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An apparatus 10 and method is provided that includes a spatial array of unsteady pressure sensors 15-18 placed at predetermined axial locations x1-xN disposed axially along a pipe 14 for measuring at least one parameter of a solid particle/fluid mixture 12 flowing in the pipe 14. The pressure sensors 15-18 provide acoustic pressure signals P1(t)-PN(t) to a signal processing unit 30 which determines the speed of sound amix(ω) of the particle/fluid mixture 12 in the pipe 14 using acoustic spatial array signal processing techniques. The primary parameters to be measured include fluid/particle concentration, fluid/particle mixture volumetric flow, and particle size. Frequency based sound speed is determined utilizing a dispersion model to determine the parameters of interest. the calculating the at least one parameter uses an acoustic pressure to calculate
1. An apparatus for measuring at least one parameter of a particle/fluid mixture in a pipe, comprising:
a spatial array of at least two pressure sensors, disposed at different axial locations along the pipe, and each measuring an unsteady pressure within the pipe at a corresponding axial location, each of said sensors providing a pressure signal indicative of the unsteady pressure within the pipe at said axial location of a corresponding one of said sensors; and
a signal processor, responsive to said pressure signals, which provides a signal indicative of the at least one parameter of the mixture in the pipe.
2. The apparatus of
3. The apparatus of
4. The apparatus of
5. The apparatus of
6. The apparatus of
7. The apparatus of
8. The apparatus of
9. The apparatus of
10. The apparatus of
11. The apparatus of
12. The apparatus of
13. The apparatus of
14. The apparatus of
15. A method for measuring at least one parameter of a particle/fluid mixture in a pipe, said method comprising:
measuring unsteady pressures within the pipe at at least two predetermined axial measurement locations along the pipe to provide a pressure signal indicative of the unsteady pressure within the pipe at each of the at least two predetermined axial measurement locations; and
calculating the at least one parameter of the particle/fluid mixture in the pipe using the unsteady pressure measured at the axial measurement locations.
25. The method of claim 24 wherein the measured unsteady pressures are acoustic pressures to provide a signal indicative of an acoustic noise within the pipe.
26. The method of
27. The method of
28. The method of
29. The method of
30. The method of claim 24 wherein measuring the unsteady pressures is at at least three of said sensors.
31. The method of
32. The method of claim 24 wherein measuring unsteady pressure includes measuring a circumference-averaged pressure at at least an axial location of a sensor.
33. The method of
34. The method of claim 24 wherein the piezoelectric sheet material is polarized fluoropolymer, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF).
34. The method of claim 24 wherein at least one of said pressure sensors measures strain on the pipe.
35. The method of
36. The method of
This application is a continuation in part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/349,716 (Cidra Docket No. CC-0579) filed on Jan. 23, 2003, which claimed the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/351,232 (Cidra Docket No. CC-0410), filed Jan. 23, 2002; U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/359,785 (Cidra Docket No. CC-0403), filed Feb. 26, 2002; U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/375,847 (Cidra Docket No. CC-0468), filed Apr. 24, 2002; U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/425,436 (Cidra Docket No. CC-0538), filed Nov. 12, 2002; and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/426,724 (Cidra Docket No. CC-0554), filed Nov. 15, 2002; and is a continuation in part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/376,427 (Cidra Docket No. CC-0596) filed on Feb. 26, 2003, which claimed the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/359,785 (Cidra Docket No. CC-0403), filed Feb. 26, 2002; and is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/349,716 (Cidra Docket No. CC-0579), filed Jan. 23, 2003, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/351,232 (Cidra Docket No. CC-0410), filed Jan. 23, 2002; U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/359,785 (Cidra Docket No. CC-0403), filed Feb. 26, 2002; U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/375,847 (Cidra Docket No. CC-0468), filed Apr. 24, 2002; U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/425,436 (Cidra Docket No. CC-0538), filed Nov. 12, 2002; and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/426,724 (Cidra Docket No. CC-0554), filed Nov. 15, 2002, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
This invention relates to an apparatus for measuring the flow passing within a pipe, and more particularly to an apparatus and method for measuring the speed of sound propagating in the flow, having particles suspended within a continuous fluid, to determine parameters, such as particle/fluid ratio, particle size and volumetric flow rate of the flow in pipes using acoustic dynamic pressures.
This invention provides a method to measure parameters of a fluid/particle mixture in a pipe that can be used in many applications, such as in chemical, pharmaceutical, petroleum and power generation industries. In particular, the invention provides a method to measure pulverized coal and air mixtures used in pulverized fuel delivery systems in place in a large percentage of coal fired boilers used in the power generation industry.
Currently, well over 50% of the electricity in the US is generated with coal. While coal is considered a cost effective, abundant resource in the US, the use of coal has been restricted due in large part to environmental concerns. To mitigate this impact, the US Department of Energy and the Power Generation industry have large programs designed to develop technology to reduce the environment effects of burning coal. These Clean Coal Initiatives include technology designed to develop improvements in the combustion process to improve efficiency while reducing pollutants such as unburned carbon, ash, and nitrous oxide (NOx).
The ability to measure the flow rate and composition of the air/coal mixture within the coal pipes is an important aspect of any system or strategy designed to optimize the performance of the PF delivery system. The industry recognizes this and therefore has been developing a wide variety of technologies to perform this measurement. These include probe based and sampling devices, as well as real time meters based on a wide variety of technologies including electrostatic charges, microwaves, and ultrasonic.
Objects of the present invention include providing a system for measuring the speed of sound propagating through a particle/fluid mixture in pipes in industrial boiler systems and related processes, such as coal fired boiler systems, to determine particular parameters of the mixture.
According to the present invention, an apparatus for measuring at least one parameter of a particle/fluid mixture in a pipe includes a spatial array of at least two pressure sensors, disposed at different axial locations along the pipe. Each of the pressure sensors measures an unsteady pressure within the pipe at a corresponding axial location. Each of said sensors provides a pressure signal indicative of the unsteady pressure within the pipe at said axial location of a corresponding one of said sensors. A signal processors responsive to said pressure signals, provides a signal indicative of the at least one parameter of the mixture in the pipe.
According to the present invention, a method for measuring at least one parameter of a particle/fluid mixture in a pipe includes measuring unsteady pressures within the pipe at at least two predetermined axial measurement locations along the pipe to provide a pressure signal indicative of the unsteady pressure within the pipe at each of the at least two predetermined axial measurement locations. Further the method includes calculating the at least one parameter of the particle/fluid mixture in the pipe using the unsteady pressure measured at the axial measurement locations.
The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent in light of the following detailed description of exemplary embodiments thereof.
Referring to
The solid particles of the mixture 12 may be of any size, shape and material. For example, the particles may be small in size as in the form of a powder, in a granular form, or greater in size. The flow meter 10 can be used in any application that carries solid particles suspended in a fluid through a pipe, such as in chemical, pharmaceutical, petroleum and power generation applications. For example, the present invention is well suited to measure the parameters (e.g. air/coal ratio, particle size) for power generation systems that use pulverized coal to fire the furnace a steam boiler system.
As one example, the present invention will be discussed in the context of a Pulverized Fuel (PF) delivery system for power generation, but one will appreciate that the flow meter can be applied to any number of other applications, as discussed hereinbefore. A representative PF delivery system 1 is shown in a coal fired boiler system 2 in
As is known, non-uniformities in the PF delivery system 1 can result in variation of the fuel to air ratios, causing hot spots, regions of high NOx generation, and unburned fuel. The connection between performance of a PF fuel delivery system 1 and boiler system 2 is well recognized. The flow meter 10 embodying the present invention is capable of measuring the fuel to air ratio and particle size of the pulverized coal provided to the furnace to thereby provide feedback to the operator to provide more efficient combustion of the coal.
As described hereinbefore, the flow meter 10, of the present invention may be configured and programmed to measure and process the detected unsteady pressures P1(t)-PN(t) created by acoustic waves propagating through the mixture to determine parameters of the mixture flow 12. One such flow meter 10 is shown in
In accordance with the present invention, the speed of sound propagating through the mixture 12 is measured by passively listening to the flow with an array of unsteady pressure sensors to determine the speed at which one-dimensional compression waves propagate through the liquid/particle mixture contained within the pipe 14.
As shown in
The frequency signals P1(ω)-PN(ω) are fed to amix-Mx Calculation Logic 38 which provides a signal to line 40 indicative of the speed of sound propagating through the mixture amix(ω), which is a function frequency (discussed more hereinafter). The amix(ω) signal is provided to map (or equation) logic 42, which converts amix(ω) to a percent composition of the PF/air mixture and provides a % Comp signal to line 44 indicative thereof (as discussed hereinafter). Also, if the Mach number Mx(ω) is not negligible and is desired, the calculation logic 40 may also provide a signal Mx(ω) to line 46 indicative of the Mach number Mx(ω) which is a function of frequency.
For circular ducts or pipes 12 as shown in
For a mixture with a sound speed of 500 m/sec in an 18 inch pipe, the cut-off frequency is approximately 600 Hz. Thus, for this example, only one-dimensional acoustic waves propagate below 600 Hz. It is important to note that one-dimensional waves can still propagate above this frequency, but higher order modes may or may not be present.
More specifically, for planar one-dimensional acoustic waves in a homogenous mixture, it is known that the acoustic pressure field P(x,t) at a location x along a pipe, where the wavelength λ of the acoustic waves to be measured is long compared to the diameter d of the pipe 12 (i.e., λ/d>>1), may be expressed as a superposition of a right traveling wave and a left traveling wave, as follows:
The frequency domain representation P(x,ω) of the time-based acoustic pressure field P(x,t) Within a pipe, is the coefficient of the eiωt term of Eq. 1, as follows:
Referring to
Forming the ratio of P1(ω)/P3(ω) from Eqs. 5 and 7 and solving for zero gives:
The data from the array of sensors may be processed in any domain, including the frequency/spatial domain, the temporal/spatial domain, the temporal/wave-number domain or the wave-number/frequency (k−ω) domain. As such, any known array processing technique in any of these or other related domains may be used if desired.
Also, some or all of the functions within the signal processing unit 30 may be implemented in software (using a microprocessor or computer) and/or firmware, or may be implemented using analog and/or digital hardware, having sufficient memory, interfaces, and capacity to perform the functions described herein.
Acoustic pressure sensors 15-18 sense acoustic pressure signals that, as measured, are lower frequency (and longer wavelength) signals than those used for ultrasonic flow meters of the prior art, and thus the current invention is more tolerant to inhomogeneities in the flow, such as roping and other time and space domain inhomogeneities within the flow, even where entrenchment or coal "roping" is unlikely such as following a bend. The term "roping" is a term known to those skilled in this art which represents a form of severe spatial and temporal mal-distribution induced in mixture flows of widely different component densities. It is a condition where a large portion of the coal flow is in a band running along one side of pipe 14.
In addition, the present invention incorporates the compliance of the pipe 14 to determine the effective speed of sound of the pipe/PF/air mixture system. The acoustic pressure signals P1(t)−PN(t) are generated within the PF/air mixture of the pipe 14 by a variety of non-discrete sources such as remote machinery, mills, fans 4 (
For certain types of pressure sensors, e.g., pipe strain sensors, accelerometers, velocity sensors or displacement sensors, discussed hereinafter, it may be desirable for the pipe 14 to exhibit a certain amount of pipe compliance.
Alternatively, to minimize any error effects (and the need for the corresponding calibration) caused by pipe compliance, the axial test section 50 of the pipe 14 along where the sensors 15-18 are located may be made as rigid as possible. To achieve the desired rigidity, the thickness of the wall of the test section 50 may be made to have a predetermined thickness, or the test section 50 may be made of a very rigid material, e.g., steel, titanium, Kevlar�, ceramic, or other material with a high modulus.
The length of the array (aperture) ΔX of the pressure sensors (15-18) is at least a significant fraction of the measured wavelength of the acoustic waves being measured. As will be described in greater detail, the acoustic wavelength to be measured is a function of at least the dispersion characteristics of the mixture 12, wherein the dispersion characteristic is a function of at least the size and mass of the particles, and the viscosity of the fluid. The greater the dispersion of the mixture (e.g. the greater the size and mass, and/or the less viscous the fluid), the longer the length of the array is needed. Conversely, the lesser the dispersion of the mixture (e.g. the lesser the size and mass, and/or the more viscous the fluid), the shorter the length of the array is needed.
Further, it is within the scope of the present that the spacing of the pressure sensors may be known or arbitrary, provided the location of the sensors is known. The sensors 15-18 may also be equi-spaced (as shown in
As discussed, the flow meter 10 measures the speed of sound of one-dimensional sound waves propagating through the fluid/particle mixture to determine the composition of the mixture. Specifically, the speed of sound propagating through dilute solid/air mixtures can be directly related to the mass fraction particles of the flow. A typical PF fuel delivery system 1 may operate with an air to coal mass ratio of 1.5 to 2.5 with coal density of 1200 to 1400 kg/m3 compared to 1.2 kg/m3 for air at standard atmospheric conditions. Thus, meeting the desired mass ratio results in a very dilute mixture of coal on a volumetric basis, on the order of one part in 1000 by volume.
Assuming that the particles of coal are small enough and the acoustic frequencies and the frequencies of perturbations associated with the acoustics are low enough for the solid particles to exhibit negligible slip (both steady and unsteady), the sound speed can be assumed to be non-dispersive (that is constant with frequency) and the volumetric phase fraction of the mixture could be determined through the Wood equation:
Including the effect of the compliance introduced by the conduit 12 (in this case a circular pipe of modulus E, radius R and wall thickness t)
Utilizing the relations above, the speed at which sound travels within the piping system of a representative coal/air mixtures is shown in
While the calibration curves based on predictions from first principles are encouraging, using empirical data mapping from sound speed to air/coal ratio may result in improved accuracy of the present invention to measure the air/coal fractions of the mixture.
However, it has been discovered that the physical properties of pulverized coal/air mixtures are generally such that there will be velocity slip at all but very low frequencies (on the order of <1-2 Hz for nominally 50 μm coal particles in air), as shown in
Further shown in
Measuring the sound speed of a mixture 12 at progressively lower and lower frequencies becomes inherently less accurate as the total length of the array of pressure sensors 15-18 (Δxaperature) which define the aperature of the array, becomes small compared to the wavelength of the acoustics. In general, the aperture should be at least a significant fraction of a wavelength of the sound speed of interest. In a particular embodiment sound speed data was recorded with an array of four sensors, spaced at 12 inches, for a total aperture of three feet. At 50 Hz, a 1000 ft/sec sound wave has a wavelength of 20 ft. Thus, the aperture of this particular array (approx. 36 inches) spanned only 3/20ths of a wavelength, and the array's ability to accurately resolve sound speeds below this was clearly impaired. It is an important aspect of the present invention that the ability to resolve sound speed at low frequencies is directly related to aperture of the array. Consequently longer arrays are used to resolve sound speeds at lower frequencies. As shown in
Given the practical constraints in accurately measuring sound speeds at ultra-low frequencies, the data suggests that utilizing a quasi-steady model to interpret the relationship between sound speed, measured at frequencies above those at which the quasi-steady model is applicable, and the air-to-fuel ratio would be problematic, and may, in fact, be impractical. Thus, the key to understanding and interpreting the composition of coal/air mixtures through sound speed measurements lies in the dispersive characteristics of the coal/air mixture.
In accordance with the present invention the dispersive nature of the system utilizes a first principles model of the interaction between the air and particles. This model is viewed as being representative of a class of models that seek to account for dispersive effects. Other models could be used to account for dispersive effects without altering the intent of this disclosure (for example, see the paper titled "Viscous Attenuation of Acoustic Waves in Suspensions" by R. L. Gibson, Jr. and M. N. Toks�z), which is incorporated herein by reference. The model allows for slip between the local velocity of the continuous fluid phase and that of the particles. The drag force on the particles by the continuous fluid is modeled by a force proportional to the difference between the local fluid velocity and that of the fluid particles and is balanced by inertial force:
The effect of the force on the continuous fluid phase by the fluid particles is modeled as a force term in the axial momentum equation. The axial momentum equation for a control volume of area A and length Δx is given by:
The particle drag force is given by:
Using Stokes law for drag on a sphere at low Reynold's number gives the drag coefficient as:
Solving for K in this model yields:
Using the above relations and 1-dimensional acoustic modeling techniques, the following relation can be derived for the dispersive behavior of an idealized fluid particle mixture.
In the above relation, the fluid SOS, density (ρ) and viscosity (φ) are those of the pure phase fluid, vp is the volume of individual particles and φp is the volumetric phase fraction of the particles in the mixture.
Two parameters of primary interest in pulverized coal measurements are particle size and air-to-fuel mass ratio. To this end, it is of interest to examine the dispersive characteristics of the mixture as a function of these two variables.
In particular
Knowing the effect of dispersion on the speed of sound through a mixture as described herein before, one will appreciate that to determine the concentration of the mixture (e.g., air/fuel ratio), the frequency of the measured acoustic wave is within the low frequency range that exhibits little or no slip (non-dispersive/quasi-steady state), as best shown in
Although the effect of particle size and air-to-fuel ratio are inter-related, the predominant effect of air-to-fuel ratio is to determine the low frequency limit of the sound speed to be measured and the predominate effect of particle size is to determine the frequency range of the transitional regions. As particle size increases, the frequency at which the dispersive properties appear decreases. For typical pulverized coal applications, this transitional region begins at fairly low frequencies, ˜2 Hz for 50 μm size particles.
In the low frequency regime, the particles exhibit negligible slip with the fluid. The frequency range for which the no-slip, quasi-steady approximation is valid is a function of a variety of parameters including particle size, continuous phase viscosity, particle shape and particle density.
The quasi-steady (no-slip condition) sound speed is given by the low frequency limit of the above relation, where AFR is air/fuel ratio:
In the high frequency limit, the dispersion relation predicts the sound speed with asymptote towards the sound speed of the pure fluid.
Given the difficulties measuring sufficiently low frequencies to apply the quasi-steady model and recognizing that the high frequency sound speed contains no direct information on either particle size or air-to-fuel ratio, it becomes apparent that the dispersive characteristics of the coal/air mixture should be utilized to determine particle size and air-to-fuel ratio based on speed of sound measurements.
As described hereinbefore, the flow meter 10 of the present invention includes the ability to accurately determine the average particle size of the coal in the PF/air mixture within the pipe 14 and the air to fuel ratio. Provided there is no appreciable slip between the air and the solid coal particle, the propagation of one dimensional sound wave through multiphase mixtures is influenced by the effective mass and the effective compressibility of the mixture. For an air transport system, the degree to which the no-slip assumption applies is a strong function of particle size and frequency. In the limit of small particles and low frequency, the no-slip assumption is valid. As the size of the particles increases and the frequency of the sound waves increase, the non-slip assumption becomes increasing less valid. For a given average coal particle size, the increase in slip with frequency causes dispersion, or, in other words, the sound speed of the mixture to change with frequency. With appropriate calibration the dispersive characteristic of a mixture will provide a measurement of the average particle size, as well as, the air to fuel ratio (particle/fluid ratio) of the mixture.
Using the model described above, which yields the equation shown below, and experimentally determined sound speed as function of frequency, the present invention includes an optimization procedure to simultaneously determine particles size and AFR in coal/air mixtures
The results of the optimization procedure applied to a series of data sets with varying air-to-fuel ratio is shown in
As suggested herein before, the length of the array of pressure sensors should be at least a significant fraction of a wavelength of the sound speed of interest. The significant fraction of the wavelength may be at least 30 percent of the wavelength, however, this fraction may be less than 30 percent depending on the desired accuracy of the measurement, the measured wavelength and/or the strength of the acoustic wave (e.g., low signal/noise ratio). Therefore, the length of the array is dependent on the frequency of the sound speed of interest (frequency being inversely proportional to wavelength), wherein the frequency of the sound speed of interest is dependent on the measurement to be determined (e.g., air/particle ratio and particle size) and the dispersion characteristics of the mixture. For example, the low frequency range of the plot of the speed of sound (quasi-steady state) for measuring the concentration of the mixture (e.g., air/particle ratio), shown in
For example when measuring the concentration of the mixture, as the size of the particles increase, the low frequency cut-off decreases and thus, the acoustic wavelength of interest increases to thereby necessitate the length of the array to be longer. Conversely, as the size of the particles decrease, the low frequency cut-off increase and thus, the acoustic wavelength of interest decreases to thereby necessitate the length of the array to be shorter. Simply stated, the larger the particle, the longer the array and vice versa. The same comparison is true when determining the size of the particles within the mixture. However, for optimal performance of the flow meter, the measurement of the concentration of the mixture may require a longer array than the measurement of the particle size because measurement of the concentration is at a lower frequency (longer wavelength) than the intermediate frequency (shorter wavelength) of the particle size.
The lowest practical measurable frequency range is approximately 10-25 Hz, therefore the measurement of large particle may not be possible to measure the quasi-steady model, which may in some instances be less than 10 Hz (i.e., cut-off frequency less than 10 Hz). Under these circumstances, the frequency of the speed of sound of interest is above the cut-off frequency. However, the measured speed of sound is curve fit to a dispersion model of the mixture by varying the size of the particle and the composition of the mixture to determine the particle size and/or concentration of the mixture, as shown in
While the length of the array is dependent on the particle size, the length may also be dependent on other parameters that define the amount of dispersion, such as mass of the particles and the viscosity of the fluid within the mixture.
Another factor that defines (or effects) the length of the array of pressure sensors 15-18 includes the signal strength of the acoustic wave received by the processor. As the signal strength improves or is greater, the shorter the length of the array must be. The signal strength is dependent on a number of factors, such as the strength of the acoustic wave itself, the signal/noise ratio of the sensors, the matching of the sensors and others.
The spacing may be equi-spaced as shown in
The spacing of the pressure sensors may also be defined by the number of sensors disposed within an array of a given length. The more sensors disposed within the array of a given length, the closer the spacing. The number of sensors disposed within an array is dependent on the required or desired accuracy of the flow meter 10. The greater the number of sensors in the array, a more precise measurement of the acoustic pressure field can be achieved. In other words, a greater number of samples or measurements of the acoustic pressure wave over a given length of the array (or wavelength) provided the sensors enable greater resolution in the measurement of the acoustic wave to be measured or characterized.
In addition to measuring the fluid to particle ratio of the mixture 12 and particle size within a pipe 14 using the measured speed of sound, the flow meter 10 further includes the ability to measure of volumetric flow rate of the mixture by comparing the difference of the speed of one dimensional sound waves propagating with and against the mean flow.
This method of determining the volumetric flow rate of the particle/fluid mixture 12 within pipe 14 relies on the interaction of the mean flow with the acoustic pressure field. The interaction results in sound waves propagating with the mean flow traveling at the speed of sound (if the particle/liquid mixture were not flowing) plus the convection velocity and, conversely, sound waves traveling against the mean flow propagating at the speed of sound minus the convection velocity. That is,
The practicality of using this method to determine the mean flow is predicated on the ability to resolve the sound speed in both directions with sufficient accuracy to determine the volumetric flow. For typical liquid measurements, flow velocities are typically at ˜10 ft/sec and sound speeds of ˜4000 ft/sec. Thus axial mach numbers are on the order of 10/4000 of 0.0025. For a +/−10% accuracy in flow rate (+/−1 ft/sec), the sound speed of the upstream and downstream propagating waves would need to be resolved to +/−0.5/4000 or 1 part in 8,000.
However, for PF/air mixture flows, axial flow velocities are nominally around 70 ft/sec with no flow sound speeds of ˜700 ft/sec. This results in mach numbers of ˜0.1, approximately 2 orders of magnitude greater than typical liquid flows. For pulverized fuel flows, to resolve the flow rate to 10% accuracy (or +/−7 ft/sec), one would have to resolve the sound speed to +/−3.5 ft/sec, or 3.5/700 or 1 part in 200.
For the sound speed measurement, the flow meter 10 utilizes similar processing algorithms as those employed herein before. The temporal and spatial frequency content of sound propagating within the process piping 14 is related through a dispersion relationship.
The wave number is k, which is defined as k=2π/λ, ω is the temporal frequency in rad/sec, and amix is the speed at which sound propagates within the process piping. For this cases where sound propagates in both directions, the acoustic power is located along two acoustic ridges, one for the sound traveling with the flow at a speed of amix+Vmix and one for the sound traveling against the flow at a speed of amix−Vmix.
The k-w plot shown in
The pressure sensors 15-18 described herein may be any type of pressure sensor, capable of measuring the unsteady (or ac or dynamic) pressures within a pipe 14, such as piezoelectric, optical, capacitive, resistive (e.g., Wheatstone bridge), accelerometers (or geophones), velocity measuring devices, displacement measuring devices, etc. If optical pressure sensors are used, the sensors 15-18 may be Bragg grating based pressure sensors, such as that described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/925,598, entitled "High Sensitivity Fiber Optic Pressure Sensor For Use In Harsh Environments", filed Sep. 8, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,016,702. Alternatively, the sensors 14 may be electrical or optical strain gages attached to or embedded in the outer or inner wall of the pipe which measure pipe wall strain, including microphones, hydrophones, or any other sensor capable of measuring the unsteady pressures within the pipe 14. In an embodiment of the present invention that utilizes fiber optics as the pressure sensors 14 they may be connected individually or may be multiplexed along one or more optical fibers using wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), time division multiplexing (TDM), or any other optical multiplexing techniques.
For any of the embodiments described herein, the pressure sensors, including electrical strain gages, optical fibers and/or gratings among others as described herein, may be attached to the pipe by adhesive, glue, epoxy, tape or other suitable attachment means to ensure suitable contact between the sensor and the pipe 14. The sensors may alternatively be removable or permanently attached via known mechanical techniques such as mechanical fastener, spring loaded, clamped, clam shell arrangement, strapping or other equivalents. Alternatively, the strain gages, including optical fibers and/or gratings, may be embedded in a composite pipe. If desired, for certain applications, the gratings may be detached from (or strain or acoustically isolated from) the pipe 14 if desired.
It is also within the scope of the present invention that any other strain sensing technique may be used to measure the variations in strain in the pipe, such as highly sensitive piezoelectric, electronic or electric, strain gages attached to or embedded in the pipe 14.
In certain embodiments of the present invention, a piezo-electronic pressure transducer may be used as one or more of the pressure sensors 15-18 and it may measure the unsteady (or dynamic or ac) pressure variations inside the pipe 14 by measuring the pressure levels inside of the pipe. In an embodiment of the present invention, the sensors 14 comprise pressure sensors manufactured by PCB Piezotronics. In one pressure sensor there are integrated circuit piezoelectric voltage mode-type sensors that feature built-in microelectronic amplifiers, and convert the high-impedance charge into a low-impedance voltage output. Specifically, a Model 106B manufactured by PCB Piezotronics is used which is a high sensitivity, acceleration compensated integrated circuit piezoelectric quartz pressure sensor suitable for measuring low pressure acoustic phenomena in hydraulic and pneumatic systems. It has the unique capability to measure small pressure changes of less than 0.001 psi under high static conditions. The 106B has a 300 mV/psi sensitivity and a resolution of 91 dB (0.0001 psi).
The pressure sensors incorporate a built-in MOSFET microelectronic amplifier to convert the high-impedance charge output into a low-impedance voltage signal. The sensor is powered from a constant-current source and can operate over long coaxial or ribbon cable without signal degradation. The low-impedance voltage signal is not affected by triboelectric cable noise or insulation resistance-degrading contaminants. Power to operate integrated circuit piezoelectric sensors generally takes the form of a low-cost, 24 to 27 VDC, 2 to 20 mA constant-current supply. A data acquisition system of the present invention may incorporate constant-current power for directly powering integrated circuit piezoelectric sensors.
Most piezoelectric pressure sensors are constructed with either compression mode quartz crystals preloaded in a rigid housing, or unconstrained tourmaline crystals. These designs give the sensors microsecond response times and resonant frequencies in the hundreds of kHz, with minimal overshoot or ringing. Small diaphragm diameters ensure spatial resolution of narrow shock waves.
The output characteristic of piezoelectric pressure sensor systems is that of an AC-coupled system, where repetitive signals decay until there is an equal area above and below the original base line. As magnitude levels of the monitored event fluctuate, the output remains stabilized around the base line with the positive and negative areas of the curve remaining equal.
Furthermore the present invention contemplates that each of the pressure sensors 15-18 of the flow meters 10,70 may include a piezoelectric sensor 104-107 that provides a piezoelectric material 110 to measure the unsteady pressures of the fluid/particle mixture 12 as shown in
As best shown in
While the present invention illustrates that the array of pressure sensors comprises a plurality of like sensors, the present invention contemplates that any combination of different or similar pressure sensors may be used within an array.
While the present invention is capable of measuring solid particles suspended in a fluid, one will appreciate that other multi-phase mixtures or flows may be measured using an array of sensors, such as steam flow. It is further recognize the that effects of dispersion on large solid particles in a fluid would be similar to large droplets of a liquid dispersed in a gas or air, and thus similar considerations when measuring the steam quality and droplet size should be addressed.
It should be understood that any of the features, characteristics, alternatives or modifications described regarding a particular embodiment herein may also be applied, used, or incorporated with any other embodiment described herein.
Although the invention has been described and illustrated with respect to exemplary embodiments thereof, the foregoing and various other additions and omissions may be made therein and thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
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The FASB and the IASB late last month announced a delay for completion of the remaining priority convergence projects from June 2011 until late 2011.
May 10 2011
Education & Careers
More bad news for job searchers
Chief financial officers are markedly shifting their focus from cost cutting to revenue growth, but they remain wary of increased hiring at home, according to the results of the Deloitte CFO Signals quarterly survey for the first quarter of 2011.
Apr 25 2011
Jaw-dropping budgeting errors make headlines in Maine and Ohio
Some recent budgeting mistakes have plenty of taxpayers scratching their heads as the issue shines a spotlight on the need for efficient accounting systems.
Apr 7 2011
AccountingWEB Life
Taxpayer Advocate report focuses on tax reform, collection issues, health care reform
This year's report identifies 21 problems, provides updates on four previously identified issues, makes recommendations for administrative and legislative change, and analyzes the 10 tax issues most frequently litigated in the federal courts.
Jan 18 2011
Business traveler's guide to making the best of bad weather
It's December, and, in many parts of the country, this means that weather is a factor in commuting as well as in business travel. Weather-induced chaos presents an ideal opportunity for technologists to remind businesses that we now have the means to lessen the impact of bad weather.
Dec 1 2010
Education & Careers
Small business employment index indicates 49,000 new jobs; wages down slightly
Small business employment continued to show growth in November, although wages were down and hours worked remained flat, according to this month's Small Business Employment Index by Intuit Inc.
Nov 30 2010
Actor Wesley Snipes taken into custody for tax evasion
Actor Wesley Snipes, known for his roles in White Men Can't Jump and Blade, has been taken into custody by federal authorities to begin serving three years in prison for failing to file income tax returns.
Nov 22 2010
IT employment posts strong gains in October
October saw continued growth in IT employment adding more than 10,000 jobs. Additionally, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics' upward revision to September's employment data now reflects growth of 3,600 IT jobs, up from a previously reported incremental loss of 200 jobs.
Nov 16 2010
Top personal income tax rates are rising worldwide
The worldwide decline in top personal income tax rates over the past seven years generally appears to have come to an end, as this year's average rate increased 0.3 percent globally, according to KPMG International's 2010 Individual Income Tax and Social Security Rate Report.
Oct 20 2010
In twilight of their careers, unemployed workers face tough new realities
More mature workers who have lost their jobs have a lot on their minds - how to prepare for retirement, how to pay for health care coverage, and not only how they will get that next job, but if they will ever get that next job.
Sep 23 2010
Three famous tax cheaters take issue with the authorities
AccountingWEB appears to be developing a rogues gallery of taxation ne'er-do-wells as the same celebrities continue to make headlines. Wesley Snipes, Conrad Black, Lil Wayne, and Suge Knight are, once again, in the news.
Jul 30 2010
Managing medical marijuana use in the workplace
For employers with operations in the 14 states that have legalized marijuana for medical purposes, it is a difficult task to juggle the need for a drug-free workplace environment and the rights of employees who have prescriptions to legally use marijuana.
Jul 9 2010
After the convictions: Wesley Snipes, Richard Hatch, Method Man
In 2009, rapper Method Man, whose real name is Clifford Smith, was arrested on felony tax evasion charges, accused of not filing tax returns for 2004 through 2007. His defense was pretty self-incriminating.
Jul 9 2010
CPE mid-year 2010 update: Rules, regulations, trends
Mid-year 2010 has arrived and accountants in approximately half the jurisdictions in the United States are facing compliance deadlines. Tax time is well behind us and crunch time for compliance is here.
Jul 6 2010
Pay freeze continues for majority of finance execs
Reflective of the past year's economic woes, a majority of financial professionals still are not receiving salary increases, according to a recent survey conducted by Financial Executives Research Foundation.
Jun 9 2010
Most executives remain confident about business growth
Six percent of chief financial officers said they plan to hire full-time accounting and finance employees during the third quarter of 2010, while 9 percent anticipate staff reductions. Despite those numbers, CFOs remain optimistic about the outlook for their businesses.
Jun 7 2010
Survey: CPA execs' outlook optimistic for first time in two years
CPA executives in business, industry, and government are optimistic for the first time in two years as business leaders gain confidence that improvements in the U.S. economy will translate to better results for their organizations.
May 11 2010
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text:
Ravenscroft Crystal Decanters are produced from ancient mineral deposits that eliminate the need to add lead. The Ravenscroft Crystal Longfellow decanter is handmade of the most brilliant lead free crystal in Europe. This is particularly important following the recent discovery that long-term storage in leaded decanters can result can result in lead leaching into the contents. Height: 16 in. Width: 5 in. Capacity: 66 oz.
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Microtel Inn By Wyndham Clear Lake
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Kids got to drive 1952 locomotive by themselves!
... locomotive. There would just be too many rules, restrictions and costs associated with insurance etc., in most places. We were very thankful to have had this opportunity of a lifetime and one of the best adventures we have had on this trip.
It was interesting to note that there was no fixed cost to this stop. The owner asked for a donation at our discretion based on the enjoyment we received. Needless to say, we gave a good ...
Today was pretty quiet - drove the last 300 miles from Chillicothe to Forest City in Iowa - checked into the Super 8 which actually wasn't too bad.
Got out a bit nervous in the afternoon as there were serious weather warnings - there was ...
Made it to Mason City
So on Thursday mid-afternoon we finally made it to Mason City and got settled into the campground. Plan to spend several days here visiting family and poking around. Already we've been to the new craft beer shop in MC called Mason City Brewing. There's another in Clear Lake that is only open weekend evenings, so we'll try to make ...
Left around 11:15 Central Time with our brand new motor home to embark on our spring adventure. Headed to Cheyenne via Worthington Minnesota. Did our Good Samaritan task of getting drive train to another adventurer in Worthington Minnesota. Hopefully GAH and Winnebago are getting the part fixed today so they can continue. The remainder of the ...
Denver to Iowa
... On the bus, not sure the average age but I definitely bring it down. People with kids in school must not get to take this trip very often our kids are spoiled..... Getting ready for a 11 hour drive tomorrow to Wyoming to pick up the Family in ...


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•Dam: Flawless Stature, Marked—Much Like Sire; 60 #, 21" Tall. Proven, Maternal Dexterity, Cheery. Champ, Kansas, Pointer family Prodigy... Nurtured For Plane Hunting Prowess, Family Friendly Aptness.
•Sire: Aristocratic Bearing (Deep Chested, Taut, 70 # Powerhouse, 24" ...
May 23 -
Washington DC :
Silver Spring - Dogs & puppies
We have a litter of seven AKC registered German Shorthaired Pointer puppies looking for their forever homes. There are five females and two males in the litter. The Mom is a family pet with a sweet personality. These puppies are being raised in our home and are given lots ...
May 18 -
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Denver - Dogs & puppies
Kennel Master, Michael Enfield is not only a notable, AKC breeder but a Pratt Institute, Art School alumus and accomplished graphic designer, photographer. His artwork regularly appears globally in publications and on line; the National Geographic Society, The US ...
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Whelped, Friday The 13th, 2013—Six, Superb German Shorthaired Pups:
•Sire: Aristocratic Bearing (Deep Chested, Taut, 70 # Powerhouse, 24" To Shoulders; Devout Nature, Keen Intelligence); Classic Rustic Coloration: Liver Patched, Ticked, Marbled, w/Distinctive White ...
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text:
Shield Bearer Moths (Lepidoptera: Heliozelidae)
- John B. Heppner
- … show all 1 hide
Shield bearer moths, family Heliozelidae, total 106 species from all regions, with more than half the species split between North America (31 sp.) and Australia (36 sp.); actual fauna probably exceeds 200 species. The family is in the superfamily Incurvarioidea, in the section Incurvariina, of division Monotrysia, infraorder Heteroneura. Adults minute to small (3–9 mm wingspan), with very smooth head scaling (one sp. has roughened head scales in the Neotropics); haustellum scaled and scales usually merging with head scaling to form a triangular-appearing face; labial palpi porrect; maxillary palpi minute, 5-segmented. Maculation usually dark with shining metallic- iridescence, plus some light markings. Adults are diurnal. Larvae make serpentine leaf mines at first, then make blotch mines in later instars. Host plants include a variety of hardwood trees and bushes.
- Kuroko, H (1961) The genus Antispila from Japan, with descriptions of seven new species (Lepidoptera, Heliozelidae). Esakia 3: pp. 11-24
- Lafontaine, JD (1973) Eastern North American species of Antispila (Lepidoptera: Heliozelidae) feeding on Nyssa and Cornus. Can Entomol 105: pp. 991-994 CrossRef
- Snodgrass RE (1922) The resplendent shield-bearer and the ribbed-cocoon-maker: two insect inhabitants of the orchard. Smithsonian Reports 1920, 485–509, 3 pl
- Wojtusiak J (1976) Heliozelidae. In Klucze do Oznaczania Owadów Polski. 27. Motyle & Lepidoptera 94:1–18. Polskie Towardzystwo Entomologiczne [in Polish], Warsaw
- Title
- Shield Bearer Moths (Lepidoptera: Heliozelidae)
- Reference Work Title
- Encyclopedia of Entomology
- Pages
- pp 3369-3370
- Copyright
- 2008
- 10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_4169
- Print ISBN
- 978-1-4020-6242-1
- Online ISBN
- 978-1-4020-6359-6
- Publisher
- Springer Netherlands
- Copyright Holder
- Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
- Additional Links
- Topics
- Industry Sectors
- eBook Packages
- Editors
- John L. Capinera (1)
- Editor Affiliations
- 1. Dept. Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida
- Authors
- John B. Heppner (1)
- Author Affiliations
- 1. Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Gainesville, FL, USA
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To view the rest of this content please follow the download PDF link above.


text:
Factoid of the day: last night's pitchers were really good
May 19, 2011, 1:00 PM EDT
I made a crack in the recaps this morning about this being 1968 all over again. This factoid just passed along by Major League Baseball explains why last night gave off that impression:
Of 30 starting pitchers last night, 13 went at least 7 innings and gave up no more than one earned run.
There are going to be a lot of pitchers who make a lot of money in arbitration and on the free agency market in the next couple of years before people get the brains around what could very well be a new, low-offense environment kicking off.
And I say "could," because if these attendance numbers hold, someone is gonna get the bright idea to juice the ball again in order to get people back to the ballpark.
- cur68 - May 19, 2011 at 1:02 PM
I take the performance of a certain chubby redheaded Blue Jays pitcher didn't make the grade? Not friggin likely.
- halladaysbicepts - May 19, 2011 at 1:07 PM
Juice the ball or juice the players? Here's my solution:
Eliminate the pitcher and let the batters use an aluminum bat, through up the ball in the air and hit it. Also, replace the baseball with a golfball. Offense will increase by 5000%.
Also, they should bring the greenies back into the locker room and give it to them intravenously.
What do you think?
- paperlions - May 19, 2011 at 1:24 PM
I think you just created a sport that I'd have no interest in.
- Chris Fiorentino - May 19, 2011 at 1:07 PM
Juice the balls, or juice the players. Either way, the owners once again won't care as long as people come to the ballparks.
- kellyb9 - May 19, 2011 at 1:17 PM
I love a good old fashioned pitching duel. Defense > Offense.
- b7p19 - May 19, 2011 at 1:27 PM
- nps6724 - May 19, 2011 at 1:20 PM
As Daniel Tosh once said, we should make steroids mandatory because we deserve the best athletes science can create.
- rebarratige - May 19, 2011 at 1:36 PM
You lost me at "as Daniel Tosh once said."
- paperlions - May 19, 2011 at 1:21 PM
People go to see good baseball, not just a lot of scoring. The attendance problems won't be "solved" by more offense, because that isn't the problem. Once it stops raining, more people have money in their pockets, and team realize that they out-priced many fans, attendance numbers will increase again.
- halladaysbicepts - May 19, 2011 at 1:26 PM
I agree. The biggest problem with baseball attendance has nothing to do with lack of offense. It's the US economy problems along with the average cost of MLB tickets, which go up every year. They need to reduce the ticket prices to reflect the economy as a whole, and I believe attendance would go up.
- rebarratige - May 19, 2011 at 1:42 PM
Not sure how much traction the "blame the economy" approach has anymore, given that we're comparing 2011 to 2010, when the economy was just as bad (if not worse). It's not as though people just woke up to the need to cut down on their discretionary spending.
- Jonny 5 - May 19, 2011 at 1:26 PM
attendance, shmattendance.
- WhenMattStairsIsKing - May 19, 2011 at 2:18 PM
I would hope that wouldn't be their deductive reasoning.
It's more like people aren't buying tickets because they don't have jobs to do so, and gas is through the roof to get there.
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text:
Here is a collection of the all-time best famous Antonin Artaud poems. This is a select list of the best famous Antonin Artaud poetry. Reading, writing, and enjoying famous Antonin Artaud poetry (as well as classical and contemporary poems) is a great past time. These top poems are the best examples of Antonin Artaud poems.
Search for the best famous Antonin Artaud poems, articles about Antonin Artaud poems, poetry blogs, or anything else Antonin Artaud poem related using the PoetrySoup search engine at the top of the page.
See also:
Best Member Poems


text:
Israeli ultranationalist poised for election gains
Lieberman, 50, who once worked as a bar bouncer, immigrated to Israel in 1978. He became active in the hawkish Likud Party while studying at Hebrew University in the 1980s, earning a reputation as a powerful behind-the-scenes player.
He rose to prominence as the engineer of Netanyahu's razor-thin 1996 election victory over Nobel peace laureate Shimon Peres, and later became Netanyahu's chief of staff.
Lieberman, who lives in the West Bank settlement of Nokdim, later quit Likud and was elected to parliament in 1999 as head of Israel Beiteinu (Israel Our Home), a party he established to represent the more than 1 million immigrants from the former Soviet Union.
The party started out with four seats in parliament, but swelled to 11 seats in the last election in 2006. Recent polls indicate it could win as many 18 seats next week, with support stretching beyond immigrant communities and into the Israeli mainstream.
A fraud investigation against Lieberman's daughter, his lawyer and five other confidants doesn't seem to have hurt his popularity. Lieberman, who refused to be interviewed for this article, has lashed out at police, charging that their probe was politically motivated.
Lieberman's tough stances have long stoked controversy. As a Cabinet minister earlier this decade, he called for the bombing of Palestinian gas stations, banks and commercial centers. Last year, he said Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak could "go to hell."
Lieberman has called for executing Israeli Arab lawmakers who met with leaders of the militant group Hamas. He also led a recent parliamentary drive to exclude Arab parties from running for election – a move that was overturned by Israel's Supreme Court.
Despite his rhetoric, Lieberman has shown signs of pragmatism. He served as a Cabinet minister in two centrist Israeli governments, though he was fired for opposing the 2005 withdrawal from Gaza and resigned to protest peace talks begun at the 2007 conference in Annapolis, Md. His plan for redrawing Israel's borders would also mean dismantling some Jewish settlements, possibly his own.
More than 20,000 Israelis have endorsed Lieberman's drive to institute a loyalty oath – even it's based on a philosophy that the Israeli daily newspaper Haaretz on Wednesday said "has its roots in a dark conceptual world."
"A democracy doesn't need to commit suicide to prove its justness. Israel has to stop apologizing," he has said. "The Arabs have all the rights, but they don't have a right over the land of Israel."


text:
13 November 2013 07:27 [Source: ICIS news]
SINGAPORE (ICIS)--ICL's third-quarter net income fell by 80% year on year to $78m (€58m), partly on higher tax expenses, the Israeli fertilizers and specialty minerals firm said on Wednesday.
"The increase in the tax rate in the quarter was influenced primarily by a non-recurring tax expense totalling around $118m following the company's decision to release trapped profits and due to the increase of the corporate tax rate from 25% to 26.5%," it said in a statement.
The company's net sales fell by 18% year on year to $1.45bn in the third quarter, while its operating income declined by 54% to $222m, the company said.
"Decreased sales and profits during the third quarter derived primarily from weakness and instability in the potash market which led to an appreciable reduction in amounts sold and to lower selling prices of fertilizers," it said.
In the first nine months of this year, the company's net income was down by 36% year on year at $699m, while sales fell by 6% to $4.86bn.
($1 = €0.74)
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text:
The world's largest-circulation design engineering magazine, NASA Tech Briefs reports on NASA's best new technologies with "down to Earth" commercial applications.
Medical Design Briefs features exclusive coverage of the latest medical and bio-medical innovations from NASA, its industry partners, and other major players in medical R&D worldwide.
Now the engineering community has one resource for all the latest advances and licensing opportunities from Defense Department R&D programs. Now you have a more powerful tool than ever to sell into the $400 billion defense market.
The Motion Control and Automation Technology supplement to NASA Tech Briefs magazine delivers more than 127,000 BPA-audited BUYERS, while offering low reader duplication with other design engineering publications. New customers for your products.
PTB features exclusive reports of innovations from industry and government pathsetters — focusing on commercial applications of optics, fiber optics, lasers, electro-optics, test & measurement, and imaging/cameras.
Target over 52,000 design engineers and managers who BUY cameras and imaging systems in this special supplement mailed with NASA Tech Briefs.
Reach OEM design engineers and managers who specify test instruments for maintaining and troubleshooting electronics, manufacturing, and electro-optics.
The Sensor Technology supplement targets engineers and managers who specify sensors, transducers, detectors, and data acquisition equipment.


text: I'll say my last words on the Hoh fish and our British "chap". He should have released it and his story is "fishy" at best. In fact he knew he had screwed up and that is why he immediately went to his bullshit story. He should have just told us to kiss his ass and to bitch to the state who makes the act legal. We have our moral views, but he broke no laws. But if we like it our not, it was and is a LEGAL catch and keep. That is due to the complete idiots we have in Fish and Game. Now I am sure the finger pointing will keep going but that is the reality of things. I can hit up the OP any time I want and hook, land, and kill not only wild fish, but damn native fish. And if I get a fish to the car without signing off the catch card, I can pretend it never happened and go get another one the next day. Which of course none of our steelhead killing brethren ever do!!! This is another indictment of the state of Washington's fisheries and policies nothing more. Sad in many ways but another shit stain on their underwear. Coach


text:
Kevin Cossom - Lay Up
Artist: Kevin Cossom
Producer: The Lottery
Album: Hook Vs. Bridge II
Avg Rating: 2.8 ( 10 votes )
The fact that I instantly through about basketball instead of lovemaking when I heard the title of Kevin Cossom's new single Lay Up is the best sign yet that I need to spend less time thinking about the looming NBA playoffs (go Celtics!) and more time on my lady. Thanks for the reminder Kevin. Making its worldwide premiere on The DJBooth, Lay Up gets its atmospheric vibe from producer The Lottery's swirling synths and snapping percussion, creating an instrumental custom made for losing track of time in between the sheets. Taking the cut's go-half-on-a-baby vibe to the next level are Cossom's seductive vocals, which smoothly ride the track like a….well, I'll just let you use your imagination, but I think we both know where I was going with that. While we unfortunately still have some waiting to do before Cossom's debut RCA album hit shelves, fans only have to wait until tomorrow (April 18) for his brand new Hook Vs. Bridge II project, which is sure to provide even more reasons to turn off that b-ball game and focus on turning on that special someone.
Written by Nathan S. on Apr 17, 2012
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Call us at 1-800-282-6409
"I am writing to let you know of my complete satisfaction with the services of your company and caregivers. We have always believed in the importance of "Quality of Life" and we are once again experiencing it thanks to our day CNA and our…"
CSI provides licensed, certified and credentialed caregivers within the comfort and confines of one's home to assist with the activities of daily living or the management of complex medical conditions. Services are provided 24/7 and Live-In caregivers are available. In Home Care Services are provided by RNs, LPNs, CNAs, HHAs, Companions and Homemakers.
Services can range from simple Homemaking activities such as Meal Preparation, Light Housekeeping, Transportation, Medication reminders, Prescription Pick-up or simple companionship. These services can be provided by a Homemaker, Companion, Certified Nursing Assistant or a Home Health Aid.
Hands-on Activities of Daily Living might include assisting with Dressing, Bathing, Transferring, Ambulation or Therapeutic Exercises. These services can be performed by a Certified Nursing Assistants or Home Health Aides. More complex medical situations might call for the services of an RN or an LPN to monitor or assess a client's condition, to administer medication or provide wound care management.


text:
These people share concern after concern, most often in how things relate to them. Their driving intent is to keep themselves safe. The make comments such as, "I'm already struggling and can't do any more." The effect is the group tunes them out, or the group starts thinking about their own personal concerns.
The indecisive ones
These people are quick to delay decisions, constantly seeking more data, or deferring decisions to a higher authority. Their intent may be to get it right, include everyone, and stay safe in a politicized environment. The effect is that little if any action occurs, leaving the group to wonder why they bother.
How to address these people
In all of these instances the misalignment of the intent of the people and the effect they are having on the group can derail a meeting. Misaligned intent and effect requires an intervention to interrupt it. Without the interruption the negative effects just continue. When any of the symptoms occur, take a moment to infer the positive intent behind what you hear or what someone does. Then do one of the following:
- Paraphrase the positive intent you infer. Ask them, "What I hear you saying is …is that right?"
- Ask what's behind someone's concern. Ask them,"Tell me more about what you are thinking."


text:
WiFi QR Share
100,000 - 500,000 downloadsAdd this app to your lists
+ By Sudo Make Me An App
WiFi QR Share enables you to easily share your WiFi network with others using WiFi QR code images. Your friends and family can scan these QR codes (with the app "Barcode Scanner") right off of your phone's display to let them join your network without having to type anything at all, no matter how long or complicated your password is.
WiFi QR Share has been designed to be as automatic and easy as possible. If your Android device is rooted, the app will supply all the required WiFi network information for you and instantly generate a QR code. On an unrooted Android device, WiFi QR Share will supply all the information for your device's configured networks except the password, which you can enter manually and save for later use.
Press menu for the option of sending the QR code image. This allows you to email it to yourself or your friends so that you can print out the image, or scan it from a computer display.
New in 1.5: Cloud Print integration. If you have Google Cloud Print enabled for your Google Account, you can print a QR code directly from your phone. Accessible via the menu button.
Experimental feature: Wireless tethering (Wi-Fi hotspot) support. The app will attempt to automatically retrieve wireless tethering settings. The app also tries to detect when the user is actively using Wi-Fi tethering so that it can display the right code.
Notes: Your Wi-Fi password is encoded inside of these images. You shouldn't post them to social networks, or allow people who you do not trust to scan them.
Internet Permission is for the displaying of ads. The QR Codes are generated on your phone. No WiFi information is ever sent out over the internet.
Please use the feedback email in market to let us know if you find any bugs. Android Market does not allow us to respond to ratings. Thanks! :)
Tags: qr share, how to find out wifi password on unrooted, wifi qr share, how to find wifi password on unrooted, how to uncover a wifi password on your for, gay qr, find wifi password on unrooted, share 3g from unrooted, qr embed wifi, view stored wifi password on unrooted phone.
Visual refresh
Added SD storage support
Added Cloud Print integration
Special thanks to Robert
Fixed rare crash bug
Bug fixes
Interface tweaks
General improvements
Special thanks go out to /r/Android for all the great feedback, and to the handful of you who have supported our work. You're awesome and we can't thank you enough!
Added support for WiFi tethering network detection
Bug fixes
Bug fixes for unrooted users.
Special thanks to David, Harald, Colby, and Tom
(42 stars)
(42 stars)
(42 stars)
Does everything it should, and nothing more. Actually, the root feature is a big extra. All in 180kB - I love these kind off apps
(42 stars)
Help how do i change my ip adress from not being private accounts only
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Hijacker app
(42 stars)
Thanks for this app works no problem, fast and lite A+
(42 stars)
Excellent idea, a must have application for managing WiFi connections.


text:
Official Battlefield 3 Thread
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bob saget
Join Date: Dec 2006
Location: Vancouver, originally Russia
Posts: 23,138
Re: Official Battlefield 3 Beta Thread
Originally Posted by
I can understand the guys that put hundreds of hours into the game and unlocked all that highend equipment and prefer the normal mode however. Those unlocks will give you an advantage.
In HC mode that stuff is almost useless. Not only is it more realistic, it's also more balanced.
The hundreds of hours have nothing to do with it, especially in bad company 2. I think you unlock all your stuff by rank 21 or 22ish, and that is hardly "hundreds of hours", and you unlock magnum ammo at rank 14, also not after "hundreds of hours". Any good player can rape with whatever gun you give them. I haven't used magnum ammo in over 6 months.
I hate the hardcore modes because usually they take away a key element of the game, which is the firefight. Seeing who can land a shot anywhere on the body first is REALLY retarded imo. Might as well call it quake 3 arena.
The map is also awful for this kind of gameplay because you spend more time crawling than shooting or sprinting, since there is no cover. After the first mcons, it is WAY better.
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Jennifer Love Hewitt
Jennifer Love Hewitt is the star of the TV drama Ghost Whisper. Jennifer Love Hewitt recently ended her engagement to Ross McCall and has been fighting the release of unattractive pictures take by the paparazzi when Jennifer Love Hewitt was at the beach.
Their family is about to grow again this year, as Jennifer Love Hewitt and Brian Hallisay are pregnant.
The 35-year-old "Party of Five" actress and her handsome husband released a statement this week to share their amazing news.
No one ever accused her of being ordinary and it turns out Jennifer Love Hewitt has her own opinions on what constitutes an appropriate gift.
During her interview on " Jimmy Kimmel Live" last night (September 29) the "I Know What You Did Last Summer" star recalled a time when she was 19 or 20 and decided to send Matt Damon a bed while he was filming in Paris, France.
Stepping out for an evening of fun and excitement, Jenna Fischer, Kendra Wilkinson and Megan Hilty headed to the launch of Jennifer Love Hewitt's "L by Jennifer Love Hewitt" Maternity Line on Tuesday (April 1).
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McCain compares Iranian leader to monkey; Amash charges racismSubmitted by HeatForce on Mon, 02/04/2013 - 14:08
I definitely dislike McCain and I have nothing but love for Amash, but come on congressman that's weak sauce. I hate that any human comparison to an animal is usually deemed racist. Perhaps Justin was trying to pick up some votes and capitalized on McCain's harmless yet unwise tweet but still please don't become a race-baiter, congressman. You are too good to throw out the charges of the left and the neo-cons who constantly call us non-interventionists, anti-semitic. I personally think John McCain looks like an orangutan but that's just me: http://www.google.be/imgres?q=orangutan+john+mccain&hl=en&sa...
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Amash is right on
Racism is a form of thought control leading to dehumanization.
Since men have reason and naturally respect the natural rights of others, dehumanization is necessary to get humans to violate the natural rights of other humans.
The dehumanization of African Americans was necessary for slavery.
Racism is necessary to get soldiers to fight non defensive wars.
McCain is pushing the dehumanization of Iranians to promote conquest.
Look at the dehumanization of the Japanese in WWII as Bugs Bunny "nips the nips" depicting the Japanese as monkeys (sub-human) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yvz88BB1efY
This cartoon teaches kids that racist names and the murder of Japanese people is OK.
Even with government and societal directed racism only 15-20% of fresh military recruits actually aimed at enemy soldiers.
(Fun video clip from "Men Who Stare at Goats."
+1 for Amash. Fuck the
+1 for Amash. Fuck the neocon SOB McCain.
The dehumanization of muslims feeds into the neocon con.
You gotta think they're less than human to murder them.
I must be willing to give up what I am in order to become what I will be. Albert Einstein
100% support
You nailed it. By chance this is all we discussed today in my 9th grade social studies course. (I expanded above)
Well, to be fair the only
Well, to be fair the only reason why he keeps getting voted into office is because of ageism. Tho only people who vote for him are people who look like him.
BRAVO AMASH! Dont wait for them to attack...
For those that do not think this was proper, Justin is simply playing politics which is what they do to him. Expose McCain for what he is, and always go for the throat. No one in Washington trusts the other, and the only tie that binds the silence from one is the known corruption of the other. Had Amash tweeted the same thing the establishment would have jumped on him with the full force of the propaganda media, and shouting that you have principles versus the trolls you are forced to work with is priceless. Hit them frequently, hit them constantly, and above all hold tight to your principles!
Always remember:
"It does not require a majority to prevail, but rather an irate, tireless minority keen to set brush fires in people's minds." ~ Samuel Adams
If they hate us for our freedom, they must LOVE us now....
Stay IRATE, remain TIRELESS, an
Sen. John McCain is a fool and no where near as intelligent as Iranian leader Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.
And then.....
...he realized he was looking in the mirror!
I wish McCain
would just get it over with and have a fatal heart attack.
And honestly, I wouldn't feel the least bit of remorse if he ended up getting one.
Please!! When that bastard finally dies and goes to hell where he belongs, I plan to be the first in line to take a crap on his grave.
It is hard to accept that some people are racist. McCain is probably the biggest racist against muslims along with L.Graham and J.Lieberman. I don't mind calling them out.
Except Muslims are part of a religion, not a race.
I agree that he's a bigot though, and that it should be pointed out.
Although, the racism/bigot card is falling on mostly on deaf ears these days, since it has been thrown around so many times, rightly or wrongly.
A signature used to be here!
He's a liar, too.
Man, you are scraping the bottom of the barrel with those names.
Add Carl Levin and Mitch McDumbass/McConnell and I think you have the best Wanted poster in modern times.
Lima-1, out.
If you don't know your rights, you don't have any.
Thanks for the article.
Thanks for the article. Rather funny.
I did a video on it http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y4ZQaQa7AUg
Ron Paul wouldn't accuse racism.
This is a little ridiculous. Of course, McCain is wrong in what he said, but not because it was racist. I would bet $100 that McCain thought nothing racist by it. Probably thought he was funny...probably thought he was part of being the big bad bully of the world, making fun of the other kids. But racist? Really? NO!!
Amash should not poke his fingers in people's eyes here in the US the same way McCain shouldn't do it on the international stage.
Well, he got close
Remember during the race for the GOP nominee for 2012 when Ron said Bachmann "hated Muslims"?
He didn't claim racism, obviously, because Muslims are a religious group - but I think it's safe to say McCain doesn't dislike the ME because of their race or ethnicity, but their religion.
Maybe the proper term would be "religionist"
Call any human a monkey,
let alone a black guy, and see what happens. I promise you will never do it to another human being. And if you do: I hope I'm on that jury.
Had to THUMB-YA' down, Sir.
Lima-1, out.
If you don't know your rights, you don't have any.
I am with Amash on this one
warmongers don't get to make jokes. They get to have their every move scrutinized.
Stay in the news Amash
McCain is a racist.
This is not his first racist remark. Have you heard him talk about how much he hates "gooks"? Wish I could find the clip.
All those old farts
in Washington just need to go home! It's time to retire let new people have a shot at fixing the mega problems you old farts created!
This should be the new motto of 2014: rise up all ye young replace and or vote out the old farts!
Surviving the killing fields of Minnesota
Todays brainwashing: GMO's are safe
The lowest scurvy I know. Spit spit spit.
I think McCain
should be seated on the next rocket into space where he belongs.
Ron Paul Was Right
moon colony
He can help populate that colony on the moon Gingrich wants to establish.
Oh, hey, Mr. McCain:
Oh, hey, Mr. McCain:
and do you have any comment about YOUR
president King's face?
Just wondering.
"Cyril" pronounced "see real". I code stuff.
"To study and not think is a waste. To think and not study is dangerous." -- Confucius
is a scumbag and should be called out on anything, everything, anywhere and anytime his big pie-hole opens. Good job Amash!
The bold effort the present bank had made to control the government ... are but premonitions of the fate that await the American people should they be deluded into a perpetuation of this institution or the establishment of another like it-Andrew Jackson
I disagree with him. I don't
I disagree with him. I don't think that tweet was racist. That being said, I have a lot of respect for Justin Amash, and I know he isn't a left-wing race-baiter, so I'm cutting him some slack.
I think he is smart to turn
I think he is smart to turn the tables on McCain! People need to start badgering the necons with phrases like "Arab haters" and "anti Arab" or "anti Muslim" bigots.
And start calling the neocons "extremists"
They are trying to ditch the grass roots, tea party and anyone else who doesn't fit in or toe the line with their little country club on the hill by calling them "fringe" or extremist. I think their views on war and killing other races fit in the EXTREME box perfectly.
to expand on your comment the MIC and the federal reserve keep the neo cons cash flow ready for more wars without the federal reserve they wouldn't be doing this and people would hopefully start to see that bombing and killing others in foreign lands is truly EXTREME and immoral and unethical and completely wrong...
Albert Camus — 'The only way to deal with an unfree world is to become so absolutely free that your very existence is an act of rebellion.'