text:
In a shared transmission media communication system with an upstream frequency and a downstream frequency carrying telephony such as TDM PCM data in addition to other data types, it is useful to use a master frame format that sends downstream the TDM PCM data sub-packets to a set of downstream modem devices and to provide the downstream modem devices with staggered times to respond. The master frame then continues to send downstream data types such as video that do not trigger a response from the downstream modems during a period of time allocated for the downstream modems to send upstream transmissions of TDM PCM. A set of rules can be implemented within this system to favor the transmission of higher priority data types while preventing any data type from taking too much of the downstream bandwidth.
1. A method of transmitting telephony data and other data from an upstream device to at least two downstream devices on a shared transmission media, the method comprising:
A) transmitting a first frame downstream from the upstream device to the at least two downstream devices, the first frame comprising:
a. a type identifier to identify this frame as a first frame in a master frame;
b. at least one full sub-packet of telephony data addressed to one of the at least two downstream devices;
B) transmitting a set of continuation frames downstream from the upstream device to the at least two downstream devices, the continuation frames each comprising:
a. a type identifier to identify the frame as a continuation frame carrying additional telephony data;
b. at least a portion of one full sub-packet of telephony data for use by at least one of the downstream devices;
C) transmitting burden-free frames from the upstream device to the downstream devices until the end of a calculated time, the calculated time being a time sufficient for the downstream devices to send telephony data upstream, the burden-free frames placing no burden on the downstream devices for an upstream transmission;
D) transmitting unrestricted frames from the upstream device to the downstream devices after the end of the calculated time and before the end of the master frame time interval, wherein the transmitted frames are not restricted to burden-free frames.
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7. A method for sending telephony data and other data types from an upstream device to a set of at least two downstream devices on a shared transmission media, the method comprising:
A) concatenating a set of telephony sub-packets addressed for transmission to the downstream devices for use as at least one downstream payload;
B) calculate a time period P for all upstream responses to be sent upstream in response to the set of telephony sub-packets;
C) after an end of a master frame signal,
a. start timer to count to period P;
b. create a first downstream frame identifiable as the start of a master frame; and
c. move a segment from one end of the concatenated set of telephony sub-packets into the payload of the first downstream frame;
D) while any portion of unsent telephony sub-packets exist,
a. move a segment from the same end of the concatenated set of telephony sub-packets into the payload of the next downstream frame; and
b. make the downstream frame identifiable as type continue;
E) after exhausting the concatenated set of telephone sub-packets;
a. while timer is less than P
i. while a supply of video frames for transmission in this master frame exist-transmit video frames to the downstream devices;
ii. else send null frames;
b. After timer greater than P, do until next end of master frame signal:
i. if a supply of low latency IP packets exist-transmit a low latency IP packet in at least one frame to the downstream devices;
ii. else if a supply of video frames for transmission in this master frame exist-transmit a video frame to the downstream devices;
iii. else if at least one best efforts IP packet exists-transmit one best efforts IP packet in at least one frame to the downstream devices;
iv. else transmit a null frame.
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16. A modem device for use as one of a set of modem devices at the distal ends of a tree and branch network, the modem device adapted to receive downstream transmissions of a variety of data types on a first frequency and to transmit upstream transmissions of a variety of data types on a second frequency; the modem device adapted to:
Monitor the downstream transmission for the start of a new master frame;
Upon receipt of a the first frame of the new master frame, reset an internal master frame counter;
Receive a set of at least one telephony sub-packet transported downstream in the first set of at least one frame of the master frame;
Recognize any telephony sub-packets addressed to an address associated with that particular modem device;
Discard telephony sub-packets not addressed to a telephone port on that particular modem device; and
Transmit an upstream telephony sub-packet on the upstream frequency in accordance with a time to respond value provided within the downstream telephony sub-packet recognized as addressed to an address associated with that particular modem device.
17. The modem device of
18. The modem device of
19. The modem device of
20. The modem device of
21. The modem device of 16 wherein the response to a detected error in any telephony sub-packet recognized as addressed to an address associated with that particular modem device is to not respond with any upstream transmission so that any potential error in the time to respond value does not lead to contention on the upstream channel with an upstream transmission of a frame from another modem device.
22. A system for transmitting downstream on a first frequency and upstream on a second frequency between an upstream modem device and a set of at least two downstream modem devices on a shared communication media where the data transmitted includes: TDM PCM, MPEG2, low latency IP data, and best efforts data, the system comprising:
A set of at least two downstream modem devices;
A upstream modem device adapted to start a master frame in response to a periodic timing signal;
The master frame starting with a first set of one at least one frame, followed by a second set of at least one frame, then followed by a third set of at least one frame;
The first set of at least one frame carrying at least one payload containing at least one TDM PCM sub-packet addressed to at least one of the downstream modem devices, wherein each of the downstream modem devices reads the each TDM PCM sub-packet to select any TDM PCM sub-packets addressed to that particular downstream modem device;
The first frame in the first set of at least one frame causing each of the downstream modem devices to reset an internal master frame counter;
The second set of at least one frame comprising frames which do not require a response from the downstream modem including at least one MPEG2 frame so that adequate time is provided for the upstream transmission of TDM PCM sub-packets from at least one of the at least two downstream modem devices;
The third set of at least one frame comprising at least one unrestricted frame carrying data selected from the group of data types consisting of low latency IP, MPEG2, best efforts IP, and null frames.
23. The system of 22 wherein the downstream modem devices do not send an upstream response upon recognition of an error in a downstream sub-packet addressed to that particular downstream modem.
24. The system of 22 wherein the unrestricted frames are included into the master frame based on a priority associated with each data type.
25. The system of 24 wherein the unrestricted frames are prioritized such that any frame carrying low latency IP packets is sent before MPEG2 frames, any MPEG2 frame is sent before a frame carrying best effort IP packets, and null frames are sent when no other type is available for transmission.
[0001] This application claims priority to a provisional application filed Jul. 21, 2000 and having Ser. No. 60/219,886.
[0002] An earlier filed patent application by common assignee coaXmedia, Inc. for High Speed Data Communication Over Local Coaxial Cable sets forth the field of this invention and a description of the coaXmedia solution to the problem. The application number is Ser. No. 09/482,836. The '836 application is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
[0003] Subsequent to the filing of the '836 application, another application assigned to common assignee coaXmedia, Inc was filed for Architecture and Method for Automated Distributed Gain Control for Internet Communications for MDUs and Hotels (application Ser. No. 09/818,378 based on Provisional Application No. 60/193,855). The '855 application is relevant to the discussion that follows and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
[0004] The present application represents an improvement over the previously filed applications so to the extent that there is a conflict between the text or figures incorporated by reference and the text or figures of this disclosure, the contents of this disclosure would, of course, prevail.
[0005] For the convenience of the reader, various acronyms and other terms used in the field of this invention are defined at the end of the specification in a glossary. Other terms used by the applicant to define the operation of the inventive system are defined throughout the specification. For the convenience of the reader, applicant has added a number of topic headings to make the internal organization of this specification apparent and to facilitate location of certain discussions. These topic headings are merely convenient aids and not limitations on the text found within that particular topic.
[0006] In order to promote clarity in the description, common terminology for components is used. The use of a specific term for a component suitable for carrying out some purpose within the disclosed invention should be construed as including all technical equivalents which operate to achieve the same purpose, whether or not the internal operation of the named component and the alternative component use the same principles. The use of such specificity to provide clarity should not be misconstrued as limiting the scope of the disclosure to the named component unless the limitation is made explicit in the description or the claims that follow.
[0007] The '855 application describes a system that allows the connection of devices such as personal computers to special modems that connect to a legacy tree and branch coax network in a hotel, Multiple Dwelling Units (MDUs), or analogous building. The system described used bandwidth in two ranges outside of the range used for cable TV for a downstream channel and an upstream channel. As this is a tree and branch network, all communications heading downstream must identify which modem device (or devices) are being addressed since all modem devices will receive the communication. Conversely, the communication from the many individual modem devices to the upstream end of the network must be controlled so that only one modem device is sending an upstream communication at any one time in order to avoid bus contention.
[0008] The situation addressed by both the '855 application and the current invention is shown generally in FIG. 1. A coax tree and branch network 50 connects the head end of the network 40 to a set of splitter devices. Details on the implementation of the system upstream of the head end of the tree and branch network 40 are described in the referenced applications and do not need to be developed here.
[0009] A partial set of splitter devices is shown in FIG. 1 as splitters 52, 54, and 56. Thus, the signal at head end 40 is present at the input to modem devices 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, and 70. Output jacks on the modem devices allow for connection of televisions (71,75, 80, 84, 86, and 90), devices such as personal computers (72, 81, 87, and 92), and telephones (74, 77, 78, 82, 85, and 88). Note that two telephones 77 and 78 are connected to modem device 64. Each of the two telephones is connected to its own telephone port. As the cable TV signal does not need to be processed within the modem devices, this signal can be taken from an external diplexer positioned upstream of the modem device rather than as shown from an output on the modem device.
[0010] The '378 application includes an RF coax transmission system in which all information flowing downstream (from 40 to the modem devices 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, and 70) is formatted according to DVB/MPEG-2 structure to facilitate multimedia applications. The formats of the downstream and upstream transmission used in the coaXmedia system are illustrated in FIG. 2.
[0011] The downstream transmission frame 100 is 204 bytes long. The downstream transmission frame 100 is comprised of: a SYNC byte 104 (of value 47 hex for frame or packet start identification and B8 hex, i.e. inverted 47 hex for multi-frame identification); followed by a payload of 187 bytes; and a FEC field 120 of 16 bytes. In MPEG2 applications two bytes following the sync byte are used for packet identification 108 ("PID"). In the coaXmedia system (and in more recently evolving standards) an additional byte is reserved for packet type identification 112. Thus as shown in FIG. 2, the payload 116 is 184 bytes as three bytes have been used for PID 108 and type 112. The FEC field 120 is followed by a SYNC byte 104 from the next frame.
[0012] For information flowing upstream (from the client) the same type of formatting is used but the payload length is variable and the FEC field optional. Thus, the upstream data frame 150 is comprised of: an 8 byte preamble 152; a SYNC byte 154; a PID 158; packet type identification byte 162; length field 164; and variable length payload 168. FIG. 2 includes idle periods 180.
[0013] The traffic to be carried has the following characteristics and needs:
[0014] TDM PCM Telephony traffic requires constant bit-rate transmission, typically 64 Kb/s. When carried by a statistical packet transport system, telephony requires regular scheduling of packets, identified by source and destination.
[0015] Low-latency IP comprised of Internet Protocol (IP) Telephony, or multimedia traffic containing telephony or audio components, requires minimum latency and minimum delay variation. For telephony, the access portions of the IP network should not introduce more than 10 ms to 20 ms delay. IP telephony thus requires temporal priority in a mixed traffic type packet network, usually accomplished by tagging such packets and separation and prioritization of buffering.
[0016] MPEG2 video streaming is comprised of "I" frames (whole picture update), "B" frames (bi-directionally predictive update) and "P" frames (predictive update). Synchronized audio components are included and have separate packet identification (PID). MPEG2 is somewhat tolerant of delay and delay variation due to buffering at the receiver/decoder but is less tolerant of missing or mis-ordered packets. Thus bit-rate capacity management is necessary to provide acceptable service, i.e. no freeze-frames or other visible artifacts.
[0017] Best-effort IP traffic, typically TCP/IP traffic, is tolerant of packet loss or mis-ordering due to network link or buffer restrictions. Transactions are usually initiated using "slow-start" procedures, i.e. the traffic starts slowly and increases in traffic bit-rate until packet loss is encountered, at which point the traffic rate is adjusted to maximize rate of transmission through the available and often variable network capacity. Loss or delay of acknowledgment packets can cause drastic loss of apparent capacity. IP traffic transactions, while dominantly downstream bandwidth intensive, can be dominantly upstream bandwidth intensive as end-users now often include servers.
[0018] The objective of this patent application is to provide for a mix of heterogeneous traffic; TDM PCM telephony (DS-0) channels, low latency IP data packets identified by tags provided in IEEE 802.1p, best effort IP data packets and MPEG-2 digital video streams. For purposes of this application and claims that follow, all traffic fall into one of the categories of: telephony (including TDM PCM), low latency IP (including telephony implemented over IP), video (including the various versions of MPEG), best efforts IP, and null. A master frame is a superset of frames.
[0019]FIG. 1 shows a tree and branch network connected to a series of modem devices, where the modem devices are connected to combinations of televisions, devices such as personal computers, and telephones.
[0020]FIG. 2 shows the standard downstream and upstream transmission formats.
[0021]FIG. 3 illustrates the loading of seven TDM PCM sub-packets into the payload sections of three downstream transmission frames.
[0022]FIG. 4 illustrates the loading of the TDM PCM sub-packets for a single telephone into an upstream transmission frames.
[0023]FIG. 5 illustrates the prioritization used to position data frames with various types of data within two master frames.
[0024] To facilitate re-ordering of the different "data" types (or classes) of downstream traffic each "data" type is provided with a separate buffer at the server end of the system. In such a system packets of one type will normally overtake those of other types.
[0025] In the upstream (from client) direction, transmission is only permitted upon receiving a downstream command, or implied command.
[0026] A TDM PCM telephony channel (international standard) comprises one speech sample value byte every 125 μs (125 microseconds). In this proposed system, typically 64 such bytes are formed into a word that must be transmitted in each direction every 8 ms (8 milliseconds).
[0027] In order that client upstream TDM PCM traffic can be returned in bursts from different clients without contention, some idle time between upstream packets, called padding, must be provided to accommodate differences in coax distance delay between client modems and the server modem. In a symmetrical bit-rate two-way transmission system corresponding padding time must also be included in the downstream direction. In the case where FEC is used in the downstream direction but not in the upstream direction, the per-packet FEC transmission time will likely exceed the required upstream padding time—thus no additional downstream time padding is required.
[0028] In the more likely case where the downstream transmission bit-rate significantly exceeds that of the upstream transmission bit-rate, the percentage of downstream transmission time required for padding would create gross wastage of transmission efficiency. However, where the mix of downstream traffic types includes downstream-only traffic types-such as that of MPEG2 video streaming (or standard IP data packets with no response from the client modem commanded), it is preferable that such downstream-only traffic be substituted for padding, thus restoring the overall downstream transmission efficiency. The downstream TDM PCM telephony transmission format using this approach is illustrated in FIG. 3.
[0029] Downstream Transmission
[0030] The top line of FIG. 3 provides a detailed look at a TDM PCM telephony sub-packet 400. This sub-packet is further comprised of: a two byte preamble 304; a four byte address 308 (MAC address plus Telephone Port number—necessary for modems with more than one telephone port); a length value 312; a variable length payload of TDM PCM traffic 316; a two byte time to respond value 320; and a two byte CRC value 324. The term sub-packet is used since there is not a one to one ratio between TDM PCM sub-packets and the downstream frames. Typically a packet is an indivisible unit that is addressed to a specific modem or group of modems. The address of a packet is always decoded at the beginning of a frame. Sub-packets are typically smaller than frames and thus can be concatenated together with other sub-packets to fill up frames more efficiently. The address of every sub-packet is always decoded, whether at the beginning, middle or end of the frame.
[0031] In a preferred embodiment, the portion of the MAC address that is common to all modem devices from a given company can be deleted from the front end of the MAC address so that the space allocated for the downstream address is reduced.
[0032] Using this approach, a clock pulse which occurs regularly at 8 ms intervals is used to signal that, upon completion of the MPEG2 frame currently being transmitted, the next MPEG2 frame(s) will contain the downstream TDM PCM traffic destined for all coaXmedia modems. The start of the first PCM TDM-carrying frame defines the start time of a coaXmedia "master frame". The TDM PCM traffic is transmitted without any padding followed by, for example, sufficient MPEG2 streaming video packets to allow time for all of the responding TDM PCM traffic-carrying modems to return their upstream traffic at a relatively lower speed.
[0033] In order to coordinate the timing of responses from the TDM PCM carrying coaXmedia modems, calculated time-to-respond values 320 must be included in each downstream TDM PCM sub-packet as shown at the top of FIG. 3. Such an approach allows each downstream sub-packet to be of any length, thus offering different classes of latency performance or bit-rates on an individual per-call basis or even the variation of these parameters during a call to accommodate temporary over-traffic conditions.
[0034] As illustrated in FIG. 3, the multiple TDM PCM telephony channels (in the example, blocks of 64 bytes) of downstream TDM PCM telephony are identified (destination address prefix) then concatenated and sent in one or more regular MPEG2-sized downstream packets.
[0035] As seen in FIG. 3, sub-packet 400 is concatenated in sequence with sub-packets 394, 396, 398, 402, 404, and 406. Note that sub-packet 394 does not have a preamble as there is no preamble on the first sub-packet. The concatenated set of seven TDM PCM sub-packet is divided into pieces 510, 514 and 518 of appropriate size to be carried in the payloads of the MPEG/DVD frames. Thus piece 510 is placed into payload 116 of downstream frame 100.
[0036] Frame 100 is marked as Type-Master Frame a TDM voice reference, with ID set to MPEG null. The identification of this packet is a master frame allows the modem devices to recognize the start of the next 8 ms time period. Note that the slight jitter that arises sending the beginning of the next master frame after completion of transmission of the current frame rather than immediately upon the receipt of the 8 ms clock pulse is relatively small and can be addressed through conventional means.
[0037] Piece 514 is placed into payload 117 of downstream frame 101. Piece 518 partially fills payload 118 of frame 102 leaving a portion 522 of payload 118 unused. Note that one of the reasons why the downstream transmission is more efficient than upstream transmission is that seven downstream TDM PCM sub-packets are being carried in somewhat less than three downstream frames. The upstream response will take seven upstream frames, one from each modem (ignoring possible economies from combining sub-packets from different ports on the same modem). Each of the upstream transmissions from the seven modems will have staggered start times to provide guard band periods in order to avoid upstream contention.
[0038] Frames 101 and 102 are marked as Type-TDM Continue with PID-MPEG null.
[0039] Downstream frame 102 is followed by an MPEG frame 200. The MPEG frame 200 is comprised of: a sync byte 204, two bytes for Packet Identification 208 ("PID"); a payload of MPEG2/4 216; and a FEC field 220. The PID value for frame 200 is "video stream".
[0040] The transmission of a frame containing MPEG data does not require a response from the downstream modem device and thus does not risk channel contention with upstream TDM PCM traffic. If no MPEG data is available for transmission, then other data types that do not trigger a response would be sent during this buffer period. If no such data is available, then null frames would be sent until the completion of the time allocated for upstream transmissions of TDM PCM traffic.
[0041] As illustrated in FIG. 3 with sub-packet 398, the division into pieces may separate the beginning from the end of a particular TDM PCM sub-packet. At the downstream end of this tree and branch network, the payloads from the MPEG/DVD frames are concatenated. Each modem then recognizes the sub-packets addressed to that modem and then processes those sub-packets.
[0042] Upstream Transmission
[0043] Each Telephony-responding modem returns a 64 byte block of PCM samples which represent 8 ms of speech. Some guard time is needed to prevent contention of returning signals due to timeshift caused by different path lengths (a near modem could start transmitting before the signal from a far modem has completely reached the central modem).
[0044] Each downstream Telephony packet has appended to it a value which tells the destination modem at what time to respond. Since the downstream transmission speed is usually much faster than the upstream transmission speed, all of the downstream TDM PCM will have been received well before all of the Telephony-carrying modems have completed their response. Thus only other types of traffic which do not require a response may be sent in the downstream direction until the upstream Telephony packets have been transmitted. In fact, modems should not be allowed to transmit non-TDM PCM traffic upstream until all of the Telephony responses have completed.
[0045] One method of ensuring system integrity for handling Telephony is to use one bit in the downstream "type" identifier byte to indicate whether the upstream PCM TDM traffic has completed. An alternative is to merely use a type identifier to indicate the start of a master frame (which by implication would be start of PCM TDM) and a second type for each successive frame containing PCM TDM sub-packets. The latter type would be—TDM Continue. The start of the first frame that is not either the start of a master frame or type TDM continue, would indicate the end of PCM TDM sub-packets as this data type is only sent at the front of a master frame.
[0046] Synchronization
[0047] To facilitate coordination of upstream TDM PCM traffic sub-packet (burst) timing, all coaXmedia modems must have an equal sense of time or common clock, relative to the downstream TDM PCM transmission master frame timing. To achieve this, the start of the master frame is identified by a unique value of MPEG2 format packet Type which, when received by each TDM PCM traffic carrying modem, initiates their internal master-frame time counters. Thus the time-to-respond values sent in the downstream TDM PCM voice sub-packets, when matched with the value of such counters contained in each coaXmedia modem, trigger the sending of TDM PCM voice sub-packets in the upstream direction.
[0048] Upstream Format
[0049] The format of an upstream TDM PCM telephony traffic sub-packet is illustrated in FIG. 4. This is an extension of the frame shown in FIG. 2. The upstream data frame 150 is comprised of: the 8 byte preamble 152; the SYNC byte 154; the PID 158; the packet type identification byte 162; the length field 164; and the variable length payload 168. As shown in FIG. 4, the variable length payload 168 carries bytes of PCM telephony 190 from the telephone call associated with a particular downstream modem and port. When the frame type is telephony, the PID 158 is soft modem I/D plus Telephone Port number in order to distinguish between two telephone ports on the same modem as shown in FIG. 1 for modem device 62 and telephones 77 and 78. The PID could use the same MAC address (either full MAC address or shortened MAC address) as described for the downstream frames. The preferred embodiment uses an abbreviated address (soft modem ID) that is mapped to the MAC address. The purpose is to reduce the overhead in each individual frame to increase the efficiency of data transmission in the upstream direction since the upstream direction is inherently less efficient than downstream transmission.
[0050]FIG. 4 includes idle time 180 before packet 150 and the start of the preamble 152 of the next packet (not shown in entirety).
[0051] Time coordination from use of time-to-respond values will thus prevent any transmission contention in the upstream direction. In the event that a downstream TDM PCM voice sub-packet contains an error, as detected by the inbuilt CRC checksum or other means, no upstream sub-packet trigger is generated and thus the upstream period contains no transmission. This is important, since an error in the downstream time-to-respond value could potentially create a response at an incorrect time and thus potentially create contention with the upstream sub-packet of another coaXmedia modem.
[0052] Traffic Type Prioritization
[0053] In the preferred embodiment, TDM PCM sub-packets and any MPEG2 packets used to provide downstream padding are given an over-riding priority at the start of the TDM PCM master frame. Next, low-latency IP traffic, such as IP voice or IP multimedia containing a voice component, is transmitted from its own buffer in preference to traffic contained in best-effort IP or video streaming buffers at any time during the remainder of the master frame. When the low-latency IP traffic buffer is empty, traffic from the video-streaming buffer (if any remains) is transmitted. In a preferred embodiment, video streaming packets, which enter this buffer subsequently during the current master frame, wait their turn until the next master frame, thus ensuring that MPEG2 packet bunching does not gain priority over the IP traffic. Finally, while there is time left in the master frame, best-effort IP packets are transmitted. Traffic management of the video streaming and telephony voice components may be used to ensure that there is sufficient capacity remaining for the IP packets.
[0054] In the preferred embodiment, there is only a single buffer for MPEG2 video streaming. Some of the content of this buffer is output to provide time padding while waiting for the upstream TDM PCM traffic to complete. The remainder of this buffer content is output after the low-latency traffic buffer has exhausted. Any time left after the MPEG2 video streaming buffer has exhausted is used to send best-effort IP data.
[0055] In the event that the low latency IP traffic transmission period, within a master frame, could result in insufficient time to exhaust the MPEG2 buffer prior to the end of the master frame, priority would be exclusively switched to the MPEG2 video traffic. Having said this, some reserve time should be left in the frame to send a small amount of best-effort IP data packets. The aggregate amounts of MPEG2 video traffic and TDM PCM telephony traffic allowed in each master frame is defined by a management function in order that this traffic cannot starve the IP traffic capacity.
[0056] MPEG2 video traffic entering its buffer after the start of a master frame is not transmitted until the next master frame. This is not the case for low-latency IP traffic—low-latency IP traffic entering its buffer during a current master frame may be output during that same master frame, in order to minimize latency as much as possible.
[0057] There can also be an arbitrary limit set on the amount of low-latency traffic that is given transmission priority. It is more of an IP network decision as to whether the low-latency traffic can also consume the transmission capacity of the best-effort IP data packets. The coaXmedia system can be provided with appropriate rules by network management.
[0058] A variety of rules may be applied to traffic prioritization within the system described, once the TDM PCM telephony traffic has been transmitted. One of the novel aspects of the present disclosure is the provisioning of the multiple buffers and means for applying rules to their output prioritization.
[0059] Management of the relative priorities between low-latency IP and best-effort traffic IP is dealt with externally to the coaXmedia system-i.e. at a network level (802.1P/802.1Q QOS protocols). In the event that the network offers more traffic than the coaXmedia system provides, traffic may be denied entry to buffers, which are likely to overflow. This action is normal in an IP network and is dealt with by existing IP network protocols.
[0060]FIG. 5 is an illustration of many of the concepts relating to prioritization within the master frame. Note that FIG. 5 is intended to illustrate concepts and is not meant to be an accurate scale drawing of actual frames or buffers. Portions of the master frames are enlarged to allow labeling.
[0061]FIG. 5 shows two complete master frames (sometimes called super frames). These are master frames 604 and 608. Additional pieces of adjacent master frames are also visible. Each master frame starts shortly after the periodic clock pulse 612. In one preferred embodiment, the interval 616 between clock pulses is 8 milliseconds.
[0062] As discussed in connection with FIG. 3, the first frame 620 sent after the clock pulse 612 is marked as Type-Master Frame. As discussed above, the payload of the first frame 620 and in the frames that follow carry the TDM PCM frames as payloads. Thus, the TDM PCM frames for all current TDM PCM sessions is carried in frame 620 and in the frames in the section 624 of master frame 604. The queue of TDM PCM frames is represented by buffer 628. Master frame section 632 follows section 624 and is sized to ensure that downstream data transmissions sent to the modem devices are of a type that do not require an upstream response, until the end of time interval 636. Time interval 636 is set to allow various individual downstream modem devices sufficient time to send upstream TDM PCM transmissions in accordance with the designated time to respond values sent to each modem device. As discussed above the aggregate time for the upstream transmission of the TDM PCM data with the guard bands necessary to prevent contention is much longer than the time necessary for the downstream transmission of the TDM PCM data.
[0063] Rather than fill master frame segment 632 with null frames, the segment 632 takes frames from the queue of MPEG frames (or other data types that do not impose an obligation to respond). In the preferred embodiment, MPEG data frames 636 that arrive after the start of a new master frame is queued until the next master frame. This concept is illustrated by a double buffer in FIG. 5. For master frame 604, MPEG buffer A 640 is closed to the receipt of new MPEG data frames but supplies MPEG data frames for transmission in master frame 604. MPEG buffer B 644 captures MPEG data frames 636 and holds the frames for the duration of master frame 604.
[0064] At the next pulse 612, figuratively the buffer lid 648 rotates about hinge 652 so that MPEG buffer B 644 is now the source of MPEG frames for master frame 608 but is closed to the receipt of newly arriving MPEG frames 636. MPEG buffer A 640 is now isolated from master frame 608 but open for receipt of newly arriving MPEG frames 636.
[0065] Returning now to master frame 604, section 632 is filled with MPEG frames 656 without exhausting the supply in MPEG buffer A 640.
[0066] The remainder 660 of master frame 604 is comprised of a series of frames 664 carrying frames with various data types from multi-tiered queue 668. The highest priority payload is low latency IP 672. Whenever the supply of low latency IP 672 is exhausted, then the remaining MPEG data frames 676 are drained. Best effort IP packets 680 are drained from queue 668 and sent in frame payloads when there is not any higher priority data types. If the queue 668 is drained of all data types before the next pulse 612, then null frames 684 are used. The supply of null frames is endless as they are created upon demand.
[0067] Note that low latency IP 672 jumps to the front of the queue, even after the start of transmission of MPEG frames 676, best effort IP 680, or null frames 684. Likewise best effort IP packets 680 received when the master frame is being loaded with null frames 684 will be given priority over null frames.
[0068] Moving now to master frame 608, the amount of TDM PCM sub-packets from buffer 628 is greater in this master frame than in master frame 604. The difference in the amount of TDM PCM sub-packets is magnified to help illustrate the concepts of the invention, but the amount of TDM PCM sub-packets to be carried by the master frames will vary over time as more TMD PCM sessions are added or dropped.
[0069] The increase in TDM PCM payloads to carry in first frame 620 and master frame segment 688 in master frame 608 as compared to master frame 604 accounts for the increase in time allocated for upstream TDM PCM traffic in time interval 690 as compared to time interval 636. In this case, MPEG buffer B 644 is drained before the end of time interval 690. The segment 698 corresponding to remaining time interval 690 is filled with null frames. As MPEG buffer B 644 is empty, there is no contribution of MPEG frames to multi-tiered buffer 668 for use in master frame segment 702.
[0070] Those skilled in the art will recognize that the methods and apparatus of the present invention has many applications and that the present invention is not limited to the specific examples given to promote understanding of the present invention. Moreover, the scope of the present invention covers the range of variations, modifications, and substitutes for the system components described herein, as would be known to those of skill in the art. For example, this invention works well for TDM PCM data but would work equally well for other data types including other telephony data types where it is important to stagger the upstream transmissions and send selected types of downstream traffic while the upstream transmissions are transpiring.
[0071] MPEG frames and null frames are types of burden-free data, but this is not an exhaustive list. Burden-free data is data that can be sent to the downstream device without placing a burden on the downstream device to respond. While this inventive concept is explained in terms of these two types of burden-free data, other types of burden-free data could be used, including new evolutions in the MPEG standard as well as other streaming video or streaming audio standards. The other types of burden-free data could include the subset of IP data packets that does not require a response from the downstream device.
[0072] The legal limitations of the scope of the claimed invention are set forth in the claims that follow and extend to cover their legal equivalents. Those unfamiliar with the legal tests for equivalency should consult a person registered to practice before the patent authority which granted this patent such as the United States Patent and Trademark Office or its counterpart.
[0073] Glossary of Abbreviations
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Target's distribution center in Newton is creating 100 new jobs as the company plans to renovate as many as 300 stores, including its retail location in Catawba County.
Three teenagers were transported to hospitals following a Wednesday afternoon wreck on a curvy road in Vale.
Daniel Bolick, 19, of Vale, experienced critical injuries, was transported to Frye Regional Medical Center and then airlifted to Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center in Winston-Salem, said N.C. Highway Patrol Trooper R.G. Griffin.
Maiden's Town Council wants more information before it makes a final decision about a proposed new town hall.
Council members agreed Monday they wanted an idea of what the next fiscal year's budget looks like before they decide on the proposed $2 million headquarters.
This weekend, Catawba County citizens will get a chance to get close to the Catawba Valley Radio Controllers planes and pilots at the R/Cers fun fly event for Sipe's Orchard Home in Conover.
Police arrested 11 people at a Hickory adult entertainment club last week on sex, alcohol and drug charges.

The charges stem from a five-month investigation at Thee Playhouse on N.C. 64-70 in Hickory, where N.C. Alcohol Law Enforcement (ALE) agents made drug purchases and observed multiple alcohol violations.

LOS ANGELES — Dick Clark, the ever-youthful television host and tireless entrepreneur who helped bring rock 'n' roll into the mainstream on "American Bandstand," and later produced and hosted a vast range of programming from game shows to the New Year's Eve countdown from Times Square, has died. He was 82.
Human skeletal remains have been discovered in Caldwell County. Could they belong to Zahra Baker? Authorities are tight-lipped, but they're trying to find out.
Details are in Wednesday's edition of The O-N-E, which also includes more comments offered in the Catawba County debate over same-sex marriage.

subset: commoncrawl


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About AssistedLivingFacilities.org
Assisted Living Facilities is a comprehensive senior care resource that aims to make the transition into senior housing easier for elderly Americans and their families as they face the decision to move from independent living into assisted living. Our nationwide assisted living community directory lists information on over 40,000 state-licensed senior care providers. We also offer various senior housing information resources including an eldercare blog, a question and answer area and various research articles. The site can be found at www.assistedlivingfacilities.org.
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Read the full story at http://www.prweb.com/releases/assisted-living/senior-care/prweb4145974.htm.
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If you're into split boarding and don't know about Spark R&D then don't skip this post. It's a quick review of their Magneto bindings and the advantages they have over regular bindings for split boards.
Whenever you get a brand new board, it's recommendable to de-tune the edges of tip and tail. Some boards come already de-tuned, but I like to de-tune them a little bit more.
This is a small list of the top snowboard events to look forward to this season!
Videos that get you excited for the season!
We are almost at the end of Movember and for most the Winter season has begun.
We want to see the best Movember style on snow, so show your support. Tag us on your photo in Facebook and we will pick a winner at the end of the month to send stickers out to. Are you in?
The RK1 crew dropped their 2013 Season Recap edit today!


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Make your reservationClick here to open
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IBEROSTAR Grand Hotel Trinidad
Our Guests Reviews
Perfect stay in Trinidad
"A lovely Hotel with excellent rooms and wonderful service. The staff went out of their way to make our stay perfect. The location is perfect for exploring the lovely town of Trinidad and is an oasis of calm in the middle of this lively, musical town. Breakfast was very good and the public areas of the hotel were imaculate"Rating: 10,0
on the whole very good
"very comfortable and good food and rooms, the coffee machine was not in the room and even though we asked, it was never put in there, maid service also good :)"Rating: 8,0
Excellent hotels
"Very good stay at the Iberostar hotels in La Habana and in Trinidad."Rating: 9,0
Very comfortable but could do better
"An attractive and comfortable hotel. Well designed and equipped rooms. I have two criticisms: Internet access via the hotel's WiFi is so slow it cannot be used (OK, so it's free), and the food in the restaurant is expensive and rather boring (admittedly a buffet was the only option the night we ate in the hotel)"Rating: 7,0
I'll return in IBEROSTAR hotels
"very nice hotel"Rating: 9,0
"Just amazing..."Rating: 10,0
World traveler but first time in Cuba
"First class accommodations in Havana. Location is excellent right in the middle of old town Havana. The staff, rooms, food, bar, etc. etc. etc. are a treat. If you are Looking for 5 Star in Havana this is the only place."Rating: 10,0


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Shop now and get Free Value Shipping on most orders over $49 to the contiguous 48 states, DC and to all U.S. Military APO/FPO/DPO addresses.
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text: 3002 W Elizabeth St #5, Saddle Ridge Condos, Fort Collins, CO 80521 Status: Off Market MLS#: 689979 Contact Email this listing Share on Pinterest Share on Google+ Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Calculate Mortgage Print Flyer Get Directions Request a Showing Off Market 3002 Elizabeth St #5, Fort Collins, CO 80521 is no longer on the market or has been removed from the MLS. Similar to 3002 Elizabeth St , #5: Ask an Agent About 3002 Elizabeth St * Required fields Send Your Question × Monthly Payment Estimator Price: Down Payment: % Loan Amount: Loan Type: 30 Year Fixed 15 Year Fixed 5/1 ARM Interest Rate: % Est. Tax & Insurance: % ($/mo.) Est. Monthly Payment: $478 per month × Email a Listing 3002 Elizabeth St, Fort Collins CO, 80521 From: Name: Email: To: Name: Email: Subject: Message: Take a look at this property I found on FortCollinsHomeSearch.com: http://www.fortcollinshomesearch.com/homes/3002-W-Elizabeth-St/Fort-Collins/CO/80521/25248911/ Send a copy of this message to me Send Email


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Famous quotes by Cori McGehee:Sort:PopularA - Z
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Tata Steel is to shed up to 1,500 jobs at its loss-making Long Products division in north England as part of what it described as proposed structuring to "target high-value markets and introduce greater flexibility into its costs and operations".
"This strategy includes a proposal to close or mothball parts of the Scunthorpe plant and puts at risk 1,200 jobs at Scunthorpe and 300 jobs at its Teesside sites," the company said in a statement on Friday attributing the decision to the "continuing weakness in market conditions" and the "huge additional costs" the steel industry faced because of the European Union's regulatory rules.
It also announced an investment of 400 million pound sterling in the division over the next five years to help it turn around.
Karl-Ulrich Köhler, Managing Director and CEO of Tata Steel's European operations, said the strategy was decided "only after going through an inclusive consultative process that involved very careful scrutiny of the Long Products business performance".
"Tata Steel is showing its commitment to making this strategy work by earmarking 400 million pound sterling of investment for this business over the next five years. At the same time we are aware that our employees and their families will experience a very unsettling few months as a result of this announcement. We will do everything we can to provide them with support and assistance".
Unions described the threatened job losses as a 'blow'. "We have already demanded that there should be no compulsory redundancies and we believe that this should be possible to achieve," Paul Reuter, national officer of 'Unite', Britain's biggest union, told the BBC.
Michael Leahy, General Secretary of Community union and Chair of the Steel Committee, said: "The key now is for the company to engage the local trade unions in consultation on the way forward. We will be seeking an early meeting to explore all possible means of avoiding any compulsory redundancies".
To invest 400 m pounds in Long Products division to turn it around


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Public Policy
The Austin Chamber tackles the biggest issues facing business, so you can focus on doing business. We provide unique opportunities for our business leaders to influence civic, social and business initiatives that support community growth.
Project Connect | Connecting People with Places »
Regional Transportation entities have joined forces to study transportation options to help keep us all moving between downtown Austin and communities in the North Corridor, including Hutto, Round Rock, Pflugerville, Georgetown, and others. Please join us for an Open House to discuss the options. For more information, visit connectcentraltexas.com
Mobility Report Available »
2013 Mobility Report includes updated Commuter Congestion Maps. These maps help commuters & elected officials visualize the traffic that the region's workforce sits in on Central Texas' most congested corridors every day.
Chamber Supports Healthy ATX »
The Healthy ATX education initiative supports Senator Watson's plan to achieve "10 Goals in 10 Years," a road map for transformative change in the health of our region, our economy, and our families.
May 14, 2015 | FOCUS Newsletter
April 30, 2015 | FOCUS Newsletter
April 17, 2015 | Press Release
Charisse Bodisch, CEcD, promoted to Senior Vice President, Economic Development »
April 16, 2015 | FOCUS Newsletter
April 15, 2015 | Austin In The News
Texas receives top grade on Innovation Scorecard's ranking of Where American Pro-Innovation Policy Thrives. »
Relocating? Austin Newcomers Guide Now Available!
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Calculate your serve speed
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Join Date: Apr 2012
Posts: 37
Originally Posted by
Thanks for the reply. I think the bigger issue though is how u have to estimate the spot where the serve hit the court. I tried moving the spot around just a little bit and got readings as much as 10 mph apart. That's just a bit too large of a variance to make the app useful.
As explained in the previous comment, moving the spot where the ball hits (lands on) the court horizontally almost doesn't have any effect on the speed.
Moving the ball 1 foot in the vertical direction does by 1.6 miles of error (see previous comment). So the 10 miles you talk about would mean moving the ball more than 6 feet from it's real landing location. In normal circumstances you should be able to guess the balls location within a foot of its real location (especially if its close to the lines).
I have tested it with real videos from the australian open where the professional radar gun shows the speed so i was able to compare. All the calculations i did where within 2,5 miles of the radar gun's speed except for 1 out of 10, I suggest you try it your self at a pro tournament.
It would still be really nice to overcome the 'human error' of this step and i do have a way to reduce it! the idea is to overlay the 4 corners of the servicebox and then transfer the balls location from 1 dimension to the real dimension of the court. I am confident that this will be quite accurate. I hope to come with an update with this functionality, but give me some time
Anyway i think the App, as how it is, is the most accurate we can get with today's smartphones. And i still think the 2.5 miles error is not bad at all!
Using wilson blx pro staff six one 90
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Ford Mustang 1966 V8 4,7 ltr Airconditioning powersteering very good condition 1966 Ford Mustang V8 Hardtop Coupe with new airconditioning and powersteering. Beautiful pony interior,... More
1972 Corvette Stingray VIN 1Z37K2S520812 1 (First Digit) - Make/Manufacturer. 1 - Chevrolet Z (Second Digit) - Model series. Z - Corvette 37 (Third and Fourth Digits). ... More
1962 Chevrolet Corvette Roadster - small block 400, dual carbs with aluminum Offenhauser, Brodix aluminum heads, Crower solid roller cam, dual exhaust with Hooker... More
The 1956 Packard The Four Hundred is a rare piece of American History you don't see on the road often. This Packard is powered... More
68,897 Actual mile Arizona title Rare BMW E24 635 CSI "shark nose" with 635 CSI L6 badging Broadway Static coilover suspension with camber plates Swift springs 18K/16K with... More
A $100,000 automobile for $75,000 less, that looks NEW! We are proud to offer this EXCEPTIONAL 2004 Mercedes-Benz SL500 retractable convertible that LOOKS new... More
1969 Chevelle SS 396 108000 miles I have the hand written title from Arkansas dated 1 31 1970 I have the owners manual &... More
1961 MGA MK I Roadster – 48K original documented miles with original tool kit Up for auction is my 1961 MGA MKI roadster (chassis... More
1957 Cadillac Coupe de VilleOriginal, Powerful, Elegant, Highly Optioned, Classic American Luxury...The name Cadillac has always been synonymous for Elegance, Luxury, and Power. These virtues... More
1985 BMW M635 2 DOOR COUPE, This is a European model which is lighter and has more horse power than the US models. S38... More
This Trans Am is one of only 458 4-speed TA,s build in 1972. Only 1286 were built for the year partially due to a... More
Very solid, good driving car. Only one in North America. Not a trailer queen, ready to go. Easy to start with combined starter-generator and magneto... More
1933 Plymouth Original Steel 5 Window Coupe... More
1972 Chevrolet Chevelle SS Coupe. 350 V8 mated to 3-Speed Turbo-Hydramatic. Dark gray with painted black SS stripes. Black vinyl interior with front bucket seats.... More
1949 Ford Monarch 4 dr. Sport Sedan. This is the rare Canadian version of Mercury marketed by Ford Canada. The bodies are identical with Mercury... More


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I'm pretty sure I'm in love with how casual, yet beautiful this picnic wedding is. It's so simple but filled with the most perfect little details ever. And how about this bride and groom from Canada? I love how they decided to pop off their cruise ship, get married surrounded by close friends and family (and lavender!) and then hop back on board to cruise off into the sunset. Totally dreamlike and amazing! Don't miss all the pretty by...
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"Nest Pretty Things"
You're certainly in for a special treat today because this adorable Cohasset wedding is bringing the fun and then some. We're loving this bride's style from her larger than life flower hairpiece to her sweet as can be dress covered in tulle...there's really nothing not to love. Hello Love Photography captured all the colorful moments including the bride and groom getting heart confettti bombed on their way back down the aisle. LOVE it!


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Pochampally ikat mela
Pochampally Handloom Park is organising Ikat Mela 2012. Handloom products like bed and home linen, dress materials, home textile, fabrics, stoles, scarves and saris in cotton and silks created by weavers of Pochampally will be available.
Date: December 7 to 16; 10a.m. to 9.30p.m.
Venue: State Gallery of Fine Arts, Deparment of Culture, Kavuri Hills, Madhapur.
Contact: 95429 76567
Ikat saris of India
Ikat India Weavers is organising IKAT Saris of India 2012, featuring saris, dress materials and home linen by weavers from Pochampally (Andhra Pradesh), Rajkot (Gujarat) and Sambalpur (Orissa).
Date: December 7 to 17; 10.30 a.m. to 9.30 p.m.
Venue: Pochampally silk and saris, New Marketing Complex, Tilak Road, Abids
Contact: 9293773970
Handloom exhibition
Vastra Fabric of India is organising an exhibition of handlooms and jewellery, featuring products from 50 artisans, including saris, blouses, garments, dress materials and precious and semi-precious jewellery.
Venue: Dr. A.S.Rao Nagar Grounds, near Railway Reservation Counter, ECIL Road
Date: Till December 16


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BMX cyclist Fields enjoys streak of World Cup wins
Connor Fields remembers getting off to his best start of the day. He remembers cruising to the front and carrying momentum into the final corner. And he remembers his legs giving out.
''I had nothing left in the tank,'' Fields said, ''and bam, the Aussie caught up to me.''
The Aussie was Sam Willoughby, who came charging up alongside Fields in a World Cup event, and they crossed the finish line so close together that nobody was sure who'd won. Willoughby thrust his hands in the air, and Fields collapsed on his seat, wiped out by just over 32 seconds of furious riding.
It wasn't until the photo was posted that the 19-year-old Fields was declared the winner of last weekend's World Cup stop in Randaberg, Norway.
The difference: two-thousandths of a second.
The closest finish in Supercross history also made Fields the first BMX rider to win three straight World Cup finals. The Olympic hopeful won the season-opening stop on his home track in Chula Vista, Calif., along with last season's finale at Chula Vista, and has built such a lead in the USA Cycling power rankings that his spot on the team headed for London is almost assured.
''It's a credit to my preparation in the offseason, the six months from October to March, just doing so much work and preparing,'' said Fields, who grew up in Las Vegas and trains in California.
''Not spending time with my friends because I was doing training camps,'' he said, ''it's kind of all paying off now. The fruits of my labor are starting to show.''
Heading into the third stop on the World Cup schedule, May 11-12 in Papendal, Netherlands, Fields has a stranglehold on the No. 1 spot in the world. Willoughby is far back in second place, and reigning Olympic gold medalist Maris Strombergs of Latvia lags behind in fourth.
That means the unassuming Fields, who was too young to even think about competing when BMX made its Olympics debut in Beijing in 2008, has emerged as the favorite for the London Games.
''He's got all the tools necessary for him to succeed,'' said Mike King, who directs the BMX program for USA Cycling. ''He's doing all the right things, saying all the right things. He's been very vocal about saying that when he's happy off the bike, he's having fun.''
Fields is certainly having a ball right now. That wasn't the case 18 months ago.
Fields achieved tremendous success as a junior, making three podiums and showing signs of future stardom. But his right knee had been causing him pain, and it reached the point where he could no longer ride without feeling as though his kneecap was grinding against bone.
He was diagnosed with patellofemoral pain syndrome, a relatively common condition among athletes. The cartilage in the knee thins and softens, creating painful rubbing in the joint.
Fields elected to have surgery in March 2011, a lateral release, which alleviated some of the pain but also knocked him off the track until midway through last season.
''I kind of had been dealing with it for a long time,'' he said. ''I couldn't handle it anymore, so I had the surgery to clean out the knee, put it back where it goes.''
Fields called the injury a blessing, because it allowed him to take a much-needed break from riding. He returned to make the main event at the world championships in Denmark, and showed he was back to form when he won the season-ending World Cup race in Chula Vista.
Not only did he win the final, he also posted the best mark in the time trial.
''He had a lot of potential coming into 2011, and then he had a knee injury that actually started at worlds back in July in 2010,'' King said. ''So we didn't get a chance to see who he was until July last year, and what we've seen has been pretty incredible.''
It's not just that Fields is winning finals. He's winning everything.
At the season-opener in Chula Vista, he had the fastest time in the time trial. He won his qualifying heat by besting a field of eight riders, and then won his quarterfinal and semifinal heats, before holding off Willoughby and American teammate David Herman in the final.
''Pretty impressive,'' said Mike Day, the reigning Olympic silver medalist. ''Confidence is everything in our sport, and he's on a really good roll right now.''
Fields still heard critics after his dominance in California, those BMX insiders who claimed that the young upstart couldn't win anywhere other than Chula Vista.
That made his performance last weekend in Norway all the more gratifying.
Fields had the fastest time trial, and again won his qualifying and quarterfinal heats to reach the semifinals. There he held off Willoughby to make the finals, and beat his Australian rival again to win his unprecedented third straight World Cup stop.
''We've had some consistent athletes, but for him to put together not just three wins, but three dominating wins - he's almost had three perfect events where he has not lost a single heat race or qualifier,'' King said. ''I know for a fact that nobody has ever done that before.''
Fields shrugged off the notion that he's peaking too early.
He said a plan developed by his coaches last August has been followed to the letter, and he expects to be riding his best when the Olympics roll around in August. He still believes he can rider better, which ought to send a ripple through the rest of the BMX world.
''To be honest,'' he said, ''I think I'm just getting started.''
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Home > Archives
KOTA KINABALU: As the threat of being caught looms over their head, many illegal immigrants in Sabah have started to desert their squatter homes to places they consider safe from the arms of the law.
Some of them from the city are making their way to Tawau or Sandakan, from where they hope to make their way home when the operations get hot.
Others just do not have any place to go, as they either have no money or their children are local-born.
Many of the immigrants, mostly Filipinos and Indonesians, have stopped working but are staying put to see what sort of action would be imposed when the massive crackdown starts tomorrow.
The Immigration department had declared that when it begins the nationwide hunt, no one would be spared.
Department enforcement director Datuk Ishak Mohamed had said on Saturday they would nab illegal workers and those who employ them when the enforcers start their raids.
An Indonesian worker said he and some others could not return to their country as they were waiting for their wages.
Without money we cannot go back home, said the man, whose work permit expires in two weeks.
Another Indonesian, a grass-cutter with a social visit pass, said he had sent back his family to Sulawesi but he was staying on until his visit pass expires.
Holding an IMM13 immigration pass issued to Filipino refugees in the 1970s, a Suluk street vendor said he and his family of six children were afraid that they might be detained if their documents were declared invalid.
My children were born here, but I only obtained this document (IMM13) a year ago, said the vendor who, like the others, preferred anonymity.
Filipinos and Indonesians make up the largest number of illegal immigrants in Sabah where they worked mainly in plantations and construction sites.
Their official registered figure was about 200,000 in the state but the unofficial estimate was many times more.
Asked whether the enforcement squads were well-prepared to round up the illegals, Sabah Rela director Asst Comm Abdul Mutalib Hashim said: We have moved into various areas. Our plan is carry out the operations in stages, when we have identified the areas housing the illegal immigrants.
Mutalib admitted that a full-scale operation against the illegals in Sabah was difficult because the state only had three detention centres.
Thats why we have to carry out the operations in phases, he said.
Neighbours heard cries of children being beaten
RM1mil reward offer for information on Dr M's alleged misdeeds
Body of child found buried in kitchen
'Wild' party ends for 51 at popular mall
Money down the drain
Man killed after car smashes into toll booth barrier
Copyright © 1995-2015 Star Media Group Berhad (ROC 10894D)(Formerly known as Star Publications (Malaysia) Berhad)


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Originally written on Pro Sports Daily | Last updated 11/13/14
A no-decision with very little run support? It could only be a Jake Peavy start for the Chicago White Sox. And very likely the last one he makes in that uniform. Peavy went eight innings Tuesday in Chicago's eventual 4-3, 12-inning loss to the Cleveland Indians, and he allowed three runs on three hits. Bigger picture? The free-agent-to-be showed this season that all the health concerns surrounding him were in the past, going 11-12 with a 3.37 ERA in 219 innings, which was a team high. It was also the most innings he's clocked since 2007, when he went 223 1/3. With Peavy likely headed elsewhere, the rotation will take on a very different look, with possibly four left-handers. Chris Sale is a staff ace, John Danks is expected back from season-ending shoulder surgery, Jose Quintana showed a lot in his rookie season, and Hector Santiago has put himself into position to be a leading candidate to start. Gavin Floyd, who also has a $9.5 million club option for next season, would be...
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2011 BEST Curator
Pieranna Cavalchini
Thanks to this easygoing contemporary-art curator, the Gardner has maintained one of the most vibrant artist-in-residence programs in the U.S. No doubt Cavalchini's close relationship with director Anne Hawley has also helped shape the museum's new Renzo Piano-designed digs, which will give the city one very hip theater-in-the-round.
Be respectful of our online community and contribute to an engaging conversation. We reserve the right to remove impersonators or personal attacks, threats, profanity, or flat-out offensive comments. By posting here, you are permitting Boston magazine and Metro Corp. to edit and republish your comment in all media.


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Superstitions a way of life for some Padres
At the end of the half-inning, the rookie walked up to Yoder and of his old habit said, "Sorry Luke. I'll never do that again."
Tejada's hand-claw gesture isn't a superstition but a way to share his success with teammates. Tejada also delivers the signal from the bench when a teammate gets a hit. He calls it "Spotlight."
"If somebody gets a big hit, I cannot run to second base and shake their hand," Tejada said. "The only thing I can do is give him 'The Spotlight.'"
As for Latos' leap, it's a baseball ritual to avoid stepping on the baselines. Latos, though, takes it to new heights, jumping from the grass in fair territory to the grass in foul territory, spinning his body sideways.
"If I'm going to go over the line," Latos said, "I might as well go completely over it."


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So Many Graphics: Epic Reveals Unreal Engine 4
Hey, you there. Yes, you! Do you have eyes? Do you enjoy looking at things? Well then, your precious peepers might've crossed paths with Epic's Unreal Engine ' for instance, in every game ever. Eyes, though, are perhaps the most treacherous of all face real estate tenants. They sight a new object of affection, cause your heart to palpitate and your mouth to transform into a sloppy stew of saliva, and then ' five minutes later ' it's all old hat. Fortunately, then, there are always new graphics, as Epic explainedâ?¦
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Philip Kingsley Elasticizer
85 reviews
84% would repurchase
Package Quality: 3.8
Price: $$$$
Package Quality: 3.8
Price: $$$$
INGREDIENTSAqua (Water), Ricinus Communis (Castor) Seed Oil, Glycerin, Propylene Glycol, Cetearyl Alcohol, Ethylhexyl Dimethyl PABA, Olea Europaea (Olive) Husk Oil, Cetylpyridinium Chloride, Amodimethicone, Diazolidinyl Urea, Hydrolyzed Elastin, Methylparaben, Cetrimonium Chloride, Trideceth-12, Propylparaben, Sodium Benzoate.
on 3/24/2008 7:57:00 AM
Age: 30-35
Skin: Combination, Olive, Not Sure
Hair: Black, Other, Other
Eyes: Brown
This stuff is absolutely amazing! Although it is supposed to be a pre-shampooing treatment, I use it after shampooing and before conditioning, I leave it on my hair for about 5 mins and afterwards my hair is silky soft and shiny (usually it is frizzy and unmanageable). The only downsides are the packaging (the pump stops working after a while) and the price - it is very expensive, although I would say the price is worth paying. Also dont try using it more than once a week, when I first bought it I loved it so much I used it everyday, but it didnt make any difference.
on 2/29/2008 3:14:00 AM
Age: 44-55
Skin: Combination, Fair-Medium, Not Sure
Hair: Blond, Other, Other
Eyes: Green
I have fine, colour-damaged blonde hair which has a delightful tendency to snarl up, break off, AND become oily quickly. Just lovely. The beauty of this stuff is that it sorts out the snarls and dryness from the damage I've done, but it doesn't turn my head into an oil-slick after use. I love it: I put it on once a week at night, cover with a shower cap, and rinse off the next morning. The only downside is the irritating packaging (a pump on a squat ungainly plastic bottle), which is not particularly effective or ergonomic. It's not cheap, either, but since it works so well and it lasts a long time, that's not really an issue.
on 2/26/2008 8:18:00 AM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Combination, Tan, Warm
Hair: Black, Wavy, Fine
Eyes: Brown
I was thinking of getting a Kerastase mask as I have a good experience with the Oleo Relax one, but having heard good things about this treatment, I purchased this instead. I am glad I did as this product is simply incredible! My hair is slightly fine, wavy, a bit frizzy, and often a little dry as well and this really works miracles on my hair. Now my hair is so incredibly soft, silky smooth and lighter. My waves are more defined and it helps with tangles as well. I bought a mini-kit which had this in it so I could try it before buying the full-size as it is quite pricey, but when I ran out, I went and bought the 500ml bottle as this has become an essential product.
on 1/18/2008 8:52:00 PM
Age: 25-29
Skin: Very Oily, Medium, Neutral
Hair: Brown, Other, Other
Eyes: Brown
It has worked wonders for my hair, which is permed yearly and ends up being a frizzed nightmare with split ends. But this hair mask is miraculous, I never ever trusted hair masks before having used various brands, but this one really works! One thing is that you've got to be consistent using it as the effect wears off within a week.
on 11/29/2007 2:54:00 PM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Oily, Fair, Not Sure
Hair: Brunette, Other, Other
Eyes: Blue
I was surprised to see such good reviews on this product. For me this made little difference to my hair. My hair doesn't feel soft after I use this nor in better condition. I achieve much better results with Aussie 3 minute miracle for a fraction of the price.
on 11/14/2007 12:04:00 PM
Age: 25-29
Skin: Acne-prone, Other, Not Sure
Hair: Black, Other, Other
Eyes: Black
This was very, very good. I tried this for the first time last night - I wet my hair, and sprayed my hair with Kerastase Vita Ciment Treatment first, and then layered this on. After it air-dried, I went to bed, and shampoosed/rinsed off this morning.
The result was VERY easily-detangled, very strong hair, maybe 3 strands of broken hair. Can't say it was as soft as Redken All Soft, or as shiny as a lot of the other products out there, but the anti-breakage and anti-frizz was incredible. Contrast this with a LOT (think handful) of broken strands if I just use the Kerastase Vita Ciment and Redken All Soft Treatment Spray.
My hair is very damaged from regular perming, and since it is very fine to begin with, it breaks *extremely* easily, and so I need both a anti-breakage and moisturizing treatment. I have tried many, many, many anti-breakage (protein, keratin) treatments, including Biolustre, Kerastase, and moisturiziing treatments including Redken All Soft, Biolage, Terax, L'Oreal Professional, and Kerastase Aqua Oleum. So, I was very skeptical when I tried the Elasticizer (particularly because I thought the Philip Kingsley Volumizing Shampoo s*cked), and particularly because, looking at the ingredients list (major ingredient is castor oil), I assumed it would be moisturizing at best, but I must say I was rather impressed at how well it performed even as an anti-breakage treatment. of course, it could partly be attributed to the Kerastase as well, but given that i've used that product before and still managed to get a handful of broken strands, I have to credit the bulk of the work to the Elasticizer. I will try it on its own one time and report back though. If it manages to do everything on its own, I would classify it as HG. Fingers crossed!
PS - Because of the castor oil content, I also apply some on my lashes at night, and find that there seems to be more lash growth (volume, not length). For this, there are small 20ml travel size packets, which is easier for detail applications like lashes. Try it!
Update: Have tried exactly the same process 3-4 more times since then. More breakage, but still remarkably less than if I had just used Kerastase Vita Ciment Spray in combination with any other product. Somehow, this has some strengthening properties as well as the moisturizing component. If anything, I think my hair is strong enough that most of the lost strands are coming from shedding (they have hair bulbs attached to the end) than breakage. Pretty good!!
2nd Update: After constant use of 6 months, I think my hair has gotten used to it as I can't seem to repeat the success of the first week - while soft, a lot of breakage. Have moved onto Kerastase Voile Nuit which seems to help with the breakage - impressively so. Will continue to use this for moisture.
on 9/1/2007 3:41:00 PM
Age: 30-35
Skin: Acne-prone, Dark, Not Sure
Hair: Black, Other, Other
Eyes: Brown
I posted this review also on Naturallycurly.com:
Okay so I tried it. My hair is the shiniest it has been in a while! I can't looking in the mirror and swishing my hair around. My ends are also defined today which is one of my hair goals. My ends have been driving me crazy. Very dry and undefined. I'm refusing to trim because I'm trying to grow and need to experiment with my hair products on this issue so I can achieve some length. I need to break that cycle.
This is a pre-shampoo hair mask and it wasn't exactly the most slippery conditioner I have ever used. I wondered if I wasted my money but the results I'm seeing now that it has dried is proof enough. I'll try it a few more times to make sure this isn't some fluke.
Ingredients: Aqua, Ricinus Communis (Castor oil) , Glycerine, Propylene Glycol, Cetearyl Alcohol, Ethyl Hexyl Dimethyl PABA, Olea Europea (Olive Oil), Cetearyl Alcohol, Cetylpryidinium Chloride, Hydrolysed Elastin, Amodiethicone, Trideceth-12, Cetrimonium Chloride, Propylene Glycol, Diazolidinyl Urea, Methyl Paraben, Propyl Paraben
on 8/8/2007 3:38:00 PM
Age: 36-43
Skin: Combination, Medium, Not Sure
Hair: Brunette, Other, Other
Eyes: Brown
What a WOW product...I have tried sooooooo many hair treatments in my life and am always skeptical about those that I haven't yet tried. The Elasticizer is rather pricey and I didn't want to like it because I figured that would obliterate my budget. But I used it last night, leaving it in for 20 minutes, then shampooed and conditioned and went to sleep. I woke up this morning with the softest, shiniest, healthy hair...and since my hair is very damaged at the ends, it's a miracle to see it looking so healthy...between this and Ojon Revitalizing Mist, I will be a poor woman, but boy, will my hair look fantastic!!
on 12/6/2006 7:38:00 AM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Combination, Fair, Not Sure
Hair: Blond, Other, Other
Eyes: Blue
this product is amazing. i have been dyeing and straightening my hair for seven years now. currenly i'm stripping the colour from mahogany (which was previously bleached and dyed red and before that was black) and going light blonde. my hair has taken quite a battering, especially in the last two years. it's quite long - though some of it has had to be cut off due to the bleaching.
the evening before i last went to the salon to get it bleached, i put elasticizer in my hair, put a shower cap on and left it for a couple of hours. after rinsing it out i noticed the difference - my hair was way more manageable. when the hairdresser bleached my hair the next day i was totally shocked to find that when she rinsed it out it wasn't at all tangled. usually it takes two hairdressers to comb it out after a bleaching like that. i can still notice the difference it's made after many washes, so no need to really use this product too often. i'd say once a month. my hair is still tangle free after i wash it. it's expensive, but considering it's a once a month treatment and what it does - it's worth it. it truly is a miracle worker!
on 8/20/2006 4:53:00 PM
Age: 36-43
Skin: Combination, Other, Not Sure
Hair: Brunette, Other, Other
Eyes: Hazel
Hair Holy Grail.
I tried this years ago and was kinda "Meh" about it. A few years of straightening, blowdrying and colouring down the line and I now think it works miracles!
My hair wasn't damaged before so I couldn't see a massive difference. Now it is - and I have seen such a change.
My hair is in noticeably gorgeous condition - people comment all the time on how "lucky" I am.
My hairdresser had suggested I should have about 4 inches cut off to make it easier to manage as the ends had "gone", but in its current fabulous state it's just not necessary. I had a tiny trim that's all.
I use it once a week. I use PK Body Building Shampoo & Conditioner, Ojon Serum, and an Ojon treatment once in a while as well. My hair is down to my bra band, highlighted and tinted.
Popular Hair Products


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1994 Chevrolet Corvette C4White60500 milesClean inside and outHeadlights motors rebuiltV8Cruise controlACLeather interiorAM FM radioPower windowsPower steeringTilt steeringUnit is located in Queens NY.Qualified buyers may... More
For Sale in our Chicago showroom is a 1994 Chevrolet Caprice unlike any other. If you are looking for something unique that is... More
1994 Chevrolet Corvette Race Car396 ci all forged LT14 engine with LS1 engine management sys and dry sump setup producing 523 hp460 ft-lb rear... More
SAME OWNER SINCE 1995. YOU WOULD BE HARD PRESSED TO FIND ANOTHER CAMARO THIS CLEAN THAT HAS BEEN DRIVEN. THIS CAR HAS BEEN WELL... More
JUST IN AND GREAT VALUE! THIS CAR HAS NOT BEEN DETAILED YET READY FOR SALE. LOTS OF PHOTOS COMING SOON. IF YOU WANT US... More
1994 Chevrolet Corvette Coupe for sale in our Indianapolis Showroom. This 94 Corvette is powered by a 5.7L LT1 350 cubic inch V8 engine... More
1994 Chevrolet Corvette VIN 1G1YY22P7R5119044 The previous owner of this beautiful Corvette was the third owner. He changed the wheels, mufflers, the exhaust tips... More
1994 Chevrolet Corvette ~ Removable Roof, Factory Red, Automatic Transmission, Low 81K Miles, ShowRoom Clean and Ready to Go, Air Conditioning & Power Options,... More
Chevy has been making pickup trucks since the '30s and when you make a gazillion of them, well that's no small amount of practice.... More
This 1994 Competition Yellow Convertible Corvette is for sale in our Louisville KY showroom. The C4 was the beginning of a new era for... More
JUST IN AND GREAT VALUE! THIS CAR HAS NOT BEEN DETAILED YET READY FOR SALE. LOTS OF PHOTOS COMING SOON. IF YOU WANT US... More
Up for consideration is this one owner, 1994 Chevrolet Camaro Z/28 Coupe. This vehicle features the Corvette sourced 350ci LT1 5.7L V8 producing 275hp... More
For sale is a 1994 Chevrolet B4C Special Service Camaro located in our Indianapolis showroom. The B4C Special Service option for the base Camaro... More
This 2 door hardtop sports a new 3.4 L dual overhead cam V6 engine with less than 100 miles on it! It also features... More


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NWSB Insider and Seattle Mariners blogger Brian Scott weighs in on DJ Peterson. Brian points out heading into spring of 2016, if they haven't already, the M's will have to decide between keeping Justin Smoak or Logan Morrison as D.J. Peterson is likely going to be given a legit shot to make the team out of spring training that spring.
The Next Big Bat? When Will The M's Take A Look At DJ Peterson?
Seattle Mariners' stretch drive for playoffs: Who's Hot, Who's Not?
NWSB Insider and Seattle Mariners Blogger Brian Scott takes a look at which Ms players are hot and which ones are struggling entering the late-season stretch with the playoffs in sight. Featured are: Brandon Mauer, Felix Hernandez, Robinson Cano, Kyle Seager, James Paxton, Chris Young, Dustin Ackley and more.
If You Aren't Excited About The 2014 Seattle Mariners Yet…
Brian Scott our Mariners blogger says he just don't get people. This is certainly a more exciting M's team than the 2007 team that collapsed in early August which is the closest the Mariners have been to the playoffs in more than a decade. Take a look at what's going on here. Mike Zunino, Robinson Cano, and Felix Hernandez are leading the comeback.
M's Skipper Lloyd McClendon mid-season report card
NWSB Insider and Seattle Mariners blogger Brian Scott weighs in at the halfway point of the 2014 MLB Season on M's skipper Lloyd McClendon. Brian thinks it's time we pay some attention to the skipper, the moves he's made and the other decisions that surround his role on the club and give him some praise and scrutiny where both are deserved.
Is the Seattle Mariners' Kyle Seager an All-Star?
NWSB Insider and Seattle Mariners blogger Brian Scott weighs in on the chances of Kyle Seager being a 2014 AL All Star. Robinson Cano has been in the top five in hitting numbers for some time and is certain to make the team. Felix Hernandez might be having the best season of his career and will make the team as well. Does the never vocal, Mariners 3rd baseman have a shot at this year's Summertime Classic?
The Seattle Mariners 2014 Mid-Season Report Card
NWSB Insider & Seattle Mariners blogger Brian Scott weighs in with his M's midseason grades. The Mariners have compiled 43 wins vs. 38 losses which puts them solidly in 3rd place in the AL West. Bright spot? M's bullpen. Led by a guy most people really didn't see coming in Dominic Leone. Leone has given up just eight earned runs all year in 29 appearances giving him a 2.18 ERA.
Cheeseburgers, Pizzas, And Candy Bars, Oh My!
Hello Seattle? Wooden Bats? Leather Gloves? Does That Ring A Bell?
NWSB Insider and Seattle Mariners Blogger Brian Scott writes a letter to M's fans pleading for everyone to show up to Safeco Field. In a recent stint against the New York Yankees, the team from the Pacific Northwest, saw its own fans cheer for the enemy. Robinson Cano has been the real deal, Kyle Seager has been whacking the ball around too and even some kid named Cole Gillespie has been raking it as of late. Plenty of reasons to cheer.
One Third Of The Seattle Mariners Season Is In The Books
One-Two Punch! Jones and Saunders Hitting It Hard
Seattle Mariners 2014, 3 Week Pitching Report
The Hits Just Keep On Coming The news on the pitching front continues to worsen for the Seattle Mariners who seem lost at sea in the midst of an eight game losing streak. Injuries, youth, defensive miscues, and flat out incompetence have all contributed to the mess the M's hurlers find themselves currently in. Let's […]


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Greetings Florida beer nerds! This Saturday (October 11, 2014) Old Soul Brewing will open its doors to the public for the first time from 12 to 11pm.
Saturday will be a day of fun, food and beer. The event encompass the street alongside the brewery (so you may want to bring a chair and possibly even sunscreen). The MOFOS food truck sell sumptuous bbq during the day and Doner Kebab King Karl will be slinging some incredible Turkish fare from 6 to 11pm. To really get things going the Naples based folk-rock band The Good Bad Kids will play from 6 to 10 pm.
Aside from the aforementioned food and fun this day is truly all about beer and here is Old Soul's starting lineup
Sweetness – This is a stout brewed with such a high quality chocolate that I am not sure I can mention here. Let's just say, the chocolate in this beer came from a very famous chocolatier in Southwest Florida… Chocolate aside, this beer is special, pure bitter dark chocolate in liquid form. I am not kidding, this beer is special. I suggest getting there early as I am certain it will sell out.
Chai How Are You – If you like Chai-tea, you will love this American Brown Ale.
Salty Walter – How many breweries roll out with a Gose from day one? This sour, salty masterpiece will keep you festive and hydrated during those hot Florida days!
Ol Hootie – Ol Hootie is a double IPA and a pretty darn good one at that!
Yellow Cake – This sessionable shandy tastes great all year!
On top of their hand crafted ales, there will be some other interesting drink options such as Woodchuck Private Reserve Pink cider, Victory Brewing Hop Devil Nitro IPA, Big Storm Brewing Co. Firestorm Black IPA and Fat Point Brewing Jimmy Hoppa Double IPA.
Old Soul Brewing is located at
10970 S Cleveland Ave Suite 402, Fort Myers, Florida


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I have an old database on MSDE which I need to replicate (one-time process) to a new MSSQL 2008 SQLExpress installation. What are my best options to replicate without involving messy sql scripting? I know there are some "layman can use" paid software out there such as dbconvert. I wouldn't want to use them as far as possible but will consider if there are no other alternatives. Thank you.
Take the 2-minute tour ×
Server Fault is a question and answer site for system and network administrators. It's 100% free, no registration required.
Doesn't sound like you need replication. Sounds like you need to restore your old database to the new MSSQL 2008 Express instance.
Right-click the database, select All Tasks -> Backup Database. Add a destination file (*.bak) and perform a Complete backup.
In SQL 2008 MS, right-click Databases and select Restore Database. Input a name for a new database and select the backup. After the restore operation is done, the database will be upgraded to SQL2008 automatically.
For more info on restore on 2008 check this MSDN article, for backup and restore operations on SQL 2000 check this TechNet article
Look at


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Problems Configuring 5950-Ultra for Multi-Display
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Registered User
Join Date: May 2004
Posts: 1
Problems Configuring 5950-Ultra for Multi-Display
I have been having a bit of a problem trying to configure my Nvidia Geforce 5950-Ultra for utilizing two monitors under linux.
I am running a custom build Intel P4EE 3.2GHz system, 2GB DDR400, and SuSE 9.1 Professional. I utilize two AG Neovo E-17A displays, although they do not appear to be detected under YaST, SaX2 or under the hardware browser when attempting to configure a multi-screen display.
The message that I receive when I try to do so is as follows...
Multihead Display Not Possible: Your system does not provide more than one graphics device. More are required to set up a multihead configuration.
I am running the Nvidia 1.0.5336 Driver, and can utilize all other functions of the card and driver, including the 3D support.
Does the 5950-Ultra not provide multi-display support under linux?
If this is not the case, how would one go about solving this problem?
Thank you for your assistance,
Tyson Edwards
View Public Profile
Find More Posts by projectle


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The Child Protection Plan
The Child Protection Plan outlines what needs to happen to reduce the risk of harm to your child. It gives an opportunity for you to work in partnership with professionals to make things better for you and your family.
If your child has a Child Protection Plan, it does not mean that it will stay in place forever. A review conference will be held in about three months to consider whether your child's Child Protection Plan should stay in place. If the decision is that it should, then another review conference is held in about 6 months time.
Once it is felt your child is no longer at risk of significant harm, the Child Protection Plan will end.
Frequently asked questions:
Can my children be taken away because they have a Child Protection Plan?
No. The conference cannot decide that a child should no longer live at home. Social Workers cannot remove a child from home simply because the child has a Child Protection Plan.
Children's Social Care may apply to the court if they believe that it is no longer safe for your child to live at home.
Do families have to have a social worker? Children's Social Care will arrange for a Social Worker, known as the "key worker", to visit you regularly. They will also be responsible for keeping in touch with other professional workers involved with you.
The Social Worker will collect information to help everyone involved understand your situation, so it is in your interest to work closely with them. Can I appeal against a decision to make my child subject to a Child Protection Plan? If you are not satisfied that the decision was reached in a fair way you should discuss this with your Social Worker or contact the Children's Services Complaints Manager, who will tell you about the complaints procedure and will help you to use it.
<<Return to 'Information for Parents & Carers' page


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Spanish Delight
12 Feb 2010
|Cinnamon stick
|Ground nutmeg
|1⁄4 Teaspoon
|Ground cloves
|1 Dash
|Ground ginger
|1 Dash
|2 Cup (32 tbs)
|Unflavored gelatin
|1 Tablespoon (1 Envelope)
|Chocolate chips
|1⁄2 Cup (8 tbs)
|Granulated sugar replacement
|3 Teaspoon
Combine cinnamon stick, nutmeg, cloves and ginger with water in saucepan.
Bring to a boil, reduce heat and simmer for 5 minutes.
Remove from heat.
Remove cinnamon stick.
Add unflavored gelatin, chocolate chips and sugar replacement.
Stir to dissolve completely.
Refrigerate until completely set.
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Spanish Delight Recipe


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Stay Korea
Real Reviews
Real reviews from fellow travellers
These are trusted reviews from guests who have actually stayed here. We hope you find them helpful.
Note: we only give a property a rating once it has received a minimum of 3 reviews.
- Page:1/1
- " Free breakfast, amazing location, and the staff here have become my family away from home. Everything is well maintained and the whole place gives off a friendly atmosphere. I Love Stay Korea "
- 20 Mar 2012 Tommi Canada