacement of all identifiable indicators of stylometric distinctiveness may require more than the desired amount of time or resources, or likelihood of introducing quirks in the flow of the language.
Returning again to
Extractor 23 may also consider several different potential linguistic features to discover which ones perform most effectively in measuring distinctive stylometry between a document and a stylometric reference in a particular application, and proceed with those most effective features. The features associated with extractor 23 all possess in common the property of being linguistic features that are capable of acting as indicators of a particular author's distinctive stylometry.
One of the more powerful features to measure to gauge stylometric distinctiveness is also one of the simplest: the frequency of individual words. Different embodiments may be implemented in any human languages, and in some languages with a logographic script, such as Chinese, or a mixed logographic and syllabic script, such as Japanese, a segmenter may be applied first to segment the characters into words. Words may also be converted into tokens prior to the comparison between the document and the reference. Function words are a traditional favorite feature for stylometric analysis, so altering the function words of a document 21 into consistency with the reference 25, or the function word distances, may be a particularly efficient way to anonymize document 21 in some implementations.
Additional features that can be measured by extractor 23 to evaluate as indicators of distinctive stylometry include letter metrics, feature length metrics, part-of-speech trigrams, parse tree segments, logical forms, lexical N-gram features, morphological inflections, honorific suffixes, minority dialect features, minority spellings, spelling errors, and grammar errors. These features, along with the last few listed, i.e. the lingua franca register and the vernacular register, are explained further below.
Tokenizing or morphological analysis, such as measuring frequencies of morphological inflections, are particularly effective for measuring stylometry of highly inflected languages, such as Lithuanian, Hungarian, and Malayalam. Other features may be particularly effective for measuring stylometry in specific languages, such as honorific suffixes for Japanese.
Part-of-speech trigrams are another linguistic feature that may be measured by extractor 23 and used by classifier 27 to compare as stylometric indicators between document 21 and stylometric reference 25. Part-of-speech trigrams are sequences of three part-of-speech labels. Part-of-speech labels are often tagged to words in a sample as an early stage of natural language processing. As an example, the phrase "winter is cold" may be part-of-speech tagged as "winter/n is/v cold/a", where "/n" represents a tag indicating a noun part-of-speech, "/v" represents a tag indicating a verb part-of-speech, and "/a" represents a tag indicating an adjective part-of-speech. The part-of-speech trigram for the phrase above is therefore n-v-a.
Another type of measurable indicator in some embodiments, depicted in extractor 23, is a parse tree segment. A parser may be used to convert a sentence into a parse tree representation. For each node in a parse tree, the label for the node and the labels of the daughter nodes of that node may be extracted. For example, a parse tree may include a node with a label of DECL, indicating a declarative sentence, and with daughter nodes labeled with the chunk types NP VERB NP, indicating that the declarative sentence consists of a noun phrase, a verb, and a second noun phrase. These labels may be added to a sentence from a corpus after the corpus has been chunked and parsed, in the present illustrative embodiment. For example, in one illustrative parsing scheme, an original sentence from a training corpus may read, "The microwave anisotropy probe has measured the age of the Universe." This sentence may be chunked as "[NP The microwave anisotropy probe] [VERB has measured] [NP the age of the Universe]", where "The microwave anisotropy probe" has been chunked as an NP, or noun phrase; "has measured" has been chunked as a VERB; and "the age of the Universe" has been chunked as another NP, or noun phrase.
Another measurable type of feature in some embodiments, as indicated in extractor 23, includes features based on the logical form graphs of the sentences. These logical form graphs may include, for example, semantic relations of parts of speech; semantic features on a part of speech in a semantic relation; or the presence of a semantic feature. To use one illustrative semantic relation labeling scheme, one illustrative example of a semantic relation of parts of speech is the logical form graph "Verb Tsub Noun", indicating that a noun is in the semantic subject relation to a verb. As with other extractable features, relative similarities and differences between stylometric indicators of document 21 compared with those of stylometric reference 25 can serve as indicators distinctive stylometry. While a particular labeling scheme is referred to here, any other consistent labeling scheme for semantic relations and logical form graphs may be used in other embodiments.
Still another measurable type of feature in some embodiments, as indicated in extractor 23, includes lexical N-gram features, where N may have a range of different numbers within the same embodiment, and different embodiments having different ranges of N. For example, in one illustrative embodiment, lexical N-gram features are extracted with N ranging from 1 to 3. An example might be a three-word sequence, such as " . . . rearranging the deckchairs . . . " extracted from within a sentence. Any consistent labeling scheme may be used in different embodiments to represent lexical N-gram features in sentences such as this. To use one illustrative labeling scheme, this three-word sequence may be extracted and stored as a lexical trigram—that is, a lexical N-gram with N=3—as "ng—3_rearranging$$the$$deckchairs", where "ng" indicates a lexical N-gram, "3" indicates the numeral of N for this lexical N-gram, and "$$" stands for each space between adjacent words. A variety of different characteristic lexical N-grams may be measured in document 21 that are rarely or never measured in stylometric reference 25, and vice versa, so that lexical N-gram features may also be used as indicators of distinctive stylometry.
Yet another measurable type of feature in some embodiments, as indicated in feature extractor component 421, are function word distances. Function words, as opposed to lexical words, carry little semantic information, and are used chiefly to grammatically modify the usage of lexical words. Functional words may therefore serve as significant indicators of distinctive stylometry, since particular function words are not needed to convey particular meanings, and are therefore more likely to be favored or disfavored in usage as a matter of personal stylometry. Function words include determiners, such as "the" and "a"; conjunctions, such as "and" and "but"; degree adverbs, such as "also" and "very"; and auxiliaries, such as "would" and "should". Distances between functions words is also less dependent on the meaning one intends to convey and more on somewhat arbitrary personal stylometry.
As extractor 23 depicts, spelling errors and grammar errors may also be used for modeling classifier 27 and for indicating distinctive stylometry. Spelling and grammar errors are often not merely typographical errors, but are regularly expressed errors a particular user is liable to make repeatedly. Existing and hereafter developed spelling checkers and grammar checkers, such as those often incorporated in word processing applications, may interface compatibly with extractor 23, to detect and provide spelling and grammar errors for use in modeling classifier 27.
Another interesting and effective characteristic that may reliably serve as a characteristic signature on a particular individual's writing style is the frequency of vocabulary originating from a lingua franca register compared with a frequency of vocabulary originating from a vernacular register. A vernacular register typically comprises that portion of a language that stems from an older or the oldest parent language of the language, and carries function words and basic words for body parts, common plants and animals, common types of food, the basic colors, and other basic vocabulary; and most of all, place names, if the speakers still reside in an ancestral homeland. In contrast, a lingua franca register derives from a language that has only entered the influence of the subject language in relatively recent history, often from contact with a culture with a longer literary and scholarly history than the original parent language from which the vernacular derives.
For example, the English language is derived from an array of several registers, including a vernacular Anglo-Saxon register deriving from a variety of Anglo-Saxon dialects in use in the seven kingdoms during roughly the sixth through eighth centuries, and from the Old Norse spoken by the Norwegian invaders who began settling in the time of Alfred the Great; and the lingua franca registers deriving from the Norman French and scholarly Latin and Greek that William brought to the island in 1066.
Modern English continues to differentiate these registers sharply. Anglo-Saxon words are spoken and written more for things you do and see every day, and are sometimes thought to carry more of a gut feeling for the meaning of the words. In considerable contrast to that vernacular register, the lingua franca or scholarly register of vocabulary derived from French, Latin and Greek dominates formal usage and remains favored for professional utilization, technical communication, and scientific, literary, and educational concepts.
Differentiation between a vernacular register and a lingua franca register is fairly common in other languages, in which they are equally applicable for comparing to measure indicators of distinctive stylometry. For example, Greek, Latin, and French have long supplied lingua franca registers to many other European languages; Avestan, Persian, Sanskrit, and Prakrit have provided lingua franca registers for a variety of central and south Asian and Middle Eastern languages; Persian served as a lingua franca register to Arabic and Turkish, which have in turn become sources of lingua franca registers for surrounding languages; Mandarin Chinese has long served as a lingua franca to other Chinese and many other east Asian languages; Arabic, Swahili, various Bantu languages, French, and English have long provided lingua franca registers to various African languages; and English now provides a lingua franca register to languages all over the world.
An individual author's writing stylometry often bears a highly distinctive stamp based on how much they use baseline vernacular register vocabulary compared with lingua franca or scholarly register vocabulary, a relative frequency that is strongly dependent on inherent factors such as social background, educational level, subject matter, and experience as a writer. Measuring frequency of vocabulary from a vernacular register compared with frequency of vocabulary from a lingua franca register is therefore particularly useful for measuring indicators of distinctive stylometry compared with a stylometric reference.
Turning again to
This provides a way of testing how well the prior alterations obfuscated the document compared to the stylometric reference. If the total stylometric distinctiveness changes quickly, this indicates that the alterations performed thus far have been relatively concentrated among a few common indicators of distinctive stylometry, but have not deeply saturated the altered document. Performing the deep obfuscation test of step 16 allows the user, either manually or by an automated process, to recursively gauge the depth of the alterations to the indicators of distinctive stylometry, and steer the alterations toward having only a slow change in total stylometric distinctiveness, which indicates a thorough alteration of the indicators of distinctive stylometry in the document.
Control field 37 can be clicked or otherwise selected by the user to check stylometric distinctiveness, including by comparing indicators of distinctive stylometry in the document with a corresponding stylometric reference, and provide alterations to the indicators of distinctive stylometry of the document to make them more or less distinctive compared to the stylometric reference. Control field 39 can be selected during a manual alteration process, for engaging the suggested alteration and proceeding to the next most distinctive stylometric indicator. Control field 41 can be selected to automate the alteration of indicators of distinctive stylometry until the selected threshold, as shown in field 33, is reached. Control field 43 can be selected to manually finish the comparison and alteration process.
Field 45 shows the next highest ranked indicators of distinctive stylometry in the target document, in a ranked order from most distinctive down toward less distinctive. Field 47A is configured to display suggested alterations (in a manual process) to indicators of distinctive stylometry, though the control to provide these has not yet been implemented. Control field 37 is depicted in bold line weight to indicate that it has been selected by the user, prompting the display of the stylometric distinctiveness of the target document in gauge 31A and field 35A.
A few illustrative systems and environments with which various implementations for obfuscating document stylometry are further described as follows.
Embodiments are operational with numerous other general purpose or special purpose computing system environments or configurations. Examples of well-known computing systems, environments, and/or configurations that may be suitable for use with various embodiments include, but are not limited to, personal computers, server computers, hand-held or laptop devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based systems, set top boxes, programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputers, mainframe computers, telephony systems, distributed computing environments that include any of the above systems or devices, and the like.
Embodiments may be described in the general context of computer-executable instructions, such as program modules, being executed by a computer. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc. that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Various embodiments may be implemented as instructions that are executable by a computing device, which can be embodied on any form of computer readable media discussed below. Various additional embodiments may be implemented as data structures or databases that may be accessed by various computing devices, and that may influence the function of such computing devices. Some embodiments are designed to be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote computer storage media including memory storage devices.
With reference to
Computer 110 typically includes a variety of computer readable media. Computer readable media can be any available media that can be accessed by computer 110 and includes both volatile and nonvolatile media, removable and non-removable media. By way of example, and not limitation, computer readable media may comprise computer storage media and communication media. Computer storage media includes both volatile and nonvolatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information such as computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data. Computer storage media includes, but is not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical disk storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to store the desired information and which can be accessed by computer 110. Communication media typically embodies computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data in a modulated data signal such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism and includes any information delivery media. The term "modulated data signal" means a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in the signal. By way of example, and not limitation, communication media includes wired media such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared and other wireless media. Combinations of any of the above should also be included within the scope of computer readable media.
The system memory 130 includes computer storage media in the form of volatile and/or nonvolatile memory such as read only memory (ROM) 131 and random access memory (RAM) 132. A basic input/output system 133 (BIOS), containing the basic routines that help to transfer information between elements within computer 110, such as during start-up, is typically stored in ROM 131. RAM 132 typically contains data and/or program modules that are immediately accessible to and/or presently being operated on by processing unit 120. By way of example, and not limitation,
The computer 110 may also include other removable/non-removable volatile/nonvolatile computer storage media. By way of example only,
The drives and their associated computer storage media discussed above and illustrated in
A user may enter commands and information into the computer 110 through input devices such as a keyboard 162, a microphone 163, and a pointing device 161, such as a mouse, trackball or touch pad. Other input devices (not shown) may include a joystick, game pad, satellite dish, scanner, or the like. These and other input devices are often connected to the processing unit 120 through a user input interface 160 that is coupled to the system bus, but may be connected by other interface and bus structures, such as a parallel port, game port or a universal serial bus (USB). A monitor 191 or other type of display device is also connected to the system bus 121 via an interface, such as a video interface 190. In addition to the monitor, computers may also include other peripheral output devices such as speakers 197 and printer 196, which may be connected through an output peripheral interface 195.
The computer 110 may be operated in a networked environment using logical connections to one or more remote computers, such as a remote computer 180. The remote computer 180 may be a personal computer, a hand-held device, a server, a router, a network PC, a peer device or other common network node, and typically includes many or all of the elements described above relative to the computer 110. The logical connections depicted in
When used in a LAN networking environment, the computer 110 is connected to the LAN 171 through a network interface or adapter 170. When used in a WAN networking environment, the computer 110 typically includes a modem 172 or other means for establishing communications over the WAN 173, such as the Internet. The modem 172, which may be internal or external, may be connected to the system bus 121 via the user input interface 160, or other appropriate mechanism. In a networked environment, program modules depicted relative to the computer 110, or portions thereof, may be stored in the remote memory storage device. By way of example, and not limitation,
Memory 204 is implemented as non-volatile electronic memory such as random access memory (RAM) with a battery back-up module (not shown) such that information stored in memory 204 is not lost when the general power to mobile device 200 is shut down. A portion of memory 204 is illustratively allocated as addressable memory for program execution, while another portion of memory 204 is illustratively used for storage, such as to simulate storage on a disk drive.
Memory 204 includes an operating system 212, application programs 214 as well as an object store 216. During operation, operating system 212 is illustratively executed by processor 202 from memory 204. Operating system 212, in one illustrative embodiment, is a WINDOWS� CE brand operating system commercially available from Microsoft Corporation. Operating system 212 is illustratively designed for mobile devices, and implements database features that can be utilized by applications 214 through a set of exposed application programming interfaces and methods. The objects in object store 216 are maintained by applications 214 and operating system 212, at least partially in response to calls to the exposed application programming interfaces and methods.
Communication interface 208 represents numerous devices and technologies that allow mobile device 200 to send and receive information. The devices include wired and wireless modems, satellite receivers and broadcast tuners to name a few. Mobile device 200 can also be directly connected to a computer to exchange data therewith. In such cases, communication interface 208 can be an infrared transceiver or a serial or parallel communication connection, all of which are capable of transmitting streaming information.
Input/output components 206 include a variety of input devices such as a touch-sensitive screen, buttons, rollers, and a microphone as well as a variety of output devices including an audio generator, a vibrating device, and a display. The devices listed above are by way of example and need not all be present on mobile device 200. In addition, other input/output devices may be attached to or found with mobile device 200.
Mobile computing system 200 also includes network 220. Mobile computing device 201 is illustratively in wireless communication with network 220—which may for example be the Internet, or some scale of area network—by sending and receiving electromagnetic signals 299 of a suitable protocol between communication interface 208 and wireless interface 222. Wireless interface 222 may be a wireless hub or cellular antenna, for example, or any other signal interface. Wireless interface 222 in turn provides access via network 220 to a wide array of additional computing resources, illustratively represented by computing resources 224 and 226.
Computing device 201 is enabled to make use of executable instructions stored on the media of memory component 204, such as executable instructions that enable computing device 201 to compare indicators of distinctive stylometry in a document with corresponding indicators of distinctive stylometry in a stylometric reference, and provide one or more alterations to the document that alter the indicators of distinctive stylometry compared to the stylometric reference, according to various embodiments. For example, the executable instructions may enable mobile computing device 201 to evaluate linguistic features in a document compared with a reference corpus; determine one or more of the linguistic features in the document that are stylometrically distinctive relative to the reference corpus; and modify one or more of the linguistic features in the document to make them less stylometrically distinctive relative to the reference corpus, according to one illustrative embodiment.
A system such as architecture 20 of
Although the subject matter has been described in language specific to structural features and/or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the subject matter defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above. Rather, the specific features and acts described above are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claims.
Patent Citations
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Referenced by
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Originally written on NESN.com | Last updated 11/18/14
Mike Trout isn't afraid of his parents embarrassing him in public. That means social media. The Angels outfielder welcomed both of his parents to Twitter and urged his followers to follow them. Welcome my parents to twitter land !!! @debbietrout27 @jeffreytrout !! #FOLLOW — Mike Trout (@Trouty20) November 5, 2012 Fortunately for Trout –– who is likely to be the Rookie of the Year — he'll have his brother, Tyler, to pitch in and train his parents, Jeffrey and Debbie, on the tricks and trades of scouring through Twitter. Going to take @trouty20 and I all night to teach @jeffreytrout and @debbietrout27 how to use twitter!! #technologicallyimpaired — Tyler Trout (@TylerTrout) November 5, 2012 So far, it looks like Jeffrey is navigating around Twitter just fine. He retweeted a publication that named his son the top player in fantasy baseball heading into next season. It remains to be seen whether he'll divulge any embarrassing stories from Trout's childhood.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
DPR's senior picnic is an annual event where seniors from all over the city enjoy socializing with each other while enjoying live entertainment, music, various board games, various health exhibits and a very nice lunch on the park site.
Each center provides career counseling, resume assistance, job placement and much more.
Tweets by @DOES_DC
Learn more about innoMAYtion.


text:
Officials In Reno Region Say They Can Handle Growth From Tesla's Battery Factory
Regional officials say the Reno area can handle a growth spike fueled by construction of Tesla Motors' $5 billion battery factory, but it will involve a hefty price tag with uncertainty over who will foot the bill.
Organizers Behind TBD Festival Throwing NYE Party In Midtown
With preparations for Christmas still underway, New Year's Eve is right around the corner too, and the folks who brought you TBD Fest in West Sacramento over the summer are hoping you'll make it out to their new year's eve block party in midtown.
Yahoo Replaces Google As Firefox Web Browser's Default Search
Even though Chrome is now more widely used, Firefox still has a loyal audience that makes more than 100 billion worldwide search requests annually.
Johnny Garlic's Latest Arden Area Restaurant To Close In Last Year In Sacramento
The Fresh Choice on Howe Avenue seems to have joined that list, with workers dismantling the inside of the restaurant. They said they didn't think anything was lined up, and by no means is this the first. Chevy's, TGI Fridays, and Thai Cottage are three more entries on that list of restaurants to close in the Arden area.
112 Unlicensed Contractors Caught In Sting Across 7 California Cities
State officials say they have nabbed 112 unlicensed contractors as part of a sting targeting illegal home repairs in seven cities.
Revolution Wines Placed On Probation After Grape Escape ReTweet
But since the Tweet mentioned the event sponsor, Save Mart, the California Department of Alcoholic Beverage Control says the winery violated tied-house laws.
Johnny Garlic's Closes In Sacramento 19 Months After Converting From Tex Wasabi's
One of Guy Fieri's restaurants unexpectedly closed its doors on Monday. The chief operating officer of Johnny Garlic's on Arden Way in Sacramento told CBS13 the restaurant's lease on the building is expiring, and they decided not to renew it.
Apple CEO Tim Cook Publicly Acknowledges He's Gay
Apple CEO Tim Cook's declaration that he's "proud to be gay," makes him the highest-profile business executive in the nation to publicly acknowledge his sexual orientation.
Personal Data Hacks In 2013 Affect Nearly Half Of State's Residents
The number of Californians whose personal data was hacked last year jumped sixfold to 18.5 million accounts and as many as one-third of those people will become victims of fraud, says California Attorney General Kamala Harris, in a new report on data breaches in the nation's biggest state.
California Home Sales Rise In September
Analyst declares the housing market returning to normal as people who were sitting out get back into buying homes.
Foothill Farms Family Shocked To Find Porno Movie Instead Of Game In Redbox Rental
Derek's only 4, but he already has a favorite video game. Of course, kids have short attention spans, so his parents took him to a Foothill Farms Redbox.
Winters Could Be Home Of New PG&E Gas Line Training Facility
The proposed $75 million PG&E gas academy would allow up to 150 gas line workers a day to come learn.
Photo Galleries
Forbes 2014 List of the World's Richest People
Forbes released its 28th World's Billionaires issue on Monday. Here's the top 10. You can find the rest of the list on Forbes.com
E3 Conference Kicks Off In L.A.
Electronic Entertainment Expo kicked off today at the Los Angeles Convention Center.
Space X Launch To Space Station
Early Saturday morning, a private company is set to make history by launching a supply ship to the International Space Station. Here's a look at the mission preps and what Space X and NASA expect the mission to look like.
Advertising is supposed to make you WANT a product. But some time, the claims go too far. Here are a few products over the years that have made false, misleading, or unsubstantiated claims…and got caught! It does not include the dozens of diet pills that have been fined for making false claims.
Banned: Most Controversial iPhone Apps
Apple now has strict policies on which applications for the iPhone, iPad and iPod Touch are approved for their App Store. But some risque or offensive apps have made it through the approval process, while others were rejected before getting to market. Here's a look at a few of the most controversial apps.
Facebook, populated by at least 500 million users, has been both a source of innovation, controversy and fascination.
Has it really been 30 years since Steve Wosniak & Steve Jobs sold off Jobs' VW van to raise money and launch a company? Yes, it has, and if you don't believe it, just check out some of the higlights.


text:
Skydive Oregon Inc -
Skydive Oregon Airport, the largest private airport in Oregon, is dedicated solely to skydiving! We offer a full range of services for the first time and experienced jumper, including USPA (United States Parachute Association) approved student-training programs, advanced coaching, on airport landing areas, swoop pond and FAA licensed rigging services.
Skydive Oregon has been providing Professional First Jump Instruction in Molalla since 1988. Over 100,000 students have been trained and jumped from our turbine aircraft at Skydive Oregon and we have a perfect student safety record. Our Skydiving instructors are USPA rated and licensed and average eight years in the sport and over 2500 skydives each.
Skydive Oregon Inc
12150 S. Hwy 211
Visit Website


text:
Since moving to Fairbanks, Alaska, Melena Sanders has watched too many of her friends die because she couldn't react fast enough. When a mysterious illness comes along targeting only supernatural races, she's determined to stop it. But as the death toll climbs, she realizes finding a cure is more complicated than she thought.
With Portland about to descend into chaos, Allie Beckstrom needs to find a way to purify the wells of tainted magic beneath the city. But the only options left to her are grim: attempt to close down magic forever or follow her father's plan to set magic into the right hands - even though she's learned to never trust his word. Now Allie will have to make a choice and face the darkness of her own deepest fears before time runs out for them all....
We all have hard days - the kind that make us want to give up, retreat inside ourselves, and drown our sorrows in a pint of ice cream. And while we may crave all sorts of things to ease the pain we feel, what our hearts really need is to be filled up with truth. We need to be confident in God's character and his promises. We need to remember that we're loved no matter what. We need to know that we're going to be okay.
A masterful, intensely suspenseful novel about a reader whose obsession with a reclusive writer goes far too far - a book about the power of storytelling, starring the same trio of unlikely and winning heroes King introduced in Mr. Mercedes. "Wake up, genius." So begins King's instantly riveting story about a vengeful reader. The genius is John Rothstein, an iconic author who created a famous character, Jimmy Gold, but who hasn't published a book for decades.
"Will Patton is the BEST"
The folks in Mike Erikson's small New England town would say he's just your average, everyday guy. And that's exactly how Mike likes it. Sure, the life he's chosen isn't much of a challenge to someone with his unique gifts, but he's content with his quiet and peaceful existence. That is, until an old friend presents him with an irresistible mystery, one that Mike is uniquely qualified to solve.
"Especially good if you've already read "14""
When a series of passenger airplanes crashed in Elizabeth, New Jersey, within a three-month period in 1951-1952, Judy Blume was a teenager. "These events have lingered in my mind ever since," says Blume. "It was a crazy time. We were witnessing things that were incomprehensible to us as teenagers. Was it sabotage? An alien invasion? No one knew, and people were understandably terrified."
Like an urban Dian Fossey, Wednesday Martin decodes the primate social behaviors of Upper East Side mothers in a brilliantly original and witty memoir about her adventures assimilating into that most secretive and elite tribe. After marrying a man from the Upper East Side and moving to the neighborhood, Wednesday Martin struggled to fit in. Drawing on her background in anthropology and primatology, she tried looking at her new world through that lens, and suddenly things fell into place.
Captain Dominika Egorova of the Russian Intelligence Service (SVR) has returned from the West to Moscow and the Center, the headquarters of her service. She finds things worse than when she left. She despises the men she must serve, the oligarchs and crooks and thugs of Putin's Russia. What no one knows is that Dominika is working for the CIA as Washington's most sensitive penetration of SVR and the Kremlin.
Awakening wounded in a darkened cell, their psychic abilities blocked, Aden and Zaira know they must escape. But when the lethal soldiers break free from their mysterious prison, they find themselves in a harsh, inhospitable landscape far from civilization. And they must survive. A shadowy enemy has put a target on the back of the Arrow squad - an enemy that cannot be permitted to succeed in its deadly campaign.
As the second book of the trilogy opens, the humans and Ildirans, having narrowly escaped annihilation at the hands of the Shana Rei and their robot allies in book one, are desperate to find a way to combat the black cloud of antimatter of the Shana Rei. The mysterious alien Gardeners, who had helped them previously, turn out to be a disaster in disguise and because of them, the world tree forests are again in danger.
For over a century, humans, dwarves, gnomes, and elves have lived together in relative peace. But times have changed, the uneasy peace is over, and now the races are fighting once again. The only good elf, it seems, is a dead elf. Geralt of Rivia, the cunning assassin known as The Witcher, has been waiting for the birth of a prophesied child. This child has the power to change the world - for good, or for evil.
A thousand worlds have opened, and the greatest land rush in human history has begun. As wave after wave of colonists leave, the power structures of the old solar system begin to buckle.
Logan spent two years paying for the mistakes he made. Now he's ready to start over. He has a great apartment, a good job, and plenty of women to distract him from his past. And one woman who is driving him to distraction...
"Not as good as the others but..."
Star-trading Clan Korval - known to Terrans as the Tree-and-Dragon Family and to the locals simply as the Dragon - has been convicted of crimes against the homeworld. No matter that one of the "crimes" consisted of saving the elitist planet of Liad from very real internal threats, the Council of Clans wanted Korval heads to roll. Unfortunately for the council, the Dragon's allies conspired to impose a milder punishment for saving the world: banishment rather than execution.
"Korval on Surebleak, many story lines progress"
Hawkin Play, the bad-boy rock star with a good-guy heart, has lived a lifetime of cleaning up after his twin brother's mistakes. Hunter's most recent screwup could land Hawke in jail and risk the band's future. Hawke agrees to guest lecture at a local college to stay in the judge's good graces - and a bet with his bandmate to seduce his sexy teaching assistant is icing on the cake.
After harrowing adventure and near-death, Prince Jalan Kendeth and the Viking Snorri ver Snagason find themselves in possession of Loki's Key, an artefact capable of opening any door and sought by the most dangerous beings in the Broken Empire - including The Dead King. Jal wants only to return home to his wine, women, and song, but Snorri has his own purpose for the key: to find the very door into death, throw it wide, and bring his family back into the land of the living.
It's America in 1962. Slavery is legal once again. The few Jews who still survive hide under assumed names. In San Francisco the I Ching is as common as the Yellow Pages. All because some 20 years earlier the United States lost a war - and is now occupied jointly by Nazi Germany and Japan.
Divorce lawyer Victoria Slade has seen enough unhappy endings to swear off marriage forever. That doesn't mean she's opposed to casual dating - just not with her cocky new neighbor, who is as gorgeous and tempting as he is off-limits. But once she agrees to take on his sister's case, she's as determined to win as ever - even if that means teaming up with Ford....
November 1864: As the Civil War rolls into its fourth bloody year, the tide has turned decidedly in favor of the Union. A grateful Abraham Lincoln responds to Ulysses S. Grant's successes by bringing the general east, promoting Grant to command the entire Union war effort while William Tecumseh Sherman now directs the Federal forces that occupy all of Tennessee.
Justine Ezarik has been tech obsessed since unboxing her family's first Apple computer. By sixth grade she had built her first website. A decade later she became one of the Internet's first - and most popular - "lifecasters", inviting people around the world to watch her every move 24 hours a day, seven days a week. But it was a one-minute video about an itemized AT&T bill that gave Justine her first taste of viral success.


text: Private fastpitch hitting and or pitching lessons. I have 14 years of expierence and have coached everything from tee-ball to 18 gold. I have helped several girls make it to college and I can help your daughter as well. I charge $25 for half hour of hitting or pitching or $40 for an hour. Give me a call: Coach Larry 951-743-1379.


text:
Norfolk County Cricket Club
|This article needs additional citations for verification. (May 2013)
|Norfolk County Cricket Club
|George Walker
|Home ground:
|Manor Park, Horsford
|Minor Counties wins:
|5 (including 2 shared)
|MCCA Trophy wins:
|Official website:
|Norfolk CCC
Norfolk County Cricket Club is one of the county clubs which make up the Minor Counties in the English domestic cricket structure, representing the historic county of Norfolk and playing in the Minor Counties Championship and the MCCA Knockout Trophy.
The club played all its home matches in 2006 and 2007 at Manor Park, Horsford[1] but the Common, North Runcton, King's Lynn is also sometimes used.[2]
The Minor Counties play three-day matches at a level below that of the first-class game. At present, Norfolk competes in the Eastern Division of the Minor Counties Championship.
- Minor Counties Championship (3) - 1905, 1910, 1913; shared (2) - 1895, 2002
- MCCA Knockout Trophy (5) - 1986, 1997, 2001, 2005, 2009
Earliest cricket[edit]
Cricket may have reached Norfolk by the end of the 17th century. The earliest reference to cricket in the county is dated 1745.
The first county match was Norfolk v Suffolk at Bury St Edmunds Race Course on Thursday 23 August 1764, which was won by Norfolk. This was reported in the Gazetteer & London Daily Advertiser on Tuesday 28 August. More games against Suffolk followed.
Origin of club[edit]
A number of county organisations existed in the 18th and 19th centuries. The present club was founded on 14 October 1876.
Club history[edit]
The first major Norfolk club of the 19th century was that based at Holt and the Norfolk v MCC match of 1820, in which William Ward made a then world record score of 278, was in fact the Holt Club with E. H. Budd, Thomas Vigne and Felix Ladbroke as given men. This was a "borderline" match in terms of its status but, because of its historical importance it is rated a major cricket match. In any case, the addition of the three given men raised the standard of the Holt/Norfolk team above the general run of Holt matches. The Holt club declined from the mid-1820s.
After that, the centre of county cricket was Norwich and a prominent club was founded there on 11 January 1827. For a few seasons, prior to Fuller Pilch's departure for Kent about 1835, Norfolk could put a fairly strong eleven into the field. Their only major county opponent, however, was Sheffield Cricket Club (playing as Yorkshire) whom they played five times: in 1833, 1834 (twice), 1835 and 1836.
Apart from the games against Yorkshire, the main opponents of the Norwich/Norfolk team were Bury/Suffolk and MCC. Norfolk played Cambridge Town Club (aka Cambridgeshire) in the 1840s but Norfolk generally fared very poorly and by 1852 the county had ceased to play even MCC.
After the present club was founded in 1876, the county did not again aspire to major status and it joined the Minor Counties Championship when it was formed in 1895. It missed the 1896 season, and also did not compete in 1902 and 1903, but otherwise has remained at that level ever since.
Norfolk has won the Minor Counties Championship five times, two of them shared. It won the first Championship in 1895, sharing with Durham and Worcestershire. It won outright in 1905, 1910 and 1913. Its most recent success was a shared title with Herefordshire in 2002.
Norfolk has won the MCCA Knockout Trophy a record five times since its inception in 1983. It won in 1986, 1997, 2001, 2005 and 2009.
First-class players[edit]
The following Norfolk cricketers also played first-class cricket:
- Fuller Pilch
- Legh Barratt
- John Dolignon
- Michael Falcon
- Bill Edrich
- John Edrich
- Geoff Edrich
- Eric Edrich
- Michael Barton
- Henry Blofeld
- Peter Parfitt
- Clive Radley
- Martin Saggers
- Paul Taylor
See also List of Norfolk CCC List A players
Current squad[edit]
The Norfolk squad for the 2011 season comprised the following players:
- George Walker (captain)
- Sam Arthurton
- Chris Borrett
- Paul Bradshaw
- Chris Brown
- Keiran Bunting
- Harry Bush
- Luke Caswell
- Michael Eccles
- Stephen Gray
- Peter Lambert
- Carl Rogers
- Darren Smith
- James Spelman
- Oli Stone
- Trevor Ward
- Matthew Warnes
- Michael Warnes
- Aaron Watson
- Ashley Watson
- ^ Fixture list in Playfair Cricket Annual, 2006.
- ^ Norfolk CCC website
External sources[edit]
Further reading[edit]
- Rowland Bowen, Cricket: A History of its Growth and Development, Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1970
- E W Swanton (editor), Barclays World of Cricket, Guild, 1986
- Playfair Cricket Annual – various editions
- Wisden Cricketers' Almanack – various editions


text:
Originally Posted by silentworld
So is the price increase for Japanese market only as well? Anyone heard anything from B&H on the coming pricing increase?
Fuji film price has just been increased in the US a few months ago. 35mm Velvia 50 is now $8.59 per roll, up from around $6 in 2011 (according to my not so reliable memory). I would hate to see it up by another 25%, which means that the same Velvia will be sold at $10.74, almost doubling from a couple of years ago.
It should be japan only, since the yen fell quite a bit in value over the last year and they should recoup that. Silver has been constant and with the down-turn in the economy so should be the other raw materials.


text:
Just how good is..
The stock air induction set up in the 2012?
I hear it is pretty good and that if I added a k&n cai, it wouldnt do that much. Is this true, and if it is true, I would probably go and put a flowmax system on it instead.
Please help with any info you have!
KN 63 added 15hp and 17tq to the wheels on thier dyno. http://www.knfilters.com/dynocharts/63-1561_dyno.pdf. The stocker is good and some don't even put a full CAI on. Just the drop in. I went with the KN 63 and I love it
BlueRamMan; you are exactly correct in saying the stock airbox system in your 2012 Ram is very good if not better than most aftermarket CAI's. And until the conclusion of SEMA by mid Nov., when other tuner companies come forward besides BullyDog or Diablo deciphering the PCM/TCM encryption, a stock airbox will work perfectly with the OE programming. I still believe a K&N drop in style filter element flows air better than the paper element as physically proven by all the displays at practically every car show or local parts store. But it is what you want in your truck and believe in man.
See, thats what I was thinking. Why spend $300 or so, when the stocker is a good design? I could put that $ towards a exaust and have a better sounding, less restrictive, system.
I can get a drop in K&N for $55, but i'm wondering, how much extra power does just a filter give?
I looked at the link for the dyno chart for the cai from K&N and was impressed, but I wonder how much of that is due to just the filter..
man,SOOOOO many decisions.
Heres my other problem, if I get a tuner down the road when one comes out, will it be necessary to actually have the cai?
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text:
Find us on:
A space all about Strategy Games, Congkak Game, Kids Games – SPMGAMES
Established in 1976, SPM Syarikat Permainan (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd. is the largest, multi award winning indoor game manufacturer in Malaysia. Presently, SPM produces over sixty range of games and sells over 300,000 sets annually. Our games range from strategy games to classic games to modernised traditional games like congkak. We have popular kids games like Snakes & Ladders and Compendium of Games which are all time favourites.
It is estimated that approximately 10 million Malaysians has played an SPM game at least once in their lifetime. In its continuing endeavor to remain as the game market leader, Research & Development plays an important role in the company to create fresh new games and innovate existing ones.
Beginning of a New Game
SPM Syarikat Permainan (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd. was founded on 26th June 1976 by Perak born inventor Ting Sie Bing. Ting turned his hobby into a successful profit generating enterprise, gaining worldwide recognition in the process. Constantly looking for new ideas and concepts, Ting stumbled upon what would be his flagship product whilst working as an instructor for a government industrial training institute.
One day, he noticed a few of his colleagues using the English word game SCRABBLE® to play in Bahasa Melayu (BM). They were struggling and found that there were a lot of unused tiles at the end of the game. Ting pondered over this and concluded that the frequency of alphabets used in the English SCRABBLE® could not be used when playing the game in BM. For example, the letter 'A' appears three times more frequently in BM than it does in English.
Recognising the need for a BM version of the popular English word game, Ting started to develop the BM version, studying a BM dictionary to determine the frequency of the alphabets needed for a successful BM edition. Working part time, it took Ting four years to research the gaming requirements required for a BM version of the English word game. Ignoring the whispers and comments of those around him who thought that he was eccentric at best, Ting developed the hugely successful SAHIBBA® and SPM Syarikat Permainan (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd was born.
Today, SPM's range of board games consist in the strategy games, classic games, kids games, get-together games, word games and many more.
Media Archives
Strategy Games|Malaysia Congkak Game|Kids Games
© Copyright SPM Syarikat Permainan (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd. All rights reserved.


text:
Cabinet clears a set of proposals for amendments to Constitution
Sri Lanka President Mahinda Rajapaksa is to hold talks on Monday with a delegation of the main opposition party United National Party (UNP) on the proposed amendments to the 1978 Constitution.
Leader of the Opposition and chief of UNP Ranil Wickremesinghe on Saturday met Mr. Rajapaksa on his invitation and discussed the subject.
Last month, a Cabinet meeting chaired by Prime Minister D.M. Jayaratne had approved a set of proposals for amendments to the Constitution, including removal of the two-term bar on the office of the President.
The UNP had earlier shown its opposition to amending the provision in the current Constitution for one person to hold the office of executive presidency for more than two terms.
Some of the constituents of the ruling combine led by Mr. Rajapaksa are also opposed to the idea of removing the restriction on a person holding the office of the President for more than two terms.
There is consensus among all parties on the need for major amendments to the Constitution ever since they were made by the then President, J.R. Jayewardene.
However, when both the main parties led the governments there was no movement on amendments to the Constitution as they could not muster the necessary two-thirds majority.
According to local media reports, in the course of their meeting on Saturday, Mr. Rajapaksa agreed to look into the proposal for an executive Prime Minister. All parties agreed to the proposition that under the present Constitution the office of the President is not only too powerful but also is not accountable to Parliament.
It is immediately not clear if the amendments would be confined only to the office of the President and conferring more powers on the Prime Minister who would be accountable to Parliament. There is also a proposal for creation of an upper house.
After the April general election, the ruling combine led by Mr. Rajapaksa secured two-thirds majority and with the help of smaller groups should be in a position to push through amendments to the Constitution.
Consultations with TNA
In recent weeks, the Sri Lanka President has also been engaged in consultations with political parties representing minorities including the Tamil National Alliance (TNA) which bagged majority of the seats in the northern and eastern provinces.
Unlike the main parties in the island nation, the TNA and other parties representing the minorities would like the focus of the statute amendments to be on empowerment of provinces. Mr. Rajapaksa has been under pressure to fully and faithfully implement the 13th amendment to the Constitution, incorporated after the 1987 Indo-Lanka Accord that deals essentially with delegation of powers to the provinces and promotion of Tamil as a national language.
Keywords: Mahinda Rajapaksa, United National Party, UNP, Ranil Wickremesinghe, constitutional amendment


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I love my new Amana dishwasher! It does an amazing job of cleaning even though I never pre-rinse anything, not even pots and pans. Everything comes out sparkling clean. And I love the...Read complete review
I love my new Amana dishwasher! It does an amazing job of cleaning even though I never pre-rinse anything, not even pots and pans. Everything comes out sparkling clean. And I love the silverware basket because it has a separate slot for each item. I never have to worry about the skinny handles of my silverware slipping through and preventing the spinning of the spray mechanism (which used to happen all the time in my last dishwasher). And, it's nice and quiet.
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Cleans a whole lot better than my old dishwasher!
This new dishwasher isn't noisy! As long as I follow the directions: 1. run the hot water faucet until the water is really hot before starting the dishwasher; 2. put a cup...Read complete review
This new dishwasher isn't noisy! As long as I follow the directions: 1. run the hot water faucet until the water is really hot before starting the dishwasher; 2. put a cup of vinegar in the bottom tray; 3. use the jet dry... The dishes come out clean, even if there was dried food on them, & mostly dry. I don't know if the drying heat isn't high enough, as the utensils and the door are still wet at the end of the cycle. I have no way to make the highest setting hotter. The model I bought has no side panel; a friend will figure out a way to attach the one from my old dishwasher, which I saved, as there is a space between the dishwasher and the fridge. And, this one requires having a filter in the bottom taken out and cleaned out every so often. Perhaps these are reasons why this model had a better (lower) price tag. So I would recommend it for price, quietness and cleaning power, with my comments.
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Amana Energy Star
By Lainie
from Sun City, Az.
Comments about Amana 24" Stainless Built-In Dishwasher:
My new Amana dishwasher is so quiet and does a great job of cleaning the dishes. Very pleased with my purchase.
Bottom Line Yes, I would recommend this to a friend
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wonderfully simple!!!
By cappy8
from Tucson, Arizona
Old one flooded Easter Sunday morning! By Monday morning I had my new dishwasher running. It is perfect for my casita in the Arizona desert! It fits with my décor, it is easy to run and I could not be happier with it. I am a handicapped senior and the simplicity and design of this model meets all my needs!!!!!
Much Better!
By lev48
from Ooltewah, TN, United States
We love the new dishwasher from Amana. It's much quieter than our old one, and the dishes are very clean and streak free! We love the individual holders for the silverware, and the clips on the top racks to hold lighter weight items. It is very quiet that you don't notice it running at all. Love it and keep up the good work Amana!!
So far so good!
By Kenny P
from Memphis, TN, United States
So far so good. I like the button lock feature, keeps my 2 yr old from starting the dish washer. I also like the delayed start, I can set the delay so that the washer runs at night. washer is fairly quiet for its price range.
So quiet
By Griswald542
from Fall River, MA, United States
I bought this last month and I am extremely satisfied. Great price, easy installation. Replaced a dishwasher I had for twenty years and I can't believe how quiet it is. Dishes look great and my electric rate is already showing a savings. Amana makes my life easier.
Love my dishwasher...especially the price!
By bobbiem
from Ogden, Utah
Very spacious, quiet, and looks great in my newly remodeled kitchen. This is the first dishwasher I have ever owned. My daughter is jealous that her dishwasher is not as nice as mine. The only thing I wish the dishwasher had was a way to see how much time is left in the wash cycle.
By BUfan
from Iowa, United States
I bought this dishwasher 2 weeks ago, and while it cleans well, it doesn't dry very well, and it doesn't hold very many dishes compared to our old (22 years) dishwasher that recently died. Also, it takes nearly 2 hours to run a normal cycle.
Bottom Line No, I would not recommend this to a friend
A Great Worker
By Pennyfran
from Silver Spring, MD, United States
I am happy we chose this dishwasher. It gets the dishes really clean and is easy to load and unload. I like the fact I can load in tall and big items - it is so convenient not to have to wash them by hand. And I also like the quietness when it is running - can barely hear it. Overall and really good buy.
By tucsonjs
from Tucson, AZ
Amana Dishwasher
By Myrna
from Necedah, WI
We had to get another dishwasher as the old one was over 10 years old and was not draining all of the water out. Amana is a great name and dependable product name. My husband does not buy off brand stuff as he does depend on the name brand. We are very happy with this product and would buy another one if and when this one breaks down. We also get great service from the business that we bought the dishwasher from.
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Kraft Foods says there is a shortage of Velveeta cheese. It's a staple for queso-eating football fans, who are left wondering what will be on the menu for game day. For more, host Michel Martin speaks with Adrian Miller, author of Soul Food.
Source: NPR
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Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC) (cont.)
Medical Author:
Benjamin Wedro, MD, FACEP, FAAEM
Benjamin Wedro, MD, FACEP, FAAEM
Dr. Ben Wedro practices emergency medicine at Gundersen Clinic, a regional trauma center in La Crosse, Wisconsin. His background includes undergraduate and medical studies at the University of Alberta, a Family Practice internship at Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario and residency training in Emergency Medicine at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center.
Medical Editor:
Bhupinder S. Anand, MBBS, MD, DPHIL (OXON)
Bhupinder S. Anand, MBBS, MD, DPHIL (OXON)
Dr. Anand received MBBS degree from Medical College Amritsar, University of Punjab. He completed his Internal Medicine residency at the Postgraduate Institute of medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India. He was trained in the field of Gastroenterology and obtained the DPhil degree. Dr. Anand is board-certified in Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology.
In this Article
Can primary biliary cirrhosis be prevented?
Since the cause of the disease is not known, it is not possible to prevent PBC. However, medications may be able to slow the progression of the disease and control the symptoms.
Should a person develop PBC, all attempts should be made to prevent further potential damage. This may include limiting alcohol intake, avoiding the use of medications that contain acetaminophen (Tylenol, Panadol), and cholesterol lowering agents.
What is the prognosis for someone with primary biliary cirrhosis?
PBC is a progressive disease that can be controlled but not cured. The prognosis depends upon a variety of factors including whether the patient has symptoms (especially fatigue), liver function test abnormalities, and whether the patient has undergone treatment with medication or has required liver transplantation.
Advances in treatment have extended the life expectancy in the past many years. The average survival of a patient with PBC who is asymptomatic is 16 years, while that of patients with symptoms is 7 1/2 years.
REFERENCE: Dancygier, H. Clinical Hepatology. Springer 2010.
Medically Reviewed by a Doctor on 4/23/2014
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Primary Biliary Cirrhosis - Experience Question: Please share your experience with PBC.
Primary Biliary Cirrhosis - Symptoms Question: What symptoms did you experience with PBC?
Primary Biliary Cirrhosis - Diagnosis Question: Please share your experience with the diagnosis of PBC.
Primary Biliary Cirrhosis - Complications Question: What complications have you experienced with PBC?


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Beyonce trip to Cuba 'hypocritical' – senator
More News from Associated Press
WASHINGTON – A Republican senator said entertainers Beyonce and Jay-Z missed a chance while in Cuba to see firsthand the effects of political oppression.
Florida Sen. Marco Rubio called their recent trip "hypocritical" and he took issue with the U.S. government's approval of the visit as a cultural mission.
Beyonce and Jay-Z marked their wedding anniversary in Havana last week.
U.S. citizens aren't allowed to travel to Cuba for mere tourism, though they can obtain licenses for academic, religious, journalistic or cultural exchange trips. These people-to-people licenses were reinstated under the Obama administration.
Rubio, a Cuban-American, says such trips provide money to the Castro government to oppress the Cuban people.
Rubio discussed the trip during interviews Sunday on CNN's "State of the Union," ABC's "This Week" and NBC's "Meet the Press."
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text: This French family lives in an ice-locked boat in northern Canada #media-watch#international#lil kids#outdoors January 16 | Offbeat Editors Eric Brossier and family — photo by Eric Brossier. Many thanks to Hailey, who shared this article about a French family living in an ice-locked yacht with their three and a five-year-old: This is the second year the family has spent in Grise Fiord, but Brossier and his family are no strangers to living on a boat in the Arctic. They also spent five years on a boat near Spitsbergen, which is an island near Norway. Brossier's eldest daughter was only 12 days old when her parents first brought her on board. "Our neighbours were really the polar bears. I think we saw 800 polar bears in five years so it was not many people," he said. Last winter, they were 50 kilometres away from the community and only went to town once a month or so for supplies. This year, they're right in the town. 'Our neighbours were really the polar bears. I think we saw 800 polar bears in five years, so it was not many people.' —Eric Brossier He said they prefer this life to a bustling city life they would have back home in Europe. "We live here without any agenda and without any tight schedule. When you start something you have time to finish it," he said. "Of course there are some things we cannot do. We miss mainly our families but we are already with our own little family… and it's easier nowadays to keep in touch with Skype and the internet." You can read the rest of the article here! Reporter Name * Reporter Email * Original text Enter the original text here. Edited text* Enter your suggested copyedit here. Notes You can add a note for the editor here. * Required information. Fix Typo PREVIOUS Surviving toddlerhood: sleep training, meal negotiating, and discovering How It Really Is NEXT A family photo session served with lots of yellow and a hand-drawn lighthouse


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Death of Gloucester police dog leads to call for mandatory 5-tear-termIn the aftermath of last week's killing of an on-duty Gloucester Township police dog by robbery suspect, Sen. Fred Madden and Assemblyman Paul Moriarty (both D-Camden and Gloucester) have introduced legislation to punish such acts with a mandatory five-year jail term.
Schultz, a 3.5-year-old German shepherd owned by Gloucester's police force was part of a 100-officer manhunt for a robbery suspect on the night of Nov. 30. After tracking down the suspect, Schultz latched onto the man's arm. According to police, the suspect then purposely flung the dog into oncoming traffic on Route 42 in an attempt to escape his grip. Schultz was hit by a passing car and died shortly after.
"Schultz gave his life doing exactly what he was trained to do - hunt down criminals and help his human handlers arrest them so they could be brought to justice," Madden said Tuesday. "Schultz died a hero. Targeting and killing a police dog should be viewed no less harshly than directly assaulting a police officer."
"Dogs that assist law enforcement are valuable allies in the fight against crime," Moriarty said. "This dog was doing nothing more than his job serving and protecting the public. They deserve legitimate protection against abuse, and those who abuse them need to face severe punishment."Under the bill (S-2541/A-3602) – named "Schultz's Law" in honor of the canine - people found guilty of killing a police dog or a dog engaged in a search and rescue operation would receive a mandatory minimum five-year prison term, with no eligibility for parole, and a $15,000 fine.
Killing a police or search and rescue dog currently is a third-degree crime and carries penalties of between three to five years in prison and fines of up to $15,000.
The lawmakers noted that Schultz was well-known throughout Gloucester, where he was a fixture at police presentations to schools and local organizations. He lived with his handler, Cpl. Mark Pickard, and his family.
"Schultz was more than a dog to his community," Moriarty said. "He was a friend, protector and an asset to all law-abiding citizens. This law will ensure he and his fellow K-9 officers have strong protections against those who shirk society's rules."
The bill has been referred to the both the Senate and Assembly Law and Public Safety committees for consideration.


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text:
Rating: 5 stars 2 2 reviews
Issues: Arts & Culture
Location: 582 Market Street Suite 213 San Francisco CA 94104 USA
Programs: MuST offers teacher training and free consulting to help teachers place music in the core curriculum and to help schools start new programs that are resistant to budget cutbacks and to enrich schools with new and reinvigorated music and arts programs. Adopt an Instrument is the original, year-round instrument donation program. This widely emulated recycling program provides roughly $150,000 of instruments to Bay Area schools and comunity centers annually. A new on-line collaboration with Excess Access now conects school programs everywhere with people who wish to donate instruments. Achieving Through Music provides music therapists and programs to extremely at-risk youth, trains educators in basic therapy techniques, and documents the resulting change in student behavior. An example of its effectiveness: after one year's intervention, students who received services have improved their attendance and academic performance by more than 50%. Understanding Cultures pioneers cutting-edge curriculum and research. Understanding Cultures teaches literacy, social studies and other core curricula through world music. After sucdessful pilot programs in Oakland and San Francisco, this program will be available to all Bay Area schools this Spring. The Big Music Lesson offers 4,000 young people a basic introduction to music with interactuve performances at San Francisco Davies Symphony Hall and Oakland's Calvin Simmons Theater. The Big Music Lesson provides curriculum, classroom demonstrations, post-performance activities and wrap-up evaluation. The program will be offered annually around the state in March, to celebrate Music in Our Schools Month. mustcreate.org is designed to be a national forum for young eople engaged in music and the arts. It lists internships and music camps for students, and will soon provide one-stop shopping for adults looking for currriculum and other arts education resources. I will showcase young people's original work and connect students with celebrity mentors and other business professionals through e-mail. It will featurte a job board for students and educators natioanlly.
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Community Reviews
Just wanted to share and say what a wonderful experience I had working with MUST. The staff was incredibly attentive to our After School Program's needs, and selected a music teacher that was a wonderful match for our community.
More Feedback
I've personally experienced the results of this organization in...
Seeing the fun the children have in the music class
If I had to make changes to this organization, I would...
Not make any changes.
1 person found this review helpful
MUST programs, designed for tough times, are extremely cost-effective, as we constantly weight cost-of-service against impact. We emphasize teacher training as well as providing teaching artists, and we avoid "break-out" classes, which can be more easily cut than programs that are integrated into the school curriculum.
We teach teachers how to integrate music into all subjects through basic musical concepts like rhythm and melody, and how to use simple rhythm instruments. Then we help them to make the connections between music and other curricula. For instance, we teach children songs about ecology, to observe in a garden setting and to set their observations to music.
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I've personally experienced the results of this organization in...
I've personally experienced the results of this organization in turning around the lives of at-risk children and youth. The Achieving Through Music program combines discipline with opportunities to cooperate, lead and teach, so students build self-confidence and life skills while improving attendance, grade point average, and avoiding violence.
If I had to make changes to this organization, I would...
Make it available nationally. One of the wonderful things about this time is the rise of electronic communication, making it possible to teach from a distance, and to involve constituents in advocating for music education at local, state and national levels.


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First, I would rather not have a discussion about the movie or the politics surrounding it, if there are any. I am interested in the scenery.
I recently watch, "Lone Survivor", which was decent, but the scenery was fantastic. I figure that the super rugged scenes were filmed on the WEST (not east as originally and incorrectly written) side of the Sandia Mountains, as they did not look like the Sangres. Does anyone know or recognize the mountains where they filmed the majority of the higher elevation scenes that were supposed to be around the village, and up near tree line when they were leaving, but before the fighting?
I read this was filmed in the Sangre De Cristo Mountains outside of Santa Fe. It looked a lot more rugged and impressive than I expected, but that can happen in a movie. Otherwise, I have no idea where they were, nor do I recognize peaks, since I am not familiar with that area.