text:
A cleaning implement that provides multiple functions useful in cleaning windows and similar surfaces is disclosed. There is a support head mounting a squeegee blade and (optionally) a scrubber and/or touch-up pad. There is also a collector absorbent pad that is mounted to the support head adjacent the squeegee blade, a sprayer linked to the support head, and a container connectable to the sprayer. The implement can spray cleaning fluid on a window to be cleaned. The scrubber can then be applied, followed by the squeegee. Liquid being removed from the window using the squeegee is then collected in the absorbent pad, which is replaceable when saturated. Any remaining streaks on the surface being cleaned can then be removed by the touch-up pad. Replacement pads and replacement containers are also disclosed.
1. A cleaning implement, comprising:
a support head mounting a squeegee blade;
a collector removably mounted to the support head adjacent the squeegee blade;
a sprayer linked to the support head;
a container mountable to the cleaning implement so as to place an internal cavity of the container in communication with the sprayer, the container being suitable to contain a liquid in the internal cavity; and
a scrubber also mounted to the support head, wherein the scrubber is an apertured bendable pad;
wherein the support head has an open mouth, and the collector is removably mounted directly under and adjacent the squeegee blade; and
wherein the cleaning implement is configured such that if the squeegee blade is dragged down a wetted surface being cleaned by the cleaning implement liquid on the surface can be dragged off of the surface against the collector by such downward movement of the squeegee blade.
2. A cleaning implement, comprising:
a support head mounting a squeegee blade;
a collector removably mounted to the support head adjacent the squeegee blade;
a sprayer linked to the support head;
a container mountable to the cleaning implement so as to place an internal cavity of the container in communication with the sprayer, the container being suitable to contain a liquid in the internal cavity; and
a drying pad also mounted to the support head;
wherein the support head has an open mouth, and the collector is removably mounted directly under and adjacent the squeegee blade; and
wherein the cleaning implement is configured such that if the squeegee blade is dragged down a wetted surface being cleaned by the cleaning implement liquid on the surface can be dragged off of the surface against the collector by such downward movement of the squeegee blade.
3. The cleaning implement of
4. A cleaning implement, comprising:
a support head mounting a squeegee blade;
a collector removably mounted to the support head adjacent the squeegee blade;
a sprayer linked to the support head; and
a container mountable to the cleaning implement so as to place an internal cavity of the container in communication with the sprayer, the container being suitable to contain a liquid in the internal cavity;
wherein the support head has an open mouth, and the collector is removably mounted directly under and adjacent the squeegee blade;
wherein the cleaning implement is configured such that if the squeegee blade is dragged down a wetted surface being cleaned by the cleaning implement liquid on the surface can be dragged off of the surface against the collector by such downward movement of the squeegee blade; and
wherein the squeegee blade is mounted to an upper lip of the mouth, and the collector is removably mounted in the mouth.
5. The cleaning implement of
6. The cleaning implement of
7. The cleaning implement of
8. The cleaning implement of
9. The cleaning implement of
10. The cleaning implement of
11. The cleaning implement of
12. The cleaning implement of
This application claims priority based on U.S. Provisional Application 60/654,348 which was filed on Feb. 18, 2005.
Not applicable.
The present invention relates to devices for cleaning windows and other hard surfaces. More particularly, it relates to devices that can deliver cleaning fluid to the surface to be cleaned, have a pad (e.g. scrubbing or touch-up) for facilitating removal of solids and stains, have a squeegee blade for scraping off used cleaning liquid, and also have a collector to collect that used liquid.
Cleaning of glass windows and other similar hard surfaces is typically a multi-tool and multi-step process. One sprays or otherwise applies a cleaning fluid to the surface to be cleaned, rubs the cleaning fluid against encrusted or other hard to remove materials on the surface, and removes the liquid. The liquid can be removed by rubbing a dry paper towel or rag over the surface. However, this can leave streaks and/or lint on the surface being cleaned. Further, this leaves wet and soiled paper or rags to be dealt with or disposed of.
Alternatively, the used cleaning fluid can be scraped off the surface using a squeegee. This technique is often used when cleaning the outsides of building windows where "drool" from the squeegee can drip off the window onto a building side or the ground without significant adverse effects. However, using a conventional squeegee indoors is messy. Further, squeegees can sometimes leave small streaks of remaining liquid.
There have been attempts to collect liquid as it is being squeegeed off windows or other surfaces, using wicking or absorbent layers adjacent the squeegee blade. See e.g. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,970,560, 6,092,255 and 6,668,418. However, the assemblies for collecting the waste liquid in these structures were not optimized. Thus, these systems quickly saturated, and/or were difficult to adjust to re-establish optimal collection conditions.
In any event, to clean a window or the like, one will typically have to pick up a spray bottle, spray a cleaning liquid against the window or other surface, put the bottle down, pick up and use a sponge or other scrubber against the window, put the sponge down, and then pick up and use the squeegee. This can be followed by using a drying cloth or towel to clean up or touch-up missed areas. This is time consuming and require the person doing the cleaning to expend more energy than is optimal.
There have therefore been some attempts to link a sprayer and/or scrubber to a squeegee. See e.g. U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,587,382, 2,832,086, D294,989, D316,318, 5,364,198, 6,010,267, 6,223,380, 6,547,469, 6,692,171 and 6,702,497. There are also a number of squeegee devices that are mounted on extension poles so that the device can be used to clean windows that are beyond the normal reach of a consumer, without using a ladder. See e.g. U.S. Pat. Nos. 1,500,274, 6,010,267 and 6,092,255.
Nevertheless there is a continuing need for improved cleaning implements, particularly those that minimize the number of tools involved in the cleaning process.
In a first embodiment the invention provides a cleaning implement having a support head mounting a squeegee blade (and optionally a scrubber and/or touch-up pad). There is also a collector removably mounted to the support head adjacent the squeegee blade, a sprayer linked to the support head, and a container mountable to the cleaning implement so as to place an internal cavity of the container in communication with the sprayer, the container being suitable to contain a cleaning liquid in the internal cavity.
The collector is designed to collect used cleaning liquid that is being squeegeed off of a window or the like. The squeegee blade scrapes the cleaning liquid off the window, and the scrubber (when present) helps remove encrusted or other hard to remove stains. The container holds a supply of cleaning fluid, and the sprayer draws that fluid from the container and delivers it adjacent the scrubber. Most preferably, the collector is in the form of a pad mounted in a mouth of the support head. When the touch-up pad is present, it can dry off any streaks left by the squeegee.
In preferred forms the scrubber can be made from an apertured silicone rubber sheet that has been bent into a U shape and removably mounted to the support head. A variety of other scrubbers (e.g. conventional sponges) may also be permanently or removably mounted to the support head. Also, the touch-up pad can preferably be made of microfiber material.
The support head may be formed with an open flexible mouth that is biased towards the closed position, albeit not to a completely closed position. The squeegee blade is mounted to an upper lip of the mouth. It may be adhered to the lip with an adhesive, and/or a projection from an upper side of the blade may be jammed into or through the lip. A variety of other means for mounting the squeegee are also possible, such as bolts.
The collector is removably mounted in the mouth, preferably directly under the squeegee blade. The mouth flexibly bites against the collector to retain it by frictional force. In addition, the collector can be provided with one or more rear slots, and the rear of the mouth can be provided with forwardly projecting tongues. The tongues and slots interfit to help align the collector in the mouth.
The function of the collector is to quickly collect soiled liquid that is being scraped off the window by the squeegee blade. It is therefore preferred that the collector be made of a material that has a high capacity for retaining moisture, and an exceptional capacity to quickly pick up moisture so that the liquid does not have a chance to drool before it is collected. Moreover, it is preferred that the collector have sufficient integrity such that if it is dragged against a window while the squeegee is operating (to assist the drying process) it will maintain its structural integrity rather than breaking into grit or other fragments.
The collector can be made of an absorbent such as a porous plastic. Particularly preferred absorbents are porous polyethylene materials available from Porex. Alternatively, one could provide a cellulosic pad with horizontal capillary fibers made of plastic to improve integrity and water transport.
The collector should preferably absorb and retain at least 50 gm. of water. This helps insure that the consumer does not have to change the pad frequently. Further, a superabsorbent can be placed at the rear of and adjacent to the collector so that the collector will wick the liquid to the superabsorbent. This makes the superabsorbent the primary replaceable element, extending the life of the collector slab.
In another aspect the invention provides a collector for the above purpose. The collector is a slab of absorbent material of the above type having a recess at a rear end thereof. The recess is suitable to receive a tongue extending from the rear of the mouth of the support head.
The container preferably holds an aqueous surfactant-based cleaning solution such as Windex� brand window cleaner, available from S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc. Alternatively, the liquid need not be water-based, and may have other functions besides cleaning (e.g. polishing, antibacterial treatment, insect treatment, etc.). Thus, the nature of the liquid in the container is not critical to the invention.
The container is preferably removably threaded into a lower end of the sprayer. This permits the container to be replaced by another filled container when the first container has been emptied.
The container can have an upper neck onto which is positioned a radially outwardly extending flange, above which is positioned radially outwardly extending threads. The sprayer has a lower skirt which rests on and is supported by the flange. Most preferably the distance between a top of the flange and a top of the threads is at least two centimeters.
The interaction between the skirt and the flange permits the forces encountered by the squeegee and scrubber to be dissipated around the entire flange, thereby reducing the risk of breakage at a weakened point, or the tendency of the support head to bend in response to force on the scrubber or squeegee. This also helps facilitate the use of extension poles. In this regard, the container can be supported by an extension pole (directly or through an adaptor) at an end of the container opposite the sprayer. The additional leverage forces of the longer pole can be accommodated along the flange.
In yet another form the invention provides replacement containers for use with the above implements. The container has an upper neck having both a radially extending flange and radially extending threads positioned above the flange, wherein the flange extends radially outward from the threads.
While a variety of pumps can be used for obtaining the cleaning liquid from the container and spraying it, it is preferred that there be a sprayer which is a trigger operated sprayer. Upon pumping the trigger, liquid will be pumped from the container and then the pump will spray cleaning liquid in a direction adjacent an end of the support head.
The sprayer can be in a housing which is separately formed from the support head. The support head can then be snap connected to the housing. This has the advantage of allowing the product to be shipped in a compact package. Alternatively, the support head can have at its lower end an integral housing for the sprayer.
One possible type of sprayer is a pre-compression type trigger sprayer. This type of sprayer prevents leakage when the cleaning implement is placed on its side. Such a sprayer can be incorporated into the present invention. For example, the pumping system of U.S. Pat. No. 6,378,739 can be incorporated, albeit with the outlet from the pump preferably directed in a more upwardly angled manner, rather than just horizontally.
The container may also have a duck bill type valve adjacent an upper opening of the container through which a dip stick from the sprayer extends. The duck bill valve helps reduce the risk of leakage around the dip stick if the sprayer is not held vertically.
A variety of advantages are achieved by various embodiments of the present invention. The functions of providing and spraying cleaning liquid, scrubbing difficult stains, squeegeeing, collecting used cleaning liquid, and touching-up missed spots, are all achieved by a single compact tool, which can be inexpensively manufactured. The collection function is optimized through use of a replaceable and disposable part.
The design is suitable to be used with an extension pole to permit use on high surfaces (e.g. a second floor window exterior surface). Further, the design reduces the risk of leaks and also provides an assembly which can be compactly shipped and displayed for sale.
The foregoing and other advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following description. In the following description reference is made to the accompanying drawings which form a part thereof, and in which there is shown by way of illustration preferred embodiments of the invention. Such embodiments do not represent the full scope of the invention. Reference should therefore be made to the claims herein for interpreting the scope of the invention.
As seen in
The scrubber 16 can then be pushed against a window to help remove encrusted or otherwise difficult to remove stains. The device can then be rotated 180 degrees on its longitudinal axis so that the squeegee blade 17 and absorbent pad 18 then face the window. The squeegee blade 17 can be dragged down the window so that the liquid on the window falls against the pad. The pad then will absorb the liquid, rather than allowing the liquid to drool onto an adjoining sill or other structure. Hence, the device also serves the function of providing a scrubber, a squeegee, and a collector.
Turning now to a more detailed review of the parts, there is shown in
Preferably, the top of the segment 31 is formed with threads (see
In yet another option the adaptor could be dispensed with, with the extension poles threads threading into the bottom of threads formed on the container. However, this would increase the cost of replacement containers.
The container 12 is preferably somewhat elongated so as to also serve as a handle for the cleaning implement, especially when the pole 10 is not present. It has an internal cavity which can receive a liquid to be sprayed. The liquid may range from just rinse water, to a surfactant based mixture constituting a cleaning fluid, to other liquids.
As best seen in
Screw cap 13 is formed on the bottom of the sprayer, the sprayer having internal threads compatible with threads 41 to tightly, yet removably, link the cap (and thus sprayer) to the container. Hence, when a bottle of cleaning fluid is emptied it can be replaced.
The bottom of the sprayer is in the form of a shroud or skirt 55 whose lower edge 56 is preferably extended downward to rest on the flange 40 when the parts are fully assembled. This helps reduce stresses on other portions of the sprayer unit as the cleaning implement is moved along a window.
As will be appreciated from a comparison of
As will be appreciated from the seam 60 shown in
Turning now more specifically to
The particular material that the scrubber is made of is not critical. The scrubber could instead be a brush or sponge, or even could be a roughened integral plastic surface portion of the support head.
As best seen in
Collector 19 is mounted in the mouth 70. As shown in
The collector 19 is designed so as to be able to have a high capacity for liquid, as well as the ability to quickly collect fluid before the fluid drools past the collector. Moreover, the pad must have sufficient integrity so that it does not degrade and leave residue. Thus, while tissue paper typically has a very high capacity for absorbance, as well as the ability to very quickly absorb water, it would not be an optimal collector as it would crumble and leave lint and other pieces on the window if dragged against the window.
When using the
A second embodiment of the present invention is shown in
There are now grip ribs 85A integrally formed down the container exterior walls. Also, the trigger 20A and nozzle 23A are on the side of the support head adjacent the squeegee blade 17A, so as to direct spray to a different side of the device.
Further, the surface 16A is in the form of a layer of Velcro� type hooks or loops. While that inherently has some abrasiveness, the primary scrubbing facility of this embodiment is nubs 89A as will be described below. Surface 16A is instead intended primarily to mount a drying pad/touch-up towel 86A. The towel can be easily replaced by merely ripping a soiled towel off the surface 16A, and then abutting a clean towel against that surface. Of course, the towel itself may have a scrubbing characteristic, but that is not the primary focus of this structure.
In this embodiment the squeegee not only has extensions 87A which mount the squeegee to the mouth 88A, the extensions continue into flexible plastic "nubs" 89A which form rows of additional scrubber members.
Yet another difference is that the collector/absorbent pad 18A is formed so that a replaceable superabsorbent 90A can be mounted behind it. The superabsorbent can be any of the known superabsorbents which absorb more than their starting dry weight. Examples include synthetics commonly used in diapers.
When a superabsorbent is present, the pad 18A functions more as a wick. Thus, the pad 18A becomes a more permanent part of the design, with the superabsorbent being the primary replaceable element of the collector system.
While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described and otherwise disclosed herein, alternative embodiments are also intended to be within the scope of the claims. For example, the collector need not be an absorbent material (e.g. may be a collector cavity), the sprayer need not be a trigger sprayer (e.g. may be a push pump sprayer), and the scrubber need not be a replaceable or separately formed part. Thus, the invention is not to be judged solely by the preferred embodiments. Rather, the claims should be looked to in order to judge the full scope of the invention.
The present invention provides a cleaning implement for windows or the like which performs multiple functions, and replacement pads and replacement containers for use therewith.
Patent Citations
Referenced by
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
China Yuchai International Begins Construction on New Research & Development Institute
International Limited (NYSE: CYD) ("China Yuchai" or the "Company"), announced
today that its main operating subsidiary, Guangxi Yuchai Machinery Company
Limited ("GYMCL") recently held a ground-breaking ceremony attended by
government officials and GYMCL executives, to celebrate the commencement of
construction of a new Research & Development Institute ("R&D Institute") in
the High Tech Development Zone of Nanning, the capital of
The new R&D Institute which is designed to meet the National-Level
Enterprise Technology Center Standards is located next to the
University and is the first research institute in
engine technology. Nanning was selected due to its strategic location
especially as a transportation center in
will become an enterprise-wide resource reflecting the expertise of GYMCL's R
& D teams which have already achieved a number of innovations and first-to-
market products in engine technology and design. Upon its completion, the R&D
Institute will considerably improve GYMCL's capacity for innovation and raise
its overall standards of technology to develop new diesel engines designed to
better compete in the global market, while enabling
with advanced engine manufacturing and production. The R&D Institute is
expected to attract international experts to strengthen technology transfers
and become a showcase to draw other technology enterprises to Nanning so as to
accelerate its economic growth.
The total capital investment in the R&D Institute is approximately RBM 310
million with completion of the construction slated for
use of all facilities by
occupy a total floor area of approximately 20,000 square meters (about 5 acres)
and consist of an R&D facility, a showroom for new products, production
facilities for prototypes of new and experimental products, a multi-purpose
meeting hall, outdoor experimental and support facilities.
Mr. Boo Guan Saw, President of the Company, commented, "This facility will
advance GYMCL's engines in the global market with innovative designs meeting
the highest global quality standards. We believe that through this new R&D
Institute, GYMCL will become even more competitive shaping it for future
growth. Our goal is nothing less than to be the best in
top five automotive engineering R&D institutes in the world."
About China Yuchai International
China Yuchai International Limited, through its subsidiary, Guangxi Yuchai
Machinery Company Limited ("GYMCL"), engages in the manufacture, assembly, and
sale of a wide array of light-duty, medium-sized and heavy-duty diesel engines
for construction equipment, trucks, buses, and cars in
produces diesel power generators, which are primarily used in the construction
and mining industries. Through its regional sales offices and authorized
customer service centers, the Company distributes its diesel engines directly
to auto OEMs and retailers and provides maintenance and retrofitting services
name, strong research & development team and significant market share in
with high-quality products and reliable after-sales support. In 2008, GYMCL
sold approximately 372,000 diesel engines and was consistently ranked No. 1 in
unit sales by China Association of Automobile Manufacturers. For more
information, please visit http://www.cyilimited.com .
For more information, please contact: Kevin Theiss / Dixon Chen Grayling Tel: +1-646-284-9409 Email: firstname.lastname@example.com firstname.lastname@example.com
SOURCE China Yuchai International Limited


text:
Poet and author Alejandro Murguía gives his inaugural poet laureate address titled: The Parallel Literary Histories of San Francisco - Poetry in Times of Hope and Resistance. A poet, editor, translator, literary organizer and educator, Murguía is the 6th Poet Laureate of San Francisco.
1 p.m. – Koret Auditorium, San Francisco Main Library
Opening Ceremony: Jorge Molina, Shaman of the Mission
Native American Invocation: Dr. José Cuellar, Professor Emeritus, San Francisco State University
Welcome: San Francisco City Librarian Luis Herrera
Introduction: Byron Spooner, Friends of the San Francisco Public Library and Poet Roberto Vargas
Inaugural Address: Alejandro Murguía
2 p.m. Reception – Latino/Hispanic Community Meeting Room, San Francisco Main Library
Entertainment by La Familia Pena Govea
A book sale by Readers bookstore follows his address.
Upcoming Events
- Open Books: Jeff Hobbs
- Thursday, May 28, 2015Main Library, Koret Auditorium
- The Autism Job Club
- Wednesday, June 3, 2015Main Library, Learning Studio
- Latino Literature Day
- Saturday, June 27, 2015Main Library, Koret Auditorium


text:
Ohio law is slowly on its way to becoming more strict for convicted sex offenders.
Senate Bill 10, passed July 1, does not go into effect until Jan. 1, 2008, but sex offenders going through the legal system right now are being made aware of the changes, according to Mary Ann Barylski, Erie County assistant prosecutor.
The bill is a state compliance with the Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act, a national law passed in July 2006 that requires stricter rules for sex offenders and child abductors.
"They want all the states to comply with some of the requirements," Barylski said, adding that states that do not comply risk losing some federal grant money.
The movement for the act was spearheaded by John and Reve Walsh, who lost their 6-year-old son 25 years ago when he was abducted and murdered. John Walsh hosts "America's Most Wanted," a TV program through which viewers have aided in the capture of the FBI's most wanted criminals since 1988.
The whereabouts of approximately 100,000 of the 500,000 national registered sex offenders are unknown, according to the "America's Most Wanted" Web site.
"We have to advise sex offenders of the new law and how it's going to change," Barylski said.
One change is a new classification system, a three-tier program based on the nature of the offense and the offender's prior convictions.
Reporting requirements based on these classifications will change as well, Barylski said. Tier one offenders must register for 15 years as sex offenders, tier two for 25 years and tier three for life.
Additionally, all registered sex offenders who would have completed their 10th year of registration in 2007 will now have to register for an additional five years, according to Capt. Steven Westcott, of the Erie County Sheriff's office.
These offenders are being notified of the changes via the Ohio Attorney General's office. In addition, numerous offenders currently serving prison time will be re-classified in January, Barylski said.
The new law also makes it a criminal offense for any sex offender to live within 1,000 feet of a school premises. This is currently only a civil offense. And the law will include day care and pre-school premises.
These changes are just the start with many areas of the bill still being reviewed by county prosecutors.
"There's still things out there that need to be worked out," Barylski said.
Also, classification of the offenders will now be determined by what they plea to, not based on plea bargains -- saving court costs.
"It's going to be more cost-effective, that's for sure," Barylski said.
The Adam Walsh Act also aims to ensure a national registry system for sex offenders to prevent them from evading law enforcement by moving to other states.
In addition, penalties for crimes against children are more severe, including for sex trafficking of children and child prostitution, and new Internet child crime task forces are being established to combat exploitation of children online.
Erie County Sex offenders who will be affected by new bill registration requirement to register for additional years.
Name / Age / Address / Nature of Offense
* Alan Stacy, 32, 5700 block of Susan Drive, Castalia, two counts of unlawful sexual conduct with a minor
* Clifton Jones, 51, 4200 block of Windham Place, unlawful sexual conduct with a minor
* Bradford Clark, 54, 1000 block of Second St., gross sexual imposition
* Jose Villarreal, 48, 3700 block of Old Railroad Road, gross sexual imposition
* Kenneth Cawthern, 51, 11700 block of Green Road, Wakeman, sexually oriented offender
Source: Erie County Sheriff's office


text:
During a vehicle check near the State Express Transport Corporation bus stand on Monday morning, officials found a person carrying Rs. 15 lakh in a bag.
In four different incidents, officials on Monday seized Rs. 39.90 lakh that are yet to be accounted. The money has been deposited in treasury.
It will be handed over to owners once they provide necessary documents, police said. During a vehicle check near the State Express Transport Corporation bus stand on Monday morning, officials found a person carrying Rs. 15 lakh in a bag.
Later, it was found that he was carrying another Rs. 5 lakh on person. The police said Vikash (32) from Rajasthan claimed that he was in Coimbatore with the cash to buy textiles.
In another incident, officials seized Rs. 8.50 lakh from a car on the Pollachi-Valparai Road, near Chinnampalayam.
Officials said Shajahan of Kozhikode had claimed that he was carrying the cash to buy coir products from Pollachi.
Another Rs. 7.30 lakh was seized from a car near Negamam from Abubacker who claimed that the cash was to buy poultry.
The officials seized Rs. 1.16 lakh from Kadiravan, who too was into poultry business.
During vehicle checks at Kattampatti, officials seized Rs. 2.94 lakh. With cash seizure becoming the norm of the day, district officials held a meeting with jewellery traders and pawn brokers to brief them on the procedure to carry cash during the election period when model code of conduct is in place.
Seizure in Tirupur
Special squads constituted by the Tirupur district administration for election duty seized unaccounted cash to the tune of Rs. 5.11 lakh from different parts of the district on Monday. Official sources said of the amount, Rs. 1.49 lakh was seized from a trader travelling in a van from Oddanchathram to Mysore for purchasing vegetables in bulk. The van was intercepted at Palladam.
The remaining amount was seized from a person at Avinashi for which the details are yet to be compiled by election cell officials.
Meanwhile, the Kongunadu Makkal Desiya Katchi appealed to the election officials not to harass small traders who carry money as part of their profession.
The party said the cash should be seized only after ascertaining that it was meant for election purposes or to influence voters.
Rs. 35 lakh seized in Chennai
Unaccounted money to the tune of Rs. 35 lakh was seized from a businessman during a routine vehicle check by a police team on NSC Bose Road in Parrys on Sunday night. Police said the money was found in the car of plastics goods trader Praveen Kumar of Park Town.
As he was unable to furnish necessary documents to indicate the source of the money, police seized it. Mr. Kumar has been given 24 hours' time to submit documents to receive money.
Keywords: unaccounted cash, Coimbatore police, cash seizure


text:
Internet Engineering Task Force S. Dawkins INTERNET DRAFT G. Montenegro M. Kojo V. Magret N. Vaidya May 11, 2001 End-to-end Performance Implications of Links with Errors draft-ietf-pilc-error-07.txt Status of This Memo This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with all provisions of Section 10 of RFC2026. Comments should be submitted to the PILC mailing list at email@example.com. Distribution of this memo is unlimited. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html. Abstract The rapidly-growing Internet is being accessed by an increasingly wide range of devices over an increasingly wide variety of links. At least some of these links do not provide the degree of reliability that hosts expect, and this expansion into unreliable links causes some Internet protocols, especially TCP [RFC793], to perform poorly. Expires November 11, 2001 [Page 1]
INTERNET DRAFT PILC - Links with Errors May 2001 Specifically, TCP congestion control [RFC2581], while appropriate for connections that lose traffic primarily because of congestion and buffer exhaustion, interacts badly with uncorrected errors when TCP connections traverse links with high uncorrected error rates. The result is that sending TCPs may spend an excessive amount of time waiting for acknowledgements that do not arrive, and then, although these losses are not due to congestion-related buffer exhaustion, the sending TCP transmits at substantially reduced traffic levels as it probes the network to determine "safe" traffic levels. This document discusses the specific TCP mechanisms that are problematic in these environments, and discusses what can be done to mitigate the problems without introducing intermediate devices into the connection. This document does not address issues with other transport protocols, for example, UDP. Expires November 11, 2001 [Page 2]
INTERNET DRAFT PILC - Links with Errors May 2001 Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction .................................................. 4 1.1 Should you be reading this recommendation? ................ 4 1.2 Relationship of this recommendation to PEPs ................ 5 1.3 Relationship of this recommendation to Link Layer Mechan- isms .............................................................. 6 2.0 Errors and Interactions with TCP Mechanisms ................... 6 2.1 Slow Start and Congestion Avoidance [RFC2581] .............. 6 2.2 Fast Retransmit and Fast Recovery [RFC2581] ................ 7 2.3 Selective Acknowledgements [RFC2018, RFC2883] .............. 9 3.0 Summary of Recommendations .................................... 10 4.0 Topics For Further Work ....................................... 10 4.1 Achieving, and maintaining, large windows .................. 11 5.0 Security Considerations ....................................... 12 7.0 IANA Considerations ........................................... 12 6.0 Acknowledgements .............................................. 12 Changes ........................................................... 13 References ........................................................ 13 Authors' addresses ................................................ 16 Full Copyright Statement .......................................... 17 Expires November 11, 2001 [Page 3]
INTERNET DRAFT PILC - Links with Errors May 2001 1.0 Introduction Congestion avoidance in the Internet is based on an assumption that most packet losses are due to congestion. TCP's congestion avoidance strategy treats the absence of acknowledgements as a congestion signal. This has worked well since it was introduced in 1988 [VJ-DAC], because most links and subnets have relatively low error rates in normal operation, and congestion is the primary cause of loss in these environments. However, links and subnets that do not enjoy low uncorrected error rates are becoming more prevalent in parts of the Internet. In particular, these include terrestrial and satellite wireless links. Users relying on traffic traversing these links may see poor performance because their TCP connections are spending excessive time in congestion avoidance and/or slow start procedures triggered by packet losses due to transmission errors. The recommendations in this document aim at improving utilization of available path capacity over such high error-rate links in ways that do not threaten the stability of the Internet. Applications use TCP in very different ways, and these have interactions with TCP's behavior [HPF-CWV]. Nevertheless, it is possible to make some basic assumptions about TCP flows. Accordingly, the mechanisms discussed here are applicable to all uses of TCP, albeit in varying degrees according to different scenarios (as noted where appropriate). This recommendation is based on the explicit assumption that major changes to the entire installed base of routers and hosts are not a practical possibility. This constrains any changes to hosts that are directly affected by errored links. 1.1 Should you be reading this recommendation? All known subnetwork technologies provide an "imperfect" subnetwork service - the bit error rate is non-zero. But there's no obvious way for end stations to tell the difference between packets discarded due to congestion and losses due to transmission errors. If a directly-attached subnetwork is reporting transmission errors to a host, these reports matter, but we can't rely on explicit transmission error reports to both hosts. Another way of deciding if a subnetwork should be considered to have a "high error rate" is by appealing to mathematics. Expires November 11, 2001 [Page 4]
INTERNET DRAFT PILC - Links with Errors May 2001 An approximate formula for the TCP Reno response function is given in [PFTK98]: s T = -------------------------------------------------- RTT*sqrt(2p/3) + tRTO*(3*sqrt(3p/8))*p*(1 + 32p**2) where T = the sending rate in bytes per second s = the packet size in bytes RTT = round-trip time in seconds tRTO = TCP retransmit timeout value in seconds p = steady-state packet loss rate If one plugs in an observed packet loss rate, does the math and then sees predicted bandwidth utilization that is greater than the link speed, the connection will not benefit from recommendations in this document, because the level of packet losses being encountered won't affect the ability of TCP to utilize the link. If, however, the predicted bandwidth is less than the link speed, packet losses are affecting the ability of TCP to utilize the link. If further investigation reveals a subnetwork with significant transmission error rates, the recommendations in this document will improve the ability of TCP to utilize the link. A few caveats are in order, when doing this calculation: (1) the RTT is the end-to-end RTT, not the link RTT. (2) Max(1.0, 4*RTT) can be substituted as a simplification for tRTO. (3) losses may be bursty - a loss rate measured over an interval that includes multiple bursty loss events may understate the impact of these loss events on the sending rate. 1.2 Relationship of this recommendation to PEPs This document discusses end-to-end mechanisms that do not require TCP-level awareness by intermediate nodes. This places severe limitations on what the end nodes can know about the nature of losses that are occurring between the end nodes. Attempts to apply heuristics to distinguish between congestion and transmission error have not been successful [BV97, BV98, BV98a]. This restriction is relaxed in an informational document on Performance Enhancing Proxies (PEPs) which has been developed or is in development by the Performance Implications of Link Characteristics WG (PILC) [PILC-WEB]. Because PEPs can be placed Expires November 11, 2001 [Page 5]
INTERNET DRAFT PILC - Links with Errors May 2001 on boundaries where network characteristics change dramatically, PEPs have an additional opportunity to improve performance over links with uncorrected errors. However, generalized use of PEPs contravenes the end-to-end principle and is highly undesirable given their deleterious implications, which include the following: lack of fate sharing (a PEP adds a third point of failure besides the endpoints themselves), end-to-end reliability and diagnostics, preventing end-to-end security (particularly network layer security such as IPsec), mobility (handoffs are much more complex because state must be transferred), asymmetric routing (PEPs typically require being on both the forward and reverse paths of a connection), scalability (PEPs add more state to maintain), QoS transparency and guarantees. Not every type of PEP has all the drawbacks listed above. Nevertheless, the use of PEPs may have very serious consequences which must be weighed carefully. 1.3 Relationship of this recommendation to Link Layer Mechanisms This recommendation is for use with TCP over subnetwork technologies (link layers) that have already been deployed. Subnetworks that are intended to carry Internet protocols, but have not been completely specified are the subject of a best common practices (BCP) document which has been developed or is under development by the Performance Implications of Link Characteristics WG (PILC) [PILC-WEB]. This last document is aimed at designers who still have the opportunity to reduce the number of uncorrected errors TCP will encounter. 2.0 Errors and Interactions with TCP Mechanisms A TCP sender adapts its use of network path capacity based on feedback from the TCP receiver. As TCP is not able to distinguish between losses due to congestion and losses due to uncorrected errors, it is not able to accurately determine available path capacity in the presence of significant uncorrected errors. 2.1 Slow Start and Congestion Avoidance [RFC2581] Slow Start and Congestion Avoidance [RFC2581] are essential to the current stability of the Internet. These mechanisms were designed to accommodate networks that do not provide explicit congestion notification. Although experimental mechanisms such as [RFC2481] are moving in the direction of explicit congestion notification, the effect of ECN on ECN-aware TCPs is essentially Expires November 11, 2001 [Page 6]
INTERNET DRAFT PILC - Links with Errors May 2001 the same as the effect of implicit congestion notification through congestion-related loss, except that ECN provides this notification before packets are lost, and must then be retransmitted. TCP connections experiencing high error rates on their paths interact badly with Slow Start and with Congestion Avoidance, because high error rates make the interpretation of losses ambiguous - the sender cannot know whether detected losses are due to congestion or to data corruption. TCP makes the "safe" choice and assumes that the losses are due to congestion. - Whenever sending TCPs receive three out-of-order acknowledgements, they assume the network is mildly congested and invoke fast retransmit/fast recovery (described below). - Whenever TCP's retransmission timer expires, the sender assumes that the network is congested and invokes slow start. - Less-reliable link layers often use small link MTUs. This slows the rate of increase in the sender's window size during slow start, because the sender's window is increased in units of segments. Small link MTUs alone don't improve reliability. Path MTU discovery [RFC1191] must also be used to prevent fragmentation. Path MTU discovery allows the most rapid opening of the sender's window size during slow start, but a number of round trips may still be required to open the window completely. Recommendation: Any standards-conformant TCP will implement Slow Start and Congestion Avoidance, which are MUSTs in STD 3 [RFC1122]. Recommendations in this document will not interfere with these mechanisms. 2.2 Fast Retransmit and Fast Recovery [RFC2581] TCP provides reliable delivery of data as a byte-stream to an application, so that when a segment is lost (whether due to either congestion or transmission loss), the receiver TCP implementation must wait to deliver data to the receiving application until the missing data is received. The receiver TCP implementation detects missing segments by segments arriving with out-of-order sequence numbers. TCPs should immediately send an acknowledgement when data is received out-of-order [RFC2581], providing the next expected sequence number with no delay, so that the sender can retransmit the required data as quickly as possible and the receiver can resume delivery of data to the receiving application. When an Expires November 11, 2001 [Page 7]
INTERNET DRAFT PILC - Links with Errors May 2001 acknowledgement carries the same expected sequence number as an acknowledgement that has already been sent for the last in-order segment received, these acknowledgements are called "duplicate ACKs". Because IP networks are allowed to reorder packets, the receiver may send duplicate acknowledgements for segments that arrive out of order due to routing changes, link-level retransmission, etc. When a TCP sender receives three duplicate ACKs, fast retransmit [RFC2581] allows it to infer that a segment was lost. The sender retransmits what it considers to be this lost segment without waiting for the full retransmission timeout, thus saving time. After a fast retransmit, a sender halves its congestion window and invokes the fast recovery [RFC2581] algorithm, whereby it invokes congestion avoidance from a halved congestion window, but does not invoke slow start from a one-segment congestion window as it would do after a retransmission timeout. As the sender is still receiving dupacks, it knows the receiver is receiving packets sent, so the full reduction after a timeout when no communication has been received is not called for. This relatively safe optimization also saves time. It is important to be realistic about the maximum throughput that TCP can have over a connection that traverses a high error-rate link. In general, TCP will increase its congestion window beyond the delay-bandwidth product. TCP's congestion avoidance strategy is additive-increase, multiplicative-decrease, which means that if additional errors are encountered before the congestion window recovers completely from a 50-percent reduction, the effect can be a "downward spiral" of the congestion window due to additional 50-percent reductions. Even using Fast Retransmit/Fast Recovery, the sender will halve the congestion window each time a window contains one or more segments that are lost, and will re-open the window by one additional segment for each congestion window's worth of acknowledgement received. If a connection's path traverses a link that loses one or more segments during this recovery period, the one-half reduction takes place again, this time on a reduced congestion window - and this downward spiral will continue to hold the congestion window below path capacity until the connection is able to recover completely by additive increase without experiencing loss. Of course, no downward spiral occurs if the error rate is constantly high and the congestion window always remains small; the multiplicative-increase "slow start" will be exited early, and the Expires November 11, 2001 [Page 8]
INTERNET DRAFT PILC - Links with Errors May 2001 congestion window remains low for the duration of the TCP connection. In links with high error rates, the TCP window may remain rather small for long periods of time. Not all causes of small windows are related to errors. For example, HTTP/1.0 commonly closes TCP connections to indicate boundaries between requested resources. This means that these applications are constantly closing "trained" TCP connections and opening "untrained" TCP connections which will execute slow start, beginning with one or two segments. This can happen even with HTTP/1.1, if webmasters configure their HTTP/1.1 servers to close connections instead of waiting to see if the connection will be useful again. A small window - especially a window of less than four segments - effectively prevents the sender from taking advantage of Fast Retransmits. Moreover, efficient recovery from multiple losses within a single window requires adoption of new proposals (NewReno [RFC2582]). Recommendation: Implement Fast Retransmit and Fast Recovery at this time. This is a widely-implemented optimization and is currently at Proposed Standard level. [RFC2488] recommends implementation of Fast Retransmit/Fast Recovery in satellite environments. 2.3 Selective Acknowledgements [RFC2018, RFC2883] Selective Acknowledgements [RFC2018] allow the repair of multiple segment losses per window without requiring one (or more) round-trips per loss. [RFC2883] proposes a minor extension to SACK that allows receiving TCPs to provide more information about the order of delivery of segments, allowing "more robust operation in an environment of reordered packets, ACK loss, packet replication, and/or early retransmit timeouts". Unless explicitly stated otherwise, in this document, "Selective Acknowledgements" (or "SACK") refers to the combination of [RFC2018] and [RFC2883]. Selective acknowledgements are most useful in LFNs ("Long Fat Networks") because of the long round trip times that may be encountered in these environments, according to Section 1.1 of [RFC1323], and are especially useful if large windows are required, because there is a higher probability of multiple segment losses per window. On the other hand, if error rates are generally low but Expires November 11, 2001 [Page 9]
INTERNET DRAFT PILC - Links with Errors May 2001 occasionally higher due to channel conditions, TCP will have the opportunity to increase its window to larger values during periods of improved channel conditions between bursts of errors. When bursts of errors occur, multiple losses within a window are likely to occur. In this case, SACK would provide benefits in speeding the recovery and preventing unnecessary reduction of the window size. Recommendation: Implement SACK as specified in [RFC2018] and updated by [RFC2883], both Proposed Standards. In cases where SACK cannot be enabled for both sides of a connection, TCP senders may use NewReno [RFC2582] to better handle partial ACKs and multiple losses within a single window. 3.0 Summary of Recommendations The Internet does not provide a widely-available loss feedback mechanism that allows TCP to distinguish between congestion loss and transmission error. Because congestion affects all traffic on a path while transmission loss affects only the specific traffic encountering uncorrected errors, avoiding congestion has to take precedence over quickly repairing transmission errors. This means that the best that can be achieved without new feedback mechanisms is minimizing the amount of time that is spent unnecessarily in congestion avoidance. The Fast Retransmit/Fast Recovery mechanism allows quick repair of loss without giving up the safety of congestion avoidance. In order for Fast Retransmit/Fast Recovery to work, the window size must be large enough to force the receiver to send three duplicate acknowledgements before the retransmission timeout interval expires, forcing full TCP slow-start. Selective Acknowledgements (SACK) extend the benefit of Fast Retransmit/Fast Recovery to situations where multiple segment losses in the window need to be repaired more quickly than can be accomplished by executing Fast Retransmit for each segment loss, only to discover the next segment loss. These mechanisms are not limited to wireless environments. They are usable in all environments. 4.0 Topics For Further Work "Limited Transmit" [ABF00] has been proposed as an optimization extending Fast Retransmit/Fast Recovery for TCP connections with small congestion windows that won't generate three duplicate acknowledgements. This proposal seems safe, and also provides Expires November 11, 2001 [Page 10]
INTERNET DRAFT PILC - Links with Errors May 2001 benefits for TCP connections with larger congestion windows when losses occur at or near the right edge of the window. Implementors may wish to study this proposal, especially if it enters the IETF standards track. Delayed Duplicate Acknowledgements [MV97, VMPM99] attempts to prevent TCP-level retransmission when link-level retransmission is still in progress, adding additional traffic to the network. This proposal is worthy of additional study, but is not recommended at this time, because we don't know how to calculate appropriate amounts of delay for an arbitrary network topology. It is not possible to use explicit congestion notification [RFC2481] as a surrogate for explicit transmission error notification (no matter how much we wish it was!). Some mechanism to provide explicit notification of transmission error would be very helpful. This might be more easily provided in a PEP environment, especially when the PEP is the "first hop" in a connection path, because current checksum mechanisms do not distinguish between transmission error to a payload and transmission error to the header. Furthermore, if the header is damaged, sending explicit transmission error notification to the right endpoint is problematic. Losses that take place on the ACK stream, especially while a TCP is learning network characteristics, can make the data stream quite bursty (resulting in losses on the data stream, as well). Several ways of limiting this burstiness have been proposed, including TCP transmit pacing at the sender and ACK rate control within the network. "Appropriate Byte Counting" (ABC) [ALL99], has been proposed as a way of opening the congestion window based on the number of bytes that have been successfully transfered to the receiver, giving more appropriate behavior for application protocols that initiate connections with relatively short packets. For SMTP [RFC821], for instance, the client might send a short HELO packet, a short MAIL packet, one or more short RCPT packets, and a short DATA packet - followed by the entire mail body sent as maximum-length packets. An ABC TCP sender would not use ACKs for each of these short packets to increase the congestion window to allow additional full-length packets. ABC is worthy of additional study, but is not recommended at this time, because ABC can lead to increased burstiness when acknowledgements are lost. 4.1 Achieving, and maintaining, large windows The recommendations described in this document will aid TCPs in Expires November 11, 2001 [Page 11]
INTERNET DRAFT PILC - Links with Errors May 2001 injecting packets into ERRORed connections as fast as possible without destabilizing the Internet, and so optimizing the use of available bandwidth. In addition to these TCP-level recommendations, there is still additional work to do at the application level, especially with the dominant application protocol on the World Wide Web, HTTP. HTTP/1.0 (and earlier versions) closes TCP connections to signal a receiver that all of a requested resource had been transmitted. Because WWW objects tend to be small in size [MOGUL], TCPs carrying HTTP/1.0 traffic experience difficulty in "training" on available path capacity (a substantial portion of the transfer has already happened by the time TCP exits slow start). Several HTTP modifications have been introduced to improve this interaction with TCP ("persistent connections" in HTTP/1.0, with improvements in HTTP/1.1 [RFC2616]). For a variety of reasons, many HTTP interactions are still HTTP/1.0-style - relatively short-lived. Proposals which reuse TCP congestion information across connections, like TCP Control Block Interdependence [RFC2140], or the more recent Congestion Manager [BS00] proposal, will have the effect of making multiple parallel connections impact the network as if they were a single connection, "trained" after a single startup transient. These proposals are critical to the long-term stability of the Internet, because today's users always have the choice of clicking on the "reload" button in their browsers and cutting off TCP's exponential backoff - replacing connections which are building knowledge of the available bandwidth with connections with no knowledge at all. 5.0 Security Considerations All recommendations included in this document are applicable to TCP connections protected by IPSec. 7.0 IANA Considerations This document is a pointer to other, existing IETF standards. There are no new IANA considerations. 6.0 Acknowledgements This recommendation has grown out of RFC 2757, "TCP Over Long Thin Networks", which was in turn based on work done in the IETF TCPSAT working group. The authors are indebted to the active Expires November 11, 2001 [Page 12]
INTERNET DRAFT PILC - Links with Errors May 2001 members of the PILC working group. In particular, Mark Allman and Lloyd Wood gave us copious and insightful feedback, and Dan Grossman and Jamshid Mahdavi provided text replacements. Changes Changes between versions 06 and 07: o Deleted references to other PILC documents, replacing those by reference to [PILC-WEB]. Accordingly, reworded sections 1.2 and 1.3 on PEP and LINK, respectively. o Added IANA recommendations section. o Sundry editorial changes (readability, spelling errors). Changes between versions 05 and 06: o Incorporate editorial comments from Dan Grossman, Lloyd Wood, John Border, and Mark Allman. o Correct errors in Spencer's understanding of appropriate byte counting. o Reordered sections 1.1, 1.2, and 1.3. o Rewrite of the second half of section 1.1 to reflect the UMass empirical model for TCP throughput, at Mark Handley's suggestion. o Delete appendices as inappropriate for BCP, the targetted track for this document. o Add description of "Limited Transmit" in "Topics for Future Work". o Add an explicit "Security Considerations" section. o Add full copyright section. o Update Gab Montenegro's contact information. o Consistently format reference section entries. References [ABF00] M. Allman, H. Balakrishnan, S. Floyd, "Enhancing TCP's Loss Recovery Using Limited Transmit", August, 2000. Work in progress, available as draft-ietf-tsvwg-limited-xmit-00.txt. Expires November 11, 2001 [Page 13]
INTERNET DRAFT PILC - Links with Errors May 2001 [ALL99] M. Allman, "TCP Byte Counting Refinements," ACM Computer Communication Review, Volume 29, Number 3, July 1999. http://www.acm.org/sigcomm/ccr/archive/ccr-toc/ccr-toc-99.html [BS00] H. Balakrishnan and S. Seshan, "The Congestion Manager", November, 2000. Work in progress, available as draft-ietf-ecm-cm-03.txt. [BV97] S. Biaz and N. Vaidya, "Using End-to-end Statistics to Distinguish Congestion and Corruption Losses: A Negative Result," Texas A&M University, Technical Report 97-009, August 18, 1997. [BV98] S. Biaz and N. Vaidya, "Sender-Based heuristics for Distinguishing Congestion Losses from Wireless Transmission Losses," Texas A&M University, Technical Report 98-013, June 1998. [BV98a] S. Biaz and N. Vaidya, "Discriminating Congestion Losses from Wireless Losses using Inter-Arrival Times at the Receiver," Texas A&M University, Technical Report 98-014, June 1998. [HPF-CWV] M. Handley, J., Padhye, S., Floyd, "TCP Congestion Window Validation," March 2000. Approved as an Informational RFC, available as draft-handley-tcp-cwv-02.txt. [MOGUL] "The Case for Persistent-Connection HTTP", J. C. Mogul, Research Report 95/4, May 1995. Available as http://www.research.digital.com/wrl/techreports/abstracts/95.4.html [MV97] M. Mehta and N. Vaidya, "Delayed Duplicate-Acknowledgements: A Proposal to Improve Performance of TCP on Wireless Links," Texas A&M University, December 24, 1997. Available at http://www.cs.tamu.edu/faculty/vaidya/mobile.html [PILC-WEB] http://pilc.grc.nasa.gov/ [PFTK98] J. Padhye, V. Firoiu, D. Towsley and J.Kurose, "TCP Throughput: A simple model and its empirical validation", SIGCOMM Symposium on Communications Architectures and Protocols, August 1998. [RFC793] J. Postel, "Transmission Control Protocol", September 1981. RFC 793, STD 7. [RFC821] J. Postel, "Simple Mail Transfer Protocol", August 1982. RFC 821, STD 10. [RFC1122] R. Braden, "Requirements for Internet Hosts -- Communication Layers", October 1989. RFC 1122, STD 3. Expires November 11, 2001 [Page 14]
INTERNET DRAFT PILC - Links with Errors May 2001 [RFC1191] J. Mogul and S. Deering, "Path MTU Discovery", November 1990. RFC 1191. [RFC1323] V. Jacobson, R. Braden, and D. Borman. "TCP Extensions for High Performance", May 1992. RFC 1323. [RFC2018] M. Mathis, et al, "TCP Selective Acknowledgment Options", October, 1996. RFC 2018. [RFC2140] J. Touch, "TCP Control Block Interdependence", April 1997. RFC 2140. [RFC2309] B. Braden, et al, "Recommendations on Queue Management and Congestion Avoidance in the Internet", April 1998. RFC 2309. [RFC2481] K. Ramakrishnan and S. Floyd, "A Proposal to add Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) to IP", January 1999. RFC 2481. [RFC2488] M. Allman, D. Glover, and L. Sanchez. "Enhancing TCP Over Satellite Channels using Standard Mechanisms", January 1999 RFC 2488, BCP 28. [RFC2581] M. Allman, V. Paxson, W. Stevens, "TCP Congestion Control," April 1999. RFC 2581 (Proposed Standard). [RFC2582] S. Floyd and T. Henderson, "The NewReno Modification to TCP's Fast Recovery Algorithm," April 1999. RFC 2582 (Experimental). [RFC2616] R. Fielding, J. Gettys, J. Mogul, H. Frystyk, Masinter, P. Leach, T. Berners-Lee. "Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1", June 1999. RFC 2616 (Draft Standard). [RFC2883] S. Floyd, et al, "An Extension to the Selective Acknowledgement (SACK) Option for TCP", August 1999. RFC 2883 (Proposed Standard). [RFC2923] K. Lahey, "TCP Problems with Path MTU Discovery", September 2000. RFC 2923. [VJ-DCAC] V. Jacobson, "Dynamic Congestion Avoidance / Control" e-mail dated Feberuary 11, 1988, available from http://www.kohala.com/~rstevens/vanj.88feb11.txt [VMPM99] N. Vaidya, M. Mehta, C. Perkins, and G. Montenegro, "Delayed Duplicate Acknowledgements: A TCP-Unaware Approach to Improve Performance of TCP over Wireless," Technical Report 99-003, Computer Science Dept., Texas A&M University, February Expires November 11, 2001 [Page 15]
INTERNET DRAFT PILC - Links with Errors May 2001 1999. Authors' addresses Questions about this document may be directed to: Spencer Dawkins Fujitsu Network Communications 2801 Telecom Parkway Richardson, Texas 75082 Voice: +1-972-479-3782 E-Mail: email@example.com Gabriel E. Montenegro Sun Microsystems Laboratories, Europe 32, chemin du Vieux Chene 38240 Meylan FRANCE Voice: +33 476 18 80 45 E-Mail: firstname.lastname@example.com Markku Kojo University of Helsinki/Department of Computer Science P.O. Box 26 (Teollisuuskatu 23) FIN-00014 HELSINKI Finland Voice: +358-9-7084-4179 Fax: +358-9-7084-4441 E-Mail: firstname.lastname@example.com Expires November 11, 2001 [Page 16]
INTERNET DRAFT PILC - Links with Errors May 2001 Vincent Magret Corporate Research Center Alcatel Network Systems, Inc 1201 Campbell Mail stop 446-310 Richardson Texas 75081 USA M/S 446-310 Voice: +1-972-996-2625 Fax: +1-972-996-5902 E-mail: email@example.com Nitin Vaidya Dept. of Computer Science Texas A&M University College Station, TX 77843-3112 Voice: +1 409-845-0512 Fax: +1 409-847-8578 Email: email@example.com Full Copyright Statement Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2000). All Rights Reserved. This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than English. The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns. This document and the information contained herein is provided on an "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING Expires November 11, 2001 [Page 17]
INTERNET DRAFT PILC - Links with Errors May 2001
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text:
Mon-Fri: 7am-1am EST / Sat-Sun: 7am-11pm EST
ApplianceAmana Dryer
Level of DifficultyEasy
Time to do repair1- 2 hours
Age of Appliance5 - 10 years
Wrench setPliersSocket set
9 out of 9 people found this instruction helpful
The pully wheel was completely worn down as the belt had cut into it over time. I'm not sure if the lever and shaft needed replacing but since the part was inexpensive I decided to replace it as well as the wheel. The easiest way to access the parts was to turn the dryer on its side and remove the bottom panel of the dryer. This eliminated the need to remove the drum. It was then easy to reach in with a wrench and remove nut and bolt that held on the pulley lever. I also had to remove the spring which was attached to the lever. Next I put the new pully wheel on the shaft of the new pulley lever. The most difficult part of the job was installing retainer clip which holds the wheel on the shaft. This took a little persistance. After this was done it was simple to put the assembly back in place, reattach the spring and tighten the nut and bolt. I then replaced the bottom panel of he dryer, turned it upright and plugged it in. The whole job took just over an hour. One tip: Before removing the old assembly, I took a picture of it with my cell phone camera so I would remember how it went back together.
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By Christian Viveros-Fauné
Bridget Everett Whacks Rock Bottom at Joe's Pub
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The Valley of Astonishment Will Leave You...Astonished
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By Tom Sellar
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How Chuck Jones Defined America Through Cartoons
By R. C. Baker
Between Riverside and Crazy Bares Its Wounds
By Tom Sellar
Happily, some brave producers go undeterred. "Act French," last season's program of French productions and readings, brought Ariane Mnouchkine's emigration epic Le Dernier Caravansérail and introduced us to fresh dramatists like Koffi Kwahulé and Marie Ndiaye. At St. Ann's Warehouse, Susan Feldman has presented work by (among others) Grzegorz Jarzyna, the visually inventive young Polish director; she's pursuing his giant site-specific Macbeth for next year, at a roofless warehouse in DUMBO. New York Theatre Workshop is collaborating with Pollesch and Neumann to mount an American version of 24 Hours Are Not a Day, their witty and wild 2002 Volksbühne fantasia about globalization, 9/11, and postmodern identity. And Belgian director Ivo van Hove will return to NYTW this fall to create his version of Moliére's The Misanthrope.
Some of this past season's most thrilling foreign stuff got close, but not all the way to New York City. Jed Wheeler brought two ravishing productions by major visual directors to his Peak Performances series at Montclair State University: the Flemish master Jan Fabre's Je Suis Sang, a dance-theater bacchanal of violence and medieval bodies, and Romeo Castellucci's stark, painterly spectacle Tragedia Endogonidia (L.09). Both companies plan to return with other projects.
These are just a few of the world voices New York needs to hear more from, but no list is comprehensive. Drama always needs a steady supply of fresh ideas to propel it forward. Doubters need only think of the Moscow Art Theatre's 1922 tour, which introduced American audiences, artists, and critics to new acting forms. Had this legendary ensemble not visited, would anyone stateside have ever experienced Stanislavsky's visions in their fullest living dimensionsand assimilated what they saw? Foreign influences have altered the American theater's DNA at critical junctures. New York should make sure this is one of them.
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Tuesday's birth of Jessica Simpson's daughter, Maxwell Drew Johnson, reminds us of all the celebrities who have come up with some pretty interesting names.
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She did what??!!
First Beyonce breastfeeds her newborn in public… now Alicia Silverstone spits food in her child's mouth. Time for me to weigh-in…
Author Mark Bego Discusses Whitney Houston, Aretha Franklin In New Books
Author Mark Bego stopped by the KCAL9 studios Monday to talk about his two new books on Aretha Franklin and Whitney Houston.
54th Annual Grammy Awards: Red Carpet Hits And Misses
Get the info on celebs and musicians on the GRAMMY red carpet and what they're wearing!
Celebrity Hair Colorist Jennifer J Shares Beauty Secrets Of The Stars
L'Oréal Professionnel Celebrity Colorist Jennifer J works with some of Hollywood's top names including Kristen Stewart, January Jones and Lily Collins.
Jeanne Wolf Dishes On What's Hot In Hollywood
Wolf dished on what is hot in Hollywood including the Conrad Murray trial, Lindsay Lohan and more.
Florida Man Charged With Hacking Into Celebrity Email Accounts
A Florida man has been released on a $10,000 bond after being charged with hacking into the emails of Christina Aguilera, Scarlett Johansson and Mila Kunis.
Zsa Zsa Gabor, 94, Resting After Successful Operation
Zsa Zsa Gabor's husband says the 94-year-old actress is resting after undergoing an operation at a Los Angeles hospital where she also is being treated for an infection.
Where To Find Celebs On Emmy Weekend
Find out where your favorite TV actors and actresses will be hanging out come Emmy weekend!
Racy Photos Of Johansson, Timberlake Leaked Online
Celebrities such as Scarlett Johansson say racy pictures recently leaked online were stolen from their cell phones.
FBI Investigating `Hacked' Celebrities
FBI agents probed allegations that computer hackers targeted a number of celebrities, including actress Scarlett Johannson, a naked image of whom turned up Wednesday on the Internet, a bureau spokeswoman in Los Angeles said.
Betty White Voted America's 'Most-Trusted' Celebrity
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Celebrities And Fans Swap Lives On CBS' 'Same Name'
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Former Felon Martha Stewart Is Now A Real-Life Comic Con!
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KD Rhine Pass - Nostalgic Route - Rhine Cruise from Koblenz to Rudesheim
Read what other Viator.com travelers think about the KD Rhine Pass - Nostalgic Route - Rhine Cruise from Koblenz to Rudesheim. What they loved, what they liked and what they think could be improved, it's all here to help you make the most of your next trip.
Click here for tour details, schedule and pricing
Eveleen F
We enjoyed this trip very much; however, it is definitely too long--eleven hours was more time on a boat than we wanted.
Gloria R
We enjoyed our trip but thought there were many opportunities missed about the history and highlights, which needed a bit of commentary. Also, one of the male waiters downstairs was very rude to us when we were asking assistance. Otherwise, thank you very much
The sights were absolutely fabulous but the service was not. I have never been on ANY trip where the overall attitude of the crew was unfriendly.
We were SO looking forward to this trip! We got to the train station before 6 AM to catch the 6:01 train to Frankfurt. We got on the train going to Frankfurt, but arrived there with only 2 minutes to make the connection to Koblenz. We missed our train!! The agent we talked to said we got on the wrong train. I guess our train came after we boarded the 1st one to Frankfurt and left before ours... So we had to forfeit the cruise. SO sad! Hope to be able to try again and be sure to get on the correct train! Some lessons come at a price...
Long. But nice. Take the train back from Rudesheim. The one hour stop is too less to explore this pretty town.
The journey is nice and the view of the castles is wonderful. However it is too long with too many stops to leave or pick up passengers, and the return trip is boring because it is the same view you had on the first half.
The KD company made it very hard to obtain information about the cruise. I had to get the hotel manager to call the company as they didn't speak english to find out if we could board the ship at a different stop. When we got on, the deck area at the front was really small and lucky to fit 30 people. Obviously when passengers boarded the boat in Koblenz, the chairs were not set up and they just grabbed what they wanted. So at the back where the chairs were stacked, people were sitting on stacks of 4 or 5 chairs which meant there weren't enough for everyone to sit down. The staff really should have the chairs set up before passengers board. Also when we went inside for a drink the staff were nowhere to be found, waited over 20 minutes for service. We cut the trip short and trained it back to the hotel. The sights were nice, but I would choose another way of seeing them.
Very nice accomadations, the sights were beautiful. If you have all day just to lounge and take in the sites, you will enjoy this tour. My wife and I were a little crunched for time and had to be somewhere else that day and found it to be nice, but not all that. So, we jumped off and grabbed a train back to Koblenz.


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MOTOWN THE MUSICAL is the true American dream story of Motown founder Berry Gordy's journey from featherweight boxer to the heavyweight music mogul who launched the careers of Diana Ross, Michael Jackson, Smokey Robinson and many more.
The Nederlander Organization is proud to announce that the 4th Annual JERRY HERMAN AWARDS, a celebration in the achievement and excellence in high school musical theatre in the Southland will be hosted at the Hollywood Pantages Theatre on Monday, June 1, 2015 at 7pm.
Following an acclaimed sold-out tour of the United Kingdom, Cameron Mackintosh's spectacular new production of Andrew Lloyd Webber's phenomenal musical success, THE PHANTOM OF THE OPERA, will come to Los Angeles as part of a brand new North American Tour.
Hot on the heels of her latest release, Balas y Chocolate, Lila Downs will perform at the Hollywood Pantages Theatre on Saturday, September 19 at 8pm.
The world's best-loved musical returns in time-honored form. Directed by original lyricist and director Martin Charnin and choreographed by Liza Gennaro, this production of ANNIE will be a brand new incarnation of the iconic original.
Tony Award-winner and Broadway superstar Idina Menzel (Wicked, Rent, Frozen, Glee) will launch the National Tour of IF/THEN, reprising her critically-acclaimed, Tony-nominated performance in seven select cities including Hollywood Pantages Theatre.
Hailed by Time Magazine as, "Musical Theatre Gold!", BULLETS OVER BROADWAY is the hilarious musical comedy about the making of a Broadway show.
Seen by millions across the globe, the worldwide smash hit DIRTY DANCING - The Classic Story On Stage features the hit songs "Hungry Eyes," "Hey Baby," "Do You Love Me?" and the heart-stopping "(I've Had) The Time Of My Life."
This mind-blowing spectacular showcases the jaw-dropping talents of the most incredible illusionists on earth. Full of hilarious magic tricks, death-defying stunts and acts of breathtaking wonder, THE ILLUSIONISTS has dazzled audiences of all ages.
42ND STREET is the song and dance fable of Broadway with an American Dream story and some of the greatest songs ever written, including "We're In The Money," "Lullaby of Broadway," "Shuffle Off To Buffalo," and of course "42nd Street"[...]
The Tony® Award-winning hit BEAUTIFUL—The Carole King Musical, about the early life and career of the legendary and groundbreaking singer/songwriter, has consistently been one of Broadway's top grossing shows and sells out nightly!
Direct from Broadway, CABARET reunites director Sam Mendes, co-director / choreographer Rob Marshall and many of the same creative team members behind the Tony-Winning 1998 revival production.


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Meteorological events that happened on May 27th:
150 lives were lost in the Richmond, VA area in the Great James River Flood.
A tremendous hail storm struck the eastern shore of Maryland during the evening damaging wheat and vegetable crops from Hillsborough in Caroline County to
Easton in Talbot County. One person was killed. Between the Severn and Patapsco Rivers, hail the size of eggs fell. Across the bay in Calvert County, a man was killed by hail.
The Mormon temple at Nauvoo, IL was destroyed by a tornado.
A massive tornado struck St. Louis, MO killing 306 people and causing $13 million dollars damage. The tornado path was short, but cut across a densely populated area. It touched down 6 miles west of Eads Bridge in St. Louis and widened to a mile as it crossed into East St. Louis. The tornado was the most destructive on record in the U.S. up until that time. It pierced a five-eighths inch thick iron sheet with a 2 x 4 inch pine plank. A brilliant display of lightning also accompanied the storm.
Salton, CA set the U.S. high temperature record for May with 124°.
Bakersfield, CA reached 104°; their hottest temperature for May which featured 12 days with triple digit temperatures, the most ever for that location.
67 people were killed and 345 were injured when an F4 tornado tracked 50 miles through Lake County in Tennessee and Fulton, Hickman, and Graves Counties in Kentucky.
A tornado struck the "Empire Builder" near Moorhead, MN. Five coaches weighing 70 tons each were lifted off the track. One was carried 80 feet. 57 of the 117 passengers were injured and one was blown through a window and killed.
The 1.5 inches of rainfall at Victoria, British Columbia Canada set the record for the wettest day in May observed.
A large F4 tornado cut a 135-mile path across central Alabama. Hardest hit was the town of Brent where five people perished and 90% of the town was demolished. Seven people died along the path of the twister. Cancelled checks from Greensboro, AL were found at Gadsden, AL, over 100 miles away. Another killer tornado struck Centerpoint on the northeast side of Birmingham, killing one person. One person was killed and 35 people were injured when an F3 tornado stormed across Jones County, Mississippi. Another 3 people were injured when an F2 tornado swept across Clarke County. A second F2 tornado also moved across Scott County that evening.
A strong spring storm system brought high winds to much of central Oklahoma. Sustained winds reached near 50 mph and gusts approached 80 mph in many locations. Extensive roof, tree, and power line damage resulted. One person was killed when the strong winds caused them to lose control of their vehicle.
Thunderstorms dumped 8.63 inches of rain on Tulsa, OK in only 6 hours. The resultant flash flooding killed 14 people and total damage was $89.6 million dollars.
Severe thunderstorms in West Texas produced baseball size hail at Crane, hail up to 3.5 inches in diameter at Post, and grapefruit size hail south of Midland.
Five days of flooding commenced in Oklahoma. Thunderstorms produced 7 to 9 inches of rain in central Oklahoma. Oklahoma City reported 4.33 inches of rain in six hours. Up to 6 inches of rain caused flooding in north central Texas.
Sunny and warm weather prevailed across much of the nation to kick off the Memorial Day weekend. Afternoon thunderstorms in southern Florida caused the mercury at Miami to dip to a record low reading of 69°.
Unseasonably hot weather prevailed over the southeastern U.S. Several cities reported record high temperatures for the date as readings soared into the 90s. Lakeland, FL reported a record high of 99°. Biloxi, MS reported a temperature of 90° with a relative humidity of 75%, creating a dewpoint temperature of 81°. This equated to a heat index temperature of 108°.
Thunderstorms produced severe weather from north central Texas to the Central Gulf Coast Region. Severe thunderstorms spawned 4 tornadoes, and there were 81 reports of large hail or damaging winds. Late afternoon thunderstorms over southeast Louisiana produced high winds which injured 27 people at an outdoor music concert in Baton Rouge, and high winds which gusted to 78 mph at the Lake Ponchartrain Causeway.
Thunderstorms erupted across southwest South Dakota during the evening and made their way into southeast sections of the state by early the next morning. In the southwest, already saturated ground and swollen creeks were drenched with 4 to 6 inches of rain. The rain produced flash flooding that damaged many roads and several bridges. Across the east central and southeast part of the state, storms produced gusty winds and large hail. From this date through the 28th, severe thunderstorms produced wind gusts of over 80 mph with numerous reports of over 60 mph. However, the real threat with these storms was the hail. Over 1,000 nesting birds were killed by falling hail at La Creek Refuge in Bennett County. Softball size hail was reported just north of Artesian in Sanborn County, and near Arlington in Kingsbury County. The hail completely destroyed a grain bin near Arlington. Many areas had golf ball size hail or larger. Many homes had windows knocked out and roofs damaged. The storms produced millions of dollars in damage.
San Antonio, TX had already received its normal annual rainfall by this date. 29.28 inches had fallen since January, surpassing the average of 29.13 inches.
A large storm system developed over the southern Rockies and moved northeast into the central United States. Severe thunderstorms developed over eastern Nebraska and moved into Iowa, where they became tornadic. A violent tornado moved from near Carroll to near Fonda. This tornado caused extensive damage wiping out many farmsteads. Carroll County was also clipped by another violent tornado which moved from near Coon Rapids to near Churdan. This tornado picked up a car and tossed it more than a quarter-mile into a field. One student's homework papers were found some 55 miles away in the town of Gilmore City. Another tornado touched down near Creston and tracked north to Perry. The Iowa State Patrol closed off a four mile section of the interstate to allow the half-mile wide tornado to pass. Greene, Adair, Carroll, Guthrie, Sac and Union counties were declared disaster areas. Some damage estimates included $2 million dollars in Greene County, $1.2 million in Carrol and Union Counties, $828,000 in Adair County and $642,000 in Sac County.
Between 4 to 6 inches of rain fell in a 24 hour period over the lower Bad River Basin in South Dakota. In addition, 3 to 5 inches of rain fell over much of western South Dakota. This runoff caused the Bad River at Fort Pierre to crest at 26.25 feet or about 5 feet above flood stage late on this date before falling back below flood stage on the 30th. The entire length of the Bad River Road from U.S. Highway 83 near Fort Pierre to U.S. Highway 14 near Midland was closed to all except local traffic. 25 to 35 volunteers were filling sandbags all day around two homes along the river. Most of the damage was associated with flooding of agricultural land and some county roads. One resident along the river said the river was the highest it has been in 32 years.
Big Spring, TX was hit by a hailstorm with 5 inch diameter hail. Nearly 50 people were injured and damage was estimated at $30 million dollars.
An F5 tornado killed 27 people in Jarrell, TX. Although tornado warnings were issued 30 minutes in advance and local sirens were sounded, there were few places to go for safety. Most homes were on slabs, with no basements to shelter in. Houses were swept clean off their foundations, with little debris left behind. Total damage was $20 million dollars. The same thunderstorm complex produced a wind gust to 122 mph at Kelly Air Force Base in San Antonio.
This day brought one of the most destructive and widespread windstorms to much of Oklahoma and north Texas in recent memory. Severe thunderstorms developed over southwest Kansas during the late afternoon, and rapidly merged into a large severe thunderstorm complex that moved rapidly southeastward at nearly 60 mph across the western half of Oklahoma and into north Texas during the evening and overnight hours. These storms produced widespread and significant wind damage along their path, leaving one person dead, 4 injured, 160,000 people without power and over $350 million dollars in damage in Oklahoma alone. Several non-tornadic wind reports in excess of 100 mph were recorded, and it took nearly a week to restore power to all of the affected areas.
The first of three hail storms in a six day period hit Dodge City, KS. Severe weather also occurred across Southwestern Kansas with several reports of 80 to 100 mph winds. 270 pivot irrigation sprinklers were damaged or destroyed across southwestern Kansas. In addition, hail storms moved through Dodge City on the 29th and June 1st. All three storms
produced at least golf ball sized hail resulting in lots of roof damage.
As much as 11 inches of rain fell during the afternoon and evening hours in eastern Broward County, Florida flooding streets with up to two feet of water. 10.22 inches of rain fell in Fort Lauderdale, FL. Seven inches of it fell in just two hours.
An earthen dam near Fayetteville, NC broke after days of heavy rains. The floodwaters inundated residential areas and threatened a nursing home.
A storm system dropped 0.08 inches of rain at Bakersfield, CA. This was the only measurable rain to fall in the entire March to May period and tied 1992 for the driest Meteorological spring on record.
Blistering heat blasted into northern Sindh and easternmost Balochistan, Pakistan. The community of Sibi soared to 123° and Jacobabad hit 122°.
Check out my colleague Weather Examiners:
Baltimore, MD area weather with Tony Pann at http://www.examiner.com/x-11224-Baltimore-Weather-Examiner
Orlando, FL area weather with Dr. Steve Oliver at http://www.examiner.com/x-23601-Orlando-Weather-Examiner
Houston, TX area weather & the weekly Weather America Newsletter with Larry Cosgrove at http://www.examiner.com/x-3775-Houston-Weather-Examiner
NOAA Headlines Examiner with Dr. Steve Oliver and IPR at http://www.examiner.com/x-40324-NOAA-Headlines-Examiner


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NEWBERRY — Chapin/Newberry shook off a rain delay and overcame a 2-1 deficit to defeat the visiting Columbia NE squad 9-8 Monday night.
Chapin/Newberry pitched by committee. Zackary Ziesing started and pitched two scoreless innings.
Pat Yoder pitched the third and fourth innings and Jared Harmon pitched the fifth.
Danton Hyman returned to mound for the first time after breaking his thumb in the first game of the season and pitched the sixth inning. Landon Allison pitched the seventh.
Columbia NE took the lead in the top of the third by scoring two runs.
Chapin/Newberry answered in the third with one run.
Lead off batter Hunter Booth walked and moved to second on a single by Andrew Livingston.
Danton Hyman singled up the middle loading the bases for Duncan Crotwell who hit a sacrifice fly to center field to score Booth.
Chapin/Newberry took a commanding lead in the bottom of the fourth by adding a six spot to the score board.
Jared Harmon started the inning with a single and Booth moved him to third on a double. Hyman laced a ground ball past second base to score Harmon.
Crotwell was hit by pitch and Peyton Spangler singled, scoring Booth and Hyman. Landon Allison reached base on an error and scored Crotwell.
Jake Bickley hit to deep right field for a triple, scoring Spangler and Allison.
Columbia NE got back into the game, adding three unearned runs the top of the fifth. Yoder walked, advanced to second and reached third on a pass ball.
On a double steal, Yoder scored and Livingston reached second. Crotwell was hit by pitch and Spangler reached on an error loading the bases. Allison walked scoring Livingston.
Chapin/Newberry needed the insurance run because Columbia NE scored three runs in the sixth making to cut the lead to 9-8.
Hitters were Hyman 2-4, Spangler 1-4, Harmon 1-3, Booth 2-3, Livingston 1-3, and Bickley 1-3 (triple).
Chapin/Newberry record improves to 5-1 and holds the number one spot in League 8.
Chapin/Newberry has three road games, June 10 at Lexington and June 11 and June 16 in Orangeburg, before they return home June 17 to play at the Smith Road Complex.


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OSU can mix and match its uniforms into 48 different combinations.
July 28, 2011
Photo Gallery | Combo Creator | Uniform History | Wallpaper
STILLWATER, Okla. - Today, the Oklahoma State University Athletic department unveiled the new Nike Pro Combat football uniforms for the 2011 football season.
OSU partnered with Nike, the industry leader in apparel and footwear technology, to develop the new looks. The fully integrated uniform system incorporates the latest in performance innovation and design from the world's most renowned athletic outfitter. The redesigned base layer facilitates the uniform's overall innovation, delivering the ultimate in lightweight protection for maximum speed. Strategically placed seams, pads and cooling zones also help minimize distraction and optimize protective coverage.
"We are proud to continue our long relationship with Nike," said Mike Holder, Athletic Director for Oklahoma State. "The name is synonymous with providing athletes the finest gear in the world. Nike is uniquely qualified to provide us with lighter, performance based equipment that will allow our players to look great and play their best."
When OSU rededicated Boone Pickens Stadium in 2009, Pickens spoke of change and innovation. That spirit of innovation, competition and success at OSU extends beyond facilities and is reflected in the uniforms on the field. The uniforms take direct insight from the student-athletes in terms of providing them with a vast array of choices in color combination. For each home game, the Cowboys will have their choice of colors for their jerseys, helmets and pants. The choices for the helmet include white, matte black and anthracite. The jersey choices include orange, black and gray and for the pants there are four options - orange, black, gray and white. In all, OSU can mix and match its uniforms into 48 different combinations.
"Nike takes pride in giving athletes an advantage by providing them with cutting edge innovation. The Nike Pro Combat system of dress uniform delivers unparalleled on-field performance benefits while inspiring the team through each uniform's unique design," said Todd Van Horne, Nike's Creative Director for Football. "It is a privilege to collaborate with the coaches and student-athletes to develop a look that's truly distinctive to each university and its teams."
The Nike Pro Combat integrated uniform system provides enhanced durability and innovation from the inside out. Robust padding without the bulk offers optimal low-profile impact protection specifically throughout the crucial "hit zone" between the knees and shoulders. Nike Pro Combat Deflex padding has also been integrated in the hip and knee areas of the pant for crucial impact protection that stays in place. The base layer now features customizable protection, incorporating a thin, incredibly strong carbon fiber plate that can be placed on the thigh padding where needed. The uniform system design also emphasizes improved thermoregulation, including the Nike Pro Combat Deflex padding layer, which is constructed with fabric selected for its ability to help keep the body cool and wick away sweat - making the uniform, and player, lighter and dryer. The jerseys are made of four-way stretch woven twill that sheds moisture. A Flywire collar eliminates two layers of fabric for improved breathability, providing a more stable anchor to keep the jersey in place. "We're very excited about the new uniforms," said Brandon Weeden, OSU's first-team All-Big 12 quarterback. "We have a great color scheme and adding gray into our rotation is a nice touch. There are a lot of new combinations we could wear and it gives the players even more excitement to put on the Oklahoma State uniform."
Oklahoma State All-America receiver Justin Blackmon looks forward to the uniform options. "There is a definite coolness to our new uniforms and I think the players and fans alike can appreciate them," the junior from Ardmore said. "We've been an explosive team the last several years and now we have a look that goes along with that reputation." -OSU-
About Nike
NIKE, Inc. based near Beaverton, Oregon, is the world's leading designer, marketer and distributor of authentic athletic footwear, apparel, equipment and accessories for a wide variety of sports and fitness activities. A division of NIKE, Inc., Jordan Brand is a premium brand of footwear, apparel and accessories inspired by the dynamic legacy, vision and direct involvement of Michael Jordan. Wholly owned Nike subsidiaries include Converse Inc., which designs, markets and distributes athletic footwear, apparel and accessories; Cole Haan, which designs, markets and distributes luxury shoes, handbags, accessories and coats; Umbro Ltd., a leading United Kingdom-based global football (soccer) brand; and Hurley International LLC, which designs, markets and distributes action sports and youth lifestyle footwear, apparel and accessories. For more information, visit www.nikebiz.com


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Changes to ordering school uniform
Pinders Schoolwear, our uniform providers, are pleased to announce they are now able to provide an enhanced service which will include managing the administration, supply and delivery of all our school uniform orders. They will provide a 'free of charge' weekly uniform delivery service to the school every Friday, (term time only), for orders placed before 12pm on the Monday, or for an additional charge, can arrange delivery to your home address. This service will be available to parents from 28th March 2015.
The company have a dedicated website and parents will have the benefit of ordering uniform online from www.pindersschoolwear.co.uk and pay for items using a debit/credit card or by PayPal. They also welcome postal orders together with payment, and forms are available from our school website or from the school office.
School still has some uniform available to purchase but we will not be restocking once we have run out and, you will then be asked to purchase direct from Pinders Schoolwear. School will still old some sample uniform available at all times to try on for sizes.
We hope and believe that this direct contact with the uniform company will make things more flexible for parents. In addition, this enhances service brings added benefits to the school as it will free up staff time allowing us to focus that time on supporting children.
If you have any queries regarding this enhanced service, please contact Tania Freeman, Office Manager on 0114 2883153 or email firstname.lastname@example.com


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Would You Pay Over $1K For These Beats Pro By Dre?
How do you make an expensive luxury item even more expensive and luxurious? You dip it in gold, that's how. The one-of-a-kind Beats Pro headphones get the rock star treatment by Crystal Rocked are indeed dipped in 24 karat gold. Those familiar with Crystal Rocked will notice that this product doesn't bear their familiar diamond-studded look though.
Either way, these special Beats can be yours for a little over $1000, and if you think we're kidding, here's the link.Powered by Sidelines
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