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Passive analysis connection detection architecture that leverages connection-oriented end-to-end stack protocol information. In a TCP/IP implementation, by passively leveraging TCP information, a given system can determine in a more realtime fashion the connectivity state of a TCP pathway. Additionally, other passive information from the TCP/IP stack such as send/receive packet counts can be considered. Based on analysis of TCP path information and/or send/receive packet counts, loss of certain network connectivity can be inferred, which greatly improves the accuracy and responsiveness of detecting network connectivity losses. The disclosed architecture also facilitates improved performance when using proxy systems for network connectivity so as to reduce unnecessary network traffic and to route network systems to other online systems in a more efficient and effective manner.
1. A computer-implemented system for determining network connectivity, comprising:
a stack component configured to obtain connection-oriented path information from a protocol stack associated with a client;
an analysis component configured to compute a state of a connection based at least in part on the path information;
a state component configured to transition the state of the connection, the transitioning comprising at least one of:
transitioning from a first reachable state to a second suspect state; and
transitioning from a first suspect state to a second reachable state; and
a learning and reasoning component configured to employ at least one of a probabilistic and statistical-based analysis to at least one of prognose or infer an action desired to be performed.
2. The system of
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5. A computer-implemented system for determining network connectivity, comprising:
a stack component configured to obtain connection-oriented path information from a protocol stack associated with a client;
an analysis component configured to compute a state of a connection based at least in part on the path information; and
a state component configured to transform the state of the connection between a suspect state and a connectivity state and expire the suspect state after a predetermined period of time elapses and the suspect state has not been cancelled.
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12. A computer-implemented method of determining network connectivity, comprising:
accessing connection-oriented end-to-end path information of a protocol stack of a connection;
analyzing the path information to determine a condition of the connection;
transitioning between a connectivity state and a suspect state based at least in part on the condition, comprising transitioning from the suspect state based at least in part on received packets that indicate an equivalent or higher connectivity level than a level associated with the suspect state; and
transitioning from the suspect state based at least in part on a highest level of observed packets during the suspect state, the connectivity state associated with the highest level of at least some of the observed packets.
13. The method of
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20. A computer-implemented system, comprising:
computer-implemented means for accessing connection-oriented end-to-end path information of a protocol stack of a connection;
computer-implemented means for analyzing the path information to determine a condition of the connection and compute a state of the connection; and
computer-implemented means for transitioning the state of the connection between a connectivity state and a suspect state based at least in part on at least one of the condition or a highest level of observed packets during the suspect state, the connectivity state associated with the highest level of at least some of the observed packets.
This application is a Continuation-in-Part of application Ser. No. 11/345,189, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,711,800 entitled "NETWORK CONNECTIVITY DETERMINATION" and filed Jan. 31, 2006 the entirety of which is incorporated by reference herein.
Communications connectivity is quickly becoming an important issue given the increasing reliance by companies and individuals alike on networks for conducting business, for example. The widespread proliferation of computing devices (e.g., desktop and portable computers, cell phones, . . . ) in use today for communications purposes means that networks now, more than ever, need to be reliable not only for customer satisfaction reasons, but also for the reliable communication of information. In other words, connectivity should be transparent to the user or the system. Nothing can effect consumer satisfaction or business viability more than connectivity failures. The loss of data and frustration by users related to connectivity can quickly affect the bottom-line of a company. Moreover, in back-end systems, for example, lack of reliable connectivity frustrates the timely communication of information needed by other systems.
Unfortunately, existing mechanisms lack timely response to connection interruption or failure. Typically, conventional network services operate to report connection failures after it is too late to react or recover, thereby dropping the connection and frustrating the user or other connection entities, and introducing unnecessary network traffic that in many instances could bring down a node (e.g., a website). In other words, existing mechanisms are unable to report realtime health assessment of a network (e.g., the Internet) to the users or systems that are meaningful to their daily tasks such as web browsing, conferencing, etc. For example, if connection failure was determined in a more timely manner (e.g., realtime), then useful diagnostics could be employed by the users and/or systems for determining where the problem might be (e.g., local Internet service provide (ISP)) network or the network backbone.
Additionally, because of this lack of realtime support for determining connectivity, the impact on system applications can be dramatic. Applications that rely on this connectivity information such as update programs and anti-virus programs need connectivity information to be readily and reliably available so as to not unnecessarily expend processing time and inject packets into an already failed connection. This problem becomes particularly burdensome in network systems (e.g., enterprise) that employ proxy servers as an interface to other networks. For example, a client communicates to the proxy, and then the proxy communicates to a website on behalf of the client. Should the website be offline, this is not known by the client, and the client can continue to send packets to the proxy, thereby potentially bring down the proxy, where a large number of clients are using the proxy. Moreover, using active connectivity detection methods introduces packets into the network that can further burden the network.
The following presents a simplified summary in order to provide a basic understanding of some aspects of the disclosed innovation. This summary is not an extensive overview, and it is not intended to identify key/critical elements or to delineate the scope thereof. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later.
The disclosed architecture improves on an earlier network connectivity determination method (U.S. Pat. No. 7,711,800) by leveraging connection-oriented end-to-end stack protocol information already available. For example, in a TCP/IP implementation, by passively leveraging TCP (transmission control protocol) information, a given system can determine in a more realtime fashion the connectivity state of a TCP pathway. Additionally, other passive information from the TCP/IP stack such as send/receive packet counts can be considered.
Based on analysis of TCP path information and/or send/receive packet counts, loss of certain network connectivity can be inferred, which greatly improves the accuracy and responsiveness of detecting network connectivity losses. In addition, the disclosed architecture also facilitates improved determination of network connectivity (e.g., the Internet) in the presence of network (or web) proxy server systems.
To the accomplishment of the foregoing and related ends, certain illustrative aspects of the disclosed innovation are described herein in connection with the following description and the annexed drawings. These aspects are indicative, however, of but a few of the various ways in which the principles disclosed herein can be employed and is intended to include all such aspects and their equivalents. Other advantages and novel features will become apparent from the following detailed description when considered in conjunction with the drawings.
In one aspect described herein, the disclosed passive analysis architecture leverages connection-oriented end-to-end stack protocol information already available to determine in a more realtime fashion the connectivity state of a connection pathway. Based on analysis of path information (e.g., TCP-transmission control protocol) and/or send/receive packet counts, loss of certain network connectivity can be inferred, which greatly improves the accuracy and responsiveness of detecting network connectivity losses.
The innovation is now described with reference to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals are used to refer to like elements throughout. In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding thereof. It can be evident, however, that the innovation can be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to facilitate a description thereof.
Referring now to the drawings,
The steps of the claimed method and apparatus are operational with numerous other general purpose or special purpose computing system environments or configurations. Examples of well known computing systems, environments, and/or configurations that can be suitable for use with the methods or apparatus of the claims include, but are not limited to, personal computers, server computers, hand-held or laptop devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based systems, set top boxes, programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputers, mainframe computers, distributed computing environments that include any of the above systems or devices, and the like.
The steps of the claimed method and apparatus can be described in the general context of computer-executable instructions, such as program modules, being executed by a computer. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc., that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. The methods and apparatus can also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed computing environment, program modules can be located in both local and remote computer storage media including memory storage devices.
With reference again to
Computer 110 typically includes a variety of computer readable media. Computer readable media can be any available media that can be accessed by computer 110 and includes both volatile and nonvolatile media, removable and non-removable media. By way of example, and not limitation, computer readable media can comprise computer storage media and communication media. Computer storage media includes volatile and nonvolatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information such as computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data. Computer storage media includes, but is not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical disk storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to store the desired information and which can accessed by computer 110.
The system memory 130 includes computer storage media in the form of volatile and/or nonvolatile memory such as read only memory (ROM) 131 and random access memory (RAM) 132. A basic input/output system 133 (BIOS), containing the basic routines that help to transfer information between elements within computer 110, such as during start-up, is typically stored in ROM 131. RAM 132 typically contains data and/or program modules that are immediately accessible to and/or presently being operated on by processing unit 120. By way of example, and not limitation,
The computer 110 can also include other removable/non-removable, volatile/nonvolatile computer storage media. By way of example only,
The drives and their associated computer storage media discussed above and illustrated in
The computer 110 can operate in a networked environment using logical connections to one or more remote computers, such as a remote computer 180. The remote computer 180 can be a personal computer, a server, a router, a network PC, a peer device or other common network node, and typically includes many or all of the elements described above relative to the computer 110, although only a memory storage device 181 has been illustrated in
When used in a LAN networking environment, the computer 110 is connected to the LAN 171 through a network interface or adapter 170. When used in a WAN networking environment, the computer 110 typically includes a modem 172 or other means for establishing communications over the WAN 173, such as the Internet. The modem 172, which can be internal or external, can be connected to the system bus 121 via the user input interface 160, or other appropriate mechanism. In a networked environment, program modules depicted relative to the computer 110, or portions thereof, can be stored in the remote memory storage device. By way of example, and not limitation,
Referring again to
The method can perform HTTP GETs for three seed URLs randomly chosen from the seed URL list 600. HTTP GET can fetch an HTTP URL. At block 610, the method can determine whether all the HTTP GET responses match the expected content. If the determination at block 610 is yes, the method continues to block 615. If the content does not match, a proxy can be present and control can pass to block 650. Returning to block 615, the method can check for the IP addresses for two responses, at 615, and the TTLs (time-to-live packets) for the two responses, at 620. The TTL can indicate the number of hops the packet traveled. For example, common fixed initial TTL values are 255, 128, 64 and 32 and the TTL can be reduced for each hop. By reviewing the received TTL to the most logical TTL start value, the number of hops the packet traveled can be determined. If the IP addresses and TTLs are the same as expected, the method can determine that a web proxy is present 627 and control can pass to block 630.
At block 630, the method can perform name resolutions for three names. The method can determine whether any name successfully resolves but the results are different from the expected result 635. If the determination is yes, the presence of DNS spoofing can be detected 640, as is prevalent at hotels, airports, or libraries and web connectivity can not be present 645 and control can pass to the web proxy passive analyzer.
Returning to block 650, the method can determine that a web proxy is present. At block 655, the method can check the IP address of responses, and at block 660, the method can check the TTLs of the responses. At block 665, if the IP addresses are the same for all response, then the method can calculate the hop count for the proxy server. At block 670, if the proxy addresses are different than the website addresses, then the method can determine the proxy server IP address.
Web Proxy Passive Analyzer
Packets can be monitored both actively and passively. By monitoring passively, no impact will be made to the servers and the network infrastructure. Thus this makes it possible to have a large scale deployment. In a few rare situations, active probing can be necessary to improve the accuracy of network connectivity determination.
If the router is not beyond the ISP, the first octet of the IP address will be the same. If the router is beyond the ISP, the first octet of the IP address will be most likely different. In a home environment, Hfar can commonly be between five and eight. In a corporate environment that employs proxy servers, Hfar can be the hops to the proxy server. Proxy servers can be detected from the list of the routers when all source routers are the same for requests with a TTL beyond a certain value, such as beyond Hfar hops. In one embodiment, Hfar can be set to a default value and Hfar can be adjusted to the hop count to the proxy server based on received packets. There are three types of packets: I-packets arrive from an IPv4 source beyond Hfar, or from an IPv6 source outside the IPv6 site; L-packets arrive from an IPv4 source outside the IPv4 subnet but before Hfar, or from an IPv6 source outside the IPv6 subnet but within the IPv6 site; and, S-packets arrive from a source with the same subnet prefix.
If at a subnet connectivity state 814, move to no connectivity state 800 if no received S-packet for thirty seconds (see below for improvements using the connection oriented path information) and neighbor resolution of the default gateway failed 815 media disconnect 816, move to local connectivity state if received L-packet 818, move to Internet connectivity state if received I-packet 820, and stay in subnet connectivity state if received S-packet 822 or neighbor resolution of the default gateway success 824.
If at a local connectivity state 826, move to subnet connectivity state if no received L-packet for thirty seconds 828 (see below for improvements using the connection oriented path information), move to Internet connectivity state if received I-packet 830, move to no connectivity state if media disconnect 832, and stay in local connectivity state if received L-packet 834.
If at Internet connectivity state 836, more to local connectivity state if no received I-packet for thirty seconds 838 (see below for improvements using the connection oriented path information), move to no connectivity state if media disconnects 840, and stay in Internet connectivity state if received I-packet 842.
If any client application has registered for network connectivity status notifications, the passive analyzer can periodically poll the TCP/IP stack every five seconds for the number of packets received from remote destinations. If a packet arrives from the Web cache proxy (referred to as Proxy packet), with a match of proxy IPs or TTLs, the presence of Internet connectivity is indicated. In the absence of a Proxy packet for thirty seconds (see below for improvements using the connection oriented path information), the arrival of I-packets is relied upon to indicate Web Internet connectivity.
In the case of DNS spoofing or other forms of browser hijacking that are typical in hot spot settings, an HTTP GET for two seed URLs can be performed periodically until a content match occurs or no registered clients remain. If matching occurs, the method can proceed to Network Profiling 215 (
Web Proxy Triggered Probing
Direct Web Probing
Referring back to
Services that need Internet connectivity information before profiling can rely on Passive Analyzer 235 (which uses default Hfar value) or on Triggered Probings 240 for fresh connectivity information.
At block 1120, for each of the three seed hosts, the method can send two UDP (or TCP) packets with the following TTL 2-tuple <Hfar−1, Hfar> using the port designated port for traceroute, i.e., 33434. The method can refine Hfar value for the network. The start value for Hfar can be 6. Selecting a default value of Hfar as 6 can allow it to be refined by +/−2, i.e., allowing it to take values between 4 and 8. Hfar normally ranges between 4 and 8. At block 1125, for the three paths, if the first octets in the responses for Hfar−1 are the same and first octet in any of the responses for Hfar are different; the method can leave Hfar unchanged.
At block 1130, for the three paths, if the first octets in the responses for Hfar−1 are the same and first octet in the responses for Hfar are also same; the method can check Hfar for increment. At block 1135, the method can send another set of six UDP packets with TTL tuple <Hfar+1, Hfar+2> to the three sites. At block 1140, the method can determine if for the three paths, the first octets in the responses for Hfar+1 differ. If the determination is yes 1145, the method can increment Hfar by one 1150. If the determination is no 1155 (the first octets do not differ), the method can determine whether the octets differ for Hfar+2 at block 1160. If the determination is yes 1165, Hfar can be incremented by two 1170.
If the determination is no 1175, for the three paths, if the first octets in the responses for Hfar−1 are the different, the method can check Hfar for decrement 1180. At block 1185, the method can send another set of six UDP packets with TTL tuple <Hfar−2, Hfar−1> to the three sites. At block 1190, the method can determine if for the three paths, the first octet in the responses for Hfar−2 are the same and the first octet in the responses for Hfar−1 differ. If the determination is yes, Hfar can be decremented by one. At block 1195, the method can determine whether if for the three paths, the first octets in the responses for Hfar−2 are different. The determination is yes 1197, Hfar can be decremented by two 1199.
For IPv6 networks, site prefixes can be used in determining connectivity status. Site prefixes are retrieved from stack query and arrival of a packet from a destination with different site prefix is used to indicate presence of Internet connectivity. This can be a more accurate measure than Hfar because there can be destinations inside one's site/Intranet whose hop count is larger than Hfar.
IP Passive Analyzer
Depending on the starting state, other states can be reached based on the packets received. If at a no connectivity state 800, move to Internet connectivity state if received I-packet 802, move to local connectivity state if received L-packet 804, move to subnet connectivity state if received S-packet 806 or successfully received NRDG response from the default gateway 808, and stay in no connectivity state if media disconnect 810 or NRDG failed 812.
If at a subnet connectivity state 814, move to no connectivity state if no received S-packet for thirty seconds (see below for improvements using the connection oriented path information) and NRDG failed 815 media disconnect 816, move to local connectivity state if received L-packet 818, move to Internet connectivity state if received I-packet 820, and stay in subnet connectivity state if received S-packet 822 or successful NRDG 824.
If at a local connectivity state 826, move to subnet connectivity state if no received L-packet for thirty seconds (see below for improvements using the connection oriented path information) 828, move to Internet connectivity state if received I-packet 830, move to no connectivity state if media disconnect 832, and stay in local connectivity state if received L-packet 834.
If at an Internet connectivity state 836, more to local connectivity state if no received I-packet for thirty seconds (see below for improvements using the connection oriented path information) 838, move to no connectivity state if media disconnects 840, and stay in Internet connectivity state if received I-packet 842.
The Passive Analyzer can start when a client application subscribes for Internet connectivity status. Passive Analyzer is stopped when no client has subscribed for Internet connectivity information.
Triggered Probing
Triggered Probing 240 (of
Direct Probing
Direct probing 245 (
Connectivity status per interface can be maintained in an in-memory cache along with a time stamp. When multiple requests from applications arrive and the cache entry is within five seconds, the method can not perform probing and status from the cache can be returned.
Network Profiler or Triggered Probing can trigger a dialup connection if it is not already up when autodial is enabled. If autodial is enabled on local host or remote Internet gateway device (IGD), Passive Analyzer will gather the knowledge of previous packet send attempts to remote destinations. Packets, either by Network Profiler or by Triggered Probing, would be sent only if there were previous send attempts.
Network Connectivity Determination Based on Passive Analysis of Connection-Oriented Path Information and Packet Counts
Alternative implementations of the previously-described mechanisms include realtime methods of analyzing TCP path information and/or send/receive packet counts to infer loss of certain network connectivity, which greatly improves the accuracy and responsiveness of detecting network connectivity losses. The alternative implementation employs suspect states in associated with connectivity nodes in the state diagram of
It is difficult to passively detect network connectivity losses when the root cause of the connectivity loss is with network elements beyond the local computers and systems. Typically, active detection systems send some form of network requests out to test if the desired connectivity still exists. However, existing network traffic generated by normal user usage often provides such information in various ways without explicitly generating extra network traffic. One readily available source of such information is from existing TCP information (in a TCP/IP implementation).
TCP is a reliable transport protocol that has a built-in mechanism to detect packet losses and automatically re-transmit the packets. This information is very useful in understanding the reach-ability of remote destinations without actively sending packets to these remote systems. In general, it can indicate three kinds of reachability state to a particular remote destination: reachable, unreachable, and cannot reach. A remote host (or system) is reachable if TCP receives responses from the remote host. A remote host is unreachable if a TCP connection was in-process, but currently experiences retries and timeouts. A cannot-reach state is where no prior connection was in-process, and a new TCP connection can not be established to the desired remote host. In other words, the remote host could be non-existent, unavailable, unreachable, or blocked by firewalls or other network security measures.
If during some period of time, based on this path reachability information from the stack path information (e.g., TCP), all remote hosts are either unreachable or cannot be reached, and none of the hosts are reachable, it is likely that some level of network connectivity is lost. This passive knowledge can serve as an indication of potential connectivity loss events to trigger further analysis.
Another useful set of events for indicating potential connectivity losses is via analysis of the changes in send-packet counts and receive-packet counts. This is particularly useful when only connectionless network traffic is present, for example, DNS name resolution is often done via connectionless UDP packets. When application level knowledge of such packet loss is not available, a general detection mechanism can be devised using send/receive packet counts. An increase on the send-packet count but not on the receive-packet count can be an indication that some network requests have been sent out but no response has been received, which often indicates the possibility of a network connectivity issue.
The outputted connection state information can be simply a binary state of "go/no-go" as to the connection state. In more robust implementations, the connection state can be graduated such as reachable, unreachable or cannot be reached, for example. This can be configured to the particular implementation of the connectivity detection architecture. More specifically, this can be based on the type of information consumer. For example, it can suffice that one consuming system only chooses to know if the connection is online. In other words, timeliness is an important factor in making the connection and transacting the packets. In another example, timeliness may not be as important, such that if the connection is deemed unreachable, the connection state can still be computed, but the associated systems can afford to wait and attempt reconnection without significant impact on the system processes. This type of processing is more conducive to system-system connectivity processing rather than user-system (e.g., user-to-website) where direct user frustration can be an important factor in cost to the business, for example.
State transitioning is facilitated by the state component 1412. The analysis component 1410 tests for connection state when the state is not readily determined. Once determined, the state component 1412 processes the transition. When one or more of the following conditions is met, the current connectivity state is moved into the associated suspect state. The suspect state is obtained when: new unreachable paths or new cannot-reach paths are determined, but no new or refreshed reachable paths are determined; and/or, the packet send-count increases, with no corresponding increase in the receive count.
The suspect substate is canceled (restored to the original state from which it was moved) if one or more of the following conditions occur: packets are received indicating an equivalent or higher connectivity level (e.g., received an I-packet when in a suspect state for Internet connectivity); and/or, a new reachable path is detected if the state for the node is moved into the suspect state due to unreachable or cannot reach paths.
In one implementation, state processing in the suspect state expires after operating in that state for a predetermined amount of time without being cancelled. The state to which the suspect state will transition will be the kind of connectivity level observed during the period while in the suspect substate. For example, if only L-packets (for the local connectivity) are detected during the Internet suspect state 1510, based on path information analysis by the analysis component 1410, the state component 1412 will effect transition from the Internet suspect state 1510 to the local connectivity state 1506 when the Internet suspect state 1510 expires. Similarly, if only S-packets (for the subnet connectivity) are detected during the Internet suspect state 1510, the transition from the Internet suspect state 1510 will be to the subnet connectivity 1506 when the Internet suspect state 1510 expires. However, if both L-packets and S-packets are observed during the suspect state, the state component 1412 will effect transition from suspect state to the highest level associated with the observed packets, or the local connectivity state (for the L-packets).
If no packets have been observed, local probing processes will be performed by the analysis component 1410 to determine the appropriate connectivity level for the transition from the suspect state (1510, 1512 or 1514). For example, a local probing can be performed by sending a neighbor resolution request (for both IPv4 and IPv6) to the default gateway 350 of
In one implementation, when considering to move Internet connectivity status from the Internet connectivity state 1502 to the associated suspect state 1510, only paths to non-local remote hosts are considered. In an alternative implementation, paths to other local remote hosts can be considered. Non-local remote hosts are defined as remote hosts having a hop count greater than Hfar, or not part of the current local network(s). The local network(s) can be inferred from addresses associated with DNS servers, DHCP (dynamic host configuration protocol) servers, subnet addresses, proxy servers, and so on. IPv6 site local addresses or addresses with the same site prefix are also considered to be part of local networks.
When in a proxied network environment where proxy servers are discoverable via protocols such as WPAD (web proxy auto-discovery), for example, new reachable paths to proxy servers can be treated the same way as receiving an I-packet, so that an Internet connectivity status can be confirmed, in this case.
From DNS clients, additional information on the reachability of DNS servers (e.g., the DNS servers 360 of
The routing component 1602 can include a single network interface device NID (or card) or multiple NIDs (or cards). For example, it is becoming more commonplace for device vendors to provide not only wired connection capability (e.g., Ethernet, USB, IEEE 1394), but also wireless connectivity capability (e.g., IEEE 802.11�, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, Wi-Max). Accordingly, for example, based on transition to the suspect connectivity state of the wired connection, the routing component 1602 of subsystem 1600 can facilitate switching connectivity to the wireless connection automatically and dynamically. Similarly, based on transition to the suspect connectivity state of the wireless connection, the routing component 1602 can facilitate switching connectivity to the wired connection automatically and dynamically. These transitions occur in realtime and transparently to the user and/or to the applications operating over the connection(s).
The subsystem 1600 can also employ a learning and reasoning (LR) component 1604 that interfaces to one or more of the stack, analysis, state and routing components (1402, 1410, 1412 and 1602) to learn and reason about processes executed therein. For example, the LR component 1604 can monitor processes associated with the stack component 1402 related to path information 1404 for different devices and systems, and based on this learned information, cause automatic routing to occur by the routing component 1602 to the desired proxy server or servers. More specifically, if it is learned that at certain times of the day (a "peak" time), that the Internet connectivity state frequently transitions to its suspect state (as learned from the state component 1412), for unknown reasons, the LR component 1604 can cause the connection to change before that time to a different, but more reliable proxy server, for example, to provide a more reliable connection at that time period. Similarly, when the "peak" time subsides, the LR component 1604 can cause Internet connectivity to route back to the original proxy system. That can be due in part to adjust for loading on the system of proxy servers, for example.
In another example, the LR component 1604 can monitor the analysis component 1410 for send and receive counts and learn about which systems and/or connections experience suspect states or failure modes, the time of day, day of week, etc., and even the user and user device normally associated with these states.
In yet another example, the LR component 1604 can monitor all suspect states and the networks (e.g., Internet, local, subnet) associated therewith for activities that tend to be associated with or factors related to transitioning between the suspect and connectivity states. These are only but a few examples of automated functionality that can be provided and are not to be construed as limiting in any way. As can be seen, the flexibility provided by the components described herein can provide significant improvements over conventional architectures.
As described briefly, the subject architecture can employ various LR-based schemes for carrying out various aspects thereof. For example, a process for determining learning about timeouts for suspect state transitions can be facilitated via an automatic classifier system and process. A classifier is a function that maps an input attribute vector, x=(x1, x2, x3, x4, xn), to a class label class(x). The classifier can also output a confidence that the input belongs to a class, that is, f(x)=confidence (class(x)). Such classification can employ a probabilistic and/or other statistical analysis (e.g., one factoring into the analysis utilities and costs to maximize the expected value to one or more people) to prognose or infer an action that a user desires to be automatically performed.
As used herein, terms "to infer" and "inference" can include making a decision based on a predetermined set of fixed criteria. This can also refer generally to the process of reasoning about or inferring states of the system, environment, and/or user from a set of observations as captured via events and/or data. Inference can be employed to identify a specific context or action, or can generate a probability distribution over states, for example. The inference can be probabilistic—that is, the computation of a probability distribution over states of interest based on a consideration of data and events. Inference can also refer to techniques employed for composing higher-level events from a set of events and/or data. Such inference results in the construction of new events or actions from a set of observed events and/or stored event data, whether or not the events are correlated in close temporal proximity, and whether the events and data come from one or several event and data sources.
A support vector machine (SVM) is an example of a classifier that can be employed. The SVM operates by finding a hypersurface in the space of possible inputs that splits the triggering input events from the non-triggering events in an optimal way. Intuitively, this makes the classification correct for testing data that is near, but not identical to training data. Other directed and undirected model classification approaches include, for example, various forms of statistical regression, na�ve Bayes, Bayesian networks, decision trees, neural networks, fuzzy logic models, and other statistical classification models representing different patterns of independence can be employed. Classification as used herein also is inclusive of methods used to assign rank and/or priority.
As will be readily appreciated from the subject specification, the subject architecture can employ classifiers that are explicitly trained (e.g., via a generic training data) as well as implicitly trained (e.g., via observing user behavior, receiving extrinsic information). For example, SVM's are configured via a learning or training phase within a classifier constructor and feature selection module. Thus, the classifier(s) can be employed to automatically learn and perform a number of functions according to predetermined criteria.
It is further to be understood that the subsystem 1600 need not include all of the illustrated components. For example, it is not a requirement that the LR component 1604 be included in the system 1600. This component 1604 can be hosted in a separate system or not employed at all. Similarly, it is not a requirement that the routing component 1602 be included as part of the system 1600. In other words, based on output of the connection state from the analysis component 1410, the device operating system can be employed to switch connections (e.g., wired to wireless) or route the single connection to a different proxy server. It is also to be understood that the routing component 1602 can be deployed as a card in itself rather than software, such that the card plugs into the device or system in order to obtain the desired functionality. Other components can be employed in the same manner.
In support thereof, the farm 1802 include multiple computing systems, which can be connected to dual or redundant networks, for example, a first network 1804 and a second network 1806. Additionally, access to a major network 1808 (e.g., the Internet or a private academic or scientific network) can be facilitated via one or more proxy servers 1810 (denoted PROXY1 and PROXY2). The proxies 1810 are shown disposed on the first network 1804; however, it is to be appreciated that the second network can also be connected to these same proxies 1810, or to a set of different but redundant proxy servers (not shown).
In operation, the connectivity subsystems 1600 will operate to monitor connectivity states for each of the farm computers (or servers 1802), and based on the realtime state, route connectivity elsewhere, if needed, to provide continuous connectivity through the proxies 1810, if that is where the routing should be. It is further to be understood that not all of the farm computers 1802 need employ subsystem 1600. For example, one computer connectivity subsystem 1600 could monitor the connectivity states for other computers in the same bank.
At 1900, connection-oriented end-to-end path information of a protocol stack is accessed. As described supra, this can be a TCP/IP stack where the path information is obtained from the TCP protocol. At 1902, the path information is analyzed to determine a condition of the connection. For example, the condition can be reachable, unreachable or cannot reach. At 1904, based on the condition(s), the state can be transitioned between a suspect state and a connectivity state.
As used in this application, the terms "component" and "system" are intended to refer to a computer-related entity, either hardware, a combination of hardware and software, software, or software in execution. For example, a component can be, but is not limited to being, a process running on a processor, a processor, a hard disk drive, multiple storage drives (of optical and/or magnetic storage medium), an object, an executable, a thread of execution, a program, and/or a computer. By way of illustration, both an application running on a server and the server can be a component. One or more components can reside within a process and/or thread of execution, and a component can be localized on one computer and/or distributed between two or more computers.
With reference to the exemplary computing system of
Referring now to
The system 2400 also includes one or more server(s) 2404. The server(s) 2404 can also be hardware and/or software (e.g., threads, processes, computing devices). The servers 2404 can house threads to perform transformations by employing the architecture, for example. One possible communication between a client 2402 and a server 2404 can be in the form of a data packet adapted to be transmitted between two or more computer processes. The data packet can include a cookie and/or associated contextual information, for example. The system 2400 includes a communication framework 2406 (e.g., a global communication network such as the Internet) that can be employed to facilitate communications between the client(s) 2402 and the server(s) 2404.
Communications can be facilitated via a wired (including optical fiber) and/or wireless technology. The client(s) 2402 are operatively connected to one or more client data store(s) 2408 that can be employed to store information local to the client(s) 2402 (e.g., cookie(s) and/or associated contextual information). Similarly, the server(s) 2404 are operatively connected to one or more server data store(s) 2410 that can be employed to store information local to the servers 2404.
The clients 2402 can include the computer 320, device 330, laptop 340, cell phone 1702, access point 1706, and digital phone 1704, for example. The servers 2404 can include the web proxy server 310, proxies 1810, and server farm server 1802, for example.
What has been described above includes examples of the disclosed innovation. It is, of course, not possible to describe every conceivable combination of components and/or methodologies, but one of ordinary skill in the art can recognize that many further combinations and permutations are possible. Accordingly, the innovation is intended to embrace all such alterations, modifications and variations that fall within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. Furthermore, to the extent that the term "includes" is used in either the detailed description or the claims, such term is intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term "comprising" as "comprising" is interpreted when employed as a transitional word in a claim.
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Reverend William Keble Martin (1877-1969) English botanist and botanical illustrator; wrote and illustrated 'Concise British Flora in Colour', published in 1965;
Look for more English Photographer Wall Art & Canvas Prints.
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John Philip Kemble as Cato
19 of 41 portraits of John Philip Kemble
© National Portrait Gallery, London
John Philip Kemble as Cato
by John Rogers, published by T & I Elvey, after Thomas Charles Wageman
stipple engraving, published 1822
5 3/8 in. x 3 7/8 in. (135 mm x 98 mm) paper size
Given by Bonnie and Robert Meech, 2010
Reference Collection
Click on the links below to find out more:
Sitterback to top
- John Philip Kemble (1757-1823), Actor. Sitter associated with 41 portraits.
Artistsback to top
- T & I Elvey (active 1822), Publishers. Artist associated with 8 portraits.
- John Rogers (circa 1808-circa 1888), Engraver. Artist associated with 26 portraits.
- Thomas Charles Wageman (1787-1863), Painter, printmaker and draughtsman. Artist associated with 259 portraits, Sitter associated with 2 portraits.


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It's safe to say that it's no longer a secret that swimbaits are a coast-to-coast bass catching phenomenon.
Bass Signature Series: Gary Yamamoto on Stickworms
While growing up in Minnesota, Derek Remitz honed his skills catching bass on jerkbaits. He still considers jerkbait fishing one of his favorite techniques but since he has become an Elite Series pro and moved to Alabama, he has also grown fond of a jig because of its big fish potential.
Versatility can be a virtue for tournament competitors ... if they use the proper tools of the trade. Kevin VanDam on rod choices
A depth change of 2 feet or 20 feet could be a good wintertime bass hideout, according to Dave Wolak.
Bassmaster Elite Series pro Brian Snowden dreads the idea of running out of his most productive lure and having to run around town looking for a replacement.
Whether you're a once-a-week bass angler or a full-time touring pro, there never seems to be enough time on the water to get everything done. The end of the day comes and you wish you had time for just a few more casts. But wishing doesn't make the clock move slower.
Matt Herren is a rookie on the Bassmaster Elite Series trail, but it's a fallacy to consider him anything other than a veteran tournament competitor. Over the years, he's won tens of thousands of dollars not only from his Alabama cohorts, but from anglers around the country as well. And a sizeable percentage of those funds has been earned with a flipping stick in hand.
Unless you're fortunate enough to live in a particularly temperate climate, when late fall rolls around on the calendar you're most likely either deer hunting or sitting by the fire awaiting the spring thaw. Only the most hardened of fanatics will brave the cold chill of December in pursuit of some late-season bass fishing.
Not many of us weekend anglers pay very much attention to how a bass is hooked. We land it, admire it and let it go.


text:
"And he that doubteth is damned if he eat, because he eateth not of faith: for whatsoever is not of faith is sin." (Romans 14:23)
Many people decide that they do not like some foods for one reason or another so they refuse to eat that food. The apostle Paul addressed this issue in his letter to individuals in Rome and in Ephesus.
In his letter to Timothy in Ephesus, Paul spoke of those who had departed from the faith and were hypocrites speaking lies and forbidding some to marry, and commanded them not to eat meats, which God had created to be received with thanksgiving. For every creature is good, and nothing to be refused, if it is received with thanksgiving. (I Timothy 4:3-4)
In Romans, Paul urged the believers to accept him whose faith is weak, for one believes he may eat all things, but he who is weak eats only vegetables. He encouraged those who do not eat to not judge him who eats; for God has received him. He who eats, eats to the Lord, for he gives God thanks; and he who does not eat, to the Lord he does not eat, and gives God thanks. He pointed out that none of us lives to himself, and no one dies to himself. For if we live, we live to the Lord; and if we die, we die to the Lord. Therefore, whether we live or die, we are the Lord's, for to this end Christ both died, and rose, and lived again, that he might be Lord of the dead and the living.
Paul reminded us that we are not to judge our brother for we will one day stand before the judgment seat of Christ. In fact, we are not to put any stumbling blocks or obstacles in our brother's way, and Paul said that he was convinced that there is nothing unclean in itself. But if anyone regards something as unclean, then for him it is unclean. (vs. 14) We are to make every effort to do what leads to peace, for we should not do anything that causes our brother to stumble, or be offended, or is made weak. (vs. 21) May we ask ourselves the question, "What would Christ want us to do in this situation?"
Many times we are confronted by situations,
In which we must make a choice,
For example, eating food that offends our brother,
And he expresses this in his voice.
God's Word encourages us not to do anything,
That would cause our brother to stumble or be weak,
And the Lord will help us do what we should do,
When His will we seek.
Dear Father, please help us not to offend a weak brother by doing or saying that which he thinks is wrong. In Jesus' holy name we pray. Amen.


text:
A Western Railway (WR) officer died after he fell into the gap between the platform and train at Boisar station on Wednesday night. Ashish Kumar Chaudhary, 34, was the assistant station master of Vangaon railway station.
Chaudhary had gone to Boisar with his wife Sugandha and his two daughters for some shopping. It was, in fact, the Chaudharys' wedding anniversary. They came to the station around 10.30pm to board the first-class compartment of Mumbai Central-Valsad fast passenger train. While Chaudhary managed to send his wife and daughters inside the packed coach, he himself failed to get in. He slipped and fell into the gap between the platform and the train and got crushed under the wheels.
Chaudhary's wife and children didn't know what had happened as the train moved on. The Government Railway Police (GRP) had informed some other relative of Chaudhary about the incident. "Chaudhary's wife fell unconscious when she came to know what had happened to her husband. She was admitted for treatment on Thursday," said a Palghar GRP official.
Ravindra Naik, senior police inspector of Palghar GRP, said: "We have registered a case of accidental death. We took Choudhary's body to the primary health centre for post mortem. It was handed over to the family members after the procedure."
WR sources said that Chaudhary was about to be promoted to the position of station master. He was serving the WR since 2010.
The Chaudhary family resides in Vangaon railway colony.


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Sweet and Vicious: Baking with Attitude
Sweet and Vicious: Baking with Attitude (Hardcover)
An irreverent cookbook filled with inventive recipes for baking that deliver a punch. Libbie Summers is not your run-of-the-mill cook. Growing up, she was the kind of child who dunked her potato chips into chocolate syrup to see if it might taste good (it does). That insatiable curiosity-and sweet tooth-is what fuels this book. Sweet and Vicious is all about exploring new taste sensations in the realm of baking. It is a no-holds-barred approach to baking outside the box with crazy-brilliant combinations. Savory and spicy flavors come into play often, such as in Habanero Carrot Cake, Fig and Pig Pie, and Mojito Cookies. Other times, the innovation comes in the form of a cooking method or serving presentation borrowed from another side of the kitchen, as with Meatball Muffins or Grilled Apricot Polenta Cake. There is also a healthy dose of humor sprinkled around, with recipes such as Gingerbread Working Girls, Preggers Pink Pickle Pie, and Salvation Cinnamon Rolls.
Essential to her philosophy is that sweets are supposed to be over-the-top, and that there is no point in firing up the oven if you are not making something so good it hurts. Sweet and Vicious brings a sense of adventure into the kitchen and some fun into desserts. Isn't that the whole point of dessert, after all?
About the Author
Libbie Summers, fearless, funny, and frank, is the author of The Whole Hog Cookbook. She began her culinary career as a chef on private yachts and went on to become a culinary producer. Her blog, Salted & Styled, won the IACP award for Best Food Blog 2012.
Praise for Sweet and Vicious: Baking with Attitude…
"Learn to expect the unexpected from Sweet and Vicious. There is a fantastical element to the book that adds another dimension. What birthday reveler wouldn't be charmed by the mile-high cotton candy that garnishes the Fairground Attraction Cake? The fact that the recipes are extremely user-friendly and well-written adds to Summers' credibility...Clearly, she knows how to have fun, but she's also not afraid to get a little bawdy, with recipes like Looking for Mr. Goodbar Cake, Stoned Tart, and Retired Gingerbread Working Girls." -Philadelphia Inquirer
"Summers calls it baking with attitude–fearless and fun. Make your guests giggle and sigh as they slice into chocolate Post-Coital Pie or reach for another of Bob's Fried Firecrackers. This is the only baking book I've ever seen that encourages you to change the recipes–"and make them more personal, more provocative." And a provocative creativity is Summers' main ingredient in chapters on cakes, sweet and savory breads and pastries, pies, cookies, even dog treats. But to break the rules, you need to learn them and Summers includes good basic skills and recipes. By the way, this stuff works. I took those Side Slap and Tickle Cookies to a party and made a new friend who fell for the malt and chocolate flavors. And the Pull-Apart Boy Bread flavored with garlic, olive oil, and grated Parmesan? It was pulled apart–fast–and devoured. When you need to make a statement or get some attention–make it Sweet & Vicious." -Appetite for Books
"Rich in butter, sugar and spice, these recipes are not for the dieter or the faint of heart. With 100 recipes to choose from, it'll be hard for readers to decide where to start, but try the "Wahini Pie," a macadamia nut version of the traditional pecan pie, and there'll be no going back to your old recipes. Discover: Interesting new flavors blended together turn conventional desserts upside down." -Shelf Awareness
"Bake with attitude using blogger and style-maven Libbie Summer's outrageously fun cookbook, Sweet & Vicious." –Southern Living
"...I absolutely loved it! Infused with Libbie Summers' humor and peppered with wonderful personal anecdotes, Sweet & Vicious offers recipes that take you a little out of your comfort zone - that make you a little less timid, a little more adventurous. They beg you to test your limits just ever so slightly - or sweetly... These recipes dare you to have fun, to enjoy, to be a little risky -or risque... It's a book you not only want to look at, but you will want to read - the back stories to many of these recipes are wonderful." -The Entertaining House
"…challenges and charms our taste buds with daring delectables...Sweet & Vicious, the follow-up to her Whole Hog cookbook, dares us to take chances with fearless flavor combos in whimsical recipes with names that would make your grandmother blush…The cookbook is artfully rendered and tactile, just like the recipes inside, filled with stories that are, by turns, funny…" –Savannah Magazine
"This highly anticipated followup focuses on baking, using the same fun and creative outlook as its predecessor. Libbie's hilarious stories are still prevalent throughout the book, as are the outstanding photos...As expected, I can wholeheartedly recommend this lovely and edgy cookbook. Both recipes I've tried so far (and I guarantee there will be more soon) have hit the mark on all levels. If you love to bake and you're looking for some new and inventive ways to heat up your kitchen, Sweet and Vicious is the book for you." -MissionFood
"Libbie Summers expertly breaks down the inhibitions that we bring to baking (that notoriously finicky frontier for home cooks) and leads us to a freer, more creative place, where playfulness is paramount--and where the buttercream, flour and sugar boogie/breakdance together! "Sweet & Vicious" is an insanely colorful, energizing read, as well as a practical guide to creating more showstopping sweets." –Matt Lee and Ted Lee, authors of The Lee Bros. Charleston Kitchen
"Wow! Be prepared to be inspired, enlightened, and delighted with these wonderfully diverse desserts, from Libbie Summers. Smoky, savory, salty, fruity, and fiery flavors come together in this collection of anything-but-ordinary cakes, breads, cookies…and more!" –David Lebovitz, author of My Paris Kitchen and Ready for Dessert
"What a gorgeous, divine, beautiful, sweet and saucy cook book. Not only do I want to make and eat everything in the book, I want to EAT the BOOK!" –Carson Kressley, Emmy Award winning television personality
"Miss Libbie never misses: she's a vicious talent who just happens to be a sweetheart, too...I can't wait to make every single one of these fantastic and fun-filled fabulous recipes!" –Alex Hitz, creator of The Beverly Hills Kitchen, author of My Beverly Hills Kitchen: Classic Southern Cooking with a French Twist, Food Editor at House Beautiful
"Libbie is a woman who knows how to have a fabulous time, both in and out of the kitchen. As an antidote to sourpuss bakers who take themselves and their "kwee-zeen" a little too seriously, dig into this hunger-inducing book. Open to any page, and I dare you not to blurt out (as I did), "OMG. I need to make that NOW." –Rick Rodgers, The James Beard Foundation and IACP Award-winning author of over 40 cookbooks including The Chelsea Market Cookbook
"Sweet and Vicious is brilliant! Libbie is unstoppable, she has created a book full of surprises. Fun, inspired, full of flavor and most importantly delicious! Thank you Libbie my dogs and I applaud you'' –Grant Harold, royal etiquette consultant and former royal butler to HRH The Prince of Wales
"...I devoured this book cover to cover, laughing at her sometimes-bawdy wit and salivating at one enticing concoction after another. Test: If you can read the recipe for Salty Pumpkin Spice Cake and resist the urge to preheat your oven, you might not be from this planet." –Joe Yonan, food and travel editor of The Washington Post, author of Eat Your Vegetables
"The book is more than just gorgeously frosted cakes — there are plenty of quirky cookies, quick breads, and dog treats (yes, dog treats) that even apprentice-level bakers can tackle with confidence. It's also worth paging through this book just for the ideas alone. I love the flavor combinations and surprise ingredients..." -TheKitchn
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No change in Nathan Horton's status, but Rich Peverley will travel with Bruins
|03.20.12 at 12:39 pm ET
WILMINGTON — Bruins coach Claude Julien said after Tuesday's optional practice that forward Rich Peverley will join the team on its upcoming three-game west coast road trip.
Peverley has not played since Feb. 15 due to a knee sprain, but started skating again last Wednesday. He has yet to take physical contact, but is considered day-to-day by the team.
Julien also said that there is no news regarding the status of concussed forward Nathan Horton, and that the winger will not be traveling with the team.
"No, same old same old," Julien said of Horton. "Nothing different. He's still working out but not on the ice yet."
Horton has not played since Jan. 22. He has 17 goals and 15 assists for 32 points in 46 games this season
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Former two-time world champion and top-rated bantamweight Joseph King Kong Agbeko is now a promotional free-agent. Agbeko recently gained his freedom from Don King, the aging wild-haired promoter who is now virtually powerless in the sport he once dominated.
Agbeko is ranked third in the world, by Ring Magazine, in the talent rich 118-pound division and can also make the move up to the even-stronger 122-pound class, where stars like Nonito Donaire and Guillermo Rigondeaux are fighting.
Im confident I am among the best in the world at 118 and 122. There are so many great fighters in each weight class, Agbeko said. Im ready to fight anyone. Im sure the TV networks and boxing fans will love the fights. I have a television friendly, all-action style. I really look forward to working with a new promoter and together making a real impact.
The New York based Agbeko is proud to represent his native Ghana in the ring, following in the tradition of greats like Azumah Nelson and Ike Quartey. Agbeko confidently stated, Now that I have my promotional freedom I will show my true boxing talent. Now I will finally be able to focus on fighting and not have to deal with the behind-the-scenes scheming of King.
Boxing is such a mental sport. It is very difficult to focus on boxing when you are stressed about how your promoter is mistreating you. Im very easy to work with, but dealing with Don created a ton of tension, Agbeko continued. All I want is to be treated fair, nothing extra just fair. Mentally it beats a fighter down dealing with King. He is always up to no good. Now Im free, I can really show that I am an even better boxer than Ive proved to be so far
Agbeko lost his International Boxing Federation (IBF) World Title, in August, via a highly controversial 12-round decision to Abner Mares. The exciting yet foul plagued first bout led to a mandated December rematch won by Mares over 12. Agbeko is confident the third fight will be different.
Mares is a terrific tough fighter, a great challenge, but my last fight with him was not a good performance by me. I had the chance to really push for the knockout early on and didnt do it. Agbeko said. I proved myself against Mares, they were good fights, but I know Ill be much better now that I dont have to deal with all the problems Don King kept creating for me. Now that Im free from King, I can focus completely on fighting.
Im ready to take on any top boxer at 118 or 122. Wherever the big fights are, thats the division I want to fight in. There are so many great fights for me and for boxing fans in both divisions. I respect all the top fighters. I just want the chance to show who is best in the ring. I would love to fight WBA champion Anselmo Moreno. We both beat Vic Darchinyan; so boxing fans need to know who is better, Moreno or me? Keep the business good by making the best fight for fans.
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text: Publications Search Results Users may wish to consult What's Included in the Bibliography. Results 1 - 1 Results per page: 25 50 100 Sort by: Pub Date (newest) Title Recent Additions Author Clear All Pub. Year Citation 1993 Knox, Virginia Williams . Child Support Payments: Effects on the Educational Achievement of Children in Single Parent Families. Dissertation, Harvard University. Export Options: RIS EndNote XML [1]


text:
Build a Bultaco TSS from scratch
View Single Post
Gnarly Adventurer
Joined: May 2011
Location: The state of Me.
Oddometer: 249
Looking forward to watching this project develop.
The brake thing - As far as my Metralla and I relate it to my early 911 - a lot of people say they are less than adequate - but they didn't say that back in the day.
They are very nicely matched to the machines performance level and were by all reviews impressive back in the day - "...braking performance is exceptional" (Cycle World Jan. 1964) and "You can bring it to a dead stop from 30mph in 27 ft."
( from a 1965 print add).
Of course compared to today's standards they are not so great, but if you ride the [old] machine you got instead of the way you would a modern machine they are plenty adequate.
When used as a control tool they are not so aggressive as to kill momentum and give really nice feedback and allow subtle modulations.
- And that for me is what is so cool about these old momentum machines - the feeeeeeellings.
Here's a pic of my birthday present to myself and my M8 to hold us over till Blaine's project gets off the ground.
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The new U.S. Department of Justice and Federal Trade Commission Horizontal Merger Guidelines attempt to reshape antitrust merger analysis, removing familiar bright line tests and signaling a sharpened focus on issues of proximity.
This article, published in The National Law Journal, explains what the guidelines mean by proximity offers some practical insights into how proximity may be assessed in different business contexts.
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Originally written on Bloguin Best | Last updated 11/8/14
As we slowly make the transition from football season to the offseason, there are a number of different approaches that teams are taking. Some teams have blown it up, and are in the middle of starting over while some teams are simply looking to add a little more talent to their rosters before the start of the 2013 season. Here's a short list of interesting teams to watch as the offseason gets started. New York Jets: It's an often repeated saying, but general managers like having their own guys in the organization, especially at the head coach position. We don't know yet who the Jets' new general manager will be, but head coach Rex Ryan will almost certainly need a playoff birth to keep his job following 2013. The bad news, we still don't know who will be taking snaps in New York. Philadelphia Eagles: The Andy Reid era in Philly is over, but his mark will be long lasting. I'm keeping an eye on the Eagles simply to see how they progress without Reid there. The search for a new hea...
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You can indicate the ring size, special gift wrapping or any other request to the designer at checkout.
Nada Le Hoang An handcrafts minimalist
leather bags inspired by origami and other traditions from Japan. Nada loves
leather and wants you to learn how to love this noble material through her
timeless, luxurious pieces, which showcase natural leather in its purity.


text:
A friend and I are doing a C programming unit for college.
We understand that there is no "string" per se in C, and instead, a string is defined by being an array of characters. Awesome!
So when dealing with "strings" is obvious that a proper understanding arrays and pointers is important.
We were doing really well understanding pointer declaration, when and when not to dereference the pointer, and played around with a number of
printf's to test our experiments. All with great success.
However, when we used this:
char *myvar = "";
myvar = "dhjfejfdhdkjfhdjkfhdjkfhdjfhdfhdjhdsjfkdhjdfhddskjdkljdklc";
printf("Size is %d\n", sizeof(myvar));
and it spits out
Size is 8!
Why 8? Clearly there are more than 8 bytes being consumed by 'myvar' (or is it)?
(I should be clear and point out that I am VERY aware of 'strlen'. This is not an exercise in getting the length of a string. This is about trying to understand why sizeof returns 8 bytes for the variable myvar.)