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Book Search
Town and Country Planning in the UK
15th Edition
Town and country planning has never been more important to the UK, nor more prominent in national debate. Planning generates great controversy: whether it's spending £80m and four years' inquiry into Heathrow's Terminal 5, or the 200 proposed wind turbines in the Shetland Isles. On a smaller scale...
Published December 2nd 2014 by Routledge
International Encyclopedia of Environmental Politics
Why care about the environment? Is the earth's climate really changing for the worse? What are CFCs exactly? And who or what is the WTO? What are the causes of environmental problems? Who are the main actors, and what are the main ideas and issues in international environmental politics? Which...
Published April 8th 2014 by Routledge
Advanced Practical Organic Chemistry, Third Edition
Any research that uses new organic chemicals, or ones that are not commercially available, will at some time require the synthesis of such compounds. Therefore, organic synthesis is important in many areas of both applied and academic research, from chemistry to biology, biochemistry, and materials...
Published January 8th 2013 by CRC Press
Contemporary Environmental Politics
From Margins to Mainstream
Series: Environmental Politics
This new collection from the leading journal, Environmental Politics, presents an excellent overview of the key themes found in contemporary green political thought since the early 1990s. Bringing together the journal's major work, this new book charts a fascinating period in which...
Published February 27th 2009 by Routledge
Diagnostic Ultrasound, Second Edition
Diagnostic Ultrasound, Second Edition explores the utilization of diagnostic ultrasound in all regions of the body. Offering numerous tables and charts containing practical tips and useful recommendations, this source lists specific pitfalls that may be encountered in each anatomical area within...
Published May 28th 2008 by CRC Press
Intervening in Northern Ireland
Critically Re-thinking Representations of the Conflict
The articles in this special issue, drawn from a workshop hosted by the Institute of Governance, Queen's University, Belfast, explicitly engage with and challenge conventional academic analyses in order to confront the ways in which the conflict on Northern Ireland has traditionally been...
Published September 6th 2007 by Routledge
Environment and Social Theory
2nd Edition
Series: Routledge Introductions to Environment: Environment and Society Texts
Written in an engaging and accessible manner by one of the leading scholars in his field, Environment and Social Theory, completed revised and updated with two new chapters, is an indispensable guide to the way in which the environment and social theory relate to one another. This popular text...
Published December 7th 2006 by Routledge
Surgical Management of the Infratemporal Fossa
The infratemporal fossa is one of the most important anatomical regions in the head for dental and maxillofacial surgeons as it contains the teeth's major nerves and vessels; is the site of the temporomandibular joint and associated muscles that move the jaw; is a site often involved in facial...
Published June 2nd 2004 by CRC Press
Europe, Globalization and Sustainable Development
Series: Environmental Politics
This edited volume considers the ways in which European states and the European Union can and should organize themselves economically and socially in order to address the challenges of sustainable development. It will interest students and researchers of environmental policy and European politics....
Published February 19th 2004 by Routledge
Unity, Diversity and Evolution
Series: Systematics Association Special Volumes
The Flagellates presents a multidisciplinary view of the flagellates exploring both their unity, in terms of their structure, mechanisms and processes, and their diversity in terms of biogeography, niche colonisation, and adaptations to their environment. In addition, evolutionary relationships...
Published June 8th 2000 by CRC Press


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Sunday Million - February 24th 2013
Episode 180: Sunday Million, 24/02/13 on PokerStars.tv. Final table highlights on PokerStars.tv featuring Boomaloom, czowel, Sieder85, drjovaside, aspoker1234, CHUBSTER, Tonaldinho11, Team PokerStars Pro Andre "aakkari" Akkari and le_marc08. Commentary by Nick Welathall.
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Name Sales Person
Day Phone (210) 215-2559
Boat History Report Check Your Credit Finance Insurance Boat Transport
|Super Clean, Low Hours. Plush grey interior, AM/FM CD Player, Bimini Top, Custom Cover. This Boat is powered by an extremely fuel efficient V-6 Engine with tons of power. Good hole shot, handles amazing, and you can ski all day on a half tank of gas!!!
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Ida Kar
1 portrait
© National Portrait Gallery, London
Ida Kar
by Ida Kar
quarter-plate glass negative, 1955
Purchased, 1999
Photographs Collection
NPG x88605
Click on the links below to find out more:
Sitterback to top
- Ida Kar (1908-1974), Photographer. Sitter in 137 portraits, Artist associated with 1508 portraits.
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- Ida Kar (1908-1974), Photographer. Artist associated with 1508 portraits, Sitter in 137 portraits.


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2 girls drown in Pampanga River
More News from Tonette Orejas
CITY OF SAN FERNANDO, Philippines—Two girls drowned in the Pampanga River in Apalit, Pampanga, on Wednesday, police said.
This happened a day after five people, three of them children, drowned in the river's portion in San Luis town, some 15 kilometers east of Apalit.
Supt. Homer Penecilla, Apalit police chief, said rescuers had yet to recover the bodies of Lolita Mandap, 13, and Khaela Rufino, 12, who were swept away by the river current in Barangay (village) Sulipan at 2:55 p.m.
He said rescue teams suspended the search at 7:30 p.m.
Penecilla said the girls went to the river on Wednesday afternoon hoping to learn to swim with their friends. But the girls struggled to stay afloat when they reached a deep portion of the river, he said.
The San Luis drowning brought to 21 the number of drowning victims in Pampanga since August 2012, when heavy rains triggered floods that drained to the Pampanga River, records from the Regional Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council showed.
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Weekend Preview: Best Events 3/1-4
World of Wine Weekend in Temecula Valley – March 3-4
Once settled into the splendor of wine country, guests of WoW will be handed a map of romantic Temecula Valley and a passport that indicates the participating wineries and their exclusive offers. Wandering through a self-guided wine country tour to 30 wineries, adventurers will be offered varietal wines from the barrel, the tank, or the bottle. In addition, each of the wines will be paired with complementary food samplings.
Love Etc. Wedding Showcase at The US Grant – Sunday, March 4
The US Grant Hotel presents Love, Etc., a luxury wedding showcase set to span three floors with over 60 of Southern California's premier wedding vendors. From the fashion designers and stylists to florists, cake creators, photographers and entertainers, all resources will be presented to swoon over and deliberate every last wedding detail. Enjoy browsing through this season's must-have wedding gowns, top jewelry trends from Tiffany & Co., and a special designer "Shoe Bar" from Neiman Marcus.
Discover more San Diego events on DiscoverSD.com


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6 things Disney Princesses can teach girls today
These Disney On Ice Princesses are showing a new generation of girls how to kick butt. more
The Directory for Parents - everything for pregnancy, baby, toddler, and kids. Our award winning directory for parents includes maternity, baby products, family fun, activities for kids and more. Find children's services and products online and in your local area by selecting your interests below.
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On March 21, 2011, we published a post announcing Flow for the first time, describing it as "the place where everything you need to get done comes together." Hard to believe it, but here we are, one year later. Flow's first birthday.
Since that launch, we've gotten a lot done, and more than a few things have come together. We've released a ton of features and updates, over 110,000 people have used Flow to work and collaborate, close to three million tasks have been created, and we've helped teams in over 50 countries turn their good ideas into great results.
It's been a big year. To celebrate, and to say thank-you, we're giving away a free year of Flow to 10 of our friends. Just give us a birthday shout-out on Facebook or Twitter to qualify for the giveaway.
Thanks again for an incredible year.
The Flow Team


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A Summer Fête of Great Tastes
*+-I always look forward to Food Fête when it comes to New York City several times a year. Without fail, I always find fantastic new gluten-free or food allergy-friendly products when I am there. This past fête was definitely the largest that I have ever been to and was chock-full of fantastic new items from new companies and some old favorites.
New Crunchmaster Products
*+-My friends at Crunchmaster recently sent me two of the new items to sample. I was really excited to get my hands on these because ever since I found out that my local Costco carries Crunchmaster I have become a huge fan of their products.
Another Fete in the City.
*+-I once again had the pleasure of attending another Food Fête event here in New York City yesterday evening. While the previous fête I […]
A Fete of Allergy Friendly Foods in N.Y.C.
*+-Last night I was lucky enough to have the opportunity to attend a Food Fête event showcasing food allergy-related products here in New York […]


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This works great for the smaller animals such as cats, rabbits and snaller puppies. We have used this on some of our foster puppies. It is very easy to use and its not messy. The animals don't mind having in there ears.
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utica common council - Page 9
Third "Plain Talk" Meeting For Utica Tonight
Second Plain Talk Meeting Tonight
Utica Council Votes To Borrow $10 Million
Utica Council Approves Sale Of Bossert Site
Utica Councilman To Propose Redistricting Committee
Utica, NY (WIBX) - Councilman Jim Zecca is proposing legislation to form a committee to redraw the boundaries of Utica's council districts.
Zecca is proposing a nine member Independent Citizens Redistricting Committee, that will fairly divide the city and keep populations equal in each area
Zecca To Urge Council To Pass Vacant Building Registry And Maintenance Program
$5 Million Needed to Ease Utica's Infrastructure Woes
Utica, NY (WIBX) - Utica's Deputy City Engineer continues to brief the Finance Committee about the city's looming infrastructure and repair woes.
Armed with a list of 10 properties that the Urban Renewal Agency says need to be demolished, City Engineer Goren Smiljic is asking for $5 million to help rebuild, remediate and demolish some of Utica's top eyesores and trouble spots
Zecca And Vescera Want To Make Utica Common Council More Transparent
Utica, NY (WIBX) - Utica Councilmen Jim Zecca and Frank Vescera plan to introduce a resolution at Wednesday night's Common Council meeting that would require the City Clerk to submit all proposed legislation in electronic form to the Council no later than the Monday before the regularly scheduled Council meetings.


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I've made a few nuggets about building the Technorati gadget. I'm just about to publish these to the MSDN nuggets site. Here are the additional information links and a link to the source code:
have you tried browsing and searching the MSDN nuggets site? It's pants. For example, try searching for all nuggets with gadget in them
and see what you get.....two!
Since searching doesn't work perhaps you could
1) tell them
2) beef up your tags - tagging your gadget nuggets with, er, 'gadget' perhaps ;-)
These nuggets are much appreciated
Thanks Matt. You have a point :-). And you've caught us out a little :-). We (as a team) agreed a rigourous tagging scheme with a restricted set of tags that we could use so there would be some consistency. "Gadget" wasn't one of them :-). Search is supposed to be the key that means we don't have to proliferate the number of tags... I shall raise this with the relevant folks. Thanks for the feedback. All the best, Mike.
Building a Vista Sidebar Gadget


text:
Optical timing detection, for phase comparison of optical signals, or clock recovery is achieved by arranging an interferometer to be responsible to data transitions. A pulse train is fed into both arms of the interferometer. An optical amplifier (20) enables the interference condition to be changed when the data is fed into one arm. The output changed if the data transitions lose synchronisation with the pulse train.
1. A phase detector for comparing the phase of modulation of two input signals comprising:
an optical comparator for receiving the two input signals in optical form, performing a non-linear operation on the signals, and outputting a signal dependent on the relative phase of the modulations of the two input signals, and means for distinguishing a difference frequency of the comparator output, from other beat products of the modulations.
2. The detector of
3. The phase detector of
4. The phase detector of
5. The phase detector of
6. The detector of
7. A phase locked loop comprising the phase detector of
8. A clock recovery device for recovering a clock signal from an optical data signal, the device comprising the phase detector of
9. An optical receiver having the clock recovery device of
10. An optical regenerator comprising the clock recovery device of
11. A node for an optical network having a receiver as set out in
12. A method of comparing the phases of modulations of two input signals comprising steps of:
inputting the signals in optical form to an optical comparator;
performing a non-linear operation on the signals;
outputting a signal dependent on the relative phase of the modulations; and
distinguishing a difference frequency of the comparator output, from other beat products of the modulations.
This application is a division of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/886,994, filed Jul. 2, 1997.
The invention relates to interferometer arrangements, clock recovery devices, phase detectors, methods of detecting data transitions, methods of recovering clocks, and methods of comparing phases.
In any digital transmission system, it is necessary to recover the timing of the information being sent. Often it is considered inefficient to sent a separate clock signal, and so it is necessary to recover the timing from the data signal itself. In optical transmission systems this is usually done after conversion into electrical form, using one of two methods.
Firstly, a phase locked loop can be used to lock a separately generated clock to transitions in the data signal. Short periods where there are no transitions in the incoming data signal are bridged by the clock generator, which needs to be sufficiently stable.
Secondly, the incoming data can be filtered to extract a clock signal. In this case a resonant filter will be necessary, to fill in periods where there are no transitions. Furthermore, if the data is coded in non return to zero (NRZ) code for example, there may be substantially zero energy at the clock frequency. In these cases, a non-linear operation such as a squaring function is necessary to create a response, preferably a peak, at the clock frequency. A narrow band resonant filter can then be used to extract the clock frequency.
In optical transmission systems, such clock recovery arrangements have been used in regenerators and in receivers. However, electronic devices become expensive at high data rates, particularly when there is no other requirement for optical to electrical conversion.
There have been many attempts to implement more and more regenerator or receiver circuitry in optical form for improved performance or reduced cost. It is known to achieve a non linear function using an optical to electrical conversion device, then extract the clock frequency with a filter.
An early all optical regenerator is known from U.S. Pat. No. 5,446,573 using a non linear ring resonator comprising a semi conductor laser and phase modulators. However, it is difficult to make a practical device or integrate the arrangement.
Partly optical regenerators are known, where latching of the optical data input is carried out optically, following conventional electrical clock recovery. Optical clock recovery circuits were restricted to the use of mode-locked laser arrangements, eg as shown in U.S. Pat No. 5,548,433. As shown in FIG. 1, a coupler 1 is used to couple an input optical data signal to a laser 2. The phase and frequency of an output pulse stream is locked to the input, since the laser acts as a resonant narrow band filter. However, such methods are limited to use with optical data signals such as return to zero (RZ) coded signals which have sufficient energy at the clock frequency, unlike NRZ coded signals. Most high capacity optical transmission systems use NRZ coding.
Another arrangement which is limited to use with RZ coded signals is known from U.S. Pat. No. 5,574,588. An optical phase locked loop is created by detecting correlation between the input signal and a new clock signal by combining them and passing them through an optical amplifier. U.S. Pat. No. 5,504,610 shows achieving such an optical locked loop using an optical mixer to multiply two inputs. This correlation process requires that substantial energy be present in the data at the clock frequency.
One document which tries to address the limitation to RZ coded signals is U.S. Pat. No. 5,434,692, which discloses a device for use with NRZ, CMI (Code, Mark Inversion) and biphase coded data. First, a passive filter delay interferometer is used to linearly add the input data to itself. The fibre 10 needs to be lengthy in high bit rate systems, probably many kilometres, to avoid beat noise. A three level signal is produced, which drives an optical amplifier 11 for am to pm conversion.
This, together with a narrow band filter 12, give a non linear function which produces a response at the clock frequency. A resonant filter 13 can then extract the clock.
Such a device is not practicable for commercial data transmission systems because it is bit rate specific, impossible to integrate, and difficult to tune. The narrow band filtering element in particular would require piezo electric devices for tuning, which are insufficiently reliable for field use. Furthermore, for each different type of coding, the XOR logical operation would need to be changed.
It is an object of the invention to provide improved devices and methods.
According to a first aspect of the invention, there is provided an interferometer arrangement comprising an interferometer for receiving an optical signal modulated with data to vary an interference condition of the interferometer according to the data such that an output of the interferometer based on the interference condition is responsive to transitions in the data. By using an interferometer in this way, the timing of the transitions can be determined optically, without conversion to electrical form, independently of the type of coding used for the data. Furthermore, the arrangement can be produced in integrated form.
Advantageously, the interferometer is a two arm type. This type is easier to integrate, easier to control, and can handle a range of bit rates.
Advantageously, the arrangement comprises means for biasing the interferometer to give a peak output when the data is at an intermediate state between low and high states. This enables the response to the interferometer to be adjusted as desired.
Advantageously the interferometer arrangement is used in a clock recovery arrangement. This enables clock recovery independent of data coding without conversion of the data into electrical form.
Advantageously, the interferometer is arranged to receive the generated optical clock, and the interferometer output is dependent on the relative phases of the generated optical clock and the transitions in the optical data signal. This enables a phase lock loop to be constructed, in which the high bandwidth parts at least are implemented in optical form.
Advantageously, the clock recovery arrangement is used with an optical sampler to retime an optical signal. This enables a practical all optical regenerator to be created capable of handling different types of data coding. Optical retiming may also be useful at a transmitter end or receiver end of the optical path.
According to another aspect of the invention there is provided a clock recovery device for recovering a clock from an optical data signal, the device comprising:
a phase locked loop; wherein
the loop comprises an interferometer arrangement; and
the device is arranged to recover the clock optically from the optical data signal.
An interferometer based phase locked loop enables clock recovery to be achieved optically, and for a variety of data coding types.
Advantageously, the interferometer arrangement is responsive to the transactions in the data.
According to another aspect of the invention there is provided a phase detector for comparing the phase of modulation of two input signals comprising:
an optical comparator for receiving the two input signals in optical form, performing a non-linear operation on the signals, and outputting a signal dependent on the relative phase of the modulations of the two input signals.
Advantageously the phase detector comprises means for distinguishing a difference frequency of the comparator output, from other beat products of the modulations. The difference frequency contains the useful information on the two input signals.
Advantageously the distinguishing means comprises a low pass filter. This can be implemented relatively easily.
According to another aspect of the invention there is provided a clock recovery device comprising an optical pre-processing stage for processing an optical data signal; and
a resonant stage for outputting a clock in response to an output of the pre-processing stage; wherein the two stages are integrated together.
To recover a clock from a range of optical data signals, a resonant stage require some sort of pre-processing. The provision of an optical pre-processing stage which can be integrated with a resonant stage enables a practical optical clock recovery device to be achieved.
According to another aspect of the invention there is provided a method of detecting data transitions in an optical data signal using an interferometer arrangement comprising the steps of:
inputting the optical data signal to the interferometer arrangement to vary an interference condition of the arrangement; and
biasing the arrangement to output a signal responsive to the transitions in the data.
According to another aspect of the invention there is provided a method of recovering a clock from an optical signal modulated by coded data by performing a non-linear optical operation on the data so as to enable the clock to be recovered independently of the type of coding used for the data. Performing a non-linear optical operation on the data, such as those described above, enables clock recovery to be achieved without conversion to electrical form, and thus the hardware requirements can be simplified.
According to another aspect of the invention there is provided a method of recovering a clock from a modulated optical signal comprising the steps of:
using an interferometer to perform a non-linear operation on the modulation of the optical signal, and
filtering the output of the operation to recover the clock.
Using an interferometer to perform a non-linear operation enables a variety of data coding formats to be handled and enables integration, to reduce costs.
According to another aspect of the invention there is provided a method of recovering a clock from an optical data signal, comprising the steps of:
inputting the optical data signal to an interferometer comprising an optically active element; and
deriving a clock synchronised to the data signal.
Advantageously the interferometer comprises a two arm interferometer.
According to another aspect of the invention there is provided a method of comparing the phases of modulations of two input signals comprising the steps of:
inputting the signals in optical form to an optical comparator;
performing a non-linear operation on the signals; and
outputting a. signal dependent on the relative phase of the modulations.
Preferred features discussed above may be combined as appropriate, as would be apparent to a person skilled in the art. They may be combined with any aspect of the invention as appropriate.
For a better understanding of the invention and how the same may be carried into effect, it will now be described by way of example with reference to the drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 show prior art arrangements;
FIG. 3 shows an interferometer arrangement according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 4 shows waveforms for the interferometer of FIG. 3 operating as a sampler;
FIG. 5 shows an optical clock recovery arrangement for use in synchronising the sampler of FIGS. 3 and 4;
FIG. 6 shows in schematic form a phase comparator for use in the clock recovery arrangement of FIG. 5;
FIG. 7A shows waveforms for the interferometer of FIG. 3 when operating as part of the phase comparator of FIG. 6;
FIG. 7B shows the response of the phase comparator;
FIG. 8 shows another optical clock recovery arrangement;
FIG. 9 shows a non-linear function for use in the optical clock recovery arrangement of FIG. 8;
FIG. 10 shows a phase comparator with common mode cancellation for use in the clock recovery arrangement of FIG. 5;
FIG. 11 shows an optical regenerator;
FIG. 12 shows the optical regenerator of FIG. 11 in more detail;
FIGS. 13 and 14 show multiplexers;
FIGS. 15 and 16 show demultiplexers;
FIGS. 17 to 20 show alternative interferometer arrangements for use in sampling or clock recovery;
FIG. 21 shows a two stage interferometer arrangement;
FIG. 22 shows the response of a single inverting stage;
FIG. 23 shows the overall response for two stages; and
FIG. 24 shows waveforms for the arrangement of FIG. 21 operating as a sampler.
With reference to FIG. 3, which shows features of the invention, an interferometer arrangement is shown including a phase shift means 20. An optical pulse train is input at one side of the interferometer. Optical data is input at either side of the interferometer, but to only one arm of the interferometer, so as to alter the condition of interference of the interferometer. Thus the output of the interferometer, constituted by a combination of the optical signals in each arm, will depend on whether the optical signals from the two arms combine with constructive interference or destructive interference. The phase shift means 20 can be arranged so that there is constructive interference when the data is high. Alternatively, the arrangement can be made in inverting form, so that there is constructive interference when the data is low. Alternatively, the peak output, where there is constructive interference can be arranged to coincide with the data beam at some point in-between high and low levels.
FIG. 4 shows input and output waveforms for the interferometer of FIG. 3 operating as a sampler. In this case, a pulse train A is input to both arms of the interferometer. Data in optical form is input to one of the arms. The phase shift means 20, typically implemented using a semiconductor optical amplifier, causes a phase shift in one arm, which results in the output waveform C of FIG. 4. For high levels of the data input signal, the pulse train is output in a similar form to the pulse train input, owing to constructive interference. Where the data level is low, owing to destructive interference, there is little or no output. Accordingly, effectively the output can be seen as the pulse train input modulated by the data, or it can be seen as samples of the data, sampled by the input pulses.
In principle, various types of non-loop interferometer could be used. The Mach-Zehnder type may be easiest to integrate and give best results in terms of stability and ease of tuning. In principle, a Michelson type interferometer could also be used.
FIG. 3 shows the data being fed in the interferometer in the opposite direction to the pulse train. This means the arrangement is simpler because the data does not need to be filtered out df the output. In principle the data could be fed into the interferometer in the same direction as the pulse train, in which case filtering would be needed to remove the data signal from the output.
Three types of applications will be described for the arrangement illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4. The first and second relate to optical clock recovery. The third type relates to sampling a signal to regenerate it optically without conversion to electrical form.
Clock Recovery Applications
FIG. 5 shows an optical clock recovery arrangement 50 including a phase comparator 51, a clock generator 52, and a phase loop filter 53. Conventionally, such an arrangement has been produced for electrical signals, but it has been possible to achieve an optical phase comparator only suitable for operation with optical signals on which the data is coded in RZ form.
In the clock recovery arrangement of FIG. 5, the phase comparator receives the optical data input signal and an optical clock generated by the generator 52. Owing to the inbuilt stability of such generators, the loop filter 53 can operate effectively with a bandwidth much lower than that of the optical data signal. Accordingly, it is feasible and less expensive to implement the clock phase control and the clock generator in electrical form, and convert the electrical clock to optical form before input to the phase comparator.
The optical phase comparator 51 is shown in schematic form in FIG. 6. An interferometer 61 is provided for modulating the clock with the optical data. The interferometer is biased to give a peak output when the data is somewhere between high and low states, and a reduced output at the high and low states. This enables the interferometer to be responsive to data transitions, and thus determine timing of pulses optically. The interferometer may be arranged as shown in FIG. 3.
FIG. 7A shows the typical waveforms when the interferomeeter is used as a phase comparator, arranged to give peak output when the data is halfway between high and low states. As a result, if the phase of the clock drifts so as to take the clock pulses out of synchronisation with the data, the output peaks shown in waveform C of FIG. 7A would become changed in amplitude. Referring back to FIG. 6; the output pulse train would be passed through integration and low pass filtering functions 62. These would enable the phase comparator output to be independent of data patterns since there will be an averaging effect.
In practice this can be implemented by a PIN diode which would output a low speed electrical signal, typically with a bandwidth of up to hundreds of KiloHertz or a few MegaHertz, which can be fed back as shown in FIG. 5 to the loop filter 53, which is an analog low pass filter. The output of the filter is connected to the frequency control of the oscillator. Thus a change in the amplitude of the pulses from the interferometer could be detected as a change in the level of the integrated filtered output of the PIN diode, which could cause the frequency of the oscillator to adjust to compensate. Such phase locked loop methods are well known and will not be described here in more detail.
The output of the low frequency optical to electrical converter is the convolution of the power in these pulses with its impulse response. For conceptual simplicity, this can be thought of as approximately the integral of the power in the pulses over a response time of many thousands of pulses. Thus data with uneven amounts of ones and zeroes can be handled, provided fluctuations in the proportions of ones and zeroes don't have appreciable components at frequencies below the threshold of the converter.
The pulses output by the interferometer will be the strongest when the clock input pulses coincide with the data being at the 50% cross-over point, and will fall off with the cosine function as the data approaches a 1 or 0 symbol.
In practice the input data will not have a square waveform but may approach a raised cosine shape. In such a case the overall response of the phase detector after integration by a low pass filter is shown in FIG. 7B.
The phase locked loop is advantageously locked to the 0.5 level of the phase detector output, and optical delay used to obtain the desired clock to data phase. Locking to the 0.5 level of the detector output gives the maximum control range (between 0 and 0.5 unit intervals of relative phase), and uses the steepest slope on the response curve, for strong feedback of phase error.
The clock pulses are preferably generated at the full bit-rate, though sub-harmonics could be used.
Careful design and adjustment of the interferometer will enable maximum output, inverting or otherwise, when the data signal is in transition between logical states. In principle such transition could be between multilevel logic states. For two level logic the interferometer should give maximum output when the data signal has a power amplitude of 50% of the eye. To achieve this, the relative phase shift between the arms and the amount of phase shift which occurs in response to the optical data input, can be adjusted. In practice, amplitude saturation effects may also need to be considered. The optical power in the data input may cause the gain of the optical shift means to be altered or reduced. This also affects the condition of interference, and will need to be accounted for when designing the interferometer. An ideal response, ignoring gain effects, and for a narrow clock pulse, much narrower than the bit period, is proportional to the following equation:
φ is the phase of the clock pulse,
T is the bit period,
n is an integer,
and signal is the average power of the data, weighed over a clock pulse,
centred at that time.
In this way, a phase comparator can be implemented which enables the clock to be recovered independently of the type of coding used for the data. In particular, it can operate on NRZ data, as used in most high bit rate optical transmission systems.
FIG. 8 illustrates the second optical clock recovery arrangement 70, comprising a non-linear function operating on the optical data, 71, followed by an optical narrow band filter 72 to extract the clock frequency. The use of a non-linear function enables the clock to be recovered from data such as NRZ data for which there is little energy at the clock frequency. The non-linear function creates a response at the clock frequency.
FIG. 9 shows how the non-linear function 71 can be implemented by an interferometer 80, arranged as in FIG. 3. Instead of an input optical pulse train, because there is no separately generated clock, continuous wave light is input. This is modulated by the optical data, and the interferometer is biased to give a peak output at data transitions, as described above in relation to FIG. 7. If an optical pulse is output for each data transition, by the non-linear function 71, the optical narrow band filter 72 shown in FIG. 8 can be used to remove all but the clock frequency. Preferably the optical narrow band filter is implemented by a means of a mode-locked laser, although alternative implementations are conceivable.
For systems where there are problems such as level variations, or data patterning, that create excessive jitter, then the arrangement of FIG. 10 can be used. The difference between outputs of two samplers 91, 92, operating as phase comparators, are subtracted to cancel common mode effects. A delay element 93 is provided to delay the clock input of one of the phase comparators. The delay can be arranged to be such that there is a minimal response from one of the comparators when the other is giving a peak output. Thus the outputs of the samplers 91, 92, are integrated and filtered by optical to electrical converters 94 and 95. A subtractor 96 and low pass filter 97 can be used to derive an oscillator tuning signal from which common mode effects have been cancelled out.
Optical Regeneration and Other Applications of Optical Sampling
The optical clock recovery circuits discussed above can be used in receivers or regenerators. They can be used in conjunction with electrical signal reshaping and retiming, or used with optical retiming and reshaping functions, to create an all optical regenerator, as shown in FIG. 11. Sampler 100 is fed by the output of the optical clock recovery function 101. A similar arrangement may occur at a receiver, where the optical sampler 100 is used for retiming and reshaping the optical data prior to conversion to electrical form, and subsequent processing such as demultiplexing.
FIG. 12 shows the optical regenerator of FIG. 11 in more detail. The sampler 100 comprises an interferometer, biased to give maximum output when the data input is in a given logical state. The optical recovery circuit 101 also comprises an interferometer, this time biased to produce a peak output on data transitions, to enable it to function as a phase comparator. A semiconductor optical amplifier 102 acts as the optically active element for changing the interference condition of the interferometer, according to the data signal fed into the same arm of the interferometer. Phase shift means 103 is provided for biasing the interferometer to achieve the desired function. A low pass filter 104 and optical clock 105 complete the phase locked loop, to lock the optical clock to the transitions in the data.
In the sampler 100, a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) is again provided to alter the interference condition according to the data signal, and phase shift means 107 is provided to bias the interferometer to achieve the sampling function.
In this way, an all optical regenerator can be achieved capable of handling NRZ data and capable of being integrated for cost effective regeneration, particularly suitable for higher bit rate transmission systems where electrical regeneration becomes more difficult and expensive.
FIGS. 13 and 14 show applications of the optical sampler as illustrated in FIG. 12 or in FIG. 3, in multiplexer arrangements.
FIG. 13 shows a multiplexer arrangement in which multiplexing is carried out by optical or electrical multiplex means 110, and then an optical sampler 111 is provided to retime and reshape the combined signal, for onward transmission. Synchronisation is provided by clocks 112. Two clocks could be provided to the multiplexer 110 to switch the two incoming data streams appropriately to enable time division multiplexing. This could be on the basis of a bit interleave scheme, though other well known schemes are conceivable. Although only two data inputs are shown, obviously there could be more.
An alternative multiplexer arrangement using the optical sampler described above, is shown in FIG. 14. An optical sampler 111 is provided for each of the optical data inputs to be multiplexed. Separate clocks are provided for each sampler so as to sample each optical data input at a different time interval. The mutually out of phase output samples can then be combined optically to produce a single multiplexed optical data output stream.
FIGS. 15 and 16 show corresponding demultiplexing arrangements using the optical sampler described above. In FIG. 15 the sampler 111 is used to retime and reshape the incoming optical data stream. This enables the optical or electrical demultiplexer 120 to be of lower performance specification, since it is fed with a clean optical signal with little jitter.
FIG. 16 shows an alternative arrangement, in which multiple optical samplers 111 are fed with the same input data stream. Separate clocks are provided for each sampler so that samples are taken at different times by different samplers. This enables the time division multiplexed data to be separated out.
In principle, the demultiplexer arrangements of FIGS. 15 and 16 could be used to decode multilevel logic signals. Different samplers could be biased individually so as to give a maximum output for different amplitude levels.
Interferometer Operation and Arrangements
As an alternative to the interferometer arrangement shown in FIG. 3, FIG. 17 shows an arrangement in which the optically active element, the optical amplifier is provided in both arms of the interferometer. This makes it easier to balance the interferometer. In principle, the interference condition of the interferometer, and therefore the response at the output, is dependent on the amplitude of the modulation of the optical waveform, and on the phase of the optical waveform in each arm; ignoring polarisation effects. The optical amplifiers 130 and 131 in FIG. 17 can alter the interference condition. When data is input to the arm containing optical amplifier 131, the interference condition will be changed because the optical amplifier has an amplitude to optical phase conversion effect. Ideally, the pulses input to both arms, are sufficiently short and have sufficiently low energy that the SOA does not react much to the pulses. However, the SOA should have a sufficiently rapid response time to react to the data waveform. The pulses input to both arms of the interferometer can therefore be very narrow, as there is no limit imposed by the speed of the response of the SOAs. Furthermore, it is relatively easy to generate very narrow light pulses, on the order of several picoseconds or less.
Construction of an integrated Mach-Zehnder interferometer for use with high bit rates and with good performance characteristics is described in IEEE Photonics Technology, Volume 8, September 1996 "Ten Gbs Wavelength Conversion With Integrated Multiquantum-Well-Based Three-Port Mach-Zehnder Interferometer" by Idler et al. The structure is grown by low pressure metal organic vapour phase epitaxy. The device described can be used either for outputting inverted or non-inverted data, with respect to the signal input data. Although it is described for the purpose of wavelength conversion, based on inputting a continuous wave into both arms of the interferometer, such a device could be used for the application as described above.
FIG. 18 shows an alternative arrangement in which a continuous wave bias is fed in in addition to the input pulses. This enables the operating point of the amplifiers to be set. A filter 140 would be required to remove the continuous wave from the output. In this figure and in FIG. 17, an output path at the top right is shown, which is unused, and provided only for balancing the arrangement.
FIG. 19 shows another interferometer arrangement in which one of the optical amplifiers is replaced with an electrically controlled phase shifter. An example of such a phase shifter is described in Photonics Technology Letters, June 1990, pages 404 to 406, and Photonics Technology Letters, August 1996, pages 1018 to 1020 (Rolland et al). The gain/loss of the arm containing the phase shifter can be adjusted to match that in the arm containing the SOA. The phase shifter can be used to set the desired condition of interference, to enable peak output for the data input logic state being high, or low, or somewhere in between, as desired.
One advantage of using such an optically passive device is that less ASE (amplified spontaneous emission) noise is generated. Furthermore, by using a phase shift device-with little or no gain variation, the interference condition can be controlled more easily, since there is independent control of gain and phase differences between the two arms.
The electrically controlled phase shifter need only operate at low frequencies, eg below 1 Megahertz, when only used for tuning. If a high frequency phase shifter were to be provided, then combined optical and electrical data inputs could be handled.
FIG. 20 shows another interferometer arrangement. If the phase shifter 160 is placed in the same arm as the SOA 161, the other arm becomes a simple transmission line. This has the advantage of better balance in the losses between the two arms. The phase shift will tend to attenuate the signal. The SOA can compensate for this by amplifying the signal. Electrically tuned attenuators could also be added to either arm, to balance the power levels. Other elements which have an optical phase shift in response to an optical power level could be used in place of the SOA. Other interferometer configuration such as a Michelson arrangement could be used. The entire device could be integrated for a low cost high volume production, using methods such as those discussed by Rolland et al.
All the arrangements discussed could be used either in the sampler or the phase detector or the non-linear response applications of the interferometer. A two stage interferometer arrangement will now be discussed with reference to FIG. 21, which is particularly applicable to the sampler.
The Two Stage Interferometer Arrangement
FIG. 21 shows an arrangement which would be suitable for replacing the single interferometer of the sampler in FIG. 12. The first stage comprises an interferometer having SOAs 170 and 171. Continuous wave light is fed into both arms, and data is fed into one arm. The gain in the first stage can be arranged to be sufficient to drive the first stage output to its limit for one level of input data (high or low depending on whether the stage is to be inverting or not). This effectively makes gradual data transitions steeper, and flattens one of the logic states.
The second stage can be arranged to drive its output to its limit for the other logic level. Thus the data can be reshaped optically. If no retiming is required, but only reshaping, the second stage could be fed with continuous wave light. Alternatively, the retiming could be implemented by feeding the first stage with a pulse train.
FIG. 22 shows the output power for the first stage versus input power, where the first stage is an inverting stage. For a logical zero data input, the power output is high, driving the output to its limit, and thus flattening the logic level 1 of the output. The output of the first stage should follow a response curve which is less steep than a 1/x curve at low input powers, and is flatter than the 1/x curve at higher input powers, but steeper at intermediate powers. Such a shape, when used in two stages results in the overall response shown in FIG. 23. For good sampling of data and to produce steep transitions, the transition range should be as short as possible. Furthermore, the transition range should be located so as to be centred around the threshold between high and low logic states for the input signal. If inverting devices are used, the transition can be centred more easily since the inversion causes the second stage response to balance the steepest portion of the first stage response, rather than accentuate it.
In principle, a device with more than two stages could be constructed. Furthermore, the stages could be in parallel rather than in series. If in parallel, some sort of time division multiplexing for the two logic states would be required. Furthermore, the stages could be non-inverting, though for interferometers at least, the inverting response is preferable. Optical devices other than interferometers could be used if they have a non-linear response similar to that shown in FIG. 22.
For good optical regeneration of data, a short transition range will determine how steep the transitions of the change in interference condition of the second interferometer are. In turn, this can effect the sampling process which takes place in the second stage. If the second stage is fed by continuous wave light, the steepness of transition in interference condition will determine the shape of the output data transitions.
FIG. 24 shows at waveform A the data input. The output of the first inverting interferometer is shown in waveform B, which has steeper transitions than waveform A. The pulse train of waveform C is the other input to the second interferometer. Waveform D shows how the interference condition of the second interferometer is dependent on the output of the first interferometer.
The limiting action of the first interferometer would remove noise from the signal for the period when the data input is in a high state. However, noise at the low state of the data input, would remain on the output of the first inverting interferometer. However, the interference condition of the second interferometer, shown in waveform D, would exhibit little noise on either the high level state or the low level state. Furthermore, the transitions in waveform D would be even steeper than those in waveform B, owing to the response of the type shown in FIG. 22. This leaves a relatively wide "eye", for the sampling pulse of the pulse train in waveform C. Accordingly, the output waveform E in FIG. 24 will be relatively free of noise, and relatively immune to jitter in the data input.
For devices or arrangements where there is a limited amount of gain, and therefore only moderate limiting, the regeneration performance may not be as good in terms of jitter immunity and noise reduction, as can be achieved with electrical regeneration. For example, if the gain is limited to a factor of 3, a signal at 10% above the threshold between high and low, might be increased to 30% above the threshold. If the threshold is set at 50% of the maximum signal, then the output would be up to 80% of the maximum, and therefore the limiting action would be only partial. Nevertheless, it would clearly be beneficial, even without complete limiting up to 100% of the signal range.
If the response curves for the two individual stages are not identical, then the overall response shape can be altered by altering the relative gains of the two stages. This adds an extra degree of freedom. In designing the device, the amplification characteristics of the optical amplifiers in the interferometers can be varied. The relative powers of the three inputs, the data input, the continuous wave input, and the pulse train input, can be varied. Furthermore, the coupling between the two stages can be varied. In this way, the two stage device offers more flexibility for tailoring the response to the needs of the particular application.
There are a number of applications where such partial optical regeneration would be useful. Firstly, inside an optical amplifier, eg a bi-directional optical amplifier, having multiple stages, improved performance could be achieved if the output of a first stage of amplification was subject to such partial optical regeneration, before passing through a filter and into a second stage of amplification. Noise and jitter could be reduced.
Secondly, inside an optical switch, it could be useful to have partial optical regeneration to avoid accumulation of degradations.
Finally, partial optical regeneration would be useful if applied between WDM subnetworks, for purposes of at least partial isolation, so that each subnetwork could be operated and specified independently of the degradations occurring in neighbouring networks.
Other variations will be apparent to a person skilled in the art, falling within the scope of the claims.
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Apex Waterloo
23-27 Waterloo Place, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH1 3BH
- Recommended for:
- Culture vultures, Families with teenagers, Families with younger children, Singles, Nightlife
Expert review of Apex Waterloo
Apex has a formula that works: smart, comfortable modern rooms in cracking locations. Apex Waterloo was the latest to open (in March 2009). It's in an impressive Georgian building and the high ceilings and traditional features are blended with softer, more modern touches and relaxing colours to great effect.
Great. On Waterloo Place which is really just a continuation of Princes Street under another name. Bars, restaurants, theatres, cinema: you are beside the junction of several roads all of which will guarantee fun.
The 187 rooms are all done out in relaxing hues and textures and set off with large chunky walnut furniture. You also get huge TVs, free WiFi and incredibly comfortable beds. South facing rooms get some lovely light but if it's the weekend it may be noisy, whereas the north facing ones can be darker but quieter. Your call.
Check availability and compare prices for Apex Waterloo
Reception opens up to the bar area which is a good meeting point and looks lovely but it's not the most welcoming atmosphere with hard floors and vast ceilings, especially in the winter.
Elliots restaurant is a Georgian room mixing traditional with modern. In my opinion it lacks atmosphere and there are so many choices of places to eat and drink on your doorstep that I'd make the effort to go out. Check out my food and drink pages for some suggestions. Breakfast is £40 for two people.
Yu-spa is a lovely wee spa with pool, sauna and gym which guests have full use of. Treatments are extra.
Friendly, informative and eager to help.
Check availability and compare prices for Apex Waterloo
Young, hip, party animals; culture vultures; anyone who likes value for money.
More information on Apex Waterloo :
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- Hotel
- Address:
- 23-27 Waterloo Place, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH1 3BH
- Free tags / Keywords:
- Spa
- Amenities:
- Business Centre, Room Service, High-Speed Internet, Fitness Centre, Restaurant, Swimming Pool
- Neighbourhood:
- East End of Princes Street


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Hello All
Hi All,
Just joined Sailnet after it was recommended by a good sailing freind. I am looking forward reading the threads and hopefully join in.
We have sailed around NW Wales/Irish Sea/Liverpool and have cruised down to Gib in our self built Spray 38.
Cheers B & V ;)
Re: Hello All
hey thar fellow windcatchers~ i'm recent 2. i was in a '22 for the last year in the warm gulf of mex.kinda chilly up your way?you know that not 2 many sailers can say that they built their own boat.blime!
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Indie girl: Defeatism is my Friendster. –2nd Avenue Overheard by: Sparkle Shortz
Archive for 2014
Georgia Out of My Mind
Woman: Where is Georgia anyway?
Her brother: It's a state.
Woman: I know, but where is it?
Her brother: Down south somewhere. –Newark Airport Overheard by: Coffee
Stop Shaving My Legs, For One
A guy and a girl are standing next to each other, waiting to cross the street. She's wearing a winter jacket, scarf and hat.
Guy: You're in trouble.
Girl: Why?
Guy: What the fuck are you going to do when it gets cold? –Times Square Overheard by: Anna Ryan
Don't Worry, It Didn't Notice
Chick: Oh my God! I forgot I was in New York! –Astor Place
I dunno. Let me think about it.
Hipster Art Guy #1: I'm working conceptually.
Hipster Art Guy #2: Cool. How's that going? –Chelsea Overheard by: Magpie
Look, the Chips are Red!
Columbia student #1: Would you like a free cookie from the Columbia anti-Socialist club?
Columbia student #2: Shouldn't that be "earn a cookie"? –Morningside Heights Overheard by: Mary Phillips-Sandy
What About Robitussin?
Guy: Susan, you know you are limited to only wine and beer… –Water St. Overheard by: Johnny Drongo
Maybe He Should Put a Ring on His "Finger"
Woman: I ain't havin' no more babies out of wedlock. I mean I only got this one here but that's it. He better put a ring on my finger if he want another one. –Ave B and 6th St.
Campaign Manager is the New 39
Reporter: Can I have your age?
Woman: Campaign manager. –Daily News Office
I Think I'm The Old 28…
Man: 40 is the new 30; my teacher said that. She said 12 is the new 11. But she used to say 11 was the new 10. –St. Mark's Place


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Give the fish a 'current' to swim into
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Ive used this on my filter system to change the direction of the outflow for the fish. They love swimming into it and I think it gives a more natural current for them. I am ours at the back glass to move the water around more
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- 2-Way stretch mesh body
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- Fit: Men's Reebok Premier Jerseys are made to layer underneath. For a tighter fit, we recommend ordering one size smaller than your normally wear.
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I was very disappointed with the quailty of the material used to make this product. Does not feel or look like an quailty jersey and it's over priced for its quaility. Would return the jersey if it wasn't for the fact that it was a requested gift. Save your money and don't buy this product.
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I received my jersey in time to watch the Western final. I was very happy since I had gotten it on sale. I opened it up and I noticed right away that the quality was a little lower than my Toews jersey. On my Toews, the numbers are double stitched, a white 19 stitched on top of a black 19. On this jersey, the white number is screen printed onto the black number, which is stitched to the jersey, complete with printed stitching. That was a little disappointing considering I paid so much for it, the stitching could have been true instead of print. Other than that, the jersey is great. I can't wait to wear it next season. Go Hawks!
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The Bombay High Court in Goa on Monday refused bail to the former Tourism Minister, Mickky Pacheco, and his former Officer on Special Duty, Lindon Monteiro, in connection with the Nadia Torrado unnatural death case.
Mr. Pacheco is a prime accused while Mr. Monteiro is a co-accused in the case.
The court said the custodial interrogation of Mr. Pacheco was necessary as it was a serious case.
A district and sessions court in Margao has already denied bail to the two.
In his earlier bail petition, Mr. Pacheco claimed that he was being framed in the case related to the death of Nadia (28) for political reasons.
Mr. Pacheco, who has been on the run since he was interrogated by the police, resigned as a Minister a couple of weeks ago. He admitted that the deceased was his friend.
Mr. Monteiro too has been missing since June 6 after he was booked for destroying evidence.
The Goa police have registered a case accusing Mr. Pacheco of culpable homicide and destroying evidence.
Nadia died on May 30 at a Chennai hospital. After she allegedly consumed poison at her residence in south Goa, she was treated at a hospital in Margao and subsequently taken to a Mumbai hospital from where she was rushed to Chennai.
Keywords: Nadia Torrado


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Cette saison, laissez les bracelets colorés de la collection Kenneth Jay Lane créer un effet superposé très en vogue. Ces bracelets émaillés colorés et faciles à enfiler vous permettent de rehausser facilement votre allure. • Plaqué or • (2) bracelets joncs colorés •bracelets faciles à enfiler •Le bracelet jonc de grande taille mesure environ 8,26 po de circonférence intérieure, tandis que celui de grandeur moyenne mesure environ de circonférence intérieure • Fabrication sans nickel • Fabriqué en Chine
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Bought both sets...very nice.
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The workmanship is great!
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KJL is "the master" of fabulous jewellery. I have given these 4 stars for design as I find they are on the thin side so you really need to wear two or more.TSC: PLEASE bring in more KJL. The collections brought into TSC are much too tame. Give us true KJL guts and glam!
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Candy for the eyes!
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Purchased both sets - multiple orders, so I could dress up and/or down,changing the colours to match what I wear, and my mood.Can be worn from causal, T-Shirts and Jeans to dress-up; all ages.Well made, no glitches, and the enamelling expertly done, as is normal for K.J.Layne's pieces.And I made my purchase when it went on sale.Value for my purchase.(But I would have preferred had there been a description telling of the width of the pieces. I called Customer Service - No one could tell. Had to take a gamble when I placed my first order. Fix this.)Just love my bangles.
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Par Ladybug
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I originally bought the red and black set. My wrists are large and most bangles do not fit. It was such a pleasure to finally find ones that do!
Love Them
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de NORTHERN B.C.
These bangles are super! Had ordered both the black/red combo and turquoise/navy combo; lovedthem so much I ordered another red/black set as I wanted 2 black ones; you won't be disappointed
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Very Nice
Par SCshopper
de PortCoquitlam BC
I bought the blue set and loved them so much that I order the black/red set. The enameling is done so beautifully and the gold looks real. They are easy on and off. Just love them.
Well done
Par Ronnie
de London, On
The workmanship and enamelling of these bangles is wonderful. The gold plating colour looks like 'real'. I should have ordered both sets (still might). Love the packaging and presentation of the KJL pieces.I wear a 7 1/2" bracelet and the Average size works well for me.
love these bangles
Par Marie the Sydney Shopper
de Sydney, Nova Scotia
These bangles are great. The two colors together are great and what I was looking for. I wear a lot of red/black. They are easy to get on and a great fit.


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Sexy/Dangerous (Mass Market Paperbound)
Wearing her shades, a black Stetson, and snakeskin cowboy boots, security agent Maxine "Max" Blake is the baddest thing walking. Ex-marine, ex-cop, and a whole lotta 'tude, Max doesn't have time for anything but her job. Her latest assignment: to protect Dr. Adam Gary. Her problem: he doesn't want her there.
Adam wants to focus on his work, not to be distracted by this tall, sexy woman. A foiled kidnapping attempt may have forced him to take an undercover agent into his household, but no one said anything about the agent being a woman, or that she'd be beautiful, or that she came with two monster rottweilers. How is he supposed to concentrate on his top-secret project that could revolutionize the world when all he can think about is her smooth, coffee-colored skin and those long, lean legs?
But as danger nips at their heels, love may be a distraction neither of them will live to enjoy . . .
About the Author
Beverly Jenkins is the author of numerous novels, including "Night Song", "Vivid", and "A Wish and a Prayer". She has received many awards, including two Career Achievement Awards from "Romantic Times" magazine and a Golden Pen Award from the Black Writer's Guild. She speaks widely on both romance and nineteenth-century African American history.


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Hurricane Isaac
12:37 pm
Fri September 7, 2012
City of New Orleans train returning to New Orleans Monday
Amtrak says the City of New Orleans passenger train will pull into its namesake city on Monday — the first time since Aug. 27, when service was suspended because of Hurricane Isaac.
It says daily service from Chicago will start and end in Memphis through Sunday. trains will start and end in New Orleans on Monday, when service on the route in Mississippi also will resume.
Passengers who already had bought tickets for the suspended trains can get a refund or a voucher for future travel.
Amtrak's other routes to and from New Orleans are back in service. Those are the Sunset Limited, between New Orleans and Los Angeles, and the Crescent, between New Orleans and New York.
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TV, Internet, and video game exposure was not found to have a statistically significant association with depression risk one way or the other.
The study authors stressed that although the findings seem to confirm previous evidence of music and print's impact on teen depression, more research is needed to further explain the associations.
Michael W. O'Hara, a professor of psychology at the University of Iowa in Iowa City, cautioned that while the study made "some interesting observations," the very nature of this kind of investigation makes it difficult to isolate exactly what's afoot.
"It's very hard to control for outside influences apart from, say, music exposure," he noted. "For example, things like poverty and low socioeconomic status are associated with a risk for depression and lots of other problems, and you would have to factor that in to see how big a role that plays as opposed to simply exposure to various forms of media.
"Of course, we do know that teens and adults who are more active and more socially engaged with others are less likely to have problems with depression," O'Hara added. "So music listening could be one of those activities that encourages teens to pull back from social interaction and dwell instead on their inner life. And, yes, perhaps that could raise a risk for depression."
More information
For more on adolescent depression, visit the U.S. National Institutes of Health.
SOURCES: Brian A. Primack, M.D., Ed.M., M.S., assistant professor, medicine and pediatrics; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Michael W. O'Hara, Ph.D., professor, psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City; April 2011 Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine
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