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A heated flowline electrical isolation joint is disclosed for introducing current into a pipe-in-pipe system having an outer and an inner pipe. A hub presents a load flange having tension and compression load shoulders on its terminal end and connects to the inner pipe on its other end. An end flange presents an end flange load shoulder on one end and a high strength, highly electrically insulative first ring separates the compression load shoulder from the end flange load shoulder which engage therethrough in a load bearing relationship. A plurality of o-ring seals secure the compression load shoulder-to-first ring-to-end flange load shoulder interfaces. A retainer flange connects to the end flange on one end and to the outer piper on the other end, encircling the hub and presenting a retainer flange load shoulder. A second high strength, highly electrically insulative ring separates the tension load shoulder of the hub from the retainer flange load shoulder which engage therethrough in a load bearing relationship. A plurality of o-ring seals securing the tension load shoulder-to-second ring-to-retainer flange load shoulder interfaces. An electrical feedthrough tubes receives an electrical penetrator which reaches through the retainer flange to electrical connection with the hub. An electrically insulative material in the annulus between the hub and the retainer flange and between the electrical penetrator and the electrical feedthrough tube secures electrical isolation across non-load bearing areas.
1. A heated flowline electrical isolation joint for introducing current into a pipe-in-pipe system having an outer and an inner pipe, the joint comprising:
a hub presenting a load flange on its terminal end and connected to the inner pipe on its other end;
tension and compression load shoulders on the load flange;
an end flange having an end flange load shoulder;
a first ceramic insulating seal ring separating the compression load shoulder from the end flange load shoulder which are engaged therethrough in a load bearing relationship;
a plurality of o-ring seals securing the compression load shoulder-to-first ceramic insulating seal ring-to-end flange load shoulder interfaces;
a retainer flange connected to the end flange on one end and to the outer pipe on the other end, encircling the hub and presenting a retainer flange load shoulder;
a second ceramic insulating seal ring separating the tension load shoulder of the hub from the retainer flange load shoulder which are engaged therethrough in a load bearing relationship;
a plurality of o-ring seals securing the tension load shoulder-to-second ceramic insulating seal ring-to-retainer flange load shoulder interfaces;
an electrical feedthrough tube;
an electrical penetrator reaching through the electrical feedthrough tube to the inner pipe;
an electrical insulating material in a first annulus between the hub and the retainer flange and a second annulus between the electrical penetrator and the electrical feedthrough tube.
2. A joint in accordance with claim 1, wherein the connection between the retainer flange and the end flange is a welded connection between the retainer flange and the end flange made simultaneously providing a compression force between the end flange and retainer flange.
3. A joint in accordance with claim 2, wherein both the first and second ceramic insulating seal rings are made from a high compressive strength material.
4. A joint in accordance with claim 3, wherein the high compressive strength material is high density, partially stabilized zirconium oxide.
5. A joint in accordance with claim 4, wherein the electrically insulating material in the first annulus between the hub and the retainer flange and the second annulus between the electrical penetrator and the electrical feedthrough tube is a silicone rubber compound.
6. A joint in accordance with claim 5, wherein the silicone rubber compound cures in place after injection into the annulus.
7. A joint in accordance claim 6 wherein the second annulus between the electrical penetrator and the electrical feedthrough tube is vacuum-tight.
8. A joint in accordance with claim 7 wherein the joint is operable at temperatures exceeding 150° C.
9. A joint in accordance with claim 8 wherein the joint is operable at internal pressures up to 10,000 psi.
10. A joint in accordance with claim 9, wherein the joint can withstand tension, compression and bending loads up to a yield strength of the flowline.
11. A joint in accordance with claim 10, wherein the joint can function as an electrical feedthrough and ground for current up to 500 amps.
12. A joint in accordance with claim 11, wherein the electrical feedthrough is direct current.
13. A joint in accordance with claim 11, wherein the joint provides dielectric strength up to 25,000 VAC and electrical resistance up to 50 meg-ohm.
14. A joint in accordance with claim 13, further comprising a liner adapted to be bonded over the inner surface of the inner pipe at each side of the first ceramic insulating seal.
15. A joint in accordance with claim 14, wherein the electrical feedthrough is alternating current.
This application claims the benefit of: U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/034,042, filed Dec. 28, 1996, and is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/921,737, filed Aug. 27, 1997, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/625,432, filed Mar. 26, 1996, now abandoned having the benefit U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/009,453, filed Dec. 29, 1995, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated by reference.
The present invention relates to a heated flowline isolation joint. More particularly, the present invention relates to a joint for a pipe-in-pipe flowline in which electrical current is introduced to the inner pipe at the joint.
One important and representative application for such a joint is in providing direct electric heating along the length of an extended subsea pipeline. The heating provided by the electricity introduced is a result of a combination of electrical resistance and magnetic eddy current effects associated with transmission of an alternating current through the pipeline.
Offshore hydrocarbon recovery operations are increasingly pressing into deeper water and more remote locations. Here it is very expensive to provide surface facilities and it is desirable to minimize these requirements. Often satellite wells are completed subsea and are tied to remote platforms through extended subsea pipelines as a means to reduce the production cost. Even these platforms serving as central hubs in the offshore infrastructure are provided only the minimal facilities required for collecting and partially treating the well fluids before exporting them toward onshore facilities through yet more subsea pipelines. However the subsea pipelines crucial to this infrastructure prove a weak link as they are subject to plugging with hydrates or with paraffin deposition. Both hydrates and paraffins are of limited trouble at the pressures and temperatures experienced at the producing well, but can cause serious plugging problems when cooled to lower temperatures during pipeline transport.
Hydrates are the product of complicated chemistry in which water and certain hydrocarbon components of the produced well fluids combine to form ice-like crystals in pipelines as the temperature decreases during transport. The resulting hydrate crystals can suddenly solidify and plug the bore of the subsea pipeline. Paraffins are also a product of temperature in the pipeline and come out of suspension and deposit on the pipeline walls when the well fluids are below the "cloud point" which may be as high as 100-120 degrees Fahrenheit. Eventually this waxy buildup can completely seal off a pipeline.
These difficulties are combated between the satellite subsea wells and platform hubs by insulating the pipelines and moving the produced well fluids as quickly as possible to minimize temperature loss. However, the long length of such pipelines renders passive insulation ineffective and it is often necessary to resort to large amounts of chemical inhibitors or to mechanical clearing operations to maintain the pipeline free of plugs.
In conventional practice, removal of a hydrate plug requires reducing the fluid pressure on both sides of the plug and applying chemical agents to the plug. Paraffin buildup is most often remedied by frequent routine pigging to scrape away the deposits fouling the bore of the pipeline. Before entering the pipelines between the platform and the onshore facilities, the fluids may be dewatered, separated into oil and gas, and treated with additives or other refined products. Again, it is often necessary to supplement this platform processing with routine pigging operation, even in these export pipelines.
Pipelines that are shut-in during workover of the wells or during work on the platform facilities are particularly susceptible to hydrate and paraffin problems as the hydrocarbon temperature drops toward the ambient seawater temperature. Thus, in present practice it is sometimes necessary to displace the hydrocarbons throughout an entire subsea pipeline with fluids that protect the pipeline during such operations. Further, it is then necessary to purge such fluids before production can resume. This is not an insignificant expense in both time and materials when considering pipelines whose lengths are measured in miles and tens of miles.
A suitable heated flowline electrical isolation joint is a critical aspect to providing the benefits of direct electrical heating to pipe-in-pipe subsea pipelines. Thus there is a clear need for a reliable joint that can withstand the pressure and voltage requirements of such applications.
Toward providing these and other advantages, the present invention is a a heated flowline electrical isolation joint for introducing current into a pipe-in-pipe system having an outer and an inner pipe. A hub presents a load flange having tension and compression load shoulders on its terminal end and connects to the inner pipe on its other end. An end flange presents an end flange load shoulder on one end and a high strength, highly electrically insulative first ring separates the compression load shoulder from the end flange load shoulder which engage therethrough in a load bearing relationship. A plurality of o-ring seals secure the compression load shoulder-to-first ring-to-end flange load shoulder interfaces. A retainer flange connects to the end flange on one end and to the outer pipe on the other end, encircling the hub and presenting a retainer flange load shoulder. A second high strength, highly electrically insulative ring separates the tension load shoulder of the hub from the retainer flange load shoulder which engage therethrough in a load bearing relationship. A plurality of o-ring seals securing the tension load shoulder-to-second ring-to-flange load shoulder interfaces. An electrical feedthrough tube receives an electrical penetrator which reaches through the retainer flange to electrical connection with the hub. An electrically insulative material in the annulus between the hub and the retainer flange and between the electrical penetrator and the electrical feedthrough tube secures electrical isolation across non-load bearing areas.
The brief description above, as well as further advantages of the present invention will be more fully appreciated by reference to the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments which should be read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a side elevational view of a platform and a satellite subsea well connected by a subsea pipeline;
FIG. 2 is a cross sectional view of a system for direct heating of a pipeline in accordance with one application of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a partially cross sectioned side elevational view of a pipe insulating joint assembly in accordance with the present invention in the application of FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is an axial cross sectional view of the centralizer of the application of FIG. 2, taken at line 4—4 of FIG. 2;
FIG. 4A is a longitudinal cross sectional view of the centralizer of FIG. 2, taken at line 4A—4A of FIG. 4;
FIG. 5 is an axial cross sectional view of a thermal insulator of the application of the present invention of FIG. 2, taken at line 5—5 in FIG. 2;
FIG. 6 is a longitudinal cross sectional view of the pipeline walls and the annulus in accordance with an application of the present invention;
FIGS. 7A-7D illustrate a progression of side elevational views of a method for installing the pipe-in-pipe direct heating system of the illustrative application for present invention;
FIG. 8 is a partially sectioned isometric view of an alternative embodiment of a centralizer; and
FIG. 9 is a cross sectional view of a another embodiment of the heated flowline electrical isolation joint; and
FIG. 10 is a cross section view of the heated flowline electrical isolation joint of FIG. 9, taken at line 10—10 in FIG. 9.
FIG. 1 illustrates one environment served by the present invention. Here a remote satellite well 12 is connected to platform 14 with subsea pipeline 10 which is provided with a system 10A for direct electric heating in accordance with the present invention. Subsea pipeline 10 is brought to surface facilities 16 on platform 14 through import riser 18. In this illustration, surface facilities 16 include initial treatment facilities 22 as well as a power source, electrical generator 24. In similar fashion, an export riser 20 leads to a continuation of the pipeline 10 to shore facilities (not shown). It is important to note that subsea pipeline connecting satellite well 12 to its first treatment facility on the platform may be 20 to 40 or more miles long. Further, the pipeline is extremely inaccessible, resting on the seabed 26 that may be a half mile or more below the surface 28 of the ocean.
Components of the well fluids produced may be easily transported immediately at subsea well 12 where they retain the formation temperatures that often range from 150-180 degrees Fahrenheit. However, once produced, they have a long journey through a pipeline in a relatively cold environment. Even in relatively warm oceans such as the Gulf of Mexico, the ocean temperature at pipeline depth may be as cold as 40 degrees Fahrenheit or so. Unchecked, the heat loss across this temperature gradient over this long journey would easily cause the formation of hydrates and the precipitation of paraffins causing the pipeline flow area to become constricted or even to plug. Also, the fluid viscosities of some of the heavier crude oils are adversely impacted by low temperatures even before hydrates or paraffins become a problem. Further, upon occasion it is necessary to work over the well or to take the platform out of service for a period of time. In such instances, the pipeline is shut-in and flow ceases for a period, allowing the entire pipeline to cool to the seawater temperature.
These are the challenges of the present invention, to provide for direct heating along the length of the pipeline to prevent, or even reverse, hydrate formation and paraffin precipitation inside the pipeline, and to enhance the flow of viscous crudes.
FIG. 2 is a close up view of the direct electric pipeline heating system 10A. Pipeline 10 is shown to be a pipe-in-pipe flowline 30 having an electrically conductive carrier or outer pipe 32 and an electrically conductive product flowline or inner pipe 34 arranged longitudinally and substantially concentrically within the outer pipe. An annulus 36 is defined between the inner and outer pipes.
The first end or platform end of pipe-in-pipe flowline 30 is provided with a pipe insulating joint assembly 38 which structurally joins, but electrically insulates, the inner and outer pipes. The first end of the pipeline is terminated at the surface facilities 16 of platform 14 (see FIG. 1). Returning to FIG. 2, an electrical power input 40 is connected across inner pipe 34 and outer pipe 32. Here a first terminal 44A is provided for power input to the outer pipe 32. A second terminal 44B is provided by an electrical penetrator 44C for power input to the inner pipe 34. The power input could be a DC source, but is here illustrated as an AC source interfacing through a transformer 42 having a primary coil 42A connected to the generator and a secondary coil 42B connected across the first and second terminals.
Thus pipe-in-pipe flowline 30 serves as a power transmission line, with the circuit completed by an electrical pathway connecting the inner and outer pipes at the second or remote end of the pipeline. In transmitting this power, the entire length of pipe-in-pipe flowline 30 serves as an electrical heater. Heat is produced by the electrical power loss from the current flow through the pipe-in-pipe flowline. For AC, this heating is due to a combination of interacting effects, including electrical resistance effects, magnetic effects (including magnetic hysteresis and eddy currents) and electromagnetic effects (including the skin effect and proximity effect).
In FIG. 2, the connection 46 for this pathway joining the inner and outer pipes is provided by electrically conductive bulkhead 46A. Alternatively, the pathway could be through an electrical device 48 as illustrated schematically in FIG. 1. This latter embodiment would provide another insulating pipe joint assembly 38 at the second end of the pipeline with a second electrical penetrator and terminals 44A and 44B (see FIG. 2) to serve as a power takeout 46B at the subsea wellhead end of pipeline 10. Remote devices at the wellhead can thus be conveniently supplied with electrical power to perform such operations as boosting the well fluids pressure with a pump at the well head or preheating the produced fluids as they enter the pipeline. Further, power provided at the wellhead can be transported downhole, e.g., to drive a submersible pump in the wellbore or to heat the downhole tubing string.
It is necessary that inner pipe 34 be electrically isolated from outer pipe 32 along the entire length of pipe-in-pipe flowline 30. Direct contact is prevented with a plurality of electrically insulative centralizers 50 spaced at frequent intervals along annulus 36. However, it is also necessary to take steps to prevent arcing and other electrical discharges across the annulus. These steps may include careful quality control measures to prevent water and debris from entering the annulus, removing any sharp points or edges protruding into the annulus, providing an arc-resistant coating 52 on the outside of inner pipe 34, and providing a liner 54 at the power input and insulating joint assembly 38.
It is also useful to remove water from the annulus. This may be accomplished by forcing dry air or dry nitrogen through the annulus, or alternatively, by evacuating the annulus with a vacuum pump 56 to remove air and water vapor. Once evacuated, the annulus may be maintained under vacuum as part of a thermal insulation program or as part of a leak detection program as discussed later. Alternatively, it may be desired, after evacuating the annulus, to inject an arc-suppressing gas into the annulus such as Sulphur Hexafloride (SF6) which is shown available in a reservoir 58 in FIG. 2.
Even though direct electric heating is supplied along the length of the pipeline, appropriate steps are taken in the illustrated embodiments to limit the heat loss from the pipeline to the environment. The amount of electrical power required to maintain the inner pipe and contents at a given temperature is minimized by minimizing the heat losses in the system. Direct conductive heat transfer is limited by selecting materials for centralizers 50 that are thermally insulative as well as electrically insulative and by properly selecting the centralizer length and the spacing between centralizers. Heat loss through convection can be reduced by maintaining the annulus under a vacuum, as discussed above, or by providing insulation panels 60 between centralizers 50. Radiant heat loss is reduced significantly by placing a low emissivity coating, such as an aluminum-coated mylar film, on inner pipe 34, but may already be a small factor if insulative panels 60 are used. Further, it should be noted that Sulphur Hexafloride (SF6) can provide thermal insulation as well as arc-suppression benefits. It may also be useful to hold the vacuum in the annulus for an extended period, e.g., over several weeks, before injecting the Sulphur Hexafloride (SF6) in order to remove air diffused into the open cells of the low density plastic foam of insulation panels 60.
FIG. 3 illustrates an insulated joint assembly 38 of the present invention in greater detail. The inner pipe is isolated from the outer pipe by annular rings 62 formed from a material that is both strong and very resistant to electrical breakdown, e.g., a suitable epoxy or a ceramic such as fused zirconia. Other annular spaces 63 within the insulating joint 38 are filled with similar high strength, electrically resistant materials, such as a silicone rubber compound. Liner 54 is bonded over each side of insulator interface 64 to prevent electrical breakdown due to brine in the well fluids. This figure also illustrates an electrical terminal 46 connected to the inner pipe by an electrical penetrator 46C which passes through an electrically insulated, vacuum-tight port 46D. In this embodiment the liner 54 terminates in a swage ring liner termination 66.
FIGS. 4-4A illustrate one embodiment of insulated centralizer 50. Here centralizers are molded and/or machined from a strong, non-charring or char-resistant plastic such as Nylon or a polyacetal plastic such as that marketed under the name Delrin to form collars 50A that are secured about inner pipe 34 with non-conductive elements such as non-metallic socket head cap screws 68. In this embodiment water and solid intrusion within the centralizer is blocked to prevent electrical discharge. A rubber liner 70 is secured about inner pipe 34 and collars 50A are placed around the rubber liner which is captured within shoulders 80. A key 72 on the collar fits within the gap 74 in the rubber liner. This key is opposite the open side or slit 76 of the collar and prevents any alignment of gap 74 and slit 76. Further, it may be desirable to completely seal the slit with a silicon adhesive caulk or a silicon gasket. Such precautions may be desirable to prevent contaminants from forming a bridge from the inner pipe to the outside of centralizer 50 which is in contact with outer pipe 32. In another embodiment, the rubber liner 70 overlaps when wrapped around the inner pipe. This liner is taped in place and halves of a "keyless," two-piece collar 50A are then clamped over the rubber liner and tightened down with opposing screws 68.
FIG. 8 illustrates another embodiment of the insulated centralizer 50. Here centralizer body 50B and tapered sleeve 78 are molded and/or machined as before from a strong, non-charring plastic such as Nylon or Delrin. Centralizer is assembled by placing the two halves 78A and 78B of the tapered sleeve around the inner pipe 34 and coating 52. Then the tapered inner surface of the centralizer 50B is forced longitudinally over the tapered outer surface of the sleeve 78, providing an interference fit which secures the sleeve to the pipe 34. Finally, centralizer body 50B is secured to the tapered sleeve 78 by adhesive bonding or by welding of the plastic parts. Precautions to prevent arcing due to contaminants are fewer and less critical with this embodiment, since the centralizer does not have any radial slits as with the other embodiments.
Although, the inner pipe 34 is substantially aligned coaxially with the outer pipe 32 with centralizers 50, it is desired to provide a flow path in the form of gaps or longitudinal channels between centralizers 50 and the outer pipe 32, through which the annulus can be evacuated or filled with an arc-suppressing gas as discussed above. This flow path may be created by making the outer diameter of the centralizers 50 a little smaller, e.g., by 0.2 to 0.4 inch, than the inner diameter of the outer pipe 32, or by forming longitudinal grooves or scallops (not shown) into the outer surfaces of the centralizers 50.
The centralizers are placed at longitudinal intervals which will prevent the inner pipe from buckling due to installation or operational loads. In practice, this interval between centralizers may be about 10 to 20 feet. The inner pipe is thus prevented from moving into such proximity with the outer pipe that an arc or direct contact might result.
FIG. 5 illustrates a cross section through pipe-in-pipe flowline 30 at a ring of insulated panels 60. Describing the components from the inside out, the product flowline or inner pipe 34 is provided a smooth, continuous inner surface that does not promote fouling and is piggable as may be necessary to clear the line or for other purposes. The outside of inner pipe 34 is provided a thick coating 52 of an arc-resistant material such as high density polyethylene or polypropylene which may be extruded over an initial corrosion resistant coating. A pair of low density plastic foam insulation panels of a material such as polyisocyanurate are assembled about inner pipe 34 for insulative coverage between centralizers 50 (see FIG. 2). These may be conveniently handled in 4- to 6-foot long sections or so. These panels are glued or taped in place with electrically insulative, arc-resistant materials about the inner pipe and a seal secured with the abutting centralizers 50. This low density foam is partially open celled so that evacuation of the annulus, then filling it with Sulphur Hexafloride (SF6) injection operations will tend to fill the voids with arc-suppressing, thermally insulative gas. Further, the surface of panels 60 may be coated for increased char-resistance. In particular, anti-char coatings such as a silicon rubber based compound marketed by Dow under the name SYLGARD® may be used immediately adjacent centralizers 50. The characteristics of the low density plastic foam may be selected for inhibiting its tendency to crumble and create debris within annulus 36. If desired, an aluminized mylar film can be affixed to the outside of the panels, shiny side out, to reduce radiant heat loss.
Further, the seams formed by adjoining pieces of foam insulation could allow possible contaminants such as pipe scale and/or water to form a path to the inner pipe and result in electrical failure across the annulus. The foam insulation may be conveniently wrapped with an adhesive backed membrane to ensure against this risk. A suitable membrane is permeable to air and water vapor, allowing their removal from the foam under vacuum, but blocking entry of liquid water and solids such as pipe scale. TYVEK®, a material marketed by DuPont, would be useful for such embodiments.
The interior of outer pipe 32 is preferably treated to prevent the formation of scale which might bridge the annulus or initiate an arc. Such treatment might include a pickling operation with acid and oil treatments, or blast cleaning followed by internal coating with epoxy or nylon or installation of a liner. If a liner is installed, it could include a mylar film to further limit radiant heat loss.
Finally, the outside of the outer pipe 32 will typically be provided with a corrosion resistant coating and cathodic protection as commonly deployed in offshore applications, e.g., a fusion bonded epoxy coating, together with sacrificial anodes spaced at intervals along the pipeline. Further, if DC power transmission is used, the polarity should be such as to further cathodically protect the outer pipe.
It should be noted that AC power has several benefits over DC power, and is preferred for this application. First, the power and voltage requirements for direct electrical heating of the pipeline and power transmission to the satellite wells is within conventional AC power engineering limits and is already available on platforms in standard 60 Hertz power plant configurations. Although it may be desirable to alter the frequency in certain applications, the basic power commitments for pipe lengths up to 40 miles, and perhaps more, may be achievable without special purpose generators. Second, DC power raises significant concerns about corrosion control for the underwater pipelines, which is not an issue for AC power. Finally, in a pipe-in-pipe flowline, the skin effect and proximity effect associated with AC power cause the current to travel on the outside of inner pipe 34 and the inside of outer pipe 32. See arrows 82 in FIG. 6. Safety is enhanced as almost no voltage potential is present on the outside of carrier pipe 32.
FIGS. 7A-7D illustrate one method for installation of a pipe-in-pipe flowline suitable for direct electric pipeline heating and other power transmission to remote subsea wells. In FIG. 7A, Carrier pipe 32A is suspended on end in slips 90 at weld floor 92 of a J-lay installation barge. Collar/elevator 96A engages shoulder 94 presented on the end of pipe sections of carrier pipe 32A to secure this suspension. An end of a section of product flowline 34A extends out of carrier pipe section 32A. These pipes are joined together at the terminal end as shown in FIG. 2. Since the centralizers 50 provide substantial lateral support and prevent buckling between outer pipe 32A and inner pipe 34A, these centralizers thereby also prevent relative longitudinal movement (sliding) between the two pipes, even when suspended vertically as shown in FIGS. 7A-7D.
Another concentrical arrangement of inner and outer pipe sections 34B and 32B, respectively, is lowered into place for joining into the pipeline while supported by the collar/elevator 96B. The internal plug 98 on the upper end of the vertically approaching inner pipe section 34B allows the inner pipe to extend beneath outer pipe 32B, but not to slide farther down.
In FIG. 7B, inner pipes 34A and 34B are brought into position and welded together. Special care is taken to prevent the deposition of debris into the annulus as installation proceeds. The inner pipe weld is coated, e.g., by a shrink sleeve of polyethylene or polypropylene, which provides continuity to both corrosion coating and arc-resistant barrier coating 52 on the outside of inner pipe 34.
High temperature thermal insulation material such as mineral wool 53 is placed in the annulus between the two welds as a protection to other heat sensitive materials in the annulus. Otherwise, heat might damage membranes, coatings, and/or insulative foam under the weld, creating a charred material and possible electrical path to the inner pipe. It is convenient to fabricate and install this char-resistant refractory material as "clamshell" halves similar to the foam insulation. It is only necessary that this protection extend for a few inches to each side of the weld.
Then outer pipe 32B is lowered into alignment with outer pipe 32A and welded into place. See FIG. 7C. An appropriate corrosion coating is applied to the outer pipe weld, collar/elevator 96A is removed, the assembled pipe-in-pipe section is lowered through the slip until pipeline is suspended by collar/elevator 96B, and internal plug 98 is removed. See FIG. 7D. This J-Lay process then repeats with adding successive sections to the pipe-in-pipe flowline 30.
Alternatively, these vertical pipe assembly techniques may be utilized horizontally to install pipe-in-pipe flowlines by the S-Lay method. As another possible alternative, long sections, e.g., 1500 feet or so, of inner pipe 34 and outer pipe 32 may be assembled onshore, strung together into concentric relation, and sequentially reeled onto a large diameter reel for later installation offshore.
The pipe-in-pipe configuration of subsea pipeline 10 is also useful for leak detection. In embodiments maintaining a vacuum in the annulus, a leak in the outer pipe will manifest as water vapor in vacuum pump discharge 56A. See FIG. 2. Pressuring up the annulus with dry air or nitrogen will discharge bubbles 102 to locate the leak, see FIG. 1. The exact position of the leak could then be pinpointed with an ROV inspection of the exterior of the pipeline, and an external leak repair clamp can be installed at the point of failure to seal the leak. A leak in the inner pipe will be observed as hydrocarbon vapor in the vacuum pump discharge and might be located through use of an inspection pig. Repair of an inner pipe leak will require cutting the pipeline, removal of the damaged section, and re-joining of both outer and inner pipes on the seafloor with mechanical connections.
Alternately, by maintaining a constant volume charge of arc-suppressing gas such as Sulphur Hexafloride (SF6) in the annulus of a pipe-in-pipe flowline, any increase in annulus pressure would signal seawater intrusion through a breach in the carrier pipe. Again, the annulus could be pressured up to leave a bubble trail to reveal the location of failure. Further, in the event of any failure of the inner pipeline, the Sulphur Hexafloride (SF6) could be used a as a tracer. The annulus could be pressured up incrementally and held, and the appearance of the tracer gas at the collection point would be indicative of the pressure at which the annulus pressure exceeded the flowline pressure. This then correlates roughly to position along the pipeline. Alternatively, the travel time for a charge of high pressure gas in the annulus to enter the flowline and appear at a collection point could be correlated to approximate location along the pipeline.
At commissioning, air and water are removed from the annulus, and arc-suppressing and thermally insulative gas is injected, if desired, as discussed above. After connecting the power input to the flowline at the platform end, the level of electrical power is brought up slowly so that any arcing initiated by minor debris or contamination might occur with minimal damage. Progress in application of power to the system and resulting temperature increases at both ends of the pipeline would be monitored carefully. When brought to operational levels, it may be desired to establish calibration of actual power and voltage input to heating output by placement of thermocouples 100 at appropriate locations along the pipeline.
In operation, the modified pipe-in-pipe flowline provides convenient power transmission for direct electric heating of the pipeline and for driving remote electrical components. The heating is useful for preventing hydrate formation and paraffin deposition, and for enhancing flow of heavy crudes. This is particularly important while maintaining well fluids within a shut-in subsea pipeline. It is also useful for reversing blockages caused by hydrate formation and paraffin disposition at somewhat higher, but nonetheless practical power levels. Further, it should be noted that pulses and frequency modulation can be carried as control signals along with the power transmission to control components at remote satellite subsea wells or the like.
Another embodiment of the heated flowline electrical isolation joint is illustrated by FIG. 9. The isolation joint depicted in FIG. 9 consists of a forged steel hub 103 welded to a pipe nipple 104. Pipe nipple 104 is welded to flowline 105, which is located concentrically within carrier pipe 106. Forged steel end flange 107 is welded to flowline 105 as shown in FIG. 9, and thus provides tubular flow continuity. Electrically insulating seal ring 108 separates end flange 107 and hub 103. Because seal ring 108 provides a sealing surface between end flange 107 and hub 103, seal ring 108 must be capable of containing high radial force and compression without deformation. A preferred material for seal ring 108 is high density, partially stabilized zirconium oxide.
Four high-pressure seals 109 act against seal ring 108. In a preferred embodiment, seals 109 are TEFLON "lip" type seals, and have a metal internal spring energizer. Extrusion of seals 109 is prevented by PEEK high-temperature, high-strength plastic backup rings (not shown).
Forged steel retainer flange 110 connects hub 103 to end flange 107, thereby providing continuity of tension forces. Preferably, the connection is made by welding retainer flange 110 to end flange 107, while simultaneously providing a compression force between retainer flange 110 and end flange 107. This means of connection is necessary in order to preload seal ring 108 so that seal interface separation will not occur as a result of the internal pressure or external tension loads.
To maintain electrical isolation, an electrically insulating load ring 111 separates hub 103 from retainer flange 110. Load ring 111 must also support all the pressure separation loads and external tension loads. Preferably, load ring 111 is made from a high-compressive-strength material in order to permit the isolation joint to have a slim profile. A preferred high-compressive-strength material for load ring 111 is partially stabilized zirconium oxide.
As may be seen in FIG. 9, retainer flange 110 is welded to carrier pipe 106. Electrical feedthrough tube 112 is also welded to retainer flange 110. Electrical feedthrough tube 112 is a tube which is specially designed so as to accept the electrical power feed (not shown). The electrical power feed has a copper conductor (not shown) that is threaded into pipe nipple 104. By electrically insulating the copper conductor from retainer flange 110 and from electrical feedthrough tube 112, the copper conductor will therefore also be insulated from end flange 107, carrier pipe 106, and flowline 105. The electrical circuit is grounded at ground lugs 113, which are welded to retainer flange 110.
To maximize the electrical separation between retainer flange 110, hub 103 and pipe nipple 104, the annular gaps between these elements are filled with silicone rubber compound 114 which cures in place after injection. Silicone rubber compound 114 is prevented from flowing into annulus 115 by the insertion of delrin plastic flange 116. O-rings (not shown) are used to seal Delrin flange 116.
Properties desirable the high pressure, electrically heated flowline in the illustrative embodiment in accordance with FIG. 9 include:
1. The joint should be able to operate at high internal pressures, often up to 10,000 psi.
2. The joint should be able to withstand tension, compression and bending loads up to the yield strength of the flowline.
3. The joint should have a high electrical resistance and dielectric strength. The dielectric strength or breakdown voltage must exceed 25,000 VAC and the resistance should exceed 50 meg-ohm.
4. The joint should be capable of functioning as an electrical feed through and ground for currents up to 500 amps.
5. The joint should exhibit the properties listed above at temperatures up to 100 degrees Centigrade and, in this example, exceeding 150 degrees Centigrade.
Although disclosed in embodiments suitable for introducing electrical current into a subsea pipe-in-pipe configuration pipeline for transporting unprocessed well fluids, this technology may be applied to other applications. Particularly benefiting from the present invention would be high voltage applications requiring great strength and operating at high pressure.
Other modifications, changes and substitutions are intended in the foregoing disclosure and in some instances some features of the invention will be employed without a corresponding use of other features. Accordingly, it is appropriate that the appended claims be construed broadly and in the manner consistent with the spirit and scope of the invention herein.
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Hi, I'm new to the marketplace. After reading and searching everything, I don't know, what is should provide in my files. If I create a PSD -Template, what should be in there? How about a Site-Template / WP-Theme?
As for PSD template – you should include all the PSD files and some kind of readme file, with short description, layer/folder structure in your PSDs explained and fonts used. Just some basic info.
As for HTML templates – you should include a folder with the template itself, a folder with PSD files (if you have them) and documentation.
The same goes for WP theme, but instead of folder with theme files you should include an installable zip with your theme. In addition, you will need the license.txt file. It's also a good idea to include some kind of sample data from your demo for users to upload to their WordPress install and see how some things were achieved.
I have to upload a zip-file? For example I upload a zip-file, which contains blue.psd / red.psd / green.psd?
Thank you! That was what I was searching for
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|Members Booking
|Betty Singleton Entry Form 2015
|Mixed Open Foursomes
|St Nicholas Open 2015
|Roger casket 2015 Draw
|Junior Boys Open 2015 Entry Form
Prospective visitors may be interested in the 'Prestwick Golf Pass', introduced originally for the 2010 season, which provides a round over each of Prestwick , Prestwick St Nicholas and Prestwick St Cuthbert at a significantly discounted green fee. The cost to play a round at each of the three courses in 2014 is just £190.00.
To check availability or to book the 'Prestwick Golf Pass' please call Prestwick Golf Club on 01292 671020.


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X-Bionic: High-tech pants tailored to mountaineering
X-Bionic Mountaineering Pants include many integrated thermal management features
The pants include six-way elasticity for free, natural movement
The tailbone of the pants houses the 3-D-BionicSphere sweat management system
Mountaineering Pants come in both men's and women's versions
The 3-D-BionicSphere pushes sweat out during activity while keeping a thin layer against the skin. During cool down, the feature serves as extra insulation.
Article Summary
When you're trekking, roping, scrambling and climbing up the world's tallest mountains, you can't be worrying about your clothing failing. X-Bionic Mountaineering Pants are designed to work in mountain environments and include key features that keep you lithe and comfortable for the trip ahead ... but such technologically advanced trousers don't come cheap.
« Back to X-Bionic: High-tech pants tailored to mountaineering
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Cheap MEX to Rome flights
Popular Flights from Mexico City, Distrito Federal
Top Mexico City Flights to US Destinations
Top Mexico City International Destinations
Popular Flights from Rome, Italy
Top Rome Flights to US Destinations
Top Rome International Destinations
MEX to CIA Route Map
Mexico City to Rome Flights, Stats and Airplanes
Route information for flights from Mexico City Intl. to Ciampino.
6,367.63 miles
MEX - Mexico City Intl. Airlines
Browse the most popular airlines servicing the Mexico City (MEX) airport. Visit their flights pages to learn more about the most popular routes these carriers fly.


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Snowden used password from NSA co-worker: report
Published on Feb 14, 2014 1:16 AM
WASHINGTON (AFP) - A civilian employee at the National Security Agency has been disciplined after admitting he gave intelligence leaker Edward Snowden his personal encryption details, NBC News reported Thursday.
The employee was among three workers at the NSA who have been sanctioned after being "implicated" in the unprecedented security breach that allowed Mr Snowden to leak a trove of classified documents, according to a memo to lawmakers cited by NBC.
The civilian employee told FBI agents that he provided Mr Snowden with his personal encryption information but was "not aware" the IT contractor planned to divulge secret files to the media, according the the NSA memorandum.
The civilian, who was not named, has been stripped of his security clearance and recently resigned, it said. The spy agency memo says that the civilian employee shared with Mr Snowden his "public key infrastructure certificate" details, part of an elaborate security system designed to safeguard intelligence computer networks.
To continue reading, log in if you are a subscriber
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6 CEOs Share Their Biggest Regrets
My regret: Not being upfront with my bankers
Ken Hendricks, the late founder of ABC Supply and a self-made billionaire, started out in the roofing supply business, but he wound up involved in a variety of industries from real estate to industrial art. When the largest employer in his hometown of Beloit, Wisconsin, went belly-up--at the cost of 3,500 jobs--Hendricks bought its headquarters and set about filling them with new businesses, many of which he owned in part or in full. When asked by Inc.'s Leigh Buchanan to identify his biggest regret, he said it had to do with obtaining credit. "I would have shared with the banks my long-term vision and got them involved instead of just going to them when I needed money," he said. "I should have got them on my team right from the start."


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Media Alerts
The International Security Management Association Celebrates 30th Anniversary of Founding with NYSE Closing Bell®
For Release: 27 Jun 13
International Security Management Association
, led by President Alan Orlob and former members of the association's leadership team, will visit the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) on Tuesday, July 2nd to commemorate the association's 30th anniversary of founding.
To highlight the occasion, Mr. Orlob will ring the NYSE Closing Bell.
About International Security Management Association:
International Security Management Association (ISMA), founded in 1983, is a premier international security association of senior security executives from major business organizations located worldwide. ISMA's mission is to provide and support an international forum of selected security executives whose combined expertise will be utilized in a synergistic manner in developing, organizing, assimilating, and sharing knowledge within security disciplines for the ultimate purpose of enhancing professional and business standards.
(Source: International Security Management Association)
Tuesday, July 2, 2013
NYSE Security Checkpoint/Tent at corner of Exchange Place and Broad Street
3:30 p.m. Media escorted into the building
4:00 p.m. The Closing Bell rings
Media interested in covering the bell ringing MUST contact
Carolina Barberii at 212.656.4293 or
Photos available via Associated Press/New York (212.621.1902), Reuters America (646.223.6285), Getty Images (646.613.4141), Bloomberg Photo (212.617.3420), European Press Agency (917.670.1323), and Insider Images. The Closing Bell (starting at 3:55 p.m.) feed is available via Encompass loop #4009. Media seeking footage via The Switch should contact NYSE Broadcast at 212.656.5483.
For photos and video of the bell ringing, connect with NYSE Euronext on Facebook (NYSE Euronext), YouTube (nysetv1), and Twitter (@NYSEEuronext), #NYSEBell.


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If you have heart failure, you may see your usual health professional or a doctor who focuses on the heart (a
cardiologist). You may see both doctors.
In some cases, you might get treatment from a
heart failure specialist, which is a cardiologist who focuses
on heart failure.
How often you see your doctor mostly
depends on how bad your
heart failure symptoms are.
To keep an eye on your heart failure, your doctor
or nurse will:
Last Revised:
April 26, 2012
Healthwise Staff
Medical Review:
Rakesh K. Pai, MD, FACC - Cardiology, Electrophysiology & Stephen Fort, MD, MRCP, FRCPC - Interventional Cardiology
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If you pay your taxes by credit card, debit card or e-check, the company that processes the electronic payments on our behalf will charge the following convenience fees:
Every time you use a credit or debit card, the company processing the payment charges a fee for their service. In the private sector, merchants typically absorb the fee as a cost of doing business. However, like most government agencies, the Treasurer-Tax Collector's department determined it would be cost prohibitive to cover the processing fee for electronic payments. To offer the service free of charge to the taxpayer, it would cost the County nearly $1 million in processing fees that would not be offset by reduced staffing costs. Currently, the fees are paid by the taxpayer and go directly to the credit card processing company. Butte County does not retain any portion of the convenience fee.
Treasurer-Tax Collector
Property Tax Division
Central Collections Division
Treasury Division
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Suite 125
Oroville, CA 95965
Map of County Complex
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If you haven't paid your 2014-15 secured property taxes yet, be sure to do so by 5:00 p.m. on June 30, 2015. On July 1, unpaid property taxes will convert to a "defaulted" status and begin to accrue interest at a rate of 1.5 percent per month. More about payment options.
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text:
Theme from Schindler's List
Theme from Schindler's List (Violin, Clarinet, or Flute solo with band). By Itzhak Perlman. By John Williams. Arranged by Calvin Custer. For Concert Band (Score & Parts). Score and full set of parts.. Symphonic/Concert Band Series. Grade 4. Published by Hal Leonard (HL.20823291).
ISBN 0634061895. 9x12 inches.
John Williams collected an unprecedented fifth Oscar for his exquisite musical score for Steven Spielberg's monumental movie. Calvin Custer's adaptation allows your band to feature either a violin, clarinet, or flute soloist on this simple yet poignant theme.


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'X Factor' Recap: The Top 10 Give Thanks (Video)
'X Factor' Recap: The Top 10 Give Thanks (Video)
On the night before Thanksgiving, X Factor's top 10 finalists gave thanks to the people who mean most to them -- in song.
It was an emotional evening with even more heartbreaking stories. The touching story of CeCe Frey's sister Kelsey, who died of cerebral palsy when she was seven years old, was a tearjerker, and Frey's touching tribute nearly reduced the entire judging panel to tears. Vino Alan, meanwhile, may have elevated himself to the top of the leader board with his sincere dedication to the United States military, but has fierce (and we do mean FIERCE) competition from Carly Rose Sonenclar, who just about decimated her fellow contestants with Judy Garland's "Somewhere Over The Rainbow," a song that nobody has been able to touch in reality show contests since Katharine McPhee slayed it on American Idol in its fifth season.
Fortunately for viewers, there were few vocal turkeys, unless you count Paige Thomas completely breaking down mid-song in front of Britney Spears.
PHOTOS: 'X Factor' Season 2: Meet the Contestants
One quibble: when did Khloe Kardashian become a fifth judge on the show? On several occasions, the co-host offered critiques, and, in a backstage interview, just about ordered the entire audience to move Sonenclar to the top spot. Ad-libbing is not your friend, KK.
To wit: after Tate Stevens performed Lonestar's weepy ballad, "Already There," a song about a father calling his family from the proverbial country road, Demi Lovato argued that it "wasn't his best performance." Simon Cowell pointed out that Stevens had cracks in his voice, to which Kardashian actually argued with the judge, defening Stevens for "bearing his soul." After Diamond White's take on Celine Dion's "Because You Loved Me" for her mother, Kardashian remarked "you literally gave me chills."
Ok, we get banter, but wasn't she was getting dangerously close to the judging table? In fact, at one point Kardashian did actually take a seat there -- on Simon Cowell's lap in what was undoubtedly the creepiest moment of the night.
So who fared best on The X Factor? Here's how it played out:
Tate Stevens
Song: "Already There" by Lonestar
Dedicated to his father, Steve, Stevens played to the country music-loving voting bloc with talk of familial devotion. His mother pointed out that young Tate always wanted to follow in his dad's footsteps, be it playing the drums or being an upstanding family man. Of course, having already succeeded in the patriarch department, his love for his wife and children are evident, and it shows in his delivery. Stevens is a catch, that's for sure. Spears called the performance "special" and said she was touched. Lovato did not feel it was the best performance, while Cowell said he felt Stevens lacked confidence of previous weeks, but there's not a "cat in hell's chance" of him going home. L.A. Reid was proud of Stevens, noting, "America loves you."
Diamond White
Song: "Because You Loved Me" by Celine Dion


text: 007 September 05, 2013 7:29 PM MotoGP » Hayden to test new spec Ducati after Misano Everyone here is talking about the frame, and how they should go back to CF frame and do this and do that. I'll tell you this from an engineer's point of view. composites are not ideal when it come down to having a certain amount of flex dial into a chassis. See Carbon or Fiber Glass,go through curing process which cause the resin to harden therefore becoming very rigid. Aluminum on the other hand is more manageable, you can tune it for more flexibility or rigidity easier the any other composite out here. Remember guys a bikes chassis is an extension of the suspension it acts like a springboard when the bike is leaning on the curves. Just a thought. Reply Report abuse 0 agree 0 disagree


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Ecosummit Tickets
Our 9th conference Ecosummit Berlin 2015 takes place on 19-20 May 2015 at the Radialsystem. ECO15 Berlin accelerates Europe's leading smart green startups, VCs and corporates. We love smart, green and lean startups that make and sell intelligent, resource efficient products in a capital efficient way. Contact us if you are interested in pitching or sponsoring. Get your ECO15 Berlin ticket for €900,00 + VAT and join our ecosystem.
Startup Ticket: Fundable smart green startups that want to participate are invited to send us an email to email@example.com to request a startup ticket discount code for ECO15 Berlin. Startups only pay €500,00 plus 19% VAT. The secret startup ticket category can be unlocked with the personal discount code we send you.
The Xing Events (amiando) ticketing service is carried out via a secure https connection. If you have a discount (promotion) code, please enter it at the bottom of the form after clicking on "Click here to enter a promotion code". Then press "OK" and continue the ticket purchase process.
ECO15 Berlin Tickets


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Narrow your search
This simple app helps you clear out Camera Roll clutter caused by excessive screenshots on your iOS device.
Continuity Keypad is something Apple should have built, but didn't.
The company would provide suggestions on what users should download based on their searches in the App Store.
Fnd is a Web app that provides a quicker, cleaner way to find what you are looking for in iTunes.
Tuner for YouTube Music lets you play the audio from YouTube videos and create and edit playlists. Get the app now while it's free.
Launch iCloud tabs saved from your iOS device in Chrome or Firefox using this free app.
A look at a beta of iOS 7 by 9to5Mac sheds more light on the reported changes to Apple's mobile OS.
Apple's said a new iOS and OS X will be shown off at WWDC next week. Banners hinting at both show up at the venue.
Quickly and easily open any Web page from mobile Safari using this handy bookmark.
In a touching ad for the iPad Mini, a girl plays a song to her grandfather over FaceTime. She promises to be home for Xmas. But is she just mocking granddad?


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To embed, copy and paste the code into your website or blog:
The Competitive Enterprise Institute (CEI), one of the organizations that filed briefs supporting the recent challenge to the Affordable Care Act, has now brought a constitutional challenge seeking to block two major President Obama initiatives born out of the Dodd-Frank Act of 2010. CEI, a Washington, D.C. nonprofit, has joined forces with a small-town Texas bank and an advocacy organization for seniors to ask a federal court to find that the Consumer Financial Protection Board (CFPB) and Financial Stability Oversight Council (FSOC) violate the checks and balances system of the U.S. Constitution. They also contend that the recess appointment of Richard Cordray as CFPB Director was an unconstitutional evasion of the Senate confirmation prerogative.
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About Schools in Shorter, AL
Contact a Coldwell Banker® real estate agent to learn more about the schools and school districts in Shorter, AL.FIND AN AGENT
Shorter, Alabama is located in Macon County. Nearby cities and towns include Emerald Mountain, Franklin, Tallassee, Pike Road, Redland, Fitzpatrick, Tuskegee, Reeltown, Blue Ridge, Eclectic, Wetumpka, Montgomery, Notasulga, Union Springs, Coosada, and Elmore. Shorter is a rural community with a population of 508. The median household income is $50,881. In Shorter, 43% of residents are married, and families with children reside in 26% of the households. Half the population of Shorter commutes 28 minutes or less to work, with 56% of residents holding white collar jobs and 44% residents holding blue collar jobs. The median age of homes in Shorter, AL is 22 years, with 74% of those homes owned, 21% rented, and 6% not occupied.
Contact a Coldwell Banker® real estate agent to learn more about the schools and school districts in Shorter, AL.FIND AN AGENT
See if your personality and goals are right for real estate.SEE ALL REAL ESTATE CAREERS
Community information and market data Powered by Onboard Informatics. Copyright ©2015 Onboard Informatics. Information is deemed reliable but not guaranteed.
This information is provided for general informational purposes only and should not be relied on in making any home-buying decisions. School information does not guarantee enrollment. Contact a local real estate professional or the school district(s) for current information on schools. This information is not intended for use in determining a person's eligibility to attend a school or to use or benefit from other city, town or local services.


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Definición de midwife en inglés:
sustantivo (plural midwives /ˈmɪdwʌɪvz/)
- Again, close liaison between obstetrician, midwife, general practitioner, cardiologist, and neonatologist is vital.
- Once the bleeding has been evaluated its management may remain with general practitioners or midwives.
- It goes without saying that no visit with the local midwife or the general practitioner was offered before the 15th week.
- I was privileged to be a colleague of its midwife and founding editor, Susan McHenry, now our editorial director, when she was formulating ideas for it.
verbo[with object] Volver al principio
- In Afghanistan, the U.N. midwifed a political process that gave birth to an interim Afghan government, whose ministers began their work with desks, stationery and telephones provided by the U. N.
- Every significant new publishing phenomenon has been midwifed by a great leap forward in printing technology.
- 1
- Oraciones de ejemplo
- Some practices have had vacancies for up to nine months, and similar staffing shortages in nursing and midwifery have prompted fears that rural healthcare is a thing of the past.
- However, Thomas said police officers should be given a crash course in midwifery, as delivering babies had become a regular part of their routine.
- During this period midwifery was all but abolished.
Middle English: probably from the obsolete preposition mid 'with' + wife (in the archaic sense 'woman'), expressing the sense 'a woman who is with (the mother').
The original sense of midwife seems to have been 'a woman who is with the mother'. Mid- here is not connected to middle, but is an old word meaning 'with' that is related to Greek meta 'with', which appears in English words beginning meta-, such as metabolism (late 19th century), metaphorical (mid 16th century), and metaphysics (mid 16th century). 'A woman' (rather than 'a married woman') is the oldest sense of wife, still used in Scotland.
Palabras que riman con midwifespaewife • alewife
Definición de midwife en:
- Diccionario Inglés de EE.UU.
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This column originally posted on RealMoney.com at 6:59 a.m. EDT. For more information about subscribing to RealMoney , please click here.
Welcome back to the Biotech Mailbag. What a week, eh?
The biotechs were holding up fairly well on Monday and Tuesday, but then came Wednesday, and, well, it's a day I'd rather forget. For me, the worst was seeing big-caps sell off hard. I expect to see tons of downward pressure in more speculative, small-cap biotechs, but Celgene (CELG - Get Report) was down 8% on no news (other than a collapsing global financial market, of course), and Genentech (DNA) fell from $93 to $89 on fears that Roche wouldn't be able to raise enough debt to complete its planned acquisiton.
When you see stuff like that, it's means there is panic in the market, and big funds are being forced to sell the good with the bad. It goes right along with all the rumors of various health care funds liquidating as they go out of business.Thursday wasn't much better. As I finish up this column at midday, the markets overall are rallying just a bit, but the biotech sector is still lagging. And again, there is very heavy selling pressure on big-caps -- Celgene, Gilead Sciences (GILD), OSI Pharmaceuticals (OSIP) and Amgen (AMGN - Get Report). When I was finally able to peel my eyes from my computer screen Wednesday night (it was like watching a bad horror flick -- you don't want to watch, but you must), I reminded myself that a Wall Street meltdown doesn't stop people from getting sick, nor does it lessen the need for new, life-saving drugs. In other words, Lehman and Merrill and AIG and whoever is next to blow up can't derail biotech forever.
Moving to your emails. First up, Raji N. "In August, you wrote that Bristol-Myers Squibb (BMY - Get Report) would have to raise the takeover offer for ImClone Systems (IMCL) from $60 to $70 a share. Yet today, ImClone is trading around $60. Why doesn't the market believe that ImClone is worth more money? Have you changed your mind about ImClone?" Raji sent me this email on Tuesday. I wonder how he felt Wednesday when the stock closed at $57.63! I've tempered my view on ImClone because of the latest twists to the story, most notably Bristol's claim that it has rights to the Erbitux follow-up on drug IMC-11F8. That claim, to me, is a game-changer and gives the negotiating edge to Bristol, not ImClone. For those without a RealMoney subscription, this is what I wrote on Sept. 11, minutes after Bristol's CEO made public the letter written to ImClone's Chairman Carl Icahn in which Bristol said it had no intention of raising its $60-a-share bid and claimed rights to IMC-11F8:
"Let me explain a bit more about the importance of BMY's claim to IMC-11F8. As I said, the drug is a fully humanized version of Erbitux, which means that it won't cause the severe allergic reactions that occur in some patients who take Erbitux. Theoretically, IMC-11F8 should also be equally effective. By claiming 100% rights to IMC-11F8, IMCL held an important bargaining chip over BMY. IF IMCL were to be acquired by someone else and they gained control of IMC-11F8, it could conceivably decimate the Erbitux franchise. (Docs would presumably rather use IMC-11F8 than Erbitux.) But if BMY, in fact, does have marketing rights to IMC-11F8, that makes IMCL a lot less attractive to an outside suitor and strengthens BMY's position. Now, clearly, IMCL is going to assert that BMY has no rights to IMC-11F8. That's been their position for some time. Who decides? I guess the courts, ultimately, if it gets that far. But if I were a potential suitor for IMCL, wouldn't I be a bit nervous now that I know that one of the big assets I thought I was buying outright may not be 100% mine after all?"I know that Icahn says he has a mystery pharmaceutical company in his pocket willing to offer $70 a share for ImClone, but c'mon. Given Icahn's shenanigans with Biogen Idec (BIIB), it's not inconceivable that the dealmaker extraordinaire is simply bluffing in the hopes that Bristol raises the bid. On Tuesday, Bristol's CFO was quoted saying the company could walk away from its ImClone offer. Clearly, there is a lot of posturing and bluster on display here from both sides. At the end of the day, an equitable deal should be struck. Back in August, I


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Rather local; small patch under trees next to large eroding cliff above stream; associated with Erigeron pulchellus, Calystegia spithamea, Desmodium nudiflorum, and Amphicarpaea bracteata. Flowers white.
Only 3 individuals seen, all on single inflorescence of Viburnum acerifolium. They appeared to be actively harvesting nectar from the shallow-cupped flowers (and in the process getting heavily dusted with pollen).
Common, forming patches of basal rosettes on steep eroding slope above stream; plants densely hairy, stems few-flowered.
cespitose, foliage pale green; in buttonbush depression with Bidens and other Carex spp., oak woods.
Panzner Wetland Wildlife Reserve. On bank above yellow pond. Locally abundant.
Panzner Wetland Wildlife Reserve, on yellow pond. 7 juveniles, one with a yellow wing tag (K-85). I learned they have been there for several days (only 3 at first). Very calm, swam right up to within 10m of me with no concern.
Painted Turtle
Green Heron


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Lucy Liu cast as Watson in CBS' Sherlock Holmes show
View Single Post
February 29 2012, 12:20 AM
the G-man
Location: to your immediate right
Re: Lucy Liu cast as Watson in CBS' Sherlock Holmes show
Enterprise is Great wrote:
I'm surprised they cast a 43 year old instead of someone much younger. But then it's CBS which skews to older viewers so it's not too surprising. But whatever...I love Lucy Liu so I am not complaining.
I'm complaining...because this makes it likely she's not staying with Southland. She's great on that and her character quickly became one of my favorites on an already excellent show.
the G-man
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LEGOLAND® Discovery Center Events
30th November 2013
This event has now ended.
To see a list of all our current events, please visit the LEGOLAND® Discovery Center Events page.
LEGOLAND Discovery Center and MARTA will be participating in a community build together on November 30th!
Our Master Model Builder, Josh, and MARTA's CEO, Keith Parker, will be doing a community build on November 30th at MARTA!
Looking for a quick and easy way to get to LEGOLAND Discovery Center? Don't Feel like driving? Take MARTA!
FREE entry for children aged 2 years and under!
Prices vary by visit date and time.
We're open at 10am every day of the week!
Find us at Phipps Plaza in Buckhead.
Plan your Visit.


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- Looking Ahead at the Affordable Care Act for 2015Posted 6 months ago
- Seminar | "The Future of Healthcare in the Small Business Marketplace"Posted 9 months ago
- How Obamacare's Progress Makes Expanding Coverage HarderPosted 10 months ago
- Major work needed before enrollmentPosted 11 months ago
- Look Beyond Health Care Financing to Workforce HealthPosted 1 year ago
- What's ahead in 2014 for PPACAPosted 1 year ago
- Medical savings accounts on the upswingPosted 2 years ago
- Consulting leaders advise employers to 'be nimble' amid changing health care landscapePosted 2 years ago
- The Check is NOT in the MailPosted 2 years ago
- New $63 Fee Announced to Help Offset Healthcare Reform CostPosted 2 years ago
How to Improve Communication Skills in the Workplace
By David Ingram
Source: http://smallbusiness.chron.com
Communication skills are an essential component of a productive workplace, allowing employees to work together cohesively and professionally. Small business owners can do well to hire employees with solid communication skills, and there are also ways to improve communications skills in the workplace to boost employee productivity. Improving employee communication skills through training exercises and behavior modeling can give your company a competitive edge.
Step 1
Include communication skills in employee training programs. Some people are inherently more social than others, but anyone can learn and practice effective communication skills to increase personal effectiveness on the job. Teach new employees the fundamentals of good communication, including listening skills, the concept of encoding and online communication challenges.
Step 2
Model excellent communication skills to leverage the social learning theory. The individual personalities of small business owners can have a large impact on the culture that develops in their companies. Employees who spend a lot of time working alongside company owners may begin to model the communication style of their bosses. Take an inventory of your personal communication habits to gain insight into any communication problems your employees are having. If you consistently provide a model of professional, respectful communication, your employees will take notice.
Step 3
Promote your most effective communicators into supervisory positions to set the tone in the company. Your managers set the bar for employee performance just as you do as the business owner. Make sure all your managers understand your commitment to modeling effective communication skills. Your managers should be confident and develop their own communication styles as they gain experience on the job.
Step 4
Include communication skills in performance appraisals. Tying company objectives into performance appraisals is a proven way to motivate employees to achieve organizational goals. If communication is a significant issue in your workplace, consider setting personal goals for improving communication skills for each employee, and giving incentive awards to employees who meet these goals.
Step 5
Develop team-building exercises to strengthen intra-office communication. High-performance teams become more cohesive over time as they gain experience working and communicating with each other. Exciting activities that require employees to work together can speed up the team-building process, allowing team members to learn the best ways to communicate with others in the team through experience.


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Meriden, NH - Malcolm Grobe, 82, died amid song and prayer at Hanover Terrace on May 15, 2013. A fixture in the Upper Valley since 1960, Malcolm touched the lives of many in this little sliver of the universe. From games to gatherings, Mondays to Sundays, Malcolm stepped up to meet all occasions: he was a pastor, a teacher, a family man and friend, a person who espoused his beliefs but who also listened to the views of others. His voice was a trumpet, and many heard it.
Malcolm was born on November 12, 1930, in Chicago, Illinois, to Herbert and Leona "Bernice" (Adams) Grobe. Along with his two brothers and two sisters, Malcolm grew up in Oak Park, Illinois. He graduated from Oak Park Township High School in 1948 and from Beloit College in Wisconsin in 1952. An accomplished tennis player, Malcolm was a high school state champion, and he went on to win similar accolades at Beloit. He continued to enjoy the game throughout his life, both as a player and an instructor. When hitting tennis balls with Malcolm, opponents and students often felt they were facing an automatic ball-return, with personality included. Lesson fees were inexpensive, often free, as Malcolm always believed in seeking bargains, and returning them as well.
After graduating from Andover-Newton Theological Seminary in 1956, Malcolm married Ann Glavin from Concord, NH, and in the span of five-plus years the couple produced four sons. These years also marked the beginning of more than 50 years in the ministry, beginning full-time in Connecticut at the Killingworth Congregational Church from 1958 to 1960; and then at the West Lebanon Congregational Church from 1960 to 1968, during a tumultuous and impressionable time in our nation's history. Many people, particularly teenagers, sought out Malcolm's guidance, as the Vietnam War and issues of civil rights conflicted many. Not everyone agreed with Malcolm's views and his propensity to make them known, but nobody could deny his conviction. These draining times also marked an end and a new beginning for the Grobe family, as Malcolm resigned his post in West Lebanon and shifted his focus to public education.
In 1970 he began teaching 5th grade at the former Meriden White School, and he retired in 1993 from Plainfield School after 23 years of sharing his passion for life—including sports—with hundreds of grade school students from Meriden and Plainfield. Malcolm much preferred active learning over textbook learning, and over the years former students have expressed their fond memories of his class: listening and learning from diverse music selections; pitching in lunch scraps for Malcolm's pigs; going on nature walks to the brook behind the school. Students speak of many activities, ones that extended beyond the classroom and the afternoon bell, but what they truly remember most is the teacher himself. Prior to his retirement, Principal Joan Garipay wrote in the town report: "It is difficult to imagine Plainfield School without Malcolm. He has always been a child advocate. If there was someone who was friendless, Mr. Grobe was there to fill the void."
In the following years, Malcolm enjoyed his "retirement" with his wife Teddy, whom he married in December, 1974. He continued to substitute teach at the school; he also subbed for a number of years in the Hartford School District, which included time coaching high school girls soccer and the two tennis teams. As with education, the
ministry never was able to shake Malcolm either. Over the years, he performed more baptisms, weddings, and funerals to safely count—they're recorded somewhere—and he also served as an interim minister in local communities, most notably Orford and Charlestown. It is his imprint on his hometowns of Meriden and Plainfield, however, which is etched most deeply and forever.
Malcolm is survived by his wife, Theodora "Teddy" (Walther) Grobe of Sanbornton, NH; his four children, David Grobe of Plainfield, Dennis Grobe of Portsmouth, NH, Jeff Grobe (and wife Sue) of Plainfield, and Jon Grobe of White River Junction, VT; his four step-children: Bernard Walter of Harvey's Lake, PA, Cheri Walther of Moultonborough, NH, Connie O'Leary of Meriden, and Kalani Walther of Kilauea, HI; two sisters, Elizabeth Fowler of Weaverville, NC, and Barbara Fatout of Aurora IL; his first wife, Ann Grobe of Plainfield; six grandchildren, Sam and Alex of Portsmouth; Lauren of Plainfield; and Jennifer, Mallory, and Stephanie of White River Jct.; along with many nieces, nephews, and other relatives. He was predeceased by his parents and his two brothers, Edward Grobe and David J. Grobe.
A special thanks goes out to niece Sherry Grobe of Mount Prospect, IL, who adored "Uncle Mal" and who remains the devoted link that brings family together.
Family and friends are invited to call at the Ricker Funeral Home in Lebanon, NH on Thursday, May 30, 2013 from 2-4PM and 6-8PM. A Memorial Service will be held on Friday, May 31, 2013 at 10AM at the Meriden Congregational Church.


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Tucson Area Bulletin Board:
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All idiot, no savant
Joined: Apr 2007
Location: The Old Pueblo
Oddometer: 10,421
Originally Posted by
Sounds like a sticking slide. Since you already put in a new needle, you know how to take off the slide plate on the top, which doesn't require removing the carb. Take that off, spray in that area with cleaner. Hope you didn't bend the needle on install, that could cause it as well.
Like I said, happy to help, I know that carb really well, both the 39 and the 37 that comes on that bike.
PS: we are coming back from Quantico as Kathy just graduated from The Basic School. As part of the festivities we got to shoot a SAW (M 249), an M 16 and a M 243 gernade launcher. I will never live down the fact my wife hit the tank at 200 yards with the 243 while I missed. They gave her the M 16 with the launcher and she set the butt on top of her shoulder. That is how much she knows about guns.
Sounds like a hoot.
Pretty sure I didn't bend the needle. It dropped right in, no problems.
I didn't think it could be a sticking slide. It still does it even if I forcibly roll off the throttle using the push/pull cables to close the slide. Is that a valid thought?
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Kenai Fjords National Park Reference Libraries
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2013-03-18 11:25:04
Kenai Fjords National Park is located in south-central Alaska along the Kenai Peninsula. The park holds 669,984 acres of protected land and is very near the city of Seward. It was named for its many fjords, which were created by moving glaciers that traveled through the Harding Icefield, one of America's largest ice fields. There are at least 38 glaciers in the park with the largest being...
Word of the Day
- A hairdresser.
The word 'friseur' comes from French friseur, from friser ("to curl, frizz").


text: > View Product Details Please select the size of the product. Please enter valid quantity. John Varvatos light brown leather 'True Norwegian' lace up chukkas overview details Retail: $898.00 Bluefly: $629.00 40% Off : $377.40 color : We're sorry. This style is currently unavailable. Light Brown All-American designer John Varvatos delivers rugged yet refined menswear for the rustic and metropolitan man alike. Color: Light Brown Distressed leather upper Rounded toe Lace up vamp Angled stitch detail at back heel Leather lined Rubber sole 1'' heel All measurements are approximate Leather / Rubber; Italy; style#318448701


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Anyone use or seen the new Alpha Ghost stringing machine?
Just heard about Alpha's "Ghost" stringing machine:
Has anyone reviewed or used or even seen one yet? :confused: If you have, can you give me some thoughts compared to like machines please. I cannot find info anywhere.
Heck, if you're dying to know about this thing AND they have one 'on the floor', I could drop by there tomorrow and have a gander. I don't know that they would just put one together for display...their 'storefront' is pretty limited space-wise.
Saw it at the GSS symposium the other day. Nice machine. Automatic table brake (locks during tensioning) and Prince like dual action gravity release clamps.
I spoke with Mark not too long ago and he said he often strings on the Ghost, so it seems as though he has one set up. Awesome looking machine, though...which gives me an idea for a Christmas present (for myself!)
Machine looks nice, price isn't terrible, looks like they copied some features from various machines, Prince/Babolat ect....
Interested in quality of construction
if I had one of those I would want something so I could disengage the brake. For most rackets you DO NOT NEED OR WANT THE BRAKE so it would be better to have the brake set up so you could engage in manually.
It doesn't lock immediately: it pulls for a moment first, then engages. I actually think its a cool feature. I'm guessing it can probably be disengaged, but I don't know for sure.
All you would need to do is hold the table until it locked.
amazing machine, strung on it at the 2012 GSS, oit is the best bang for the buck, if you want a baiardo and can not afford one this is the machine to get. Very smooth, and attractive machine. Mark from Alpha is the best.
Guys, I'm looking to purchase a machine to upgrade my current Victor C-7027 w/ Wise Head.
I'm currently looking at the Baiardo and Star5 since both has great reviews and great quality.
When I came across this thread, the Alpha Ghost and Phantom really caught my attention. They look great and seems to have great built quality from looking at the pictures.
What are the differences between the Ghost and Phantom? The price difference is almost USD1000.
To remove AUTOBRAKE, push and hold the BRAKE button for few seconds,
In the Manual mode, the turntable can be locked / unlocked each time the BRAKE button is pushed.
To return to AUTOBRAKE, push and hold the BRAKE button for few seconds."
I liked the table lock; strung an EXO3 Warrior on it and it helped a lot. The adjustable pulling speed was a great feature at this price point and was nice for polys. Clamps were more than adequate for hold and adjustability.
The machine is one of the best values I've seen in a long time.
You guys have seen and used this machine. I am very likely to pull the trigger on it Monday or when Mark gets back on Tues. Question is this: Do I understand correctly, that (regarding the table lock) when in Auto mode, it pulls like every other machine and then locks the table about when the table is stable or when tension is reached. Therefore the table is locked, making locking the Switch Action mounts down a one handed operation, as the table is not wobbling (and the tension head is not fighting to keep tension while wobbling)?
And, if still in Auto mode... Stringing an O-Port, you would start the tensioner while (using left hand or your hip) simply keep the string against the correct side of the port and the table would lock in place while tensioning and unlock after tension is released?
Thanks for the feedback. When and if I do get this one (because I cannot find a used Star 5 around) I will be able let anyone who is interested in what I think of it, as it compares to a Gamma Progression II ELS w/stand, my current machine.
Is the Alpha Ghost self-centering like the Gamma 5800/8800's? If not, how to adjust the pillars -- a "bar" underneath, or a hex wrench? It looks like the base clamp locks are the click variety like the 8800, which I really like. It splits the difference in price between the 5800 and 8800, making what was an already difficult decision even tougher. Lastly, how effective is the brake? Ideally, I would like a solid feeling clutch type brake -- maybe the Ghost has newer, better tech?
It has twist knobs on the bottom of the turntable to adjust the pillars. Very simple to use. And the base clamps click to lock but are gravity released. There is also a push button release on them as well. They were flawlessly. The brake really locks up the table. I like that feature a lot.
Equinox Comparison?
I have an Alpha Equinox, and I really like it. Much better than I deserve.
If any of you that have seen the Ghost are also familiar with the Equinox, I would appreciate any sort of comparison that you might offer. It seems clear the Ghost clamps are much better and perhaps other features.
I do not have the original Equinox tensioner, so that comparison is not appropriate, but perhaps other items are.
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Pretty simple question. Sure it's only one game, but what are your initial reactions to this new broadcast team?
Loved them
Hated them
Pretty simple question. Sure it's only one game, but what are your initial reactions to this new broadcast team?
"Strickland Propane... Taste the meat, not the heat." - Hank Hill
I voted loved them, but mostly because 'I liked it' wasn't an option. I think it's going to be pretty darn good honestly, but I can't love a duo after one ST game.
Championships for MY teams in my lifetime:
Cincinnati Reds - 75, 76, 90
Chicago Blackhawks - 10, 13
University of Kentucky - 78, 96, 98, 12
Chicago Bulls - 91, 92, 93, 96, 97, 98
They weren't bad.
Thom seemed a little too loud at times. Melodramatic, particularly for a game on March 1.
Brantley was a pleasant surprise.
When all is said and done more is said than done.
You're right, Joseph....I should have added a couple other options to the poll.
"Strickland Propane... Taste the meat, not the heat." - Hank Hill
a super volcano of ridonkulous suckitude.
I simply don't have access to a "cares about RBI" place in my psyche. There is a "mildly curious about OBI%" alcove just before the acid filled lake guarded by robot snipers with lasers which leads to the "cares about RBI" antechamber though. - Nate
have to call Tom's partner "Dad" this year.
think they were emotionally high and will, hopefully, tone it down a notch.
I like Brantley.
teach tolerance.
Marty seemed less grumpy. Not sure if it was because of Thom or just the first game of the spring. Even though JB pulls out some interesting diction from time to time, he can bring some insights on pitching that have been missing.
What are you, people? On dope? - Mr Hand
Marty: And game 1 for this broadcast crew. I am not a sentimental person; I don't get all choked up. But I will ask your forgiveness if I can be a bit sentimental today because I remember vividly 43 years ago when this young man was born at University Hospital in Chapel Hill, NC when I was a student down there. And now we fast forward 43 years later and I still have a hard time believing that Thom Brennaman is sitting next to me and getting ready to broadcast his first game as a member of the Reds radio broadcast crew. I am just a little bit choked up about this whole thing.
Thom: You need a breather there old timer?
Marty: As I said a million times, this is a dream come true for me...this is just overwhelming for me.
Thom: Likewise for me dad.
God I wish I would've heard that. I didn't get to tune in till the 5th inning.
Benzinger backing and calling! And the 1990 world championship series belongs to the Cincinnati Reds!
It was all good; I listened to every minute (with the thunderstorm this morning and the Reds on the radio today, it's beginning to look a lot like spring!).
The Brennaman's were truly excited and happy to be on the air together, and it showed. Brantley was excellent, and I was prepared to not like him, from his work on ESPN.
I can't wait to hear more.
I usually don't listen to the games on the radio, so it was all fairly new to me, but I thought they did a pretty good job. The game seemed to run pretty smoothly and the fact that the innings were flying by probably helped them a bit.
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Kalevi Sorsa
|This article needs additional citations for verification. (June 2011)
|Kalevi Sorsa
|Prime Minister of Finland
|In office
February 19, 1982 – April 30, 1987
|Ahti Pekkala (1982–1983)
Paavo Väyrynen (1983–1987)
|Preceded by
|Mauno Koivisto
|Succeeded by
|Harri Holkeri
|In office
May 15, 1977 – May 26, 1979
|Johannes Virolainen
|Preceded by
|Martti Miettunen
|Succeeded by
|Mauno Koivisto
|In office
September 4, 1972 – June 13, 1975
|Ahti Karjalainen
|Preceded by
|Rafael Paasio
|Succeeded by
|Keijo Liinamaa
|Personal details
December 21, 1930
Keuruu, Finland
|January 16, 2004
(aged 73)
Helsinki, Finland
|Political party
|Social Democratic Party
Taisto Kalevi Sorsa (December 21, 1930 – January 16, 2004) was a Finnish politician who was the Prime Minister of Finland four times: 1972–1975, 1977–1979, 1982–1983 and 1983–1987 and at the date of his death still held the Finnish record for most days of incumbency as prime minister.[1] He was also a long-time leader of the Social Democratic Party of Finland.
Kalevi Sorsa went to school in Jyväskylä and Lappeenranta. Sorsa started participating in SDP politics in Lappeenranta 1948. In 1969, Sorsa was brought in from relative obscurity by Rafael Paasio to assume the influential post of party secretary without much previous experience of national politics.
Before his political career Sorsa worked for UNESCO in Paris 1959–1965, and was the Secretary-General of Finnish UNESCO board 1965–1969, and official in the Ministry of Education 1967–1969.
Prime minister[edit]
Sorsa was one of the major political figures during presidencies of Kekkonen and Koivisto.[2] Sorsa was the chairman of Social Democratic Party from 1975 to 1987 and Prime Minister of Finland of four cabinets for about 10 years total (1972–1975, 1977–1979, 1982–1983, 1983–1987). He still holds the record of the longest-serving prime minister. He was the Speaker of Parliament from 1989 to 1991, and Deputy Prime Minister 1975–1976 and 1987–1989.[3]
Sorsa is regarded as one of the most influential prime ministers of Finland. Sorsa's contribution was important both for public services such as schools and health care reforms, as well as the strengthening of social security for both families with children and pensioners. His governments took a number of domestic policy reforms (including the law on child care, the extension of maternity leave, the annual vacation benefit act, as well as the public health act). Sorsa's governments strengthened the Finnish welfare state.
Sorsa also participated actively in the international social democratic movement. He supported the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe process, as well as the projects to bridge the gap between world's rich and poor countries. Despite the opposition of far-left parties, Sorsa supported the European Economic Community (EEC) free trade agreement in the 1970s, which would have made the ties between Finland and EEC countries closer. The agreement eventually got confirmed. Of the politicians of his era, he had the most difficult relationship with Paavo Väyrynen, an equally strongwilled opponent at the helm of the Center Party. Another notable prolonged conflict was a rivalry with the young Paavo Lipponen on his way up.
He met Soviet Premier Nikolai Tikhonov during his state visit to the Soviet Union in 1984.
Later years and death[edit]
After his retirement from the parliament, he served on the governing board of the Bank of Finland until 1996.[2]
In later years of his career, Sorsa went into his Social Democratic Party's primary elections as candidate for president in 1993, but was defeated in a humiliating way by the relatively unknown international civil servant Martti Ahtisaari. Sorsa had collected inside his party a small, but significant amount of enemies over the years. They were among others Erkki Tuomioja, Lasse Lehtinen and Matti Ahde. They all became influential forces behind Martti Ahtisaari campaign.
Kalevi Sorsa died of cancer on January 16, 2004 at his home in Helsinki.[2]He participated in discussion of social politics until his last days. His last column was published posthumously. He was survived by his wife. The couple had no children.[2]
The Kalevi Sorsa Foundation is a social democratic think tank named in his honour.
- ^ "Ministerikortisto". Valtioneuvosto.
- ^ a b c d Matti Huuhtanen:Finns hold state funeral for longest serving, Cold War prime minister (paywall) Associated Press 31 January, 2004, via High Beam, retrieved 28 March, 2013
- ^ "Edustajamatrikkeli". Eduskunta.
|Political offices
|Preceded by
Rafael Paasio
|Prime Minister of Finland
|Succeeded by
Keijo Liinamaa
|Preceded by
Martti Miettunen
|Prime Minister of Finland
|Succeeded by
Mauno Koivisto
|Preceded by
Mauno Koivisto
|Prime Minister of Finland
|Succeeded by
Harri Holkeri
|Preceded by
Matti Ahde
|Speaker of the Parliament of Finland
|Succeeded by
Esko Aho
See also[edit]
- 1930 births
- 2004 deaths
- People from Keuruu
- Social Democratic Party of Finland politicians
- Prime Ministers of Finland
- Speakers of the Parliament of Finland
- Members of the Parliament of Finland
- Ministers for Foreign Affairs of Finland
- Commanders Grand Cross of the Order of the White Rose of Finland
- Deputy Prime Ministers of Finland


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Mathematics can be perfected only with practice. Keeping this in mind, several institutes conduct a number of Math tests every year that help determine what students know and what they still need to learn. "The tests give parents and teachers an in depth understanding of each student's strengths and weaknesses, actionable insights into areas of improvement and visible clarity on progress achieved," says Neeraj Jewalar, founder and CEO, Smartur's Math Proficiency Test.
Children are naturally averse to devoting time to practice math as it is not an 'enjoyable' activity. So these tests take Math beyond classrooms. "Many organisations have come up with Math puzzles, quizzes, games, competitions, etc; to help students learn math thoroughly while keeping them motivated," says Blossom Pereira, Math educator, Christchurch School. Jewalar says, "The idea is to ensure that not only the "bright" students but even the average ones sign up for the contests," she adds.
The interesting contests and the various prizes associated with it are indeed drawing hoards of students. Experts say that they pique students' interest in the subject and encourage them to value intellectual pursuits. "The rewards encourage our children to do better," says Kavita shinde, parent. Jewalar says, "We see them pushing themselves to do better in the tests with the motivation to gain maximum coins to buy gifts of their choice."
The tests make students confident and self motivated, and improves their learning skills. Just like sports encourage physical fitness so also contests inspire students to gain proficiency in Math. Eventually, students put aside the game and begin pursuing the subject with interest. "The goal should be to help all students learn as much and as deeply as they possibly can, and to instill in them a love of learning," says Pereira.
Gradual gradation of difficulty level is an important aspect that has been incorporated in these tests. "To begin with, all the tests are simple and become increasingly difficult. This ensures that even the weak students feel encouraged with their initial success in the test and have greater motivation to persist in face of increasingly difficult questions," informs Jewalar.
For better or worse, everything in life comes with some element of pressure. "Such tests train students to deal with success and failure, and teach them how to handle pressure and that effective performance requires practice," says Avelino Furtado, Math educator. But the same tests, if extended beyond students 'ability could harm them. "Students should certainly be challenged, but if this happens consistently, the experience goes from challenging to humiliating and discouraging," says Furtado.
Math contests are a tremendous social and intellectual opportunity for students, but exposing students to contests must be done wisely in order to fulfill the goal of encouraging a lifelong interest in Mathematics.


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