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Participants respond to 10 multiple-choice questions related to glaciers and ice-caps. Immediate feedback, explanations and a final score are provided.
This poster features NASA's Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission. The front features an image of the GPM Core Observatory satellite along with the constellation of satellites that will accompany it. Background information is provided on... (View More) the reverse side of the poster, including an overview of the mission, details of the satellite, the science and applications of the mission, and information on the constellation missions with which GPM will partner. Also included on the back is a multi-age educational activity on freshwater availability. See Related & Supplemental Resources to download a PDF of the poster. (View Less)
Materials Cost: 1 cent - $1 per group of students
This short video (02:48) profiles Steve Nesbitt, a scientist affiliated with NASA's Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission. Following a brief description of his career pathway, Nesbitt provides both an overview of the GPM mission as well as... (View More) insights into his work in validating and analyzing the GPM satellite data. (View Less)
This short video (~2 minutes) explains how a raindrop falls through the atmosphere and why a more accurate look at raindrops can improve estimates of global precipitation. This information is important to scientists working on the Global... (View More) Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission - understanding the micro world of raindrops provides insight to scientists about the macro world of storms. (View Less)
This short video includes interviews with several key engineers who built and tested the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Interviewees include: Beth Weinstein, GPM integration and test... (View More) engineer; Lisa Bartusek, GPM deputy mission systems engineer; and Carlton Peters, associate branch head at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center and GPM thermal branch development lead. (View Less)
Materials Cost: Free
This collection of activities is based on a weekly series of space science mathematics problems distributed during the 2012-2013 school year. They were intended for students looking for additional challenges in the math and physical science... (View More) curriculum in grades 5 through 12. The problems were created to be authentic glimpses of modern science and engineering issues, often involving actual research data. The problems were designed to be one-pagers with a Teacher's Guide and Answer Key as a second page. (View Less)
This short video (4:06) provides an overview of the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission. This mission will set a new standard for precipitation measurements from space by joining forces with countries around the world, to provide... (View More) precipitation data from nine different satellites, creating the GPM Constellation. NASA has partnered with the Japan Aerospace and Exploration Agency (JAXA), space agencies in France and India, and the operators of meteorological satellites in Europe and the United States to make this multi-nation mission possible. (View Less)
In this lesson students investigate the effects of black carbon on arctic warming and are introduced to a mechanism of arctic warming that is not directly dependent on greenhouse gases in the atmosphere: black carbon deposition on Arctic snow and... (View More) ice. It can also be used to introduce the concept of albedo. Prerequisite knowledge: students understand the concepts of absorption and reflection of light energy. This lesson is designed to be used with either an Earth/environmental science or chemistry curriculum. It may also be used as an enrichment activity in physics or physical science during a unit on energy. Includes suggested modifications for students with special needs and low technology option. Requires advance preparation, including freezing ice samples overnight. (View Less)
Materials Cost: $10 - $20 per group of students
This 16-page booklet illustrates multiple NASA sources that allow educators to incorporate real Earth science data and images in their teaching and programs. Sample resources as well as firsthand accounts of how these are being used in the classroom... (View More) or informal education setting are included. (View Less)
This worksheet introduces students to the Aura satellite and its Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI). Students are asked to visit the Aura website and examine OMI data visualizations to learn about emissions of atmospheric gases such as sulfur... (View More) dioxide, nitrogen oxide and nitrogen dioxide. Students gain experience interpreting OMI data visualizations and are asked to consider implications for climate and human health. (View Less)
Materials Cost: Free


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A gas plasma treated porous medium and method of using such a medium to separate or remove materials such as components of biological fluids.
1. A porous leukocyte depletion medium for removing leukocytes from a biological fluid comprising a fibrous porous medium which has been treated with a plasma generated from a mixture of gases without introducing a polymeric substance into the plasma.
2. The fibrous porous medium of claim 1 comprising synthetic fibers.
3. The porous medium of claim 1 wherein the mixture of gases includes at least one inorganic gas.
4. The porous medium of claim 3 wherein the mixture includes ammonia gas.
5. The porous medium of claim 3 wherein the mixture includes oxygen gas.
6. The porous medium of claim 1 wherein the mixture of gases includes at least one organic gas.
7. A method for the separation of leukocytes from a biological fluid comprising passing the fluid through a porous medium which has been treated with a gas plasma generated from a mixture of gases, and depleting leukocytes from the biological fluid.
8. The method of claim 7 wherein passing the biological fluid through the porous medium comprises passing the fluid through a fibrous porous medium.
9. The method of claim 8 wherein the fibrous porous medium comprises synthetic fibers.
10. The method of claim 8 wherein the biological fluid includes red cells.
11. The method of claim 8 wherein the biological fluid includes platelets.
12. The method of claim 7 wherein passing the biological fluid through the porous medium comprises passing the fluid through a medium which has been treated with a gas plasma without introducing a polymeric substance into the plasma.
13. The method of claim 7 wherein the mixture of gases includes at least one inorganic gas.
14. The method of claim 13 wherein the mixture includes ammonia gas.
15. The method of claim 7 wherein the mixture of gases includes at least one organic gas.
16. A method for processing a fluid comprising passing a gaseous fluid through a porous medium comprising a membrane which has been treated with a plasma generated from a vaporized organic material including an ethylenic monomer.
This is a continuation patent application of prior patent application Ser. No. 08/252,044, filed May 31, 1994, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,443,743, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 07/990,794, filed Dec. 10, 1992, abandoned, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 07/757,535, filed on Sep. 11, 1991, which is now abandoned.
This invention relates to a gas plasma treated porous medium and the use of such a porous medium to separate or remove materials, particularly components of biological fluids such as blood.
Many materials, particularly fluids, are passed through porous media to separate or remove certain materials. In particular, biological fluids, containing a variety of components and constituents, are typically passed through porous media for such purposes. For example, it is sometimes desirable to separate whole blood into one or more component parts and/or to remove a cellular constituent such as leucocytes from whole blood or a blood component. Thus, improved porous media and separation techniques are desirable to separate and/or remove a component or constituent from a fluid.
The depletion of deleterious matter in biological fluids administered to a patient for therapeutic reasons is of considerable importance to avoid potential harmful effects on the recipient of the fluid. Of particular importance is the depletion of deleterious matter, especially leucocytes, from biological fluids such as blood and blood products used in transfusions and in extracorporeal circuits to prevent or reduce reperfusion injury, as well as a number of other diseases and conditions.
It has been the practice for many years to transfuse whole blood, and more recently blood components, from one or more donors to other persons. With the passage of time and the accumulation of research and clinical data, transfusion practices have improved greatly. One aspect of current practice is that whole blood is rarely administered; rather, patients needing red blood cells are given packed red cells (hereinafter PRC), and patients needing platelets are given platelet concentrate (hereinafter PC). These components are typically separated from whole blood by centrifuging, the process providing, as a third product, plasma, from which various other useful components are obtained.
In addition to the three above-listed components, whole blood contains white blood cells (known collectively as leucocytes) of various types, of which the most important are granulocytes and lymphocytes. In the donor, white blood cells provide protection against bacterial and viral infection.
However, the transfusion of any leucocyte--containing fluid, such as packed red cells or whole blood containing donor leucocytes may be harmful to the recipient. Some of the viral diseases induced by transfusion therapy, e.g., Cytomegaloviral Inclusion Disease, which is a life threatening infection to newborns and debilitated adults, are transmitted by the infusion of homologous leucocytes. Another life-threatening phenomenon affecting immunocompromised patients is Graft versus host disease (GVH), a disease in which the transfused leucocytes actually cause irreversible damage to the blood recipient's organs as well as the skin, gastrointestinal tract and neurological system. In this clinical syndrome, donor lymphocytes transfused with the platelet preparations can launch an immunological reaction against the host, i.e. the transfusion recipient, with pathological consequences. Conventional red cell transfusions have also been indicted as adversely influencing the survival of patients undergoing surgery for malignancy of the large intestine. It is believed that this adverse effect is mediated by the transfusion of agents other than donor red blood cells, including the donor's leucocytes.
The transfusion of platelet concentrate is also not without risk for those patients receiving both acute and chronic transfusion support. Chills, fever and allergic reactions may occur in patients receiving acute as well as chronic platelet therapy. Repeated platelet transfusions frequently leads to alloimmunization against HLA antigens, as well as platelet specific antigens. This in turn decreases responsiveness to platelet transfusion. Leucocytes contaminating platelet concentrates, including granulocytes and lymphocytes, are associated with both febrile reactions and alloimmunization leading to platelet transfusion refractoriness. Another potential consequence of platelet transfusion is the transmission of bacterial, viral, and parasitic infectious diseases.
In the currently used centrifugal methods for separating blood into the three basic fractions (packed red cells, platelet concentrate, and plasma), the leucocytes are present in substantial quantities in both the packed red cells and platelet concentrate fractions. It is generally accepted that it would be highly desirable to reduce the leucocyte concentration of these blood components to as low a level as possible. While there is no firm criterion, it is generally accepted that many of the undesirable effects of transfusion would be reduced if the leucocyte content were reduced by a factor of about 100 or more prior to administration to the patient. This approximates reducing the total content of leucocytes in a single unit of PRC (the quantity of PRC obtained from a single blood donation) to less than about 1�107. Recently it has become more widely perceived that in order to prevent viral infection by transfused blood, factors of reduction should be more than 100, preferably more than 1000, and more preferably 30,000 or 100,000 fold or more, such as 1,000,000 fold.
One of the most effective means of reducing leucocyte content is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,925,572, which is directed towards the bedside filtration of PRC.
Accordingly, it is a primary object of the present invention to provide a separatory or removal porous medium through which a fluid, particularly a biological fluid, may be passed. It is another object of the invention to provide a porous medium capable of depleting deleterious matter from biological fluids. It is a further object of the invention to provide a porous medium that is capable of depleting leucocytes from blood and blood products. It is a more specific object of this invention to provide a porous medium that has been treated with a gas plasma to improve the ability of the medium to deplete deleterious matter, especially leucocytes (and more specifically granulocytic neutrophils), from biological fluids such as blood and blood products. Another object of the invention is to provide a porous medium which allows the passage of a significant amount of platelets therethrough. These and other objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art in view of the following detailed description.
The present invention comprises a porous medium which has been gas plasma treated and its use in separating or removing substances from fluids. In particular, the present invention provides for a porous medium and method for the separation or depletion of deleterious matter from a biological fluid. For example, it has been found, unexpectedly, that a porous medium treated with gas plasma is especially beneficial for the depletion of leucocytes from blood and blood products. A significant and novel feature of this invention is that such a porous medium achieves high efficiency and capacity for leucocyte removal while minimizing loss of platelets.
The porous medium of the present invention is advantageous for several reasons. The leucocyte depletion capability of the porous medium is improved. Further, the gas plasma treated fibers have a relatively low adhesiveness to platelets so that the ability of the porous medium to pass platelets therethrough is enhanced. Additionally, it is significantly more efficient to prepare the fibers in accordance with the present invention than it is to prepare fibers using other surface modification protocols since organic reagents are not used in the preparation of fibers modified by gas plasma and there is no need to wash or dry the fibers to remove extractables prior to use.
The present invention also provides a method for removing deleterious matter, such as leucocytes, from biological fluids such as blood. The method generally comprises depleting the content of deleterious matter from biological fluids by passing the fluid through a porous medium that has been treated with gas plasma.
The present invention comprises a porous medium for separating or removing a component of a fluid, which porous medium has been treated with a gas plasma. The present invention also concerns a method of using such a gas plasma treated porous medium to separate or remove materials from fluids. The present invention is particularly useful in separating or removing deleterious matter such as leucocytes from biological fluids such as blood while allowing other desirable matter such as platelets to pass through the porous medium in significant amounts.
The porous medium of this invention may be formed by any suitable means of any suitable material which will be modified by treatment with gas plasma. For example, the present inventive porous medium may be formed of natural or synthetic fibers, cast from resin solutions, or prepared from sintered powder media. Considerations of cost, convenience, flexibility, and ease of fabrication and control, point to fibers as a preferred starting material, particularly commercially available fibers and resins used to prepare fibers.
Synthetic resins from which fibers are prepared commercially and which are suitable for use in the subject invention include, but are not limited to, polyolefins, such as polyethylene, polypropylene and polymethylpentene; polyamides, such as nylon 6, nylon 610, nylon 10, nylon 11, nylon 12 and nylon 66; polyesters, such as polybutylene terephthalate and polyethylene terephthalate; polysulfones; polyaramides; acrylics; polyarylene oxides and sulfides; polymers and copolymers made from halogenated olefins, such as polyvinylfluoride and polyvinylidene fluoride; polymers and copolymers made from unsaturated nitriles, such as polyacrylonitriles; and cellulose acetate. Preferred polymers are polyolefins, polyesters and polyamides. The most preferred polymer is polybutylene terephthalate (PBT).
In accordance with the present invention, the porous medium is treated with a gas plasma, preferably a low temperature gas plasma, with or without deposition of a polymeric substance formed by the plasma or introduced into the plasma. The porous medium may be treated with a gas plasma at any suitable point in its manufacture. For example, the porous medium may be treated with a gas plasma after it has been formed into its desired shape, or the fibers which are used to make the porous medium may be treated with gas plasma prior to formation of the porous medium. It is likewise possible to treat with gas plasma a precursor to the final form of the porous medium, as, for example, where the porous medium is first formed into a sheet-like structure, and the sheet-like structure is thereafter pleated or the like to form the final configuration of the porous medium as it will be used in the device. It is preferred to treat the fiber surfaces with the gas plasma prior to formation of the porous medium.
The term "plasma" or "gas plasma" is used generally to describe the state of an ionized gas. A plasma consists of high energy charged ions (positive or negative), negatively charged electrons, and neutral species. As known in the art, a plasma may be generated by combustion, flames, physical shock, or, preferably, by electrical discharge, such as a corona or glow discharge. In radio frequency (RF) discharge, a substrate to be treated is placed in a vacuum chamber and gas at low pressure is bled into the system. An electromagnetic field is generated by subjecting the gas to a capacitive or inductive RF electrical discharge. The gas absorbs energy from the electromagnetic field and ionizes, producing high energy particles. The gas plasma, as used in the context of the present invention, is exposed to the porous medium, thereby modifying the properties of the porous medium to provide the porous medium with characteristics not possessed by the untreated porous medium, e.g., improving the biocompatibility of the porous medium.
For plasma treatment of the porous medium or precursor materials, typically the gas plasma treatment apparatus is evacuated by attaching a vacuum nozzle to a vacuum pump. Gas from a gas source is bled into the evacuated apparatus through the gas inbleed until the desired gas pressure differential across the conduit is obtained. An RF electromagnetic field is generated in the plasma zone by applying current of the desired frequency to the electrodes from the RF generator. Ionization of the gas in the tube is induced by the field, and the resulting plasma in the tube modifies the fibers or medium in the plasma zone.
The gas used to treat the surface of the fiber or medium may include inorganic and organic gases used alone or in combination. Inorganic gases are exemplified by helium, argon, nitrogen, neon, nitrous oxide, nitrogen dioxide, oxygen, air, ammonia, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, chlorine, hydrogen chloride, bromine cyanide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, xenon, krypton, and the like. Organic gases are exemplified by acetylene, pyridine, gases of organosilane compounds and organopolysiloxane compounds, fluorocarbon compounds and the like. In addition, the gas may be a vaporized organic material, such as an ethylenic monomer to be plasma polymerized or deposited on the surface of the fiber. These gases may be used either singly or as a mixture of two or more of such gases according to need. The preferred gas according to the present invention is oxygen.
Typical parameters for the treatment of the porous medium or precursor materials with a gas plasma may include power levels from about 10 to about 3000 watts, preferably about 500 to about 2500 watts, and most preferably about 1500 to about 2500 watts; RF frequency of about 1 kHz to about 100 MHz, preferably about 15 kHz to about 60 MHz, most preferably about 30 kHz to about 50 kHz; exposure times of about 5 seconds to about 12 hours, preferably about 1 minute to about 2 hours, most preferably about 10 to about 30 minutes; gas pressures of about 0.001 to 100 torr, preferably about 0.01 to 1 torr, and most preferably about 0.1 to about 0.5 torr; and a gas flow rate of about 1-2000 standard cc/min.
The gas plasma treated porous medium of the present invention is useful in the separation and removal of materials in any type of gaseous or liquid fluid amenable to separation or removal techniques by passage through a porous medium. The present inventive porous medium is particularly useful for the separation and removal of substances in liquid fluids, especially biological fluids. Biological fluids include any treated or untreated fluid associated with living organisms, particularly blood, including whole blood, warm or cold blood, and stored or fresh blood; treated blood, such as blood diluted with a physiological solution, including but not limited to saline, nutrient, and/or anticoagulant solutions; one or more blood components, such as platelet concentrate, platelet-rich plasma, platelet-poor plasma, plasma, or packed red cells; analogous blood products derived from blood or a blood component or derived from bone marrow; and other leucocyte or leucocyte precursor cell-containing liquids.
Illustrative matters which may be separated from such biological fluids include deleterious matter such as activated and non-activated leucocytes (including neutrophils or granulocytic neutrophils), fat emboli, microaggregates, lipids, cells which are morphologically similar to leucocytes, cellular components and material, and other debris. Other matters which may be separated from biological fluids include cancer cells, stem cells, and the like.
The present inventive porous medium is particularly useful in the removal of deleterious matter, especially leucocytes, from biological fluids, such as blood and blood products. In addition, and unexpectedly, the gas plasma treated porous medium is capable of removing leucocytes from blood and blood products without removing a substantial quantity of the platelets therein, i.e., while allowing platelets to pass therethrough.
While the precise mechanism by which the gas plasma improves the characteristics of the porous medium to make them more suitable for the separation and removal of substances from fluids, particularly biological fluids, is not presently known, it is believed that the gas plasma modifies the surface characteristics of the porous medium, thereby affecting the interaction between the porous medium and the components of the fluid, e.g., platelets and leucocytes suspended in biological fluids such as blood and blood products. The exact nature of the surface modification is not fully understood at present. It has been observed, however, quite surprisingly and unexpectedly, that a porous medium made from fibers treated with gas plasma exhibits enhanced leucocyte depletion of blood and blood products and, beneficially, inhibited retention of platelets.
Factors which may affect the efficiency of the porous medium to separate or remove substance from fluids, particularly to deplete deleterious matter from biological fluids, and its utility for a given application, include, but are not limited to, the diameter of the fibers used to prepare the porous medium, the pore rating of the porous medium, the flow rate of the biological fluid through the porous medium, the flow area of the porous medium, the density of the fibers used to prepare the porous medium, and the voids volume of the porous medium. The various factors can be varied singly or in combination to provide a gas plasma treated porous medium that will be suitable for the particularly desired purpose.
In those uses where the adsorption of a material by the porous medium is the mechanism for the separation or removal of the material, as is believed to be the case with leucocyte removal, it is to be expected that finer fibers will have higher capacity and that the quantity as measured by weight of fibers necessary to achieve a desired efficiency will be less if the fibers used are smaller in diameter, since the surface area of a given weight of fibers is inversely proportional to the diameter of the fibers. For this reason, finer fibers, i.e., fibers with diameters as small as possible, are preferred for uses involving adsorption such as in leucocyte depletion.
While synthetic fibers made by conventional spinneret extrusion and drawing are not currently available smaller than about 6 micrometers in diameter, melt blowing, in which molten polymer is attenuated into fibers by a high velocity stream of gas and collected as a non-woven web is capable of making fibers on the order of a micrometer in diameter and has been essentially extended to the lower limit of fiber diameter with which coherent webs can be made. Webs with fiber diameters as small as about 1.5 to about 2 micrometers have been achieved, and even smaller diameter fibers can be made, but these are difficult to collect as a continuous web.
Some resins are better adapted to melt blowing of fine fibers than are others. Resins which work well include polyethylene, polypropylene, polymethylpentene, nylon 6, polyester PET (polyethylene terephthalate), and PBT (polybutylene terephthalate). Of the above-listed resins, PBT is preferred.
Other resins may be found which can be fiberized and collected as mats or webs with fibers as small as 1.5 micrometers or less, and such products, with their surfaces modified by gas plasma treatment, may be well suited to the fabrication of equally efficient porous media incorporating smaller fibers. Devices made using these or other fibers in the manner and for the purposes described in this invention should be understood to be within the scope of this invention.
While there is no upper limit to the average fiber diameter, practical considerations suggest an average fiber diameter in the range of up to about 40 μm, more likely about 10 to 15 μm, depending on the particular application. The lower limit of fiber diameter is the lower limit of average fiber diameter with which fibrous webs can be made. Fibers as fine as 0.2 μm diameter have been made and may be used in connection with the present invention.
The structure of the present inventive porous medium may be a multilayer structure wherein the layers are hot compressed by techniques known to those skilled in the art. The layers of such a porous medium may be bonded, fused, or otherwise fixed to one another, or they may simply be mechanically entwined. The porous medium may be configured in any way deemed desirable, for example, as a web, matrix, flat sheet, membrane, or in a corrugated or pleated structure.
The pores of the porous media of the present invention may have any pore diameter suited to the particular contemplated end use, such as, for example, leucocyte depletion from whole blood, packed red cells, platelet and platelet rich plasma. The term "pore diameter" as used herein is determined by the modified OSU FR test described in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 4,880,548. Generally, the pore diameter of the porous medium in accordance with the invention may be in the range of from about 0.5 μm to about 50 μm, preferably about 2 to 10 μm. Typically the pore diameter for leucocyte removal from packed red cells will be relatively smaller than the pore diameter of a porous medium used for leucocyte depletion from platelet rich plasma and for circulating blood in an extracorporeal circuit. A larger pore diameter, on the order of about 6 μm or so, may be used while still retaining desirable efficiency with satisfactory surface modification of the porous medium. The optimization of the pore size of the porous medium for a particular end use will be well understood by those skilled in the art.
Other factors which may affect the efficiency of the porous medium and its utility for a given application include, by way of illustration, and not in limitation of the invention, the weight of the fiber and the voids volume of the porous medium. For example, the efficiency of leucocyte removal will generally be enhanced by increasing the weight of the fiber and reducing the voids volume of the porous medium. Care, however, needs to be taken not to use a fiber diameter so small that the porous medium will collapse at normal working differential pressure. Similarly, the flow rate may be increased by increasing the area of the porous medium with a concomitant reduction in the thickness of the medium, or by increasing the voids volume of the porous medium.
When the porous medium is to be used for the leucocyte depletion of platelet-containing biological fluids, such as whole blood in an extracorporeal circuit, the porous medium is treated with gas plasma in such a fashion that the platelet loss by failure to pass through the porous medium may be minimized. The porous media of the present invention are thus capable of passing a significant portion of the platelets. Desirably, the porous media of the present invention are capable of passing at least about 40% of the platelets, more preferably at least about 50% of the platelets, and most preferably at least about 60% or more of the platelets.
It is generally desirable to include the porous medium of the present invention in a housing to contain the biological fluid. The housing is susceptible to a wide variety of shapes, and housings can, in turn, be designed to accept a variety of shapes of porous medium. For example, a circular, square, cylindrical, octagonal or the like housing designed to accommodate a similarly shaped porous medium would in principle all be functional, provided that adequate flow area is provided by the porous medium. These shapes are within the scope of the claimed invention. Accordingly, any housing of suitable configuration may be used.
The housing defines a liquid flow path from an inlet through the porous medium to an outlet. The housing may be fabricated from any sufficiently rigid, impervious material which is compatible with the biological fluid. For example, the housing may be fabricated from a metal, such as stainless steel, or from a polymer. Preferably, the housing is fabricated from a plastic material, such as polystyrene, polycarbonate, or polypropylene. In addition, all of the surfaces of the housing which contact the biological fluid are preferably liquophilic, i.e., readily wettable by the liquid. Internal surfaces of the housing may be treated to achieve a high degree of liquophilicity, e.g., by surface graft co-polymerization of hydroxyl functional monomers or by subjecting the internal surfaces to gas plasma treatment. These liquophilic internal surfaces then readily facilitate the release of gas bubbles during the preparation and priming operation. A method of reducing the adhesion of bubbles in medical equipment is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,861,617.
The housing may also be constructed of materials which have been exposed to a gas plasma in much the same manner as the porous medium. Such a gas plasma treated housing could, therefore, exhibit some of the same improved characteristics as the porous medium of the present invention, e.g., minimizing the retention of platelets in the separation or removal of blood components.
A filter assembly in accordance with the invention was produced as follows: polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) was formed into fibers by melt blowing, i.e., exposing molten PBT resin to a high velocity stream of gas, until 7.5 gm/ft2 (80.7 gm/m2) of fibers having an average diameter of 2.0 microns was obtained. Four layers were formed over a layer of 40 micron opening woven polyester mesh. These five layers were pleated together with an extruded polypropylene mesh having a thickness of 0.02 inch (0.05 cm) and openings of about 0.06 inch (0.15 cm) by 0.06 inch (0.15 cm). The pleats were formed using conventional pleating equipment having heated platens to maintain the pleated structure to form a structure having 10 pleats per inch (2.54 cm) and a height of about 0.4 inch (1.02 cm).
The pleated media assembly was cut to a length of 2.5 inches (6.35 cm) and a width of 4 inches (10.16 cm), i.e., about 40 pleats. The assembly was formed into a cylindrical structure and the ends were sealed using a conventional heat sealer. The dimensions of the cylindrical pleated structure were about 1.4 inches (3.56 cm) inside diameter by 2.2 inches (5.59 cm) outside diameter by 2.5 inches (6.35 cm) length. A 1.3 inches (3.30 cm) outside diameter by 2.5 inches (6.35 cm) length polypropylene core was placed inside the pleated cylinder, and polypropylene end caps were heat welded to the ends of the cylinder.
The filter assembly was then subjected to gas plasma treatment by exposing the assembly, in a B-series gas plasma generator obtained from Advanced Plasma Systems, Inc., to an O2 plasma under the following conditions: 2.0 kilowatts, 40 kilohertz for 20 minutes and 150 mtorr O2. The filter assembly was then assembled into a housing in preparation for testing for leucocyte removal from blood.
This Example illustrates the use of the gas plasma treated porous medium of Example 1 in an extracorporeal circuit for the removal of leucocytes from blood. This test was designed to expose recirculating blood to the conditions typical of those encountered during cardio-pulmonary bypass surgery: an extracorporeal circuit having a pump, filter, pressure gauge, and reservoir; a blood flow rate of 3-6 liters per minute was maintained throughout the test; and recirculating the blood for about three hours. Blood samples were taken and the differential pressure across the filter was measured at various times during the test.
Six units of type-matched packed red cells to which the anti-coagulant Adsol™ had been added were placed in the reservoir. After the filter and circuit were primed, blood in the reservoir was recirculated through the system at a flow rate of 3-6 liter per minute.
From samples of blood taken at various intervals during the test, it was found that the total leucocyte removal (neutrophils and lymphocytes), using a gas plasma treated porous medium produced as described in Example 1, was 39% after 1 hour of recirculation and 59% after 3 hours, the conclusion of the test. The pressure differential was less than 2 psi throughout the test.
By comparison a porous medium prepared with radiation grafted fibers and of the same construction as the gas plasma treated porous medium, leucocyte removal was 29% after 1 hour and 36% after 3 hours. These results illustrate the ability of the gas plasma treated porous medium of the present invention to remove a leucocytes effectively while maintaining a desirably low pressure drop.
A web of melt blown PBT microfibers having an average fiber diameter of about 2.4 microns was prepared as described in Example 1. The PBT web was formed into a multilayered structure having a total of 52 grams/ft2 of the above media. A PBT porous medium (untreated) having a final thickness of about 0.08 inch was formed by heating the multilayered structure to a temperature of about 170� C. and applying pressure.
A portion of the PBT porous medium (untreated) was subjected to treatment with gas plasma with oxygen using the following conditions: 40 kHz radio frequency at 2000 watts for 15 minutes. The oxygen (O2) pressure was 115 mtorr. The gas plasma treated porous medium is referred to herein as the GPT porous medium. The remainder of the PBT porous medium (untreated) was used for comparative testing.
The GPT porous medium was then tested for platelet loss from both packed red cells and platelet concentrate. To carry out the testing, samples of the GPT porous medium were cut into a 0.94 inch diameter disc, and sealed in a reusable plastic housing. The housing included an inlet port and an outlet port and defined a liquid flow path between the inlet and the outlet through the GPT porous medium.
Test with Platelet Concentrate
Platelet concentrate pooled from random donors was passed through the GPT porous medium in the test housing described above at an initial flow rate of 1 cc per minute. The concentration of platelets and leucocytes in the filtrate was measured and compared to the unfiltered fluid. The results showed that 99.9% of the leucocytes were removed and 85% of the platelets were recovered (i.e., only 15% remained in the unfiltered fluid). For comparison, a similar test was conducted with platelet concentrate and a sample of the untreated PBT porous medium. The results showed that platelet loss for the untreated porous medium was about 50-80%. The test illustrates the ability of the GPT porous medium to pass a high proportion of the platelets during leucocyte depletion of platelet concentrate.
Test with Packed Red Cells
Packed red cells (CPD anticoagulated with AS-1 additive solution) were obtained through standard processing means. The PRC had an age of 3 days. PRC was passed through the GPT porous medium in the test housing described above under gravity head pressure at an initial flow rate of 1 cc/min. The leucocyte and platelet concentration in the filtrate was measured and compared to the unfiltered PRC. The results showed average leucocyte removal of 99.7% and an average platelet loss of 22%.
For comparison, a similar test was conducted with PRC and a sample of untreated PBT porous medium. The results showed a platelet loss of 99% for the same PBT porous medium without GPT surface modification. The test illustrates the surprising ability for the GPT porous medium to pass a high proportion of platelets contained in packed red cells.
While the invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example, it should be understood that the invention is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms and is not restricted to the specific embodiments set forth. It should be understood that these specific embodiments are not intended to limit the invention, but, on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention. All patents and other references cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties as if set forth in full herein.
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Beautiful home in one of Columbus' newest subdivisions! Conveniently located in North Columbus. Jackson Floor Plan Beautiful upscale home in Riegel Pointe Subdivision. Home features gourmet kitchen with granite countertops, upgraded stainless appliances, upgraded cabinetry, breakfast bar, keeping room, open to large den with fireplace. Upstairs has 2 bedrooms and bonus room. Hardwood floors throughout all living areas. Master bedroom is on main level with huge closet. Large unfinished room upstairs could be playroom, media room, or extra bedroom. Stamped concrete driveway. Seller is a licensed Real Estate Broker. DIRECTIONS: River Rd North past Mobley Rd, stay to right as River Rd forks, turn onto Britton Rd, subdivision on right, take first right onto Spring Walk Drive, home is first on left. --------- For more information call Lisa Raines 706.888.8778 or Tiffiney Graham 706.593.2559 Keller Williams Realty River Cities 706.221.6900 ----- www.yourbestwelcomehome.com
Make an Offer for 7102 Spring Walk
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We use several companies to fill your golf cart requests.
Fill out my online form.
It's Mike Veit and Maria Wylde and we would like to rent a golf cart to explore the island. We also would like to swim with the whale sharks on Saturday July 13th and we would like to ride wave runners, see the mayan ruins and parasail while we are there. We arrive July 11th and leave Monday July 15th. We also wanted recommendations for a romantic rest on Cancun for dinner Sat night .
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Wrestling Discussion Thread
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Hall Of Fame
Join Date: Jun 2006
Location: Valhalla
Posts: 3,137
Originally Posted by
There are certain people that are going to cheer Brock NO MATTER WHAT. Of course he's a heel now since he sided with Ace. The Cena feud is just to get him over as a heel with the kids and Cena fans (yes there are some, not everyone hates the guy). Then he can move onto Orton and get even more heel heat, then beat Punk for the title and get mega heat from the internet/smarky crowd. The crowd reaction will change in due time, that's not a big deal right now. But they're pushing him to be a mega heel, that much is clear.
I understand the Cena feud but i just dont see it happening. I do agree if they have him destroy Punk then he will get heal heat. Having him destroy Bryan would work as well as the internet smarks loves his work rate. I just think your gonna see him destroy guy after guy and still get cheered for it.
They havnt seen a real monster heel in a long time. Henry was so close but got injured then jobbed out which was a shame. Kane at this point isnt as scary as he was. So the monster heels have been lacking and Brock brings that. So people are gonna cheer him as everyone loves a monster that can actually move.
Originally Posted by
Heard those Albert chants again Monday.
Had me dying laughing. I am not sure if they really believed people wouldnt remember who he was.
Winner of the TalkTennis hockey challenge. Thats right I am a hockey god and CC came in last.
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The Strawberry Crush is one of the signature drinks at the 9th Street Taphouse on the Ocean City Boardwalk.
- Filed Under
What if happy hour could run all day, every day? While that may sound like Homer Simpson in the midst of a day dream, it's close to a reality at the 9th Street Taphouse Bar & Grille.
Happy hour officially takes place 3-6 p.m. daily, but there are a number of specials that run from 11 a.m.-6 p.m. daily, including $2 domestic drafts; $3 house wines; $5 frozen slushie drinks; and $5 orange and grapefruit crushes.
Enjoy Baltimore's best - $1.50 Natty Bohs - all day and night. ...


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MANSFIELD—The Pearl Conard Art Gallery at The Ohio State University at Mansfield is proud to present co-e-val, an exhibition by current Ohio State ceramics graduate students Gun Young Kim, Natalia Arbelaez, Jonathan Fitz, Brittney Helms, Jennifer Hansen Gard, and Ashley Neukamm.
Established in 1926, the Ohio State University ceramics program is one of the oldest in the country. The
educational philosophy of the program, which operates inside the larger graduate program in the Department of Art, encourages students to bridge the boundaries of both concept and material. Led by Ohio State
faculty members Rebecca Harvey and Steven Thurston, the program promotes a cross fertilization of media
and methods and places a high value on intellectual research.
Friday, Jan. 10 – Friday, Feb. 7, 2014
Public Reception: 6-7:30 p.m. Friday, Jan. 10
Gallery Hours: M/W 11:30 a.m. - 4 p.m., T/R 11 a.m. - 4 p.m., F 11:30 a.m. - 2:00 p.m.
Pearl Conard Art Gallery
145 Ovalwood Hall
The Ohio State University at Mansfield
1760 University Drive
Mansfield, Ohio 44906


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Hotels & Resorts Panama - The Hotel Has Four Types of Rooms Distribuited in 7 Floors, Also Has 24 Hours Security, Free Internet Service and Tour Service.
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Find great deals on quality hotels & resorts in Central America, or indulge at one of our luxury resorts. Take advantage of the many amenities that can be included with your stay such as in-room internet access, wifi, room service, fitness center, pool, hot tub, steam room, and shuttle services to and from the airport. Browse our hotels and resorts in Central America and plan your Central America vacation today!
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Honesty on a flat-topped shingled roof (vignette)"Baby, if you were the stars, I'd lay and watch you all night." His words were roof-top spoken, and five stories above a Brooklyn street.She didn't notice, though, because she was tuned into every noise beneath them: Radios, cars, buses, bikes, steam lines, subways, fans, air-conditioners, televisions, power transformers and a high-up plane were lapping up her consciousness and weaving a lovely blanket of humanity where she could stay warm.Cold was his distance on the aging roof. She realized a long time ago that his love had fallen for an idea, and that she fit that idea in form only. The short, dark-haired girl with glasses motif was one she wore well. He lived on that ideal: every evening of their lives together he would heat up that film-covered, plastic tray with the neatly organized concepts of her in the microwave of his mind and enjoy it bit by compartmentalized bit. But the variable of her heart was incalculable in his equation. Knowing that what she loved was no
the way of two heartshe can't touch her distanceall the whileshe ruminates on existencecommasand non-dairy creamershe just resideson the edge of potentiallong pauseswhole milk upbringingshe sees him, near-sightedhe acts in solid waysrarely speaking, yetreliableand unaware lumbering graceshe just resideson the peak support feltin his rough handsbringing her up, wholethey see. they are.
una corda pedalmy truthI am the soft pedaltaming the harsh brillianceof a grand piano crescendosdulling the strikingdelivering realitywith an unmitigated smileI live to make it all palatablethe mechanism who tames your tonesinto believing the truthisn't the horrible liethat it really is composed to beyou'll remember mealways feeling placatedby my unrequested suddenly welcomedtickling-smile felt fingertipsgracing your quiveringnever realizingI never liedbut you never knewmy truth
jumping at the light, consumedslimy wet sewer gratesfallen betweendunked in and whisked away bythe refuse water of our land'srunofftumbling under Maple and First and Main(archetypes of America's road plats)lost hydro unharnessedfiltering through leavessurface discardsrumbling through the buriedconnectivity architecture hiveof civil engineersnever hailed as Wrightforlorn in temperaturei strain for an emergencewhisked beneaththe feet of denizensexperience moments of envyfor their dryand loathingtheir arid mindspipe by pipedrain by drainfleeting chances at releasejumping gripping graspingslipping yet againquickly chances passsquares of light freedomaqueous perilapproaching deepest ravinesubterranean gorgewhere it all runsthe fallno regretsuntil i am consumed
in dark eyeethereally floating thereenvying the lust of lifeluridly at a rolling boilexpansive outcome of supernovadistant alluring signalbehind fine line lashescomet trails pioneer the iristease of civilizations incalculableancient creation secrets born anewgranted before wish utteredjust a shy blink leaves meethereally floating there
Musing over the MoonI don't think that the moonwanted to bethe moonimagine a hot rockreleased to its own pathby a collisionexplosionor monumentalfission fusion of creationtaking paceamong the starsfreeonly soona sun with planetsslowly pulls cajolesthis liberatedpiece of travel-roundedmassinto a steady orbitof obligationslight the nightguide the shipspull the tidesmake us wonderlet the wolves howlnight after nightrepetitivecirclingwonderingabout its freedom
Auditor of the Ashes"I am an incalculable rhythm of distinction."Those words being uttered from the other side of the cubicle wall were not expected, but they could not be labeled as "unexpected" in my inventory of daily expectations. "Is that so, Rod?""I am a paradigm of undiscovered configurations."This second phrase fell on me as the first. "Well, that may be true, but you know how much they love it when you talk to me over the cube wall like that. I hope this audit project hasn't finally pushed you over the edge.""I am a master of untamed neuropathic swings."It was that statement, I see now in hindsight's tremendous focus, when I began to worry. "Oh, you're the Jonas Salk of neuropathy now? I thought you were an accountant?""I am the King of Spades, and I have an ace up my sleeve."I heard his chair push back, the plastic wheels rolling across the plastic mat, and his Oxfords made a few taps on the mat until they transitioned to the carpet. He was go
Hot Chocolate and Redemption"Because I'm a bad person, that's why."Tammy's words stunned Ryan into silence. They'd had three good dates, and now this was her reason why she wouldn't go out on a fourth date. She'd been nothing but awesome, and this seemingly irrational rationale for rejection had him curious."I've seen you do nothing bad. You've been great with me." He leaned back in his chair, and took a sip of the coffeehouse's mocha hot chocolate. Her expression had hardened in a way he'd never seen before."That's because I don't let you see that side of me, Ryan. Listen, you were really sweet and persistent which is why I went out with you, but I'm cutting this off before it goes too far. I don't want to hurt you, and this will hurt less than you finding out what I'm really like." He noticed her hardened expression and flat tone shifted slightly during the last sentence, and they both showed him some pain. He decided to play the card she'd just handed him."If you're so horrible, why be ni
Take a Pass"So, you want to be famous again? You want to be cared for again?"The girl who spoke the words to me was about ten years old, had reddish brown hair down to her lower back, and the most adorable set of freckles dappled across her nose and cheeks I'd ever seen. I hadn't said a word, but she had just walked up to me at the bus stop and asked the question.I didn't want to answer, so I asked a question."Is that a question, or an offer?"I should have anticipated her response."Can't it be both?"The wind blew slightly. Her hair was tousled by it and glinted in the sun. She didn't belong here in this neighborhood. We were surrounded by industrial buildings and tenements. Her straight teeth, clear skin and new clothing spoke of the well-heeled suburbs. I was here because I had nowhere else to go, but a child such as this was never seen playing here. Part of me envied her potential, her youth and her possibilities. I was surprised when
shhhwe are lurking too close to jesus,on the empty edge of a lightless stage,curved nails digging into the skin of our pale palms.he asks as an afterthoughtdo you believe in something holy? and i think yes,i think this is what i believe in.
ConstellationShe is dream dust,too bitter or wisefor her own good.A timeless dragon's soulsomewhere inside ascaled shell, burningthe silence in her bonesalive, honeysuckle sweet.She collects fireflies only toset them free at 3am,crying to an uncaring moon.& she's begging for the starsto take her away,make this house a homerigged in the sky.To me,She is already naked feverswimming through the cosmos& I orbit her.
syracuseListen to the audio version for the full effect, pretty please.cloudshot sky like an oil painting and i am watching theseagulls. i--darling, i will swim for youand swallow every whitecap.i will pluck myself a coat of pelican wings,sew them up with salt and spray--become icarus for you.you are calling me across the waves, love--but you pull against the achein my bones, the hollow--the clawing out for unseen sunsets and unturned tides.i hear you, lovegive me time.i will always listen.
ConfluenceAccording to the old religion, a scribemust bathe in natural running waterbefore she draws what is dictated to her,because writing's just like cleaning a mirror,she says, it's like rearranging stainsleft on wholesome rivers. For three nights,I drew geometric shapes in the margins;I had been instructed to take notes onthe underside of snow, and how it colonizedthe lithosphere, musically and without hurt.It felt like a call, but it wasn't a calling.The paper was made in Himalayan foothillsby a woman who had cleansed knots from fibrous barkand dipped her bleached hands into boiling water.I mangled the page into a cottage, then a castle;for I imagine that the grime of Dublincould fold me up into my questions. But to givecreative attention is always an act of love,and the most sincere. You have always known thatonly at the fringes of the intellectcan love become voice. So mayit all be fringes and loveits nonexistence, but not yet, not yet.
astronomerswhen we're togetherdusk is containable; the moon in my palmsand the stars on your ceiling.we lull the city to sleepwith our theories of life; my tongue curlinginto speech.do you remember,when Jupiter was a silver wick, lighting its countless moons?that night,you balanced a cigarette off your lips,and I watched the vermillion flame burn lifeas a newborn sun;stars forming,planets moulding and constellations snakedabove our eyes.i imaginedwhat it would be like to be curledinside the embers creator and destroyerof worlds,so close to your lips.
Combat ZonesHe wakes up in Vietnam every night,boot-clad feet trudging over mined ground,trigger finger numb, back sore,fatigue drenched from the monsoons,and he prays to go home to her.He finds himself next to her every morning,dark bags under her eyes telling himhis twitching kept her awake again.At breakfast she throws the dishesand cries as the china shatters against the wall—cries that she's living in a combat zonewith a man who's battling himself."Is there anything more destructivethan war?" she asks, and he looks at herand says, "Love."
A Farewell to MoleskineI chose not to water your Oleanders.There was a reason, but it has dried inmy mind like those magenta petals.You stopped buying me first editions,when our friends claimed they mademe seem pretentious. They didn't know about the ketchup stainon Catcher in the Rye, or the highlighterI took to This Side of Paradise.They didn't know anything about being the oldestbook on a shelf- The fact that dust yearns for theattentive breath of life to set it free.Words are not prisoners in a flower pot.They do not die with ease.I remember now,I didn't water your Oleandersbecause they made you seempretentious.
StainsI.You burned the eggs and wrote scripturein the shadows of a lunar eclipse.I haven't slept for years, but it took the far awayscream of a siren to convince me thatthe moon is a liar.Body bags are filled with better men.There are rivers of oil where I can't seem to breakThe mirrors that flaunt your reflection.II.You couldn't dare me to walk across that bridge.You couldn't ask me to sit through a full sermonand still remain humble.I'll never be home before the street lights come on andyou'll never hold my hand in the day time.We're both clinical fools."The only difference between poison and medicine is the dose
"Yet, our intentions were never good.III.Lately I can only focus on how many days we have leftbefore ash blankets the entire sky.Before my free will is no longer an issue.I feel the most sympathy for the birds.The ones who will fly across an ocean to find nothing on the other side.Just a life boat buried in the sand.You made those clou
Professional EulogistThe only dry eyeBelongs to the perennial pallbearer.His countenance cold, even in Kelvin.Pine forests falling,Fields somewhere filling with his friends,They're carving out quarriesAnd ghostwriting eulogies.People wonder aloud what's wrong with him.He knows Dionysus drowns more men,Than Poseidon.Venus takes more lives than Mars,Walking on traintracks,Eyes crossed like stars.Hoods up,Heads down.There's no ghosts left in this town.In a real city of angels,In a time called black suit season,Death is a dial tone.
Bitlets 59If I could stop trying to be so goddamned profoundI'd be prolific.
Birthday celebrations.Twenty-three cigarettesat midnight in honour ofthe years you might havelived,but chose not to.
tense intentionsiv.you lurk behind my sternum andlace my uneasy breaths withdoubt and self-deprecation, Ican't breathe. Iguess I didn't need to sleep.ii.I am smudged in between the lies,an asymmetric astrology chartmapping misguided dreamswhen you make a wish on me,I sell away another piece(I wish I were my own)v.it was always me, it was alwaysthe blood clotting in my heartand words coagulating on mytongue I swallow cyanide tovomit up my narcissistic tendenciesiii.it was nothing that ever matteredwhen the dust settled and youcould finally remember my name(and you settled down into my bonesdeciding I was hollow enough for a stay)vi.I will never leavei.but I warned you my poetic dedicationswere never pretty
DormantSleep and sway and constancyrain, two steady days, then three--the horses crackle through the leavesand stamp away the mud.Brown grass lies tired, over-grazed,bit down from roots to dirtbut winter lends her sympathy.Her breath, the sharp-edged air;her arms, the gaunt-limbed trees;she paces, slowwhere field mice cross themselvesagainst the shadow of the wingand sacrifice their young.I go wordless, spellboundtrading bravery for sleep,alone and sound; a bedwhere I abandon you,the livid world I sought,I findthat I was never yoursand you were never mine.
you need to have a plan...so here's toconventional wisdom.1. relocateto some forgotten shore.2. fall desperately in love with i. the ocean ii. the sky iii. the honey sunrise and iv. the steelgray winter dawn.3. sinksoul-deep into the water andbreathe.4a. search out the requisite words i. from behind white and blue curtains ii. and underneath clam shells iii. and in the wakes of fishing boats, and4b. pluck them from the ceaselessscrawls of sunlightagainst the slopes of waves.5. make time for i. poetry ii. and other selfish pursuits.
MorphHe pinned the butterflyto the card,the dry rotof blue wingsso profoundand loudin the warm room.Under glassit seemed a stranger,not the imagounfolding in the jarthat dreamedof the wet season,but a legless pupacommonand forgettable.
Fill in the blank.Sometimes people leave these why-sized holes in our livesafter they depart.
carnival ridesJesus came from smoke & moonshineso whenever i blow out candles,i write God a grocery list andset fire to wax in the back of a churchwith waning moons for parishioners.faith comes and goes like carousels,so i guess that means that i can count on clownsbut i can't count on light.galactic children,crack your glow sticks upon our congregationlike rainfall amidst the baptized first. i spend more time in bed with myselfthan i do whispering secrets into theonion paper of Bible pages.i vandalize hymn books with my favorite lines of poetry.i never bothered to ask God if he was okay with this,i've just always been apt at assuming too much.maybe, when my father's language unfurls like a Persian rug,i will relearn the taste of cotton candy & confection sugar.i will build monuments for my convictionsto make up for all those times i just faked it.maybe, like a holy convict, i will shackle myselfto good deeds that do not self-fulfill but, instead,teach every lesson i
Lullabyborn from damp earth and oceansoul,her sparrowbones sway in the wind—too light to hold herself down: the unbearableweightlessness of her own actions.she digs her feet into the dirt,hollowing out the pores, so her mother can breathe;ash spews up from the earth's core, shimmersincandescent like stardust in the last rays of light. oh, how mother mourns her empty womb:everything dies, everything diesin oil-spun fibers and oxygen-starved epithelium.she holds herself down, presses her fingers into fleshand curls inside herself, like a seedwaiting, waitingand she welcomes it, the sleep that comes: oh, how it sweeps over her like a deathblanket.calling, callingsweet whispers from her roots, how they digdeep into the earth.her veins grow stiff and brittle as they mature,sloughing her dead cells in an effort to cleanse,weathering away until spring.it rains, it rains,
sultry liquid powerfulsplashedintomy peripheraldark red satindraped on hourglasssultryliquidpowerfulmotionshunning the crowdin her stepsopportunityflows closerand I buy ita glass of wine


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Heraklion, Greece
My Rating
We enjoyed it greatly and encourage everyone pondering this idea to go ahead. You won't regret it! Our guide Thomas was very helpful, giving us valuable advice and at the same time, amusing us greatly.
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Get directions from | to | via this address.
from 75 EURView offer
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91, Blvd Charles De Gaulle
15.8/10 71 comment(s) on Booking.com
The Courtyard by Marriott Paris La Défense West - Colombes is just a 10-minute drive from La Défense, the largest European international business district, and CNIT Congress Centre. The spacious rooms at the Courtyard by Marriott Paris Defense West - Colombes are air-conditioned and feature views of the garden and city. They include satellite TV, a minibar and tea and coffee making facilities. The Oléo Pazzo Mediterranean Bistro serves a selection of home-style dishes inspired from southern European cuisine. The hotel offers a 24-hour food market, and the gourmet boutique offers a selection of sweets, snacks and beverages. The hotel offers a fitness centre and personalised service. Central Paris can be accessed in only 30 minutes by public transportation.
Number of rooms : 150
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|A to Z | Popular | Random | Origins
RamonRate Ramon: Do you like this name?
Get creative with Ramon | Add to list (0)
Meaning and name origin
Ramon \r(a)-mon\ as a boy's name is pronounced ra-MOHN. It is of Spanish origin. Variant of Raymond (Old German) "protecting hands". Made famous by silent-movie celebrity of the 1920s, Ramon Novarro. Baseball player Ramon Martinez.
Ramon has 3 variant forms: Ramone, Rayman and Raymon.
There is 1 feminine form of Ramon: Ramona.
Ramon is a very popular first name for males (#196 out of 1220) and also a very popular surname or last name for all people (#3684 out of 88799) (2000 U.S. Census).
Displayed below is the baby name popularity of the name Ramon for boys (2015 statistics).
Displayed below is a comparison of the popularity of the boy name Ramon and its variant forms. Variation forms ranked in the Top 1000/100 are Ramon, Raymon and Raymond. (2015 statistics).
Similar Names
Ramon is also pronounced similarly to Roman. Other suggested similar baby names are Damon, Eamon, Jamon, Ramond and Ramos. These names tend to be less commonly used than Ramon.
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Golf is your passion? If fitness, health and recreation are the program you are looking for, we have the perfect offer for your vacations: exclusive golf hotels with outstanding golf courses. In our Golf Hotels at least one golf course (sometimes even several golf courses) nearby are at your disposal. Enjoy a relaxing golf vacation and improve your handicap. Beginners can take short courses or longer golf courses (golf classes), they can go into the golf school or golf academy or achieve the golf course certificate. Professionals maybe would like to have a golf tournament - this can be arranged by a Golf Hotel as well. Enjoy playing golf, a golf weekend or a golf vacation in a Golf Hotel of Escapio. Tip: if you send a Booking Request via Escapio to the hotel (simply click on "Book Hotel"), you can communicate your detailed golf desires to the hotel.
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Cardiac Death Chances Increase Among Fans Of Losing Team
Cardiac deaths increase, especially among women, after a city's home team lost in the biggest American football game, the famed Super Bowl, according to a study published Monday in the journal Clinical Cardiology.
Researchers examined residents of Los Angeles where the home team lost to the Pittsburgh Steelers in 1980 and won against the Washington Redskins in 1984. Looking at how the rise in deaths after the loss related to age and sex and race, the study found a 27 percent increase in circulatory deaths among women.
In men, there was a 15 percent increase in such deaths associated with the loss. "The Super Bowl may elicit an emotional response that is similar in US females and males, or perhaps a male's reaction to the Super Bowl loss adversely affected the emotional state of a female partner," the study authors wrote.
"Physicians and patients should be aware that stressful games might elicit an emotional response that could trigger a cardiac event," said lead study author Robert Kloner of the Heart Institute, Good Samaritan Hospital and Keck School of Medicine at USC in Los Angeles.
"Stress reduction programs or certain medications might be appropriate in individual cases," said Kloner. Women also fared better than men after the Super Bowl win four years later. "For women, but not men, there was a reduction in all-cause death and circulatory deaths associated with the Super Bowl win," the study said.
After the loss, more cardiac deaths occurred overall across sex barriers. And among people over 65, there was a 22 percent increase in circulatory deaths, though no statistically significant differences were found among various races.
This year's Super Bowl takes place February 6 between the Green Bay Packers and Pittsburgh Steelers.
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I am creating a screen that requires selection by an item and all/none items with latter buttons being in the toolbar at the bottom.
The problem is with accessibility labels. Quote from Apple docs on crafting accessibility labels:
Very briefly describes the element. Ideally, the label consists of a single word, such as Add, Play, Delete, Search, Favorites, or Volume.
Strive to design your application so that a single word identifies an element and makes its usage obvious in the current context. Sometimes, however, it might be necessary to use a brief phrase to properly identify an element. When this is the case, create a very short phrase, such as "Play music," "Add name," or "Add to event."
However my "select all/none" requires at least 5 words explaining everything since list has two attributes that can be used in selection ("Select all by AttrA" and "Select all by AttrB").
Should I go with very short labels like "All by A" and "All by B" or leave the full sentence for the label?


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Next, you'll be asked to connect with Twitter. Rest assured, we will never send a tweet from your account
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We will send you an email with an invite soon.
How I Wish I Could Ask Uncle Wally About His Family #genealogy
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October in Kailua-Kona means one thing. Athletes by sea and athletes by land. The Kini Kini is a morning fixture on the horizon of Kailua Bay leading up to Saturday Race Day.
Kini Kini brings them together every morning to enjoy the abundant flavor of the world's finest coffee!
Enjoy this 100% Moloka'i dark roasted coffee. Share a cup. Share the memories.


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|Mar 7, 2013, 02:14 PM
System Upgrade and Clean Install
First, some background. I went Mac in 2005 with an iBook running 10.4. Soon enough, 2008 rolls around, and I found myself with a new Macbook Pro. I Simply migrated my system to the new computer and went about my day. 2011 rolls around, and guess what? Time for a new computer again. Again, I migrated everything from my old computer to the new computer. So, here we are in 2013 now, and instead of upgrading my computer (It's still pretty current in terms of performance specs), I have decided to put in an SSD and max out the RAM.
Due to the nature of replacing a hard drive (With less capacity than my current drive), I know I'll need to split up my files (Some will be loaded from the SSD, most will reside on a traditional HDD). I also figured that 8 years of crap that has accumulated on my computers has to be creating all kinds of slowness in my system, so I have decided to do a completely clean install.
In short, here is my plan:
- Backup old HDD, do clean install of 10.8 on the SSD
- Format my old HDD
- Move my User folder to the old HDD (It's nearly 200Gb)
- Move my old files (That live outside of the Mac folder hierarchy) to the SSD
- Re-install all of my apps
- Hope for the best
During this entire process, I am mostly concerned with keeping all of my user data, keeping all of my files, but being able to essentially 'migrate' my system to the clean install without re-installing all of the junk that has been installed on my computer over the years. I want to be able to perform these steps, and upon booting into Mac OS after performing these steps, have my system essentially the same as it was before (settings, etc.), but with less junk that slows me down.
I want to do some hardware upgrades, perform a clean install, and not lose any of my data and settings, while at the same time having better performance.
I My 17" Macbook Pro.
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text:
Which sex is the worst about washing up? Why is it so important? We've got the dirty truth on how and when to wash your hands.
Clinical Trials
Topic Overview
What is a clinical trial?
Clinical trials are research studies in which people help doctors find ways to improve health care. Each study tries to find better ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat health problems.
The purpose of a clinical trial is to find out whether a medicine or treatment is safe and effective for treating a certain condition or disease. Clinical trials compare the effectiveness of this medicine or treatment against standard, accepted treatment or against a placebo if there is no standard treatment.
Taking part in a clinical trial is voluntary. No one can make you participate. If you choose not to take part, you will be offered the standard treatment for your health problem. You can talk to your doctor if you have questions about clinical trials.
Why are they important?
Clinical trials are important because they compare new treatments with accepted treatments. They allow researchers to find out if a new treatment works as well as or better than accepted treatments. The new treatment might have fewer or less serious side effects. The new treatment also might not work as well or might cause more side effects than standard treatments.
Clinical trials help drug companies make medicines that are safer and more effective with fewer side effects. Clinical trials also help these companies decide whether it is worthwhile to seek approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for a certain medicine. If a medicine doesn't work as well as standard treatment, then the FDA isn't likely to approve it.
Clinical trials are also important in finding treatments if no standard treatment exists.
Taking part in a clinical trial may not benefit you directly. But in the future it may help other people who have the same disease.
How do clinical trials work?
Your doctor will help you find out if you are eligible to take part in a clinical trial. The company sponsoring the trial will have a very strict set of standards, or criteria, that all participants must meet.
If you meet the criteria, you may be "randomized" to get either the new medicine, a medicine that is considered standard therapy, or a placebo. That means that a computer is used to randomly assign you to one of the treatments. In many studies, neither you nor your doctor knows which treatment you are getting. But not all clinical trials randomize people. And if you have a serious disease, such as cancer, you will not be given only a placebo, unless no effective treatment is known.
WebMD Medical Reference from Healthwise
Clinical Trials Topics
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text:
The Portland Trail Blazers dealt the San Antonio Spurs their worst defeat since 1997 with a 136-106 pounding on Friday, March 8, 2013 at the AT&T Center. While the Spurs found it difficult to score, they could not cool off the hot shooting Trail Blazers in the second half.
Read or Share this story: http://www.kgw.com/story/sports/nba/blazers/2014/07/25/12466598/


text:
InfoCommTV News
Lectrosonics' Digital Secure Wireless System
The Digital Secure Wireless System from Lectrosonics features Advanced Encryption Standard Technology. It consists of a digital…
Roland Systems Group's XS-8 Series Matrix Switchers
Roland Systems Group's new XS-8 Series of Multi-Format Matrix Switchers brings versatility to fixed installations. Supports most…
Sony's VPL-FHZ700L Laser Projector
Sony's latest laser projector for large commercial venues delivers 7,000 lumens of color brightness and WUXGA resolution….


text:
The Rum Store
from £50 /night help Price for guests, Nights approx:
from £50 /night help Price for guests, Nights approx:
Estimated nightly price based on a weekly stay. Contact the advertiser to confirm the total cost.
Very comfortable and spacious open plan lounge and kitchen diner. Large flat screen tv and dvd.
Apartment / 2 bedrooms / sleeps 6
Availability Your dates are available
Apartment / 2 bedrooms / sleeps 6
|Key Info
Newly converted this Summer.
Situated at the bottom of the historic Chapel Street where the news of Lord Nelsons death was first brought to England. A short stroll up this street brings you into the heart of the market town bustling with shops, bars and restaurants. Just around the corner is Jubilee Pool the biggest open air sea water swimming pool in the country. Follow The Promenade along from here and you reach Newlyn famous for its fishing fleet and Jelbarts Ice Cream which is a must.
Penzance is the ideal base in which to explore the many coves and cliff walks, theatres, ancient landmarks and culture.
The Rum Store has two large bedrooms one of which is en suite with a shower, toilet and wash hand basin. There is a family bathroom with shower over the bath, wash hand basin and toilet.
The spacious living area had fully fitted kitchen with fridge freezer, washer drier, dishwasher and microwave. There is dining seating for six and the sofa bed converts for the fifth and sixth guest. There is a TV, DVD and freeview TV.
|Sleeps up to 6, 2 bedrooms
|Nearest beach
|Penzance 500 m
|Car not necessary
|Nearest travel links
|Nearest airport: Newquay 35 km, Nearest railway: Penzance 500 m
|Family friendly
|Great for children of all ages, Suitable for people with restricted mobility
|No pets allowed, No smoking at this property
Features and Facilities
|DVD player
|Central heating, TV
|Kettle, Toaster, Iron, Hair dryer
|Clothes dryer, Dishwasher, Cooker, Microwave, Fridge, Freezer, Washing machine
|2 bedrooms, 2 bathrooms of which 1 Family bathrooms and 1 En suites
|1 Sofa beds, Double beds (2), Dining seats for 6, Lounge seats for 6
|Linen provided, Towels provided
|Further details indoors
Bed linen and towels are provided and electricity and central heating are included.
|Further details outdoors
Parking near by
The Cornwall region
This far west is blessed with one of the mildest climates in the country. The first spring daffodils are picked on the Isles of Scilly each year. Here we are also steeped in history, from shipwrecks and sunken treasure to ancient monuments and amazing historic buildings! Lands End is a stone's throw away with its rugged cliffs and tales of mystery of the lost 'Land of Lyonnesse' buried under the waves.The sea is all around with coves and cliffs at every turn.
Penzance is a busy market town in its own right, but not far away you have the city of Truro and the sailing capital Falmouth, each have main high street shops to cater for your shopping needs. Fabulous beaches are everywhere including Sennen, Praa Sands, Marazion and St Ives which is an magnet for artists as the home of the Tate Gallery, as is Newlyn with Newlyn School of Art. The Eden Project is 3/4 hour drive away and is a must.
We have lots of Interesting National Trust properties including the famous St Michael's Mount (described as the jewel in Cornwall's crown) and Lanhydrock House. Penzance also has its own Golowan festival 'Mazey Day' at the end of June. You can take a day trip to the Isles of Scilly on 'The Scillonian'. The terminal and ticket office is just 300 metres away.
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13 May 2014
"A very comfortable stay!"
We thoroughly enjoyed our stay at The Rum Store. Having had a very long trip to reach Penzance, we welcomed a good restaurant meal and a nice bottle of wine in 'The Boatshed Cafe' The food h… More
18 Mar 2014
"Lovely place to stay"
Very welcoming and everything as advertised. Could not ask for more really.Clean and comfortable and the owner was at hand if we needed anything.Thank you for a lovey stay.… More
23 Sep 2013
"Great place to stay in Penzance!"
I booked The Rum Store last minute having read some good reviews and was not disappointed at all. We arrived just after the check in time of 3pm on a Saturday and the cottage was ready for us to move … More
4 Aug 2013
"Perfect base to see all the sights in cornwall."
Nigel, the proprietor was very friendly and helpful. The property was spacious and clean, in addition, the beds were very comfy!Within walking distance to St Michaels Mt and The Jubilee Pool. The Mina… More
26 Mar 2013
"Visiting family in Penzance for special occasion and wanted somewhere big enough for us all to get together."
Spacious, clean and comfortable. Were able to invite rest of family round for celebration and enjoyable time was had by all. We received friendly welcome on arrival and would certainly consider retu… More
2 Oct 2012
We got a lovely welcome and our host, Nigel, was very friendly and helpful. We were very impressed with the roomy apartment and its position was not far from the bus and railway station and a short s… More
16 Sep 2012
"large apartment with no view and not suitable for people with mobility problems"
Lovely 2 bed apartmentDark inside as windows facing yards and walls apart from main bedroom which overlooked a working dry dock and provided its own version of stomp from 7am till 5pm daily including … More
27 Aug 2012
"Great Base for a Family Vacation in Cornwall"
The Rum Store is a beautifully renovated flat conveniently located in Penzance, Cornwall. There was plenty of space for myself and my two daughters. The flat was well equipped with everything we nee… More
15 May 2012
"An Ideal location to explore the surrounding area"
The owner was very friendly & welcoming. The location was ideal for touring or travel by bus / rail to other parts. The property was modern, clean and warm.
This advert is created and maintained by the advertiser; we can only publish adverts in good faith as we don't own, manage or inspect any of the properties. We advise you to familiarise yourself with our terms of use.
You're booking with
Nigel W.
- 6 Years listed
75% Response rate
Calendar last updated:23 May 2015
Based in United Kingdom
- English
- Landline
- +44 (0) 1736 366746


text:
Obama weighs broader move on legal immigration
WASHINGTON (AP) — President Barack Obama is considering key changes in the nation's immigration system requested by tech, industry and powerful interest groups, in a move that could blunt Republicans' election-year criticism of the president's go-it-alone approach to immigration.
Administration officials and advocates said the steps would go beyond the expected relief from deportations for some immigrants in the U.S. illegally that Obama signaled he'd adopt after immigration efforts in Congress collapsed. Following a bevy of recent White House meetings, top officials have compiled specific recommendations from business groups and other advocates whose support could undercut GOP claims that Obama is exceeding his authority to help people who have already violated immigration laws.
"The president has not made a decision regarding next steps, but he believes it's important to understand and consider the full range of perspectives on potential solutions," said White House spokesman Shawn Turner.
One of the more popular requests among business and family groups is a change in the way green cards are counted that would essentially free up some 800,000 additional visas the first year, advocates say.
The result would be threefold: It would lessen the visa bottleneck for business seeking global talent; shorten the green card line for those being sponsored by relatives, a wait that can stretch nearly 25 years; and potentially reduce the incentive for illegal immigration by creating more legal avenues for those wanting to come, as well as those already here.
Obama's aides have held more than 20 meetings in recent months with business groups and other interest groups to discuss possibilities, ahead of an announcement about next steps the president is expected to make in September. Coordinating these "listening sessions," as the White House calls them, is its Office of Public Engagement, led by top Obama adviser Valerie Jarrett.
Obama's options without new laws from Congress are limited and would only partially address obstacles business groups say are preventing them from hiring more workers. Even so, administration officials say these groups are urging the White House to help streamline a complex and unpredictable system.
Republicans are working to use immigration and the surge of unaccompanied minors at the border against Democrats in the midterm elections by arguing that Obama and his party are undermining the rule of law.
"Politically we think it flips the switch because it's not just talking about a benefit to those who broke the law," said former Rep. Bruce Morrison, D-Conn., who authored the 1990 immigration law and is now lobbying on behalf of groups representing tech industry professionals, business management and U.S. citizens married to foreigners.
Matt Mackowiak, a Texas-based Republican strategist, said the moves on legal immigration might prompt businesses to praise the president, even if it's not enough to persuade the business community to side with Democrats in the upcoming elections.
"From the White House's perspective, this is an easy way for them to score some points," Mackowiak said. "They'll say: 'We're arguing about substance, Republicans are arguing about process.'"
Obama in June announced that in the face of congressional inaction, he would act on his own to address as much of the nation's immigration mess as he could. Since then, advocates for the roughly 11 million people living in the country illegally have lobbied for deportation relief particularly for the parents of U.S.-born children and the parents of youth who authorized to remain in the country under a program Obama announced in 2012.


text:
White Weapons FixApr 12, 2009 Patch 17 comments
A patch that should fix the bug with the Untextured Weapons in the game. Thanks to DylanoMotion (Tony)
You will be able to play as some Resident Evil characters like Ada Wong, Leon Kennedy, Carlos Olivera (movie), and so on. And see some Resident Evil game-play elements like Zombies, Monsters, B.O.W experiments converting GTA San Andreas in an Arcade Horror Total Conversion called BioHazard Alert.
BioHazard Alert will also contain a lot of gameplay features, like Badly Hurt system as in Resident Evil series, new visual effects, Lots of bosses and new maps for the "Chapters" of the game.
You will find lots of zombies and monsters. You will also be able to search for survivors so you can resist more against zombies and take care of them so they don't die in combat.
This mod dosn't Work with San Andreas Version 2.00. Why? Check here: Gtamodding.com
Beta 0.5 Includes a Fix Patch, if you dont know how to install it follow this tutorial: Moddb.com
Web Site: Biohazardalert.comfor News/Media/Downloads
Support us joinning the brand new forum while we rebuild the site!
Official Forum: Biohazardalert.com
GtaForums Topic: Gtaforums.com
15 comments by coin-god on Aug 20th, 2010
The mod has come to an End.
Thats right. There are many reason for this, main reason probably is the lack of time because of me going to University now.
Another reason is the ack of motivation to continue this mod almost by myself (Wesser and Pulga were the only ones helping, but still I was doing alot).
I know it may sound sad, after all the work we put on this. But atleast Im happy with having released 2 betas.
Wich had been downloaded +100,000 from users of around the world, and I think thats means alot.
Beta 0.5 = +50,000 downloads.
Beta 0.5 Remake +49,000 downloads.
And thanks for such a high raiting that has been the same since started.
Thanks to anyone that played the mod, and sorry for the bugs in the betas.
After 8 months, I decided to try out the mod. It was such an interesting experience to play with it, instead of developing and testing it.
For the first time in 3 years, I can say I actually played my mod. And I enjoyed it alot :)
Thanks everyone that has been following this mod, and again sorry for this. But I would of have loved to finish this.
Coin-goD, Mod Developer and Leader.
A patch that should fix the bug with the Untextured Weapons in the game. Thanks to DylanoMotion (Tony)
A simple try that add a new font usable like windows ones.
After 5 months of Development the long expected Release of the Remake is here. The Remake is not intendeed to represent anything far from Beta 0.5. Its...
Leon Mafia Player Model for The beta 0.5. A new Model that replaces the old Leon Kennedy Model from Beta 0.5 Instructions are inside in the readme, please...
Leon RPD Player Model for The beta 0.5. A new Model that replaces the old Leon Kennedy Model from Beta 0.5 Instructions are inside in the readme, please...
Wesker Player Model for The beta 0.5. A new Model that replaces the old Leon Kennedy Model from Beta 0.5 Instructions are inside in the readme, please...
Is it really nessary to mix movie characters with game characters!
thats kinda a dumb idea.
Please help Me i Have Installed Mod And the Game Crashes When it loads
ok i downloaded some of these but how do i get them into the game what things do i put them in plz help
txd workshop - open img open gta3.img and replace some character .dff files and thier .txd files with the ones you downloaded. problem solved.
I really dont like to bitch since I know how hard is it to make mods. But how the hell can I unistall your crappy mod, which keeps crashing constantly and I have to start all over again. What is the plot anyway? What am I supposed to to and where am I supposed to go when I reach San Fierro? Why are there abandoned cars in the street, which the driving bot keeps hitting until they dissapear or I get really sick of the game and quit? Why isnt the minimap in front of the screen? Is it oldschool or something? I freaking hate going to the menu every 10 sec to look for the checkpoints that dont even exist. And whats with the kill and headshot count infornt of my screen like an elephant, nobody gives a ****, not me, not my friends and definately my mom. The zombies are a pile of pussys there isnt even any point of killing them, since new ones keep falling from the sky instantly and even a kitten whould do more damage than 300 zombies, since it takes them about 3 minutes just to hit you and about 3 hours just to kill you. And the freakin credits go to the end not at the beginning, but I bet you guyz already knew that since you knew nobody whould acctually reach the end. And I whould REALLY LIKE THE OPTION OF UNISTALLING PLZ. Its a pitty since I really looked forward to playing Leon and the skins where awesome.
Its a mod, you can't uninstall. You have to make backups (Inform yourself before installing mods for GTA). The mod is also a beta wich only showed the zombie system. You should have some respect for people's work.
"- on the weapon, This is funny, takes a stick full of nails and some son of a bitch divides the head," this made my day
not working game loads up to remix pic then crashes
Try going to "Movie" Foldier in the San Andreas foldier and deleting 1 movie, I don't remember how it's named, but I remember when I played this game a long time ago this helped ;)
May someone delete a movie from the BioHazard Alert mod and see if it works and tell me?
Promote BioHazard Alert on your homepage or blog by selecting a button and using the embed code provided (more).