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To be fair, Gone with the Wind was not The Birth of a Nation. Rather, 'Negroes,' the polite word by which Blacks were known then, were portrayed in the former film as good people as long as they knew their place, which happened to be slavery before the Civil War and serving in the O'Hara household afterwards. Even the bumbling slave girl Prissy ('I don't know nothin' 'bout birthin' babies') comes across as more or less benign; she, after all, isn't clamouring for freedom or joining the Yankees.
It might come as a surprise, therefore, that Vivien Leigh, the actress who played the main character Scarlett O'Hara, may not have been purely 'White' as we understand the term. Although Leigh is generally described as British, she may actually have been part-Indian, from India.
Vivien Leigh was born Vivian Mary Hartley in Darjeeling, India, at a time when that country was under British rule. Her father was from Britain itself (Yorkshire), but her mother's origins are more mysterious. Leigh's maternal grandmother is believed to have been Irish; her Catholic religion seems to suggest this (statements that Vivien Leigh was half-French were in all probability fictitious, part of a ruse to make her further resemble the character she played in Gone with the Wind). Her maternal grandfather's surname is given as Yackjee, which is thought to be an Indian name. Vivien Leigh may therefore have been an Anglo-Indian.
Who are the Anglo-Indians? Anglo-Indians are people of mixed Indian and European background who, as a group, arose during India's days as a European colony. Anglo-Indians' European ancestry generally hailed from England itself, but some Anglo-Indians had forbears from other European countries that ruled (parts of) India, such as Portugal and the Netherlands, while others descended from Europeans who came to India along with the English, like the Irish. Most first-generation Anglo-Indians were born to White fathers and South Asian mothers rather than the opposite combination. In time, however, Anglo-Indians became a community in their own right, marrying within their group and distinguishing themselves from the Indian majority around them in areas like language (usually English) and religion (Christianity, mainly Catholicism or Anglicanism).
In many ways, the Anglo-Indians resembled other mixed communities in Asia, such as mestizos in the Philippines, Indos in Indonesia, and Anglo-Burmese in what is now Myanmar. Like the Anglo-Indians, these groups were born mostly from unions of European men and Asian women. They too tended to adopt the language and culture of their paternal as opposed to maternal ancestors. However, because Europeans were never a large numerical presence in Asia, mixed White-Asian communities were always a small percentage of the population in the countries in which they lived. Hence they did not have much influence on these nations as a whole. This was quite a different situation from that of the mestizos of Latin America, who eventually became the majority of that region's population and brought it into the Western fold (I discuss this in my previous essay 'Race Mixing and Westernization in Latin America and the Philippines.')
Anglo-Indians largely ceased to be a distinct community in India when that nation gained independence from Britain in the 1940s. Some historians theorize that being so much more European than South Asian in culture, Anglo-Indians felt they no longer had a place in a country that had broken off from the so-called motherland. Therefore, many Anglo-Indians left India, going to the United Kingdom itself or to Commonwealth countries like Australia and Canada. Some famous Anglo-Indians include comedian Russell Peters and singer Engelbert Humperdinck (not to be confused with the German composer of the opera Hansel and Gretel; the singer's name was a pseudonym of George Dorsey).
Going back to Vivien Leigh, the idea that the woman who played Scarlett O'Hara may not have been 100% White puts her role in Gone with the Wind in a different perspective. I know that, contrary to the beliefs of left- and right-wing ideologues alike, different minority groups do not necessarily love each other. I also know that relations between Blacks and South Asians have not always been easy, whether in Uganda under Idi Amin, in places with large numbers of both groups like Guyana or Trinidad and Tobago, and even in industrialized countries such as Britain or Canada. It is not even that Vivien Leigh's performance as the slave mistress who beats Prissy with a tree branch is less convincing. However, I do think it places my mother's description of Gone with the Wind as racist (i.e., in this case White Supremacist) in another light.
Another question: if Vivien Leigh was actually of mixed race, did that help her career in terms of the roles she received? She portrayed characters of various ethnicities, from (French or part-French) Southern belles like Scarlett O'Hara and Blanche DuBois in A Streetcar Named Desire to the title character in Anna Karenina (Russian) to Cleopatra (Egyptian of Greek origin) in Caesar and Cleopatra. Was Vivien Leigh perhaps a bit like Anthony Quinn (of Mexican and Irish descent), who managed to play a culturally diverse repertoire of characters? These are the many questions raised by Vivien Leigh, Anglo-Indian (?).]]>
Like many observers, Chris Alexander evidently views polygamy as a wrong against women. This view is shared by Russian-American journalist Cathy Young. In an article explaining why Western women are better-off than those in less affluent countries (her definition of 'West' is a bit ambiguous; for example, she does not consider Latin America to be Western despite its language, religion and legal systems stemming from Europe), she takes aim at 'Afrocentrists' for ignoring anti-feminist practices like polygamy and female genital mutilation in Africa. The Muslim-majority country of Tunisia in North Africa has been hailed as 'progressive' for having outlawed plural marriages in the 1950s. Polygamy is seen as a mark of male supremacy and gender inequality. But does polygamy really benefit men at the expense of women or harm women to the advantage of men? Perhaps more importantly, if polygamy is found to be detrimental to women, should it be made (or, in nations that have never permitted it, kept) illegal?
It should first be noted that even in places where polygamy1 is legal, only a minority of men actually have more than one wife at a time. The cost of supporting more than one spouse in addition to any resulting offspring is generally beyond the reach of most men. It is also doubtful whether, even if polygamy were legalized in, say, the United States, many people would practise it other than some Mormons or immigrants from countries where it is allowed by law.
Some research does show that women in polygamous marriages suffer psychologically compared to their monogamously married peers. According to one study from Syria, for example, women who shared a husband with another woman were more likely to experience 'depression, hostility, phobic anxiety, paranoid ideation and psychoticism,' among other things. Nonetheless, one could argue that while marriage at the age of 19 is hardly a great idea – spouses in their teens have a dramatically higher divorce rate than those who marry in their 20s and beyond – for either men or women, it still is legal and will in all probability remain so.
Now to the crux of the matter: does polygamy really benefit men, as a whole, to the detriment of women? There are not, as far as I am aware, studies on the psychological well-being of men in plural marriages compared to their counterparts with one spouse. Even if, however, males in polygamous unions were found to be better-off, this would be primarily to the disadvantage not of women but of the men left without any wife at all. One exception would be in a time and/or place with a highly uneven sex ratio, with far more females than males. Interestingly, the few times polygamy was legalized – in both cases temporarily – in the West occurred once in Germany and another time in Paraguay following wars in which large numbers of men died in battle. One pro-polygamy Christian website claims that plural marriages would guarantee every woman a husband in the face of many men shunning marriage altogether. The 'marriage-phobic male,' though, seems to be a bit of a cliché: most actual surveys show men as likely as women to want to get married. Therefore, polygamy is unlikely to benefit men as a group beyond a select few.
The final question: should polygamy, or the admittance of polygamous immigrants, be allowed? I can't say I have any absolutist opinions on the matter. Although I recognize the potential harms of polygamy to both women and men, I doubt permitting plural marriage would result in a rush of men clamouring to wed more than one wife. On the other hand, as the above-mentioned Cathy Young says in another essay, legalizing polygamy would change the nature of matrimony much more than, for instance, same-sex marriage. I'm inclined to answer 'no' to my final question. Yet I really can't argue that on the grounds that polygamy would present a danger exclusively to women.
1. For the purpose of this essay, 'polygamy' will refer to 'polygyny,' the marriage of one man to more than one woman, not 'polyandry,' the (much rarer practice of) marriage of one woman to more than one man.]]>
What was most remarkable about John Tory's campaign was that despite his past as a leader of the Conservative Party, he received endorsements from a number of capital-l Liberals. They included Ontario Member of Provincial Parliament Mitzie Hunter, federal MP Arnold Chan, and others. Tory also enjoyed support from many so-called 'ethnics' in Toronto, such as Hunter, who is Black, and her colleague in provincial cabinet Michael Chan (relationship to Arnold Chan uncertain – the last name 'Chan' among Chinese is like 'Smith' among Anglo-Saxons). The local Toronto paper the Caribbean Camera, which speaks for people from the Caribbean of all races (Blacks but Chinese and East Indians as well), went a step further and recommended in an editorial that readers vote for John Tory. Tory got a more cautious but definitive endorsement from the Italian-Canadian daily Corriere Canadese. The Corriere described him as the best person for the job on hand. Although some said it was in ethnic minorities' self-interest to vote for Olivia Chow, her low percentage at the polls suggested members of the city's cultural communities felt differently. (Perhaps in addition the 'ethnics' did not like being told they didn't 'know what's good for them.')
I also believe that John Tory's moderate conservatism appealed to a considerable number of Torontonians. He has been called 'socially liberal, fiscally conservative.' It's a label sometimes scoffed at by self-described progressives. For example, in an article about Tory in the Toronto Star, feminist leader Judy Rebick questioned whether one could be liberal solely from a social angle when 'most inequality is due to the conservative restructuring of the economy.' Toronto voters, like the 'ethnics,' seemed to think otherwise, however. In other words, they might appreciate a mayor who will march in the Gay Pride Parade, which Mayor Rob Ford always found an excuse not to do, but who won't raise taxes arbitrarily. Interestingly, one of the people who expressed happiness at Tory's victory was Ontario (Liberal) Premier Kathleen Wynne, an open lesbian.
Personally, I did not vote in these elections. There was no one candidate I could say I really 'believed in' enough to support. If I had been forced to vote, though, I most likely would have chosen John Tory. His low-key conservatism would have appealed to me. That is why, as I've mentioned in some of my other articles, I've generally veered between the Liberals and Conservatives at the ballot box. Like the writer in the Italian-Canadian paper, I believe Tory is the right person for the job. Let us hope he does well in his new role.]]>
Seeing him looking so at home in his surroundings, it was hard to believe that Bill de Blasio once bore the name of Warren Wilhelm. Born to a German-American father and mother of Italian descent, in 1983 he had his named changed to Warren de Blasio-Wilhelm. He eventually dropped both the 'Warren' and the 'Wilhelm' in 2002 and just became known as Bill de Blasio.
Personally, I find the metamorphosis of Bill de Blasio from Warren Wilhelm to a man who names his son Dante far more fascinating than his wife Chirlane McCray's transformation from an 'out' lesbian to a heterosexually married woman (I'd be much more intrigued by a gay man who 'straightened up' and wed a member of the opposite sex). One reason for Bill de Blasio's rejection of the Wilhelm surname may lie in his uneasy relationship with his father. Warren Wilhelm Sr., a World War II veteran, was apparently traumatized by his experiences on the battlefield and became an alcoholic (later committing suicide). His heavy drinking led to the break-up of his marriage when young Warren was only seven. After his parents' divorce, Warren Junior lived with his mother and spent much more time with her side of the family than with his father's.
Given the devastation that alcoholism can wreak on a family, Warren/Bill's desire to distance himself from his father is not difficult to understand. The fact that he had more to do with his Italian than German relatives might also have led him to identify with his mother's rather than father's ethnicity. Political expediency can't be ruled out either as an explanation for choosing the name de Blasio over Wilhelm. Although there are many people of German origin in the United States, Italian Americans are a far greater political force than German Americans are, especially in New York City. For example, on winning the elections, he tweeted 'Grazie ["thank you" in Italian] New York,' not 'Danke New York.'
A third possible reason for the New York City Mayor's name change may be the reality that in the Anglo-Saxon world, Italian names have always had a more glamorous aura than other 'ethnic' appellations. A look at Hollywood confirms this. For example, legendary Latin lover Rudolph Valentino was 'allowed' to keep his last name (with a minor change in the final syllable: his original surname was 'Valentina'). On the other hand, the Jewish Bernard Schwartz – whose last name derived from a German word meaning 'black' – became Tony Curtis. While the New York City political landscape may be a far cry from the pomp and circumstance of Hollywood, a touch of glamour would probably not have hurt Bill de Blasio's career either.
A final word on de Blasio's 'other' transformation: from Warren to Bill. In the end, he may not have completely disavowed his Teutonic heritage. Bill, or William, his childhood nickname, is of course the English equivalent of the German 'Wilhelm,' which may be either a first or a last name in Germany. But I think Bill de Blasio would prefer to be remembered as the fourth mayor of Italian descent in New York City.]]>
I personally voted Liberal in this election, as I did in the two previous ones at the provincial level. My general voting pattern is Liberal for the province, Conservative for the country as a whole, although there have been some exceptions and although I did not vote at all in the last two federal elections. As well, I chose the Liberals partly because I liked the representative in my area, Member of Provincial Parliament Dr. Eric Hoskins. He is a physician and, together with his wife (also a doctor), founded an organization to help children in war zones.
This is not to say I had no reservations about the Liberals. The gas plant cancellations in the cities of Oakville and Mississauga, for example, which cost Ontario taxpayers millions of dollars, remain a thorn in the Liberals' side, in my view, and it would be a relief to see the problem addressed once and for all.
Nonetheless, most Ontarians, like me, appeared to have concluded that the Liberals were the best choice in the existing circumstances or, at worst, the least of three or more evils (the three being the Liberals, Conservatives and NDP and the others being minor parties like the Greens and Libertarians). For one, neither NDP leader Andrea Horwath nor Conservative head Tim Hudak managed to convince voters to back them in great numbers. Even traditional Conservative supporters seemed puzzled by the mathematical logistics of Hudak's plan to create a million jobs while at the same time cutting 100,000 civil service positions. In a similar vein, Andrea Horwath baffled many when she failed to endorse the Liberals' latest budget, which had been described as the Liberals' most 'socialist,' and thus NDP-friendly, budget in a long time. She was also accused of alienating some NDP stalwarts by embracing what many saw as a right-wing agenda.
One thing that did not become a matter of great concern during the election was Premier Kathleen Wynne's sexuality. Wynne is a lesbian, in a relationship with another woman. The fact that Wynne's lesbianism never emerged as a hot issue may be a testament to Canadians' – and Ontarians' in particular – openness; it might also be due to the reality that, in an apparent reversal of the usual sexual double standard, lesbians have been subject to less persecution than gay men. For instance, in some countries, male homosexuality is a criminal offence while sexual relations between women are not. (This of course does not mean that lesbians have not or do not experience discrimination.)
One Toronto Spanish-language newspaper said that Wynne's election will bring 'four years of stable government.' Let us hope so and hope that Ontario's most pressing issues will be resolved.]]>
Jim Flaherty's legacy as federal finance minister both in the Stephen Harper government and previously at the Ontario provincial level under Premiers Mike Harris and, later, Ernie Eves was controversial. As Ontario Finance Minister, Flaherty raised hackles when he said that it should be illegal for people to sleep on the streets and that those who did should be directed either to a shelter, hospital, crisis intervention centre, or, if the individual were deemed to have engaged in illegal conduct, prison. Advocates for the homeless and even socially conservative (but in some respects politically liberal) columnist Michael Coren pounced on Flaherty, accusing him of 'wanting to jail the homeless.' My own take is that homelessness is a complex problem with no 'one size fits all' solution and that any solution to the issue has to take into account the high rate of mental illness among people living on the streets. I am not sure that sending constables to force the homeless off the streets, as Flaherty suggested, is a realistic solution – but perhaps nor is the idea among some liberals of building a 'tent city' for them.
Flaherty's approach to other social issues similarly gave rise to many debates. For example, in the early 2000s when he was in the Conservative provincial government, Flaherty declared himself to be pro-life, or anti-abortion. He ran afoul of the pro-life movement later as federal finance minister, though, when he was perceived as being too 'gay-friendly' after hiring an openly gay chief of staff, Derek Vanstone, and praising Conservative strategist Jaime Watt, who had won an award from a gay rights organization. (I have to admit to a certain perplexity at much of the pro-life movement's obsession with homosexuality: being non-procreative, homosexual intercourse obviously doesn't contribute to any abortions.) It is not that Flaherty was particularly pro-gay: in 2006, for instance, he voted in support of a motion to reopen the national debate on same-sex marriage, a bill that, if it had passed, would have put the future of gay marriage in danger. Yet his supposed 'gay-friendliness' and, in 2012, vote against a bill by Tory backbencher Stephen Woodworth to re-examine the question of when life began (under Canadian law now, at birth) basically alienated him from the organized anti-abortion movement.
Jim Flaherty's most memorable performance had to do not with abortion or homelessness but with the Canadian economy. Flaherty was credited in large part for getting Canada through the recession relatively unscathed – or at least less unscathed than many other countries. Nonetheless, many of his financial moves came under criticism. Journalist Thomas Walkom in the left-wing Toronto Star said that by condoning funding cuts to the CBC (Canadian Broadcasting Corporation), Jim Flaherty was 'part of a government determined to smash or cripple much of what makes Canada a liveable country.' On the other hand, disability rights advocates, who are generally seen as part of a 'progressive' cause, lauded Flaherty – one of whose children is disabled – for his financial measures in favour of people with disabilities and efforts to include them in mainstream society.
Jim Flaherty was perhaps a Conservative at the crossroads – a Conservative who must decide whether to be fiscally but not necessarily socially conservative or whether to embrace social conservatism as well. This appears to have been a dilemma not only for Flaherty but for the entire Conservative Party and even Prime Minister Stephen Harper as well. I think Flaherty ultimately chose the former course (to be fiscally but not socially conservative) and, for the most part, succeeded at it.]]>
Americans may have heard the term "Creole" to describe the language spoken by Haitian immigrants. (For the purpose of this essay, "Creole" in reference to a specific language will be capitalized; for a creole in general it will not.) Those who have studied French may discern some French words, or derivatives of French words, in Creole. This is hardly surprising; after all, Haiti was a colony of France and French is still its official language. Creole also has an African component, as most Haitians descend from slaves brought there from Africa to work on plantations. Haiti is not the only part of the world, though, whose inhabitants speak a creole as their mother tongue.
We might first address the question of how creoles originate. Creoles tend to emerge in areas where people of different linguistic backgrounds interact without having a language in common. Such places include slave or other agricultural plantations, military garrisons, and trading posts. These people use their mother tongue to communicate with their family and countrymen, but with others they employ what is called a pidgin. According to author Jared Diamond in the book The Third Chimpanzee, pidgins are primitive languages that consist largely of nouns, verbs and adjectives with few or no articles, auxiliary verbs, conjunctions or prepositions and no consistent grammar. However, the next generation, that is the children of pidgin speakers, goes a step further and develops a creole. Like a pidgin, a creole is made up of two or more linguistic components: a "superstrate," which is usually based on the language of the colonizers (such as French in Haiti and English in most former British colonies of the Caribbean), and a substrate, in general a native or slave language or languages. A creole is more advanced than a pidgin, having a more extensive vocabulary, a consistent grammar as well as the ability to express anything a regular language can, which a pidgin cannot. Creoles are nonetheless somewhat deficient in comparison to regular languages in that they lack things like verbal conjugations and plural forms of nouns (then again, those who have struggled with the Herculean task of conjugating Latin verbs might jump at the chance to study a less complex system).
As mentioned before, creoles have sprung up in many parts of the globe. The Caribbean and several islands off Africa whose populations descend from slaves are prime examples. In such cases, Africans of many different nationalities, plus their European masters, were thrown together and forced to come up with a language in which to communicate. The people of São Tomé e Principe and Cape Verde in the Atlantic speak a Portuguese-based creole, while those of Réunion and the Seychelles in the Indian Ocean use one derived from French. A Spanish creole called Chabacano developed in Zamboanga, the Philippines, around a military installation manned by Filipinos of various ethnicities,* Spaniards, and Native Americans and mestizos from the New World. A language called Cristão or Kristang (both corruptions of the word "Christian") is spoken by a small community in the Malaysian city of Malacca. A legacy of Portugal's rule in Malaysia, Kristang boasts a mainly Portuguese vocabulary but a grammar based on Malay.
Beyond the Caribbean, the New World has been relatively creole-deficient despite the coming together of different peoples there. A creole by the name of Palenquero did emerge in San Basilio in Northern Colombia, where it is still used by descendants of African slaves. Some scholars believe that San Basilio's isolation from mainstream Colombian society led to the development of Palenquero. In most other parts of Latin America, however, the process of Westernization was so thorough that other than small minorities of unmixed Indians nearly everyone speaks standard Spanish or, in Brazil, Portuguese.
The United States also witnessed the emergence of a few creoles. One example is Gullah on the South Sea Islands off the Atlantic coast. An English-based language with African elements, Gullah is spoken by descendants of Black slaves on the Islands and was featured in the film Daughters of the Dust. Louisiana and some of the neighbouring Southern states are home to a French creole developed by African slaves there. Across the Pacific Ocean in Hawaii, children of plantation workers from places as diverse as Puerto Rico, Japan, China, the Philippines and Portugal as well as Native Hawaiians formed an English-based creole that is still used by some people born in the early 1900s.
Despite the wide range of areas in which creoles sprung up, they have many features in common. Most lack verbal conjugations, put the auxiliary verb before the main one ("have worked" rather than "worked have"), and use the subject-verb-object order. As the first generation of creole speakers essentially invented the grammar from scratch yet managed to come up with similar grammars across time and place, some linguists, like Noam Chomsky and Derek Bickerton, speculate that the human brain may be "hardwired" for a certain grammar. Jared Diamond theorizes in addition that perhaps the difficulty young children face in learning the proper word order for asking questions ("Do you like John?" as opposed to "You like John?") stems from the fact that the former sentence goes against a pre-programmed creole-like subject-verb-object order.
Finally, what is the future of creoles? That of creoles used by the majority of a population (such as in Haiti or Cape Verde) seems secure. Others' future is more uncertain, especially when surrounded by speakers of other languages. For example, a Portuguese creole in Portugal's former colony of Damão and Diu in India is near extinction. Likewise, Palenquero is now mainly spoken by older people and is losing ground to Spanish. However, whether dead or alive, creoles have much to teach us about language, history and the relationships between different peoples.
* Remember that many native languages are spoken in the Philippines; Tagalog is the official one but not the mother tongue of all Filipinos.]]>
I was not surprised that the translation company mistook Portuguese for Spanish. After all, the two languages are very similar in vocabulary, grammar and syntax. They are both neo-Latin, or Romance, languages, as are Italian, French, Romanian, and a handful of non-national languages like Catalan and Provencal. Nonetheless, Portuguese and Spanish have some unique features that distinguish them from other Romance languages. For example, 'to eat' is 'mangiare' in Italian, 'manger' in French, and 'manca' in Romanian from the Latin word 'manducare,' whereas Spanish and Portuguese use 'comer' from 'comedere.' (Another language with these distinctions is the non-national Galician. Although spoken in the region of Galicia in Northwestern Spain, Galician is actually closer to Portuguese.)
Spanish and Portuguese both benefited from being spread around the globe by the transoceanic empires of Spain and Portugal, respectively. Starting in the 1400s, the two countries accumulated territory across much of the planet. Spain gained control of most of the Western hemisphere south of the Rio Grande along with Equatorial Guinea in Africa and the Philippines and Marianas islands (one of which is Guam) in the Pacific. Portugal on the other hand took Brazil, places in Africa like Angola and Mozambique plus the small islands of Cape Verde and Sao Tome e Principe, parts of Asia, and East Timor, an island located between Indonesia and Australia.
Nonetheless, over half a millennium later, a key difference in the two languages' trajectories stands out. Spanish is reported as having approximately 330 million native speakers, vying with English as either the second or third most widely spoken mother tongue in the world, depending on the source. Portuguese, though also on the top 10 list, only boasts a little over half that number.
What accounts for this discrepancy? First, Spain tended to conquer areas that were much more 'Westernizable' than Portugal did: namely, the Americas. The Western hemisphere was not very populated when the Spanish and Portuguese arrived there, and the native inhabitants were susceptible to diseases brought by Europeans to which they (the natives) had little or no immunity. Portuguese and Spaniards also came in large number to their Latin American colonies, bringing with them their language and general culture.
Africa and Asia presented a different picture. There White colonizers for the most part ran into densely populated societies that not only were immune to European diseases but often harboured illnesses from which the would-be invaders had little protection. One sixteenth-century Portuguese historian described the travails of his countrymen (I say 'countrymen' because most Spanish and Portuguese explorers and colonists were male) in sub-Saharan Africa as such: 'But it seems that for our sins, or for some inscrutable judgment of God, in all the entrances of this great Ethiopia we navigate along, He has placed a striking angel with a flaming sword of deadly fevers, who prevents us from penetrating into the interior to the springs of this garden.' Hence the Spanish and Portuguese had less incentive to settle in Africa or Asia than in Latin America. In any event, their chance of displacing the existing residents in the former two regions would have been much slimmer.
Thus with regard to language, Spanish had an advantage over Portuguese in that Spain's colonial possessions were concentrated in the Western hemisphere. The Spanish managed to transplant themselves plus their language and culture there with relative ease. Portugal in contrast had only Brazil in the Americas. Most of its other overseas territories were located in far less Europeanizeable regions. Not surprisingly, Spain failed to Hispanicize its one major Asian colony, the Philippines: most Filipinos speak a native language as their mother tongue despite 300 years of Spanish rule. In the same way, the ability of Portugal to spread its language to any great degree to its Asian outposts like Macau, Sri Lanka, or Goa, India, was limited.
Most of the Spanish spoken in the world today is standard Spanish. Portuguese, on the other hand, developed a number of creoles (not to be confused with capital 'c' 'Creole,' the native tongue of Haiti), a language based on two or more languages that serves as the native language of its speakers. The best-known Portuguese creole is that of Cape Verde off the West Coast of Africa. Cape Verdean creole is spoken by the majority of that nation's population, although standard Portuguese has official status. The majority of Portuguese creoles, however, are used by only a minority of inhabitants of the places in which they evolved; for example, speakers of Macanese, a Portuguese creole in Macau in China, are dwarfed by Cantonese speakers. Still others are in danger of dying out entirely, as in Portugal's former colony of Damão and Diu in India.
Spanish in comparison has few creoles. One, called Chabacano, emerged in the Southern Philippines around a military installation manned by Filipinos of various ethnicities and Spanish and Mexican soldiers. A creole by the name of Palenquero is still used by some descendants of African slaves in San Basilio in Northern Colombia. Overall, though, the process of Westernization was so thorough in Latin America that few creoles developed there. Other than small minorities of unmixed Indians, nearly all Latin Americans speak standard Spanish or, in Brazil, Portuguese.
Spanish remains the Iberian language, indeed the Romance language, with the largest number of speakers. At least in the near future, it seems it will stay that way. However, Portuguese is still an important language, and it might even prove to be more useful than Spanish in areas with a Portuguese colonial past, like Africa and parts of Asia. Still, at least in North America Spanish rather than Portuguese promises to remain the second language of choice for most students. Even so, don't downplay the importance of Portuguese in relation to Spanish- or consider studying both languages!]]>
The Charter of Quebec Values has given rise to a huge amount of controversy not only in Quebec and Canada but around the world. While they might not agree on much else, Canada's three major federal parties – the NDP, Liberals and Conservatives – have been unanimous in condemning Marois' proposal. Multiculturalism Minister Jason Kenney even showed a picture of himself on his Twitter account wearing a Sikh headscarf to show solidarity with the Sikh community, to whom the bill would deny the right to wear turbans in the workplace. In addition, thousands of people gathered in Montreal for a march to protest the Charter.
On the other hand, Marois' legislation has its supporters. A Leger Marketing poll last month, for example, found 57% of the province's residents to be in favour of the Charter of Quebec Values, with a higher percentage among Francophones (the majority of Quebec's population) than Anglophones. In the Globe and Mail, David Rand, president of the group Atheist Freethinkers,* wrote a piece titled 'Why a secular charter is good for Quebec,' explaining that the charter will 'establish a line of demarcation between… the freedom of religion of those who would display openly their allegiance to a particular religious community and… the freedom of conscience of others who should not be forced to be exposed to such displays from the state and its representatives.'
I personally lack strong feelings either way on the issue, perhaps because I do not live in Quebec and because my religion (Lutheran Christianity) does not obligate me to wear any specific symbols. In general, I tend to lean against the Charter. In my view, an employee of an institution does not represent the institution as a whole. The man with a (large) Star of David around his neck who sold me my prescription medication at Toronto General Hospital, for instance, does not mean that Toronto General is a Jewish hospital. Similarly, the teacher at my daughter's school who wears a small cross necklace – an item that would, incidentally, be permitted under the Charter of Quebec Values – does not teach at a Christian but at a public school. It might be different if the school had a crucifix on the wall or the hospital a Star of David on their front desk, but these items on an individual worker do not challenge the secularism of the institution itself. Also, although I find some of the charges of 'racism' and 'xenophobia' hurled by the anti-Charter crowd to be overblown, it does seem somewhat suspicious that a large crucifix, a clearly religious symbol, will be kept at the National Assembly in the name of 'tradition' while turbans, kippas, and hijabs are banned in public buildings.
One pro-Charter argument is that if one chooses to live in a place – in this case, Quebec – one must abide by that jurisdiction's legislation. For instance, if I decided to be a public school teacher in France, a country with a Catholic majority population but a longstanding separation of church and state, I would have to accept that I could not bring my large Hawaiian-made crucifix to class – even though when I did wear it in my younger days, it was to emulate my then-idol Madonna rather than express my religious faith. Again, my religion does not require me to wear a cross, but even in cases where a particular item, such as a turban for Sikh men, is a religious duty, the law of the land takes precedence.
A counterargument to this, of course, is that although Quebec is in some ways a separate jurisdiction from the rest of Canada, the province is receiving considerable transfer payments from other parts of the country. As a result, other Canadians – and the leaders of the country as a whole – have a legitimate basis for demanding at least some say in what the government of Quebec does. It is a bit like the question of publicly funded abortion: it is one thing to talk about the right to have an abortion; it is another to expect the taxpayers, some of whom may be vehemently opposed to the procedure, to pick up the tab for it. Therefore I do not see anything wrong with the Canadian federal government's decision to possibly challenge the Charter in court.
As with many other contentious issues, there is hysteria on both sides of the Charter of Quebec Values debate. One letter writer to the Toronto Star, for example, states that Premier Marois' proposal 'reeks of the onset of fascism and Nazism that was born in Europe in the 1920s and quickly led to chaos and the holocaust in the years to follow.' On the pro-Charter side, one commenter on a pro-secularism website stated that daycare workers who wore crucifixes were trying to convert their students to Christianity, as if wearing a cross around one's neck were equivalent to telling young children that 'Jesus is Lord' (which I would undoubtedly agree with Charter supporters has no place in a publicly funded childcare centre; a private religious one is another story). As I said before, however, I do not really have much personal stake in the charter. The outcome of the proposed legislation thus remains to be seen.
*It should be noted that many of those who took part in the Montreal march against the Charter claimed to have no religious affiliation, so not all non-religious people share Rand's opinions.]]>
Reaction was swift to follow. Almost immediately, hundreds of people, including Yatim's mother and sister, marched in the streets of Toronto with banners demanding, "Justice for Sammy." On their end, the police suspended the officer involved in Yatim's death, Constable James Forcillo, with pay, and more recently, Toronto Police Chief Bill Blair appointed a commission to examine officers' use of force when dealing with people with emotional disturbances. Ontario's Special Investigations Unit is meanwhile looking into Yatim's shooting.
More details have also surfaced about Sammy Yatim himself. Apparently he was going through a difficult period in the last few years of his life. For example, he had left his father's house (his parents were divorced) after a disagreement about smoking marijuana. He had failed a year of high school, even though, according to a Toronto Star article, he was 'trying to get life back on track.' This and other reports have painted a picture of Yatim as a rather troubled teen.
It seems somewhat ironic that Sammy Yatim's death came right on the heels of the acquittal of George Zimmerman, the Florida 'neighbourhood watch' volunteer charged with killing an African-American adolescent named Trayvon Martin. Of course there are differences between the two cases, the most significant being that unlike Zimmerman, Forcillo was a member of an official law enforcement agency. On the other hand, questions like race and racism, appropriate use of force, and crime and punishment emerged as issues in both incidents.
Sammy Yatim was born in Syria and came to Canada at the age of 13. Although in terms of physical appearance he was basically indistinguishable from a Greek or Italian – the cultural background, it appears, of the policeman who shot him – Yatim's ethnicity soon became fodder for all sides of the debate. On one hand, a commenter on a site called 'Bare Naked Islam' (I take it that the site was named after the musical group rather than the other way around) referred to Yatim as a 'little islamic [sic] shit.' It might come as a surprise to some that in reality, Sammy Yatim was Christian, not Muslim; his funeral took place at a Syrian Orthodox church in Scarborough. Yatim's race may have featured as well on the agenda of some of those who called for justice for him. At a second demonstration following his death, this time at police headquarters on Toronto's College Street, chants of 'No justice, no peace, no racist police' could be heard. Reuben Abib of the Black Action Defence Committee tied Yatim's demise to the shootings of other young men of colour by police.
It might again surprise many people that Arabs and other Middle Easterners, despite their portrayal in the media as wild-eyed terrorists, are not particularly prone to run-ins with the law. For instance, a study in Ontario in the 1990s found that Arabs were actually less likely to be incarcerated than Whites on a per capita basis. One prominent aspect of the Sammy Yatim case was his state of mind. While Yatim's friends and family denied that he had any mental illness, surely anyone brandishing a weapon and waving their genitals in public, as Yatim was doing on the streetcar, is at the very least experiencing a psychotic episode. Mentally disturbed individuals present a particular dilemma: they frequently are unpredictable, behave irrationally, and, by definition, cannot be reasoned with. In light of this, law enforcement agents may feel they have to act differently towards suspects like Sammy Yatim as opposed to 'garden variety' criminals. Interestingly, another high-profile police shooting of a generally 'low-crime' minority also involved a man with a psychiatric condition: Edmond Yu, a Chinese-Canadian paranoid schizophrenic who was swinging a hammer on a Toronto city bus.
Sammy Yatim's death was certainly a tragedy: for Yatim himself, cut down in the prime of life; for his family, especially his mother and sister; and for his many friends who seem confused as to how he ended up in the situation he did. As to Yatim's versus James Forcillo's guilt, until the police and Special Investigations Unit discover more about the matter, agnosticism may be the best policy. Perhaps those investigating the case might suggest improving any existing or developing new protocols for officers on how to deal with the mentally ill. Yatim's fate should be a chance for everyone involved to learn something from it so that similar incidents can be if not prevented at least reduced in future.]]>


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40 page Catalog - GE Definite Purpose Controls: Contactors 20A-150A, Starters 25A-60A, 2-Speed Controllers 25A-90A - Includes: Introduction, Standard Forms: DP Contactors, 1-4 poles, DP Starters & 2-Speed Controllers, Factory Modified Forms: DP Contactors, 1-4 poles, DP Starters & 2-Speed Controllers, Field Installation Kits, Replacement Parts, Technical Data, Heater Selection, Outline Drawings and Bulk Pack Data
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26 page Heater Selection Guide - GE Motor Starters - Full-voltage Magnetic, Reduced-voltage and Manual
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28 Pages. Detailed information about the products that are at your GE Distributor today! Learn more about which: Panelboards, Transformers, Safety Switches, NEMA Combo Starters, Lighting Contactors.
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8 pages.
|Date: 10/01/2009
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|Publication Number: DET-289

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latest video
Rangers Lose to Lightning in Game 7: Highlights & Analysis (5/29)
Al Trautwig, Steve Valiquette and Ron Duguay break down the Rangers' season-ending loss to the Lightning in Game 7 of the Eastern Conference Final.
Lundqvist on Rangers' Game 7 Loss: It's Painful Right Now (5/29)
A disappointed Henrik Lundqvist speaks to the media after the Rangers' 2-0 Game 7 defeat to the Tampa Bay Lightning at The Garden.
McDonagh on Rangers' Game 7 Loss: We Gave It Our Best Effort (5/29)
Ryan McDonagh reflects on the Blueshirts' season-ending 2-0 loss in Game 7 of the Eastern Conference Final.
Vigneault on Rangers' Game 7 Defeat & McDonagh's Injury (5/29)
Alain Vigneault holds his postgame press conference after the Rangers' 2-0 Game 7 loss to the Lightning.
Hagelin: Rangers Have to Play Better at Home (5/29)
Carl Hagelin shares his emotions after the Rangers dropped Game 7 and talks about the disappointing end to the season.
A Look Ahead to the 2015-16 Rangers Season (5/29)
Al Trautwig, Steve Valiquette and Ron Duguay look at some of the questions the Rangers face heading into the offseason.
Cooper on Game 7 Win vs. Rangers (5/29)
Tampa Bay head coach John Cooper discusses the Game 7 win over the Rangers, Ben Bishop's performance in net and his happiness for the Lightning players.
Stamkos: This Is The Best Team I've Even Played For (5/29)
Lightning captain Steven Stamkos reflects on the team's Game 7 win over the Rangers and winning the Prince of Whales Trophy.
Ex-Rangers Boyle & Stralman React to Lightning's Game 7 Win (5/29)
Brian Boyle and Anton Stralman share their thoughts after the Lightning's 2-0 win over the Rangers in Game 7 of the Eastern Conference Final.


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More stories on: Kalypso Media
Dungeons 2 announced, hopefully better than the first
Kalypso Media have announced Dungeons 2, a game that once again seeks to offer the best in dungeon management.
Funky heist-'em-up Crookz trailer features Ron Jeremy
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Tropico 5 gets The Eras trailer, pre-order bonuses
A game, getting pre-order bonuses on Steam? Well, that was unexpected!
New Tropico 5 screenshots show the island in all its glory
Kalypso Media and Haemimont Games have released a slew of screenshots for Tropico 5, showing the island in its verdant glory across the playable eras.
Tropico 5 gets a short gameplay trailer
Kalypso Media and Haemimont Games have released a short gameplay trailer, showing off the sorts of things you'll be seeing in Tropico 5.
Tropico 5 beta applications open
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Humble Weekly Sale takes you to Tropico
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Viva El Presidente and his legendarily long life! Tropico's communications man Penultimo has told us that Haemimont Studios and Kalypso Media have announced Tropico 5, due to hit our PCs sometime in 2014.
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Politics has heated up around the Union government's renewed zeal of Hindi promotion in work and communication. Anxious Englishwallahs are shedding crocodile tears, hiding behind the vernacular majority, whom they otherwise detest. This is about the relationship between people, power and language in the Indian Union, a multi-national State.
I remember a government notice in Delhi with the picture of an unclaimed dead body of a poor person, lakhs of whom form the underclass of the 'cosmopolitan', happening metro. He had a god's name tattooed in Hindi. The English language notice did not serve the dead, or the living who might have known this hapless soul, but strengthened vested interests of Anglicized classes for whom the whole subcontinent is merely a vehicle of maintaining their undeserved grip on society, economy, academia and power. But it doesn't end with English. For decades, hundreds of millions living in non-Hindi states are bombarded with notices, forms, websites, directives, employment advertisements, tenders, etc. in Hindi – shutting out non-Hindi people from employment and other opportunities. Bureaucratic apathy, disdain for common people's languages and a fundamentally undemocratic, unrepresentative and non-participatory philosophy of governance and others factors come down with naked force on people, in life and in death. To be 'fully-Indian' in the Lutyens-Hindustani republic, one needs to know Hindi and English.
On how to deal with the 'fully-Indian' myth, we must turn to the Gujarat model. This two-step satyagraha first requires truth-finding and then asserting one's rights in the face of marginalisation. Gujarat High Court's 2010 judgement has stated the obvious – Hindi isn't a national language. Hindi is the mother-tongue of only a quarter of the population, while the staggering majority speak Tamil, Kannada, Santhali, etc. as well as languages like Marwari, Mewari, etc. which census Hindi enumerators cunningly classify as 'Hindi' to give false impression of Hindi's numerical might. Certain rootless urban classes born in non-Hindi/English homes earn cosmopolitan brownie points by their 'inclusiveness', which basically means shunning their mother-tongues and birth-culture. The Union government is only too happy to promote this brand of 'Indianness' where Hindi/English is the 'mainstream', and other linguistic nationalities are marginalised as 'regional' (Tamil isn't a 'national' language because of the subcontinent's British-manufactured administrative unity). It increasingly has the gall to communicate to non-Hindi people in Hindi. Fortunately, the primary life goal of most self-respecting non-Hindi people is not to desert their mother-tongue to make Hindi/English speakers feel 'at home'. They have the right to live, be aware, dream and prosper in their mother-tongues.
In 2010, villagers of Saraghvada in Gujarat's Junagadh area challenged land acquisition by National Highways Authority of India (NHAI). NHAI's acquisition notification was in Hindi and English. The villagers didn't understand either and hence weren't notified. Gujarat High Court cancelled the land acquisition. Court also observed that for the villagers, 'Hindi language used in the notification is a foreign language'. Junadagh is not Delhi, Coimbatore is not Varanasi and the subcontinent has many linguistic nations (Punjab, Tamil Nadu, etc.), as foreign to each other as Nepal is to Tamil Nadu, coexisting within a common administrative framework called the Indian Union. This term 'foreign' is particularly painful for Hindiwallas who assert English's foreignness vis-à-vis Hindi's indigeneity. The Hindi-English debate blurs the real divide, in which English and Hindi are both languages of power and domination. One must locate the ideology embedded in the 'lack' of vernacular translation manpower. Gujarati villagers have shown the way to resist domination at every step – every notification, every advertisement, every tele-caller, every signage, every allocated Rupee, every central policy that imposes Hindi and English on the majority.
The author is a Bengal-based commentator on politics and culture @gargac


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About Schools in Loma, ND
Contact a Coldwell Banker® real estate agent to learn more about the schools and school districts in Loma, ND.FIND AN AGENT
Loma, North Dakota is located in Cavalier County. Nearby cities and towns include Nekoma, Alsen, Hampden, Langdon, Munich, Edmore, Fairdale, Osnabrock, Wales, Calio, Starkweather, Milton, Calvin, Hannah, and Lawton. Loma is a rural community with a population of 16. The median household income is $47,499. In Loma, 64% of residents are married, and families with children reside in 14% of the households. Half the population of Loma commutes 9 minutes or less to work, with 100% of residents holding white collar jobs and 0% residents holding blue collar jobs. The median age of homes in Loma, ND is 50 years, with 67% of those homes owned, 11% rented, and 22% not occupied.
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For Love of the Game (1999, 129 minutes)
Directed by Sam Raimi. On the heels of one of the most exciting seasons in baseball history, Kevin Costner ("DANCES WITH WOLVES") stars as Billy Chapel, an All-Star pitcher who comes face to face with hard personal choices as his career is winding down. Preparing for the final game of the season, Billy finds himself caught in the worst situation he's ever been in - not only is he about to be traded after 18 seasons with the Detroit Tigers, the woman he's been with for several years is about to leave him. Against this backdrop, Billy begins pitching the greatest game of his long and glorious career against the New York Yankees, the most feared team in baseball. Kelly Preston ("JERRY MAGUIRE") gives an enchanting performance as Jane Aubrey, the love of Billy's life, in this romantic drama.
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Doody's Review ServiceReviewer: John F. Sweeney, MD (University of Michigan Medical School)
Description: This work contains a wide range of topics with a primary focus on ambulatory anorectal surgery, including the facilities, operating room set-up, technical aspects of various surgeries, positioning of patients, coding, and economic issues.
Purpose: The purpose is to provide a wide range of topics on anorectal ambulatory surgery.
Audience: This work is directed at colorectal and general surgeons in practice and in training. I believe that the editors are credible and that their goals are met.
Features: There are 17 chapters, and the focus in approximately one-third of these is on the facilities required, anesthesia, and patient selection. In another third the focus is on technical aspects of the surgery, including patient positioning for anorectal surgical procedures, postoperative pain management, and management of urinary retention. In the final third, the focus is on the technical aspects of actual surgical procedures. At the end of the book there are two short chapters focusing on coding and billing, which are important topics for surgeons interested in anorectal surgery.
Assessment: The chapters associated with the technical aspects of anorectal procedures are well written and informative. I was a little disappointed that there were not more descriptive figures and drawings in the chapter focusing on management of rectal prolapse. All in all however, I think that this book is a nice resource for the very focal area of ambulatory anorectal surgery. I believe it will be a valuable and rapid resource primarily for general surgeons. Individuals who have completed a colorectal surgery fellowship may find this book below them.


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The Electric Car Ecosystem
The New Parts and Suppliers
Presently, many of the conventional cars we see on the road each day are powered by belts. In the future, when electric cars take over our roadways, car belts will be replaced by electric motors. The companies that develop integrated components - such as power steering and air conditioners - will be crucial first-tier suppliers in the electric car industry.


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West Ham boss Alan Curbishley admits international week has disrupted his plans.
"We all back our countries, no question, but if we all came back and played on a Sunday that wouldn't be such a bad idea," said Curbishley.
"I don't know whether it can be done, but lots of players won't be back with their clubs until Friday morning, if they're playing away from home they're often travelling, so it's something we should look at.
"As for the traditionalists, in a month's time West Ham and Aston Villa are the only teams playing on Saturday afternoon.
"There was talk of playing internationals on a Tuesday night, and we're one of the only countries who play on a Saturday.
"I've had Jon Spector playing in Chicago, Nolberto Solano is in Peru, so for them to get back and play on Saturday, why can't we just play on the Sunday?
"It's something to think about, especially if the Premier League is only 40% English, so many of the other players are travelling back to their clubs Thursday and Friday so we could do with another day."


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Comments Thread For: Bailey Rips Cunningham: An Ass Whooping For Devon!
MIAMI - International Boxing Federation (IBF) Welterweight Champion Randall "KO King" Bailey (43-7, 37 KOs) has fully recovered from a back injury that postponed his original September 8th title defense date against Devon Alexander "The Great" (23-1, 13 KOs). Three-time world champion Bailey plans to live-up to his "KO King" nickname against former two-time world lightweight titlist Alexander on October 20, featured on Showtime Championship Boxing, live from the new Barclays Center in Brooklyn, New York.
"Training has been great, everything has gone very well," Bailey said from his Florida training camp. "All I'm focused on is my October 20th fight in New York City. I could have cared less where it was, as long as it wasn't St. Louis (Alexander's hometown)."
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Unless Bailey lands one of his big shots he will get outclassed and out worked the entire night. Devon by an easy UD or even late stoppage in this one.
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Alexander has never been a lightweight champion. Idiot.
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This is going to be a snooze fest, no balls to make it an exciting fight for the fans.
-----"It's Crunch Time"
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Bailey is going to be standing there waiting.....Alexander will be jabbing the air and 'hissing' after each jab....then he'll jump in forehead first and start holding.
117-111 win for Devon.
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Not so sure i see it playing out like that. Alexander is going to be active, he can't sit there and smother bailey, bailey hits too hard for a stationary target - if devon starts to grab and push - john david jackson will give bailey the proper between round adjustment to counter - bailey is good, he lulls you to sleep then cracks you with that right hand, devon gets hit with right hands on the regular - very interesting fight...
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This will be a great fight
These guys are totally irritated with each other and by now, assuming no overtraining issues, should be in supreme condition. Bailey knows that if he wins he can still get another real payday, while Alexander needs another dominate performance to put him right in the Mayweather sweepstakes. I completely disagree with the snooze fest prediction. I predict a WAR. Bailey is gonna have to increase his punch output and Alexander is going to have to apply HEAT to keep Bailey's respect. Sounds like the makings of a great fight to me!
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Looks like Cunningham has gotten in team Bailey's head. Randall better get his mind on who's going to be in front of him on Oct. 20th.
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WGN America Celebrates the 25th Anniversary of the Cosby Show
NEW YORK, Aug. 20 /PRNewswire/ — Twenty-five years ago, America welcomed The Cosby Show and the Huxtable family into their homes. Sunday, September 20, 2009 marks the 25(th) anniversary of The Cosby Show and to celebrate the milestone (to the day), WGN America will be airing a series of tributes to The Cosby Show including the replication of the original NBC Thursday night lineup as it aired on September 20(th) 1984 (the day The Cosby Show debuted) with interviews by Lilly Tartikoff, a Cosby Show Viewer's Choice Marathon and an online contest and game.
"As we have seen with the success of WGN America's current Sunday lineup, "Outta Site Retro Night," our viewers love nostalgia and to recreate the programming of 1984 allows us to offer viewers a chance to re-live a history-making lineup," said Sean Compton, SVP of Programming and Entertainment, Tribune Broadcasting. "The strength of this 1984 night brought comedy back to primetime and forever changed the way families watched television."
On September 20(th) WGN America will be committing the prime and overnight schedule to The Cosby Show and the NBC Thursday night line-up that dominated the 80′s. From 7-10pm ET WGN America will re-air the original Brandon Tartikoff NBC Thursday night line-up EXACTLY AS IT AIRED IN 1984: The Cosby Show: Pilot presentation, Family Ties: The Gambler, Cheers: I'll be Seeing You, Part 1 and Part 2 and Hill Street Blues: Eva's Braun.
Additionally, WGN America has interviewed philanthropist Lilly Tartikoff who shares her thoughts on the iconic programs of 1984 and memories of her husband, programming visionary Brandon Tartikoff. Lilly's interviews will air as interstitials in primetime from 7-10pm ET during the WGN America recreation of the 1984 lineup.
From 7-10pm ET WGN America will adopt the 1984 NBC theme "Let's all be there" using original promotional elements. (A special thank you to NBC for sharing their archive materials)
"Brandon Tartikoff was a visionary without professional peer, and his greatest achievements occurred during his fight with a disease which ultimately defeated him. This event is as much a tribute to the Cosby Show as it is to the man behind it," said Compton.
In the overnight (11pm-4am ET), WGN America will air a viewers choice marathon of the top ten Cosby episodes voted by our viewers at WGNAmerica.com. Voting for the marathon begins today and runs through Monday, September 14(th).
The Cosby Show Viewer's Choice Marathon will also have a contest component, all viewers who submit their favorite episode to WGNAmerica.com will be entered to win a complete DVD set of all eight seasons of The Cosby Show autographed by Bill Cosby.
WGN America's marathon is sponsored on-air in part by Kraft Foods.
Set to debut later this month, WGNAmerica.com will offer an online game, The Cosby Show Time Machine, which was conceived and built by Tribune Interactive's Adver-gaming Team.
WGN America is everywhere America calls home. A broad entertainment network and destination for audiences across America, WGN America (also available in HD) is part of Tribune Broadcasting Company, and is nationally distributed via cable, satellite and telco with entertainment programming consisting of cable exclusives, first-run programs, blockbuster movies and live sports. For program schedules or additional information please visit www.wgnamerica.com.
Contact: Jessica Bellucci +1-212-210-2626 email@example.com
SOURCE WGN America


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More New and Used
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The Birth of Modern Politics Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, and the Election of 1828by Parsons, Lynn Hudson
Oxford University Press
Questions About This Book?
What version or edition is this?
This is the Reprint edition with a publication date of 7/19/2011.
What is included with this book?
- The New copy of this book will include any supplemental materials advertised. Please check the title of the book to determine if it should include any CDs, lab manuals, study guides, etc.
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The 1828 presidential election, which pitted Major General Andrew Jackson against incumbent John Quincy Adams, has long been hailed as a watershed moment in American political history. It was the contest in which an unlettered, hot-tempered southwestern frontiersman, trumpeted by his supporters as a genuine man of the people, soundly defeated a New England "aristocrat" whose education and political résumé were as impressive as any ever seen in American public life. It was, many historians have argued, the country's first truly democratic presidential election. Lynn Hudson Parsons argues also that the election not only marks the beginning of nationally organized party competition, but introduced to an expanded electorate a host of novel campaign tactics, including coordinated media, get-out-the-vote efforts, organized rallies and parades, opinion polling, campaign emblems and paraphernalia, appeals to ethnic groups, and "opposition research." In The Birth of Modern Politics, Parsons shows that the Adams-Jackson contest began a national debate that is eerily contemporary, pitting those whose cultural, social, and economic values were rooted in community action for the common good against those who believed the common good was best served by giving individuals as much freedom as possible to promote their own interests. It offers fresh and illuminating portraits of both Adams and Jackson and reveals how, despite their vastly different backgrounds, they had started out with many of the same values, admired one another, and had often been allies in common causes. Both were staunch nationalists, and both shared an aversion to organized parties and "electioneering." But by 1828, caught up in a shifting political landscape, they were plunged into a competition that separated them decisively from the Founding Fathers' era and ushered in a style of politics that is still with us today.
Author Biography
Lynn Hudson Parsons is Professor of History Emeritus at the State University of New York College at Brockport. He is the author of John Quincy Adams and coeditor, with Kenneth Paul O'Brien, of The Home-Front War: World War II and American Society.
Table of Contents
|Editor's Note
|p. ix
|Prologue: ôThe most rude and ruthless election that ever took place …,ö
|p. xi
|ôMr. Adams … will be an able helpmate …,ö
|p. 1
|ôIt is impossible for me to contemplate (General Jackson's) character without veneration,ö
|p. 39
|ôA radical reform in the political feelings of this place is needed,ö
|p. 69
|ôThe re-election of Mr. Adams is out of the question,ö
|p. 109
|ôI never war against females,ö
|p. 133
|ôSwimming rivers and risking their lives to get to the polls,ö
|p. 159
|Epilogue: ôNothing, but much mischief,ö
|p. 189
|p. 199
|p. 201
|p. 241
|Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.


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Vania King, Yaroslava Shvedova win
Updated: September 13, 2010, 4:04 PM ETAssociated Press
NEW YORK -- American Vania King and Yaroslava Shvedova of Kazakhstan saved a match point then went on to win the U.S. Open women's doubles title in a third-set tiebreaker.
King and Shvedova, seeded sixth, beat second-seeded Liezel Huber of the United States and Nadia Petrova of Russia 2-6, 6-4, 7-6 (4) on Monday. Their match had been suspended by rain in the third set Sunday with King and Shvedova three points from defeat.
When the match resumed with King serving at 4-5, Huber and ...
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U.S. Open 2010
2010 champions
Women's singles:
Kim Clijsters
Men's singles:
Rafael Nadal Women's doubles:
Vania King and Yaroslava Shvedova
Men's doubles:
Bob and Mike Bryan
Mixed doubles:
Liezel Huber and Bob Bryan
The Pulse »
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Watch: ESPN3.com
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Day 15
• Garber: U.S. Open snapshots
• Howard: Rafa and the rest
• Bodo: No end to Rafael Nadal's upside
• Nadal completes career Slam with title
• Garber: Rafa completes breathtaking journey
• Garber: Nadal's three-peat no small feat
• Ubha: Where does Nadal's season rank?
• King, Shvedova win women's doubles title
• Rafael Nadal wins the U.S. Open
• Digital Serve: U.S. Open postmortem
Day 14
• Garber: Djokovic's prayers answered
• Rain postpones final until Monday
• Howard: This Clijsters not your friend
• Howard: Could Rafa be best ever with win?
• Bodo: Prospects for a Djokovic win dire
• Sock, Gavrilova capture junior titles
Day 13
• Nadal, Djokovic advance to final
• Kim Clijsters wallops Vera Zvonareva
• Garber: Clijsters' victory sweet -- and sour
• Garber: Federer shrinks when it matters
• McManus: Rafa one step from career Slam
• Tandon: Five incentives for the finalists
• Bodo: Why Zvonareva will win the Open
• Hanging with LZ
• Americans face off in junior final
• Women's final preview
• Nadal beats Youzhny
• Djokovic edges Federer in five
• Digital Serve: Men's final preview
• Clijsters wins U.S. Open
Day 12
• Clijsters, Zvonareva advance
• Garber: Hiccups don't derail Clijsters'
• Howard: Youzhny, Djokovic look to spoil
• SportsNation: Take your Grand Slam quiz
• Greg Garber chat wrap
• Clijsters, Zvonareva to meet in women's final
• Bryan brothers win men's doubles title
• Clijsters beats Venus in three
• Zvonareva takes out Wozniacki
• Digital Serve: Super Saturday preview
Day 11
• Nadal, Youzhny to meet in semifinals
• Huber, Bryan win mixed doubles title
• Garber: Nadal and the U.S. Open in sync
• Garber: Opportunity beckons for Youzhny
• McManus: Hingis happy to surface
• Ubha: Time we appreciate Venus Williams
• Rafa rolls in straight sets
• Youzhny escapes in five sets
Day 10
• Women | Men
• Bopanna-Qureshi to face Bryans in final
• Garber: Fed magnificent amid mayhem
• Garber: The Spanish specialists
• Ubha: Assessing the men's chances
• End of an era for U.S. Davis Cup team
• Vera Zvonareva reaches semifinals
• Djokovic beats Monfils
• Wozniacki wins
• Federer mauls Soderling
• Digital Serve: Day 11 preview
Day 9
• Women | Men
• Garber: Venus dresses down Schiavone
• Garber: No secrets between Fed, Soderling
• McManus: So long to the U.S. men
• Wawrinka beats Querrey
• Digital Serve: Will Federer win?
• The reign of Rafa
• What's not to like about Clijsters?
• Venus Williams wins in straight sets
Day 8
• Men | Women
• Garber: Wozniacki's game clean as a whistle
• Ubha: Djokovic brings the heat
• Garber: French finalists rediscovering game
• Wozniacki takes down Sharapova
• Patrick McEnroe resigns
• Digital Serve: Day 9 preview
Day 7
• Men | Women
• Garber: Nadal's search for the final piece
• Ubha: Roddick heads list of Week 1 foibles
• Tandon: Offense versus defense
• Riled Up: Tennis line judges
• Nadal defeats Simon
• Venus takes down Peer
• Andy Murray upset
• Digital Serve: Day 8 preview


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The Ziera Stanford – this suede bootie is perfect for the cooler weather. Available in black or rouge suede, this boot has elastic goring as well as a side zipper for easy on-off. It's casual, yet elegant, and makes a beautiful addition to any wardrobe.
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|Source: PRWeb
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All rights reserved


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Micro Scooters Maxi Set, Blue
Product information
Featuring tilt and lean steering to ease riding, the Maxi is an ideal step-up from the micro. The styling is sharper and edgier, while remaining light and fun. The Maxi comes with an easy grip T-bar handle and is a robust and well balanced model.
In a vibrant blue finish, making this scooter ideal for stylish riders.
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This is a medium helmet that fits 53-58cm. Please choose the size carefully and measure the full circumference of your child's head.
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Micro Scooters
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Brand Story
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Abscessed Tooth Guide Center - Amarillo, TX
WebMD Physician Directory
Amarillo, Texas
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When a tooth persistently throbs and keeps you up at night with pain, it could be something more worrisome than a simple toothache. An abscessed tooth is an infection within a tooth that has spread to the root...
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*Provider Directory Terms of Use:
The WebMD 'Provider Directory' is provided by WebMD for use by the general public as a quick reference of information about Providers. The Provider Directory is not intended as a tool for verifying the credentials, qualifications, or abilities of any Provider contained therein. Inclusion in the Provider Directory does not imply recommendation or endorsement nor does omission in the Provider Directory imply WebMD disapproval.


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2007 Ford E-150 Questions
All 2007 Ford E-150 Questions
Ask a Question
Driving normal a/c come back on
Engine stumbles going uphill at times, hesitates at other times on flat road. Hesitates on acceleration from stop. engine light starts flashing and the front end starts shaking then it stops for a while and does it ag...
I noticed the a/c unit suddenly quit working and we have determined the line going to the rear unit had been punctured and needs to be replaced
there has been no problem until today


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- Shopping Bag ( 0 items )
From the Publisher"The book's appealing-sounding moniker knits together smart growth, new urbanism, and green building, three movements that address the sliding scales of regions, neighborhoods and buildings. Farr advocates for transit-served, walkable neighborhoods with high-tech buildings and infrastructure." (A Daily Dose of Architecture, July 2009)
"Providing a historical perspective on the standards and regulations that got us and keep us on the course toward sprawl and unsustainable development, along with earlier attempts at reform, the book makes a strong case for Sustainable Urbanism, showing how architects and urban designers need to shape the built environment for the benefit of both humans and nature." (APADE, 2009)
"A masterpiece, it combines good writing with a thorough treatment of the subject." (The Bernard Place Bee Line, 4/22/08)
"It's not immediately obvious how Doug Farr's new book differs from the many other books in this field, aside from having a laudatory preface by Andres Duany. His careful division of the case studies into built greenfield, unbuilt greenfield, built infill, and unbuilt infill, should be a clue. It's also nice that he offiers a fairly specific definition of the s-word. Farr's book is distinguished by his systematic determination to reveal the trade secrets of sustainable design-those rules of thumb that bridge the gap between woolly generalities and highly specific case studies." (BuildingCommunities.com, February 1, 2008)
"A broadly-focused and solutions-based look at environmentally sustainable urban design. Case studies and essays written by Farr and others give a real-world context to the ideas and methods espoused in this ambitious argument on behalf of a new type urban design and development that is interrelated with nature." (Planetizen.com; 1/29/08)
"The author of Sustainable Urbanism wants to break down barriers between nature-focused environmentalists and human-focused urbanists. The book asserts that we need a radical change in how we live, not just for the health of our planet, but for ourselves. The author's ambitious goal is to make sustainable urbanism the dominant pattern of human settlement by 2030. This book is a valuable resource for anyone that is in a position to advance a more organic way of life that is more in tune with the environment." (Vector 1 Magazine, January 6, 2008)
"Sustainable Urbanism is important because it addresses the sustainable development issue from all sides and provides solutions across the vast array of disciplines that create the built environment. The book…should be a resource not just for developers...but also for city councils, mayors, governors, engineers, and voters." (Urban Land, 1/08)
"Beyond just developing a concept, however, the book acts as a comprehensive how-to manual for anyone who helps shape the environment...after setting the stage with a compelling case for sustainable urbanism, Farr provides specific and detailed standards and steps to guide readers." (Environmental News Network, 12/21/07)
"There is something for everyone in Sustainable Urbanism, the new book that tackles exactly what the title implies. Backed by an impressive range of research, tables, charts, it is a comprehensive look at how to make our development pattern more sustainable." (Joe Urban Blog, 12/07)
"Chicago architect Douglas Farr is no Le Corbusier—Who is?—yet his thoughtful new book is propelled by the same sort of visionary energy and desire to integrate architecture, city planning and nature for a better way of life. Here's the twist: Whereas Le Corbusier celebrated the car, Farr fingers it as a prime factor in creating today's sprawling, auto-dependent suburbs and all the lifestyle woes, like rising levels of obesity, they've supposedly wrought. While that's a familiar rant from the New Urbanist architects who call for compact, walkable communities, Farr wisely goes beyond them, urging a grand integration of the New Urbanism and the fledgling green building movement." (Chicago Tribune, December 2007)
"What makes his volume stand out is that it combines expertise in New Urbanism with a thorough understanding of environmental issues and techniques. The result is the most comprehensive, technically informed volume available on how to design and build places that are environmentally responsible and also gratifying to inhabit." (New Urban News, December 2007)
"makes excellent use of physical case studies, it is also concerned with the intangible forces that shape our cities…" (Building Design, Friday 15th February 2008)


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Altiris PcAnywhere 12.6.8096 error shown
Most of our old PC are using 12.6.115 and which is are operating normally.
However, some of our client has been installed with PcAnywhere 12.6.8096 of CMS of Altiris 7.1 SP2
Whenever we tried to connect to these hosts, the following promps up.
Sorry that we are using Chinese version. I tried to translate it to English
Remote Connection Request
- PCAnywhere is receiving connection request
- Your Computer's certificate ID (fingerprint) is:
- be 9f bc b0 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Please help.
Comments 2 Comments • Jump to latest comment
This is intentional. If you would like to supporess the message on your hosts go to the pcAnywhere settings policy and disable the first optoion
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text:
structed. Install ground-fault circuit interrupters near sinks and wet areas.
• Assess and provide for emergency power needs.
• Where possible, install chilled water loops for equipment requiring cooling. Chilled water loops save energy, water, and sewer costs.
9.B.8 Americans with Disability Act: Accessibility Issues Within the Laboratory
Title 1 of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990 requires an employer to provide reasonable accommodation for qualified individuals with disabilities who are employees or applicants for employment, unless doing so would cause undue hardship. The design team and the owner are responsible for identifying what reasonable accommodations should and can be made to meet ADA guidelines or requirements.
In addition, some school systems and municipalities require a minimum number or percentage of accessible work areas in teaching laboratories. Accessible furniture, including laboratory chemical hoods, are readily available from most suppliers. The American Chemical Society has an excellent resource available online or in print, Teaching Chemistry to Students with Disabilities: A Manual for High Schools, Colleges, and Graduate Programs (ACS, 2001).
It is prudent to provide barrier-free safety showers and eyewash units for all laboratories. Figure 9.2 illustrates the specifications for barrier-free emergency equipment, according to ANSI 117.1-1992, "Accessible and Usable Building Facilities."
Additional accommodations will likely need to be made individually, depending on the special needs of the researcher. Partnering with the researcher, supervisor, and a laboratory safety professional will help determine the extent of the accommodations.
For wet laboratories, service animals should either have a place outside the lab or an area within the laboratory that is accessible without the animal having to traverse areas where chemicals or other hazardous materials could be present at floor level, including spills.
9.B.9 Older Facilities
Aging facilities can present multiple challenges. As materials of construction begin to degrade, the safety and environmental provisions of the facility often degrade as well. Although some equipment and materials may continue to function well for many years, modern alternatives may offer better safety and environmental sustainability features.
For older facilities, it is important to have a strong operations and maintenance program that monitors and maintains plumbing, ventilation, and structural components. Nonetheless, as individual laboratories or spaces are renovated for new uses or upgrades, there are opportunities for improving and modernizing building systems.
FIGURE 9.2 Specifications for barrier-free safety showers and eyewash units.
Depending on the location of the laboratory building, there may be requirements for bringing the entire building up to current building codes and standards once a certain percentage of the building is under renovation. These code requirements may include fire protection systems, accessibility, plumbing, ventilation, alarm systems, chemical storage restrictions, and egress issues.
With rising interest in energy conservation, there have been numerous studies and instances of retrocommissioning of laboratories. The focus is generally


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Robbi & Nikki Chains Your Style in Silky Charmeuse
1 Recommendation
Sweetmak's recommendation
I never thought Iâd be so eager to see so many chains in a top but I guess thereâs always an exception for certain things. Whatâs so interesting about this charmeuse is not only the unique style but itâs actually pretty comfortable to wear, thanks to the silky satin material. Another good thing is the neutral color that you can match with pretty much anything. Wrap a blazer when youâre off to work and take it off for after office hour hang-outs. Overall, Iâm pretty excited about this new Robbi & Nikkiâs top, I wouldnât wear it when Iâm at the airport though. US$175.
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Route 3
Route 3 crashes, congestion lead to increased enforcement
Authorities that patrol Route 3 on a regular basis say that heavy congestion and distracted driving are major contributors to the crashes. However, they also say that Route 3 is to blame itself on many occasions.
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ABC7 News at 4 Now Weekdays!ABC7 is giving you MORE news in your afternoons with an extra hour, an hour earlier! Join ABC7's Leon Harris and Alison Starling for what's trending in your community and world. Every weekday afternoon at 4pm right after back to back "Hot Bench" shows at 3pm on ABC7.


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Trust Us, It's Gonna Be Epic
For the opening salvo of this summer's Ford Amphitheater dance series, choreographer Amy "Catfox" Campion and the high-energy dance virtuosi who make up Antics Performance return with Illuminated Manuscript, bringing a hip-hop dance theater retelling of the ancient Mesopotamian poem The Epic of Gilgamesh. While he may not have the same popular recognition as Hercules, Gilgamesh shares many of the same traits. He's part human and part god, a gorgeous, strong, ruthless king who sets off on a quest, with the poem recounting his adventures as he seeks the secret of immortality. The 10 Antics dancers taking the stage will be assisted by original music from several composers including Campion, graffiti art by Gilyon "Gillatine" Brace-Wessel, animation by Sapphire Sandalo and lighting design by Jim Smith. Early arrivals can bring a picnic or purchase food and beverages at the concession stand while listening to DJ Drez spinning records on the plaza. Hip-hop merchandise will be on sale and the Antics graffiti mural offers a photo op. John Anson Ford Amphitheatre, 2580 Cahuenga Blvd. E., Hlywd.; Fri., June 7, 8:30 p.m.; $30-$75, $15 students, $12 children 12 & under. (323) 461-3673, fordtheatres.org.
Fri., June 7, 8:30 p.m., 2013
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Challenges to phone records face legal obstacles
WASHINGTON The government's massive collection of Americans' phone records is drawing protests and lawsuits from civil liberties groups, but major legal obstacles stand in the way. Among them are government claims that national security secrets will be revealed if the cases are allowed to proceed, and Supreme Court rulings that telephone records, as opposed to conversations, are not private to begin with.
Justices have written recently about the complex issues of privacy in the digital age, and the high court could have the last word on challenges filed by the American Civil Liberties Union and others.
The Obama administration has said the collection of phone records - telephone numbers and the time and length of calls - is necessary to protect Americans from terrorism and that it does not trample on their privacy. The National Security Agency collects millions of phone records from the United States each day, but says it only accesses them if there is a known connection to terrorism.
The ACLU this week filed the most significant lawsuit against the phone record collection program so far. The suit demands that the courts put an end to the program and order the administration to purge the records it has collected. Conservative lawyer Larry Klayman also has filed suit over the program.
Before either suit gets a full-blown court hearing, the administration could try to employ two powerful legal tools it has used in the past to block challenges to closely held surveillance programs.
In February, the Supreme Court shot down an effort by U.S. citizens to challenge the expansion of a surveillance law used to monitor conversations of foreign spies and terrorist suspects by finding that the Americans could not show that the government would eavesdrop on their conversations. In legal terms, they did not have standing to sue, the justices said in a 5-4 decision.
The ACLU and Klayman both say they are or were customers of Verizon, which was identified last week as a phone company the government had ordered to turn over daily records of calls made by all its customers. In so doing, they said it is a simple matter of fact that records of their calls have been seized by the government.
"We meet even the standard the government has been foisting upon the courts for the past decade," said the ACLU's Jameel Jaffer.
But American University law professor Steven Vladeck said the challengers might face a different problem. "They're not suing Verizon. They're suing the government for something a third party did. And so the issue is not their ability to prove that their communications were involved. It's how they can object to a third party's cooperation with the government in a suit against the government, rather than the third party," Vladeck said.
Another issue the administration could try to use to derail the suits is the jeopardy to national security that would result from allowing them to proceed, the so-called state secrets doctrine.
Seven years ago, allegations that phone companies were allowing the government to siphon huge quantities of customer data without warrants led to dozens of lawsuits against the companies and the government. In the lone surviving case against the government, James Clapper, director of national intelligence, said that the government risks "exceptionally grave damage to the national security of the United States" if forced to fight the lawsuit.