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Sundown: But Will Ashley Biden Convert?
Plus ground operation in Gaza cleared, the problem with Tebow, and more
• Vice President Biden's daughter is marrying a Jew! And not only that … he's a doctor! [Naked Philadelphian]
• The IDF has been given the go-ahead to continue to stop rocket attacks from Gaza, including, in theory, a ground operation. Judge Goldstone's op-ed may have been more well-timed than he knew. [AP/Vos Iz Neias?]
• Jason Diamond eloquently points out that the way Tim Tebow wears religion on his sleeve is the exact opposite of Koufaxing. [Jewcy]
• Brett Ratner—of Money Talks and the Rush Hour franchise—will direct an adaptation of the book Hunting Eichmann. Not sure he's the best guy for the project, but OK. [Forward The Schmooze]
• Maybe Amar'e Stoudemire's get-up yesterday wasn't a costume … . [Page Six]
• A co-founder of Hamas only recently released from Israeli prison was arrested again. One of his sons was the one who became an Israeli informant. [JTA]
T.S. Eliot and Groucho Marx: best friends forever? Not quite, but the anti-Semitic poet did admire the Jewish comic, with predictably hilarious results. Here is a late-period Groucho treasure.
Click here for access to comments
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Medtronic Infuse Bone Graft Lawsuits: Bernstein Liebhard LLP Notes New Report Predicting Hundreds of Medtronic Infuse Lawsuits
The Firm´s Medtronic Infuse lawyers are investigating legal claims on behalf of individuals who suffered serious complications, including respiratory problems, cancer, nerve damage or wrongful death, allegedly due to Medtronic Infuse Bone Graft.
New York, New York (PRWEB) April 06, 2013
The Medtronic Infuse lawyers at Bernstein Liebhard LLP note that a new report published by MassDevice.com predicts that hundreds of Medtronic Infuse Bone Graft lawsuits could ultimately be filed by individuals who allegedly suffered serious complications due to the controversial bone growth protein. According to the report, a Medtronic Infuse lawsuit was recently filed in U.S. District Court, Southern District of Ohio, involving 88 patients who allegedly received the bone protein in experimental spine surgeries without their consent. In addition to Medtronic Inc., the lawsuit names the Ohio surgeon who performed the surgeries and was a paid consultant to Medtronic. According to court documents, all of the plaintiffs allege the doctor "performed medically unnecessary, experimental spines surgeries on plaintiffs using falsely and improperly marketed Medtronic medical devices and drugs." (Case No. 1:13-cv-00202-SSB). *
"Considering all of the controversies that have erupted over the years regarding this product, it would not be surprising to see a large number of Medtronic Infuse lawsuit filings," says Bernstein Liebhard LLP, a nationwide law firm currently evaluating Medtronic Infuse Bone Graft lawsuits on behalf of individuals who may have suffered respiratory problems, nerve damage, and wrongful death, allegedly associated with use of Infuse.
Medtronic Infuse Complications
Medtronic Infuse Bone Graft was approved by the U.S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA) in 2002 for stimulating spinal bone growth in patients with a degenerative disease affecting the lower spine. In 2008, the FDA warned that Infuse Bone Graft had been associated with serious complications when used off-label in cervical spine fusions, including excessive swelling in the neck, compressed airways, difficulty breathing, problems swallowing and nerve damage.**
Since the FDA warning, Medtronic Infuse has been the subject of growing controversy, some of which have raised questions about Medtronic's financial relationships with doctors, according to Bernstein Liebhard. This past October, a U.S. Senate Finance Committee report raised disturbing questions about the research used to back Infuse. The report found that Medtronic paid out $210 million in royalties, consulting fees, and other payments to the doctors who co-authored the Medtronic-sponsored Infuse studies. Among other things, Senate investigators charged that Medtronic deliberately manipulated the studies to downplay Infuse side effects and promote off-label use of the product.***
In 2011, The Spine Journal raised similar questions when it dedicated an entire issue to studying the risks of the recombinant bone morphogenetic protein-2, or BMP-2, used in Medtronic Infuse Bone Graft. The journal´s investigation found that more than a dozen Medtronic-funded studies downplayed or entirely omitted evidence of safety issues associated with Infuse.****
The Medtronic Infuse lawyers at Bernstein Liebhard LLP are offering free lawsuit consultations to anyone allegedly injured by Medtronic Infuse Bone Graft. Victims of serious Infuse complications may be entitled to compensation for their medical care, pain and suffering, and other damages. A wealth of information regarding Medtronic Infuse Bone Graft lawsuits is available on the Firm´s website. For more information about Medtronic Infuse lawsuits, please contact one of our attorneys by calling 877-779-1414.
**** thespinejournalonline.com/article/S1529-9430%2811%2900299-3/abstract
About Bernstein Liebhard LLP
Bernstein Liebhard LLP is a New York-based law firm exclusively representing injured persons in complex individual and class action lawsuits nationwide since 1993, including those who have been harmed by dangerous drugs, defective medical devices and consumer products. The firm has been named by The National Law Journal to the "Plaintiffs´ Hot List," recognizing the top plaintiffs´ firms in the country, for the past 10 consecutive years.
Bernstein Liebhard LLP
10 East 40th Street
New York, New York 10016
(877) 779-1414
ATTORNEY ADVERTISING. © 2013 Bernstein Liebhard LLP. The law firm responsible for this advertisement is Bernstein Liebhard LLP, 10 East 40th Street, New York, New York 10016, (212) 779-1414. Prior results do not guarantee or predict a similar outcome with respect to any future matter.
Contact Information:
Felecia L. Stern, Esq.
Bernstein Liebhard LLP
For the original version on PRWeb visit: http://www.prweb.com/releases/prwebmedtronic-infuse-lawsuit/medtronic-infuse-injuries/prweb10606546.htm

subset: commoncrawl


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Cheap AZO to St. Cloud flights
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AZO to STC Route Map
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Route information for flights from Kalamazoo Battle Creek Intl. to St. Cloud Regional.
481.09 miles
AZO - Kalamazoo Battle Creek Intl. Airlines
Browse the most popular airlines servicing the Kalamazoo (AZO) airport. Visit their flights pages to learn more about the most popular routes these carriers fly.


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Our 29mm Jute Knit Braid makes an elegant and trendy accent to your projects and crafts. The flat braid features a basket weave design made from natural jute fibers. This eco-friendly braided trim will add a stylish touch to home furnishings. Embellish accent pillows, cushions, duvets, and more! You can also create a simple but chic belt with this trim and one of our buckles. Before using, tape or fuse both ends to prevent unraveling. Available in one color.
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Mary Adley sits in her wheelchair at the Park Regency Care Center in La Habra watching TV in a small snack room while Frank Sinatra's "New York, New York" plays in the background.
The 103-year-old has lived at the retirement community for just over two years, socializing and playing bingo the best she can with her slowly disappearing vision. She mostly socializes with other residents in and around the facility.
Five months ago she took in a roommate, Harold Lang, 83.
They share a room, their privacy separated only by a curtain. The arrangement works. Adley goes to bed around 6 p.m., giving Lang the chance to watch TV for the rest of the evening.
Adley is still sharp, witty, and with a zest for life. Lang, better known as "Bud," is a bit more introverted.
The differences don't stop mother and son from enjoying each other's company.
"We get along fine," he said. "I'm her baby."
Lang's sister, Bea, took care of their mother in her Rowland Heights home until Adley decided she wanted to move into Park Regency. Feeling she didn't want to become a burden to her children because of her deteriorating health, she sought out the center.
Park Regency Director Maria Lopez said she was initially apprehensive about putting mother and son in the same room.
"We talked to the licensing agency to see if it was OK, because it's a male and a female," Lopez said.
The California Department of Public Health does not regulate living arrangements at nursing homes. After considering the relationship, Lopez said she saw no reason why the pair shouldn't live together.
Part of the reason for the unusual living arrangement was so he could keep an eye on his mother, Lang said.
"I wanted to make sure she was doing all right," he said.
Though she gets around with the help of a wheelchair, Lopez said Adley's appearance can be somewhat deceiving.
"She's sharp as a needle," Lopez said. "She's very sweet and never complains."


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Classics Dec 5, '13: Uncut 15 min. Holiday Classics , pt. 2
Johnny and John review in uncut 15 min the final two Holiday Classics at the Gateway Film Center: It's a Wonderful Life and White Christmas.
A Cinema Classic: Holiday Classics, pt. 12
Award-winning Cinema Classics discusses great movies then and now. From films, genres, directors, and actors to everything else in between, the hosts don't always agree, but they are always fun and informative.
Cinema Classics is regularly broadcast at 8:01 pm Thursday on WCBE 90.5 FM and streaming at WCBE.org. Stay connected on Facebook.
John DeSando is also co-host of WCBE's It's Movie Time. Contact him at firstname.lastname@example.com
Johnny DiLoretto is a longtime Columbus media personality, the co-host of Foodcast, and the director of operations at the Gateway Film Center. Contact him at email@example.com


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Articles tagged royksopp
14 Jun 2010 // 9:20 AM
The Swedish teen-pop-star-turned-hipster-darling kicks off a planned trilogy of albums on a mostly encouraging and occasionally even brilliant note.READ more
31 Mar 2010 // 9:00 PM
Top Berlin spinner crafts a mix with seamless transitions, rising tension, and an exceptional finale.READ more
22 Mar 2009 // 9:00 PM
The Norwegian duo's third album is arguably its best yet.READ more
//Mixed media
Tim Bowness "Great Electric Teenage Dream" (video) (Premiere) // Music
Jeremy Pinnell "Big Bright World" (audio) (Premiere) // Music
Tyler Lyle 'The Native Genius of Desert Plants' (album stream) (Premiere) // Music
The Mix Tapes "Just Don't Get It" (audio) (Premiere) // Music
//Pm Picks
Counterbalance: The Avalanches' 'Since I Left You'
// Sound Affects
"Get a drink, have a good time now. Welcome to paradise, and read all about the 305th most acclaimed album of all time. An Australian plunderphonics pioneer is this week's Counterbalance.READ the article


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nucleotides in erythrocytes, weight loss, and alopecia, which were reversed by injection of 40 mg of niacin.
Data are insufficient to estimate niacin requirements of nonhuman primates with confidence. It is probable that the dietary niacin requirement of rhesus monkeys with minimal synthesis from tryptophan is 16-56 mg·kg-1 of DM.
Vitamin B6 occurs as pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine. These compounds function metabolically as the coenzymes pyridoxal phosphate and pyridoxamine phosphate. The vitamin B6 coenzymes are important cofactors in amino acid metabolism and in glycogen and lipid metabolism. Vitamin B6 coenzymes also can be involved in the synthesis of niacin from tryptophan (Leklem, 1996, 1999). The bioavailability of vitamin B6 in a mixed human diet is about 75% (Tarr et al., 1981). That in foods used for laboratory animals has been reported to be as low as 40-60% under some conditions (Baker, 1995). Supplemental vitamin B6 is usually added to feeds as pyridoxine hydrochloride, with a vitamin B6 potency of 92%.
Vitamin B6 deficiency has been produced in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) by a number of investigators, beginning with McCall et al. (1946), who described the resulting syndrome as consisting of weight loss, hypochromic anemia, and ataxia. Clinical improvement was noted in 2 weeks after provision of 1 mg of pyridoxine per day to 1.5- to 2-kg monkeys. Others have confirmed those clinical signs and modified the description of the deficiency to include widespread arteriosclerosis, leukopenia, anemia, liver cirrhosis, decreased plasma albumin, and increased plasma globulin, dental caries, and neural degeneration of the cerebral cortex (Rinehart and Greenberg, 1949a, 1951, 1956; Greenberg et al., 1952; Poppen et al., 1952; Mushett and Emerson, 1956; Victor and Adams, 1956; Greenberg et al., 1958; Greenberg, 1964; Wizgird et al., 1965). Arteriosclerosis involving many tissues and organs, anemia, leukopenia, alopecia, and dermatitis are the most frequently reported signs.
The interrelationship between essential fatty acids and vitamin B6 has been investigated because it was thought that vitamin B6 might be required for the conversion of linoleic acid to arachidonic acid. In turn, a deficiency of arachidonic acid might be responsible for atherosclerosis in primates. The vascular lesions of animals with a combined deficiency of essential fatty acids and vitamin B6 were no more severe than those seen in animals with simple vitamin B6 deficiency. The fatty acid patterns in plasma and erythrocytes of control and vitamin B6-deficient animals were similar and unlike those of animals deficient in essential fatty acids. The conclusion was that no metabolic interrelationship exists between the two nutrients (Greenberg and Moon, 1959, 1961; Greenberg 1964), although the role of vitamin B6 in lipid metabolism remains controversial (Leklem, 1999).
Arteriosclerosis develops in vitamin B6-deficient cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) and rhesus monkeys (Kuzuya. 1993). At least partial regression of the lesions occurs upon refeeding vitamin B6 (Yamada et al., 1965).
Vitamin B6 requirements were investigated in several studies, which are summarized in Table 7-4.
Rinehart and Greenberg (1956) tested graded levels of pyridoxine hydrochloride and measured growth of rhesus monkeys weighing 1.3-3.0 kg. They concluded that the requirement was 62 µg·BWkg-1·d-1 for optimal growth. But Emerson et al. (1960) fed pyridoxine hydrochloride at 50-2,000 µg·d-1 to rhesus monkeys weighing 4.1 kg. Ataxia and alopecia persisted in animals receiving 500 µg·d-1 or less, and higher dosages were required to alleviate deficiency signs. A dosage of 1.0-2.0 mg·d-1 (244-488 µg·BWkg-1·d-1) was required for optimal growth. Specific reasons for the difference in observed requirements reported by these investigators are not apparent, but the low requirement reported by Rinehart and Greenberg (1956) was observed in animals fed diets that were lower in protein than those fed by Emerson et al. (1960). In a number of studies of vitamin B6 deficiency, administration of 3.5 mg of vitamin B6 two times per week or 1.0 mg·d-1 has been sufficient to prevent signs of deficiency (Rinehart and Greenberg, 1949b, 1956; Poppen et al., 1952; Victor and Adams, 1956; Wizgard et al., 1965).
Mann (1968) described a vitamin B6 deficiency in capuchin monkeys (Cebus albifrons) that consisted of weight loss, profound hypochromic microcytic anemia, hair loss, dermatitis (especially about the hands and toes), and, rarely, convulsions. The livers were mildly fatty, but no cirrhosis was observed. In contrast with vitamin B6 deficiency in rhesus monkeys, cardiovascular changes and arteriosclerosis were not observed. A minimal therapeutic dose of vitamin B6 at 50-100 µg·BWkg-1·d-1 was required to promote optimal weight gain. Although it was not summarized in tabular form, inspection of a graph of hematocrit vs pyridoxine dose suggests that a level of about 175-200 µg·BWkg-1·d-1 was required for an optimal hematocrit response (Mann, 1969).
Vitamin B6 deficiency also has been produced in male baboons (Papio anubis) weighing 7-15 kg. The deficient animals became apathetic and anorexic and had occasional bloody diarrhea for a day or two. Some animals' genitalia remained juvenile. Nervous tremors were sometimes observed. The baboons died after 6-8 months unless they were given pyridoxine parenterally. Some animals were kept on intermittent pyridoxine administration to sustain a concentration of serum pyridoxine known to be compatible with life. After 2 or more years of chronic deprivation, fatty degeneration of the liver was seen with hyperplastic nodules similar to premalignant or neoplastic lesions,


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Jenny Craig Center - Elk Grove, CA
WebMD Physician Directory
Elk Grove, California
Jenny Craig
What It Is
Jenny Craig isn't a Janie-come-lately to the diet field. The program began in 1983 in Australia and started U.S. operations in 1985.
The Jenny Craig method is a three-level food-mind-body plan to...
Other Related Jenny Craig Articles
Emergency Contact for Elk Grove
Nearby Elk Grove Hospitals *
Methodist Hospital Sacramento
Sierra Vista Hospital
Kaiser Permanente
Sutter Center For Psychiatry
Sacramento VA Medical Center
Shriners Hospital For Children
University Of CA Davis Med Ctr
Sacramento County Mental Health
Sutter Memorial Hospital
Mercy General Hospital
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Kaiser Permanente Med Ctr Hosp
Heritage Oaks Hospital
Mercy San Juan Medical Center
Lodi Memorial Hospital West
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California State Prison
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Kindred Hospital-Sacramento
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Kaiser Permanente Medical Ctr
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Woodland Memorial Hospital
St Joseph's Behavioral Health
St Joseph's Medical Center
San Joaquin County Behavrl Hlth
Dameron Hospital
North Bay Vaccavalley Hospital
California Medical Facility
David Grant USAF Medical Center
*Provider Directory Terms of Use:
The WebMD 'Provider Directory' is provided by WebMD for use by the general public as a quick reference of information about Providers. The Provider Directory is not intended as a tool for verifying the credentials, qualifications, or abilities of any Provider contained therein. Inclusion in the Provider Directory does not imply recommendation or endorsement nor does omission in the Provider Directory imply WebMD disapproval.


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PRESTONSBURG — The Floyd County Chamber Of Commerce has created a Chamber Ambassador Program. The Chamber Ambassador Program has been established to help create a network of individuals that will serve as ambassadors and advocates for the Chamber.
The primary purpose of the Ambassador Program is for the Ambassadors to act as advocates by promoting the Chamber to new and potential members while encouraging current Chamber members to maximize their membership. Chamber Ambassadors that are selected will visit existing members and help recruit new members. Chamber Ambassadors will assist in welcoming new members to the Chamber, participate in Ribbon Cuttings and attend Chamber events such as the bi-monthly membership meetings and Business After Hours events.
The Chamber Ambassador Program is a great opportunity for business professionals to be in a position of leadership, visible in the communities and for obtaining new business contacts. The Chamber Ambassadors will also act as a liaison between the Chamber and its members, relaying concerns from the business community and ensuring all members get the maximum benefit from chamber membership.
If you are interested in strengthening Chamber Membership and the business community, contact Michelle Staniford, Ambassador chairperson, at (606) 886-0192 or email email@example.com, or the Chamber office at (606) 886-0364 or email firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Want to see what guests are saying about this hotel? Click here to read all reviews
Citadines Central Shinjuku Tokyo (Former BEST WESTERN Shinjuku Astina Hotel) is very well situated for travelers wanting to be close to Tokyo's most exciting locations, including Shinjuku and Ginza. Nearby train stations put Tokyo's major sites within reach. There are a range of rooms specifically suited to fit the needs of holiday and business travelers. An executive lounge is available to those staying on the business and executive floors, giving business travelers a place to host clients and hold meetings.
Citadines Central Shinjuku Tokyo (Former BEST WESTERN Shinjuku Astina Hotel) has single, double and standard rooms that make for a pleasant stay for holiday travelers, including families. Guests staying in larger rooms on the business and executive floors have stunning views of Tokyo's vibrant cityscape and exclusive access to the executive lounge. Rooms located on these floors also enjoy complimentary access to fax and copying services. All rooms have complimentary Internet access.
Citadines Central Shinjuku Tokyo (Former BEST WESTERN Shinjuku Astina Hotel) is within walking distance to two train stations, putting the charms of Tokyo within the grasp of visitors. The spacious rooms are suitable for families while business travelers will enjoy the services provided on the business and executive floors, including free copy and fax services. The hotel's modern restaurant serves a mix of Japanese and Western cuisine and is open for breakfast, lunch and dinner.
Customers who viewed Citadines Central Shinjuku Tokyo also booked these hotels.
Rates quoted in currencies other than the hotel's base currency are subject to the rate of the international exchange. Rate may change throughout stay. Rate may reflect average nightly rate. Extra charges may apply. Incidental charges, such as room service, are not included in the rate.
The amenities and/or facilities may not be located at the hotel, but within a reasonable distance, and additional charges may apply for use.
Orbitz guards your privacy and security. We're certified by TRUSTe and Verisign.© 2001 - 2015, Orbitz, LLC. All rights reserved.CST 2063530-50; Hawaii TAR-6881; Iowa 644; Washington 602-108-724


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Daughter of MH370 chief steward thanked Liverpool fans for jersey
Published on Apr 14, 2014 1:16 PM
KUALA LUMPUR (AFP) - The daughter of the chief steward aboard the missing Malaysia Airlines jet MH370 has thanked Liverpool fans for giving her a signed jersey in honour of her football-mad father.
Ms Maira Elizabeth Nari - who has become a social media phenomenon in Malaysia for her poignant posts refusing to give up hope of finding her father alive - said three Malaysian Liverpool fans "went through a few obstacles" to get the shirt signed by the club's players and manager after a recent game at Anfield.
"Feeling so blessed! I've no clue how to thank all of you," the 17-year-old wrote as she posted a picture of the shirt over the weekend, which has been shared on Twitter nearly 3,500 times.
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Margie Blok
Country calls the Cowleys
Margie Blok This week's trophy listing is the long-held 1540-square-metre Clifton Gardens estate.
It's tough at the top
Margie Blok It's been a tough year at the top of the market with vendors holding out for lofty prices in an incredibly price-sensitive buyers' market.
Title Deeds
Burley Griffin's parting gift
Margie Blok At Pymble on the upper north shore, a significant heritage-listed residence designed by the iconic architect Walter Burley Griffin has sold for about $3.
Title Deeds
At last, Mosman's on the move
Margie Blok At harbourside Mosman on the lower north shore, where prestige residential sales have been sluggish this year, there's been a recent spurt of activity - mostly at reduced prices.
From the manor torn
Margie Blok Two lavish and luxurious waterfront mansions are among the most interesting listings in the eastern suburbs.


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1983 Ask Guru - Questions & Answers Found
hi im urgently looking for a room to rent in Bukit Jali area preferable Vista komonwealth. Anyone with a vacant room? please pm
Posted on March 18, 2014 | Category: Renting Property
How can i post a room to rent advert in Property Guru?
Posted on January 10, 2013 | Category: Advertising in PropertyGuru
hi all, i want rent an apartment near my office Bangsar south city in this week 1) full furniture or part furniture 2) near Bangsar south city can walk to office or easy to office by LRT 3) studio or 1-2 bed room 4) rent 1-2 years please feel free call me 010 2875 234 Leo
Posted on April 17, 2012 | Category: Renting Property
Got any room for rent at subang area ? And can keep a pet 1?
Posted on February 07, 2014 | Category: Renting Property
room for rent near park royal hotel
Posted on July 25, 2011 | Category: Renting Property


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Despite the widespread use of roots of Cassia sieberiana in managing several health conditions including gastric ulcer disease, there is little scientific data to support the rational phytotherapeutics as an anti-ulcer agent. This paper reports an evaluation of the in vivo anti-oxidant properties of an aqueous root bark extract of C. sieberiana in experimental gastric ulcer rats in a bid to elucidate its mechanism of action.
Fisher 344 (F344) rats received pretreatment of C. sieberiana root bark extract (500, 750, and 1000 mg/kg body wt.) for 7 days after which there was induction of gastric injury with absolute ethanol. The mean ulcer index (MUI) was calculated and serum total anti-oxidant level determined. Gastric mucosal tissues were prepared and the activity level of the enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were measured together with the level of lipid hydroperoxides (LPO). Statistical difference between treatment groups was analysed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnett's post hoc t test. Statistical significance was calculated at P< 0.05.
The administration of ethanol triggered severe acute gastric ulcer and pretreatment with C. sieberiana root bark extract significantly and dose dependently protected against this effect. The root bark extract also dose dependently and significantly inhibited the ethanol induced decrease in activity levels of the enzymes SOD, CAT and GPx. The extract also inhibited the ethanol-induced decrease in level of serum total anti-oxidant capacity. The increase in ethanol-induced LPO level and MPO activity were also significantly and dose-dependently inhibited by the root bark extract.
The gastro-cytoprotective effect, inhibition of decrease in activity of gastric anti-oxidant enzymes and MPO as well as the inhibition of gastric LPO level suggests that one of the anti-ulcer mechanisms of C. sieberiana is the anti-oxidant property.
Keywords:Gastric ulcer; Cassia sieberiana; Superoxide dismutase; Catalase; Glutathione peroxidase; Lipid hydroperoxide; Myeloperoxidase
Gastric ulcer disease (GUD) is a common problem of the gastro-intestinal tract with increasing incidence and prevalence attributed to various factors including the widespread use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). GUD is reported to affect about 14.5 million people worldwide with a mortality of about 4.08 million [1]. Although the etiology of gastric ulcers is still debated, it is accepted that gastric ulcers are triggered by an imbalance between factors that damage and those that protect the stomach. Mucosal damage, an initial step in gastric ulcer development, has been known to be due to hypersecretion of HCl through H+, K+-ATPase action [2], harbouring of H. pylori on the damaged mucin layer [3], the blockade of the cyclooxygenase enzyme system by NSAIDs [4], and oxidative stress by reactive oxygen species.
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals play an important role in the pathogenesis of several human diseases including GUD [5,6]. Various studies have also shown that the endogenous anti-oxidant defense enzymes play a principal role in eliminating ROS and free radicals generated from the action of factors that damage the stomach. An approach to manage GUD, therefore, is through the scavenging of ROS and the stimulation of the endogenous anti-oxidant enzymes in the stomach in addition to the other approaches like the inhibition of gastric H+, K+-ATPase and the elimination of H. pylori using antibiotics.
Cassia sieberiana (Cassia kotschyana Oliv.; Fam. Caesalpinaceae), is a savannah tree that grows to about 15 m tall and is commonly fairly cultivated because of its attractive blossom and curious fruits (commonly referred to as the African laburnum). C. sieberiana has a very wide range of phytotherapeutic application in Ghana including the use of its roots in the management of hernia, leprosy, indigestion and gastric ulcer [7]. Studies by Nartey et al. [8] reported that the aqueous root bark extract of C. sieberiana possesses gastro-cytoprotective, anti-secretory and ulcer healing properties with the suggestion that its anti-ulcerogenic activity may be due to inhibition of the H+, K+-ATPase proton pump and increase in activity of gastric anti-oxidative enzymes. In another study by Nartey et al. [9], the aqueous root bark extract was shown to possess in vitro free radical scavenging and anti-oxidant properties and could stimulate the production of gastric mucosal prostaglandins E2 and I2. The aim of this study was therefore to assess the gastro-cytoprotective effect of root bark extract of C. sieberiana in comparison with ranitidine in a model of ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in rats and to elicit the underlying in vivo anti-oxidative mechanisms. For this purpose, the role of the root bark extract in oxidative stress was studied by measuring changes in activity levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). In addition, the total anti-oxidant capacity of blood serum, the level of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and the activity level of myeloperoxidase (MPO) as a marker of neutrophil infiltration of the stomach homogenates were also measured.
Preparation of root bark extract
Fresh roots of C. sieberiana (Cassia kotschyana Oliv.) were obtained from the grounds of the University of Ghana, authenticated at the Ghana herbarium and prepared as previously described by Nartey et al. [8]. Briefly, chopped fresh root barks of C. sieberiana (750 g) were grounded and mixed with 1L of water and left to stand for 24 hours. The resulting concoction was evaporated under reduced pressure with the rotary evaporator at 30°C and the concentrate freeze-dried to yield solid material which was stored at 4°C and used within 4 weeks of production.
Fisher 344 (F344) rats weighing 230.3 ± 14.5 g (mean ± S.D) of both sexes were used for the studies. They were raised on standard laboratory diet (GAFCO, Tema, Ghana). The animal experimentation described in this study was approved by the Scientific and Technical Committee of the Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (NMIMR) of the University of Ghana and was conducted in accordance with internationally accepted principles for laboratory animal use and care.
Chemicals and reagents
The enzyme immunoassay kits for total anti-oxidants (Item # 709001), lipid hydroperoxide-LPO (Item # 705002), superoxide dismutase-SOD (Item # 706002), catalase-CAT (Item # 707002) and glutathione peroxidase-GPx (Item # 703102), were obtained from Cayman Chemical Company (Ann Arbor, U.S.A). Protein assay kit (Item # 704002) was also obtained from Cayman Chemical Company (Ann Arbor, U.S.A). All other chemicals and reagents were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Company, St. Louis, MO, U.S.A.
Administration of plant extract and induction of gastric ulcers
Different concentrations of C. sieberiana root bark extract (dissolved in water as vehicle) were administered by oral gavage to the different animal groups (six animals per group) at 12 h intervals in a total volume of 2 mL for 7 days. The concentration of the plant extract was determined based on the earlier report of Nartey et al. [8]. One hour after the last administration of the root bark extract and after overnight fasting, animals received absolute ethanol (1 mL/200 g body weight) by the same route [10]. One hour after the administration of ethanol, the animals were euthanised and blood collected by cardiac puncture. Serum was separated and used for the determination of total anti-oxidant capacity. The stomachs were then removed, cut open along the greater curvature and flushed gently with lukewarm water. Thereafter, the gastric mucosa was observed for lesions with the aid of a magnifying glass and the severity of the mucosal lesions scored according to the method of Marhueda et al. [11]. The vehicle (water) and ranitidine (50 mg/kg body weight) were administered similarly as the C. sieberiana root bark extract. The ulcer score for each animal was determined and the mean ulcer index (MUI) and percentage inhibition for each group calculated as follows:
Total antioxidant capacity
The capacity of total anti-oxidants in the serum was assayed as per instructions from Cayman Chemical Company (Ann Arbor, U.S.A). Briefly the blood was allowed to clot for 30 min and then centrifuged at 2,000 g for 15 min at 4°C. The resulting supernatant was assayed for total anti-oxidant capacity using Cayman's anti-oxidant assay kit (Item # 709001).
Determination of LPO levels and anti-oxidant enzymes activities
In other set of experiments, after euthanasia the stomachs were quickly removed, rinsed in phosphate buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4) and weighed. The stomachs were then homogenized and centrifuged according to the standard procedures using ELISA kits from Cayman Chemical Company (Ann Arbor, U.S.A) and the supernatant assayed as per instructions for determination of LPO (Item # 705002) and the activity of the anti-oxidant enzymes SOD (Item # 706002), CAT (Item # 707002) and GPx (Item # 703102). Protein levels were estimated by protein assay kits (Item # 704002) from Cayman Chemical Company (Ann Arbor, U.S.A).
Determination of myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity
In another set of experiment, immediately after euthanasia the stomachs were quickly removed, homogenized (1:10 wt/vol) in 0.5% hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Company, U.S.A) in 50 mmol potassium phosphate buffer (pH 6.0) and assayed by the method of Bradley et al. [12] as described by Tariq et al. [13]. MPO activity in gastric tissues was expressed as μmol/min/mg tissue.
Statistical analysis
Comparisons between means were performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnett's post hoc t test to determine statistical significance. P< 0.05 was considered significant.
Anti-ulcer activity
The result of the effect of ethanol on ulcer index is shown in Table 1. Treatment of rats with absolute ethanol produced extensive gastric ulcers in the glandular mucosa of stomach in all of the control animals. The mean ulcer index (MUI) was found to be 8.00 ± 0.37 in control animals (Table 1). Pretreatment of rats with C. sieberiana root bark extract in the doses of 500 mg/kg (MUI, 5.83 ± 0.31), 750 mg/kg (MUI, 4.00 ± 0.37), and 1000 mg/kg (MUI, 1.170 ± 0.17) for 7 days significantly and dose-dependently inhibited the formation of gastric lesions (p< 0.001). There were 27.50%, 50.00% and 85.38% protection in the CS-500, CS-750 and CS-1000 groups respectively (Figure 1). There was no significant difference (p> 0.05) in ulcer inhibition between the ranitidine pre-treated control group (81.25%) and the CS-1000 group (85.38%).
Table 1. Effect of C. sieberiana (CS) root bark extract on ulcer index in ethanol-induced gastric ulcer rats
Figure 1. Effect of C. sieberiana (CS) root bark extract on gastric ulcer inhibition in F344 rats.
Lipid peroxidation index
Table 2 shows that treatment of animals with absolute ethanol induced the generation of significant amounts (p< 0.001) of LPO from 2.85 ± 0.17 nmol/mg protein in the baseline (intact) to 8.34 ± 0.13 nmol/mg protein in the ulcer control. Administration of the plant extract significantly (p< 0.001) inhibited the generation of lipid hydroperoxides in a dose-dependent manner. The high dose of C. sieberiana (CS-1000) inhibited the generation of LPO from 8.34 ± 0.13 nmol/mg protein in the ulcer control to 3.13 ± 0.13 nmol/mg protein which was significantly higher (p< 0.001) than the effect of ranitidine (5.09 ± 0.06 nmol/mg protein).
Table 2. Effect of C. sieberiana (CS) root bark extract on lipid peroxidation indices in ethanol-induced gastric ulcer rats
MPO activity
Table 2 shows that the activity of gastric MPO was significantly increased (p< 0.001) from 2.80 ± 0.20 μmol/min/mg tissue in the baseline (intact) group to 9.20 ± 0.26 μmol/min/mg tissue when the rats were administered ethanol. Pre-treatment with different doses of the extract significantly (p< 0.001) attenuated ethanol-induced increase in gastric MPO activity in rats in a dose-dependent manner which was similar to the effect of ranitidine. However the effect of the high dose of C. sieberiana root bark extract (CS-1000) (3.27 ± 0.10 μmol/min/mg tissue) was significantly higher (p< 0.001) than that of ranitidine (4.22 ± 0.08 μmol/min/mg tissue), the reference anti-ulcer agent.
Serum total anti-oxidant capacity
The results in Figure 2 show the effect of treatments on total anti-oxidant capacity in serum. Analysis of the results indicates that untreated animals induced with gastric ulcer showed a significant decrease (p< 0.001) in serum total anti-oxidants (1.93 ± 0.07 μmol/mg protein) when compared with the intact gastric mucosa (4.76 ± 0.04 μmol/mg protein). Animals pre-treated with ranitidine and extract at the three tested doses showed a significant dose-dependent increase in total serum anti-oxidants. This improvement was most pronounced (4.77 ± 0.07 μmol/mg protein) in the group that received the high dose of C. sieberiana root bark extract (CS-1000). Pre-treatment of animals with ranitidine, the standard anti-ulcer drug showed significantly lower total serum anti-oxidant capacity compared with CS-1000 (p< 0.01).
Figure 2. Effect of C. sieberiana (CS) plant extract on serum total anti-oxidant capacity in F344 rats.a p<0.001 compared with baseline (intact); b p<0.001 compared with ulcer control; c p<0.05 compared with CS-500; d p<0.001 compared with CS-750; e p<0.01 compared with CS-1000; Values are Mean ± SEM of 6 animals. Statistical significance was determined by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnett's post hoc t test.
SOD activity
The results in Figure 3 represent the effect of various treatments on SOD activity. Analysis of the figure shows that the activity of SOD was significantly lowered (p< 0.001) in the gastric mucosa of animals exposed to ethanol (Ulcer control) (2.56 ± 0.11 U/mg protein), when compared with the respective value in intact gastric mucosa (baseline) (5.80 ± 0.06 U/mg protein). Pre-treatment of the rats with C. sieberiana for 7 days showed a dose-dependent significant (p< 0.001) inhibition of the effect of ethanol in decreasing SOD. Pre-treatment with ranitidine also showed a significant (p< 0.001) inhibition of the effect of ethanol on gastric mucosal SOD but this was lower (p< 0.01) than the effect of CS-1000.
Figure 3. Effect of C. sieberiana (CS) plant extract on mucosal superoxide dismutase activity in F344 rats.a p<0.001 compared with baseline (intact); b p<0.001 compared with ulcer control; c p<0.001 compared with CS-500; d p<0.001 compared with CS-750; e p<0.01 compared with CS-1000; Values are Mean ± SEM of 6 animals. Statistical significance was determined by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnett's post hoc t test.
CAT activity
The results of the effect of different treatments on catalase activity are shown in Figure 4. The activity of catalase in gastric mucosa significantly varied after ethanol treatment, decreasing from 7.67 ± 0.16 nmol/min/mg protein in the baseline (intact) group to 4.64 ± 0.08 nmol/min/mg protein in the group exposed to ethanol (Ulcer control). Figure 4 also shows that pre-treatment of the animals with different doses of the root bark extract for 7 days significantly inhibited the effect of the ethanol on CAT in a dose-dependent manner. Rats administered 1000mg/kg bd. weight of the extract significantly increased (p< 0.001) CAT activity from 4.64 ± 0.08 nmol/min/mg protein in the ulcer control to 7.76 ± 0.08 nmol/min/mg protein in CS-1000. This increase in CAT activity was significantly higher (p< 0.001) than that recorded for ranitidine (6.27 ± 0.05 nmol/min/mg protein).
Figure 4. Effect of C. sieberiana (CS) plant extract on mucosal catalase activity in F344 rats.a p<0.001 compared with baseline (intact); b p<0.01 compared with ulcer control; c p<0.001 compared with ulcer control; d p<0.01 compared with CS-500; e p<0.001 compared with CS-750; f p<0.001 compared with CS-1000; Values are Mean ± SEM of 6 animals. Statistical significance was determined by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnett's post hoc t test.
GPx activity
The effect of the extract and ranitidine, a reference compound on the activity of GPx are shown in Figure 5. The graph shows that the administration of ethanol significantly reduced (p< 0.001) the activity of GPx from 3.75 ± 0.16 nmol/min/mg protein in the baseline (intact) to 1.57 ± 0.16 nmol/min/mg protein in the ulcer control. All three doses of C. sieberiana significantly inhibited the effect of ethanol on GPx compared with the ulcer control. The CS-1000 succeeded in inducing a significant improvement (p< 0.001) in GPx activity compared with the ulcer control and this effect was similar but significantly higher (p< 0.01) to that of ranitidine.
Figure 5. Effect of C. sieberiana (CS) plant extract on mucosal glutathione peroxidase activity in F344 rats.a p<0.001 compared with baseline (intact); b p<0.01 compared with ulcer control; c p<0.001 compared with ulcer control; d p<0.01 compared with CS-500; e p<0.05 compared with CS-750; f p<0.01 compared with CS-1000; Values are Mean ± SEM of 6 animals. Statistical significance was determined by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnett's post hoc t test.
Gastric ulcer disease is a multi-factorial disease and the significant role played by reactive oxygen species and free radicals [5] during its pathogenesis is well experimented in both human and experimental animals [14]. The administration of absolute ethanol in the induction of gastric ulcer in experimental rats is one of several methods used in the assessment of the gastro- cytoprotective action of anti-ulcer agents. The injurious effect of absolute ethanol in the stomach as a result of superficial aggressive necrosis due to enhanced lipid peroxidation also involves various mediators like lipoxygenase, cytokines [15], and excessive generation of oxygen-derived free radicals [16].
The present study was undertaken to investigate the in-vivo anti-oxidant effect of the root bark extract of C. sieberiana in a model of ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in rats. The results of the present study indicates that oral administration of C. sieberiana root bark extract had a significant and dose-dependent increase of the MUI inhibition (percent) against ethanol-induced gastric lesions (Figure 1). Compared with the untreated ulcer control animals, the inhibition of the gastric ulcers were 27.50%, 50.00% and 85.38% respectively for animals pretreated with 500 mg/kg, 750 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg body weight of C. sieberiana. This data suggests that C. sieberiana root bark extract possesses strong gastro-cytoprotective properties against ethanol-induced gastric ulcers. This is in agreement with earlier reports that the root bark extract possesses anti-ulcerogenic properties in other induced gastric ulcer animal models [8] and is supported by the inhibition of decrease of the anti-oxidative enzymes SOD, CAT and GPx.
The endogenous anti-oxidant enzymes SOD, CAT and GPx in the gastric mucus are the key component of cellular defense system against reactive oxygen species. SOD catalyses the dismutation of O2- to H2O2 which is then scavenged by CAT and GPx. The activity of GPx leads to the elimination of lipid hydroperoxides and hence plays an important role in cell protection [17]. Thus, inhibition of the activities of these enzymes in the gastric mucosa by ethanol may result in the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide with subsequent oxidation of lipids which will ultimately lead to loss of membrane integrity. Results from this study indicate that ethanol administration significantly decreased (p< 0.001) the activities of SOD, CAT and GPx and also serum total anti-oxidant capacity when compared with the un-ulcerated baseline animals. This observation was made 1 h after absolute ethanol administration. A decrease of SOD, CAT and GPx activities in gastric mucosa of rats exposed to ethanol leads to the accumulation of ROS and consequently to an increase in lipid peroxidation concentration and hence an increased mucosal damage as seen from the increase in MUI. These observations confirm the findings of several studies, which reported alterations in anti-oxidant enzyme activities in ethanol exposed animals [18-22]. The dose-dependent inhibition of ethanol-induced decrease in activity levels of gastric SOD, CAT and GPx when the animals where pretreated with C. sieberiana indicates that the root bark extract contains bioactive substances which can stimulate the activity of the endogenous gastric anti-oxidant enzyme system. The induced activity of the antioxidant defence system was supported by an increase in serum total antioxidant capacity, decrease in lipid hydroperoxides (LPO) and inhibition of myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity.
Induced SOD, CAT and GPx activities explains the decrease in LPO from 8.34 ± 0.13 nmol/mg protein in the ulcer control to 3.13 ± 0.13 nmol/mg protein in CS-1000 which is in correlation with the maintenance of baseline (intact) enzyme activity levels of SOD, CAT and GPx (p> 0.05). The gastro-cytoprotective effect of the root bark extract was also accompanied by inhibition of ethanol-induced increase in MPO from 9.20 ± 0.26 μmol/min/mg tissue in the ulcer control to 3.27 ± 0.10 μmol/min/mg tissue in CS-1000. The MPO assay is widely used as an index of neutrophil infiltration in various gastric ulcer models [23-25]. Neutrophils are the major inflammatory cell type infiltrating the injured mucosa following exposure to ethanol [26] and strategies to counteract the infiltration and/or activation of neutrophils have been shown to protect animals against gastric ulcers [27]. The effect of C. sieberiana in inhibiting an increase of MPO activity may therefore be related to its gastro-cytoprotective ability. This inhibition of neutrophil activation is in agreement with earlier studies that the root bark extract has anti-inflammatory properties [9,28].
The in-vivo anti-oxidant property of C. sieberiana root bark extract demonstrated in this study may be due to the presence of flavonol/flavonoid/flavone or related compounds with polyhydroxy and/or phenolic groups which we had earlier detected by phytochemical analysis [9]. Further studies we previously conducted [9] demonstrated that TLC spots revealed by fluorescence under UV light and their reaction with ferric chloride suggest that flavonol/flavonoid/flavone or related compounds with polyhydroxy and/or phenolic groups constituted major chemical substances in the root bark extract. Flavonoids or polyphenolic substances quench ROS, chelate metal ions and regenerate membrane-bound anti-oxidants and it has been demonstrated that substances with anti-oxidant properties, such as polyphenolic compounds, may protect against gastric-damaging effects caused by ethanol [29-35].
In conclusion, the present results suggest that the gastro-cytoprotective effect of C. sieberiana root bark extract against mucosal injury induced by ethanol might be mediated at least partially by its ability to stimulate and thereby maintain baseline activity level of mucosal anti-oxidant enzymes such as SOD, CAT and GPx which constitute endogenous scavengers of ROS. This effect is supported by the elevation of serum total anti-oxidant level and the inhibition of increase in LPO in addition to the inhibition of MPO enzyme activity to maintain them at near basal level.
CS: Cassia sieberiana; CAT: Catalase; F344: Fisher 344; GPx: Glutathione peroxidase; LPO: Lipid hydroperoxide; MPO: Myeloperoxidase; MUI: Mean ulcer index; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; SOD: Superoxide dismutase.
Competing interests
The authors declare they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
ETN and MO worked in the conception, methods, analysing results and revising it critically. CMA worked on the methods, data analysis and revising it critically. All three authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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A Novel Xenograft Mouse Model of Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy
The goal of this study is to construct and validate an animal model of FSHD derived from human muscle. Despite being one of the most prevalent neuromuscular disorders worldwide, there have been very few clinical trials in Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD). Currently there are no clinical trials and no good therapeutic options for this progressively disabling disease. One of the main impediments to the development of novel drugs for FSHD is the lack of an accepted animal model stemming from an incomplete understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease.
This application proposes to develop a novel animal model of FSHD which is independent of any hypothesis of pathogenesis. In this model, muscle tissue from subjects with FSHD are transplanted into the hindlimbs of immunodeficient, NOD-Rag1null IL2rγnull mice. Preliminary data indicate that these xenografts are vascularized and innervated by the mouse host. Human myoblasts fully regenerate the tissue with new myofibers which survive in vivo through 20 weeks post transplantation.
Feasibility has been established with dozens of recent and prospective human donors and the ability to generate approximately 20 xenografts from a single open muscle biopsy.
The first aim of this proposal is to optimize the xenograft by determining the maximal size of human graft which is viable in this model and the minimum amount of time from transplantation until full regeneration of the human graft in the mouse host. Use of nerve translocation as well as myostatin inhibition to optimize the graft will be critically assessed.
The second aim of the proposal is to validate the xenograft as a model of FSHD and to fully characterize it for future use in preclinical studies. In this aim, grafts will be evaluated for their histopathological, physiologic and molecular (gene expression) characteristics. FSHD Xenografts will be compared to the biopsy specimen from which they originated and to xenografts of normal muscle from biologically related donors.
The product of this work will be a fully characterized xenograft model of FSHD as well as standard operating procedures for evaluating this model in preclinical drug studies. Such studies are expected to facilitate entry of novel therapeutics into clinical trials for FSHD which is currently an underserved disease population.


text:
The struggle of Syrian refugees in Lebanon
Can Kazakhstan become a world power?
29 Aug 2011 12:05 GMT | Politics, Egypt, Iraq, Italy, Libya
Marwan Bishara is the senior political analyst at Al Jazeera.
In order for Libya to liberate itself from four decades of the Gaddafi rule, it must also free itself from his persona.
Gaddafi no longer presents a political or even a tribal weight in the country. He's more of a nuisance, a security challenge; a background noise that will go away sooner rather than later.
A liberated Libya 2011 is no occupied Iraq 2003. Contrary to certain sensationalist estimates, Gaddafi cannot seriously fight back long-term with a gold- or dollars-financed insurgency. The old man is finished, and neither he nor his family will be able to mount any serious challenge to reborn Libya.
Indeed, Gaddafi's fate is bound to take similar path to his predecessors among the Arab dictators,
Indeed, Gaddafi's fate is bound to take similar path to his predecessors among the Arab dictators, whether exile, death, or prison.
Libya's future, on the other hand, will be defined by more than bricks and ballots.
Psychologically and politically bruised, it will need a true reconciliation - including with its past - in order to build a better future.
Breaking with Gaddafi
Most of the civilians and fighters leading the revolution have either served under Gaddafi, served time in his prisons, or been forced into exile because of him. They are haunted by the image of the domineering and sadistic paternal figure who continuously molested his nation.
Listening to some of the Transitional National Council (TNC) officials speak of Gaddafi and his policies, it's clear that they remain hostage to his persona even when he's on the run and they're in control of the capital Tripoli.
For example, Libya's future relations with the African countries and the African Union cannot and must not be defined merely by opposition to Gaddafi's past policies.
Gaddafi's support for the ANC (which explains to a large degree South Africa's hesitancy to recognise the TNC as the legitimate government of Libya) wasn't wrong, even if the intentions were political: such were the anti-colonial/Cold War politics.
Likewise, the recently founded AU may have been a brainchild of Gaddafi, but it has since evolved into a serious organisation with momentous responsibilities that the continent badly needs.
Indeed, Egypt, Tunisia and Libya have important roles to play. If they don't, others will take advantage of the young Arab democracies.
Bribes and corruption notwithstanding, helping some poor nations is not a waste of Libya's wealth; indeed, investing in African nations is strategic in the long term.
That's not to say that Libya's reconstruction doesn't come first. But that starts by devising policies on merit, not on the basis of how they fare with the Gaddafi legacy.
Just as the TNC leaders met with Gaddafi's bedfellow, Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi, last week in order to unfreeze Libya's assets, and asked those Europeans who embraced Gaddafi for military assistance, so they should also approach their African counterparts on the basis of mutual interests. There should be no Western exception.
In fact, unlike the South African President, French President Sarkozy supported Gaddafi and then turned against him for mostly cynical or state motives. The head of the ANC is acting less cynically, even if not exactly to the liking of the TNC.
Freeing Libya starts with Libyans freeing themselves from their obsession with and hatred of Gaddafi. Not all those whom Gaddafi supported are Libya's enemies.
That's why Libya needs to go beyond, not merely opposite, the Gaddafi legacy. It will take time, but more importantly, it will take political maturity.
The challenge is to make decisions on the basis of what is good for the future of Libya, not what avenges the country's recent past.
Healing the nation
For decades, Gaddafi has combined Libya's politics, policies, and sovereignty in his eccentric leadership as if they were one and same.
However, healing the nation from the abuses of this "I-am-the-state" legacy begins by separating all that is political and ideological from the sovereignty of the nation.
That's why in the transitional period, all measures must to be taken to underline the sovereignty, territorial unity and integrity of the nation under a civic and democratic constitution.
This is no time to give the West or NATO a foothold in Libya or distance Libya from its African hinterland. Not only will this be terribly divisive, but it's also terribly wrong, in my personal view.
Rather, it begins with emphasising the inseparable national links between the West and the East, and the largesse of a Libya big enough for all its political trends and all its tribes - including Gaddafi's.
Libya can't afford a mentality of revenge and retaliation, or an uprooting process similar to de-Ba'athification in Iraq. Its national reconstruction begins not with bricks, but with its peoples' reconciliation.
Only after they join forces to strengthen the national, legal and territorial infrastructure of a new pluralistic and diverse Libya should the various political trends - liberal, conservative or Islamist - underline their different visions for running their promising country.
These brave Libyans who proved they can't be daunted by Gaddafi's violence shouldn't be haunted by his legacy.
Marwan Bishara is Al Jazeera's senior political analyst.
He was previously a professor of International Relations at the American University of Paris. An author who writes extensively on global politics, he is widely regarded as a leading authority on the Middle East and international affairs.
Source: Al Jazeera
Events in Libya are moving at a fast pace, but for exiles living in London change is long overdue.
Africa, Libya
Rebels await reinforcements from Tripoli before final push against Gaddafi loyalists amid dissent over NTC appointments.
Politics, Africa, Libya
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A year after the military seized power in a bloodless coup, critics appear to have been effectively silenced.
Politics, Asia Pacific, Thailand
Marriage equality vote generates the biggest human rights debate in Ireland's history.
Human Rights, Europe, Ireland
Military operations aside, governments are seeking to counteract the growing appeal of violent groups at its roots.
War & Conflict, Africa, Nigeria
Banned groups, along with their charitable and militant wings, operate freely despite sanctions.
War & Conflict, Asia, Pakistan
A rare glimpse at traditional life in Algeria as we go behind the scenes at three weddings in the country's west.
Arts & Culture, Algeria, Africa
How developments in tidal technology are helping harness the power of a calm sea.
Environment, Science & Technology, Pollution
With refugees at risk of abuse and exploitation in Malaysia, 101 East investigates if those in charge are doing enough.
Human Rights, Malaysia, Myanmar
People & Power investigates whether rising ethnic tensions in Macedonia could result in civil conflict.
Politics, Macedonia, Europe


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From the Publisher"Sitting In is a book about art, about participation, about the cultures of jazz and poetry: the homage of a white poet and jazz musician to the greatness of the African American gift to the sensibility of this country. But, more than this, it's a book about our extremes—personal and public—a book that defies critical boundaries—a book of passion, conscience, and contradictions. Poets and musicians should read it, students of multiculturalism should read it; all those with hopes for our national future should read it. And keep going back to the music."—Adrienne Rich
"Writing about jazz is no easy matter. Its pleasures and its artistry have no precedent in aesthetics. Here's a new American art form of which we have rarely had an adequate description. It is appropriate that a great poet should be the one who finds the words for that experience. Hayden Carruth has written one of the finest books on jazz we have."—Charles Simic


text:
Rome, Italy
My Rating
Very good tour of the Colosseum, the Forum and Palatine Hill. The meeting point was a bit confusing, and there was a bit of confusion with the number of tours and guides; however, once sorted out, our guide was excellent and the tour very comprehensive.
Rome, Italy
My Rating
This was worth every penny! Not only did we have a half-hour alone in the Sistine Chapel (just the 12 of us, our guide and the Vatican Museums guard), which was beyond magical, but we were also alone in the Raphael Rooms and had access to many other rooms not open to the general public, the best of which was the Niccoline Chapel. I spoke with someone the following day, who took the Skip the Line Vatican Museums tour, who shared the Sistine Chapel with almost 800 people. It was loud, even though people were whispering. If you can possibly afford it, take this Private Viewing Tour. You will not regret it.
Rome, Italy
My Rating
Our guide was excellent and gave us a thorough overview of what we were seeing. I must say that our experience was probably influenced by the fact that we were the only two for an English tour at the time, so we basically had a private tour of St. Peter's. Also, remarkably, the Basilica was not crowded. Our tour was at 12:30, so having a mid-day tour might be the way to go. The process of "skipping the line" went very fast and from the time we met the representative to the time we were with our guide was about 5-10 minutes, which included walking to the entrance and to the guide podium.
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Iriss Hill
member for 11 years, 19 days
Add to MyFriends
Bio and Links
Family history has long tugged at my heartstrings. It has also been a vehicle for meeting "cousins" and new friends as we assist and exchange data. Inevitably, errors occur so, please inform me of any you may discover on the info I have added (and I'm happy to place additional facts...THANK YOU IN ADVANCE! If I have inadvertently overlooked anyone, please know that I am sincerely appreciative of your input.) to this fantastic site directly from that memorial.
Will consider transfer of family members to "per Find A Grave guidelines "(Please contact the Find A Grave member who created the memorial via the "Suggest a Correction" link under the "edit" tab on the memorial in question with your request to have the memorial transferred to you. Please, DO NOT post requests on my Bio page as it is very time consuming to search for those memorials and less accurate. Also include in your request your unique Contributor ID # which is displayed to the right of your member name on your profile page. Transfers: Determine if you really need the memorial transferred to you for management. Transferring of management should only be requested if you have extensive changes to make to a memorial. You can add photos and suggest corrections without having to request management. Simply having someone in your family tree is not grounds for a management transfer request. With hundreds of thousands of contributors, we have many overlapping family trees and it would be impossible for all contributors to manage their entire tree."Transfer requests should be for direct relatives WITHIN FOUR GENERATIONS, this would be your Siblings, Parents, Grandparents, and Great-grandparents. EXPLAIN your Relationship in the request. Any non-direct relatives (Aunts, Uncles, Cousins, etc.) are Not required to be transferred. Keep in mind that the original contributor may also be related to the memorial and may not want to make the transfer. BULK surname requests should not be made. Be advised that memorials listed as famous or maintained by Find A Grave will not be transferred.Please use the original memorial page to make updates and add information.). I will ONLY TRANSFER management of memorials to immediate relatives as defined in the Find A Grave rules...this is their policy. Other requests WILL be ignored. AGAIN, PLEASE USE the "EDIT" and "SUGGEST A CORRECTION". Additional data should not be placed in the flower/token area of the memorial page. I also need an email address, or way to contact you when you send me requests and questions. Many Newbies are not making themselves familiar with site guidelines and sadly, some simply do not care. I'm also very capable of adding data so, please do not ask me to transfer and you'll transfer the memorial pg back to me after you've added more data. The guidelines also state to allow 30 days for updates. Patience is necessary as I have a life beyond this site. In the event of the same memorial listed twice on the same day, please refer to the MEMORIAL number. The lowest MEMORIAL # was the one added first, with the highest MEMORIAL # being the duplicate.
If you find a memorial has been added but has incomplete or incorrect information, INSTEAD OF CREATING A DUPLICATE MEMORIAL use the tools provided to submit corrections, additions or a transfer request via the "Suggest A Correction" link under the 'Edit' tab on the upper right of the memorial. NEVER Deliberately create a duplicate memorial.
Virtual cemeteries are the way to "gather" your ancestors together. I respect all contributors of FAG and do expect the same from them. Also, please keep in mind we are contributing this very important data for future generations so they might continue the wonderful work that we are currently peforming. The focus is assisting others and remembering those who passed before us.
I'm honored to add those who have passed into their eternal life as they should never be forgotten. ALL of these wonderful memorials are NOT related to me as I have added others I "met" while doing research at cemeteries, libraries, or seeking data on the Internet. Feel free to visit and leave floral/tokens/messages. Heartfelt thanks also to my fab ancestors!
Here is a list of our (deceased) Fallen Gravers @ Memorial #33083506
you may wish to visit and leave a token for.
Websites that calculate the birthdate for you: http://freepages.family.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~fgris/brown/agecalc.html
"I know for certain that we never lose the people we love, even to death. They continue to participate in every act, thought and decision we make. Their love leaves an indelible imprint in our memories. We find comfort in knowing that our lives have been enriched by having shared their love." Leo F. Buscaglia
"Make yourself familiar with the angels, and behold them frequently in spirit; for, without being seen, they are present with you."
―Saint Francis de Sales
Note surnames I'm associated with and branches extended from: Ancell, Barber,Brink, Council, Cresse, Davis, Finney, Hall, Hardy, Henry, Hill, Hughes, Matthews, McBee, McKennee, Overstreet, Pierce, Rathsack, Reagan, Redmon, Rue, Sewell, Skinner, Sullivan, Terhune, Tippett, Toebben, VanMeter, Winterbauer, etc.
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glenn kinter
RE: Grace P.
Thank you ever so much. It is because of people like you that makes Find A Grave the great site that it is. Sincerely!
Added by
glenn kinter
on May 30, 2015 7:24 PM
Michael Odell Curry
Doris H Fairow Lyons
Miss Iriss,
Thank you again for transfers of family. You work well with fellow gravers, and it benefits everyone involved.
Thanks Again
Added by
Michael Odell Curry
on May 30, 2015 4:26 PM
Penny Seacord
Virginia I Cole
Hi, Iris,
I am a niece of Virginia Cole. I submitted her birth information. Thank you for posting her obituary.
Penny Seacord
Added by
Penny Seacord
on May 30, 2015 5:18 AM
Tree Leaf
Thank you.
Thank you for adding the updates.
Added by
Tree Leaf
on May 27, 2015 11:40 PM
Thank you
Thank you so much for what you do!
Added by
on May 24, 2015 5:48 AM
Melissa Mihal
RE: Ramey
Oh you are very welcome. I have another picture of the corridor they are located in too. if you would like that please let me know.
Added by
Melissa Mihal
on May 19, 2015 11:39 AM
Lillie Riney
Your Memorials
If I run across a later, more complete obituary on any of your entries, do you want me to submit it to you, or do you just want to go with the shorter one you already have entered?
Added by
Lillie Riney
on May 17, 2015 8:18 PM
Annamae Whitehurst
RE: Jennifer Marie Rinella Memorial
I will fix them.
I'm no longer adding pictures.
I had no idea this was going to happen.
I'm on an old I-Phone.
I have no access to a computer.
I was just trying to help.
I'm not adding anymore memorials.
I'm finished.
Added by
Annamae Whitehurst
on May 17, 2015 12:12 AM
Karen Wall
New Hope Baptist Church Cem (Old Gold Ridge Cem)
Can you tell me exactly where this cemetery is located? I have searched Google and cannot find a location anywhere.
Added by
Karen Wall
on May 15, 2015 2:20 PM
Jennifer Taylor Nichols
Transfer of Emily Norman Phlips
I sincerely appreciate your transfer of Aunt Emily. More importantly what you do is so worthwhile to all of us who wish we could feel the closeness of the very graves you photograph. Thanks for all you do! JTN
Added by
Jennifer Taylor Nichols
on May 12, 2015 9:07 PM
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ChristieGate? BridgeGate? BridgeGate II?
The Nation reported today that Chris Christie's "hatchet men" Bill Baroni and David Wildstein, along with the Port Authority's Chairman David "The General" Samson, headed a scheme to reconstruct the Bayonne Bridge ten years before it really needed it. Christie touted the efforts in his recent successful reelection bid.
I didn't see this diaried yet, but I will take it down if someone else covered it already.
The Nation's Christie Watch crew does an excellent job of reviewing the nefarious deeds of this crew, including this weekend's release of the toll hike theater. Today's post focuses on the Bayonne Bridge project, a $1.2 billion project awarded to construction firm Skanska Koch, a client of, wait for it, Wolff & Samson. The project also won the support of the Laborers' International Union.
The Bayonne project existed before Christie was elected to his first term, but really took off after his administration was installed. Baroni rallied his troops around him and pushed the project through with the help of Wildstein and, it would seem, Samson. The Nation's sources claim Samson was a hands-on manager who would meet with Baroni and Wildstein for two hours at a time.
They created a "climate of fear" inside the PA, the source said. And, he added, Baroni and Wildstein were often closeted with David Samson, the PA chairman and Christie's political mentor. Samson, who has been accused of using his position as PA chairman to benefit his law firm, and whose resignation has been demanded by the Star-Ledger, was a highly engaged and activist chairman, said the source, adding that that was very unusual for a chairman. "Samson was in the office a minimum two, sometimes three times a week and [Baroni and Wildstein] would be behind closed doors with the chairman for two hours at a time," he said.The article is totally worth the read, whether you follow every twist and turn or if you need a primer.
Baroni and Wildstein, the latter of whom maintained a secret list of favored officials, conspired inside the PA to press for the toll hikes. Along with $1.8 billion in federal and PA funds used by Christie for pet projects after he canceled a plan to build a new Hudson River transit tunnel, the toll hikes and the PA's more recent PA's capital spending plan created a tidal wave of new cash for Christie to spend as saw fit. In an editorial on March 4, the Star-Ledger said in an editorial that all these funds created a "piggy bank" for Christie, and it quoted John Wisniewski, chairman of the committee investigating the lane closures at the George Washington Bridge, who said, "It's a slush fund." According to the Star-Ledger's news article, Baroni and Wildstein also organized a cabal inside the PA over the toll hikes.
Thanks for the recs! Please visit jamess's diary, "It's a slush fund." He had the story first.


text:
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text: i am trying to add comments to a page that has posts on it. i want the comments to apply to the page and not the post. if i put the comments at the top of the page, it will apply to the page, but if i try to put it at the bottom, the comments apply to the post. the post is just a preview but the comments still go to that post instead of the page. how can i fix this?


text:
BABY STOLEN FROM THE WOMB; Foetus thief sliced open pregnant girl's stomach.
Polion cut the full-term foetus from Carethia Curry while she was still alive. Carethia, 17, had been shot in the head and later died.
His own girlfriend was unable to have children and the couple were desperate for a baby.
So they hatched their gruesome plot to steal a baby.
Amazingly, the little girl survived and is now living with her father.
Polion, 37, was convicted yesterday of kidnapping the child but cleared of murdering her mother.
His girlfriend, Felecia Scott, 30, is in prison awaiting trial on murder and kidnapping charges.
A court in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, heard Scott befriended Carethia during her pregnancy.
Prosecutors said Scott and Polion then kidnapped her and performed a crude Caesarean section.
Medical experts told the court that Carethia was shot in the head but was still alive when her child was removed.
Polion told the jury he was completely innocent and believed his girlfriend when she suddenly brought him the baby and said it was their own.
But the baby's grandad, Curtis O'Neal, said: "No man on this earth could be that stupid and not ask any questions about what was going on."
Polion's brother, Lorenza James, 45, said he was pleased he'd been cleared of murder.
James added: "We are joyful but at the same time our family is sad that a life has been taken.
"We feel sorry for the family that lost Carethia."
Early next year, in a similar case in Chicago, three people face the death penalty for stealing a pregnant woman's unborn baby.
That child also survived and is being cared for by relatives.
Reader Opinion
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|Lines, Andy
|Daily Record (Glasgow, Scotland)
|Dec 17, 1997
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text: Manchester City boss Roberto Mancini was left frustrated by missed chances after his team's 0-0 draw at Swansea. Although City struggled before the break, Edin Dzeko and David Silva both wasted good chances late on as the visitors came to dominate the game and Mancini was clearly annoyed. "I thought the first half was so-so because Swansea played very well," the Italian told Sky Sports.


text:
Press release from CNW Group
ADF Group Inc. invites you to participate in a conference call on the results for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2013
Wednesday, March 27, 2013
ADF Group Inc. invites you to participate in a conference call on the results for the fiscal year ended January 31, 201309:00 EDT Wednesday, March 27, 2013The call will be held onThursday, April 11, 201310:00 a.m. (Montreal time)TERREBONNE, QC, March 27, 2013 /CNW Telbec/ - (TSX: DRX) - During the conference call, ADF Group's Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Jean Paschini and Chief Financial Officer Mr. Jean-François Boursier, will discuss the Company's results and highlights for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2013, and outlook. They will also answer questions from investors.The press release on FY 2013 results will be sent out on the newswire early Thursday April 11.To participate in the conference call, please dial 1-888-231-8191 a few minutes before the call. For those unable to participate, a taped re-broadcast will be available from Thursday, April 11, 2013, 1:00 p.m., until midnight Thursday, April 18, 2013, by dialing: 1-855-859-2056; access code 28147072. THE CONFERENCE CALL (AUDIO) WILL BE AVAILABLE AT WWW.ADFGROUP.COM.Members of the media are invited to listen in.SOURCE: ADF Group Inc.For further information: Kathleen Ryffranck, ADF Group Inc. (450) 965-1911 Lefebvre Financial Communications Inc. (514) 845-1224