text:
Abstract available in
Claims available in
Description (OCR text may contain errors)
Sept. 17, 1946. P, v PALMQU|5T ErAL l 2,407,680
REFLEX LIGHT REFLECTOR I Filed March 2, 1945 17g-4 ff" 7 6?/ INVENTUM 43 i f/f/z/P 14PM Mau/sr 44\ 5.5?? .5. c2055 4am @fami n frm-m Y 'beam of light, gives rise to the Patented Sept. 17, 1946 REFLEX LIGHT REFLECTOR Philip V. Palmquist, New Canada Township,
Ramsey County, and Bert S. Cross and George P. Netherly, St. Paul, Minn., assignors to Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing Company, St. Paul, Minn., a corporation of Delaware Application March 2, 1945, Serial No. 580,590
24 Claims.
This invention relates to reflex light reflectors of the class in which a light-returning layer of small transparent spheres is associated with light-reflecting means underlying the spheres in optical connection with the back extremities thereof; so that a beam of light incident on the front of the sphere layer ed in such manner that a brilliant cone of light is selectively returned toward the light source, even though the incident beam strikes at an angle (see Fig. 8). rihe characteristic of such a reflector in returning back a brilliant cone of light toward the source of an angularly incident term reflex reflector, to distinguish from mirrors which cause specular reflection, and from diffusing types of reflective surfaces which dissipate the incident light in all directions without selective return in the direction of incidence. Road signs and markers of the reiiex type have greater visibility at night than do ordinary signs and markers, to the occupants of an approaching vehicle, because less of the reflected light is dissipated outside of the field of viewing, the reflected light being concentrated in a narrow cone which automatically returns toward the headlights and occupants of the Vehicle.
Heretofore, reflex light reflectors of the class above described have had a beaded or lenticular front face formed by the exposed convex spherical front extremities of the spheres projecting beyond the binder material which holds them in place.
Use has sometimes been made of a transparent film or plate which is placed over the front face of the lenticular surface. Such an accessory does not alter the lens action of the spheres, since the latter still contact air at the front surfaces thereof and thus the refracting of light at each front sphere surface is not interfered with. The use of such an overlying transparent lm or plate has been proposed to protect the underlying structure from the weather, or to serve as a colored light filter. The necessity of including the interposed layer of air makes for complications. It is difficult to seal the edges to keep out moisture and dirt. Moreover, if the plate is stiff and brittle (as is true of a glass pane) there is danger of breakage and there are further obvious complications in making up signs and markers, andthe composite structure cannot be supplied as a unified sheet material in roll form. If a flexible lm is used, it will not maintain a smooth and unwarped condition and it can be ripped off by vandals, due to lack of unification to the is refracted and reiiect- Y Z sphere surfaces. n, These combinations have, therefore, been of limited practical value. due essentially to the necessity of providing air in contact with the front sphere surfaces.
In some instances a' transparent coating has been applied directly over the layer of spheres, to provide weather protection or to serve as a color filter; but such a coating has had to be thin and conform on its front (outer) face to the underlying spherical surfaces to provide an approximately corresponding lenticular surface. Otherwise the desired lens action would be nullified since such transparent coatings have refractive indices approximating that of the ordinary glass which has been employed in making the spheres. Spheres are commonly used which have a diameter of the order of 10 mils or less and only a thin coating can be used for the described purposes; as the application of a relatively thick coating would not produce an outer surface of the necessary lenticular type. Thin coatings conforming to the sphere surfaces have not been of much practical value in making reflex reflectors adapted for extended outdoor use, due to poor weather-resistance and the alteration occurring in the shape of the convex outer vfilm surface over each sphere, causing interference with the desired lens action of such surface.
Reflex reflectors having beaded or lenticular front surfaces formed by a layer of small spheres, have certain undesirable characteristics. Among these are the following: Rain, spray and fog results in water contacting the lenticular surface so as to change the light-refracting action and l thereby markedly reduce the reflex reflecting action and the night visibility of signs and mark ers in which the reflex reflectors are embodied. A layer of water covering the lenticular surface almost or entirely destroys the reflex reflecting action and thus blacks out the sign. or marker if the illumination is insucient to otherwise make it visible. The smaller the spheres the greater the difculty. Direct exposure of the outer extremities of the spheres places a limitation on the kinds of material which can be used in making the spheres. For example, the sphere material cannot be soft, fragile or lacking in waterproofness, as outdoor exposure would result in damaging the front extremities of the spheres and altering their lens characteristics. Also, the bond between the binder and the spheres is exposed at the front juncture edges, thus allowing moisture to work in and weaken the bond unless the binder material is especially chosen to minimize this effect, which places a limitation sphere, has
on the kinds of binder compositions which can be used in making weatherproof reflex reflector sheets, signs and markers.
The present invention provides a. novel type of physical and optical structure which overcomes all of the above-mentioned diculties and also has further features which are of value in connection with various uses of reflex reector sheet material, signs and markers, as will be indicated more fully hereinafter.
Briefly stated, the present novel type of reflex light reflector structure utilizes a continuous transparent solid covering which overlies and is integrally united to the layer of small transparent spheres, conforming to the front extremities of the spheres in unified relation. The outer or front face of this covering is at and thus provides a continuous at front surface overlying the layer of small spheres. The spheres are sealed in, out of contact with the atmosphere.
To make this structure optically effective to produce the desired reflex reflector action, use is made of transparent spheres having a refractive index at least 1.15 times the refractive index.
of the overlying contacting transparent covering, and preferably at least about 1.3 times as great. The spacing relation of the back reflector which underlies the spheres, to produce optimum reflexreection brilliancy, is determined by this refractive index ratio rather than merely by the refractive index of the spheres per se. For a refractive index ratio of 1.15, optimum brilliancy is obtained with a back spacing distance approximating the sphere diameter (i. e. the distance between the back reflective surface and the back extremity of a sphere is approximately equal 'to the diameter of the sphere). This spacing distance ratio decreases as the refractive index ratio increases, and approaches zero as the latter approaches 1.9. This assumes that the transparent material lying between the back reflective surface and the back extremity of the approximately the same refractive index as the transparent covering which contacts the front extremity of the sphere; which need not, however, be the case, although a variation will alter the optimum spacing distance ratio. Nor, in order to obtain a useful reflex reflector, is it necessary to use a spacing distance ratio adapted to produce optimum reflex reflecting brilliancy; and spacing may be omitted when higher refractive index ratios are used, even though less than discussed in more detail later.
The invention provides weatherproof reflex reflector sheet material which may be manufactured in continuous web fashion and supplied to users in roll form, for ready cutting into desired shapes and sizes and application to any desired backing, in the The reflex reflector structure may, however, be made up in the course of making a signor marker by applying a suitable succession of coatings or layers to the rigid base or backing, but this procedure will generally be less convement than utilizing preformed flexible reflex Various illustrative uses of the reflexA reflector sheet material will be subsequently indicated in more detail.
The invention also provides transparent opti- 1.9. These points will be cal sheets which may be attached to reflective surfaces to produce reflex reection of incident -quantity used).
reiex reflector combination.
A more detailed description of the invention and its principles and features can best be presented in connection with the following descripdifferent reflex reflectors embodying the inven- Referring to Fig. 1', there -is shown a reflex reector structure having an underlying fiat back is partially embedded, so thatztheback extremities of the spheres touch or' closely approach the underlying spacing lm and the front extremities project beyond the binder coating. The l and binder coating constitute a ilector, Thus far the vdescribed physical ture is of tor is at and not lenticular- The spheres have tially higher than that of the transparent covpassing through the spheres, results in the desired reex reilecting characteristic of the reiiector sheet.
Consider first the simplest case wherein the spheres are surrounded by optically homogeneous transparent media of uniform refractive index (i. e. the spacing film Il, binder l2, and covering I4, have substantially identical refractive indices). The combined refracting and reecting actions are shown by the paths of parallel incldent rays indicated in Fig. 1. The paraxial rays a, striking the front face perpendicularly (zero angle of incidence), penetrate the transparent covering I4 without bending and then' strike the front of the'transparent sphere, and are bent inwardly towards the central or axial ray so as to converge in passing to the back of the sphere (due to the higher refractive index of the sphere). In passing fromthe back of the sphere into the underlying transparent medium, the convergent l rays are again bent inwardly so as to further increase the degree of'convergence (again due to the higher refractive index of the sphere), and when they strike the surface of the underlying back reflector I0 the rays will all be near the point where the central axis intersects said sur face. If the sphere is spaced from the back reflector the proper distance, most of the rays will strike the back reflector very close together; although no spacing distance exists such that the rays can be brought together at a true focal point, even if the sphere should be perfect inl a geometrical sense, due to optical spherical aberration which is very pronounced. The so-called optimum spacing distance is that which results in the rays incident on the back reflector'forming a bright disk of the minimum possible apparent diameter; this diameter being quite small relative to the diameter of the sphere, and hence in a loose sense this disk may be called a poin The convergent cone of rays striking the back reflector causes the reflector to emita divergent cone of rays. If the reflective surface is highly specular (i. e. a polished metal surface), and the aforesaid optimum spacing distance has been used, the emitted cone of rays will be approximately coextensive with the incident cone of rays. A non-specular diffusing type of reflective surface (such as a pigmented paint type) will emit a broader cone of rays and many will not be able to return through the sphere. The rays of the emitted (reflected) cone of rays striking the back of the sphere, are bent in by refraction at the sphere surface, reducing their degree of divergence. and this hap-pens again when they pass from the front of the sphere into the covering, so that the reflected rays finally emerge from the front face of the covering with only a small angle of divergence from the axis. The rays do not emerge as a bundle of parallel rays, not only because of physical imperfections in any actual structure, but because optical spherical aberration has prevented a perfect point focus at the' back reflector` in any event. The rays returning Y to the light source comprise a concentrated cone of light. The divergency of this reflected cone of light can be increased by spacing the back reector somewhat closer or farther than the aforesaid optimum spacing distance. This 6 plane of the sheet). of incidence of the rays striking each-sphere is an important feature of the present type of reflex reflector structure. which gives it an advantage over the ordinary type in which the incident rays directly strike each sphere. For example, if the transparent covering has a refractive :index of 1.48, rays striking the flat front at an angle of 30 to the normal are refracted so as to approach the spheres at an angle Aof 20 to the normal; and hence the angularity effect is equivalent to that of the usual type of reflector when rays initially approaching at an angle of 20 directly strike the exposed spheres thereof. The brilliancy ofthe reflex reflector (as viewed. from near the axis of an incident beam of light) decreases as the angle of incidence on the spheres increases (cf. the graphs presented in Palmquist Patent No. 2,294,930, issued on Sept. 8, 1942). Thus the present type of reflex reflector will maintain brilliancy of reflex reflection for larger angles of incidence and hence has better angularity, on account of the refracting action of the transparent covering with its flat front. y
The rays shown as b strike the sphere and undergo refraction at both the front and back of the sphere, and converge on the back reector, as previously described. The axis of the convergent incident cone of rays has an angle to the normal the same as the angle of the rays after entering the flat front of the covering which, as pointed out, is a smaller angle than the angle of incidence of the rays approaching the covering. The distance from the center of the sphere to the point where thev axial ray strikes the reflector surface is made greater than the distance for the normal axial ray, on account of the angular incidence. Hence if the spacing distance between the sphere and back reflector is the optimum for normal rays, the sphere will be over-spaced as regards angularly approaching rays and these rays will in consequence not be so close to a point focus when they strike the reflector. For this reasonit maybe considered desirable V. to somewhat under-space the spheres from the back reflector as regards normal rays, in' order that angularly incident rays may be brought to a better focus. This will improve the angular brilliancy of the reflex reflector, although atv a sacrifice of brilliancy for light beams incident at zero angle or a small y angle. The choice will -depend on the use to which the particular reflex reflector is'to be put. 4, The convergent Acone of rays strikingthe vback reflector vsurface causes the 'emission of a divergent cone of rays. A proportion of these" emitted rays will not lie withinor close-to the angularly incident cone of rays andhence will not return 4back to the source.
The Aratio of wasted rays to returned rays depends on the angleof 'incidence to the reflective surface and on the type broadening out will be desirable when the observers may not be located close to the axis of the incident light beam, even though there isV thus a sacrifice in the brilliancy as measured from a position close to the axis.
Fig. 1 also indicates the paths followed by angularly incident rays. shown striking the front'face of the covering at a substantial angle of incidence to the normal, and are bent in passing into the covering, s0 as to approach the sphere as parallel rays having a decreased angle of incidence to the normal (i. e.
a smaller angle to a line perpendicular to the The parallel rays b are of reflective surface. A` reflex reflector having a specular or semi-specular typeof back reflector suffers a rapid decrease in'reflexl reflecting bril' liancy as-the angle of incident rays becomes largef, and hence the present type of refl'exfrefiector isl especially .advantageous in minimizing this result (duel tothe `refracting action' ofv the covering).
. specular and semi-speculartypes of back reflectors produceV the highest brilliancy for small angles of incidence and hence are desirable whenever maximum distance visibility is a major objective.
The emitted rays which lie approximately in the field of the incident cone of rays, proceed to- 7 ward the light source, the degree of divergence of these rays being reduced by refraction at the back and at the front of the sphere, and the rays being bent on emerging into the air from the flat front of the covering. 'I'he returning rays from all of the spheres form a cone of light rays which diverge somewhat, as previously explained, so that a person off but near the'axis of the beam of incident light Will be within the brilliant cone of returning, reflex reflected, light. It is the phenomenon just described which gives rise to the reflex reflecting characteristic of the reflector structure (by which is meant the characteristic of returning toward the light source a brilliant cone of concentrated light even though the incident light beam approaches the reflector surface at an angle, as indicated in Fig. 8).
The aforesaid optimum spacing distance may be calculated in a simple way by assuming that it -is the distance behind the sphere at which those convergent rays intersect the normal axis passing through the center of the sphere, whichwere initially parallel to the normal axis and separated from this axis by a distance equal to 0.575 times the radius of the sphere. This is an empirical rule that agrees with experimental results sufficiently closely to be useful in practice. The actual distance depends on the refractive index ratio. Ele` mentary lens formulae (which ignore spherical aberration) cannot be employed to calculate a "focal distance or position of a focal point from which to determine the optimum spacing distance with accuracy; since spherical aberration is actually very pronounced because of the use of the simple sphere lens elements of Wide aperture.
The above-mentioned calculation yields the following values. The figures in the rst column are values for refractive index ratio (refractive index of spheres divided by refractive index of the solid transparent material surrounding the spheres). The figures in the second column are the calculated spacing distances, expressed as percentages of sphere diameter.
Spacing distance Refractive index (p ercent of sphere ratio diameter) Per cent 1. 02 1000 1. 395 1. 10 180 l. 110 1. 80 1. 3o 45 1. 40 2B 1. 50 18 1. 60 11 1. 70 6 1. 80 3 1. 90 0 The first three rows of figures are given to show why refractive index ratios of less than 1.15 are not useful. In such cases the required optimum spacing greatly exceeds the sphere diameter and is so great that there would be poor reflex-reilection brilliancy and very poor angularity when used. A lesser 0r greater spacing than the optimum would make the brilliancy even worse. A refractive index ratio of at least about 1.3 is preferred. Good results can be obtained without any spacing when/the ratio is inf/the range of about 1.6-2.0, the optimum.being approximately 1.9.
Il a structure is employed in which the transparent material interposed between the back of the spheres and the back reflector, has a refractive index of the transparent front covering.
the optimum spacing distance will be altered on that account, due to the change in the degree of convergence of the rays approaching the back reflector surface.y A decrease in the refractive .index of the back Icrease the optimum spacing distance. and conversely an increase in refractive index will increase the optimum spacing distance.
In practice, the aforesaid so-called optimum l spacing distance may be determined by observation, being that spacing distance which results in maximum brilliancy of reflex reflection as ascertained by an observer (or photo-electric cell) located close to the axis of a beam of light striking the reflex reflector at substantially zero angle of incidence. practice where the spacing film is formed by applying a coating, it is the desirable coating weight (per unit area) which is the value to be determined, and this may be determined by trial and without actually measuring refractive indices and spacing distances. However, an understanding of principles involved and use of the above-men- ,tioned calculation or data will permit of making up test samples which approximate to the optimum, the thickness of the spacing lm produced per unit of coating weight being known. Thus time and effort can be saved in arriving at factory specifications.
In actual practice it may be desirable to deliby erately depart from the aforesaid optimum spacing distance in designing a reflex reflector structure best suited to a particular use. Generally, this will involve somewhat under-spacing the spheres, for the purpose of improving angularity properties, and somewhat increasing the divergency of the light rays returned to the light source. Also, they small spheres will ordinarily not be of identical size, and under-spacing relative to average diameter will insure that fewer individual spheres are over-spaced.
The foregoing discussion is from the standpoint of securing the best possible results. It will be understood that the invention is not limited to reflex reflectors designed in this critical way. Useful reflex reflectors can be made even though there is afsubstantial departure. 'I'he invention embraces all those which utilize the basic structural principle herein described, involving use of the transparent covering for the spheres, which has a flatfront face, the spheres having a refractive index at least 1.15 times that of the covering.
The back reflector I0 may be of any suitable type. It may be a stiff or rigid base having a reflective surface; a flexible backing (cloth, paper or a film) having a reflective coating; a metal sheetI or foil having a reflective surface (such as aluminum foil) a reflective metallic coating deposited on the back surface of the spacing film by electro-deposition or by spraying; or a thin binder coating containing a reflective pigment. It may be bonded to the spacing film as the result of any suitable coating or lamination procedure to produce a reflex reflector structure having an integral back reflector; The back reflector need not be of a uniformly reflecting nature over its whole area. It may be formed by a printing, stenciling or painting process so that the surface presents desired insignia, designs or lettering, and certain areas may be non-reflective or black. The back reflector may constitute the surface of a sign or marker of any desired type. the night transparent material will de- In commercial manufacturing visibility of which is increased by the reflex reflecting action resulting from its combination .with the overlying structure; without interference with its day visibility.
A highly specular (mirror type) of reflective surface; such as that of a silvery metallic coating or a smooth-surfaced aluminum foil, will produce the greatest long-range visibility for light incident at small angles, but the relatively poor angularity characteristic is a disadvantage for some uses. At the other extreme, a non-specular reflective surface, such as that of a paint or coat ing containing a diffusing pigment (i. e. titanium dioxide pigment, etc.) will produce the best angularity and will still have a considerable long distance visibility for small angles of incidence. An intermediate type is the metallic semi-specular reiiective surface produced by an aluminum paint type of coating wherein the aluminum flakes lie approximately fiat to the surface.
I'he transparent spacing film I I may be a preformed film of suitable thickness or may be formed in situ by applying a layer of liquid coating composition in suitable amount, followed by drying or setting-up. The transparent binder coating I2 is applied over` the spacing film, in the form of a liquid coating composition forming a layer of such thickness that the layer of subsequently applied spheres will be embedded about .half way when pressed down in contact with the underlying spacing film. After drying or curing of the binder coating, the transparent covering I4 is formed by coating over the spheres and binder with a suitable liquid coating composition, the top surface being smoothed to result in a fiat top face when the composition has been dried or cured.
By coloring the transparent spacing lm, or transparent covering, or both, and using a white or silvery back reflector, a brilliant colored refiection can be obtained due to the high reflecting efficiency of white and silvery types of back refiectors. A suitable dye or transparent color pigment can be employed for this purpose.
Because of the sealed-in construction, the spheres may be made of substances which could not be otherwise employed. Transparent organic solid compositions of suitably highrefractive index can be used. In general, inorganic types of glass are most useful and can more easily be made so as to have a high refractive index. Colored transparent spheres .can be used in making colored reflex refiectors.
With respect to sphere size, the upper practical limit is about 50 mils average diameter. The preferred size does not exceed about 10 mils (0.010 inch) average diameter; and excellent results have been obtained with the No. 11 .size of approximately to 6 mils diameter; which results in a layer containing thousands of spheres per square inch. The spheres preferably should be graded so as not to depart drastically from the average size. The use of very small spheres permits of making reflex reflector sheets which are quite thin and flexible. The present type of sheet permits of using extremely small spheres, even those of less than 1 mil diameter; and reflex reflector sheeting having a total thickness substantially less than 5 mils can be fabricated as a practical matter. The use of minute spheres also makes it possible to employ spheres made from compositions which do not provide suflicient transparency or cleamess when formed into large spheres; light absorption being proportional to sphere diameter.
The layer of small spheres results in an apparent merging of the reflected rays coming from the individual spheres, as even at close range an observers eyes cannot resolve the individual rays- Thus a uniform refiection Vover the total area is produced. In the case of a sign, the reflux reiiecting areas appear as though formed of brilliant paint when viewed by reflex reflection at night. Day viewing by diffused sunlight likewise does not reveal the beaded nature of the internal structure. If the back reiiector is a sign surface, the sign will be visible by day as though the overlying structure were not present, thelatter acting as a transparent sheet due to the small size of the spheres.
The back reflector I0 may be omitted to produce an optical sheet consisting 0f the elements II, I2, I3 and I4; the back face thereof being the back surface of the transparent spacing film IIa In making such a sheet material, the overlying structure may be built up on a transparent preformed film constituting the back spacing film II; or the spacing film may be cast on a base or sheet from which it can be subsequently stripped, followed by building up the remaining structure thereon and ultimately stripping the finished sheet from the casting support. This sub-combination has utility itself as an article of manufacture and sale. It may be furnished in convenient sheet or roll form to printers and sign makers for application by them to the surfaces of signs and markers made by them, for imparting a reflex refiecting action thereto. Such optical sheet material may be laminated to the desired base surface in various ways, as by using a thin transparent cement. By employing a spacing film which is thermo-adhesive, the sheet may be readily bonded by use 0f heat. By employing a pressure-sensitive adhesive type of spacing film, the sheet may be bonded by mere pressing.
Fig. 2 illustrates a structure like that shown in Fig. 1 (and hence reference numerals I 0 to I4 refer to the same elements, which have previously been discussed), but having a transparent top sheet I5 laminated to the iiat front face of the transparent covering I4 which overlies the layer 'of spheres. In a broad sense, this structure may be regarded as having a flat-front covering for the layer of spheres which is formed in two parts (i. e. layers I4 and l5 together constitute a. transparent covering having a fiat front face). This construction has the advantage of making it easier to provide a relatively thick total covering for the spheres.
The top sheet I5 may have the same vrefractive index as the covering layer I4, in which case the optical effect is equivalent to that of increasing the thickness of the covering layer I4 in the Fig. 1 structure. However, top layer I5 may have a different refractive index, either less than or greater than the refractive index of the underlying covering layer I4. This will not affect the refracting action of the spheres. Nor will there be any alteration in the angle with which angularly incident light rays strike the underlying spheres, for they will merely be bent in two steps instead of one step in passing from the atmosphere to the spheres, the end result on angle being the sameas though the top sheet I5 was not present.
Top sheet I5 may be formed by casting a suitable coating on the front surface of the covering layer I4, or it may be a preformed film or sheet attached to the converlng layer I4. The covering layer I4 may thus be chosen with particular reference to its ability to bond to the spheres, and to its refractive index relative to that of the spheres; whereas these are not factors in selecting the top sheet I5, anclthe latter may be chosen with particular reference to its weatherproofness, and to providing a surface especially adapted to receive printing or painting in the making of signs, etc. In making certain products, such as relatively small sized signals or markers, it may be considered desirable to employ a stiff or relatively stiff top sheet I which provides an exceptionally hard and weatherproof exterior, as by using a pane of glass. When a glass sheet is used it may be of the laminated so-called shatterproof type for increased strength and durability.
Reflex reflector sheet material having the Fig. 2 structure is Well adapted for use in making outdoor advertising signs of the billboard or poster types (i. e. which are frequently changed). This sheet material can be permanently mounted on the sign base to form a total reflex reflecting areavof any desired size, the fiat front face of the top sheet I5 facing in a direction to receive headlight illumination of automobiles proceeding along a street or highway. The back reflector Ill is chosen so as to produce high visibility, such as a white paint or aluminum paint type, and the layers of the overlying structure are uncolored. The fiat front face may be provided with desired lettering, symbols, designs, etc., by aliixing thereto transparent colored films cut to the required shapes, or by painting with transparent colored paint; thereby forming an overlying transparent colored lm or coating I6 indicated in Fig. 2, which acts as a colored light filter and causes reflex reflection of colored light from the areas formed thereof, contrasting with the white or silvery reflection from the free areas. Any number of colors can thus be readily employed to make up beautiful colored signs which have great liveness and long range visibility due to the refiex reflection both from colored and uncolored areas. These areas appear at night as though covered with brilliant paint, due to the large number of small spheres per square inch which prevents the observers eyes from distinguishing between the light rays emanating from individual spheres. The sign is also clearly visible by day. Opaque films or coatings can be used, such areas being visible at night by contrast withsurrounding reflex reflecting areas. Thus black (opaque) lettering will appear black and be visible both by day and night. Transparent uncolored lm sheeting may if desired be used to cover over the sign so as to provide further protection from the weather.
No attempt will be made to describe all of the various possibilities in sign making along these lines.
By proper choice of transparent top sheet and paint, the paint can be removed when desired by use of a suitable solvent or paint remover, Without damaging the top sheet of the reiiex reflector sheet, and the latter can then fbe repainted to make a different sign. Likewise colored transparency lms can be stripped off and replaced in lchanging the sign. The reflex reflector sheet remains in place as a permanent part of the sign. Another expedient to facilitate sign changing, is to employ poster sheets in the form of transparent film sheeting which are printed to provide the desired lettering and design, etc., and which are removably aiiixed to the front face 0f the transparent top sheet I 5.
. 12 Utility for such sign making uses is an important feature of the present type of reflex reflector sheet.
Fig. 3 illustrates a structure which is broadly similar in optical structure to that shown in Fig. l, but is made by an inverse or up-side-down procedure. This structure can be made by starting with a transparent sheet or lm which constitutes the fiat-faced transparent front covering I1 of thefinalproduct. With its front face down, the back surface (which is now up) is coated with a composition adapted to form a transparent binder coating I8 in which the layer of small transparent spheres I9 is partially yembedded. and pressed so as to contact or closely approach the surface of the covering I'I, followed by drying or setting-up to harden the binder. A coating composition is then applied in excess over the layer of spheres which, upon hardening, constitutes the transparent spacing coating 20. The thickness of this coating at the back of the spheres determines the spacing distance. The spheres should preferably be graded so as to be very close to the same size, as otherwise the larger spheres will be seriously under-spaced relative to the smaller spheres. The resultant optical sheet can be provided with a back reflector 2| of any desired type, as has previously been discussed in connection with the Fig. 1 structure.
Fig. 4 illustrates a distinctively different species of the invention. A base or backing 22, serving as a support, which may be rigid or flexible as desired, is coated on the front side with a pigmented reflective binder 23 in Which is p-artially embedded a layer of small transparent spheres 24 of high refractive index, each sphere having a preformed transparent concentric coating 25 of lower refractive index. The outer surface of this coating is a sphere surface and contacts the reflective binder to the extent that it is embedded, and is bonded thereto. A transparent covering 26 is applied over the spheres and bonds to the coatings thereon and to the intervening surfaces of the reflective binder; and has a flat front face.
'I'he sphere coatings 25 and top covering |26 have the same refractive index, so that the spheres 24 are surrounded and overlaid by media. which is optically homogeneous, and hence parallel incident light rays will not converge before striking each sphere. The spheres have a refractive index at least 1.15 times as great as such media and hence will have the same refracting lens action described in connection with the Fig. 1 structure. The back reflector in this case is the front surface of the reflective binder 23 where it contacts the back surfaces of the sphere coatings 25. Thus each sphere of high refractive index has a back reflector which is spaced from its back surface and is concentric therewith; each back reflector thus presenting a concave spherical reflective surface. The thickness of the coating 25 on each sphere is determined by the principles previously described in connection with the fiat lback reflector structure of Fig. 1. See in Fig. 4 the paraxial bundle of rays c incident at zero angle and brought 'to focus on the surface of the reflective binder. The sphere coatings 25 and the transparent covering 26 need not have identical refractive indices, in which case the incident rays will be refracted on entering the spheri-l cal front surface of coating 25. Such variation will modify the optimum thickness of coating 25.
This type of structure has the advantage that angularly incident rays are reflected from a back reflector surface which -is spaced the same dis- 13 tance from the center of the sphere as is the back reflector surface struck by normally incident rays (zero angle of incidence) due to the reflective surface behind each refracting sphere being concave and concentric therewith rather than flat.
The effective spacing distance remains the same as the angle of incidence increases. so that there is no drop-olf in reflex reflecting brilliancy. A reflex reflector of this type has a better angularity characteristic than do types in which the back reflector surface is flat.
Fig. illustrates a structure of the same general optical type, but in which there is no spacing away of the reflective surface. The base or backing 21 ls coated with a pigmented reflective binder 28 in which a layer of small transparent spheres 29 is partially embedded. In this casethe spheres are uncoated and directly contact the reflective binder. A transparent covering 3U is applied over the layer of spheres and bonds to the front surfaces thereof and to the intervening surfaces of the reflective binder.
The back reflective surface for each sphere is the concave surface of the reflective binder in direct contact with the back surface of the sphere. Paraxial rays d are shown striking the front face of the covering with zero angle of incidence, and being refracted by the sphere so as to converge to a point at the back of the sphere. The optimurn ratio of refractive index of the sphere to the refractive index of the covering is that which requires a zero optimum spacing distance (i. e. no spacing) according to the principles previously discussed. This ratio value is approximately 1.90. However, refractive index values somewhat lower or higher can be used to secure brilliant reflex reflection. The value should be in the range of about 1.6 to 2.0 for high brilliancy.
As in the case of the Fig. 4 structure, a greatly improved angularity characteristic is secured as compared with use of flat back reflectors. For some purposes, brilliancy at quite large angles of incidence is a prime consideration in the design of a reflex reflector. In such cases the use of a concave back reflector type of structure may be useful even though the refractive index ratio is considerably less than the optimum value for maximum brilliancy. That is, the use of particular spheres and top covering, chosen for certain practical reasons. may not result in a refractive index ratio as high as the optimum value, and yet a reflex reflector can be made which will be quite useful for some purposes. The greatest brilliancy for all angles of incidence will of course be obtained by employing a refractive index value which approximates Ithe optimum.
Fig. 6 illustrates a reflex reflector structure which by day appears to be continuously coated with paint of one color and by night reflex reflection appears to be continuouslycoated with a brilliant paint of a different color. 'I'he structure illustrated is similar to that shown in Fig. 1,
that it does not extend up as far as the midcircumference of the spheres. Overlying the transparent binder coating is the pigmented opaque barrier coating 35, located between the by ray f.
except that an opaque barrier coating is located i 'sides of the spheres and being of such thickness that the front extremities of the spheres extend beyond it and are not covered by it. The transparent covering 36, having a flat front face, overlies and is bonded to the front surfaces of the spheres and the intervening barrier coating.
The interposed opaque barrier coating at the sides of the spheres leaves a clear optical aperture at the front and back of each sphere so as not to interferewith reflex reflection. of incident light rays directed toward the front extremity of each sphere; and the optical action in respect thereto is essentially the same as was discussed in connection with Fig. 1. The normally incident paraxial rays e are shown passing through a sphere and converging to a focus on the back reflector (like th'e rays a shown in Fig. 1). Similarly, angularly incident rays are brought to a focus on the back reflector in the same way as is illustrated by rays b in Fig. 1.
However, incident light rays impinging between the front sphere extremities are prevented from penetrating to the back reflector by the interposed opaque barrier coating 35, as illustrated If the barrier coating ls primarily light-absorptive, such rays will be largely absorbed and a dark day appearance results (thus a black barrier coating will appear black because of light absorption). A reflective type of barrier 4coating will cause reflection of light having a color corresponding thereto.
The back reflector can be omitted so as to provide an optical sheet which' is per se an article of manufacture, adapted to be laminated at any subsequent time to any desired reflective backing or base. This sheet when viewed by diffused daylight appears to be opaque and uniformly coated with the barrier coating material.
The reason why the day appearance of the Fig. 6 type of reflex reflector is determined by the barrier `coating 35, while the night reflex reflection appearance is determined by the back re- 4flector 3|, and in each case the Whole area appears to be continuously covered with a paint, is as follows: The large number of small spheres per square inch prevents the observers eyes from resolving the rays coming from the individual spheres and from individual areas of the barrier coating located between spheres. The reflector sheet appears to have a continuous structure, because of the small magnitude of the actual discontinuities. When the sheet is viewed by diffused daylight, only a small proportion of those rays which impinge on the spheres are going in the right direction to be reilexively reflected from the back reflector so as to reach the observers eyes (i. e. only those rays which are incident in paths close to the observers line of sight). A much' larger proportion of the incident rays are visibly affected by the front surface 7 of the barrier coating (being absorbed or reflected as the case may be). The relatively few rays reaching the observers eyes from the back reilector (by reilex reflection) are drowned out" by the effect on the observers eyes of the front surfaces of the barrier coating. The illusion is thereby created that the reilectorsheet is continuously coated with a paint having th'e color of the barrier coating. But when viewed under night reflex reflection conditions (as by an occupant of an approaching automobile whose headlights illuminate the reflector sheet) the illuminating light rays are incident in substantially the same direction as the observers line of sight, and a. large proportion of the observed reflected rays will have been reflected from the back reflector.'
Even in th'e case where the barrier coating is reflective, only a, small proportion of the observed rays will have been reflected from the barrier coating, since most of the rays emitted therefrom will go off at angles such that they do not return toward the observer. Hence the effect of the barrier coating will now be drowned out by the rays from the back reflector and the illusion is created that the reflector sheet is continuously coated with a brilliant paint having the color of the back reflector.
As an example, consider the case in which the back reflector is an aluminum paint, while the barrier coating is a black paint. The reflector sheet will appear by day to be uniformly black over its whole area; but by night reflex reflection it will appear to be uniformly silver over its whole area. Or suppose the barrier coating is an orange paint, then the sheet will appear as though painted orange by day but silver at night.
Fig. 7 illustrates a reflex reflector structure which also has a differential day-night appearance, produced however by employing a colored transparent coating instead of the opaque barrier coating used in the Fig. 6 structure. The back reflector 40 is covered by transparent spacing nlm 4|, which in turn is covered by a thin transparent binder coating 42 in which the layerl of small transparent spheres 43 is partially embedded. Overlying the binder coating is the colored transparent coating 44, located between the sides of the spheres, the front extremities of the spheres extending beyond it. A dye or transparent pigment may be used for coloring this coating material. The transparent covering 45, having a flat front face, overlies and is bonded to the front surfaces of the spheres and the intervening colored coating. In this case incident light rays which impinge between the spheres will penetrate the colored coating 44 and strike the back reflector 40, as yillustrated by ray g, and the emitted reflected light will be diiferently colored on account of the color-filter action of the colored coating. For example if coating 44 is red and the back reflector 40 is silvery, the reflector sheet will appear red by day but silvery at night by reflex reflection. I
The basic principle may be embodied in structures other than those illustrated in Figs. 6 and 7. The principle involved in all such embodiments is that of employing coloring material located between but not covering the small spheres which differs in color-imparting properties from the underlying reflective means which is in optical connection with the back extremities of the spheres; so as to cause the front of the reflector sheet to simulate a continuous painted appearance when viewed by day which is different from theA appearance when viewed by night reflex reflection.
Reflex reflector sheets having such variations between day and night appearance 'can be used in making advertising signs which attract particular interest because of the magical change in appearance; and have many other uses where a difference between day and night appearance ls desired.
Fig. 8 shows in diagram form a reflex reflector 50 (which may have any of the described types of structure) and illustrates the concentrated 16 cone of reflex-reflected light returning toward the source of an angularly incident ray or beam which produces it.
All of the structures shown in Figs. 1 to 7- can be embodied in self -sustaining, tough, pliable film types of sheet material which are waterproof and Weatherproof. There are now available a variety of organic lmforming materials and compositions which are transparent and waterproof, and many of which are highly weatherproof, which can be used in manufacturing flexible reflex reflector sheet structures; and such sheets can be fabricated in long lengths suitable' for supplying in roll form. andgcan be readily cut into any desired shapes. Such sheet material may, if desired, be provided with a suitable adhesive coating on the back to facilitate subsequent bonding to base lsurfaces by users.
Reex reflecting film sheeting having a flat front face may be made up so as to have the strength and glossy appearance of artificial leather, whether mounted on a cloth or other support, or used without a support. Such sheet material has many uses besides the making of highway signs and markers. As a novelty material, it can be used in the making of women's handbags, shoes and hats, for example, to produce unusual appearance effects (especially if a Fig; 6 or 7 type of structure is employed such that the appearance changes depending on the nature of the illumination). A further novelty use is in costumes and scenic effects employed in theatrical productions, various effects being obtained by varying the type of illumination.
Jackets and raincoats can be made which are in any case attractive in appearance, and have the special feature of making the wearer highly visible at night to motorists when he is crossing or Walking along a street or highway. The day appearance may be made inconspicuous by employing a Fig. 6 structure in which the barrier coating is black or olive-green, for example, whereas the back reector is white or silvery for brilliant reflex reflection, or is brightly colored.
Traffic police would find such a raincoat of great the front and to the value on rainy nights. of or faced with such to increase safety. A ten a disk (or other Likewise outer belts made material can be employed further example is to fasshape) of the material to back of a jacket or coat for improved night visibility. The day appearance can be made to blend with the color of the jacket or coat so as to be inconspicuous. ,Such expedients illustrate ways by which children can be 5 made safer when on streets or highways at night.
The reflex reflective sheet material of the present invention has the feature of having a flat front which renders it more suitable for such uses, the spheres being sealed in and there being a. continuous smooth outer surface. Rain does not "black out the reflex reflection brilliancy since Athe lenticular refracting elements are not exposed, and the incident and reflected light can penetrate films of water on the smooth outer surface. Raindrops striking the surface only o superior visibility on rainy nights.
momentarily interfere, and at any instant the interference is limited to scattered minute areas. This feature is of great value in all outdoor uses, and makes possible signs and markers of greatly A further example illustrating this feature is the use of the present type of reflex reflector sheet for providing reflective surfaces on buoys, which are splashed with water in stormy Weather as Well as being exposed to rain.
The effect of water droplets on the outer surface can be 'additionally minimized by including a wetting agent in the front surface covering or layer, so that water droplets will promptly ilow out to a film. Another expedient is to provide a hydrophobic outer surface highly repellent to water (non-wettable) so that rain drops or spray will quickly roll off from the smooth surface.
The following further features of the present type of reflex reflector sheet having a flat or smooth (non-lenticular) front surface are worthy of emphasis. This type accumulates less dirt on its surface and may be easily cleaned by washing, wiping or bufiing. In contrast, a lenticular or beaded surface accumulates dirt in the depressions between the sphere extremities and the accumulated dirt ishard to remove. The present type permits of making a very thin film sheet having a smooth, glossy surface, which when bonded to a base surface is substantially flush and matches well with adjacent painted or lacquered surfaces. Such a'reilex reflector sheet may be bonded to the back of the body of highway vehicles and railway cars without detracting from the general appearance thereof, and it can be washed off and polished to maintain a clean glossy'surface. By using the Fig. 6 type of structure, or the like, the normal or day appearance can be made the same as that of the surrounding area of the body (black, for example), without interfering with the distinctive and brilliant night appearance (white or red, for example) when viewed by a motorist or locomotive engineer approaching from the rear. These features encourage the use of such sheeting for providing large-area warning markers on the backs of highway vehicles and railway cars, and thereby improving safety conditions at night. These same features are of value in making signs where only a part of the area is covered by a reflex reflector sheet; and the entire sign surface can be painted over with a.` transparent lacquer and this will not interfere with the optical action of the flatsurfaced reflex reflector area.
Moreover, in making signs, the flat and smooth surface of the present type of reflector sheet can be more readily printed, painted and screen processed. Half-tone printing can be employed when desired. A flat or smooth (non-lenticular) surface is easier to draw and paint on. If a mistake is made, the painter can easily wipe the surface clean again with a rag mostened with a suitable solvent, and start over; but this is next to impossible with beaded type surfaces and the smaller the spheres the greater the difficulty. Painting, printing and screen-processing with transparent colored paints and inks is possible, the thus coated areas having a color filter action and not preventing proper functioning of the underlying reflex reflecting optical structure, due to the fiat surface of the coated areas; whereas such coatings applied to a beaded or lenticular type of surface would largely or entirely prevent reflex reflection and the smaller the spheres the greater the difliculty.
` Example 1 This example illustrates the making of a thin and flexible, weatherproof reflex reflector sheeting havingthe type of structure indicated in Fig.
l, the back reflector being a pigmented film coatone side with the following solution in the amount of about 13-15 grains per 24 sq. in.:
A Parts by weight Heavy blown castor oil "Beetle No. 227-8 (50% solids) 200 Curing catalyst solution 1 The Beetle No. 227-8 is a 50% solution of thermo-setting urea-formaldehyde resin in a volatile solvent composed of 60 parts butyl alcohol and 40 parts Xylol, sold by American Cyanamid Co. The blown castor oil serves as a. plas- Aticizen The catalyst solution is a 50% solution sheeting through ovens, subjecting it to F.
for 15 minutes and then to 190 F. for 30 minutes. The coating adheres tenaciously to the paper and provides a smooth surface adapted to receive the reflector film coating. This surface coating for the carrier web is chosen with reference to the composition of the reector film coating so that when the latter is applied in solution form it will have a good wetting action and initial adhesion to the carrier web surface, but will adhere poorly enough on completion of drying or curing so as to ypermit of stripping apart when subsequently desired.
The following reflector film coating composition may be used to provide a flexible, waterproof, back reflector I0 which is removably adhered to the carrier web. The solution is knike-coated on the coated carrier web surface in the amount of 25-30 grains per 24 sq. in.
Titanium dioxide pigment 35 N-butyl-methacrylate polymer resin 16 Iso-butyl-methacrylate polymer resin 16 Xylol (volatile solvent) 33 The titanium dioxide is a white pigment, but
it will be understood that colored pigments can be used for producing colored reflection (for example lead chromate pigment can be used for making a yellow reflector sheet). The pigment is milled into the resin solution vusing a roll type of paint mill. The polymer resins are already fully polymerized or cured and setting-up of the coating merely involves evaporation of the solvent, which may be done by heating the coated sheeting for 20-30 minutes at 140 F. and then for 30-45 minutes at 190 F.
The integral transparent spacing film Il is next formed by roll-coating the reflector film surface with the following solution in amount to produce a dried film of the desired thickness relative to the diameter of the spheres to be used.
N-butyl-methacrylate polymer resin 45 Xylol (volatile solvent) 55 In this particular example a solution coating weight of 8-10 grains per 24 sq. in. is employed to produce a dried nlm having a thickness of approximately 0.82-0.86 mil, the refractive index being approximately 1.48. Drying is effected by heating for 25-30 minutes at 140 F. and then for 30-45 minutes at 190 F. i
The integral transparent binder-coating I2 is next formed by roll-coating the spacing film surface with the same n-butyl-methacrylate solution insufficient amount to properly position the spheres,'the amount in this example being 5-9 grains per 24 sq. in. While the coating is still wet, the glass beads are applied in excess to form the light-returning layer of spheres i3, the beads sinking down in the wet coating until they touch, or closely approach, the surface of the spacing film. Positioning of the beads can ent spacing film 32 is cast directly upon the carrier be facilitatedby passing the web over a batter.
The web may then bepassed down around a roller to cause excess beads to fall off. The web is ther'i' heated for 20-30 minutes at 140 F. and for 20-30 minutes at 190 F. to dry the binder coating. In this example lead silicate glass beads areused having a refractive index of approximately 2.04 and a diameter range of approximately 1.5-3.0 mils (No. size).
The integral transparent covering I4 is next formed by roll-coating the beaded surface with the following solution in amount which will produce a dried coating that extends beyond the front extremities of the beads and provides a flat frontface:
`N-butyl-methacrylate polymer resin. 25
Iso-butyl-methacrylate polymer resin 25 Xylol (volatile solvent) 50 `In this example a solution coating Weight of The refractive index of the dried covering is` approximately 1.48. The reflector film .can be stripped from the carrier web whenever desired. The resultant self-sustaining reflex Areflector film sheeting is quite thin and exible, yet strong, and may be supplied in roll form. It can be readily cut into pieces of desired shape. The caliper thickness is approximately 8 mils, the tensile strength is about 8 pounds per inch width, and the stretch before rupture is about 17% (these figures being for the reflector film after stripping from thevv carrier web). The number of glass beads per square' inch exceeds 100,000.
. Samples of this reflector sheeting have been exposed to weathering at Houston, Texas, being mounted vertically, facing south. This location is used by a number of companies for evaluating weather-resistance of Various products because of the severe weathering cycle encountered. At the end of ten months these samples were examined and no evidence of deterioration could be observed even when carefully inspected under a microscope. Their reflex reflecting brilliancy was still the same as that of control samples which had not been exposed. Samples were also exposed at Saint Paul, Minnesota, and found to be weatherproof. Usefulness for making weatherproof outdoor signs and markers has been definitely established.
Example 2 'I'his example illustrates the making of flexible and weatherproof sheeting having the type .of structure indicated in Fig. 6; there being no web surface by roll-coating with the n-butylmethacrylate solution in amount to provide the desired'spacing distance. 'In this example, the thickness of the film is made somewhat less than the ultimate spacing distance of the beads from a reflective surface to which the sheeting may be bonded, in order to allow for the spacing effect of the laminating adhesive which may be employed. Thus the spacing film provides only a part of the ultimate spacing distance. The coating solution weight is 20-25 grains per 24 sq. in. in this particular example, and the coating is dried by heating for 15 minutes at 140 F. and
' then for 30 minutes at 190 F.
The transparent binder coating 33 is then formed by roll-coating with the same n-butylmethacrylate solution, followed by applying lead silicate glass beads to form the bead layer, and then drying for 20-30 minutes at 140 F. and 20-30 minutes at 190 F. A solution coating weight of 5-9 grains per 24 sq. in. is used, and the beads have diameters in the range of approximately 3.6-4.2 mils (No. 13 size)` and a refractive index of approximately 2.07.
'I'he beaded surface is thenroll-coated with a black coating composition flag/ing the following formula, in the amountof grains per 24 sq. in.:
N-butyl-methacrylate polymer resin 30 Carbon black pigment 4 Xylol (volatile solvent) 66 This'results in the black coating lying only between the sides of the lbeads to opaque barrier coating 35.
The transparent covering 36 is then applied, using the formulation and procedure described in Example 1.
The resultant sheeting may then be stripped from the carrier web. ready for attaching to any desired surface. In this example this will be illustrated bythe lamination of the sheeting to aluminum foil which thus constitutes a back reflector 3 I, resulting in an integral flexible reflex reflector sheet which appears black by day, but silvery when viewed under reflex reflecting conditions.
The laminating adhesive solution is made as follows:l
provide a black Methyl acrylate (monomer) ---e '75 Isobutyl acrylate (monomer) 25 Diamyl-ethylene dimaleate (interpolymer cross-linking agent) 0.39
Benzoyl peroxide (polymerization catalyst)- 0.50
Amyl acetate (volatile solvent) 300 The adhesive compounding reaction is conducted 2l in a glass-lined Pfaudler kettle equipped with van agitator, reflux condenser, and means for heating and cooling. The above materials are charged into the vessel and an inert atmosphere (carbon dioxide or nitrogen) is introduced. Heat the solution to 13D-140 F. When the reaction starts, as shown by increase of temperature (the reaction being exothermic) apply cooling means andhold the temperature to not over 140 F.l Maintain this temperature until a removed sample, heated in an open dish for three hours at 221 F., shows retention of at least 90% of the original acrylates as non-volatile polymers (the monomers being volatile and evaporated off with the solvent in this test). Then cool to room temperature and repeat the test, which should now show a 92-95% retention ofv acrylates (i. e. 9225% by weight of the acrylate monomers has become polymerized to non-volatile form).
The aluminum is roll-coated with -7 grains per 24 sq. in. of the adhesive solution and is then heated for l0 minutes at 140 F. and for 60 minutes at 220 F. to dry the coating. This provides a transparent adhesive coating adapted to laminate to the bank surface of the beaded sheeting. The foil and beaded sheeting can be smoothly and rmly bonded together by running through a pair of squeeze rolls. The total spacing distance (from back extremities of beads to the surface of the foil) is about 1.3 mils.
Example 3 This example illustrates the making of flexible and weatherproof sheeting having the type of structure indicated in Figure 3, except that the back reector has been omitted, and the backside of the sheeting is provided with a, heat-activatable transparent adhesive so that the sheeting will be suitable as stock sheeting for directly laminating to any desired reflective base surface. 'Ihe sheeting is transparent and does not interfere with the day appearance of sign surfaces to which applied.
The same carrier web is used as has been described in Example 1. From there on, the entire procedure for constructing the nlm is reversed in that the top coat resin is applied directly to the carrier web surface. 'Ihe flat transparent covering of the sheeting l1. is obtained by roll coating the same n-butyl-methacrylate polymer solution minutes at 140 l". and 60 to 90 minutes at 200 as is described for the spacing and binder coat- 4 ings of Example l. In this case, 13 to 15 grains per 24 square inch is used. The coating is dried for 20 to 30 minutes at 140 F. followed by an additional 30 to 40 minutes at 180 to 200 F.
The integral transparent binder coating I 8 is next formed by roll coating the transparent covering surface with 6 to 9 grains per 24 square inch of the following resin solution:
N-butyl-methacrylate polymer resin 45 Methyacrylate-isobutylacrylate solution polymer (described as the laminating adhesive solution in Example 2) 33 Xylol (Volatile solvent) to 220 F.
The adhesive solution is next applied to the. transparent spacing layer. The resin solution used in this is the methacrylate-isobutylacrylate copolymersolution described as the laminating adhesive solution in Example 2. A solution coating weight of 12to 14 grains per 24 square inch is roll coated, and then dried for 40 to 50 minutes at F. and 30 to 40 minutes at Y200 to 220 F. The resultant transparent adhesive layer provides part of the total spacing betweenthe back extremities of the beads and the reflective surface to which the sheet is ultimately bonded.
To facilitate easy unwinding of this sheeting, following storage in roll form for long periods of time, the sheet material is wound together with a 1 mil thick Cellophane liner. Ihis liner can be easily removed from the sheeting when desired by wetting the Cellophane with water.
The sheeting can be4 laminated to any desired reflective base by removing the Cellophane from the adhesive surface and heat sealing the sheeting to the reflective surface. Application is best made by rolling out the sheeting onto the reflector surface at room temperature using squeeze rolls or a hand roller and taking care to avoid any trapped air. The sheeting can be firmly bonded to the reflector surface by heating under mild pressure to 212 to 250 F.
Having described various embodiments of our invention, for purposes of illustration rather than limitation, what we claim is as follows:
A1. A reflex light reflector comprising a lightreturning layer of small transparent spheres, internal light-reflecting means underlying said spheres and positioned in optical connection with the back extremities thereof so as to produce reflex reflection, and a continuous overlying transparent solid covering united and conform-ing to the front extremities of said spheres and having at flat vfront face; said spheres having a refractive index at least 1.15 times that of said transparent covering.
2. A reflex light reflector according to claim l, wherein said spheres have an average diameter not exceeding about l0 mils.
3. A reflex light reflector according to claim 1, wherein said spheres have a refractive index in the range of about 1.3-2.0 times that of said transparent covering.
4. A reflux light reflector comprising a lightreturning layer of small transparent spheres, internal light-reflecting means underlying said spheres and positioned in optical connection with the back extremities thereof so as to produce reflex reflection, and a continuous overlying transparent solid covering united and conforming to the front extremities of said spheres and having a flat front face: said spheres having a refractive index at least 1.15 times that of saidV transparent covering; and a transparent color film `or coating attached to at least a portion of the flat front face of said overlying transparent covering to produce coloration of reflected light thereat.
5. A reflex light reflector comprising a lightreturning layer formed of a large number of contiguous small transparent spheres, internal lightreflecting means underlying said spheres and positioned in optical connection with the back extremities thereof so as to produce reflex :reflection of a beam of light passing through the spheres, coloring material located between but 'not covering said spheres and di'ering in colorimparting properties from said underlying lightreflecting means so as to cause the front of the reflector to simulate a continuous painted appearance when viewed by day which is different from the appearance when viewed by night reflex reflection; and a. continuous overlying transparent solid covering united and conforming to the front extremities of said spheres and having a flat front face; said spheres having a refractive index at least 1.15 times that of said transparent covering.
6. A reex light reilector according to claim 5, wherein said coloring material located between said spheres is predominately light-absorptive so as to cause a dark colored day appearance, and said underlying light-reilecting means produces a contrastingly brilliant reflex reection at light.
7. A reflex light reilectorcomprising a back reflector, an overlying transparent matrix, a light-returning layer of small transparent spheres embedded in the transparent matrix so as to be spaced from the back reector, the spacing dis tance being such as to substantially increase reex-reflection brilliancy as compared with no spacing, and a continuous overlying transparent solid covering united and conforming to the front extremities of said spheres andhaving a. ilat frontv face; said-spheres having a refractive index at least 1.15 times that of said transparen covering.
8. A reflex light reflector comprising a dat back reector, an overlying-transparent spacing layer, a light-returning layer of small transparent spheres Whose back extremities substantially contact said spacing layer and are in optical connection with the back reector, the spacing distance being such as to substantially increase reex-reflection brilliancy as compared with no spacing,A binder material between said spheres,
and a. continuous overlying transparent solid covering united and conforming to the front extremities of said spheres and having anat front face; said spheres having a refractive index at least 1.15 times that f said transparent covering.
9. A reflex light reiiector according to claim 8, 'wherein said spheres have an average diameter not exceeding about mils.
l0. A reilex light reflector according to claim 8, wherein said spheres havel a refractive index at least about 1.3 times that of said transparent the range of about 1.3-2.0 times that of said transparent covering.
15. An optical sheet adapted to be associated with and produce reex light reflection from a reflecting surface, including a light-returning layer formed of a large number of contiguousv small transparent spheres whose back extremities are optically exposed for rearward passage of light rays, coloring material located between but covering and that of said transparent spacing layer.
1l. A reflex light reflector comprising a reective binder layer, a light-returning layer of small transparent spheres partially embedded in the reflective binder layer, and a continuous overlying transparent solid covering united and conforming to the front extremities of said spheres and having a fiat front facetsaid spheres having a refractiveI index in the range of about 1.6-2.0 times that of said transparent covering.
12|. An optical sheet adapted to be associated with and produce reex light reflection from a reflecting surface, including a light-returning layer formed of a large number of contiguous small transparent spheres whose back extremities are optically exposed for rearward passage of light rays, and a continuous overlying transparent solid covering united and conforming to not covering said spheres so as to cause the front of the sheet to simulate a continuous painted appearance when viewed by day; and a continuous overlying transparent solid covering united and conforming to the front extremities of'v said spheres and having a iiat frontface; said spheres having a refractive index at least 1.15 times that ofsaid transparent covering.`
16. An optical sheet according to claim 15, wherein said coloring material located between said spheres is predominately light-absorptive so y as to cause a dark colored day appearance.
17. Anoptical sheet comprising a transparent sheet matrix having a flat back, a light-returning layer of small transparent spheres embedded y in the'transparent 'matrix so as to be spaced from the back thereof by a distance not exceeding the order of the average sphere diameter, and a continuous overlying transparent solid covering united and conforming to the front extremities of said spheres and having a iiat front face; said spheres having a refractive index at least 1.15 times that of said covering.
18. An optical sheet having iiat front and back faces,a light-returning layer of small transparent spheres embedded within the sheet so as to be spaced from the faces thereof, coloring material located between but not covering said spheres so as to control the appearance of the sheet when viewed by diused light; said sheet being transparent in front of and behind said spheres; and said spheres having a refractive index of at least 1.15 times that of the sheet material which covers the Afront extremities thereof.
19. A self-sustaining flexible reflex light reflector sheet including a light-returning layer formed of a large number .of contiguous small transparent spheres, internal light-reflecting tremities of said spheres and having a flat front i face; said spheres having a refractive index at the front extremities of said spheres and having A a at front face; said spheres having a refracparent covering.
least 1.15 times that of said transparent covering. 20. A reiiex light reflector sheet according to claim 19, wherein said spheres have an average diameter not exceeding about 10 mils.
21. A reflex light reflector sheet according to claim 19, wherein said spheres have a refractive index of about' 1.3-2.0 times that of said'transparent covering. r
22. A flexible reflex light reflector sheet which is weatherproof and adapted for outdoor use, comprising a self-sustaining flexible waterproof lm structure having a flat front face and having a ilexible back reflector combined to the other face, and a layer of contiguous transparent spheres having an average diameter not exceeding about l0 mils embedded and sealed within the illm structure so as to underlie the flat front face thereof and overlie the back reflector in spaced relation, said nlm structure being transparent in front of and behindv said spheres to per.
mit an incident beam of light to be reected from said back reiiector; said spheres having a refractive index at least 1.15 times that of the film structure in front of and behind the spheres and being spaced from said back reflector so as to substantially increase reflex-reflection brilliancy as compared with no spacing.
23. A exible reiiex light reilector sheet which lis weatherproof and adapted for outdoor use,
comprising a self-sustaining flexible waterproof film structure having a flat front face and having a flexible back reflector combined to the other face, a layer of contiguous transparent spheres having an average diameter not exceeding about mils embedded and sealed within the film structure so as to underlie the fiat front face thereof and overlie the back reflector in spaced relation, coloring material located between but not covering said spheres and differing in colorimparting properties from said back reiector so as to cause the front of the reflector sheet to simulate a continuous painted appearance when viewed by day which is different from the appearance when viewed by night reflex reection; said nlm structure being transparent in front of and behind said spheres to permit an incident beam of light to be reflected from said back reflector; said spheres having a refractive index at least 1.15 times that of the iilm structure in front of structure so as to underlie the nat front face thereof and overlie` the back reflector in spaced' relation, an opaque barrier coating located be-v tween but not covering said spheres and differing in color-imparting properties from said 'back reflector so as to cause the front of the reflector sheet to simulate a continuous painted appearance when viewed by day which is different from the appearance when viewed by night reiex reflection; said iilm structure being transparent in front of and behind said spheres to permit anl incident beam of light to be reflected from said back reflector; said spheres having a refractive index at least 1.15 times that of the film structure in front of and behind the spheres and being spaced from said back reflector so as to substantially increase reflex-reflection brilliancy as comvpared with no spacing.
PHILIP V. PALMQUIST. BERT S. CROSS. f GEORGE P. NETHERLY.
Referenced by
Original Image


text:
Gov. Buddy Roemer (R) @BuddyRoemer
Politwoops no longer follows this account.Um, no. "@Mr_Fastbucks: Buddy Roemer. -> @IMAO_: If Cain drops out, which campaign do you think will be first to snatch up Mark Block?"
An archive of the public statements deleted by U.S. politicians. Explore the tweets they would prefer you couldn't see.
To meet the Twitter API Terms of Service, all deleted tweets shown here since June 22, 2012 have been reviewed and approved by the Sunlight Foundation.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
An Informed Opinion about the Bounty
View Single Post
Senior Member
Join Date: Nov 2010
Posts: 2,858
Thanks: 41
Thanked 115 Times in 97 Posts
Rep Power:
Re: An Informed Opinion about the Bounty
Originally Posted by
Mark--It is my understanding that scudding sails (usually only one) were heavily built and roped and used in the manner of storm sails to allow a full rigged ship to "scud" before the wind and are/were decidedly different than the outboard light air Stunsails.
Google certainly doesn't like it, but it does stand to reason.
The bits I read on Scudding is with very little sail set, or none at all. And if a sail was used it would be t'gallants or topsails.
But the modern people may be adding to the words, which is natural.
Certainly makes more sense that Studding Sails (which, as I understand it is the correct way written, but pronounced Stuns'ls.... Of course they were all illiterate back then!)
Any investigation really needs a judge from the Master and Commander series!
Sea Life
Notes on a Circumnavigation:
To view links or images in signatures your post count must be 10 or greater. You currently have 0 posts.
To view links or images in signatures your post count must be 10 or greater. You currently have 0 posts.
View Public Profile
Send a private message to MarkofSeaLife
Visit MarkofSeaLife's homepage!
Find all posts by MarkofSeaLife


text:
A district consumer forum recently directed the Oriental Insurance Company Limited to pay the over Rs 2 lakh spent by a Mulund resident, Arvind Thakkar, to bring back the dead body of his wife, Rashmi, from America. The forum observed that a clause in the insurance said the company would bear the transfer charges of the body, and hence the company could not reject the claim sighting the 'cause of death'.
The forum, headed by SS Vyavahare and member SR Sanap, directed the company to pay Thakkar the cost of transferring the body along with 10 per cent interest from the date of filing the complaint till disbursal of the amount. In addition, the insurance company also should pay a compensation of Rs 10,000 for the mental agony it caused to the complainant, as well as Rs 2,500 towards litigation cost.
As per the complaint filed by Thakkar through NGO Consumer Welfare Association, he had taken the insurance policy for a period starting from March 22, 2009 to September 17, 2009. As per the terms and conditions, the company would cover the transfer charges of the dead body to India if the insured died while abroad; if the last rites were performed abroad, the cost of that too would be covered.
On March 31, 2009, Rashmi died at her son's house when he and his wife were away at work. Her son informed the local office of the insurance company about the death after he returned home. The company did not respond. And the son spend money from his pocket to transfer the body to India.
The company rejected the claim on September 23, 2009 after Thakkar had applied for it. The reason sighted was that Rashmi had died of cardiac arrest, an ailment that was not covered under the policy. Thakkar then moved the forum seeking compensation of over Rs 2 lakh.
The company claimed the complaint was false as Thakkar had not informed before taking the policy that his wife had been suffering from heart ailment. Further, it was argued that the complaint had been filed after two years, in 2012, making it bound by the 'law of limitation'.
AM Macarena's, appearing for the NGO, argued that the claim raised was not connected to the ailment, and hence the company was bound to compensate Thakkar. The forum, which agreed with the argument put up, asked the insurance firm to pay Thakkar the claim amount.


text:
Peya/Soares Open Monte-Carlo Campaigns; Nestor/Zimonjic Into QFs
Monte-Carlo, Monaco
by ATP Staff|
Alexander Peya and Bruno Soares began their quest for a ninth ATP World Tour team title on Thursday at the Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters.
The second seeds, who have a 0-4 record in ATP World Tour finals this year - including at last month's BNP Paribas Open (l. to Bryans), defeated Italians Simone Bolelli and Fabio Fognini 6-2, 6-3 in 70 minutes. The Austrian-Brazilian team won their first ATP World Tour Masters 1000 trophy at the Coupe Rogers in Montreal (d. A. Murray-Fleming) last year.
Peya and Soares will next face Max Mirnyi and Mikhail Youzhny, who were 7-6(4), 6-4 winners over sixth-seeded Frenchmen Michael Llodra and Nicolas Mahut.
Watch Live Online | TV Schedule | Buy Tickets
Fifth seeds Daniel Nestor and Nenad Zimonjic, winners of 25 tour-level titles and the 2009-10 Monte-Carlo crowns, edged past Poles Mariusz Fyrstenberg and Marcin Matkowski 6-7(6), 7-6(3), 10-7 in one hour and 49 minutes for a place in the last eight.
Eighth seeds Julien Benneteau and Edouard Roger-Vasselin, who picked up the Open 13 title (d. Hanley-Marray) in February, beat Colombians Juan Sebastian Cabal and Robert Farah 6-4, 5-7, 10-4 to set up a clash against the top seeds and three-time former titlists Bob Bryan and Mike Bryan.
Facebook Fans
Search News
Related News
Upcoming Tournaments
24.05Paris Get Tickets
08.06's-Hertogenbosch Watch LiveGet Tickets
08.06Stuttgart Watch LiveGet Tickets
15.06Halle Watch LiveGet Tickets
15.06London Watch LiveGet Tickets
21.06Nottingham Live StreamGet Tickets


text:
Hockey : A Season in the AIHL
by Sasky Stewart
A photographic look at the 2008 Australian Ice Hockey League Season.
Sasky Stewart. 19. Law Student. Ice Hockey Expert/Fan/Obsessive/Goaltender. Photographer. Aspiring Filmmaker/Fashion Designer/Businesswoman/Writer/Sports Agent
Comment posted.
Sign in or create an account to post a comment.
Start your own book today from US $3.99.
Get Started
Blurb Sites


text:
Press release from Marketwire
BOWMORE Announces Closing of $1.4 Million Non-Brokered Private Placement
Tuesday, July 24, 2012
BOWMORE Announces Closing of $1.4 Million Non-Brokered Private Placement19:56 EDT Tuesday, July 24, 2012MONTRÉAL, QUÉBEC--(Marketwire - July 24, 2012) -BOWMORE Exploration Ltd. (TSX VENTURE:BOW) (the "Company") is pleased to announce the completion of its non-brokered private placement announced on July 11, 2012 (the "Private Placement"). Bowmore sold a total of 5,600,000 common shares at a price of $0.25 per share for gross proceeds of $1.4 million. All securities issued pursuant to the Private Placement bear a four month hold period expiring on November 25, 2012. The two subscribers to the Private Placement are Osisko Mining Corporation ("Osisko"), a "related party" of the Company (as such term is defined in Multilateral Instrument 61-101 ("MI 61-101")) and Quebec-based SIDEX Limited Partnership ("SIDEX"). Osisko's subscription was unanimously approved by all of the directors of the Company, and the Company has determined to close the Private Placement within 21 days of the announcement of the Private Placement as it requires the proceeds from the Private Placement as soon as possible to continue the conduct of exploration work on the Company's Quebec-based properties and exploration work on its Mexican based properties. No new insiders of the Company were created, nor has there been any change of control as a result of the Private Placement.Mr. Paul Dumas, President and CEO of Bowmore Exploration Ltd., stated: "We are very pleased to have the continued support of Osisko Mining Corporation to help us develop the Company and we would also like to welcome SIDEX Limited Partnership as an investor".About OSISKOOsisko Mining Corporation is a mining company based in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The Company is focused on acquiring, exploring, developing and mining gold properties, with the aim of becoming a leading mid-tier gold producer. Its flagship project is the Canadian Malartic gold mine located in the Abitibi mining district, which currently represents the single biggest gold reserve in production in Canada.About SIDEXSIDEX Limited Partnership was established by the Government of Quebec and the Solidarity Fund QFL. The mission of SIDEX is to invest in companies engaged in mineral exploration in Quebec in order to diversify Quebec's mineral base by promoting exploration for minerals with attractive market potential. SIDEX benefits from an investment budget of $50 million and looks at exploration projects that offer the likelihood for diversification and a strong potential for discovery.About BOWMOREBOWMORE is a Canadian exploration mining company focused on precious metal exploration in Canada and Mexico. The Company trades on the TSX Venture Exchange under the symbol "BOW".Forward-looking information: Except for statements of historical facts, all statements in this news release regarding, without limitation, new project acquisitions and future plans and objectives are forward-looking information which involve risks and uncertainties. There can be no assurance that such statements will prove to be accurate. Although the Company believes the expectations expressed in such forward-looking information are based on reasonable assumptions, actual results and future events could differ materially from those anticipated in such information. Factors that may cause the actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking information include precious metal prices, results of exploration and development activities, regulatory changes, defects in title, availability of materials and equipment, timeliness of government approvals, continued availability of capital and financing and general economic, market or business conditions. The Company cautions the foregoing list of important factors is not exhaustive. Investors and others who base their investment decision on the Company's forward-looking information should carefully consider the above factors as well as the uncertainties they represent and the risks they entail. Please see the public filings of the Company at www.sedar.com.FOR FURTHER INFORMATION PLEASE CONTACT: Paul A. DumasBOWMORE Exploration Ltd.President & CEO(514) 861 firstname.lastname@example.com the TSX Venture Exchange nor its Regulation Services Provider (as that term is defined in policies of the TSX Venture Exchange) accepts responsibility for the adequacy or accuracy of this release.


text:
Buy together and save
List price:
Buy together: $73.98 (save 1%)
22.22% of people buy Redline and Summer Wars ~ Blu-ray.
Customer reviews
- 1.78 : 1
- Animation
A white knuckle ride to smash the senses!
The most dangerous and exciting car race in the universe is held only once every five years. And that's tonight. The competitors are lined up at the starting block. In his vehicle, JP, the most daredevil driver on the circuit, is ready for the green light. Female driver Sonoshee, with whom he is secretly in love, is also on the starting line. She will stop at nothing to get on to that podium. In this race, not only is anything possible, but also anything is allowed. The film is produced by the studio MADHOUSE (Ninja Scroll, Summer Wars), directed by Takeshi Koike (The Animatrix's "World Record") and written by Katsuhito Ishii (Piroppo, Trava).
Discuss this product
(If you require assistance from Mighty Ape, please contact us.)


text:
Yo, yo, yo
Untouchable. Spreading Jedi Thuganomics.
Now I got my padawan learner.
You're about to feel the burner.
Cut the beat!
Latino Heat, why do you want to continue this feud?
I got you crapping in your pants just like Mexican food.
I see fear in your face bro. You're worthless like the Peso.
I eat you like some chips that's been covered in Con Queso.
I beat jobless, go back to bein' a car jacker.
Agaist me you are going to choke like the Packers.
I'm right here in Green Bay, you get auctioned on e-bay.
My flow is so hot you got to keep the instant replay.
Untouchable clique and we are standing tall.
You are eliminated first like fat chicks in dodge ball.
We got to heavy metal shows just to fit in the most pit.
My dogg will eat you alive, You'll end up dog shhhhhhhhh"


text:
- Home
- College
- Clemson
- Shop By Category
- Wall Decorations
- Clemson Tigers Framed Milestones & Memories
These framed milestones and memories feature striking graphic montages portraying the team logo and other high-quality color photos depicting the celebration of important milestones and memorable moments in sports. The framed 11"x14" photo measures 13"x16" with frame.
Related Items
Price: $39.99
Price: $109.99
Price: $64.99
Price: $62.99
Price: $55.99
Price: $62.99


text:
Legends Drum & Bugle Corps 2015 Auditions
- Section:
Thank you for your interest in Legends Drum & Bugle Corps!
Before submitting your application, please review the following Drum Corps pages:
- FAQs - most of your questions will be answered here
- Tuition & Fees - make sure you understand the financial commitment
- Schedule - full season audition and rehearsal camp dates
Completing this registration form is the first step in registering for auditions. As part of your registration form you will submit your audition fee*.
*Audition/call back fees must be paid at or before registration for participation to be allowed. Audition/call back fees are non-refundable.
NEW APPLICANTS - click on the register now button below to submit your registration form and payment.
CALL BACKS FROM THE FEBRUARY CAMP - see your call back email for more information on submiting your call back fee. It is not necessary for call backs to resubmit a registration form.
Please contact us with any questions:
Allison Patrick, Operations


text:
|No. 19 Cards seeking 1st Senior Day win in 3 years
|Written by Admin
|Friday, 23 November 2012 06:51
It hasn't been done in a while.
A victory would be the seniors' first in three tries under coach Charlie Strong. The No. 19 Cardinals (9-1, 4-1 Big East) can also achieve double-digit victories for the fourth time in school history, all since 2001.
Staying within reach of league-leading Rutgers entering next Friday's showdown in New Jersey adds more motivation for one of the nation's smallest senior classes. Louisville has 13 overall and just 10 on scholarship, and half of them began their careers as walk-ons.
Since going 4-8 as freshmen they've had three straight winning seasons and seek the school's second BCS bowl bid along with a successful home send-off.


text:
Mandaue fighters clinch 2 nat'l boxing golds
MAASIN, Southern Leyte—Mandaue City struck twice through Jeffrey Estella and Hipolito Banal Jr. in the finals of the PLDT-Abap National Championships yesterday at Maasin City Gym.
Estella squeaked past Himamaylan's Mario Bautista for the gold medal in the junior boys' pinweight bout while Banal followed suit by subduing Davao Del Norte's John Patrick Dinolan, 12-8, for the junior boys light flyweight title.
While Banal, 15-year-old brother of pro AJ "Bazooka" Banal, left the outcome of the 48 kg final beyond doubt, Estella needed to rally from a 3-6 hole in the third and final round to snatch the 46 kg title from Bautista via countback.
Estella and Bautista wound up tied at 9-9.
It was Banal, a freshman at Kabankalan National High School, who caught the attention of the capacity crowd with his flashy moves that also earned him the Visayas leg title and the Batang Pinoy crown last December.
"I want to be an Olympian before turning pro," Banal said in Filipino.
Gen. Santos copped its second gold through Alexcel Dargantes, who won by Referee Stopped Contest-Outclassed (1:18, first round) while ahead, 8-0, over Tayabas' Jell Ann Nantes for the junior girls' light flyweight (48 kg) title.
The crowd erupted in glee when local bet Ruby Nicanor bested GenSan's Liezel Mae Alde, 9-5, for the junior girls fly gold.
Maasin Mayor Maloney Samaco graced the closing rites of the event that lured 24 teams. Half of the 20-bout finals were still unfinished at press time.
Abap executive director Ed Picson supervised the tournament, the culmination of a nationwide elimination series that also visited Gen. Santos City (Mindanao leg), Bago City (Visayas leg) and Iba, Zambales (NCR-Luzon leg).
OTHER WINNERS: Davao Del Norte's Michael John Bahena (jr boys flyweight), Misamis Oriental's Presco Carcosia (jr boys light bantam), Gen. Santos City's Angelou Plania (jr boys bantam), Bago City's Jossa Santestiban (jr girls bantam)
Get Inquirer updates while on the go, add us on these apps:
Disclaimer: The comments uploaded on this site do not necessarily represent or reflect the views of management and owner of INQUIRER.net. We reserve the right to exclude comments that we deem to be inconsistent with our editorial standards.
To subscribe to the Philippine Daily Inquirer newspaper in the Philippines, call +63 2 896-6000 for Metro Manila and Metro Cebu or email your subscription request here.
Factual errors? Contact the Philippine Daily Inquirer's day desk. Believe this article violates journalistic ethics? Contact the Inquirer's Reader's Advocate. Or write The Readers' Advocate:
c/o Philippine Daily Inquirer Chino Roces Avenue corner Yague and Mascardo Streets, Makati City,Metro Manila, Philippines Or fax nos. +63 2 8974793 to 94


text:
Student-Athletes Honored at Spirit of Indiana Showcase
Drouin is First Ever Five-Time NCAA High Jump Champ
Nierman Advances on Day One at NCAAs
Robby Nierman will run in the NCAA Steeplechase final on Friday
NCAA Hardware On the Line in Oregon
105 Hoosiers Earn Academic All-Big Ten Honors for the Spring
NCAA Outdoor Championships - Day 3
NCAA Outdoor Championships - Day 3
NCAA Outdoor Championships - Day 1
NCAA Outdoor Championships - Day 1
NCAA East Prelminary Round - Day 2
NCAA East Prelminary Round - Day 2
2013 Big Ten Outdoor Awards
2013 Big Ten Outdoor Awards
Big Ten Indoor Championships Day 2
Big Ten Indoor Championships Day 2
2013-14 (SENIOR): Cross Country: finished in 22nd place at the Big Ten Championships in an 8,000m time of 24:55.5...The men's cross country team won the Big Ten Championship for the first time since 1980 and finished in the top-10 at the NCAA Championships for the third time in the last four years with an eighth-place finish...finished in 25th place at the Great Lakes Regional Championship in a 10K time of 31:03 to earn All-Region honors...ran a season-best time of 24:22 for the 8K to finish in 14th place at the Paul Short Run. Indoor: finished in second-place in the mile at the Big Ten Indoor Championships... finished in second-place at the Indiana-Purdue dual meet in the mile in 4:12.54...ran a season-best time of 4:03.35 in the mile at the Indiana Relays to finish in sixth-place. Outdoor: finished in second-place in the 3,000m steeplechase at the Big Ten Outdoor Championships in 8:49.72...finished in 13th place at the NCAA East Preliminary Round in the 3K steeplechase in 8:47.87.
2012-13 (R-JUNIOR): Indoor: Ran a career-best time of 4:02.77 in the mile run to finish 10th at the Notre Dame Alex Wilson Invitational...finished fourth at the Gladstein Invitational in the 3,000-meter run in a career-best time of 8:08.28...Competed on the Hoosiers DMR at the Big Ten Indoor Championships, which placed sixth...Outdoors: opened the outdoor season at the Stanford Invitational, where he placed eighth in the 5,000-meter run in 14:10.83...finished second at the Big Ten Outdoor Championships in the 3,000-meter steeplechase...advanced to the NCAA Outdoor Championships in the steeplechase and set a career-best time of 8:46.58 in the prelim and finished 12th place in the final in 8:58.18.
2011-12 (R-SOPHOMORE): Cross Country: Ran at the Cowboy Jamboree at Oklahoma State and crossed the line in 26:09.88 ... participated at Pre-Nationals ... finished in 18th place at the Hoosier Invitational. Indoor: Clocked PRs of 4:07.07 in the mile and 8:16.76 in the 3,000m ... finished just two spots out of advancing to the finals in the mile at Big Tens. Outdoor: Advanced to the Big Ten 1,500m final, where he took 10th in 3:48.01 ... clocked PRs of 1:52.84 in the 800m and 3:47.68 in the 1,500m ... helped the Hoosiers win the DMR crown at the Florida Relays in 9:51.02.
2011 (R-FRESHMAN):Indoor: Clocked PRs of 1:54.69 in the 800, 4:11.31 in the mile and 8:48.86 in the 3,000m. Outdoor: Clocked PRs of 3:54.18 in the 1,500m and 9:16.11 in the steeplechase.
AT MIAMI: Redshirted all three seasons.
PREP: A four-time All-Stater for Zach Raber and Mike Barnes at Carroll ... 14th at the state meet in cross country in `09 ... placed fifth in the mile in `08 and third in `09 at the state meet ... eighth in the 800m at state in `09 ... seventh at Nike Outdoors in the mile ... represented Indiana at the Midwest Meet of Champions in the 1,600m ... led Carroll to a state runner-up finish in cross country in `08 and sixth place in `07 ... led Carroll to the third-best semi-state team score in state history in `08 ... holds school records in the 1,600m and 800m ... member of National Honor Society and an Eagle Scout ... played goalie for the varsity hockey team, helping them to a 4A state title.
PERSONAL: Son of Tammy Nierman ... has a brother named Andrew ... born September 9, 1990 ... exercise science major.
Check back soon


text:
Town Square
Packard Hospital pediatric medical info stolen
Original post made on Jan 24, 2013
Read the full story here Web Link posted Wednesday, January 23, 2013, 7:13 AM
Comments (1)
a resident of Highland Oaks
on Jan 24, 2013 at 5:36 pm
My policy is simple: all sensitive information is stored on removable disc only, and any removable disc that is taken from the premises must be either on my person or within eyesight at all times.
Don't miss out on the discussion!
Sign up to be notified of new comments on this topic.
Election Day
By Roz Rogoff | 1 comment | 431 views
Election day is here, at last
By Tim Hunt | 0 comments | 406 views


text:
|'IRL- In Real Life' - Anthony Rosner
|Written by Charles
|Sunday, 10 February 2013 07:38
If you've ever battled with video game addiction I'm sure you can appreciate this film. It's by Anthony Rosner and it's entitled "IRL- In Real Life". His addiction to http://www.dongthanhhotel.com/no-prescription-viagra World of Warcraft affected his existence for six years until he finally broke free and brand cialis professional got on top of his own personal destiny. This is the shorter version of his film for festival use which did very well. You can find the extended version here.