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Live updates
Fly-tipping costing Derby entertainment centre money
The boss of an entertainment centre in Derby has told ITV News Central that fly-tipping is costing his business hundreds of pounds. Rubbish dumped there on Monday has still not been removed by the city council.
It comes in the same week rubbish dumped outside a primary school in the city was described as a hazard to children. The city council says the issue is a high priority. Michael Sibert reports.
Fly-tippers dump nappies, baths and loos in Derby
Nappies, mattresses, and even bathroom furniture are among just some of the items dumped in one area of Derby over the past few months.
And now, a group of residents from Normanton have got so annoyed at the level of fly-tipping in their area, they have launched a new action group to tackle the problem.
Karen Williams, from the Normanton Empowerment Team, told ITV News Central that they are concerned about the health hazard posed by the waste.
People invited to name and shame fly-tippers on the web
Residents in Stafford are being encouraged by the council to 'name and shame' fly-tippers on the web looking at photos of illegal dumping on the council's website.
The 'Grimewatch' online campaign has been successful since its launch with Stafford Borough Council receiving information on fly-tipping from residents.
The new photos which show the offending fly-tipping can be viewed here.
The council deals with over 300 cases of illegal dumping every year, costing the tax payer around £20,000
Residents are left to clear up fly-tipping
Residents of one street in Derby have been left to clear up faeces smeared on walls and rubbish dumped in an alleyway and car park after a disagreement about who's responsible for the mess.
People living close by say the smell on warm days is unbearable and the area is not safe for children. But the council say it's on private land and they can't clear it up.
Resident says fly-tippers are a risk to her family
Fly-Tipping has become such a problem for some residents in Derby that they claim they are struggling to get to their homes.
One resident affected is Leonie O'Connell she says she has young children and feels it is not a safe situation to live in.
Derbyshire County Council say they are powerless to clear it up as the rubbish is on private land.
For more on this story click here.
- ITV Report
Residents struggle to reach home due to fly-tipping
Leicester city council respond to being worst in region for fly tipping
Video uploaded to YouTube by ITV Central News
Adrian Russell from Leicester City Council say people leave black bin bags on the street despite the city having one of the best waste services in the country.
- ITV Report


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Facing the pressure of rising food prices, McDonald's franchisees are looking for changes to the chain's dollar menu, which currently accounts for roughly 14% of U.S. sales. McDonald's president and COO Ralph Alvarez said, "From a promotional point of view, we've got to be much more careful on balancing driving traffic while maintaining margins."
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Davangere, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.city, central Karnataka state, southern India. It is situated in an upland area just east of the Tungabhadra River,
The city is a major road and rail junction. It supports a large-scale textile industry and is a trading centre for cotton and grain. The surrounding villages produce hand-loomed cotton and wool. Several colleges affiliated with the University of Mysore in Mysore are situated at Davangere. It is the site of Bapuji Institute of Engineering and Technology. Pop. (2001) 364,523; (2001) 434,971.


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*+-Seth Hoy: As local lawmakers begin to lay the groundwork for next year's legislative agenda, some conservative legislators are attempting to prioritize immigration enforcement ahead of efforts to jump-start flagging economies.
Progressive Media Advocates
By Seth Hoy
-+*Treva Brandon Scharf: Can't afford a gym membership? Get bored easily by exercise? Don't want to run into your ex at Equinox? No problem! There's always the great outdoors – otherwise known as your local park.
-+*Walter Moss: There is little chance that any Republican nominee will put dealing with climate change at the center of his/her agenda, but we progressives should insure that at least the Democratic nominee does.
-+*Annette Bernhardt: The inequality debate often focuses on globalization and new technology, but we know that the decline of unions and the falling real value of the minimum wage have also played critical roles.


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Hearlihy Screen-Printing Curriculum a Hit
PITTSBURG, Kan., Nov. 6 /PRNewswire/ — What if an educational program could prepare students for employment as graphic designers in the promotional advertising industry? What if students really, really enjoyed the curriculum? And, what if the program could pay for itself?
One curriculum can do it all. Hearlihy's new screen-printing educational package, developed in partnership with HIX Corporation, a leading equipment provider to the screen-printing industry, includes a year of curriculum, production-grade equipment and supplies, and the support of an industry veteran to help educators set up a successful screen-printing lab at their schools.
"Hearlihy's program will break new ground in education because it supplies professional-grade equipment and teaches current, industry-standard techniques in depth," says Hearlihy's Kevin Bolte.
With more than 20 years experience in the screen-printing industry, Bolte stands ready to offer professional guidance to help educators launch their programs.
"Everywhere you look, you see screen-printed products," says Bolte. "Bumper stickers, T-shirts, banners, glassware, caps — the list goes on. Schools can actually have a complete screen-printing shop, produce screen-printed items, and sell them for a profit to pay for the program."
At the annual SkillsUSA National Convention in Kansas City, Missouri, last June, the Screen Printing Technology competition challenged students to demonstrate their competency in screen preparation and printing a graphic design on a garment in a production environment using HIX's professional screen-printing equipment. Students from 16 states participated.
The competition was the brainchild of Dr. Jesse L. Hudson, retired Dean of Ozark Technical College.
"I wanted to make screen-printing as attractive to students as graphic arts," he said. "The screen-printing competition at SkillsUSA incorporates both."
Screen-printing is a printmaking process that uses a frame stretched with screen mesh and coated with a light-sensitive photo emulsion to create a color-specific stencil. Ink is placed into the frame, a squeegee is pulled across the screen, and ink flows through the open areas of the screen mesh and on to the substrate.
Students competing in the event were challenged to print as many shirts as possible in 15 minutes. They were judged on the quality and consistency of the prints and on screen preparation, screen registration, setting up a press, and screen reclaiming, a process that includes ink and stencil removal. Each contestant also took a written test, answering 100 questions relating to the screen-printing process. The judges for the competition were industry experts with decades of experience in the screen-printing industry.
"These kids worked just like journeyman craftsmen," says Dr. Hudson. "And next year, with a grant from the Kellogg Foundation, we'll make the competition even more real world by adding problem solving and other occupational competencies to the mix."
To learn more about the screen-printing curriculum, contact Kevin Bolte at 866-622-1003 x 633 or firstname.lastname@example.com. To learn more about Hearlihy, visit http://www.hearlihy.com/.
CONTACT: Tom Farmer of Pitsco Inc., Communications Manager,1-800-828-5787, email@example.com
Web site: http://www.hearlihy.com/


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Daily Review Cafe
3412 West Lamar Street, Houston, TX 77019Map
Just off Dunlavy
+1 713 520 9217
Neighborhood: River Oaks
Cuisine: American
The industrial-chic decor at Daily Review Cafe is nice, but the best seating in the house is on the garden patio that opens onto a lovely lawn and herb garden. This cafe is loved by casual connoisseurs of good food. The chicken potpie, stuffed with fennel, carrots and celery in a rich cream sauce, is nothing like Mom used to make.
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Users of webOS and HTC Sense can skip ahead, you're already familiar with tight social networking integration on your handsets. Now Apple appears ready to join the social, so to speak. New evidence of low-level Facebook event and contacts integration has been revealed in iPhone OS 4 hinting at the possibility of unified Calendar and Contacts apps from Apple when the OS launches this summer on, um, this device.
Gallery | 3 Photos
iPhone OS 4 reveals its social side: Facebook integration?


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Record Details
Release date from booklet 'The New Singles' No. 691
The House Of Commons is a pseudonym of Jonathan King
The A-side is a cover version of the Northern Soul classic by Dean Parrish which King had previously licensed to his own UK American record label a few years earlier.
This Record: Add to List : Add Image : Edit Images : Add Missing Info : Make Correction : Add Linked Release : View Image Data : Credits : BBCode :


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In the skies above the NSA's data center in Bluffdale, Utah, a lone airship protests mass government surveillance.
The basics are the same: A uniform, a helmet, boots, a rucksack, and a rifle. But that's about the only similarities between what a D-Day soldier and one in Afghanistan took into combat.
There's reason to believe that other planets might be better for supporting life as we know it, and they might not even be that far off, cosmically speaking.
The District Court of Utah granted a preliminary injunction against Aereo, which previously had skirted being shut down in other lawsuits against it filed by broadcasters.
If you're a Google Fiber user and are suspected of downloading illegal content, you may reportedly find yourself on the receiving end of automatic demands for money.
Technically Incorrect: The battle of wills between Evander Holyfield and Mitt Romney appears the day after the experience. I did say Mitt Romney.
The Void makes virtual reality a little more real through a series of customizable rooms that add another dimension to gaming.
Brains are less stimulated by food at night, a Brigham Young University study shows. And that, ironically, is exactly what leads to those midnight food cravings.
NASA's got a new rocket booster with enough power to launch future missions to Mars. This week, the agency tipped it on its side and roasted some Utah desert to prove it works.
Rocky planets that orbit a binary star system, like the fictional home of Luke Skywalker, were thought to be impossible, until now.


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In This Section
AES News
- First Book in "AES Presents" Series from Focal Press
- New edition of Handbook for Sound Engineers, edited by Glen Ballou
- 137th Audio Engineering Society Convention Breaks Records and Draws Acclaim from Attendees, Exhibitors and Presenters Alike
- Convention reminds West-Coast audio community, "If It's About Audio, It's At AES!"
- AES 2014 Election Results
- The results are in!
- Time to Vote: 2014 AES Elections
- Deadline was Friday, July 11th
AES Fellowship Award
Philip Jeffrey Bloom
The AES recognizes and honors those who have made outstanding contributions to the field of audio in engineering, technology, service, and the arts through its Awards Program.
In 2000, Philip Jeffrey Bloom was presented with the AES Fellowship Award in recognition of significant contributions to digital time-warping signal processing techniques.


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Around 1,000 surgical operations are likely to be cancelled due to a public sector strike this week.
Health and education workers in the Unison union are planning strike action tomorrow against cuts and job losses.
Unison general secretary Patricia McKeown said an agreement has been reached over emergency ambulance cover but "widespread disruption" is expected for patients due to have elective surgery, as well as outpatient clinic appointments.
Picket lines are set to begin forming shortly after midnight at the Mater Hospital in Belfast with lines forming at hospitals across Northern from early tomorrow morning.
Ms McKeown said some schools will close and social services would also be affected.
The Northern Health Trust has set up a patient information line for between 2-8pm today and 8am-6pm tomorrow at 028 2563 3758.


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McAfee AntiVirus Plus 2013
McAfee's developers are serious about the "Plus" in McAfee AntiVirus Plus 2013. In addition to basic antivirus functionality, it offers firewall protection, vulnerability scanning, system cleanup, and more. Its SiteAdvisor toolbar beat out all others in phishing protection. However, the core antivirus technology doesn't score as well as many in independent tests and PCMag's own tests.
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Justin Parmenter
From Peace Corps Wiki
Justin Parmenter
|Justin Parmenter started in Albania 1995
|Ken cantrell, Steve Fields, Michael Miller, Ben Neimark, Kelly Alan O'Keeffe, Justin Parmenter, Cristina Prado
|Region: Gjirokastër
|Justin Parmenter
|Education in Albania:
|Michael Miller, Kelly Alan O'Keeffe, Justin Parmenter, Hajenso
|Other Volunteers who served in Albania
|Ken cantrell, Steve Fields, Michael Miller, Ben Neimark, Kelly Alan O'Keeffe, Justin Parmenter, Cristina Prado, Hajenso
|Projects in Albania
|Hope for a Better Future - Youth Camp, Outdoor Ambassadors Summer Program, Peshkopi School Library Investment Project, Saranda Regional Directorate of Cultural Monuments, Summer Camp (Albania)
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Justin Parmenter served as a TEFL volunteer in Permet from 1995 to 1997. He later spent 2 years teaching English in Istanbul before entering the Peace Corps Fellows program at Northern Arizona University, earning a Master of Secondary Education degree. Justin taught from 1999 to 2002 on the White Mountain Apache Reservation. In 2006 he was awarded a National Board Certificate. He now teaches 7th grade English at Smith Academy of International Languages in Charlotte, NC and co-heads that school's French exchange program. Most every day he wonders whatever possessed him to trust that sidewalk qofte.


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Each week, we bring you the latest whisky news on WhiskyCast, but a lot can happen during the week. Now, you can keep up with whisky news as it happens here on WhiskyCast.com!
August 21, 2013 – John Teeling hadn't planned a quiet retirement after closing the sale of Cooley Whiskey Company to Beam at the end of 2011, but he said at the time he didn't expect to return to the whiskey business. Apparently, he'd forgotten the classic line from "The Godfather: Part III"
"Just when I thought I was out, they pull me back in."
Teeling has now agreed to buy Diageo's Great Northern Brewery in Dundalk with a group of investors, including his sons Jack and Stephen, and the Irish Whiskey Company will convert the facility into a distillery over the next year. Under his leadership, Cooley profited from supplying independent bottlers with bulk whiskey as well as selling its own brands, but Beam cut off most bulk sales after the acquisition to make more whiskey available for Kilbeggan, Connemara, and the other brands it acquired in the Cooley deal. Teeling plans the same approach with what will likely be called "Great Northern Distillery", focusing on bulk sales and private label bottlings.
The Irish Times reports Teeling decided to return to the whiskey business after former Dundalk Chamber of Commerce president Paddy Malone pleaded for someone to invest in the brewery. Diageo decided to close the brewery, which made Harp Lager, and consolidate beer production at the Guinness St. James Gate brewery in Dublin starting in September. Malone told the Irish Times that he helped put Teeling in touch with Diageo and local officials to help close the deal, which is expected to create 80 jobs once production begins in the third quarter of 2014.
Jack and Stephen Teeling founded their own Teeling Whiskey Company after leaving Cooley, and that company will remain independent. The Teeling Brothers are working with Dublin officials on plans for a distillery in the Marrowbone Lane area. However, published reports indicate the brothers could source some of their whiskey from the Dundalk distillery.
Links: Teeling Whiskey Company
August 21, 2013 – Other than the iconic Jack Daniel, no name is more associated with Jack Daniel's Tennessee Whiskey than the Motlows. For decades, "Lem Motlow, Prop." graced the label of every bottle of Jack Daniel's until the labels were redesigned two years ago. Motlow was Jack Daniel's nephew, and followed in his uncle's footsteps when Daniel decided to hand over management of the distillery to Motlow in 1907. However, Lem Motlow never actually made the whiskey…his younger brother Jess learned the distilling process from Jack Daniel and inherited the title of Master Distiller from Daniel in 1911. He kept the job until 1941 — including the period when the distillery was closed during Prohibition. When Lem Motlow died in 1947, he left the distillery to his four sons, while Jess had already turned over the role of Master Distiller to Lem Tolley and retired. Jess Motlow died in 1957.
Jess Motlow's name doesn't appear anywhere on the Jack Daniel's web site as of today, but that's likely to change soon. The Moodie Report reports Motlow will be featured on the second bottling in the Jack Daniel's Master Distiller's Collection range to be unveiled in Cannes at the TFWA World Exhibition at the end of October. Of course, Jack Daniel himself appeared on the first bottling, released last winter at a travel retail conference in Orlando. The range is a travel retail exclusive and will eventually feature all seven of the Jack Daniel's Master Distillers, including current Master Distiller Jeff Arnett, with plans to release a new bottle every year.
For the record, the seven Master Distillers in Jack Daniel's history:
Jack Daniel (1866-1911)
Jess Motlow (1911-1941)
Lem Tolley (1941-1964)
Jess Gamble (1964-1966)
Frank Bobo (1966-1992)
Jimmy Bedford (1992-2008)
Jeff Arnett (2008-present)
Links: Jack Daniel's
August 20, 2013 – Hillrock Estate Distillery plans to release a "grain to glass" rye whiskey on September 24, using organically grown rye cultivated at the estate. The whiskey was double-matured, with the second maturation coming in American white oak casks seasoned for two years before assembly and filling. In a news release, Master Distiller Dave Pickerell said the air seasoning helped eliminate bitter tannins often present in kiln-dried new oak barrels.
"We chose the Double Cask aging process to balance the spicy rye notes with a mellow sweetness. Our rye whiskey clearly expresses Hillrock's signature clove and cinnamon flavors, along with traditional rye spices complemented by mint, caramel and butterscotch."
Double Cask Rye is being bottled as a single cask whiskey, and will be available at retailers and bars in New York. In addition to growing its own grain, Hillrock Estate also does its own floor malting and bottling on the estate in addition to distillation and maturation. The Ancram, New York distillery will hold an open house on September 21 with tours and samplings.
Links: Hillrock Estate Distillery
August 20, 2013 – The widely-anticipated 7th annual release of Parker's Heritage Collection whiskey from Heaven Hill is on its way to retailers, but this year's edition has a special purpose. Last winter, longtime Heaven Hill Master Distiller Parker Beam was diagnosed with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrig's disease. The disease affects nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord, gradually destroying a patient's ability to control their muscles and leaving them paralyzed. The disease has no cure.
At the time Heaven Hill announced Parker's diagnosis, the company pledged to use this year's release of Parker's Heritage Collection to raise money for the ALS Association's new "Parker Beam's Promise of Hope Fund," with a goal of raising at least $250,000 for research on a cure for ALS. Since then, several of Heaven Hill's regional distributors have pledged to match Heaven Hill's pledge of $20 for each bottle sold, and Parker Beam's colleagues at Kentucky's other major distilleries have collaborated on a special one-time vatting of their whiskies. Two "Master Distillers' Unity" bottles will be auctioned at Bonham's in New York on October 13, with the proceeds to go to the Promise of Hope Fund. 10 additional bottles will be used the previous day for a special toast to Parker Beam at WhiskyFest New York.
This year's Parker's Heritage Collection release is also named "Promise of Hope," and is also unique in that it's the first single barrel Bourbon to be released in the series. Parker Beam personally selected around 100 barrels from Heaven Hill's inventory at his favorite spot for "honey barrels" in the company's Deatsville maturation warehouses, the top tiers of Rickhouse EE. The whiskey is 10 years old, and bottled without chill-filtering at Parker's preferred strength of 48% ABV. While Heaven Hill has not disclosed the number of bottles that will be available this year, a news release indicates that more bottles were produced of this year's edition than in past years in order to maximize the funds raised for the Promise of Hope Fund. The recommended retail price is $90, and Heaven Hill expects the entire bottling run to be shipped within the next 4-6 months.
Look for tasting notes on this whisky soon at WhiskyCast.com.
Links: Heaven Hill | ALS Association
August 20, 2013 – Women give birth every day, but when one of those babies is destined to become the King of England one day, that's reason to celebrate — or at least, issue a special whisky to mark the occasion.
The English Whisky Company has released a limited edition to commemorate the birth of Prince George Alexander Louis of Cambridge on July 22. The whisky was matured in Sauternes wine casks, and only 299 bottles will be available through the distillery's web site. The release follows similar commemorative bottlings over the last 18 months to celebrate the wedding of the young prince's parents, Prince William and the Duchess of Cambridge, along with the Diamond Jubilee and Queen's Coronation expressions honoring Queen Elizabeth's 60th anniversary on the throne.
The "Royal Baby Bottling" is priced at £80.00 ($125 USD). The bottle is not styled like a baby bottle, though.
Links: English Whisky Company
August 19, 2013 – Maverick Japanese distiller Ichiro Akuto has added a new cooperage to his Chichibu Distillery in Saitama Prefecture north of Tokyo.
He explained the decision in a Facebook post today, deciding to buy the "old but good" equipment from a cooperage whose owner had decided to retire and close the business. Akuto built a new building near the distillery and had the equipment installed. The previous owner will teach Chichibu's workers how to make new casks later this year, and the equipment will also be used for repairing older casks.
Akuto opened Chichibu in 2008, and bottled the first single malt from Chichibu in 2011, along with the final single malt from the Hanyu Distillery previously owned by his family. The family sold the distillery in 2000 to new owners who then closed and dismantled it. Ichiro Akuto was able to acquire the final remaining casks of Hanyu after the closing, and bottled them under his "Ichiro's Malt" playing card series to great acclaim from whisky connoisseurs and collectors. His whiskies are distributed through Number One Drinks Company.
For an interview with Ichiro Akuto on his family's sake and whisky distilling history and the Chichibu Distillery, listen to Episode 342 of WhiskyCast.
Links: Number One Drinks Company
August 19, 2013 – The final edition of Midleton Very Rare Irish Whiskey to carry Master Distiller Barry Crockett's signature is being released this week. The 2013 edition contains pot still and grain whiskies ranging from 15 to 24 years old (though the bottle traditionally carries no age statement) selected by Master Blender Billy Leighton, and was matured exclusively in ex-Bourbon casks.
Barry Crockett developed the original edition of Midleton Very Rare in 1984, and his signature has appeared on each annual release since then. He retired earlier this year after 47 years at Midleton, following his father as Master Distiller. Brian Nation was named Master Distiller upon Crockett's retirement, and the 2014 edition of Midleton Very Rare will carry his signature. In a news release, Irish Distillers Global Innovation & Category Development Director praised Crockett's work with the final edition.
"Midleton Very Rare is rightfully regarded as one of the ultimate expressions of the Irish whiskey category and each vintage is cherished by collectors and whiskey connoisseurs. It is a unique whiskey that demonstrates both the outstanding quality of Irish whiskey at the high end of the category and the immense skill of our Master Distiller, so with Midleton Very Rare and the other Prestige whiskeys in our portfolio we're aiming to show the world that the finest Irish Whiskeys offer exceptional quality that rival the best whiskies from across the world."
The 2013 edition of Midleton Very Rare will be available in limited quantities worldwide at whisky specialist retailers.
August 19, 2013 – Catoctin Creek Distillery has completed its move from the original distillery to a renovated historic site in Purcellville, Virginia. Owners Becky and Scott Harris opened the original distillery in an industrial park in 2009, producing organic and kosher whiskies and other spirits.
Last year, they realized that they had outgrown the industrial park site, and acquired the historic Case Building in downtown Purcellville. Construction started in April on a $500,000 renovation project, and was completed earlier this month. Production has already started at the new distillery, which will host a Grand Opening weekend August 23-25 to celebrate the move.
Links: Catoctin Creek
August 19, 2013 – Recently-retired Diageo CEO Paul Walsh orchestrated the acquisition of a controlling stake in Vijay Mallya's United Spirits, and has now joined the Indian drinks company's board as a non-executive director.
Under Walsh's leadership, the drinks giant bought a 25% stake in United Spirits with the option to acquire more shares of the company, as well as control over day-to-day operations. The Telegraph reports Walsh will not receive any compensation for his role at USL while continuing to work with Diageo through June of 2014 assisting new CEO Ivan Menezes with transition issues. He is also slated to become the chairman of Compass Group next February, and serves as a non-executive director of Unilever, FedEx, and Avanti Communications.
Just-Drinks.com also reports that USL named former Shell India chairman Vikram Mehta to the company's board as an independent director along with the Walsh appointment.
As a member of the United Spirits board, Walsh will have an as-yet-undefined role in the future of the company's Whyte & Mackay Scotch whisky unit. The UK's Office of Fair Trading is currently reviewing the Diageo/USL deal to determine whether the addition of Whyte & Mackay's assets to the Diageo portfolio would violate competition laws. A decision is expected within weeks on whether to accept any remedies Diageo may propose or refer the case to the UK's Competition Commission for further action. As CEO, Walsh indicated late last year that Whyte & Mackay's assets would be surplus to Diageo's needs, and published reports in India have suggested that USL might be willing to sell off all or a large stake in Whyte & Mackay to satisfy regulators.
United Spirits spokesmen have repeatedly refused to discuss the future of Whyte & Mackay, citing a policy against commenting on "market speculation."
Links: Diageo | United Spirits | Whyte & Mackay | Office of Fair Trading
August 19, 2013 – Mistakes don't happen very often in the whisky business, but as with anything involving humans, the occasional error takes place.
That's the official story behind a new limited-edition release from Wild Turkey. Forgiven wasn't created by Jimmy and Eddie Russell in their blending lab, but by workers at the distillery who accidentally vatted together high-proof 4-year-old Rye whiskey with casks of 6-year-old Bourbon. Eddie Russell, Wild Turkey's Associate Master Distiller, said in a news release that the final blend of 78% Bourbon and 22% Rye turned out to be a good combination.
"Much to the distillery team's relief, Forgiven highlights the best of both worlds to create a one-of-a-kind taste that will appeal to both Bourbon and Rye aficionados. I was mad when I first discovered our crew's mistake, but once I tasted it, all was Forgiven."
It's not known how much whisky was involved in the mixup, but there was apparently enough to produce around 38,000 bottles at 45.5% ABV. Wild Turkey Forgiven will be available in the U.S. at a recommended retail price of $49.99.
A similar mixup has only been admitted publicly once in recent years. In 2006, a mistake at Glenmorangie's bottling plant in Scotland resulted in casks of older Ardbeg single malt being dumped into a tank that also contained Glen Moray single malt distilled in 1992. Rather than dump the entire tank, the whisky was bottled as Serendipity and labeled as a blended malt.
Links: Wild Turkey


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VIEWS: 76 PAGES: 12 CATEGORY: Forms POSTED ON: 3/11/2012 Public Domain
about motor
D FUNDAMENTALS OF POLYPHASE ELECTRIC MOTORS By: Manufacturer of fractional and integral horesepower, AC, Squirrel Cage Motors Totally Enclosed - Drip Proof - Encapsulated D Application Technology Fundamentals of Polyphase Electric Motors INTRODUCTION This bulletin provides basic information on the nature and design of polyphase electric motors. The information is simply presented so extensive engineering or electrical knowledge is not necessary for a good understanding. It is divided into four sections: BASIC MOTOR PRINCIPLES ....................................... 2 THE AC MOTOR ........................................................... 3 POLYPHASE AC MOTORS .......................................... 4 Figure 1 SQUIRREL CAGE MOTORS .................................. 5-12 HOW A MOTOR WORKS Squirrel cage motors are covered in detail because they are the most common type motor used in industry. Typical The basic principle of all motors can be easily be shown applications include blowers, fans, pumps, compressors, using two electromagnets and a permanent magnet. machine tools, conveyors, mixers, crushers, and industrial Current is passed through coil #1 and coil #2 in such a machinery of all kinds. Basic characteristics are as follows: direction that north and south poles are generated next to the permanent magnet, as shown in Figure 2. A permanent magnet with a north and south pole is the moving part of Squirrel this simple motor. In Figure 2 the north pole of the MACHINE Cage permanent magnet is adjacent to the north pole of the electromagnet. Similarly, the south poles are adjacent to each other. Like magnetic poles repel each other, causing the movable permanent magnet to begin to turn. After it Normal or High turns part way around, the force of attraction between the TORQUE Starting unlike poles becomes strong enough to keep the permanent Torque magnet rotating. The rotating magnet continues to turn until the unlike poles are lined up. At this point the rotor would normally stop because of the attraction between the Constant unlike poles (Fig. 3). SPEED Speed USUAL 1/3 HP RANGE to 250 BASIC MOTOR PRINCIPLES All motors can be classed into two categories, AC and DC. The basic motor principles are alike for both the AC and DC motor. Magnetism is the basis for all electric motor operation. It produces the forces necessary for the motor to run. There are two basic types of magnets, the permanent magnet and Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 the electromagnet. The electromagnet has the advantage over the permanent magnet in that the magnetic field can If, however, the direction of currents in the electro- be made stronger. Also the polarity of the electromagnet magnetic coils was suddenly reversed, thereby reversing can easily be reversed. the polarity of the two coils, then the poles would again be opposites and repel each other (Fig.4). The movable The construction of an electromagnet is simple. When a permanent magnet would then continue to rotate. If the current is passed through a coil of wire, a magnetic field is current direction in the electromagnetic coils was changed produced. This magnetic field can be made stronger by every time the magnet turned 180° or halfway around, then winding the coil of wire on an iron core (Fig. 1). One end the magnet would continue to rotate. This device is a of the electromagnet is a north pole, while the other end is motor in its simplest form. An actual motor is more a south pole. These poles can be reversed by reversing the complex than the simple device shown above, but the direction of current in the coil of wire. principle is the same. –2– Application Technology D Fundamentals of Polyphase Electric Motors THE AC MOTOR ALTERNATING CURRENT Since the alternating electric current undergoes similar In order to fully understand the AC motor, we must first changes, the sine curve will apply equally well to the examine the fundamentals of alternating current. pump cycle as to the alternating current cycle. Alternating current has several advantages over direct current. One of the biggest advantages is economical power transmission. Alternating current, after leaving the THREE-PHASE AC generator, can be "stepped up" in voltage by means of a Industry uses, in addition to single-phase AC, a power transformer. This reduces the size of the wire needed to source called polyphase AC ("poly" meaning "many"). transmit the current and, hence, lowers the cost. After the The most common form of polyphase AC is three-phase. power reaches its destination, it can be "stepped down" Three-phase AC consists of three alternating currents of again to the required voltage. equal frequency and amplitude, but differing in phase from each other by one-third of a period. By adding two more Another big advantage of AC over DC is the fact that AC pistons to our hydraulic system, we can illustrate three- motors are simpler in construction, less expensive than DC phase AC (Fig. 6). motors, and require less maintenance. SINGLE-PHASE AC Alternating current alternates or reverses many times each second. The current increases to a maximum in one direction, decreases to zero, and increases to a maximum in the opposite direction. The number of times this process occurs each second is called the frequency. The frequency of most AC power systems is 60 Hertz (cycles per second). Alternating current may be better understood by referring to a hydraulic analogy (Fig. 5). A belt drives the pulley, causing the crankshaft and piston to move. As the piston moves back and forth in the water- filled cylinder, it causes the water in the pipe to flow first in one direction and then in the other. A flowmeter at G registers the rate of water flow in the pipe as it reaches peak speed, decreases to 0 and reverses direction. Figure 6 The cranks are placed 120° apart with the result that the current in each cylinder reaches its maximum at a different time. When any one of the currents is at its maximum, the other two are at half their maximum value. The biggest advantage in using three-phase power is in the machines it supplies. Three-phase motors are much simpler in construction than other types and, hence, require less maintenance. A more powerful machine can be built into a smaller frame and it will operate at a higher efficiency. All AC motors then can be classified into single-phase and polyphase motors. Because polyphase motors are the most commonly used in industrial applications, we shall Figure 5 examine them in detail. –3– D Application Technology Fundamentals of Polyphase Electric Motors POLYPHASE AC MOTORS Polyphase motors make up the largest single type in use today and usually are the first to be considered for the average industrial application. There are several types of polyphase motors. The most common type of motor in this group is the squirrel-cage polyphase induction motor so called because the rotor is constructed like a squirrel-cage (Fig. 7). The squirrel-cage motor is the simplest to manufacture and the easiest to maintain. SQUIRREL-CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR The operation of the squirrel-cage motor is simple. The polyphase current produces a rotating magnetic field in the stator. This rotating magnetic field causes a magnetic field to be set up in the rotor also. The attraction and repulsion between these two magnetic fields causes the rotor to turn. Essentially this is all there is to the operation of this type of motor. Figure 8 SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS Synchronous motors comprise the third group in the AC polyphase group. Synchronous motors are motors that Figure 7 always run at the same speed regardless of load. Synchronous motors are somewhat more complex than squirrel-cage and wound rotor motors and, hence, are more The squirrel-cage motor is a constant speed motor with expensive. There is no slip in a synchronous motor, that is, either a normal or high starting torque. These the rotor always moves at exactly the same speed as the characteristics fulfill the requirements of the majority of rotating stator field. The speed is thus determined by the industrial applications, making the squirrel-cage motor design of the motor and frequency of the power supply. ideal for such applications including lathes, presses, The speed will remain constant with wide variations in blowers, pumps, etc. Because of the importance of the load. As the load increases, the motor will keep a constant squirrel-cage motor to industry, and because of the fact speed until the point is reached where the machine can no that the Lincoln motor is of this type, a more complete longer take the load and maintain a constant speed. At this analysis of this motor begins on page 5. point, the speed of the synchronous motor drops abruptly. Synchronous motors are often used without a load for WOUND ROTOR INDUCTION MOTOR power factor correction. By adding the synchronous motor The wound rotor or slip-ring induction motor differs from to the circuit, the power factor can be corrected so that the the squirrel-cage motor only in the rotor winding. The machine will do the same amount of work as before power rotor winding consists of insulated coils, grouped to form factor correction, but will draw less current from the power definite polar areas of magnetic force having the same lines. Fixed condensers (capacitors) are often used in place number of poles as the stator. The ends of these coils are of synchronous motors for power factor correction (see brought out to slip-rings. By means of brushes, a variable Lincoln Bulletin ADR-6 for information on power factor). resistance is placed across the rotor winding (Fig. 8). By varying this resistance, the speed and torque of the motor Synchronous motors are used whenever exact speed must is varied. The wound rotor motor is an excellent motor for be maintained or for power factor correction. Synchronous use on applications that require an adjustable-varying motors are more expensive than other types for the lower speed (an adjustable speed that varies with load) and high horsepower ratings, but may possibly be more economical starting torque. for 100 hp and larger ratings. –4– Application Technology D Fundamentals of Polyphase Electric Motors SQUIRREL-CAGE MOTORS Squirrel-cage motors are ideal for most industrial "A" and "B" coils are considerably less. This same process applications because of their simple construction and repeats as the magnetic field of the "B" coils becomes absence of parts requiring frequent maintenance. IT IS maximum while the fields for "A" and "C" are much less. THE ONE MOTOR USED MORE THAN ANY OTHER The maximum field thus sequentially repeats at "A", "C" FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS. Because the and "B" continuously around the stator and essentially squirrel-cage motor is so widely used, Lincoln Electric defines a rotating field. Company has concentrated its efforts on this particular motor, thereby producing a motor of the highest quality Examination of the coils in Figure 10 will show that the and performance at low cost. diametrically opposite coils, which carry the same phase current, are connected so their magnetic fields are of This section is devoted opposite polarity. The particular configuration in this exclusively to a discussion of example creates a two-pole winding. squirrel-cage motors. It is divided into two parts: 1. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF THE SQUIRREL-CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR. 2. DESIGN OF SQUIRREL- CAGE MOTORS. Figure 9 THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF THE SQUIRREL- CAGE MOTOR The three-phase current with which the motor is supplied establishes a rotating magnetic field in the stator. This rotating magnetic field cuts the conductors in the rotor inducing voltages and causing currents to flow. These Figure 10 — Basic Two Pole Stator currents set up an opposite polarity field in the rotor. The attraction between these opposite stator and rotor fields The rotor is the moving part of the motor. Basically, the produces the torque which causes the rotor to rotate. This rotor consists of copper or aluminum bars, connected tog- simply is how the squirrel-cage motor works. ether at the ends with heavy rings (Fig. 11). The revolving field set up by the stator currents cut the ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD squirrel-cage conducting bars of the rotor. This induces voltages in these bars. These voltages cause currents to The concept of the rotating magnetic field is explained flow in the bars and these currents set up a magnetic field with the aid of Figure 10. The stator of a squirrel cage with north and south poles in the rotor. The attraction and induction motor consists of groups of coils wound on a repulsion between these poles and the poles of the core which is enclosed by a frame. The simple two-pole revolving field produce a torque which causes the rotor to stator represented has three coils in each pole group. Each turn. coil in a pole group is connected to one phase of a three- phase power source. One characteristic of three-phase power is that the phase currents reach maximum values at different periodic time intervals. Refer to the sine wave representation in Figure 6 and note that maximum values may be + or –. Assume an instant in time when the current is maximum in the "A" coils. The magnetic fields of these coils will also be maximum. Since at this same instant the currents of phase "B" and "C" are considerably less than "A", the magnetic fields of "B" and "C" coils are likewise less. At a later instant in time the current in the "C" coils reaches a maximum with consequent maximizing of the magnetic field of the "C" coils. At this same instant the fields of the Figure 11 — Rotor for a Squirrel-Cage Motor –5– D Application Technology Fundamentals of Polyphase Electric Motors EDDY CURRENTS Most standard commercial motors (143T thru 445T frame The rotating magnetic field, in addition to inducing sizes) are wound with a maximum of 8 poles. voltages in the rotor bars, induces voltages in the stator and rotor cores. The voltages in these cores cause currernts The actual speed of the motor is somewhat less than its to flow. These currents, called eddy currents, serve no synchronous speed. This difference between the useful purpose and only result in wasted power. To keep synchronous and actual speeds is defined as slip. If the these currents to a minimum, the stator and rotor cores are squirrel-cage rotor rotated as fast as the stator field, the made of thin steel discs, called laminations. These rotor conductor bars would be standing still with respect to laminations are coated with insulating varnish and then the rotating field; hence no voltage would be induced in welded together to form the core. This type of core the bars and no current would be set up to produce torque. substantially reduces eddy current losses, but it does not Since no torque is produced, the rotor will slow down until entirely eliminate them. sufficient current is induced to develop enough torque to keep the rotor at a constant speed. Therefore, the rotor DESIGN OF SQUIRREL-CAGE MOTORS rotates slower than the rotating magnetic field of the stator. By varying the design of the basic squirrel-cage motor, the With an increased load, the rotor speed decreases and engineer can develop motors for almost every industrial hence the rotating field cuts the rotor bars at a higher rate need. Characteristics such as speed, torque, and voltage are than before. This has the effect of increasing the current in just a few of the features controlled by the designer. the bars and hence increasing the pole strength of the rotor. This increased pole strength makes it possible for the In order to standardize certain motor features, the National motor to carry the larger load. Slip is usually expressed in Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) has percent and can easily be computed using: established standards for a number of motor features. The following section contains many of the features that will be particularly helpful in selecting the right motor for a Formula (2): particular application (see Lincoln Bulletin C1T). Synchronous speed – Actual speed Percent slip= x 100 Synchronous speed SPEED AND SLIP The speed of a squirrel-cage motor depends on the Squirrel-cage motors are made with the slip ranging from frequency and the number of poles for which the motor is less than 5% to around 20%. Motors with slip of 5% or wound. The higher the frequency, the faster the motor higher are used for hard-to-start applications. A motor with runs. The more poles the motor has, the slower it runs. The a slip of 5% or less is called a normal slip motor. A normal smallest number of poles ever used in a squirrel-cage slip motor is often referred to as a constant speed motor motor is two. A two-pole 60 cycle motor will run at because the speed changes very little with variations in approximately 3600 rpm. load. The Lincoln motor is of this type. An examination of the performance curves for a typical motor (Fig. 14) shows To find the approximate speed of any squirrel-cage motor how the slip varies with load. we can use the formula for synchronous speed which is the speed of the rotating magnetic field: In specifying the speed of the motor on the nameplate, most motor manufacturers use the actual speed of the Formula (1): Synchronous speed Ns = 60 x 2f motor at rated load which will, of course, be somewhat p lower than the synchronous speed. where f = frequency of the power supply p = number of poles for which the machine is wound. ROTATION The direction of rotation of a polyphase squirrel-cage Squirrel-Cage Induction Motors are wound for the motor depends on the motor connection to the power lines. following synchronous speeds: Rotation can be readily reversed by interchanging any two 60 Hertz 50 Hertz input leads. No. Poles Sync. Speed Sync. Speed 2 3600 3000 4 1800 1500 TORQUE AND HORSEPOWER 6 1200 1000 Torque and horsepower are two very important motor 8 900 750 characteristics that determine the size of the motor for a 10 720 600 12 600 500 particular job. The difference between the two can be explained using a hand grinding wheel. –6– Application Technology D Fundamentals of Polyphase Electric Motors Figure 12 Torque is merely a turning effort. Suppose we have a grinding wheel with a crank one foot long (Fig. 12). It takes a force of one pound to turn the wheel at a steady rate. We say the torque is one pound x one foot or one pound-foot. Now let us turn the crank twice as fast. The torque remains the same. Regardless of how fast we turn the crank, as long as we turn it at a steady rate, the torque is unchanged. Horsepower, on the other hand, takes into account "how fast" we turn the crank. Turning the crank rapidly takes more horsepower than turning it slowly. Horsepower is a rate of doing work. By definition, one horsepower equals Figure 13 – Representative Speed-Torque Curve for NEMA 33,000 foot-pounds/min. In other words, to lift a 33,000 Design B Motors. It does not apply to any particular motor. pound weight one foot in one minute would take one horsepower. LOCKED ROTOR TORQUE Let's find out how fast we would have to turn the crank to So far, we have been speaking of the torque at a steady produce one horsepower. In one revolution the one pound speed. But what happens at other times? When starting the force moves a distance of 2 x π x 1 foot or 2π feet. The grinder from a dead stop, it takes more effort to get it work done in one revolution is 2π feet times 1 pound or 2π started than to keep it running. The same thing is true with foot pounds. Thus, to produce one horsepower we would a car. Low or first gear is used when starting to give the have to turn the crank at a rate of: extra torque needed to overcome the inertia of starting. one horsepower x 33,000 foot-pounds/minute/horsepower Once the grinder or car is moving, it doesn't take as much torque to keep it moving. 2π foot pounds/revolution or An induction motor is built to supply this extra torque 5252 revolutions per minute needed to start the load. The speed torque curve for a typical motor (Fig. 13) shows the starting torque to be From the example above we can derive a formula for 210% of the rated-load torque. determining the horsepower from the speed and torque. Speed in RPM x 2π x torque BREAKDOWN TORQUE Formula (3): HP = 33,000 Occasionally a sudden overload will be placed on a motor. To keep the motor from stalling every time an overload or occurs, these motors have what is called a breakdown RPM x torque torque. The breakdown torque is much higher than the HP = rated-load torque so that it takes quite an overload to stall 5252 the motor. The speed torque curve shows the breakdown torque for a typical motor to be about 270% of the rated- By transposition: load torque. Operating a motor overloaded for an extended Torque = HP x 5252 lb.-ft. period of time will cause an excessive heat buildup in the RPM motor and may eventually burn up the motor windings. This steady constant torque at rated load is called the The NEMA definitions for an induction motor's Rated Load Torque. characteristic torques are given on the next page. –7– D Application Technology Fundamentals of Polyphase Electric Motors Locked Rotor Torque — (Static or Starting Torque) EFFICIENCY The locked rotor torque of a motor is the minimum torque The efficiency of a motor is simply the ratio of the power which it will develop at rest for all angular positions of the "out" to the power "in" expressed in percentage. rotor, with rated voltage applied at rated frequency. Formula (4): Efficiency = power out x 100 Pull-Up Torque power in The pull-up torque of an alternating-current motor is the Figure 14 illustrates how efficiency may vary with percent minimum torque developed by the motor during the period load. Generally, motor efficiency is relatively flat from of acceleration from rest to the speed at which breakdown rated load to 50% of rated load. Some motors exhibit peak torque occurs. For motors which do not have a definite efficiency near 75% of rated load. See Lincoln Bulletins breakdown torque, the pull-up torque is the minimum ADR-6 and D11T for more information on efficiency. torque developed up to rated speed. Breakdown Torque POWER FACTOR The breakdown torque of a motor is the maximum torque Power factor is the ratio of real power to apparent power, which it will develop with rated voltage applied at rated or KW , where KW or kilowatts are measured with a frequency, without an abrupt drop in speed. KVA wattmeter and KVA or kilo volt-amperes are measured Rated-Load Torque with a voltmeter and ammeter. A power factor of one or The rated-load torque of a motor is the torque necessary to unity is ideal. Figure 14 shows that power factor is highest produce its rated horsepower at rated-load speed. In near rated load. Power factor at 50% load is considerably pounds at a 1-foot radius, it is equal to the horsepower less and continues an even sharper drop to idle. times 5252 divided by the rated-load speed. These torques are all very important and motors can be CURRENT DRAW designed with emphasis on one or more torque Current draw in amperes is proportional to the actual load characteristics to produce motors for various applications. on the motor in the area of rated load. It departs from An improvement in one of these characteristic torques may this linearity at other loads (See Fig.14). Other factors, adversely affect some other motor characteristic. such as voltage, affect current as indicated in Lincoln Bulletin B2T. Because of the variety of torque requirements, NEMA has established different Designs to cover almost every application. These Designs take into consideration starting current and slip, as well as torque. These Designs should not be confused with the various Classes of insulation which are also designated by letter. NEMA TORQUE DESIGNS FOR POLYPHASE MOTORS NEMA Starting Locked Breakdown Design Current Rotor Torque % Slip Applications B Medium Medium High Max. 5% Normal Starting Torque for fans, blowers, rotary pumps, unloaded Torque compressors, some conveyors, metal cutting machine tools, misc. machinery. Constant load speed. C Medium High Medium Max. 5% High inertia starts such as large centrifugal blowers, fly wheels, and Torque crusher drums. Loaded starts such as piston pumps, compressors and conveyors. Constant load speed. D Medium Extra Low Very high inertia and loaded starts. Also, considerable variation in load speed. High Torque 5% Punch presses, shears and forming machine tools. Cranes, Hoists, or more Elevators, and Oil well pumping jacks. NEMA Design A is a variation of Design B having higher locked rotor current. –8– Application Technology D Fundamentals of Polyphase Electric Motors Locked Rotor Amps = 1000 x 7.5 x 6 = 118 amps 1.73 x 220 Thus, the starting current is approximately 118 amperes. The starting current is important to the motor buyer because he must know what kind of protection to provide. In other words, he must install power lines big enough to carry the required currents and put in fuses of the proper size. ACROSS THE LINE STARTING Squirrel-cage motors are usually designed for across the line starting which means that they can be connected Figure 14 — Representative Performance Curves for Typical directly to the power source by means of a suitable NEMA Design B Motors. Values shown do not apply to a contactor. particular motor. LOCKED ROTOR KVA/HP Another rating specified on motor nameplates and determined by the motor design is locked rotor kva per horsepower. A letter appears on the nameplate corresponding to various kva/hp ratings. Code Code Letter kva/hp(1) Letter kva/hp(1) A 0 – 3.15 L 9.0 – 10.0 B 3.15 – 3.55 M 10.0 – 11.2 REDUCED VOLTAGE STARTING C 3.55 – 4.0 N 11.2 – 12.5 D 4.0 – 4.5 P 12.5 – 14.0 In large squirrel-cage motors and in some other types of E 4.5 – 5.0 R 14.0 – 16.0 motors the starting currents are very high. Usually the F 5.0 – 5.6 S 16.0 – 18.0 motor is built to stand these high currents, but since these G 5.6 – 6.3 T 18.0 – 20.0 currents are almost six times rated load current, there may H 6.3 – 7.1 U 20.0 – 22.4 be a large voltage drop in the power system. Some method J 7.1 – 8.0 V 22.4 and up of reducing the starting current must thus be employed to K 8.0 – 9.0 limit the voltage drop to a tolerable value. See Lincoln (1) Locked rotor kva/hp range includes the lower figure up to, but not inclu- Bulletin D2T. ding, the higher figure. Reducing the starting current may be accomplished by any These nameplate code ratings give a good indication of the one of the following starting methods: starting current the motor will draw. A code letter at the beginning of the alphabet indicates a low starting current Primary Resistor or Reactance – Employs series and a letter at the end of the alphabet indicates a high reactance or resistance to reduce the current on the first starting current for the particular horsepower rating of the step and after a preset time interval the motor is connected motor. Computation of the starting current can be directly across the line. Can be used with any standard accomplished using the formula: motor. Formula (5): Auto Transformer – Employs auto transformers to Locked Rotor Amps = 1000 x hp x kva/hp directly reduce voltage and the current on the first step and (Starting Current) 1.73 x Volts after a preset time interval the motor is connected directly across the line. Can be used with any standard motor. Example: What is the approximate starting current of a 7-1/2 hp 220 volt motor with a nameplate code letter of Wye-Delta – Impresses the voltage across the Y- "G"? connection to reduce the current on the first step and after Solution: From the above table the kva/hp for a code letter a preset time interval the motor is connected in delta of "G" is 5.6 to 6.3. Taking a number approximately permitting full current. Must have a winding capable of halfway in between and substituting in the formula we get: Wye-Delta connection. –9– D Application Technology Fundamentals of Polyphase Electric Motors COMPARATIVE SPEED – TORQUE CURVES AND CHARACTERISTICS 5.Reduced Starting Torque Due to PWS or Other Reduced Voltage Starting Methods – D2T Torque Requirements and Conditions of Starting 6.High Inertia Start – D3T, D6T 7.Loaded Start – D3T, D6T 8.Rate of Load Build Up – D3T, D6T 9.Starting Torque Requirement vs Motor Torque Characteristics – D3T, D6T 10.Starting Current – Time Limitation of Motor – D6T 11.Jogging Starts – D3T, D6T, D7T 12.Frequency of Starts – D3T, D6T Abuse and Its Consequences 13.Abuse and Poor Preventive Maintenance 14.Single Phase Burn Outs – D3T, ADR-7 15.Overload Burn Outs – D3T LOAD CHARACTERISTICS in the area to the right of Line A-A in Figure 15 are affected by the following factors. When appropriate, the Lincoln bulletin containing more information on the subject is listed. Figure 15 Power Supply, Starters and Protection 1.Low Line Voltage – Excessive Current Draw –B2T Note that: 2.Excessively High Voltage – Excessive Current Draw – B2T 1) Slip of B & C Design are the same – Maximum 5%. 3.Unbalanced Voltage – Unbalanced Current – D3T, ADR-7 Therefore, a C Design is no more suitable for a high slip 4.KVA Capacity of Power Supply load than a B Design. 5.Starter Size – D1T 2) Slip of Design D is 5% or higher. 6.Fusing And Heater Links – D3T, ADR-7 3) On B Design Motors: 7.Thermal Protection – D9T PUT occurs at approximately 1/4 to 1/3 Rated Load Speed. Load Requirements, Variations and Cycling BDT occurs at approximately 2/3 to 3/4 Rated Load Speed. 8.Load Peaks Above Rated or Service Factor HP – D3T 4) High Locked Rotor Torque of a C Design motor can usually 9.Motor Undersized for Average Load Condition – D3T be attained by the next size larger B Design motor. 10.Load Slip Greater Than Rated Motor Slip Capability – Forcing High Current Overloads. STARTING CHARACTERISTICS in the area to the left of 11.Load Levels, Cycling and Reversals Beyond the Heat Line A-A in Figure 15 are affected by the following factors. Dissipation Capacity of the Motor – D3T, D7T When appropriate, the Lincoln bulletin containing more information on the subject is listed. Abuse and Its Consequences 12.Restricted Ventilation and/or Excessively High Ambient Power Supply, Starters and Protection Temperatures 1. Low Line Voltage and Voltage Drop – B2T 13.Operating Abuse and Poor Preventive Maintenance 2. KVA Capacity of Power Supply 14.Excessive Load – Short Life – D3T 3. Starter Size – D1T 15.Overload Burn Outs – D3T 4. Fusing and Heater Links – D3T, ADR-7 16.Single Phase Burn Outs – D3T, ADR-7 Part-Winding — Employs a motor with two separate designed for the particular method and are controlled winding circuits. Upon starting only one winding circuit is between the start and run functions by an adjustable timer. engaged and current is reduced. After a preset time interval the full winding of the motor is put directly across the line. Reduced voltage starting significantly reduces the load Must have motor with two separate winding circuits. To acceleration characteristic of any motor. It is therefore, avoid possible overheating and subsequent damage to the necessary to have the motor unloaded or nearly so at the winding, the time between the connection of the first and start (See Lincoln Bulletin D6T). second windings is limited to 4-second maximum. INSULATION SYSTEMS All of these starting methods are commonly referred to as An insulation system is an assembly of insulating Reduced Voltage Starting. They all require special starters materials in association with conductors and the – 10 – Application Technology D Fundamentals of Polyphase Electric Motors supporting structural parts of a motor. Insulation systems 2. Altitude does not exceed 3300 feet (1000 meters). are divided into classes according to the thermal Motors having Class A or B insulation systems and endurance of the system for temperature rating purposes. temperature rises according to NEMA will operate Four classes of insulation systems are used in motor; satisfactorily at altitudes above 3300 feet in these namely, classes A, B, F, and H. Do not confuse these locations where the decrease in ambient temperature insulation classes with motor designs (page 8) which are compensates for the increase in temperature rises as also designated by letter. follows: Class A — A Class A insulation system is one which by Ambient Temperature – °C Maximum Altitude – Feet experience or accepted test can be shown to have suitable thermal endurance when operated at the limiting Class A 40 3300 30 6600 temperature of 105°C. Typical materials used include 20 9900 cotton, paper, cellulous acetate films, enamel-coated wire, and similar organic materials impregnated with suitable substances. Motors having a service factor of 1.15 or higher will operate satisfactorily at unity service factor and an Class B — A Class B insulation system is one which by ambient temperature of 40°C at altitudes above 3300 experience or accepted tests can be shown to have suitable feet up to 9000 feet. thermal endurance when operated at the limiting Class B temperature of 130°C. Typical materials include mica, 3. A voltage variation of not more than plus or minus 10% glass fiber, asbestos and other materials, not necessarily of nameplate voltage: Operation outside these limits or inorganic, with compatible bonding substances having on unbalanced voltage conditions can result in suitable thermal stability. overheating or loss of torque and may require using a larger hp motor. Class F — A Class F insulation system is one which by experience or accepted test can be shown to have suitable 4. A frequency variation of not more than plus or minus thermal endurance when operating at the limiting Class F 5% of nameplate frequency: Operation outside of these temperature of 155°C. Typical materials include mica, limits results in a substantial speed variation and causes glass fiber, asbestos and other materials, not necessarily overheating and reduced torque. inorganic, with compatible bonding substances having suitable thermal stability. 5. A combination of 10% variation in voltage and frequency provided the frequency variation does not exceed 5%. Class H — A Class H insulation system is one which by experience or accepted test can be shown to have suitable 6. The mounting surface must be rigid and the drive must thermal endurance when operated at the limiting Class H be in accordance with NEMA specifications. temperature of 180°C. Typical materials used include mica, glass fiber, asbestos, silicone elastomer, and other 7. Location of supplementary enclosures must not materials, not necessarily inorganic, with compatible seriously interfere with the ventilation of the motor. bonding substances, such as silicone resins, having suitable thermal stability. USUAL SERVICE CONDITIONS UNUSUAL SERVICE CONDITIONS When operated within the limits of the following NEMA Motors are often exposed to damaging atmospheres such specified "Usual Service Conditions," standard motors as excessive moisture, steam, salt air, abrasive or will perform in accordance with their ratings. For service conducting dust, lint, chemical fumes and combustible or conditions other than usual, the precautions listed must be explosive dust or gases. To protect such motors a certain considered. enclosure or encapsulated windings and special bearing protection may be required. 1. Ambient or room temperature not over 40°C. Motors exposed to damaging mechanical or electrical If the ambient temperature is over 40°C (104°F) the loading such as unbalanced voltage conditions, abnormal motor service factor must be reduced or a higher shock or vibration, torsional impact loads, or excessive horsepower motor used. The larger motor will be loaded thrust or overhang loads may require special mountings or below full capacity so the temperature rise will be less protection designed by the user for the installation (see and overheating reduced. Lincoln Bulletin ADR-2). – 11 – D Application Technology Fundamentals of Polyphase Electric Motors ENCLOSURES A Totally-Enclosed Motor — is a motor so enclosed as to The enclosure category includes many types of prevent the free exchange of air between the inside and enclosures. Only a few of the most common types are outside of the case, but not airtight. listed here. A Totally-Enclosed Nonventilated (TENV) Motor — is a totally-enclosed motor which is not equipped for cooling by It is strongly recommended that all concerned personnel means external to the enclosing parts. be familiar with and adhere to the contents of NEMA MG2, "Safety Standard for Construction and Guide for A Totally-Enclosed Fan-Cooled (TEFC) Motor — is a Selection, Installation and Use of Electric Motors and totally-enclosed motor with a shaft-mounted fan to blow Generators." cooling air across the external frame. It is a popular motor for use in dusty, dirty, and corrosive atmospheres. The Open Motor — is one having ventilating openings which permit passage of external cooling air over and A Totally-Enclosed Blower-Cooled (TEBC) Motor — is a around the windings. totally-enclosed motor which is equipped with an independently powered fan to blow cooling air across the The Drip-Proof Motor — is an open motor in which external frame. A TEBC motor is commonly used in constant ventilating openings are so constructed that drops of torque, variable speed applications. liquid or solids falling on the machine at any angle not greater than 15 degrees from the vertical cannot enter the Encapsulated Motor — is an open motor in which the machine. The Lincoln Lincguard® and Signature Series windings are covered with a heavy coating of material to ODP motors fit this classification. protect them from moisture, dirt, abrasion, etc. Some encapsulated motors have only the coil noses coated. In A Guarded Motor — is an open motor in which all others, like the Lincoln MULTIGUARD ® with pressure ventilating openings are limited to specified size and embedded windings, the encapsulation material impregnates shape to prevent insertion of fingers or rods to avoid the windings even in the coil slots. With this complete accidental contact with rotating or electrical parts. protection, the motors can often be used in applications which demand totally-enclosed motors. A Splash-Proof Motor — is an open motor in which ventilating openings are so constructed that drops of An Explosion-Proof Motor — is a totally-enclosed motor liquid or solid particles falling on the machine or coming designed and built to withstand an explosion of gas or vapor toward the machine in a straight line at any angle not within it, and to prevent ignition of gas or vapor surrounding greater than 100 degrees from the vertical cannot enter the the machine by sparks, flashes or explosions which may occur machine. within the machine casing. SUMMARY OF FORMULAS MECHANICAL FORMULAS ELECTRICAL FORMULAS HP x 5252 Torque x RPM To Find Alternating Current – Three-Phase Torque in Lb.-Ft. = ; HP = RPM 5252 Amperes when HP x 746 horsepower is known 1.73 x E x Eff x pf 120 x Frequency Sync. RPM = Amperes when Kw x 1000 No. of Poles kilowatts are known 1.73 x E x pf Amperes when Kva x 1000 RULES OF THUMB(1) Kva are known 1.73 x E At 1800 RPM, a motor develops 3 lb.-ft. per HP Kilowatts 1.73 x I x E x pf At 1200 RPM, a motor develops 4.5 lb.-ft. per HP 1000 At 575 volts, a 3-phase motor draws 1 amp per HP Horsepower = 1.73 x I x E x Eff x pf At 460 volts, a 3-phase motor draws 1.25 amp per HP (Output) 746 At 230 volts, a 3-phase motor draws 2.5 amp per HP Departs on Lower HP and RPM Motors. (1) TEMPERATURE CONVERSION I = Amperes pf = Power Factor E = Volts Kva = Kilovolt-Amperes Deg C = (Deg F – 32) x 5/9 Eff = Efficiency Kw = Kilowatts Deg F = (Deg C x 9/5) + 32 THE LINCOLN ELECTRIC COMPANY CLEVELAND, OHIO 44117-2525 U.S.A. Bulletin D For more information call: December 1995 1-800-416-2266
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Our Client is in need of Mechanical Engineers who have an understanding of engineering and an aptitude for sales. Our client designs and manufactures miniature precision ball bearings for individual system solutions. As a world-wide leader in their industry, their expertise is providing customized, high quality solutions that make a measurable impact on the functionality of their customers' products. Whether it is high speed, low noise, low torque, or long life, their versatility and quality is proven.
As part of their expansion of their U.S. operations, our client is seeking Mechanical Engineers to support and promote territorial sales in the U.S. Sales and product training will be given to enable successful candidates to advise and develop new clients. We have openings in the following cities: Los Angeles, Cincinnati, Dallas, Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, and Salt Lake City.
• Provide sales assistance and lead generation.
• Proposal preparation and client liaison
• Grow territory market share through account management
• Generate sales leads through a number of avenues
• Car & health insurance allowance, travel reimbursement are just some of the benefits
• 2+ years of mechanical engineering experience
• Bachelor's degree in Mechanical engineering is preferred
• Some sales experience
• Working knowledge of MS Excel, Word, and Outlook is required
• German as a second language is a plus


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Supporting Informal Caregivers
Rosalynn Carter once said, "There are four kinds of people in this world: those who have been caregivers, those who currently are caregivers, those who will be caregivers, and those who will need caregivers."
Informal caregiving is assisting those who might be chronically ill, frail, or disabled, and unable to care for him/herself. It can mean partial assistance or 24-hour care for someone who can't dress, feed themselves, go to the bathroom alone, or think for himself or herself. A caregiver can be a spouse, an adult child, a relative, or a neighbor. For those who live in rural areas, finding resources to help with caregiving can be difficult. Rural caregivers are isolated from social support, resources, financial assistance, training, respite options, community programs, and information on caregiving.
According to the National Family Caregivers Association's Caregiving Statistics, more than 65 million people, 29% of the U.S. population, provide care for a chronically ill, disabled, or aged family member or friend during any given year and also spend an average of 20 hours per week providing care for their loved one.
Caregiving can last for a few months or it can go on for years. Caregiving can take place in a person's home, in a nursing home, or even long-distance. It involves communicating with doctors and other healthcare professionals. An adult child may have to balance work and family responsibilities, including raising their own children, while providing care of an older adult.
Caregiving is full of different stages, transitions, and stresses including financial and family burdens. It is in a constant state of change. Family dynamics are changed. Caregiving means compromising part of your life to assist someone with theirs. It can involve great sadness over a loved one's loss of normalcy and mobility.
Source: Caregiving Statistics, National Family Caregivers Association
For additional support and information
Available services in your community
Provides a list of programs and contact information for helping to locate services.
The National Center on Caregiving
Offers caregiver information and assistance.
Phone: 800.445.8106
Email: email@example.com
There are more organizations related to Supporting Informal Caregivers in the organizations section.
Frequently Asked Questions
- Why is caregiving an issue in rural areas?
- What do caregivers provide?
- What resources are available on caregiving for specific illnesses or diseases?
- What organizations can assist in locating services in a community?
- Are there food assistance programs for the elderly?
- What is the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) and how can it help caregivers?
- What is respite care and is there a cost?
- How might one find transportation to get to medical appointments in rural communities?
Why is caregiving an issue in rural areas?
In many rural areas, low population combines with lack of health services, poverty, underserved areas, and geographic isolation. Particularly with the elderly, family members, neighbors, and friends often fill the service gap, providing both direct and indirect caregiving services. Adding to the situation are adult children who migrate to larger, urban areas due to education, employment, and opportunities. This often reduces the number of family members available to provide care and elderly people must rely on friends, their church, and neighbors for informal services. The need to support informal caregivers is a rural health care issue.
What do caregivers provide?
Caregivers provide emotional, financial, nursing, social, homemaking, and other services on a daily or intermittent basis. Most family caregivers volunteer their time, without pay, to help with the physical and emotional needs of a loved one. Duties vary and may include providing personal care, feeding, toileting, dressing, bathing, carrying out medical procedures such as suctioning an injured person every hour every day, assisting with activities of daily living, and managing a household. Caregiving may involve learning about hospice, giving medication, driving the person to doctor appointments, delving into a person's personal financial situation, or paying bills.
Other ways caregivers can help is to make meals, clean house, shop for groceries, mow the lawn, and make regular phone calls to check on someone. You can also offer to help make home modifications such as installing grab bars in the shower, a stool riser for the toilet, or a wheelchair ramp by the front door.
What resources are available on caregiving for specific illnesses or diseases?
For information on specific illnesses or diseases, there are several useful websites, including:
- National Parkinson Foundation provides a caregiver website with resources.
- Alzheimer's Association provides valuable information for family and friends. You can also search your state to locate your local Alzheimer's chapter or by calling their toll free 24 hour helpline at 1.800.272.3900. MedlinePlus provides information for Alzheimer's caregivers.
- American Cancer Society provides information for family and friends.
- National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization assists in locating providers and support in your area.
- American Diabetes Association has a Family Link program, which connects you with other families of kids with diabetes. Not all states have a network.
- American Heart Association provides a caregivers guide for those caring for loved ones with heart failure and strokes.
- American Lung Association has support groups and information for those living with COPD as well as caregivers.
What organizations can assist in locating services in a community?
There are organizations that will assist you in locating available services in your area. Some of these are:
Visiting Angels
Consists of non-medical, private duty home care agencies providing senior care, elder care, personal care, respite care, and companion care to help the elderly and adults continue to live in their homes across America. Caregivers provide up to 24 hour care, at affordable rates.
Caring Connections
A program of the National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization that provides free resources, information, and motivation for actively learning about end-of-life resources and helps people connect with the resources they need, when they need them. They provide information on home health care, respite care, transportation programs, meal programs, cleaning, yard work services, senior centers, adult day care services, home health aides, and hired caregivers. This resource has a toll-free helpline which is available to people looking for information, including educational brochures, advance directives, or contact information for a hospice or other organization. That number is 1.800.658.8898.
Caregiving Across the States
An online resource providing information on publicly-funded caregiver support programs in each state and the District of Columbia. You will find information on programs funded through the National Family Caregiver Support Program, Aged/Disabled Medicaid waivers, and state-funded programs that either have a caregiver-specific focus, or include a family caregiving component in their service package.
The Eldercare Locator
Service of the U.S. Administration on Aging, connecting older Americans and their caregivers with sources of information on senior services in their area. You may speak to an Eldercare Locator information specialist by calling 800.677.1116.
Caregiving Resources from the National Family
Caregivers Association(NFCA)
Provides a listing of caregiving information including organizations, websites, hospices, advocacy sources, prescription assistance, respite resources, training for caregivers, and volunteer agencies.
The Home Care Association of America
Maintains a website for homecare providers for all states. Their phone number is 317.844.7105. Private duty describes a wide variety of home care services that includes non-medical services such as home care aides, companion care, and homemaker services, as well as some traditional skilled nursing and therapy services. Often, the key difference between private duty and traditional home care companies is the source of payment: Private duty home care is NOT paid by Medicare. Private duty home care is paid either by the individual receiving care, the family or guardian, LTC insurance, or other insurance. In some cases, it may include home care agencies providing services under a Medicaid Waiver program or a similar state program.
Rural Caregivers
Provides caregiver resources by state/region. It is designed to help bridge the information gap between geographical isolation, gaps in rural service delivery systems, and the unique needs of agricultural workers with disabilities by creating a web support community for rural caregivers.
National Association of Professional Geriatric Care Managers
Can help locate a care manager to help with caregiving issues. This person is a professional, such as a gerontologist, nurse, social worker, or psychologist with a specialized focus on issues related to aging and elder care. They work privately with older adults and their families to create a plan of care that meets the needs of the older adult.
Easter Seals
Provides a variety of services at 400 sites nationwide for children and adults with disabilities, including adult day care, in-home care, and camps for special needs children. Services vary by site.
National Adult Day Care Services Association
Has programs designed to meet the needs of functionally and/or cognitively impaired adults through an individual plan of care. These structured, comprehensive programs provide a variety of health, social, and other related support services in a protective setting during any part of a day, but less than 24-hour care. Adult day centers generally operate programs during normal business hours five days a week. Some programs offer services in the evenings and on weekends.
Are there food assistance programs for the elderly?
The Meals on Wheels Association of America is the oldest and largest organization in the United States representing those who provide meal services to people in need. This program provides one hot meal per day to seniors. The guiding principle to which it subscribes is to help those men and women who are elderly, homebound, disabled, frail, or at risk. The Meals on Wheels program has recently expanded into rural parts of our country due to the ability to offer individually packaged, frozen meals with foods that are simple to reheat as needed and can be ordered a month at a time. This program also gives cash grants to local senior meal programs throughout the country to assist in providing meals and other nutrition services. The Meals-on-Wheels website allows you to search by city and state to find a listing of all programs in your area.
Some Meals-on-Wheels programs provide congregate meals in addition to home delivered meals. Congregate programs are simply programs that serve at senior centers, where seniors can come and eat their meal in the company of others. While this is not a rare type of program, it is certainly less common so you should check with your local program to see whether or not they have a congregate program.
The USDA Child & Adult Care Food Program (CACFP) is a Federal program that provides healthy meals and snacks to adults receiving day care. It plays a vital role in improving the quality of day care and making it more affordable for many low-income families. Nonresidential, functionally impaired adults who are receiving adult day care in an eligible day care facility, or aged 60 and older may qualify.
What is the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) and how can it help caregivers?
The Family and Medical Leave Act, which passed in 1993 and was amended on January 28, 2008, is the first U.S. national policy designed to assist working caregivers in meeting their work and caregiving responsibilities. The act allows employees to take up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave to care for a newborn child or an ill family member. There are specific guidelines in order to take advantage of this act.
What is respite care and is there a cost?
Respite care is care provided by a substitute provider. This can be for a few hours to a few days. The purpose of respite care is to give time off to the regular caregiver. An example is adult day care. Adult day care provides respite for caregivers and a welcome change of scene for seniors. Adult day care programs follow either a social model or medical model. Social programs may focus on providing companionship or on hobbies or other special interests, while medical programs may focus on providing therapies such as dialysis, ventilation, and rehabilitation.
Adult day services are community-based group programs designed to meet the needs of functionally and-or cognitively impaired adults through an individual plan of care. These programs provide a variety of health, social, and other related support services in a protective setting.
National Respite Locator Service
Helps parents, caregivers, and professionals find respite services in their state and local area to match their specific needs. They provide a list of states that have respite coalitions. These state coalitions then list respite services available in their state.
Shepherd's Centers of America
Provides respite care, telephone visitors, in-home visitors, nursing home visitors, home health aides, support groups, adult day care, and information and referrals for accessing other services available in the community. Services vary by center.
Medicaid may pay for some services, such as respite care. Medicaid Home and Community-Based waiver programs vary by state and are online. For specific questions, see Medicaid's pages on:
- Personal care services
- Hospice
- Home health services
- Private duty nursing
- Non-emergency medical transportation services
How might one find transportation to get to medical appointments in rural communities?
Information on transportation options for the disabled and the elderly should be available at local human service offices, local transit authorities, community and faith-based organizations, and regional planning organizations. Contact your local county social service agency, your community action agency, and/or call 2-1-1 if this service is available, to find out what programs are in your area. If at the local level you are not finding out sufficient information, call your state Rural Transit Assistance Program (RTAP) manager.
The National Volunteer Caregiving Network (NVCN), formerly called Faith in Action, has over 1,000 programs throughout the country. This volunteer program provides many services, including transportation to doctor appointments, errands, and picking up groceries.
Each state has a transportation office. These offices can assist in helping answer questions and locating what transportation programs are in your area. The U.S. Department of Transportation provides a state-by-state directory to provide contact information for each of the state transportation managers and associations.
Citizens or groups wanting to implement a transportation program in their rural community should visit with their state office listed above. Your state representative can tell you what can be done and how to do it. They may also have the means at the state level to offer grants to purchase vehicles.
Community Action Agencies can also provide citizens with information on transportation in rural areas.
The American Public Transportation Association contains a listing of local public transportation systems. This listing provides a state-by-state display of state, regional and county transportation services available. They also provide a listing of public transit in your community.
For further information on rural transportation programs, please see the RAC Transportation Topic Guide, particularly the frequently asked questions section.


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"This case is moving uncomfortably into the realm of 'Octomom.' "
Not so long ago, the Dodges were handing out dollars like business cards. They gave millions to the Segerstrom Center for the Arts and St. Margaret's Episcopal School among others. Their $20 million donation to Chapman University in 2004 was the second largest in school history and helped create the Dodge College of Film and Media Arts.
The duo also used their cash to power political campaigns. The Center for Investigative Reporting named Lawrence Dodge one of the top 10 rainmakers in California, contributing $6.8 million to Republican campaigns between 2006 and 2010. Kristina Dodge still sits on the governor-appointed OC Fair board and on Chapman University's board of trustees.
Raised on a Redlands citrus farm, Lawrence Dodge was just 27 when he became chief executive of a national insurance group. In 1977, he founded Irvine-based American Sterling Group, insurance, banking and finance businesses that had more than $300 million in assets.
The Dodges seemed flush with cash a decade ago when Kristina Dodge and Nixon met. Both women had children at St. Margaret's Episcopal School in San Juan Capistrano. Kristina Dodge told the British magazine Fabulous that at the time she noticed Nixon's triplets and was curious about whether they were born after some type of fertility treatment. (They were.) Nixon said the two women became fast friends, vacationing together in Cabo San Lucas and Las Vegas. The women also took their children on a family vacation to Hawaii, Nixon said.
Then the wheels came off American Sterling Bank.
During the mid-2000s, Lawrence Dodge began overstating capital on the bank's books and records, according to a notice of civil penalties from the federal Office of Thrift Supervision, now the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency. He was fined $1 million.
"Respondent's violation of laws and regulations and/or unsafe and unsound practices involved personal dishonesty on his part and/or a willful and continuing disregard for the safety and soundness of an insured depository institution," said the federal notice.
Federal officials seized the bank in April 2009 and sold it to Metcalf Bank. Even as their finances were evaporating, the Dodges reached out to help Nixon when her second marriage was crumbling. By July of that year, the Dodges invited Nixon and her children to move into their 3,970-square-foot mansion.
"It was like an extended family," Nixon said. "Both of them said, 'You're not going to be without a place to live.' They never asked me for rent, but I contributed when I could."
By early 2010, Kristina Dodge had been in a fertility program for more than a decade, going through at least 21 in vitro cycles, but she still hadn't had a second child. Then, after a surrogate deal with another woman fell through, Nixon said she contributed to the family in a big way – offering to be a surrogate birth mother for the Dodges.
"I said, 'Let me carry your children,'" remembered Nixon, who was then 48. "I felt like we were a family, and we were creating a bigger family."
Nixon had plenty of experience with in vitro fertilization, the process of fertilizing an egg outside the body. All four of her children were conceived through fertility techniques using her eggs.