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What Happens If I Click on This?': Experiences of the Archives Hub
For online services, the importance of developing user-friendly and accessible Web sites is of paramount importance. This article is about user testing recently carried out by the Archives Hub [1], an online service run by Mimas [2], which is a national data centre that provides access to a whole range of online services for research, learning and teaching.
The Archives Hub is a JISC-funded service that provides a gateway to search descriptions of archives for education and research, enabling researchers to discover unique archival sources held in repositories across the country. One of our challenges is to create a site that primarily meets the needs of academic researchers but also works well for a whole range of users, from experienced researchers to family historians who may not be so familiar with using online services. But describing archive collections in an online environment in a way that is both immediate and informative presents substantial challenges. An archive usually consists of a whole range of records, accumulated over the course of an individual's lifetime or during the day-to-day running of a business or organisation [3]. Records are often interrelated in complex ways, forming hierarchies that reflect the creation and use of records over time. But there can be a tendency to assume that archival structure and hierarchy are self-evident. Conveying this structure to a user, especially one who is not an experienced user of archives, is not easy to do. It is therefore important to understand how users react to the presentation of information on the Archives Hub, and whether the layout, design and terminology help to clarify to users what they are seeing. In addition, it is all too easy to design a Web site and build in functionality based upon perceived ideas about users, rather than engaging users directly.
This usability testing was carried out prior to a planned redesign of the Archives Hub Web site, and therefore we wanted to get valuable feedback that would help to inform any changes that we might make. It was intended to be fairly small-scale and low-budget, and focused on our core academic users. Rather than engage external consultants, we particularly wanted to have direct contact with users, or potential users, in order to gain a better understanding of their perspective and how they viewed the Archives Hub. We could bring to the process our detailed knowledge of the service and experiences that we have had with users over time, and we could also carefully control the focus of the sessions.
Creating a Questionnaire
We decided to create a questionnaire that we would use to interview each participant. This would bring some level of consistency and help to provide focus. At the same time, we intended to ask fairly open-ended questions to encourage participants to give us their own thoughts in their own words. We felt that this would yield reasonably structured data, but that it would essentially be qualitative than quantitative. At several points during the sessions, we asked participants about their impressions of the page display, and we tended to ask follow-up questions designed to allow them a free and discursive response. We also asked a number of more specific questions, particularly about terminology used and the layout and content of the actual descriptions.
A questionnaire does introduce a certain level of artificiality, not least because we asked all participants to look at the same descriptions, which we deliberately picked as being fairly typical of the average Hub description. This meant they would not be using the service in a way that reflected their research interests and therefore it might make the service seem less relevant to them. However, if we asked them to enter a search term randomly they may come to atypical descriptions which might lead off into unforeseen tangents and it might be difficult to stick to the questions that we wanted to ask.
The Sessions
We had ten participants involved in the user testing sessions. Five were academics from various disciplines, one was a research associate, one was a first-year student, one had just completed her degree and two were PhD students. This article provides the text of some of their answers pretty much verbatim, though with some editing for the sake of clarity.
The first question that we asked participants was about their understanding of the term 'archives'. This is the sort of question that may easily be overlooked, but it is clearly central to the use of the Hub and it yielded some interesting responses. The Archives Hub Web site essentially assumes that people understand this term: our tag line describes the site as providing 'a national gateway to descriptions of archives'.
Question: What do you understand by the term 'archives'?
- 'Records produced in the course of somebody's business or occupation. Also family archives - maybe more related to land.'
- 'A collection of material - traditionally quite old stuff. It's quite a loose term - can be quite broad types of stuff.'
- 'Historical stuff – things that have happened in the past. Archives are broad – maybe documents, photos, etc.'
- 'Things like census records, marriage records, birth certificates, marriage certificates, chapel records…information in its original format. I'm not sure whether journal articles are included.'
- 'A collection of information relating to a particular institution or set of institutions. I'd group in anything to do with the life or workings of that institution.'
- 'An archive might be something that is referred to in one of the indexes of one of the books that I'm studying.'
- 'A repository of documents and materials - not always accessible to the researcher! Also, it can mean the physical building.'
- 'Using original reference materials, journal articles, things like that. Original work or research that was done in the past.'
- 'Stores of information.'
- 'I would assume that an archive is a collection of published books, papers or literature from previous years. A database of old stuff.'
There was a general feeling that archives are usually old or historical stuff, and reference was also made to an archive as a store or repository. Some responses were determined by individual experiences: the participant who was involved in family history research talked about census records and marriage records, and the participant who had been working on an oral history project relating to people living in institutions referred to the life and workings of institutions. Overall, there was a general understanding that archives may consist of a broad range of types of sources and that they are usually historical rather than current. But it was clear that some participants did not entirely appreciate the distinction between published and unpublished sources, between archives, monographs and articles. The term 'archive' is increasingly being used in diverse ways, not least with the rise of digital information and issues surrounding the long-term access and preservation of a whole range of digital materials. An e-prints repository will often be described as a repository of archives, so it is little wonder that people are increasingly thinking of journal articles as archives. Therefore, the onus must be on us to clarify what archives are in the context of the Archives Hub service.
When we asked about using archives for their research, some participants continued to group published sources together with archive sources. Seven of the participants did use a range of primary source materials to varying degrees: one had a particularly detailed knowledge of older archive sources, having worked with Anglo-Saxon charters, one had experience of using archives in Russia, and another participant was familiar with family history sources.
There was not a great deal of common ground in the way that people search for archive sources, and it very much depends upon their experience, general knowledge of archives and type of research. A number of our participants referred to making direct contact with relevant people or organisations as a preferred option and two of our participants referred to phoning round appropriate bodies; for example, contacting theatre companies (for performance history research). One participant referred to building up bookmarked favourites through following Web links, references in journal articles and generally serendipitous searching. For one researcher, whose work focuses on local history, the main approach is to contact the appropriate local record office. Some participants did refer to online sources: the participant with an interest in family history talked about Web sites such as ancestry.com, and a participant working on the literature and history of the 1640s and 1650s referred to The National Archives [4] and British Library Catalogue [5] as well as various dictionaries and guides. We did ask whether participants were confident using online services generally: five were positively confident, three were fairly confident and two were not really confident. Not surprisingly, those who were most confident had used the greatest variety of online resources.
Most participants did not mention any kind of cross-searching networks - only one mentioned the Archives Hub as a service that they had previously used.
First Impressions
One of our key aims was to get immediate reactions to the Archives Hub home page. Whilst it is true that people increasingly access services like the Hub from different locations, the home page is still 'the most desirable real estate' [6] of the site. It should clearly convey the identity and mission of the site as well as what it has to offer, where to start and what the search options are. It should also create a good impression visually, so that it engages people's attention. There is a difficult balance to strike here. The site needs to sell itself well enough to entice visitors into trying out a search, but too much content can clutter the page and people will not read, and may be put off by, substantial amounts of text. The Hub includes a 'Collections of the Month' feature, highlighting collections by featuring a new subject each month. The two subjects covered during the time our sessions took place were Stanley Kubrick, the film director, and British Women's Emigration.
Question: How would you describe what this site is, and what it is for, from looking at the home page?
- 'Initially I can't see what it is for, but I can see a search box so this makes me want to look at what I can search for. 'Gateway to descriptions of archives'?...I think that it is going to give resources from universities and colleges in the UK. I'm not quite sure what kind of resources, so I would just start clicking on the links on the left to see what's there.'
- 'Is this a Manchester University Web site?...No, it looks like it's UK-wide. The front page doesn't say much [in terms of defining the content]. [The participant did read the tag line, but only after we prompted her to think about what the site was for, and it did then seem clear to her, but this text did not jump out initially].'
- 'You can search the sorts of archives held at various universities and colleges in the UK.'
- 'A database…I think the bit about Stanley Kubrick implies that it is more like an encyclopaedia. Looking at the indexes [search options] suggests that it's a database for information, but from this it could be an encyclopaedia as well. It says "revolutionising access to the archives" but it's a bit vague as to what exactly this means.'
- 'It looks like it's an umbrella site to give access to archives within UK HEI's. The one term I would find slightly problematic would be 'descriptions'. Whether it's a service that lets me know that archives are in UK institutions, or whether it's a service that describes the holdings of those archives…?'
- 'Nice uncomplicated site. What might I be searching for? Why would I access this site? I wouldn't use it unless I knew exactly what I was looking for. Emigration is very interesting for me, but British women's emigration is too specific for me.' [The participant thought that the feature on the home page represented the content of the site, i.e. that the site was about British women's emigration.]
- 'Descriptions of archives held in universities and colleges in the UK [the participant immediately looked at the tag line and felt that this was a real help as it spelt out what the site is, which she felt that some sites do not do]. I want to know how to get to things quickly so prompts are really useful - common terms are used - search, browse - I think I can get to what I want quite quickly. It is very general in terms of content - I might need to use it in order to get a feeling for what it has.'
- 'I suppose we've got a subject finder there, which tells me it's for any sort of subject. If I had a dissertation title or essay title then I would type it into here and use it to find primary reference sources. I don't know…I suppose it's a sort of general reference database where you can find out a bit more about your dissertation subject, so you get a different perspective. I'm not entirely sure to be honest.'
- 'It seems self-explanatory – the tag line gives a clear description that it is a site to search for archive sources in HE and FE.' [Higher and Further Education]
- 'A general site for loads of sources that have been archived, mainly for students. I get the impression that I can search for a broad range of topics. Maybe it's difficult if you are looking for something specific - you might want more information on the home page about types of sources you might find.'
The answers given to this question were quite diverse: a good illustration of how people look at the same Web site in different ways. Half of the participants did seem clear about what the site is for, although there was some feeling that understanding of what the site is can only really come from trying out some searches. Two of the participants were misled by the 'Collections of the Month' feature, which illustrates the natural tendency people have to scan a page quickly and make assumptions. It was interesting that several participants did not read the tag line; 'Providing access to archives in UK universities and colleges', even when specifically asked what the site is for (whilst a couple of participants seemed suspicious of what they thought was such an obvious question!). We were left wondering how we can effectively convey what the site is for when people so often do not read the text, not even one short line that defines the content.
We went on to ask participants 'what do you think you will find if you carry out a search?' There was a general feeling that there would be a broad range of material, although a few participants still focused on the Collections of the Month feature. Two participants seemed to be thinking in terms of typical University administration records (minutes of meetings, conference records, staff records), whilst another was not confident that universities and colleges would actually hold archives. On the whole, participants were uncertain what they would find, but there was no indication that this deterred them from using the site. The impression was that they would simply try a search and find out.
The Archives Hub is primarily for the education and research community, but at the same time, we want to attract a broad range of users, and we wanted to find out from the participants whether they thought that the site was of general interest or whether it looked quite specialised.
Question: Do you have any thoughts about who you think the site is aimed at?
- 'University students, post-sixth form, or adults – quite a wide audience.
- Aimed at academic researchers and maybe their partners in research work.
- Mostly researchers. It doesn't seem like a general public thing. Maybe students but not so likely to be undergraduates.'
- 'Historians and education professionals, teachers, administrators, people doing research into the education system.'
- 'Specifically at academics and researchers, but also an amateur audience, a non-specialised audience and a professional audience, so archivists and librarians.
- Historian colleagues, schools, projects etc.'
- 'It's not a fancy design. You're not likely to linger on the home page unless you do think you are likely to find something relevant in a university archive. Probably you'd go to it with a bit of knowledge [of archives].'
- 'I'm pretty fuzzy about what archives are, so really not sure how to answer this, but as you have a browse and a subject finder, I suppose pretty much anyone. But from a scientific perspective, if you were doing a dissertation…we need stuff that has been published like journals etc., so I see this more for maybe arts students, language, women's studies, social science maybe?'
- 'A broad type of user – some universities hold family records, some on education or other subjects.' [Participant also said they may hold materials people might not expect.]
- 'History students? Maybe academic staff.'
Four participants thought the site is aimed at academics/researchers. Most did refer to academics, students and then possibly broader users as well. The answers given generally do reflect our intention that the site has a general appeal, but with an academic and researcher bias.
We ended this general section by asking them if they had any further thoughts about the site.
Question: Can you tell me anything more about your initial impressions of the site?
- 'Initially, I think it's quite a small home page; there isn't a lot of information about what the site is about…you could have a section detailing what types of things are in the site. Someone coming from my background wouldn't know what to search for so I would have to think of something random to search for and see what came up. It isn't really clear to me to what a gateway is - it says 'a national gateway to descriptions' - I'm not really sure what this would be.'
- 'It doesn't jump out [visually] and is not that exciting. The colour is quite muted. Maybe it's not that obvious what it is.'
- 'It might be useful to be more explicit on what the site does' [although the participant found it clear herself].
- 'Nothing that I particularly dislike, on first impressions. The layout seems pretty self-explanatory - that is without using it, though some sites can look pretty neat and then you use it and... The way the menu is laid out, it looks pretty logical and straightforward.'
- 'It looks like a working Web site, it's not a particular flashy interface, not a great deal going on, there is an image but it's quite small, muted colours. This is about getting information rather than presentation. Not that I'm saying it's presented in a particularly bad way but that's not the first thing that hits you.'
- 'It's quite spare compared with some sites. It's quite nice that it is fairly straightforward. The font is nice and clear and blue on white is good visually.'
- 'The screen is a bit crowded – the footer takes up quite a lot of room – maybe too many links to external sites.'
- 'Definitely I would use it if came across it. But if I found it in a search I may not use it - I wouldn't know exactly what I would find.'
These reactions suggest that the Archives Hub home page needs to be more explicit about what people will find when they search, and they also show that reaction to design is always a very individual thing - we had a few participants who praised the simplicity and the colours used on the Web site and a few who wanted more complexity and a more vibrant design.
Summary of Findings
I do not have the space here to provide a detailed analysis of the whole questionnaire [7], so instead I will sum-up by listing a number of observations and recommendations that we took from the study.
Provide a Site that Meets Expectations
When we asked participants about the search options available, including the advanced search, there was a strong consensus that the options were what they expected: 'A good list of options here. It's the kind of thing we're used to'. The sessions certainly confirmed our assumption that a prominent and simple quick search box is an essential feature of the home page. Seven out of the ten participants said that the first thing they would do would be to use the quick search, two thought they might use the browse option and one did actually say that he would use the 'About the Hub' option to find out more about the service.
The collection description also generally met expectations, or participants said that they did not really have any expectations against which to measure it. Overall, there were a number of references to things on the site being as they would expect, and therefore being reasonably familiar and intuitive to use.
Clarify the Content
We asked several questions about the content available via the Archives Hub, and each question drew different responses, clearly showing a degree of uncertainty. When we asked what would be displayed when participants ran a search, the answers given showed that people did not really know what to expect. Maybe asking a question like this is a little artificial in that people do not typically think that carefully about what they will see beforehand, but the fact that participants referred to articles, pictures, newspapers, museum archives, exhibitions and William Wilberforce (the search was for anti-slavery) does suggest that the Hub needs to be more explicit about the type of content users will find.
Clarify What is Excluded as Well as What Is Included
When looking at the hit list for a search, one participant questioned how comprehensive the list was: 'Is this everything to do with this subject?' A couple of other participants assumed the list was a comprehensive list of archive sources. This, of course, is always a difficult issue because we want to promote the Hub as an effective service for locating archive sources, particularly those held in university and college archives, but that does not mean that we describe all of the archives on a particular subject. The challenge is to find a way to describe the content accurately, and ensure that users are aware that there may be other valuable sources relating to their research area.
Use Clear Terminology
We were very keen to focus on terminology in this study, as we were aware that some terms are archival, with headings often taken from the International Standard for Archive Repositories, ISAD(G) [8], which provides guidance on standard elements of description, although it does not recommend headings to use for user interfaces.
Amongst those terms questioned were 'unpublished handlist', 'access points', 'related units of description', 'item-level', 'level of description' and 'fonds'. 'Item-level' is a very commonly used term to distinguish individual items within a collection, as opposed to a whole collection or a series of items within a collection. Five participants said it did not mean anything to them, two said it was to do with searching for something specific, one said it was to do with only matching a keyword as opposed to every word in text and one thought it would provide some kind of fuller explanation. The participant who had used the Hub before did understand the term in the archival sense. It is not surprising that there was a lack of understanding, although how to refer to items within an archival hierarchy in a way that the majority of people can understand is certainly a challenge.
A term that was almost universally unknown was 'fonds', which is archival terminology for a collection of material accumulated by one individual, family or organisation. In a user study by Duff and Stoyanova [9], several respondents thought that 'fonds' was part of the name of the record creator, as the collection they were assessing was labelled 'Margaret Laurence Fonds'. Archivists have tended to carry the term from the professional sphere, where it is useful, into the public sphere, where it simply causes confusion.
The term 'access points' also caused some confusion: ' What do the access points lead to...maybe to another source or to separate items or general searches?', ' I'm not sure about the meaning of Access Points – are they links to other subjects?'
Access Points are, in fact, index terms such as names and subjects that become hypertext links within descriptions, and they lead to a browsing list where users can find other descriptions that use the same index terms. There was a general impression that Access Points would lead to more resources of some kind relating to these subjects: some participants felt that the links might go to external Web sites, others thought that they might relate to the current collection. Whilst it does seem worth rethinking this terminology, when asked whether they would click on the links, all participants said that they would. So the impression was that as long as it was clear that they were links to other related resources of some kind, people would be happy just to click and see what they got. In fact, whilst it would certainly be preferable to simplify some terminology, we did find that participants tended to accept that there was some language that was not clear to them and as long as it didn't impede searching then they simply ignored it, or assumed its meaning from the context. The only problem with this is that they might therefore make false assumptions that would lead them to misinterpret what they were seeing.
You Cannot Please All of the People All of the Time
Inevitably, there were differences of opinion during the sessions, in particular about the design of the site, which some people praised and others criticised. Participants disagreed on some of the content of the descriptions, such as how useful the biographical information was and whether it would be better to have it further down the order, with the scope and content nearer the top. Two participants were happy that the description was not too long, so that it was reasonably easy to scan through, one thought that maybe there was too much information all at once, whilst one wanted as much information as possible. In general, the feeling seemed to be that the description was about right in terms of length and content. This particular description was about average in terms of what is on the Hub - many of the descriptions are much longer.
People Are Not the Same: Except over the Back Button
Running this questionnaire gave us a chance to find out, at least as far as you can with a small sample of people, how people commonly use the 'Back' button to navigate through Web sites such as the Hub. Breaking the Back button was one of Jakob Nielsen's top 10 Web design mistakes back in 1999 [10]. In fact, all participants without exception said that they would use the Back button when asked how they would return to their results set, so the rule certainly still held for our sample of users.
Are Features a Help or Hindrance?
This particular point is illustrated by the use of relevance ranking to order the results lists on the Hub. We found that participants focused on this when they were looking at the results of a subject search for railways, and were generally puzzled by it:
- 'I'm not sure about the relevance…why are some more relevant? Railway engineering is only 2% relevant, so the percentages don't seem right...'
- 'How does relevance work? I'm not sure why many of them are at 4%.'
- 'It's what I expected – a list results based on how similar they are to your search. It's rated them on relevance. I quite like it although the ratings are a bit weird.'
- 'Relevancy is useful but how is it worked out? Yes, I like the ranking idea… I suppose the higher relevance would be more important?'
Clearly, the relevance rankings confused several of the participants; yet at the same time, many of them liked the idea of ranking results in order of importance. The algorithm responsible for ranking results on the Hub looks at the frequency that a word occurs in different descriptions and then looks at other subject terms within that description. Whilst this may produce accurate relevancy rankings in a strictly technical way, it doesn't necessarily reflect human perceptions of relevance between subjects.
Users Learn by Using the Site Rather Than Reading the Text
Our findings reinforced this generally accepted user characteristic. Participants often paused when looking at a new page, questioned some aspects of it, and then quite quickly worked many things out for themselves. They asked questions about what this or that is for, or what this term or that term means, but often they answered their own questions after a short pause for reflection:
- 'I'm still no closer to knowing whether if you go to this archive you will find these papers, or whether there is more information about it, or even what this search entails. Oh, I see there is more stuff on the right. I see…it's going to point me in the direction of a set of papers, rather than give me any information in any depth on those papers.'
- 'I'm a bit confused about the 'chosen records appear'…oh I see – I click on the record and it will appear here…can I click on it?'
- 'First of all, this underlined thing [Reference and contact details] - I don't know what it means - can I click on it? Oh ok, this must be where the archive is held and this is the code number. What happens when I click on Back? Oh right – it's still there – I thought it would be wiped out. That's quite handy.'
The browse list probably caused the most confusion, particularly linking to it from the access points: ' I'm not sure why some stuff is there - it doesn't seem relevant to anti-slavery as a subject.'; 'I was expecting to be taken to another Web site…so I think these are keywords? I'm not sure to be honest…'. Clearly some of the participants expected the display to be related to the subject that they had clicked on (anti-slavery) and were thrown by the other terms that were being listed. However, even when their expectations were not met, participants seemed to re-orientate themselves quickly to what they were seeing, and accepted the list to be some kind of keyword or category list for material about different subjects.
After looking at a collection description, we asked participants about a longer and more complex description that included a table of contents. The impression was that even in the short time they had been looking at the site they felt more confident about what they were looking at, and were more inclined to analyse the description, offering suggestions for improvement:
- 'It seems to have all the relevant information that you might need.'
- 'OK, so it's just files of letters. It is clear and useful.'
- 'The descriptions are quite clear and give a lot of information about how it was sourced and the background of the letters.'
- 'You could make it available as an electronic document, that might be good.'
- 'Should Custodial History come before Scope and Content? Saying that there are no finding aids is not that useful [i.e. the Finding Aids section simply says 'None'] – maybe it should specify this means finding aids elsewhere. It's quite a long bibliography – you could have a link instead.'
The overall impression was that participants were gradually orientating themselves and working out what they could see in front of them. They were thinking aloud and adjusting their view of what they were seeing as they absorbed the information. It may be that academic users are more likely to exhibit this behaviour, although a study by Wendy Schier also noted a similar finding with novice users of archive Web sites, who, she noted, tend to go through a fairly rapid process of self-education; once they understand the structure the process becomes fairly straightforward [11].
Last Impressions
The last section of the questionnaire asked participants to sum up what they felt about the site, and here some participants explicitly stated that even if some aspects of the site were not clear, this would not be a barrier to use, and it is fine for there to be some level of learning process involved.
Question: Having looked at the site, what is your overall impression of it?
- 'It's a really useful site. It might be helpful to have some experience of archives beforehand maybe. But if you're used to using Web sites it wouldn't take too long to work it out. Even if you don't understand some things it wouldn't stop you from using it.'
- 'It does what it says on the tin, a good starting point. It tells you where the stuff is that you might be looking for so it's good if you don't know where to start. It follows the standard logic of most electronic resources. Even if some terminology is not immediately familiar it doesn't take long to work it out - it makes sense if you think about it.'
- 'It seems pretty simple and easy to navigate. The way search results come up could be improved.'
- 'I like it. It does vary - there are different levels of detail, but this is what you might expect. Until you are more familiar with it you might think that it will show you the actual archive material - many sites do do this, which raises expectations. You have to realise that this is not going to be the case with the Hub. But it is useful to know where things are - it used to be so difficult to find archives across the country.'
- 'It is a good Web site on the whole. I like the subject finder. I'm pleasantly surprised by it.'
- 'It's very interesting and useful.'
- 'I like it, apart from some terms I didn't understand. It's a nice resource for someone like me to use if there are some general areas that I need to look up. I wouldn't be too sure how specific things were, so I would be tempted to use other Web sites as well.'
We asked whether anything could be added to the site to encourage participants to use it, and four of them said that they would be happy to use it as it is. One referred to links to things like the Dictionary of National Biography, one referred to the ability to save searches and one summed up the difficulties of not being aware of the content coverage:
- 'Make it clearer what kind of topics or collections are available and in how much detail - I wouldn't have thought I could look for so many different topics on the same Web site. I would like to know [the breadth of content] because if I did a search and got something but not something else I would like to know why - I would like to know what it covers, or what it doesn't cover.'
Only one person, in response to this question, referred to links to digital resources (digital surrogates of archives). When we asked whether participants would have expected links to digital content, five of them said that they wouldn't expect this, which is an interesting result because we do tend to always assume that users expect instant access to digital content. The impression we got from talking to the participants of this study was that researchers, particularly the more experienced researchers, understand that this is not easy to achieve. However, one participant did come up with a compromise:
- 'I would expect this - maybe an example - just one picture of the sort of thing you are going to find. It helps you to imagine what the collection is.'
This is, in fact, something we are planning to introduce into the Hub over the next year.
Whilst numerous studies point to the fact that users will give up on Web sites if they do not find what they are looking for relatively quickly, our study rather emphasised the self-learning behaviour of the participants, and many of them suggested that they would be keen to browse around the site and just see what they could find. It may be that when seeking primary source material to support research, users are prepared to spend longer, as the search is part of the research process and researchers will want to ensure that they locate as many relevant sources as possible. It may also be the case that a user may spend 20 minutes happily browsing through the Hub's collections even though they have not found what they were looking for, and often users will be performing open-ended searches anyway, where they do not have a specific aim in mind. Certainly, people have very different perspectives and it is not easy to accurately predict what people are going to think and how they are going to behave; but we found a real tendency for people to want to just click and find out what they got, without thinking much about it beforehand. We found that our participants wanted to learn about the site through exploration rather than reading text. They were happy to explore and learn as they went along, as long as they found the content worth exploring.
- Archives Hub http://www.archiveshub.ac.uk/
- Mimas National Data Centre http://www.mimas.ac.uk
- Wikipedia: Archives (accessed September 2008) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archive
- The National Archives http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk
- The British Library Integrated Catalogue, http://catalogue.bl.uk/F/?func=file&file_name=login-bl-list
- Don't Make Me Think, Steve Krug, Macmillan Computer, August 2005, ISBN-13: 9780321344755
- The full text can be requested by emailing me: firstname.lastname@example.com
- International Council on Archives, International Standard Archival Description (General) http://www.ica.org/en/node/30000
- W. Duff and P. Stoyanova, Transforming the Crazy Quilt: Archival Displays from the Users' Point of View, Archivaria 45.
- Jakob Nielsen, The Top Ten Web Design Mistakes of 1999, Jakob Nielsen's Alertbox, 30 May, 1999 http://www.useit.com/alertbox/990530.html
- Wendy Schier, Report on a Qualitative Exploratory Study of Novice User Experience with Online Finding Aids, Journal of Archival Organization, 2005, 3/4.
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How to cite this article
|Jane Stevenson. "What Happens If I Click on This?': Experiences of the Archives Hub". October 2008, Ariadne Issue 57 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue57/stevenson/


text:
National award winning Shahid director Hansal Mehta is all set to make a film on a gay character's journey from self-denial to social ostracism.
Interestingly, the story came to Hansal through the Internet. "It's a story that was mailed to me by a girl called Ishani Banerji. It just blew my mind. I have to tell this story because marginalised people in our society always interest me," confesses the director whose next release Citylights is about a migrant couple's self-effacing anonymity in Mumbai.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
PlayStation 3
This is a split board - You can return to the Split List for other boards.
PS4 - I am not Upgrading to 4K TV
I'll wait for OVER 9000 K.
PSN: toadieman
This guy is all ass backwards, he thinks just because a system has HD that he is forced to buy it, then goes on to say he's forced to buy one every Gen.
Well PS2 had HD games which means he would have had to buy one then... which also means he wouldn't have had to buy one for PS3... ergo skipping a generation...
Trolls are just getting lazier and lazier....
whatnow12012 posted...
I am so sick & tired of every generation I am forced to upgrade to a new Gen of TV now with 4K I dont think so if My 32 Inch 1080p Widsescreen using an HDMI isnt good enough for PS4 then they can stick PS4 where the sun dosent shine.
Well there you go. Don't upgrade till 6 years after they came out like you did with HDTVs. It's like people who just bought a PS3 complaining that the PS4 is already coming out. Nobody is forcing you and why don't you just wait to get the new product like you did with the current one.
Garfield64 posted...
the OLED jump is bigger then the 4k jump in visual quality.
Actually 4K makes the need for anti-aliasing moot, which is pretty big.
PSN: s1l3nt_x_cha0s GT: xziT4L3NTZx
*slips of cliff*
Every generation?
I think PS3 gen was the only time you ever needed to upgrade your TV to maximize its potential graphics.
PS4 won't be playing 4k games unless its something like an ios port. Expect 1080p though.
PS+ has paid it's self for me. So from here on out I will refer to any new games as free.
From: Shineboxer | #003
From: keybladeXIII | #002HD to 4K is not going to be as big as a jump as SD to HD.
On paper, sure.
I think what he means is that it's not as big a jump in terms of our perception of the image. Jumping from 480p to 1080p as most people did, there was an enormous difference in the way it looked to the human eye. Jumping from 1080p to 2160p, it will look a bit nicer, but visually it won't be the same night and day difference as 480 to 1080. Basically, there are diminishing returns based on how we perceive.
"Whether you think you can, or you think you can't, you're right." -Henry Ford
Then it's a good thing 4k isn't practical in a home theater environment.
The inherent idiocy of youth often outweighs its many advantages.
Unless Sony expects you to spend 2000 bucks on the PS4 you aren't going to see any true 4K games anyway. Besides, the average gamer won't be able to reap the benefits of a 4K tv given the average tv size and viewing distance to begin with. Even 1080p is probably overkill unless you are sitting directly in front of a computer monitor.
"When I became a man I put away childish things, including the fear of childishness and the desire to be very grown up. -C.S. Lewis
Wow, and I was finally about to upgrade to a 720p TV. Man, I am behind on the times. Oh well! This just means that the TV I want will surely drop price at some point. I hope.
Well, Courtney Gears didn't seem to mind.
88 Fingers Louie were a hardcore punk band. 88 Fingers Eddward was a nickname on Ed Edd'nEddy. Pretty cool reference.
sorry .if I sound dumb here .but what do you really get with a 4k tv .lets also say to this .why upgrade .that means YOU have to upgrade to match the output of this 4k tv .is it really that much of money lost for a total upgrade to match something that will be out dated by the time you finally have the last past of the 4k stuff hooked up
when I was here before I went by the screen name IMPORTER1..
Most games won't even utilize 4K resolution, if any at all. Look at PS3, there's a big chunk of the library that doesn't utilize 1080p even. Plus, as others have said, to most people and even hardcore tech freaks, it's not going to be as big a jump.
In fact, most people probably won't even notice a difference at all. Considering the leap that 1080p gave and blu ray and all, and a lot of people don't notice much a difference with that.....
PSN ID: RyuuHou24
"I never said that....and even if I said it, I never said it" - Dr Peter Venkman RGB


text:
Mon-Fri: 7am-1am EST / Sat-Sun: 7am-11pm EST
ApplianceKitchenAid Dishwasher
Level of DifficultyReally easy
Time to do repair15 - 30 mins
Age of ApplianceMore than 10 years
2 out of 3 people found this instruction helpful
I just pulled out the rack and removed the eight existing roller wheels and roller axles. I was able to remove most of the roller axles with my fingers but needed pliers to remove a couple of them. I then snapped the new roller axles onto the rack and then the roller wheels onto the new roller axles and put the entire rack back in the dishwasher.The lower rack now rolls smoothly and consistently no matter how many dishes we have piled into it. Also, it has not come off the tracks since replacing the roller axles and roller wheels.
Help other customers find the most helpful instructions.
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Part Number: PS354746
Part Number: PS354749
All brand logos are trademarks of their respective owners.
The PartSelect logo is a Registered Trademark of Atlantic Laundry Centres, Ltd.
Copyright © 1999-2015 , Eldis Group Partnership. All rights reserved.


text:
ODT Online
ODT /directory
The Labour leader must grab the opportunity provided by his
going head-to-head with the Prime Minister in the first
televised leaders' debate to breathe life back into Labour's
lacklustre and meandering election campaign.
Otherwise, it will already be all over with three weeks still
to go before election day.
The urgent need to revitalise Labour's campaign and get on
the offensive was underlined by last night's 3 News-Reid
Research poll. Slipping to just over 26 per cent support,
Labour failed to benefit from a small drop in backing for
National. The winners were New Zealand First and Colin
Craig's Conservatives who came close to clearing the 5 per
cent threshold for the first time.
Labour's campaign seems to be lacking in urgency. The party
is reactive, rather than proactive.
Labour deserves credit for the breadth and depth of its
policies. The party is to be applauded for detailing exactly
how those policies will be funded -- even if that exercise
was in part undertaken to avoid Cunliffe falling victim to
John "show us the money" Key who skewered then leader Phil
Goff over the cost of Labour's promises during the 2011
It is also to Labour's credit that it is prepared to promote
policies - such as introducing a capital gains tax and
raising the retirement age - which carry political risk, but
which the party believes are in the national interest.
But it seems that taking such risks - plus the party's recent
bouts of indiscipline - have resulted in the adoption of a
safety-first culture which is sucking the vitality and
spontaneity out of Labour's campaign. It is about as exciting
as a wet weekend in Westport.
Cunliffe can go a long way to changing perceptions of him and
Labour tonight. Helen Clark did exactly that during
equivalent debates in 1996 and never looked back.
Rather than the bombastic, lecturing figure that usually
fills their screens, voters need to witness the more subdued,
more relaxed, more empathetic and consequently more
impressive Cunliffe who appeared in Labour's 14-minute
election broadcast last Saturday night. It was a very
different Cunliffe - one voters may yet warm to.
Cunliffe does not have to win tonight to put a fire under
Labour's campaign. But he cannot afford to end up being rated
the loser.
There is nothing like as much pressure on Key to perform. He
is the known quantity. The pressure is heaped on Cunliffe's
Tonight's debate will be the test of whether he can handle it
- as it should be.
- by John Armstrong
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text:
|Property type
|Minimum Stay
|2 - 5 nights
Book your Stay at the West Meadows Flying Wedge Duplex (North Side)This cabin has been fully remodeled with all the luxury amenities in mind; providing a warm mountain feel with an open great room. The gourmet fully equipped kitchen has granite counters, bar seating for four, and a gas stove. Knotty pine vaulted open beam ceilings with log honed supports throughout give this retreat a true mountain feel. You'll enjoy the large dining area with handmade table that seats ten. There is a Game area off the main Living room with a gas freestanding stove, 42" TV, games, Pool Table, and portable stereo system - Also known as the perfect place to wind down after a day full of outdoor adventure.The third level living has a great room with kitchen, dining, living and game area and private bedroom with bath. The second level has two private bedrooms with full baths. The loft area is a bunkroom with three twins of bunk bed and two twins with vanity.Enjoy your stay in this charming cabin year-round. Winter play consists of resort offerings such as Alpine skiing, Nordic skiing with over 90 kilometers of groomed trails, tubing hill, terrain parks, Zip Tahoe and many high altitude Expedition Kirkwood camps and events. Snowmobiling is nearby in Hope Valley and Grover Hot Springs just down the road in the County seat of Alpine. Don't forget it's a short walk to Timber Creek for lift access or call the on-demand shuttle.Summer is why we live here! There is no comparable experience than being in the mountains surrounded by National Forest and Wilderness for twenty miles. Over twenty lakes in a five mile radius offers some of the best fishing and Golden Trout in the high level lakes. Swimming, boating, hiking, mountain biking, disc golf, horse back riding are just some of the reasons to be here in the summer. Sleeping configuration: - Master Bedroom - King Bed- 2nd Guest Bedroom - Queen Bed- 3rd Guest Bedroom - Full Bed- Loft Bedroom - Single Bunk Bed and 2 Twin Beds Bathrooms: towels, soap, shampoo, conditioner and lotion providedKitchen: Large gourmet kitchen with the following amenities: dining table seating for 10, bar seating for 4, dishwasher, gas stove, microwave, coffee maker, basic pots and pans, dishes and silverwareNo Recreation Center Access1 outdoor parking spaceThis property is not pet friendlyAdditional AmenitiesPool TableEasy access to the meadow for cross country skiingThings To DoSkiing and SnowboardingCross Country SkiingZipline ToursBoating, swimming and fishingHikingBiking
Payment is usually accepted in the quoted currency (US Dollar) unless the currency and the amount is specifically agreed in advance with the owner / advertiser.


text:
Sturdy picnic table for outdoor dining purists
Pack and Go Picnic Table
Article Summary
November 2, 2007 Collapsible picnic tables can suffer from a number of shortcomings – too small, too flimsy and ill suited to sitting down at to enjoy a meal in comfort to name a few. Not so with this "Pack and Go Picnic Table", a sturdy fold-away table that seats four people and can handle up to 800 pounds.
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Craftsy Member since December 2011
I'm enrolled in these Craftsy classes:
Stunning Circle Quilt
Flying Fat Quarters
Machine Savvy: Tips for Creative Sewing
Start Foundation Paper Piecing
The Machine Embroidery Inspired Quilt
Stabilizer Savvy
Quick & Easy Quilting
Ultimate Free-Motion Quilting
Finishing School: Better Borders
Embroidering With Ribbon
Embroidering Texture & Dimension by Hand
Creative Quilting with Your Walking Foot
Machine Embroidered Lace Classics
Quilted Kaleidoscopes
Mexican Street Food: Tacos & Salsas
The Art of Stir-Frying
Garden of Quilted Possibilities
20 Fresh Appliqué Techniques
Cut to It: Strategies for Smarter Quilting
Machine Embroidery, Hand-Stitched Looks
Introduction to Bargello
Magical Blocks: Out of the Box
Stitch It With Wool: Crewel Embroidery
Free Motion Fillers, Vol. 1
The Classic Double Wedding Ring
Fun With Fusible Appliqué
Luminous Lone Star
Design It, Stitch It: Hand Embroidery
Simple Fresh Quilts
Finishing School: Edges & Bindings
Dot-to-Dot Quilting
The Machine Embroidered Quilt
Joining Crochet Motifs
Playing with Curves
Machine Quilting Beautiful Borders
Fast & Flexible Log Cabin Quilts
Crazy Quilts
Free-Motion Quilting with Feathers
Free-Motion Machine Embroidery
Precision Piecing
Mastering Foundation Paper Piecing
Free Motion Fillers, Vol. 2
Sewing Machine Feet from A to Z
Craftsy Block of the Month 2013
Machine-Finished Hand Appliqué
Crafty Crochet Embellishments
Traditional Blocks Made Simple
Hand Quilting
Short Rows
Bag-Making Basics: Drawstring Bag & Bucket Bag
Diamond Quilt Designs
Big Techniques from Small Scraps
Quilting Quickly II
Art Quilt Backgrounds
Machine Quilting with Templates
Design It, Quilt It
Color Play for Quilters
Creative Quilt Backs
Machine Quilting Negative Space
Thread Art
Re-Piecing the Past
Magical Jelly Roll Quilts
Beyond Basic Machine Quilting
Craftsy Block of the Month 2012
Quick-Strip Paper Piecing
Art Quilting 101
Painted Pictorial Quilts
Pictorial Quilting Techniques
Machine Quilting
Free Motion Quilting a Sampler
Stupendous Stitching


text:
|Penn State Hosts Ohio State Who is Looking For 9th Straight
|Written by TheSpread
|Wednesday, 14 February 2007 05:45
College Basketball: Ohio State at Penn State - Ohio State Favored
Team Page: Ohio State :: Penn State
88% of Bets Placed on Ohio State -12 | Matchup | CBB Picks
The second-ranked Buckeyes try for their longest conference winning streak in 35 years Wednesday when they visit struggling Penn State.
Oddsmakers have made Ohio State -12 point spread favorites (College Basketball Odds) for todays game, the over/under has been set at 134.5 total points (View College Basketball Sports Books).
Ohio State (22-3, 10-1 Big Ten) beat Purdue 63-56 on Saturday for its first eight-game Big Ten winning streak since the 1990-91 season. The Buckeyes have not won nine straight in conference play since a 10-game streak during the 1970-71 season.
The win also moved Ohio State to 16-0 at home and was its 24th straight in Columbus dating to last season.
The Buckeyes have not lost since falling 72-69 at No. 3 Wisconsin on Jan. 9, one of their three defeats in seven road games this season. They lost at then-No. 7 North Carolina on Nov. 29 and at current No. 1 Florida on Dec. 23.
Following Wednesday's contest, Ohio State will visit Minnesota on Sunday.
The Buckeyes closed Saturday's game with an 11-4 run, earning a win in a game that was close for most of the second half.
"We weren't has sharp as we needed. That's the hard part as a coach knowing the right thing to say, right thing to do," coach Thad Matta said. "It is a valuable lesson for them from the standpoint of consistently being ready."
Freshman phenom Greg Oden played only 21 minutes because of foul trouble and had 14 points and nine rebounds. The 7-foot center leads the team with 15.3 points, 9.4 rebounds and 3.6 blocks per game after missing the first seven games of the season because of offseason surgery on his right wrist to repair ligament damage.
Matta said opponents are trying to get Oden in foul trouble and limit his playing time.
"Putting us in that situation, getting him on the bench is obviously advantageous for them both offensively and defensively," he said. "We've seen a lot of different angles to try and get him in those situations."
Oden's high school teammate, Michael Conley, also had 14 points and was named the Big Ten's co-player of the week along with Wisconsin's Alando Tucker.
"Sometimes he gets a little frustrated because he's getting fouled on the other end and not getting calls," Conley said of Oden.
Conley has scored in double figures in a season-high four straight games, averaging 16.3 points while shooting 54.8 percent from the field.
The Buckeyes have won seven straight against the Nittany Lions since a 64-47 loss at Penn State on Jan. 10, 2004. However, Penn State (10-13, 1-9) is likely more concerned with its nine straight losses overall.
The Nittany Lions are coming off Saturday's 53-51 defeat at Northwestern, and have not won since an 83-57 victory over the Wildcats on Jan. 3.
"It is very, very consuming," coach Ed DeChellis said of the losing streak. "Not a day, a minute, an hour goes by when I'm not thinking about my team, looking at more numbers or different things we might be able to do. I would say it's very challenging."
The Nittany Lions are looking to avoid their second double-digit losing streak in three years. They dropped 12 in a row to close the 2004-05 season.
Geary Claxton scored 16 points for Penn State on Saturday and leads the team with 16.4 per game.
After hosting Ohio State, the Nittany Lions travel to Wisconsin on Saturday and head to Ohio State on Feb. 21.
No other team has played three consecutive games against top-three ranked teams in at least 10 years.
"No matter who it is, we've got to play better. We've got to play our best basketball," DeChellis said. "You want to do something special, and we've got an opportunity to do that."
by: Marc Young - theSpread.com - Email Us
More NCAA College Basketball Coverage from theSpread.com
- NCAA College Basketball teams


text:
Intelligent 3-axis system surpasses tradtional 4-axis scara robotic performance.
The engineering challenges of combining BYOD and IFE.
Part 2: How Big Data could improve commercial aviation safety.
California startup uses magnesium thixomolding for near-net parts.
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Universal Robots has become a game changer at Inertia Switch located in Orangeburg, New York. The UR5 robot arm optimizes production while taking over the mundane, repetitive pick & place tasks previously performed by employees. They have now been promoted to programmers of the user-friendly co-bots.


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It is an undeniable fact that the very concept of hell is shrouded in mystery. We know what books and movies tell us hell is like, but we're left with so many questions. Is hell simply a place where sinners are sent to suffer for their sins, or is it much, much more than that?
"All You Want to Know About Hell" breaks down the three most popular views on hell and tells us what the Bible really says about this terrifying and mystifying place. From the "traditional" view of hell as a place of eternal torment to the early Christian view that hell is a place of suffering intended to purge sin and to bring about repentance, no other book gives such in-depth biblical insight into the truths about hell that are hidden in all the hype.
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text:
RAC Bulletin 2010-041E - RAC Winter Contest 2010
|Canada's National Amateur Radio Society
|"We're ALL about Amateur Radio!"
RAC Bulletin 2010-041E - RAC Winter Contest 2010
The RAC 2010 Winter contest will be held from 0000 UTC to 2359 December 18, 2010 and the following stations plan to be active using the RAC call sign:
RAC Call Sponsor
One of the stations you may want to look for in particular is VE4RAC with Radio Amateurs of Canada President Geoff, VE4BAW as operator. Geoff will be operating on 20, 40 and 80 Metres.
And as a little bonus for everyone, listen for BY1RX with former RAC President Dave VO1AU manning the station.
Dave plans to be on in the RAC Winter Contest operating as either VO1AU/BY1RX or BY1RX. BY1RX has excellent antennas and a full kW. If you need BY on a new band or mode, he would be very willing to QSY.
Finally there will be an award of a RAC coffee cup to any station that contacts all the RAC stations. Please mention in your log submission if you work all the RAC stations.
For scoring, frequencies, free software to help you submit your results and complete details on the RAC Winter Contest please use this link to the RAC web page:
Bill Unger, VE3XT
|Back to the RAC home page Privacy Policy
|©1995-2015 Radio Amateurs of Canada Inc.
|This website is hosted by Radio Amateurs of Canada
|Contact the Webmaster


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On October 3, 2014, the Office of Inspector General of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (OIG) published a proposed rule to expand the safe harbors and make other modifications applicable to the federal...more
A new report ranks states on the quality and accessibility of their long-term care services and concludes there is a lot of room for improvement. The 2014 State Long-Term Services and Supports Scorecard finds that quality of...more
The battle over the rising costs of drugs, fueled by Gilead's Hepatitis C drug Sovaldi that costs $84,000 for a 12 week treatment regimen, intensified this week. Critics of the cost have taken to referring to the drug as the...more
The 1964 enactment of Title VII was a watershed moment in workplace civil rights, but the new law was selective in its protections. Workers were protected from discrimination based on race, sex and religion, for example, but...more
Last week, in a letter sent to the U.S. Trade Representative, Ambassador Michael Froman, the AARP asked that the U.S. not sign onto the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP) if the trade agreement includes a 12-year data...more
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San Diego Padres tickets are now available at a discount price to all
Teamsters Local 542 members!
All you have to do is click on the DISCOUNT TICKET bar on the upper menu and you will receive instructions on how to purchase your tickets.
Another benefit from Teamsters Local 542!
Teamsters Local 542 is starting to recieve applications for the different Scholarship Funds.
Please visit our office in San Diego or in El Centro, CA and pick up your application form.
You may also go to the left side menu and click on the Downloads tab where you will be able to print the scholarship applications.
You must comply with each of the Scholarship's eligibility and application criteria.
Welcome to the San Diego Teamsters Retirees
We meet the third Thursday every month at:
Our business meeting begins promptly at 10:00 a.m. The meeting is preceded by a social hour from 9:00 until 10:00 a.m. where you can get coffee and donuts complements of the four Teamsters Locals (36, 481, 542, & 683) located in San Diego.
Our meetings are open to ALL retired Teamsters.
Dues are $15.00 a year.
During the year we have numerous speakers covering different subjects that affect the lives of retirees. There is also a raffle held at each meeting.
We hold an annual luncheon that includes a raffle. The luncheon has become an event that we look forward to as an opportunity to have a social time with our members as well as their families.
Our president is former Teamsters Local 542 Secretary-Treasurer Phil Saal.
Phil Saal can be reached at:
firstname.lastname@example.com or (619) 441-0353
UPS Retiree Breakfast Meeting of May 2015
will be at:
9:00 a.m.
Friday, May 8, 2015
9:30 a.m.
Marie Callender's
11122 Rancho Carmel Drive
San Diego, CA


text:
i just brought theme x, but before installing it to main domain i want to to go through development demo domain, consider i installed theme to my demo domain, how would i be able to transfer the license and code to real domain …. any help would be appreciated
same for a plugins , as i brought few WordPress plugins too
goofydadog said
thanks, with this can whole website + license can be moved , and what about database , would moving my site to different domain , will affect database
Dear friend, why don't you discuss this with the right person: if you have a theme related issue, talk to the theme author, if it's about Wordpress, ask in the Wordpress forums. This is not a support forum.
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Shop now and get Free Value Shipping on most orders over $49 to the contiguous 48 states, DC and to all U.S. Military APO/FPO/DPO addresses.
We want to ensure that making a return is as easy and hassle-free as possible! If for any reason you decide that your purchase just isn't for you, simply return the item within 30 days of receipt and we'll cover the cost of return shipping. Learn more about our Return Policy.
Unfortunately Earhugger Safety Cp200,150,250,450 450sl Gp200 is no longer carried by OpticsPlanet.
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Carnegie Mellon and Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh Unveil Andrew Carnegie Collection Online
PITTSBURGH, Dec. 3 /PRNewswire/ — Carnegie Mellon University Libraries and the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh have created a joint digital archive of Andrew Carnegie materials on the Web at http://diva.library.cmu.edu/carnegie/. Integrating five physical collections in one searchable full text resource, the site demonstrates a larger vision, which is to facilitate and host a digital repository of Andrew Carnegie materials held by institutions worldwide. The inaugural Andrew Carnegie Collection online was funded by Library Services and Technology Act (LSTA) grants from 2007 to 2009.
(Logo: http://www.newscom.com/cgi-bin/prnh/20020422/CMULOGO )
"The Andrew Carnegie Collection not only includes interesting and plentiful source materials but represents a great opportunity to make a whole that truly is more than the sum of its parts," said Gabrielle V. Michalek, head of the Archives and Digital Library Initiatives Department at Carnegie Mellon University Libraries. "We look forward to getting feedback from users. We especially hope to hear from other Carnegie archivists who might wish to join us."
Greg Priore, archivist and head of the William R. Oliver Special Collection Room at the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh, said, "If you are interested in Andrew Carnegie, from his rags to riches story, to his impact on our communities through his tremendous philanthropy — rejoice! Digital collaboration is extendable, and we could easily integrate pockets of Carnegiana preserved in archives around the world."
The Andrew Carnegie Collection contains digitized content from archival collections that are physically located in two of the earliest-established Carnegie institutions: the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh, founded in 1895, and the University Libraries of Carnegie Mellon University, founded as the Carnegie Technical Schools in 1900. The online archive brings together Carnegie Mellon's Andrew Carnegie and James Bertram collections; the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh's Andrew Carnegie Benefaction Photographic Collection; the Carnegie Correspondence Collection, which pertains to the building of the Main Library and the original museum buildings, and their development and growth; and the Margaret Barclay Wilson Collection of pamphlets and other writings penned by Carnegie, including Gospel of Wealth, Simplified Spelling Reform and the League of Peace. Bertram served as Carnegie's confidential secretary from 1897 to 1914, and was secretary for the Carnegie Corporation of New York from 1911 until 1934. Wilson was Carnegie's biographer and a trusted family friend.
Users of the integrated Andrew Carnegie Collection will be able to access numerous photographs; listen to Carnegie speak; read his writings and other documents that detail his provision of libraries, church organs and scholarships, and his founding of Carnegie Tech; and the work of many Carnegie institutions. Digitization makes it possible for users to search and find related materials in all of the collections, and to see, hear, use and study them at any computer with Internet access.
The collection also reveals the surprising breadth of Carnegie's experiences, activities and interests. Universally recognized as a captain of the iron, steel and railroad industries, he firmly believed that it was the duty of the wealthy to help others better themselves and to benefit society as a whole.
Carnegie held strong opinions about many things, and he wrote, spoke and contributed to support a variety of causes throughout his life. He opined in print for the first time at the age of 17, arguing in the Pittsburgh Dispatch that he and fellow telegraph messengers be permitted to use a local lending library, which, at the time, was open only to young men in mechanical and other trades. That successful argument launched a lifetime of opinionated writing on issues and politics of the day, and the benefits gained from free access to Col. James Anderson's Mechanics' and Apprentices' Library spurred unparalleled philanthropy toward libraries and education.
Carnegie's personal experience taught him that education was the key to success and productive life, and his primary philanthropic passion was to give all people free access to information. To that end, he established thousands of public libraries and educational institutions all over the world. He fought for education reforms as fundamental as enabling education for African Americans and working-class women and as quirky as spelling reform, by which he hoped to create a universal language to end misunderstandings and avoid wars.
The Andrew Carnegie Collection is available for free on the Carnegie Mellon site (http://diva.library.cmu.edu/carnegie/) and in the Access Pennsylvania Digital Repository, http://www.accesspadr.org/cdm4/browse.php?CISOROOT=%2Facamu-acarc .
About Carnegie Mellon: Carnegie Mellon (www.cmu.edu) is a private, internationally ranked research university with programs in areas ranging from science, technology and business, to public policy, the humanities and the fine arts. More than 11,000 students in the university's seven schools and colleges benefit from a small student-to-faculty ratio and an education characterized by its focus on creating and implementing solutions for real problems, interdisciplinary collaboration and innovation. A global university, Carnegie Mellon's main campus in the United States is in Pittsburgh, Pa. It has campuses in California's Silicon Valley and Qatar, and programs in Asia, Australia and Europe. The university is in the midst of a $1 billion fundraising campaign, titled "Inspire Innovation: The Campaign for Carnegie Mellon University," which aims to build its endowment, support faculty, students and innovative research, and enhance the physical campus with equipment and facility improvements.
About the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh: Established as a public trust in 1895, the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh serves the citizens of Pittsburgh and Allegheny County with a distinguished history of leadership among the country's great public libraries. Through its 19 neighborhood locations, including the Main Library and the Library for the Blind and Physically Handicapped, the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh is the region's most visited asset with 2.6 million visitors in 2008. Each year the library provides valuable resources, programs, classes and training opportunities that engage the community in literacy and life-long learning.
SOURCE Carnegie Mellon


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Na na na na na na na na Batgirl!
DC Comics pulls controversial Batgirl variant cover at the creative team's wish
The Art of Batgirl and Where We Go From Here
This is obviously prefaced with a heaping helping of "what the hell does a straight white male know about these issues?". The simple truth: I don't know anything. I likely never will – or at least not in a way that can be internalized. At best, I can gather other people's feelings and memories and […]
Bandette's Coover and Tobin Talk about Digital Comics Going into Print [Interview]
One of the real breakout comics of 2013 was Bandette, from the husband and wife team Colleen Coover and Paul Tobin. A digital comic that is creator-owned and sold by Monkeybrain for only 99¢, the tale of young Parisian cat-thief Bandette and her team of accessories has been a hit both creatively and commercially. Awarded […]
24 Hours of Halloween: Mike Maihack's Batgirl/Supergirl
Mike Maihack (Cleopatra in Space) is someone I consider one of the progenitors of the "cutecore" movement in comics. I know I'm the only one who calls it that, but when I first noticed people making bank on cartoony cersions of superheroes at cons, Marvel and DC wouldn't have anything to do with it; now […]
Batgirl and Nightwing to tie-in to Zero Year
DC have announced, I'm fairly certain today, that both Nightwing and Batgirl will tie in to the current Batman storyline Zero Year. Revisiting a year in the early development of Batman, Scott Snyder and Greg Capullo's 12-part storyline will rope in both Barbara Gordon and Dick Grayson this November.
Art Wall: spaceships, Strange and Sonic
The Safe Haven of Batman
Gail Simone Rehired as Writer for Batgirl
Gail Simone is 'no longer the writer' for Batgirl
NYCC: A Final Marvel & DC Cover Parade
The last day of New York Comic-Con was a day of relative peace and tranquillity, unless you were Dan Slott in which case it was a day of being chased by an angry mob whilst cackling like Machiavelli. It's the day when people settle down, explore the booths which haven't sold out, get their final sketches and […]


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|Date added
|Set size
|Set Title
|Model name
|Most Discussed
Bondage » Asian Porn Movies Sets by model name
Featured model : Ageha
Ageha is playing schoolgirl. She is a lovely Asian doll who is tied on the couch while her guys tease her pussy with their fingers. She is helpless to move and they are having great fun with her. She has sexy blue panties on and they are poking them and eventually taking them off so they can spread her pink pussy and show it off in close up shots..
Ageha Lovely Asian doll in school uniform is tied up and t..
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- Movie size : 158 Mb
- Movie length : 10:21
Featured model : Ageha
Ageha is a hot Japanese model who is cute in her pigtails. She is tied and getting a big vibrator in her hairy cunt. She enjoys being tied and teased. Her guys have many vibrators they are using on her juicy cunt as she is helpless to stop them. Ageha is an Asian beauty who gets off plenty in this show!
- 50%
- Movie size : 155 Mb
- Movie length : 10:09
Featured model : Ai Aito
Ai Aito is a nice teen who likes to get rest because she is usually tired all day because she fucks heaps of guys. But she is such a good fuck that the guys don´t ever leave her alone, so they fuck each and every one of her holes when is is awake. The then is made to start cock sucking and she is so horny and babety all day that people have to ..
- 50%
- Movie size : 349 Mb
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Luscious Japanese beauty Ai Haneda is a kinky bondage lover. The sweetie lounges on her back, spreading her legs, and horny dudes oil her sexy body and fondle her from head till feet, caressing her boobs and playing with her amazing slit, inserting fancy little toys inside.
- 50%
- Movie size : 756 Mb
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Lovely Japanese AV models are having fun playing with their vibrators. These lovely lesbians were taking a day of from their jobs, so they needed something to pass the time. They are definitely enjoys this! They are using pussy toys on each other! There is a camera or two in the rooms so this is all caught for broadcast. I wouldn??t mind being ..
- 50%
- Movie size : 198 Mb
- Movie length : 14:35
Featured model : Ai Katsuki
This lovely Japanese model invited me to watch her bondage show one night. She wanted me to watch to see if we could come up with a way to liven up her show. Her room was filled that night and she worked her audience up pretty well before show time. Her partner entered the room and tied her to a table to play with her pussy with toys!
- 50%
- Movie size : 440 Mb
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Featured model : Ai Kurosawa
You probably saw many girls in fishnet stockings. But take a close look at this busty hot milf fishnets fits her perfectly! she looks stunning dressed like that. And for this time she's folded and ed too, ready for some hardcore action. And this guy takes advantage on that he really loves giving her a nice cunt licking and hot fingering...
Sexy Ai Kurosawa wearing fishnets takes a dildo and a big ..
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Featured model : Ai Kurosawa
Have a look at this hot milf Ai Kurosawa, here you will see this girl in a deep while wearing her sexy lingerie and you will see a group of guys approaching her and feeling out her hot body with tit squeezing, tit licking and fingering while has a cameltoe. This babe gets so excited after the cunt licking that she does some amazing double cock su..
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Featured model : Ai Mitsumi
Have a look at this hot milf Ai Mitsumi, here you will be seeing this hottie in some really fucking kinky action where she really shows off her wild side as she has absolutely no limits and here you will see this hottie ed and folded as she has all sorts of kinky sexy toys pounded in to her pretty pussy with some hot fucking CFNM action. Watch ..
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Featured model : Ai Niimura
This hot Asian jizz junkie is reaping the benefits of her daytime job. She is an adult model in the toy store and brings home things for her boyfriend to try out on her horny pussy. She is always up for some fun and games and these toys fit the bill nicely. It is good she has a web cam so everyone else can check out the fun too! With her looks s..
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- Movie size : 242 Mb
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Featured model : Ai Uehara
Lustful Japanese teen with naughty thoughts on her mind is eager to try these two males out during a hot Japanese threesome show. Lovely and very passionate she starts to deal both their cocks in naughty ways, cock sucking like a true angel before slamming her wet pussy with them and having amazing threesome sex on cam.
- 0%
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- 50%
- Movie size : 481 Mb
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- Saya Is...77%
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- Imokawa...77%
- Set of 72 pictures
@ Idols69.com we collected complete Japanese Pornstars database 4 you...


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How Victor Basa bulks up 'the right way'
The model-actor creates his own exercise programs and watches what he eats to get just buff enough, so he won't 'look like a bouncer'
More News from Philippine Daily Inquirer
In GMA 7's homosexual-themed teleserye "My Husband's Lover," model-actor Victor Basa plays David, a chef and ex-lover of Vincent (Tom Rodriguez). He is buff, as vain gays are wont to be.
Standing almost 5'11, Basa weighs some 170 lbs, thanks to a diet of brown and red rice and weight-resistance training. He taught himself how to pump iron in the correct form for health and aesthetic reasons.
"I don't want to look like a bodybuilder. Once, I got so bulky that somebody said I looked like a bouncer," he says.
Then again, he loves to eat, and names his favorite restaurants—Aysee Sisig in Pasig, Som's, El Cirkulo, Jozu Kin in Burgos Circle and Barrio Fiesta for bulalo steak, which he also cooks at home. The pleasures of life once took their toll. One day, he couldn't fit into his jeans that he ended up wearing shorts every day.
He then made his own weight-training program and eschewed white rice. He does his own split program at Gold's Gym at Robinsons Galleria.
"I prefer working out at the gym. As males, we are competitive creatures, so we thrive in a competitive atmosphere," he says.
Asked how he lost the excess fat and bulked up, Basa cites the benefits of pyramid training, which builds an intense workout as the muscles become overloaded. When the muscles are given weight that they are not accustomed to, they react physiologically to adapt to the stress, thus the increased muscle size or power.
The pyramid program either increases the weights while decreasing the repetitions or decreases the weights while increasing the repetitions or a combination of both. After warming up on a stationary bike, Basa executes push-ups and lifts a light weight to warm up the body and gird him for eventual heavier lifts.
200-lb bench press
Basa says he creates his program according to how his muscles feel, or until muscles get exhausted from lifting the heavy load. He can lift 200 lbs in a bench press while maintaining the form. However, he doesn't really overload himself.
He favors lighter weights to build muscle endurance. More repetitions mean more calories burned in a session, compared to lifting heavier weights with fewer repetitions.
Occasionally, he'll do a selfie to see any improvements on his body mass. "There are calipers and tests to determine the ratio of fat to muscle. Nothing will tell the truth better than the mirror," says Basa. Or in his case, his photographs.
The results: a 39-inch chest, a 30-inch waistline and bulging biceps.
"I was bulking up but not the right way. I enjoy food. Since my workouts this summer, my trips to the restaurants have decreased. My wallet thanked me for that," he says.
Basa reads online magazines such as Men's Health and Men's Fitness, but ignores the training forums. "It's called 'bro science.' Everybody is different. The advice that works for one person will be different for another. These forums are not filtered. I trust the magazines."
For his diet, he eats oatmeal for breakfast. His household serves brown and red rice for their health benefits. The antioxidants lower cholesterol and blood sugar, and fight free radicals.
With the brown rice, he serves stir-fried broccoli and grilled chicken breast. Basa says he learned how to cook when he stayed in Singapore for a modeling assignment. He picked up cooking tips and recipes from his foreign flatmates. At night, Basa doesn't deprive himself of his favorite dishes, such as crispy pata.
Off-camera, Basa does podcasts on geek nights or posts on his blog, victorbasa.net. Still, Basa says he's found his venue for self-expression. "I've tried telling a story through music and writing. But I found it in acting."
For him, the ultimate wellness program is to take a week off from the computer and even social media. Still, Basa acknowledges their influence, especially on his media career.
"In 'My Husband's Lover,' we were surprised by the reaction. We were trending for 27 days on Twitter. That's a lot of clamor for the TV show."
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Carl Pavano's "other suitors are pessimistic and think he's going back to Minnesota"
Dec 14, 2010, 4:46 PM EDT
This morning I wrote about how Cliff Lee signing with the Phillies leaves Carl Pavano as the top starting pitcher on the free agent market, but Jerry Crasnick of ESPN.com reports that Pavano's "other suitors" aside from the Twins "are pessimistic and think he's going back to Minnesota."
That jibes with Tom Haudricourt of the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel's latest report, which speculates that Brewers general manager Doug Melvin is no longer aggressively pursuing Pavano.
Melvin told Haudricourt that he got in touch with Pavano's agent yesterday, but "just to gauge interest."
Pavano resurrected his career in Minnesota, going 22-15 with a 3.97 ERA in 44 starts for the Twins after coming over in a mid-2009 deal from the Indians, so it makes sense that he'd want to re-sign.
However, with the Brewers and Nationals also being linked often to Pavano–and the Rangers perhaps jumping into the bidding late after missing out on Lee–there was speculation that he could be in line for a three-year deal, which seemingly would have taken the Twins out of the mix. If instead he's choosing between two-year offers, the Twins can indeed be viewed as front-runners.
- WhenMattStairsIsKing - Dec 14, 2010 at 4:51 PM
Pavano stopped being a pathetic joke when he went to Minnesota. Stay there, Carl. Good boy.
- proudlycanadian - Dec 14, 2010 at 5:03 PM
Pavano knows that he belongs in a smaller city. He realizes that in a big market city, he tends to stink.
- ThatGuy - Dec 14, 2010 at 5:03 PM
After being hated in NY, thought of as a punchline in Cleveland, then beloved in Minnesota(mostly because of his killer mustache) I think he would enjoy staying where he is loved.
- jhorton83 - Dec 14, 2010 at 6:44 PM
He'd be very smart to stay in Minnesota. He's actually found a place where he pitches well, the fans love him, and he can actually stay healthy. Pretty much the polar opposite of what happened to him in New York.
- wonkypenguin - Dec 14, 2010 at 8:22 PM
We'll keep him. He seems to enjoy being in Minnesota it's a great market for him to flourish. The Brewers would be close to the same, but why not stay where someone gave you a chance?
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Point and Shoot 35mm Film Camera?
Started Sep 23, 2012 | Discussions thread
ErikkaSmith OP
Regular Member • Posts: 248 • Gear list
I checked out the Olympus Stylus Epic and, based on customer reviews on amazon (during 2000) it seems to be pretty nice! 10 us dollars too! So I might get this one! Thanks for all your suggestion!
ErikkaSmith's gear list:ErikkaSmith's gear list
Nikon D3 Nikon D3100 Nikon D7000 Nikon AF-S DX Nikkor 18-55mm f/3.5-5.6G VR Nikon AF-S DX Nikkor 35mm f/1.8G +2 more
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It's a tactic to gain political mileage...
There are rumours that the new government that has come to power is against communal harmony, but it is not so. They think that such provocations spread the fear psychosis within the city through media coverage. They are encouraged because nobody is booked in such cases and get away with the crime. The recent riots and stone pelting has left the PMPML with an estimated loss of over 90 lakh rupees. The citizens of Pune should help in maintaining peace and not encourage such elements to achieve their goals. PMPML is the only means of transport for a large section of citizens and the miscreants target these buses. The political parties calling for the bandh should pay the compensation and should also punish the miscreants for damaging the public transport buses.
—Jugal Rathi, President, PMP Pravasi Manch
We should stop believing in rumours...
These are attempts to disturb peace and communal harmony. Those doing so, are eagerly waiting for our angry reactions. There's no point in creating a fuss and giving them what they want. The city should ignore these proactive messages. One must understand the situation first, have a complete knowledge about the same and then respond to it. Police have made several arrests in the techie murder case but I feel they aren't being equally strict about the stone pelting incidents which is equally important, as it affects the bus going public directly. Panic or fear will always lead to havoc and riots. Following rumours or having an incomplete knowledge will result in an imbalanced situation in the society.
—Sanket Dhotre, Citizen
Netas could've easily stopped it...
The facebook posting and the provocative messages that are making the rounds are a miscreant's attempt to instigate angry reactions. The citizens of Pune should not fall for such attempts and spoil our communal harmony. A provocative message should not be a reason to spoil our religious foundations. We are living in communal harmony since ages, how can we allow such an ill thought message to shake our bonds? So many PMPML buses have been damaged. These rioters never travel by public transport buses. People who travel by these buses have to bear the brunt. The government is going to recover these losses from the citizens pocket. I feel, these attempts are a ruse for the upcoming assembly elections. The political leaders can stop all these riots and get people to move on
—Ateeque Shaikh,
Member, Yuvak Kranti Dal
These attempts were deliberate...
The Police has failed to take required actions as twice in 10 days stone pelting incidents have taken place. From Day, the Police have been lenient and hence there have been no arrests regarding the stone pelting incidents. I think the Cyber-crime cell should co-ordinate with the Police and make sure such posts do not go viral. People cannot take law and order in their hands because someone sitting somewhere in India posted a picture on the social networking website. Bakeries and shops in the suburbs of Pune were targeted and that proves that the attempts are deliberate. Hindu as well as Muslim groups should come together and see to it that there are no further events like these and maintain peace.
—Azhar Ali Warsi,
City President, Jamaat-e-Islami Hind
Being Indian should be our only identity...
First of all, we should all get rid of the communal identity that still prevails in our society. Being a responsible Indian citizen should be the only identity and this should have nothing to do with what caste or religion one belongs to. By now even the common man has started to feel that the stone pelting incidents are to evoke communal tension. The loss of public property due to such incidents is almost never recovered and the authorities to start taking stern actions against these people. Plain clothed police should try to get to the root of this. I believe arrests can be made and once the police starts taking big steps it will create a deterrent effect. As far as the people are concerned, such incidents will help people come together to reject the 'dadagiri' and help lessen the tension.
—Ajit Abhyankar,
District Secretary, CPI (M)
The Facebook posts were not made in India...
It is obvious that these facebook posts and provocative messages are not coming from India. It is surprising how people over here are reacting and damaging public property. Any body can put anything on facebook and we start destroying state property as a reaction, is not sane at all. I feel there is a bigger conspiracy behind the spurt of riots and violence in the city. The state government has fallen into the trap saying it is not communal tension. The Pune police is not doing enough to curtail the stone pelting and damaging of PMPML buses. I cannot understand this mentality of damaging one's own property for something that is not even done in India.
—Sudhir Jatar, President, Nagrik Chetna Manch


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Patients in Texas whose health has been ruined by incompetent decisions by ER physicians are having a hard time finding malpractice attorneys to represent them, even when the lawyers admit they have a great case. The reason: The tort reform state lawmakers passed in 2003, which made it more difficult for patients to win damages in any health care setting, but especially in ERs.
The "reform" capped medical liability for noneconomic damages at $250,000 per health care provider, with a maximum award of $750,000. But it also safeguarded emergency physicians from civil damages unless it could be proved that they acted with "willful and wanton" negligence (i.e. that they not only put the patient in extreme risk but knew they were doing it.).
Please see full article below for more information.
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Did I blow the date? I really like him.
So I went on a date with this guy, and things seemed amazing. We laughed, flirted, talked, and definitely seemed to be having a good time. We both... Show More
Most Helpful Opinion
I'm also a straightforward person so if I was him, my lack of response would most likely be due to being busy. Especially with the holiday season, I might be involved in work, charity or family stuff. Send him a Merry Xmas text and see if he responds in a day or so. If you hear nothing I would call him after Christmas and chat. If he is not interested any more he should be a gentleman and tell you.
Thanks. He did text me today. Just asking how my Xmas eve is going. He's at his grandparents. He doesn't talk much though. He sucks at texting. Lol he is a lot older then me so that might be why.
What Guys Said 4
What Girls Said 3
The way you acted on the date wasn't the deal breaker or he wouldn't have kept texting you after. Telling him he already passed with flying colors not only made it seem like he was being tested, but that after one date you were head over heels. Most people don't want it to be that easy, that makes it seem fake and wonder why the person doesn't have higher standards.
Well I was being honest. So your saying my text was bad? Why does dating have to be such a game? I was honest that I like him. Ugh. I guess I should just keep my mouth shut.. lol
There's nothing wrong with being honest, but most people will be cautious if they've already passed everyone's tests within one date. You don't really know someone after one date. Its saying that you trust really easy and may have felt that way about lots of guys before after one date. He wants to feel special which means waiting a little longer before deciding he's perfect.
Have an opinion?