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2 Sensor Fusion for Precision Agriculture Viacheslav I. Adamchuk1, Raphael A. Viscarra Rossel2, Kenneth A. Sudduth3 and Peter Schulze Lammers4 1McGill University, 2CSIRO Land & Water, 3USDA-ARS 4University of Bonn 1Canada 2Australia 3USA 4Germany 1. Introduction With the rapid rise in demand for both agricultural crop quantity and quality and with the growing concern of non-point pollution caused by modern farming practices, the efficiency and environmental safety of agricultural production systems have been questioned (Gebbers and Adamchuk, 2010). While implementing best management practices around the world, it was observed that the most efficient quantities of agricultural inputs vary across the landscape due to various naturally occurring, as well as man-induced, differences in key productivity factors such as water and nutrient supply. Identifying and understanding these differences allow for varying crop management practices according to locally defined needs (Pierce and Nowak, 1999). Such spatially-variable management practices have become the central part of precision agriculture (PA) management strategies being adapted by many practitioners around the world (Sonka et al., 1997). PA is an excellent example of a system approach where the use of the sensor fusion concept is essential. Among the different parameters that describe landscape variability, topography and soils are key factors that control variability in crop growing environments (Robert, 1993). Variations in crop vegetation growth typically respond to differences in these microenvironments together with the effects of management practice. Our ability to accurately recognize and account for any such differences can make production systems more efficient. Traditionally differences in physical, chemical and biological soil attributes have been detected through soil sampling and laboratory analysis (Wollenhaupt et al., 1997; de Gruijter et al., 2006). The cost of sampling and analysis are such that it is difficult to obtain enough samples to accurately characterize the landscape variability. This economic consideration resulting in low sampling density has been recognized as a major limiting factor. Both proximal and remote sensing technologies have been implemented to provide high- resolution data relevant to the soil attributes of interest. Remote sensing involves the deployment of sensor systems using airborne or satellite platforms. Proximal sensing requires the operation of the sensor at close range, or even in contact, with the soil being www.intechopen.com 28 Sensor Fusion - Foundation and Applications measured, allowing in situ determination of soil characteristics at, or below, the soil surface at specific locations (Viscarra Rossel et al., 2011). Alternatively, the crop itself can be viewed as a bioindicator of variable growing conditions. The most frequently used crop-related data source is a yield map, particularly in locations where grain cropping is practiced in large fields. Yield maps summarize the overall impact of management activities and of natural conditions, such as weather and soils. However, yield data provide only a retrospective analysis and does not allow the user to address any spatial and temporal inconsistencies in crop growth during the corresponding growing season. Therefore, different in-season sensing scenarios have been implemented to provide feedback on crop performance in time to alter management decisions according to local needs. One example of this is online crop canopy sensing for in-season fertilizer management. Crop canopy reflectance in visible and near-infrared wavelengths is normally used to calculate vegetation indexes, which can be related to plant biomass, chlorophyll content, and/ or nitrate stress (Shanahan et al., 2008). It has been demonstrated that detection and identification of weeds using machine vision systems is feasible as well; other crop status sensing techniques such as laser florescence, thermal imaging and ultrasonic proximity sensing are the subject of ongoing research. One of the main limitations of any sensor-based management is that virtually every layer of information can respond to more than one soil, landscape, or crop property used to describe growing conditions and process. This makes a corresponding decision-making strategy uncertain and/ or complex when attempting to deploy it over different production settings (McBratney et al. 2005). Using a combination of conceptually different sensing techniques and integrating the subsequent data holds promise for providing more accurate property estimates, leading to more robust management and increased adoptability of sensor-based crop management. The goal of this publication is to discuss the concept of sensor fusion relevant to precision agriculture and to provide the framework for future research in this area. 2. Proximal sensing sechnologies Some proximal sensor systems can be operated in a stationary field position and can be used to: 1) make a single site measurement; 2) produce a set of measurements related to different depths at a given site; or 3) monitor changes in soil properties when installed at a site for a period of time. Although single site measurements can be beneficial for a variety of applications, high-resolution thematic soil maps are typically obtained when measurements are conducted while the sensor systems are moved across the landscape. These on-the-go proximal soil sensing technologies have become an interdisciplinary field of research and their development provides essential tools for precision agriculture and other areas of natural resources management (Hummel et al., 1996; Sudduth et al., 1997; Adamchuk et al., 2004; Shibusawa, 2006; Viscarra Rossel et al., 2011). Proximal crop sensors have been used to determine such physiological parameters as biomass, chlorophyll content, height, etc. that indicate a spatially non-consistent status of agricultural crops, such as nitrogen deficiency or water stress (Solari et al., 2008; Samborski et al., 2009). Sensors have been used to supplement either predictive or reactive approaches to differentiated crop management. As shown in Figure 1, the reactive (real-time) method of sensor deployment means that the application rate changes in response to local conditions assessed by a sensor at the time of application. In contrast, for a predictive (map-based) strategy, many soil sensors are used to generate soil property maps that can be processed and interpreted off site prior to making decisions about the optimized distribution of www.intechopen.com Sensor Fusion for Precision Agriculture 29 agricultural inputs. Unfortunately, real-time sensing is not feasible due to the time delay or is not optimal if the spatial distribution of sensed soil properties (e.g., soil electrical conductivity) does not change during the growing season. On the other hand, more dynamic parameters (e.g. crop performance indices) need to be defined in real-time so that differentiation of an agricultural input can be accomplished on time to address the cause of variable crop performance. Therefore, some research groups have focused their recent studies on the most promising integrated method (Figure 1c). a) b) c) Fig. 1. Proximal sensing deployment strategies that are based on: real time (a), map-based (b), and integrated (c) approaches. A great variety of design concepts exist, but most proximal soil sensors being developed rely on measuring the soil's ability to reflect or emit electromagnetic energy. In addition, some sensors have been used to quantify the amount of electrical charge that soil media can conduct and/ or accumulate. Also, electrochemical sensors directly detect the activity of specific ions, while mechanistic sensors provide signals relevant to the physical interaction between soil and a measuring tool. Table 1 summarizes different proximal soil sensing systems and classifies them according to the source of energy (active versus passive) and principle of operation (invasive versus non-invasive or stationary versus mobile). The physical and chemical properties of soil have been reported to have a direct (D) or indirect (I) relationship with the signal obtained using different types of sensors listed in Table 2. In addition to locating sensor measurements, the availability of accurate global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receivers permit the collection of low cost digital elevation data. This data can then be used to provide information on surface geometry (e.g. slope, aspect, www.intechopen.com 30 Sensor Fusion - Foundation and Applications Sensor Type Method 1 Energy2 Interaction3 Operation4 (wavelength, m) INS A N S/ M Gamma-ray (10-12) TNM A I S Spectroscopy A/ P N S/ M XRF A N S X-ray (10-10) XRD A N S UV A N S Visible A/ P N/ I S/ M Optical (10-8-10-4) NIR A/ P N/ I S/ M MIR A N S LIBS A N S Microwave (10-2) Microwave A N S TDR A I S FDR/ Capacitance A I S/ M Radio wave (101-106) GPR A N S/ M NMR A N S EMI A N S/ M EC/ ER A I M Electrical Soil matric potential P I S Electrochemical ISE/ ISFET P N S/ M Implement draft P I M Mechanical impedance P I S/ M Mechanistic Fluid permeability A I S/ M Acoustic P I S/ M 1 – inelastic neutron scattering (INS), (TNM), x-ray fluorescence (XRF), x-ray difraction (XRD), ultraviolet (UV), near-infrared (NIR), mid-infrared (MIR), laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), time domain reflectrometry (TDR), frequency domain reflectrometry (TDR), ground penetrating radar (GPR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), electromagnetic induction (EMI), electrical conductivity (EC), electrical resistivity (ER), ion-selective electrode (ISE), ion-selective field effect transistor (ISFET) 2 – active sensors (A) provide their own source of energy, passive sensors (P) rely on ambient or emitted energy 3 – invasive sensors (I) rely on a direct contact with soil, non-invasive sensors (N) are operated without any soil distortion 4 – stationary operation (S) requires placing the sensor in a specific geographic location at a fixed or variable depth, mobile operation (M) allows on-the-go soil sensing. Table 1. Classification of Proximal Soil Sensors (adapted from Viscarra Rossel et al., 2011) landscape position) as an indirect descriptor of soil. Local variations in terrain control the movement of sediments, water and solutes in the landscape. Soil formation is strongly influenced by these processes and terrain-related attributes can be used to help characterize the spatial distribution of soil properties (Moore et al., 1993). Elevation data also provides the landscape framework for interpreting results from other sensors. 3. Sensor fusion As every soil-sensing technology has strengths and weaknesses and no single sensor can measure all soil properties, the selection of a complementary set of sensors to measure the www.intechopen.com Sensor Fusion for Precision Agriculture 31 Sensor type Electrochemical Mechanistic Radio wave Gamma-ray Microwave Electrical Optical Soil property1 X-ray Chemical Total carbon D D D Organic carbon I D Inorganic carbon I D Total nitrogen D D D Nitrate-nitrogen I I I D Total Phosphorus D D I Extractable phosphorus Total Potassium D D D Extractable potassium I I Other major nutrients D D D Micronutrients, elements D D D Total Iron D D D I Iron oxides I D I Heavy metals D D I CEC I I I Soil pH I I D D Buffering capacity and LR I I Salinity and sodicity D D D Physical Color D Water content D D D D D I Soil matric potential I D I Particle size distribution I I I I I Clay minerals I D D I I Soil strength D Bulk density I I D I Porosity D Rooting depth I D 1 – soil properties directly (D) or indirectly (I) predictable using different types of proximal soil sensors Table 2. Predictability of Main Soil Properties Using Different Soil Sensing Concepts (adapted from Viscarra Rossel et al., 2011) required suite of soil properties is important. Integrating multiple proximal soil sensors in a single multisensor platform can provide a number of operational benefits over single-sensor systems, such as: robust operational performance, increased confidence as independent measurements are made on the same soil, extended attribute coverage, and increased dimensionality of the measurement space (e.g., conceptually different sensors allow for an emphasis on different soil properties). www.intechopen.com 32 Sensor Fusion - Foundation and Applications There are few reports of multisensor systems directed at PSS in the literature. For example, Lund et al. (2005) and later J onjak et al. (2010) reported on a mobile sensor platform that simultaneously measures soil pH and apparent electrical conductivity (Figure 2). This system has been used to develop lime prescription maps, as electrical conductivity helps differentiate liming needs for soils with different texture at the same level of acidity. Adding a real time kinematic (RTK) level GNSS receiver allowed for the development of accurate elevation maps that together with the map of apparent electrical conductivity helped delineate field areas with different water holding capacity (Pan et al., 2008). Adamchuk et al. (2005) used the same apparatus to measure soil nitrate, soluble potassium and sodium at the same time as pH. An NIR sensor has also been suited for a later version of this multisensor platform (Christy, 2008). Centimeter-level GNSS Soil pH ISE ER Fig. 2. Sensor system integrating soil electrical conductivity and pH mapping along with a centimeter-level GNSS receiver (J onjak et al., 2010). In other research, Adamchuk and Christensen (2005) described a system that simultaneously measured soil mechanical resistance, optical reflectance and capacitance (Figure 3). Integrating the three types of sensors addressed spatial variability in soil organic matter, water content and compaction. Taylor et al. (2006) reported on the development of a multisensor platform consisting of two EMI instruments, ER and pH sensors, a gamma- radiometer and a high-resolution DGPS (Figure 4). Such a system can be used to investigate the entire array of physical and chemical soil characteristics and represents an ultimate solution that can be simplified when adopted for a given application. In addition to mapping spatial soil variability, there is a need to explore the way in which soil properties change with depth and time. For that reason a variety of penetrometers www.intechopen.com Sensor Fusion for Precision Agriculture 33 Mechanical Capacitance Optical sensor sensor sensor Fig. 3. Prototype sensor integrating optical, mechanical and capacitance components (Adamchuk et al., 2005). Fig. 4. A multisensor platform integrating several EC/ ER sensors with gamma radiometry and soil pH sensing capabilities (Taylor et al., 2006). integrating different sensors has been developed. For example, Sun et al. (2008) reported on the development of a multisensor technique for measuring the physical properties of soil, including soil water, mechanical strength and electrical conductivity (Figure 5). Wireless sensor networking allows sensor fusion to be employed in mobile or stationary sensor applications. A stationary soil probe application provides the instrumentation for the long term monitoring of soil conditions. For example, a network of soil water content monitoring sites (Figure 6) can be used to blend temporal data obtained from different locations across the landscape to alter irrigation scheduling to optimize water use efficiency (Pan et al., 2010). In addition, the wireless transfer of data and signals from mobile sensors extends multiple sensor integration to various positions on agricultural machinery. By minimizing the physical connections between sensors, smart sensor operations can be designed. www.intechopen.com 34 Sensor Fusion - Foundation and Applications 1 2 7 8 3 1.Control box 2. Depth senor 3. Force sensor 4. Penetration rod 5. Water content sensor 4 and EC sensor 6. Footplate 5 7. DC-motor 8. Rack & rigging parts 6 Fig. 5. Vertical cone penetrometer with sensors for soil water content and apparent electrical conductivity (Sun et al., 2008). Communication node Soil matric potential and temperature sensors Fig. 6. An example of wireless sensor network (Pan et al., 2010). With regards to proximal crop sensing, our on-going research (Shiratsuchi et al., 2009) employs a system integrating active crop canopy reflectance sensing with crop height assessment using ultrasonic sensors along with crop canopy temperature sensing (Figure 7). The need for such integration can be explained by the difference in crop physiology when either nitrogen or water stress conditions are observed. www.intechopen.com Sensor Fusion for Precision Agriculture 35 GPS Ultrasonic Thermal sensor sensor Optical reflectance sensor Fig. 7. An integrated crop sensing system (upgraded prototype from Shiratsuchi et al., 2009). 4. Data integration Producers prefer sensors that provide direct inputs for existing prescription algorithms. Instead, commercially available sensors provide measurements such as apparent electrical conductivity that cannot be used directly since the absolute value depends on a number of physical and chemical soil properties such as texture, organic matter, salinity, moisture content, temperature, etc. In contrast, these sensors give valuable information about soil differences and similarities which make it possible to divide the field into smaller and relatively homogeneous areas referred to as finite management elements (FME) or management zones. For example, such FME could be defined according to the various soil types found within a field. In fact, electrical conductivity maps usually reveal boundaries of certain soil types better than conventional soil survey maps. Various anomalies such as eroded hillsides or ponding can also be easily identified on an EC map. Different levels of productivity observed in yield maps also frequently correspond to different levels of electrical conductivity. Therefore, it seems reasonable to use electrical conductivity maps along with other data layers (e.g., yield maps, aerial imagery, terrain, management history, etc.) to discover the heterogeneity (variability) of crop growing conditions within a field. When based on multiple data layers, FMEs with a similar EC and relatively stable yield may receive a uniform treatment that can be prescribed based on a reduced number of soil samples located within each FME. In addition, soil sensors may be useful in identifying areas within fields which are less profitable or environmentally risky to farm. Work by Corwin and Lesch (2003), and by Heiniger et al. (2003), can serve as examples of site-specific data management that includes processing of electrical conductivity maps. With regards to proximal crop sensing, optimization of application rates of crop inputs may require combining data from both crop and soil sensors. One type of crop sensor has been used to detect parameters related to the physical crop size using mechanical, www.intechopen.com 36 Sensor Fusion - Foundation and Applications ultrasonic or other proximal sensing. Recently, optical reflectance sensors that detect the ability of the crop canopy to reflect light in the visible and near-infrared parts of the electromagnetic spectrum have become popular (Shanahan et al., 2008). Sensor-based information on physical crop size has been used to vary the application rate of agricultural chemicals according to the predicted demand, while crop reflectance sensing has been used to alter the in-season supply of fertilizer and/ or water to supplement what is locally available from the soil. However, in both cases information on soil variability may need to be combined with plant information to optimize in-season fertilization to account for a spatially different crop response (Roberts et al., 2010). Discussed earlier field terrain and soil electrical conductivity maps can be used to account for spatial differences in soil conditions. Figure 8 illustrates the process of combining different sources of precision agriculture data that can be applied to assist with crop management decisions. Data can be obtained both from mobile, real-time sensing and from georeferenced maps of parameters such as crop yield and topography. The integration process may lead to management zone delineations and interpolated high-resolution maps that can be used to prescribe the spatially-variable management of agricultural inputs such as fertilizer. Alternatively, data integrated temporally could be used to manage an in-season farming operation, such as irrigation. Global Navigation Satellite Mobile Proximal Soil System (GNSS) Receivers and Crop Sensing Digital Elevation Maps Remote Sensing High-Resolution Sensor-Based Maps Yield Maps Historical Management Data Clustering Methods Calibration Sites Soil Sampling and Stationary Proximal Laboratory Analysis Soil Sensing Management Zone Maps Interpolated Thematic Maps Temporal Data Fig. 8. Data integration in precision agriculture. As illustrated in the flowchart, discrete management of finite field areas (zones) can be conducted based on maps produced using clustering methods that can integrate multiple layers of crop performance (e.g., yield) and/ or remote/ proximal sensing data (Fridgen et al, 2004. In many cases, each zone will need additional investigation or data collection to determine the most appropriate treatment plan. Another approach is to algorithmically www.intechopen.com Sensor Fusion for Precision Agriculture 37 convert one or multiple layers of high-resolution sensor data into a thematic map. In this case, additional point-based measurements or calibration sampling may be needed to relate the sensor signal to the parameter of interest. Finally, high-density data can be used to locate temporal monitoring sites that will provide information on how different field areas behave during the growing season. As many precision agricultural practices are specific to a given geographical area and to particular cropping systems, the set of most informative sensors and data layers may also vary from location to location and from practice to practice. On one hand, adding new data always requires additional costs, but does not always bring new information as many spatial data layers are highly correlated. Nevertheless, when different sensors are assigned different functions in the development of a multisensor system, more robust solutions can be found and deployed over a wider range of farm operations. New research in the area of sensor fusion for precision agriculture is expected to provide a variety of such examples. 6. Summary Precision agriculture encompasses identifying, understanding and utilizing information that quantifies variations in soil and crop within agricultural fields. The information needed is generally spatially and/ or temporally intensive, which has led to the development of various sensing technologies that assess the soil or crop. These sensing systems are based on diverse measurement concepts, including electrical and electromagnetic, optical and radiometric, mechanistic, and electrochemical. Robustness of single-sensor measurements is often less than ideal because virtually all currently used sensor technologies can respond to more than one basic parameter of interest. For example, crop canopy reflectance sensors can be affected by multiple stressors such as water or nitrogen deficiencies, the reflectance of the underlying soil, and the size of the crop plants. A sensor fusion approach that integrates canopy reflectance sensing with other sensors measuring plant size and soil parameters has the potential to improve the measurement accuracy of agronomically important stresses in the crop. Accurate measurements are important to determine the best management treatment because the economic and/ or environmental risk associated with applying the wrong treatment to the crop can be large. Some examples of integrated soil and crop sensing systems that combine multiple sensors already exist, and others are in various stages of development. However, multisensor platforms are difficult to implement in an agricultural setting due to constraints such as cost and durability. Typically low profit margins mean that agricultural producers are not willing to adopt technology with a high added cost. Reliability of sensor systems in field conditions including dust, moisture and vibration is difficult to attain, particularly given the cost constraints. The need to keep multiple sensors functioning simultaneously magnifies this problem. Nevertheless, researchers and developers have recognized the benefits of integrating multiple sensor datasets for agricultural decision-making. Finding an appropriate set of sensors and spatial data layers for a given application is a research topic of current interest around the world. We expect that many more examples of sensor fusion for precision agriculture will appear in the near future. www.intechopen.com 38 Sensor Fusion - Foundation and Applications 7. References Adamchuk, V.I.; Lund, E.; Sethuramasamyraja, B. ; Morgan, M.T. ; Dobermann, A. & Marx, D.B. (2005) Direct measurement of soil chemical properties on-the-go using ion-selective electrodes. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 48: 272- 294. Adamchuk, V.I. & Christenson, P.T. (2005) An integrated system for mapping soil physical properties on-the-go: the mechanical sensing component. In: Precision Agriculture: Papers from the Fifth European Conference on Precision Agriculture, Uppsala, Sweden, 9-12 J . une 2005, ed. J Stafford, 449-456. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, The Netherlands. Adamchuk, V.I. ; Hummel, J.W. ; Morgan, M.T. & Upadhyaya, S.K. (2004) On-the-go soil sensors for precision agriculture. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 44: 71-91. Christy, C.D. (2008) Real-time measurement of soil attributes using on-the-go near infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 61: 10–19. Corwin, D.L. & Lesch, S.M. (2003) Application of soil electrical conductivity toprecision agriculture: theory, principles, and guidelines. Agronomy J ournal 95: 455–471. ., . de Gruijter, J D.J Brus, M.F.P. Bierkens, and M. Knotters. 2006. Sampling for Natural Resource Monitoring. Springer, New York, New York, USA. .J . Fridgen, J .; Kitchen, N.R.; Sudduth, K.A.; Drummond, S.T.; Wiebold, W.J & Fraissed, C.W. (2004) Management zone analyst (MZA): software for subfield management zone delineation. Agronomy J ournal 96: 100-108. Gebbers, R. & Adamchuk, V.I. (2010) Precision agriculture and food security. Science 327: 828-831. Heiniger, R.W.; McBride, R.G. & Clay, D.E. (2003) Using soil electrical conductivity to improve nutrient management. Agronomy J ournal 95: 508–519. Hummel, J .W., Gaultney, L.D. & Sudduth, K.A. (1996) Soil property sensing for site-specific crop management. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 14: 121–136. Jonjak, A.K.; Adamchuk, V.I.; Wortmann, C.S.; Ferguson, R.B. & Shapiro, C.A. (2010) A comparison of conventional and sensor-based lime requirement maps. In: Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Precision Agriculture, Denver, Colorado, 18-21 J uly 2010, ed. R. Kholsa. Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (CD publication, 15 pages). Lund, E.D.; Adamchuk, V.I.; Collings, K.L.; Drummond, P.E. & Christy, C.D. (2005) Development of soil pH and lime requirement maps using on-the-go soil sensors. In: Precision Agriculture: Papers from the Fifth European Conferenceon Precision Agriculture, Uppsala, Sweden, 9-12 June 2005, ed. J .Stafford, 457-464. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, The Netherlands. . McBratney, A.; Whelan, B.; Ancev, T. & Bouma, J (2005) Future directions of precision agriculture. Precision Agriculture 6: 7-23. Moore, I.D.; Gessler, P.E.; Nielsen, G.A. & Peterson, G.A. (1993). Soil attribute prediction using terrain analysis. Soil Science Society of America Journal 57: 443–452. www.intechopen.com Sensor Fusion for Precision Agriculture 39 Pan, L.; Adamchuk, V.I.; Martin D.L.; Schroeder M.A. & Ferguson, R.B. (2010) Analysis of water use efficiency using on-the-go soil sensing and a wireless network. In: Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Precision Agriculture, Denver, Colorado, 18-21 J uly 2010, ed. R. Kholsa. Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (CD publication, 13 pages). . Pierce, F.J & Nowak, P. (1999) Aspects of precision agriculture. Advances in Agronomy 67: 1-85. Robert, P.C. (1993) Characterization of soil conditions at the field level for soil specific management. Geoderma 60: 57-72. .F.; Roberts, D.F.; Shanahan J Ferguson R.B.; Adamchuk V.I. & Kitchen N.R. (2010) A crop and soil strategy for sensor-based variable-rate nitrogen management. In: Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Precision Agriculture, Denver, Colorado, 18-21 J uly 2010, ed. R. Kholsa. Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (CD publication, 15 pages). Samborski, S.M.; Tremblay, N. & Fallon, E. (2009) Strategies to make use of plant sensors- based diagnostic information for nitrogen recommendations. Agronomy J ournal 101: 800-816. Shanahan, J .S. .F.; Kitchen N.R.; Raun W.R. & Schepers J (2008) Responsive in-season nitrogen management for cereals. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 61: 51–62. Shibusawa, S. (2006) Soil sensors for precision agriculture. In: Handbook of Precision Agriculture. Principles and Applications, A. Srinivasan, ed., 57.90. Food Products Press, New York, New York, USA. .F. Shiratsuchi, L.S.; Ferguson, R.B.; Adamchuk, V.I.; Shanahan, J & Slater, G.P. (2009) Integration of ultrasonic and active canopy sensors to estimate the in-season nitrogen content for corn. In: Proceedings of the 39th North Central Extension- Industry Soil Fertility Conference, Des Moines, Iowa, 18-19 November 2009. International Plant Nutrition Institute, Norcross, Georgia, USA. Simbahan, G.C. & Dobermann, A. (2006) An algorithm for spatially constrained classification of categorical and continuous soil properties. Geoderma 136: 504-523. .; . Solari, F.; Shanahan, J Ferguson, R.; Schepers, J & Gitelson, A. (2008) Active sensor reflectance measurements of corn nitrogen status and yield potential. Agronomy Journal, 100: 571–579. Sonka, S.T.; Bauer, M.E.; Cherry, E.T.; Colburn, J .W.; Heimlich, R.E.; J oseph, D.A.; Leboeuf, J .B.; Lichtenberg, E.; Mortensen, D.A.; Searcy, S.W.; Ustin, S.L. & . Ventura, S.J (1997) Precision agriculture in the 21st century. Geospatial and information technologies in crop management. Committee on Assessing Crop Yield: Site-Specific Farming, Information Systems, and Research Opportunities, Board of Agriculture, National Research Council. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, USA. Sudduth, K.A.; Hummel J . .W. & Birrell, S.J (1997) Sensors for site-specific management. In: . The State of Site-Specific Management for Agriculture, F.T. Pierce and E.J Sadler, eds., 183-210. ASA-CSSA-SSSA, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. . Sun, Y.; Schulze Lammers, P.; Ma, D.; Lin, J & Zeng, Q. (2008) Determining soil physical properties by multi-sensor technique. Sensors and Actuators 147: 352-357. www.intechopen.com 40 Sensor Fusion - Foundation and Applications Taylor, J.A.; McBratney, A.B.; Viscarra Rossel, R.A.; Minansy, B.; Taylor, H.; Whelan, B. & Short, M. (2006). Development of a multi-sensor platform for proximal soil sensing. In: Proceedings of the 18th World Congress of Soil Science, J uly 9–15, 2006. World Congress of Soil Science, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. . Viscarra Rossel, R.A.; Adamchuk, V.A.; Sudduth, K.A.; McKenzie, N.J & Lobsey, C. (2011) Proximal soil sensing: a spectrum of opportunities. Advances in Agronomy (accepted). ., Viscarra Rossel, R.A., Adamchuk, V.A., Sudduth, K. McKenzie, N.J Lobsey, C. 2011. Proximal soil sensing. Advances in Agronomy, (in press). . Wollenhaupt, N.C.; Mulla, D.J & Gotway Crawford, C.A. (1997) Soil sampling and interpolation techniques for mapping spatial variability of soil properties. In: The . State of Site-Specific Management for Agriculture, F.T. Pierce and E.J Sadler, eds., 19- 53. ASA-CSSA-SSSA, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. www.intechopen.com Sensor Fusion - Foundation and Applications Edited by Dr. Ciza Thomas ISBN 978-953-307-446-7 Hard cover, 226 pages Publisher InTech Published online 24, June, 2011 Published in print edition June, 2011 Sensor Fusion - Foundation and Applications comprehensively covers the foundation and applications of sensor fusion. This book provides some novel ideas, theories, and solutions related to the research areas in the field of sensor fusion. The book explores some of the latest practices and research works in the area of sensor fusion. The book contains chapters with different methods of sensor fusion for different engineering as well as non-engineering applications. Advanced applications of sensor fusion in the areas of mobile robots, automatic vehicles, airborne threats, agriculture, medical field and intrusion detection are covered in this book. Sufficient evidences and analyses have been provided in the chapter to show the effectiveness of sensor fusion in various applications. This book would serve as an invaluable reference for professionals involved in various applications of sensor fusion. How to reference In order to correctly reference this scholarly work, feel free to copy and paste the following: Viacheslav I. Adamchuk, Raphael A. Viscarra Rossel, Kenneth A. Sudduth and Peter Schulze Lammers (2011). Sensor Fusion for Precision Agriculture, Sensor Fusion - Foundation and Applications, Dr. Ciza Thomas (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-307-446-7, InTech, Available from: http://www.intechopen.com/books/sensor- fusion-foundation-and-applications/sensor-fusion-for-precision-agriculture InTech Europe InTech China University Campus STeP Ri Unit 405, Office Block, Hotel Equatorial Shanghai Slavka Krautzeka 83/A No.65, Yan An Road (West), Shanghai, 200040, China 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Phone: +385 (51) 770 447 Phone: +86-21-62489820 Fax: +385 (51) 686 166 Fax: +86-21-62489821 www.intechopen.com
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ApplianceKenmore Dryer
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I purchased a replacement "Thermistor", "Electrode", and "Door Catch Kit" for my 2002 Kenmore Elite He3 electric dryer. I watched several repair video's but wasn't thrilled with the instructions or the high degree of "remove and replace" of components, just to get the the parts I wanted to replace. I took the top panel off my dryer and removed the troubleshooting guide. It showed that the Thermistor, Electrode, and several other components, could be accessed from the front lower panel. I removed the panel, and then the blower cover (two screws and a clip). This gave me access to the Thermistor. It was a little tight, but I removed the part with little problem. Unfortunately the Thermistor the company sent me for my dryer model was incorrect. Not only would it not seat flush in the oblong hole in the blower housing, but the male electrical connectors were a 16th to an 8th inch too wide for the female connectors on the dryer. I ended up cleaning the old Thermistor and re-installed it. We'll see what happens. The Electrode was no problem, I simply removed the lint cover from inside the dryer (3 screws), and carefully pulled the slack in the wire harness enough to remove the electrical connections from the ends of the Electrode. That could have been done without removing the lower panel, but unless you've done it before, I'd recommend removing it, and the blower cover. It gives a better view of the connections. The electrodes have a small metal catch that holds it in the plastic vent cover. You can see it on the replacement part you'll have before you remove the old one. The door catch's are a no brainer. You can look at the new ones and see how that fit. They also come with well written instructions. Good luck with your repairs.
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Artist: KAZE
Album: Black Kennedy
Tar Heel State mainstay KAZE (aka 4 Letters) has come together with The DJBooth to bring listeners his latest street release, the Black Kennedy mixtape. The follow-up to 2011's Jersey in the Rafters, the project features 20... More
Posted 2 years ago
Artist: KAZE
Song: Searching
Album: Black Kennedy
Have you been looking for something new to add to your music collection to get you through the final stretch of this long, cold winter? Well, you can stop Searching right now, because KAZE has just... More
Posted 2 years ago
Carolina representative KAZE has hooked up with The DJBooth to bring listeners his latest street release, the Jersey in the Rafters mixtape. The project features 18 previously-released cuts hand-picked to offer new fans a... More
Posted 3 years ago
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|Ghosts of Yerranderie - Quick Facts
January: 12-26°C
|Tourist Information
We'll begin our trek at Goulburn. (We could also start at another Southern Highlands town - Mittagong - but the picturesque and also potentially dangerous Wombeyan Caves road adds hours to the trip.) Get an early start and take the Taralga road, continuing north past Taralga township until sighting the Mount Werong Foretrail. Turn into this and look for Limeburners Road, which will lead you down to a valley floor - Limeburners Flat. Here, a little creek meanders through the valley, and the trail parallels its course. It ploughs through a couple of deep mudholes before crossing the creek and climbing out the other side.
You'll be in four-wheel drive already, but will need low-range to make the ascent. Picking the right line and judicious wheel placement will also be necessary to avoid high centering on rock ledges, possibly leading to underbody damage.
If not too much time has been wasted negotiating the trails so far, you'll have time to visit Yerranderie - a ghost town from old mining days. Turn right onto the Oberon Stock Route and follow the signs.
There's plenty of gates to open and shut, so make sure you have a 'navigator'! In less than 40 km you'll be in the old gold town.
Yerranderie is a remnant of a once-thriving community founded in 1871. In its heyday between 1900 and 1914 it had over 2,000 residents and services included a school, three churches, two butchers, one hotel, a police station and court house and a silent movie theatre. At the top of the hill was the small 'Government Town' (where one of the churches, the court house and the school stand rather forlornly in grassy fields). Below it was the more populous 'Private Town'.
The outbreak of the First World War led to mine closures, with most of the miners going to war. This was followed by a period of unrest in the 1920s with miners regularly on strike. After WWII there were several attempts to re-open the mines but they ended when the Sydney Water Board flooded the Burragorang Valley to provide water for the Warragamba Dam development.
'Private Town' is now owned by conservationist and architect Val Luehde, who has spent a great deal of money on restoration projects. The Post Office (built in 1907) has been converted to bunk style accommodation, S C Meldrum's tailor's shop is now a gift store, the bank is a museum and the bakery is an Aboriginal artifacts gallery. There is also a well preserved boarding house. Lheude's restorations are tasteful and authentic and a chat with her about the history of the place is well worthwhile.
There's plenty to see and do around Yerranderie - swim in the river, pick through the old mines, explore the town by foot, bushwalk to some of the great natural vantage points that offer stunning views of this extremely rugged part of the Great Divide - it's up to you. Camping is possible at a number of sites: in the township, for a small fee: on Water Board land, or rented accommodation in one of the restored buildings.
Unfortunately, there's no alternative but to backtrack out of Yerranderie. Once, there was an eastern escape route, but the waters of Warragamba Dam - the final nail in the town's coffin - cut it.
Go as far as the main (dirt) Goulburn road and turn right. The route will take you through Shooters Hill and on to Edith, where another right turn leads to Jenolan Caves.
If you have more time, or, at another time, use conventional roads to reach the Oberon Stock Route, more four-wheel driving is possible.
Following the Banshee Forest Road through Gurnang State Forest, the track along Boucher Ridge and some low-range descent will eventually lead adventurers to Dingo Dell, an idyllic, lush green camp site. There's a pit toilet there, but nothing else.
Further on, after crossing the creek at Dingo Dell and another ascent and descent, the Kowmung River waits. If it's running high, do not attempt a crossing, but if it's not, ford the river, climb up towards the Kanangra Walls Plateau, and, using the Kowmung Firetrail and the Kanangra Walls Road, eventually you'll emerge at the tarred road that leads off to the right to Jenolan Caves. A diversion to Kanangra Walls Lookout is worth the time and effort.
These are not easy trips. Take emergency food and water, and if at all daunted, companions in another vehicle. However, if you're venturing out on a weekend, you should have no trouble in finding help if you come unstuck. This is a popular 4WD haunt!
The adventurous Limeburners Fire trail in and out from the delightful and grassy Limeburners Flats (a great place for a cuppa and a break on the way to Yerranderie), is steep and very hairy. So hairy that the word is that the trail might soon be closed. So if you want an excellent and exciting trip, do it soon. Derrick, Collaroy
While popular during the weekends, this can be a quiet place during the week, if venturing out alone take emergency supplies. You can even rent ELT's (Emergency Locating Transmitter) from NPWS if you're worried about finding help. Ameila, Oberonb
NRMA Car Servicing & Inspections


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Comment: Re:This'll be Nice (Score 1) 314
by vaksion (#20125893) Attached to: World of Warcraft - Wrath of the Lich King Officially Announced
Wow. What class was his Piglet? I bet it had the magical power of shooting bacon. The bacon would cause 'Sizzling Burn' on the target causing 20 food damage every 5 seconds. That would be a racial thing. And they could have resistance to things like Bleed and stuff, those would be racial passive
.... oh the wild imagination I have .... lol. What guild is it?


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Department of Chemical Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering
Chemical, Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering News
NJIT Professors Publish Article in Environmental Science & Technology
December 24, 2014
To address the challenges in industrialization of algae-based biofuel and issues of algal contamination in drinking water supply, Wen Zhang, assistant professor in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and Xianqin Wang, associate professor in the Department of Chemical, Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, have jointly been developing functional magnetic nanoparticles with polymer coating for cost efficient algal biomass harvesting and removal from water. >>
Kamalesh Sirkar, distinguished professor of chemical engineering, delivered a keynote lecture on "Novel Membrane Absorption-based Processes for CO2 Capture" at the International Congress of Membranes and Membrane Processes (ICOM 2014) in Suzhou, China in July. >>
Francisco Guzman, a Ph.D. student in the Department of Chemical, Biological, and Pharmaceutical Engineering (CBPE) working with NJIT's Center for Natural Resources Development and Protection (NRDP), has won a fellowship from the American Petroleum Institute that includes attending the 2014 International Oil Spill Conference (IOSC) in Savannah, Georgia in May of this year. >>
NJIT Professor Receives Distinguished Teaching Award
March 06, 2014
Laurent Simon, an associate professor of chemical engineering at NJIT, received a Distinguished Teaching Award from the American Society for Engineering Education. >>
NJIT Professor Authors Textbook on Science of Separation
November 01, 2013
Kamalesh Sirkar, distinguished professor of chemical engineering, has authored a new textbook entitled Separation of Molecules, Macromolecules and Particles (Cambridge University Press, 2013). >>
Dr. Reginald Tomkins Receives Zaida Morales-Martinez ACS Mentoring Prize
December 20, 2012
Reginald Tomkins, professor of chemical engineering and co-op adviser for the Otto H. York Department of Chemical, Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, was the winner of the 2011 Zaida C. Morales Martinez ACS Scholars Mentoring Prize. >>
Catalent Licenses Innovative Taste-Masking Technology for Bitter Drugs Following R&D Collaboration with NJIT
October 10, 2012
Following a successful research collaboration with NJIT, Catalent Pharma Solutions of Somerset has announced that it has exclusively licensed innovative taste-making technology developed by NJIT Distinguished Professor Rajesh Davé, who was the principal investigator of a research project funded by Catalent. >>
Work of NJIT Professor Included in NASA's Flight Opportunities Program
September 21, 2012
The work of Boris Khusid, professor in the department of chemical, biological and pharmaceutical engineering, has been included in NASA's Flight Opportunities Program. >>
NJIT Graduate Student Receives Award
August 21, 2012
Graduate student John Tang received the Elias Klein Founders' Travel Award for the North American Membrane Society (NAMS) Annual Meeting held in New Orleans, LA during June 9-13, 2012. >>
NJIT Professor Published in Science
August 09, 2012
The August issue of prestigious journal Science today has published a perspective by longtime NJIT Professor and noted polymer expert Marino Xanthos about polypropylene, a widely-used plastic with consumer applications ranging from food packaging to automotive parts, including car battery casings. >>


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The investment seeks current income and, as a secondary objective, long-term capital appreciation.
The fund normally invests in a portfolio of U.S.-listed, exchange-traded stocks and bonds, as well as other mutual funds and business development companies ("BDCs"), that the portfolio manager believes offers high current income. It invests primarily in U.S. equity securities but may, to a lesser extent, invest in equity securities of foreign entities. The fund may invest in entities of any size. To the extent that the fund invests in bonds it may invest in bonds of any maturity or credit quality.
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[9] mailto:email@example.com?subject=Mail from GFM Ltd


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COLLEGE STATION – The No. 9 Texas A&M men's tennis continues its season opening six match home stand Monday at the George P. Mitchell Tennis Center with dual matches against SMU and Nicholls State. The match up with the Mustangs is set for noon followed by a meeting with the Cardinals at 3:30 p.m.
The matches were originally schedule for Super Sunday, but low temperatures and precipitation in the Bryan/College Station forced the matches to Monday. Anticipated low temperatures on Monday pushed the matches back to noon and 3:30 p.m.
The Aggies return to action following 6-1 victories over UTSA and Lamar on Jan. 25 at the Mitchell Tennis Center. The sophomore tandem of Harrison Adams and Shane Vinsant improved to 4-0 on the young season with two victories at the No. 1 line against the Roadrunners and Cardinals. The pair downed Yannick Junger and Diogo Casa, 6-0, in the first match against UTSA and later ousted the duo of Nikita Lis and Steven McMullan, 6-2, of Lamar. Last season, both Adams and Vinsant were named to the All-SEC Freshmen team during their first season in Aggieland.
SMU(3-2) is fresh off defeating UTSA, the Mustangs took the doubles point and won four of six singles matches to defeat the Roadrunners, 5-2, in its home opener at the Bent Tree Country Club on Friday afternoon.
Nicholls State (1-1) returns to action after picking up their first win of the spring season over NAIA Xavier (La.) on Friday. The Colonels jumped out to a 1-0 lead after doubles play before taking four of the six matches in singles to win 5-2.
To learn more about Texas A&M men's tennis, visit AggieAthletics.com and follow @AggieMTEN on Twitter. Live video and stats for home matches are available on AggieAthletics.com.


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Singapore top-grade office rents return to highest levels in over 2 years
Published on Mar 19, 2014 2:39 PM
Office rents in Singapore's central business district (CBD) rose in the first quarter of this year to their highest levels in more than two years, according to a report by property consultancy Colliers International on Wednesday.
The firm said the improvement was due to faster-than-expected economic recoveries in the United States and Europe, which led to more demand for office leasing.
Companies are gearing up for growth and are also more actively reviewing their expansion and relocation options in order to lock in rents, Colliers added.
Average monthly gross rents for premium and Grade A office space in the CBD grew 3.2 per cent in January through March this year from the preceding three months. Premium office space, which includes buildings such as Asia Square and Marina Bay Financial Centre, is the best available and is a rung above Grade A.
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Amount not covered by car insurance may be deductible
I was in a car accident recently and my insurance only paid for part of the damage. Does the casualty loss deduction apply to this situation? B.P., Crawfordsville
Feb 14 2000
Last minute rush to post office is party for tax procrastinators
Were you at the post office on April 15th? Those long midnight lines seem to get longer each year, and our Indianapolis post offices, along with the Indianapolis policemen and sheriffs who provide traffic control, just take it all in stride.The downtown post office as well as the Nora and Southport branches, provided convenient curb service for tax procrastinators on the 15th, greeting taxpayers as they drove by and collecting the envelopes from the street."We were extremely busy.
Feb 14 2000
Save charitable giving receipt, and salvage your tax bill
We always donate our giveaway items to Goodwill, Salvation Army, and other such organizations. However, I've never really known how to calculate the charitable cash value for tax deduction purposes. Are there any rules regarding this type of charitable giving? J.S., Indianapolis
Feb 14 2000
IRS and states provide tax information & forms online
Do you know if there is a web-site where I can get IRS publications? B.B., Indianapolis As backwards as the IRS sometimes seems, they are right up there in the world of high technology when it comes to a presence on the Internet. You can download tax forms, publications, and recent tax news from the IRS' s own web site at http://www.irs.ustreas.gov/prod/cover.html.
Feb 14 2000
You can work more hours, but you'll share more with Uncle Sam
I have an opportunity to work a lot of overtime this year, which will generate more money for me. If I shoot into a new tax bracket (over $50,000 in income), should I go ahead and work the overtime and get more money, or would I get taxed so much that it wouldn't be worth my while? S.P., Indianapolis
Feb 14 2000
Medical insurance reimbursement shows up on next year's return
We took a deduction for medical expenses on our 1997 tax return. This Spring we received a medical insurance reimbursement and part of the money we received was for medical expenses we deducted. Should we amend last year's tax return? L.S., Zionsville You don't have to amend your 1997 tax return, leave it filed as is. However, you're not completely off the hook.
Feb 14 2000
Entertainment expenses must pass tax tests of the IRS
With Race season upon us once again, it's time to consider the tax status of the business-related purchases of seats to the Indy 500, NBA playoffs, and like events. Purchasing event tickets under the guise of a business expense falls into the category of entertainment, an area of the tax law that piques the interest of many a hungry IRS agent.
Feb 14 2000
Avoid audit causing errors when planning taxes
It's never too soon to start planning for your next tax return. Now that your 1997 tax return is behind you (unless you decided to drag out the agony a bit further and filed for an extension), you can start planning your strategy for your 1998 tax return. Before you get too creative, however, take a look at this list of tax situations that are notorious for attracting the attention of the IRS.
Feb 14 2000
Only part of a broker's fee is tax-deductible
I pay my broker a fee for managing my investments, making trades for me, and giving advice. Am I correct that all of this fee is allowed as an itemized deduction on my tax return? D.P., Avon Yes and no. If part of your fee is for managing assets which produce tax-free income, you are expected to prorate the fee so that your deduction is only for the part of the fee that relates to taxable income. Also, if you pay a custodial fee for an IRA account, that fee is not deductible.
Feb 14 2000
Owners decide expense vs. asset treatment of purchases
I own a little business. When I purchase tools and equipment for the business, I make kind of arbitrary decisions about when to depreciate the items and when to expense them. What are the rules for deciding if something is expensed or depreciated? A.H., Greenwood
Feb 14 2000
IRS will likely let you slide on minor tax form errors
When I was looking over my 1996 taxes (while I was doing the 1997 one), I noticed I put my Schedule C income on the wrong line (alimony line I think) on the 1040. Do you think they will figure out the mistake since they have the Schedule C, or do you think I need to send them a letter or an amended return, or just let well enough alone? P.H., Indianapolis
Feb 14 2000
You must itemize to deduct gambling losses
I recently won a lump sum gambling out of state. Must I itemize my taxes next year to be able to deduct my gambling losses? Also, does it matter from which state my gambling losses come? S.B., Indianapolis Yes and no.
Feb 14 2000
Roof can be depreciated separately from office
I own a small office building which I've been depreciating over 31.5 years. I've had the building for 6 years. I just put a new roof on the building. Do I add the cost of the roof to the cost of the building and keep depreciating for the remaining amount of years? Or do I have to start over on the roof with 31.5 years? That would mean I' m still depreciating the roof when the building is finished. Can you depreciate a roof if the building under it is supposedly used up? C.B., Indianapolis
Feb 14 2000
Windows Tip: A Shortcut to Shortcuts
If you have several Windows open and can't quickly locate a shortcut on your desktop, click on START in the lower left corner of your screen, then RUN, and simply type a period in the space and click OK. A display of all your desktop icons is displayed.
Feb 11 2000
AccountingWEB Weekly News Wrap-up - Issue 29
The AccountingWEB Friday Wrap-Up Newswire - Issue 29February 11, 2000http://www.accountingweb.comIn the news this week:1. IRS Target Audit Areas: What Are They? 2. CCH Debuts Online Tax Preparation For $7.503. Statistics on the "Vampires of the Bottom Line"4. New York Wants Martha Stewart To Pay Up5. H&R Block Website Shuts Down Temporarily - But Not Because of Hackers6. Andersen Consulting Takes Stake In Dot Com Companies7.
Feb 11 2000
Hacker Attack Focuses on College, Business Venues
This week's hacker attack that forced some of the world's most popular and most lucrative Web sites to temporarily shut down has the FBI investigating leads that colleges and businesses as possible sources for where hackers reside.Justice officials also report that these "cyber-attackers" may reside overseas.The FBI feels colleges and businesses are ideal environments because of the quantity of computer systems hackers used to send their denial-of-service messages.Some of the sites that shut down included Yahoo!, E-Trade and Amazon.com.
Feb 11 2000
Feb. 15 Last Day for IMA Nominations
Tuesday, Feb. 15 is the final deadline for nominations in the Institute of Management Accountants' (IMA) and Accountants on Call (AOC) Financial Executive of the Year Awards program.Winners will be announced March 1.
Feb 11 2000
Practice Management
Avoiding the Pitfalls of Web Site Development
Because I have helped develop a couple of Web sites – one large in scale and the other pretty small – I have a sense of how frustrating and confusing Web site development can be. Not only are you working with another "language," but the variables are unlimited and the costs can be, too. Web developers can charge anywhere from $500 to hundreds of thousands of dollars to build your Web site. Use these ideas to make your next Web site development project run smoothly.The key to Web site development is planning.
Feb 11 2000
IRS has formula for storm damage
During a March snowstorm, I lost five oak trees that were between 60-70 years old each'Can I write this loss off on my taxes? If so, what do I do? R.D., Portage
Feb 11 2000
$400 Child Tax Credit goes to $500 in 1999
Please tell me about the new child tax credit'Who gets to take it, and which children qualify? I've heard that the credit is $400 and I've heard that it is $500'Which is right? Is it so much per child, or is it one credit per family? O.H., Indianapolis
Feb 11 2000
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On July 7, 2008, at approximately 1:46 a.m., Officer Scott Wilson of the Columbia Police Department initiated a traffic stop after observing Petitioner's vehicle traveling on Harden Street without the headlights illuminated. During the stop, Officer Wilson smelled alcohol on Petitioner's breath and observed that Petitioner exhibited bloodshot eyes, slurred speech, and "slow and deliberate movements." As a result, Officer Wilson advised Petitioner of his Miranda[2] rights and ordered him to perform four field sobriety tests. After Petitioner "failed" three of the four tests, Officer Wilson arrested him for DUI/drunk driving and transported him to the Columbia Police Department.
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Past Events
Can Macedonia Survive the Latest Internal and Regional Developments?
January 20, 2004 // 11:00am — 12:00pm
Global Europe Program
Vasil Tupurkovski, Professor of International Law, University of Skopje, and President of the Democratic Alternative Party
Thirty Years of Collaboration between USAID and the Ministry of Health of Morocco
January 19, 2004 // 11:00pm
Environmental Change and Security Program
Dr. Mohamed Cheikh Biadillah, the Moroccan minister of health, marks the "graduation" of Morocco from USAID assistance, due to the country's improving health indicators.
Stealth Democracy: Americans' Beliefs about How Government Should Work---Roundtable Discussion with Authors
January 16, 2004 // 2:00pm — 4:00pm
Congress Project
with Co-authors: John R. Hibbing and Elizabeth Theiss-Morse, professors of political science, University of Nebraska; Discussants: David Skaggs, Executive Director, Center for Democracy and Citizenship; and Catherine Rudder, Professor and Director of the Masters Program in Public Policy at George Mason University
Liberalizing the Leviathans
January 15, 2004 // 2:00pm — 4:00pm
Asia Program
Andreas Moerke, German Institute for Japanese Studies, Tokyo; Mark Tilton, Purdue University and Woodrow Wilson Center; Jay Tate, University of California at Berkeley
"The New Left in Mexico: The Political Program of the PRD" with Emilio Zebadúa
January 15, 2004 // 8:00am — 9:30am
Mexico Institute
Realism Canadian Style: The Chrétien Legacy in Foreign and Defense Policy and the Lessons for Canada-U.S. Relations
January 15, 2004 // 8:00am — 10:00am
Canada Institute
Joel Sokolsky, Professor of Political Science at the Royal Military College of Canada, reviewed the history of Canadian foreign and defense policy as well as their effect on U.S.-Canada relations at a seminar sponsored by Canada Institute.
NATO and Central Europe: Three New Books
January 14, 2004 // 11:00am — 12:00pm
Global Europe Program
Jeffrey Simon Senior Research Fellow, Institute for National trategic Studies, National Defense University
Challenges Facing China's Response to AIDS
January 13, 2004 // 7:00am — 8:30am
Asia Program
In New York:David Ho, Director and CEO, Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center; Peter Piot, Director, Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS); Elisabeth Rosenthal, The New York Times, moderatorIn Washington, DC:Bates Gill, Freeman Chair in China Studies, Center for Strategic & International Studies; Sheila Mitchell, Senior VP, Institute for HIV/AIDS, Family Health International; Marwyn Samuels, Founding Chairman, US-China AIDS Foundation
Myths and Mysticism: An Historical Perspective on Islam and Conflict in the North Caucasus
January 12, 2004 // 11:00am — 12:00pm
Kennan Institute
Michael Reynolds, Research Fellow, John M. Olin Institute for Strategic Studies, Harvard University
Sudan: the Peace Process and Beyond
January 12, 2004 // 8:30am — 10:30am
Africa Program
Moderated by Jok Madut Jok, Sudanese Scholar and Woodrow Wilson Center Fellow. Featuring John Prendergast Special Advisor to the President of International Crisis Group, Gerard Gallucci, US Chargé d'Affaires in Khartoum, and Kate Almquist , Advisor on Policy to USAID Administrator Natsios.


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What a DREAM
posted 6 years ago
Horseman's Dream is great for horse needs but works well on dry hands and feet for humans as well. We have a couple of tubs of this at the rescue,it keeps the bugs out while helping to heal the wound,and will help the hair that was lost from a wound to grow back. Great Product.
Pros: Good for your hands as well
Cons: NONE
1 of 1 people found this review helpful.
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Aloe Cream, works great!
posted 6 years ago
I use this stuff pretty regularly, especially in summer. It is good to use as a mix with SWAT, on gnat irritations on the belly. Keeps the bugs off and grows the hair back.
Pros: This cream is absolutely gentle on the skin, won't burn open wounds
Cons: None that I know of!
0 of 0 people found this review helpful.
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November 15, 2014 | By Robyn
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Pink is my favorite color these are wonderful.I will recommend a good website fou you: www.9footballshirt.org
Freshpet Select Roasted Meals for Cat
June 28, 2013 | By Kittymom314
I introduced this food to my two cats, one is a senior at 13 years and the other is about 7 years. Both females. The 7 year old is a new addition, recently adopted :) Because of their age differenc… more ›


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Cards that swipe back
Maria Scott on how Christmas shoppers face rip-offs that could plunge them into years of debt.
Cash p2
How to foil the plastic bandits
Jill Insley offers advice on how to protect your plastic.
Your perfect plastic
The card ads can be baffling. We offer a guide to the gobbledegook.
Cash p3
Waiting for better annuity deal 'risky'
Pensioners risk ending up worse off if they delay buying an annuity with their pension funds in the hope of securing a higher income.
Financial ignorance is bliss for some
'You might expect that someone able to pay cash for a £35,000 Mercedes would possess the financial acumen to avoid being ripped off by the car salesman.'
Cash p4
Magic of parental peace of mind
Things are far from wizard for a child left without parents, says Jill Insley. But some preparation helps.
Cash p5
Come live with me...
In the second in the series, Neasa MacErlean looks at the financial pitfalls of short and long-term shacking up.
Cash p6
Art form hiding its light
In the Seventies holography was all the rage. John Windsor on a victim of fashion.
Cash p8
Euro's castles in the air
Don't expect house prices to fall if Britain joins the single currency, says Graham Norwood.
Cash p10
Reveal insurers' performance on internet to prevent new Equitable scandal, urges FSA
With-profits deals to be clarified, says Jill Insley.
Cash p12
On the market
Friends Ivory & Sime European Assets Trust.
Dare you gamble on a hi-tech bounce?
'South Africa-based technology group Dimension Data has warned of 'considerable uncertainty' in its market.'
Cash p15
Legal eagle spots buying opportunity
But trainee solicitor Lindsay must first stop frittering away her salary, writes Margaret Dibben.
Cash p16
Having a happy new year in Euroland
Has your bank, building society or insurer treated you badly? We seek justice for our readers.
Cash p17
Time to watch your back as pay talks get tougher
The events of 11 September could affect how much your wages rise next year, says Neasa MacErlean.
Work writes
Neasa MacErlean tackles your problems in the office.
Cash p18
The clergy
If you are one of the million people who will go to a Church of England service today, spare a thought (and even a few quid) for the cleric as you sit in your pew.


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EU Welcomes Global Aviation Emissions Deal
PR Newswire
WASHINGTON, Oct. 4, 2013
WASHINGTON, Oct. 4, 2013 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/ -- The European Commission today welcomed the decision by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) to develop a global market-based mechanism to tackle airline emissions. This will be accompanied by a series of technical and operational measures to reduce emissions.
European Commission Vice President Siim Kallas said: "I am very pleased that after long and hard negotiations we finally have a global deal on aviation emissions. This is good news for the traveling public, good news for the aviation industry, but most importantly it is very good news for the planet."
EU Climate Action Commissioner Connie Hedegaard said: ''The EU's hard work has paid off. After so many years of talks, ICAO has finally agreed to the first-ever global deal to curb aviation emissions. If it hadn't been for the EU's hard work and determination, we wouldn't have got this decision today to create a global market-based measure. What matters to us is that the aviation sector also contributes to our efforts to reduce emissions."
With this deal, the aviation industry becomes the first international transport sector to apply a global market-based mechanism to reduce their emissions.
More information:
Press release:
ICAO: Aviation Assembly conclusions:
SOURCE Delegation of the European Union to the United States
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Health, Physical Education and Family Consumer Sciences
Important Feedback Needed by February 27, 2015:
Review of New Legislation in Regards to Instruction in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and in the Use of Automated External Defibrillators
Survey Link: https://www.research.net/s/CPRLegislation
See below for additional information.
During the 2014 legislative session, the Legislature passed and the Governor signed into law Chapter 417, which amended Section 305 of the Education Law to require the Commissioner of Education to make a recommendation to the Board of Regents regarding a potential new mandate for required instruction in CPR and the use of AEDs in senior high schools. See: http://www.regents.nysed.gov/meetings/2014/December2014/1214p12d1.pdf (74 KB)
The statute, which took effect on October 21, 2014, requires that, prior to making this recommendation to the Board of Regents, the Commissioner must seek the recommendations of teachers, school administrators, teacher educators, others with educational expertise in such curriculum, as well as comments from parents, students, and other interested parties.
In addition, the Department must consider the fiscal impact of this mandate on the State and school districts, the amount of instructional time such curriculum would require and whether such time would detract from other mandated courses of study, and any additional factors the Commissioner deems relevant.
The Department staff is seeking feedback on this potential mandate from teachers, school administrators, teacher educators, others with educational expertise in such curriculum, parents, students, and other interested parties prior to making a recommendation to the Board consistent with the legislative requirement.
Please click the link found below to access the survey:
Please note: Survey needs to be completed by February 27, 2015.
If you have any questions please contact firstname.lastname@example.com.


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News from WTOP
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Mike Causey
Shows & Panels
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- Ask the CIO
- The Business Case for Cloud Computing in Government
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- Federal Executive Forum
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- Reimagining the Next Generation of Government
- Transforming Business Operations at the Defense Department
Is Congress gearing up for another budget battle?
Wednesday - 2/8/2012, 6:57pm EST
The battle over the budget is heating up once again. John Stanton, a House reporter at Roll Call, joined In Depth with Francis Rose to discuss the debate on Capitol Hill and what it means for federal mangers and employees.
Stanton discussed whether feds can expect to see a budget this year or is Congress heading down a possible path toward more continuing resolutions and potential shutdown.
Stanton tackled these same issues in a Roll Call article this week. He wrote:
Republicans and Democrats alike are hoping to make 2012 a grudge match over the budget, closely tracking the topic that helped drag Congressional approval ratings to record lows last year and despite concerns among political operatives that the public is unmoved by the issue. Although little more than a nonbinding resolution - made largely moot by last summer's Budget Control Act - members of both parties' leadership see this year's budget as a prime battleground of the 2012 elections and are ramping up similar messaging machines to those used last year.


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To make reservations by phone, dial freephone 0800 221 222 in the UK, 1 800 409 929 in Ireland, or view our regional telephone reservation numbers.
Sanibel Tower
The Sanibel Tower at this Marriott Fort Myers resort is the larger of the two resort buildings. It offers 240 luxurious guest room accommodations, including the Elite Suites located on the top floor, providing the best views of Sanibel and Captiva Islands and San Carlos Bay.
Sanibel Tower Exterior
Discover a serene 85-acre waterfront escape on Florida's southwest Gulf Coast at Sanibel Harbour Marriott Resort & Spa in Fort Myers, Florida. Captivating views, world-class amenities, exhilarating activities and first-class service combine to make this Marriott resort in Fort Myers an AAA Four-Diamond resort.
Sanibel Tower Entrance
Guests at this Fort Myers, Florida resort can enjoy a relaxed check-in experience and concierge-level attention at the Sanibel Tower featuring a rounded Victorian pavilion with a cupola. Two corridors of beautiful waterfront rooms provide guests with a private enclave within this Fort Myers resort.
Front Desk
Receive personalized service from the moment you check-in, as you are welcomed by one of our knowledgeable front desk associates.
Great Room
Sit back and mingle with friends in our great room. Enjoy our Sanibel Island hotel's beautiful panoramic water views.
Marriott Greatroom – Captiva Tower
Sit back and mingle with friends and family in our greatroom, located in the Captiva Tower, as you enjoy our beautiful sunset views.
Romantic Sunsets
Natural beauty abounds at our Fort Myers beachfront hotel. Located on the tip of Fort Myers in the area known as Punta Rassa, this Marriott resort is the perfect spot for capturing a spectacular, romantic sunset over Sanibel and Captiva Islands.
Sand Castle
Fun in the sun and sand is standard at this beautiful resort in Fort Myers. Located on a private 85-acre peninsula, surrounded by thickets of Florida's natural landscape and on the Gulf of Mexico, guests at this Marriott Fort Myers can take advantage of the many resort amenities and activities available to them.
Queen/Queen Guest Room – Sanibel Tower
The deluxe accommodations in the Sanibel Tower feature luxurious Marriott bedding complete with down comforters and plenty of fluffy pillows, private balconies with stunning waterfront views and unparalleled amenities.
King Guest Room – Sanibel Tower Waterfront
The Sanibel Tower guest rooms give guests at the resort the choice of one king bed or two queen beds. Comfortable sofas, private balconies with captivating waterfront views and the latest technologies add to the many luxuries found in each guest room.
Guest Room – Water View
Wake up to spectacular views of the Gulf of Mexico and captivating crystal blue waters.
Guest Room – Resort View
Take in our resort views from the privacy of your balcony and enjoy the natural beauty of this Sanibel retreat under the warm Florida sun.
Studio Suite Living Area – Captiva Tower
Settle into our Captiva Tower Studio Suite with plenty of space to spread out, featuring 42-inch flat-screen plasma TVs, stocked mini-bars, a pull out sofa bed, and private balconies with resort views.
Studio Suite – Sanibel Tower Waterfront
Settle into our Sanibel Tower Waterfront King Studio Suite with plenty of space to spread out, featuring 42-inch flat-screen plasma TVs, stocked mini-bars, a pull out sofa bed, and private balconies with uninterrupted views of the ocean.
Studio Suite – Sanibel Tower
Enjoy our Sanibel Tower Studio Suite with plenty of open space. Stocked with a mini-bar and pullout sofa bed, our suite also offers uninterrupted views of the Southwest Gulf Coast.
Studio Suite Bathroom
Enjoy spacious marble countertops and luxury finishes in our en-suite bathrooms.
One-Bedroom Executive Suite – Living Room
Sit back and settle into our spacious One-Bedroom Executive Suite Living Room, offering a private balcony and captivating views for you to enjoy.
Executive Suite – King Bedroom
The one-bedroom suites at this harbor resort feature stylish décor, high-speed wireless Internet access and separate living room, bedroom and bathroom areas. These suites also have plush pull-out sofas, making them perfect for families traveling with kids.
King Studio Suite Sleeping Area – Captiva Tower
Settle in to our Studio Suite, located in our Captiva Tower. With plenty of space to spread out, 42-inch flat-screen plasma TVs, stocked mini-bars and private balconies with views of our resort.
Executive King Suite Sleeping Area – Captiva Tower
The Executive Suite at our resort features stylish décor, high-speed wireless Internet access and separate living room, bedroom and bathroom areas. These suites also have plush pull-out sofas, making them perfect for families traveling with kids.
Executive Suite Living Room – Captiva Tower
Sit back and settle into the spacious Executive Suite living room at our Captiva Island Resort, offering a private balcony and captivating views for you to enjoy.
Parlour Room
Located on the 8th and 9th floor, this suite can be transformed into a one- or two-bedroom suite.
Suite – Water View
Wake up to spectacular views of the Gulf of Mexico and captivating crystal blue waters.
The Cove
With a refreshing pool on one side and the stunning San Carlos Bay on the other, The Cove provides an ideal setting to enjoy a light meal and a refreshing beverage. This restaurant in Fort Myers resort serves specialty drinks, savory appetizers, crisp salads, plump sandwiches and more.
Charley's Cabana Bar Patio
Meet friends for a late-afternoon drink. Enjoy a casual dinner of delicious tapas or brick oven-baked flatbreads. Or stop by for a sampling from our late-night menu. It's all available at this waterfront restaurant in Fort Myers.
Charley's Cabana Bar
Meet friends for a late-afternoon drink. Enjoy a casual dinner of delicious tapas or brick oven-baked flatbreads. Or stop by for a sampling from our late-night menu. It's all available at this restaurant in Fort Myers.
Courtside Steakhouse
Join us in the Courtside Steakhouse at the Sanibel Harbour Marriott Resort & Spa. The elite among steak, Certified Angus Beef®, is proudly served at our Sanibel Island restaurant on the water. Complemented by selection from our 1,200-bottle wine cellar, you're ensured the ultimate dining experience.
Courtside Steakhouse Private Dining
The Vintner's Room, reserved for private, social and corporate dining events, provides an intimate setting for up to 16 guests at the Courtside Steakhouse. Hand-painted murals decorate the walls and a 42-inch flat-screen plasma television is equipped with video conference.
Tarpon House
Gracious, Old Florida décor and a tranquil setting overlooking San Carlos Bay set the tone at this Sanibel Island restaurant. Enjoy breakfast, lunch and dinner in a relaxed ambience from either the main dining room or the veranda.
Palm Court Bakery
For a quick, delicious meal, stop by Palm Court Bakery located just off the hotel lobby. The specialties at this Fort Myers restaurant include hot fresh coffees, juices, fresh pastries, ice cream and desserts. Take your selections with you or enjoy them at a table on the terrace overlooking the pool.
Outdoor Resort Pool
Enjoy swimming and relaxing at one of three outdoor resort pools at this Fort Myers hotel. Our luxury hotel features a beautiful waterfront setting, placing a piece of paradise just steps from your room.
Captiva Tower Pool Deck
If the focus of your visit to this waterfront hotel in Fort Myers is rest and relaxation, the accommodations and amenities of the Captiva Tower await. With its own private pool, you can unwind and enjoy the quiet surroundings of this special enclave.
Captiva Tower Outdoor Pool
The exclusive Captiva Tower at the Sanibel Harbour Marriott Resort & Spa sets the standard for luxury hotels. Residential-style check-in, spacious guest rooms, in-room dining and a private pool are just some of the exceptional amenities you'll enjoy while staying at this Fort Myers oceanfront resort.
Tennis Courts
Looking to keep up with your fitness routine? At the Sanibel Harbour Marriott Resort & Spa, we feature a championship-caliber tennis complex with five Har-Tru clay tennis courts. Soak up the sun and play a match during the day. Or, if you prefer, all of the courts at our Sanibel beach hotel are lit for night play.
Fishing Dock
Enjoy some quality family time as you catch fish from the licensed fishing pier at our waterfront hotel in Fort Myers! Fishing gear rentals, including rod set-up, are available at the Reef Shop on the Everglades Pool Deck.
The marina at the Sanibel Harbour Marriott Resort & Spa serves as the embarkation point for an array of adventures on the water. The 85-acre waterfront escape at this Sanibel hotel in Fort Myers features natural mangrove waterways that are perfect for ocean kayaking.
Nature Walk
The Sanibel Harbour Marriott Resort & Spa is a Sanibel luxury hotel situated on Punta Rassa, a point of land where the Caloosahatchee River meets the Gulf of Mexico. The natural Florida landscape at this luxury hotel in Sanibel creates the perfect backdrop for our nature preserve.
Sanibel Harbour Princess Cruise
One of the unique amenities at this hotel in Sanibel is the Sanibel Harbour Princess, our 100-foot private luxury yacht. Whether you choose the romantic sunset dinner cruise or the delightful Sunday brunch, you're sure to enjoy a sumptuous feast while touring nearby waterways.
Sanibel Harbour Marriott Marina
Enjoy the breathtaking views of the Sanibel & Captiva Islands at the Sanibel Harbour Marriott marina, offering a private fishing pier and its own 100-foot yacht.
The Spa
Rejuvenate your mind, body and spirit at The Spa at the Sanibel Harbour Marriott Resort & Spa. This 40,000-square-foot Fort Myers day spa offers 29 treatment rooms, a full-service salon, the Fitness Center and more. With over 60 beauty and body care treatments to choose from, spa-goers will be pampered from both the inside and out.
Indoor Spa Pool
Indulge in a customized treatment from our world-class spa in Fort Myers. Afterwards, take a dip in our tranquil indoor spa pool.
Spa Treatment Room
An assortment of treatments is waiting for you at the world-class spa at our Sanibel Island luxury hotel.
Steam Room
After a day of spa treatments or working out, take a deep breath and let it go, let it all go in our steam room.
Enter a tranquil heaven within the serene setting of our spa resort and let our dedicated and experienced staff sooth and relax you. Voted "Top Ten Spa Resorts in the U.S." by Condé Nast Traveler, pampering massages at The Spa, Fort Myers, Florida will gently melt your stress away.
Jasmine Boardroom
We consulted meeting planners prior to designing the nearly 45,000 square feet of Fort Myers meeting facilities. And for high-level executive meetings, the Jasmine Boardroom at the Sanibel Harbour Marriott Resort & Spa is the ideal Fort Myers meeting space.
Palms Ballroom – Classroom Setup
The largest of our ballrooms at 9,684 square feet, the Palms Ballroom can accommodate up to 965 people. With flexibility, state-of-the-art presentation technology and a sophisticated yet comfortable atmosphere, we make it easy to plan events in Fort Myers.
Pre-function Hall
Fort Myers event planning is made easy with all of the flexible meeting space options available at the Sanibel Harbour Marriott Resort & Spa. Complemented by a generous amount of pre-function space, all of the ballrooms feature areas for registration, meeting breakouts and customized catering options.
Pre-function Terrace
If you're planning a Fort Myers event and are looking for the perfect idyllic setting, we recommend our outdoor pre-function terrace. Providing breathtaking views overlooking the water and refreshing ocean breezes, our beautiful terrace is the ideal space for small gatherings.
Outdoor Events
The Sanibel Harbour Marriott Resort & Spa offers 34,000 square feet of stunning outdoor Fort Myers meeting space. Whether planning a gala social gathering or your dream Fort Myers ocean view wedding, we can provide the perfect location to host your most unique event.
Island Room
Spectacular floor-to-ceiling views of the natural surroundings and wrap-around verandas make the Island Room one of the most stunning Fort Myers meeting facilities at the Sanibel Harbour Marriott Resort & Spa.
Gardens Ballroom
All of the indoor Fort Myers meeting space, such as the 3,000 square-foot Gardens Room, at the Sanibel Harbour Marriott Resort and Spa is located on one level of the resort and features high-speed Internet access, on-site audio visual services, advanced sound and lighting technology, a dedicated conference concierge service and outstanding onsite catering.
Everglades Ballroom - Classroom Setting
The Everglades Ballroom features 6,682 square feet of Fort Myers meeting space and can easily be transformed into the ideal business setting for your next meeting. A recent winner of the Golden Key Award by Meetings and Conventions, the Sanibel Harbour Marriott Resort & Spa provides an idyllic setting for groups of 10 or more.
Everglades Ballroom – Banquet Setting
Providing expansive views of the lush grounds and the ocean, the Everglades Ballroom is a favorite choice of brides for a wedding venue in Fort Myers. Whether planning a small, intimate affair or a grand gala, allow our experienced staff to help you design the wedding of your dreams.
Azalea Room
A total of 537 square-feet of meeting space, the Azalea room can accommodate up to 49 guests.
Palm Garden Foyer
Allow your guests to spread out in approximately 5,000 square-feet of flexible pre-function space with 500 square-feet of a built in registration desk.


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Contrary to earlier incidents where ticket distribution during general elections led to a lot of dissent in the Congress party, the process was by and large a smooth affair this time.
The angry-workers-protesting scenes so far a regular at the Congress headquarters have now shifted to the rival BJP camp where even top leaders are sulking over distribution of tickets.
A senior member of party's Central Election Committee (CEC), the highest body to finalise candidates, told dna that so far they have not received a single complaint of either ignoring a genuine candidate, or money changing hands in the selection process at lower level where names are recommended.
So far the party has announced 417 candidates, and more 100 are yet to be announced, which includes a candidate in Varanasi against BJP's prime ministerial candidate Narendra Modi. Congress has given tickets to 110 new faces this time. Out of them 40 are below 35.
In 2009, number of Congress workers like Rizwan Arshad, Acharya Pramod Krishnam, Rajiv Satav, Pankaj Agarwal, Sagar Megha and Hidayat Patel among others had sought tickets but didn't get. Many of them blamed money power and considerations of central and state leaders for them not getting the tickets.
Congress not returning to power this time is seen as one of the reasons for not many leaders making a beeline for tickets, says analysts. They say senior leaders like Capt Amarinder Singh, Ambika Soni and Raj Babbar were sent to Amritsar, Anandpur and Ghaziabad respectively because no one was claiming tickets there.
Significantly, in 2009 Soni had expressed a wish to contest from Anandpur but was denied a ticket. Even actor Nagma had asked for a ticket from New Delhi and Mumbai in 2009, but succeeded to get one only in 2014.
But Congress leaders say that even in 2004 and 2009 many did not expect them to form a government at the Centre. But there was a huge rush for tickets. For them the reason of not many people thronging the AICC headquarters for tickets is the structural changes incorporated in the ticket distribution process by Congress vice-president Rahul Gandhi.
In Punjab, though a local leader Santokh Chaudhary did publicly allege that Congress was selling tickets to rajas and maharajas at the cost of party workers, he has not yet filed a formal complaint to party leaders.
Among the structural changes Rahul introduced in the party was that the list would be considered by the CEC only after the clearance from the state leaders to clip powers of general secretaries. Some years ago, senior leader and current governor of Rajasthan Margaret Alva had alleged use of money power over ticket distribution in the power.
Only seat so far complaints are pouring in are from Tonk-Sawai Madhopur, where Congress has parachuted Mohamamd Azharuddin replacing Nambo Narain Meena. Most complaints are pouring in from local Muslim leaders who have vowed to ensure Azhar's defeat. The party's only solace is that the BJP's nominee form this seat Sukhbir Singh Jaunpuria is caught in similar problem. He hails from Delhi and has his real estate and liquor business in Rajasthan.


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The supply of cheap nutritious vegetables is not a problem
The challenge ... to increase vegetable consumption
Source: Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics
Australian Bureau of Statistics
Ian James
Vegetable Industry Economist
Industry Data Economic Analysis
"Learning from the Field Forum"
^ Back to top
Fresh fruit and vegetables can ward off illness and improve healing.
A study by nutritionists at Edith Cowan University... Go to article.
IPM - Integrated Pest Management
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a strategy which
encourages beneficial insects to help control harmful pests in commercial
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"Innovators in Agribusiness"
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"Top Specialist Vegetable Seed Retailer in Australia"
"Foam Packaging & Moulding"


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