text:
That is, unless Datzker means by using the term ``portrait'' that they are just mere images of the real thing - two-dimensional and having no substance.
- Sean Burkland
California City
Subway subversion
Re John Sventy (Public Forum, Aug. 14, ``Freeways aren't free''):
Sventy said ``Freeway construction and maintenance has also been subsidized by taxes for decades.'' Two groups of taxpayers support the freeway and subway systems: the users and the nonusers.
The freeways had been paid for with users' gas taxes before they're constructed. The subway debt will be subsidized by all taxpayers in the county whether they use it or not.
Gas tax monies are being siphoned away from road use (i.e. pothole repair, freeway repair, bottleneck relief) to help subsidize the subway and its users.
We do have a mass rapid-transportation system. It's called roads, highways, freeways and cars, and it's the users who pay that bill.
- Raymond Nelson
Police applauded
Congratulations and heartfelt thanks to the Los Angeles Police Department organizers and all the policemen and policewomen who did an outstanding job during the five days of the Democratic National Convention.
Due to their planning, resolve and ability, the protesters had their say, peace was kept and no damage done to merchants' establishments or to private property. We're proud of you.
- Joan Cerny
Foster parent's plea
With all the money that is wasted by bad management in Los Angeles County, there must be some funds that can be allocated to help foster kids who turn 18 and are dumped on the streets.
My wife and I had 50 foster babies in 25 years with the system. Donna preferred babies. The oldest child we had was 3 when he left to a good home. So we did not have the challenge of having a foster child turn 18 and no longer receive funds for his or her care. But there were tears when any child left our house, no matter the color or nationality.
Surely Gov. Gray Davis, with all the surplus the state has, could spend some money on the foster care program.
- Howard Knudson
Van Nuys
Gym fight
This is in regard to ``Veterans rally for one more fight'' (Daily News, Aug. 16):
Attention to all veterans from all wars: Let's ask why - yes, why - can't we get a gym? Our officials will spend millions of dollars to go to space. Why can't they get off their duff and come down to earth?
A gym is good to relieve pain, mental stress, etc., help keep your body in shape. Vets are not in a race; they want space for a gym at the Veterans Hospital in Sepulveda. Let's get our gym for vets.
- John R. Finnigan
Lake Los Angeles
Nieves non grata
Ernest R. Walters (Public Forum, Aug. 22) really feels sorry for Sandi Dawn Nieves. Surely, he jests. I do, however, agree that ``extinction'' would have been the best way out. Sandi Dawn should have gone the way of the dodo that night.
- Renee Hall
Sun Valley
The Bush pledge
At George Bush's presidential nomination acceptance, he pledged, ``We can begin again.''
He talked about strengthening Social Security and making prescription drugs available for every senior. This might support the begin-again pledge. However, the Republicans wouldn't pass the new tax bill because it would have made prescription drugs available for seniors. There's a conflict here.
The Republican Party that Bush represents is the same old plutocracy it's always been.
- Donald G. Zurich
Granada Hills
Cheney's slick
The article, ``If Elected, Cheney might keep oil stocks'' (Daily News, Aug. 18), suggests that there is an appearance of impropriety for national energy policy if Republican vice presidential candidate Dick Cheney keeps his stock in the Halliburton oil service company after election to office.
There is an even greater danger of improper influence to American foreign policy because of the particular economic and political ties that Halliburton, and Cheney, have to oil interests in Azerbaijan and the proposed oil pipeline to Turkey.
American policy, which currently supports the building of an oil pipeline from Halliburton-serviced Caspian Sea oil fields in Azerbaijani territory to Turkey, is extremely unwise and is likely to continue regardless of whether there is a Gore administration or a Bush administration, because of the American oil interests involved there.
- Jan B. Tucker
Toluca Lake
Liberal bias
Tom Teepen says that ``mop-up independent counsel, Robert W. Ray . . . has already cleared the president and first lady in . . . the matter of the prodigal FBI files,'' (Opinion, Aug. 22).
We've heard about double standards, but consider this: Chuck Colson went to prison for just reviewing a part of one file. But Ray ``cleared'' Clinton and Hillary with over 900 complete FBI files. The way my third-grade arithmetic sees it, that's not a double standard. That's way over 900 to 1.
Who says it doesn't pay to be a ``liberal'' Democrat?
- Jack Schlicht
North Hills
ACLU blasted
The police have exercised great restraint during the convention. The idea of the American Civil Liberties Union filing a suit against the police can only be described as sick. Who are these people that feel that a bunch of anarchists has the right to riot and destroy and set up dangerous situations without controls?
I would like to think the judges would throw out the frivolous lawsuits by the ACLU. I am not questioning their right to sue, but their integrity in doing it. I suggest they look up the word integrity and try to apply it.
- Warren Ettleman
Photo: Dozens of police officers observe protesters during the Democratic National Convention earlier this month.
Eric Grigorian/Special to the Daily News
Reader Opinion
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ODT Online
ODT /directory
She was a 5-year-old, sitting at a piano, feet dangling over
the edge of the stool, preparing to compete for the first
time in the Dunedin Performing Arts Competition Society
Instrumental Festival.
This week, the 33-year-old is back - but this time, her feet
are firmly on the floor as the festival's adjudicator.
''It's far less nerve-racking being on the other side of the
''It's really nice to be doing it and remembering what it was
like for me - how nervous I used to get, to the point of
being ill.''
These days, the former Dunedin conductor is artistic director
of the Horizont Musik-Kollektiv, in Berlin, and co-director
of the Reuleaux Ensemble, in London.
And over the next 12 months, she will take up one of the
world's most coveted fellowships for emerging conductors, at
the Royal Scottish Conservatoire, in Glasgow.
The fellowship comes on the back of her recent work with some
of the world's leading orchestras, and she will have
opportunities to work with the BBC Scottish Symphony
Orchestra, Scottish Opera, Royal Scottish National Orchestra,
and Red Note Ensemble.
Dr Mathieson says competing in the Dunedin Performing Arts
Competition Society Instrumental Festival, and others like
it, helped steer her towards the career she now enjoys.
''I think learning whether or not you can handle that intense
pressure and focus, and the discipline of it, is an important
part of cluing into whether or not there is any point in
trying to make this a career."
While many disagree with the competitive nature of music
competitions, Dr Mathieson believes they are a positive
''I think with the way the New Zealand education system is
right now, it's incredibly important that there are still
areas of New Zealand life in which children are taught about
excellence and attainment in competition, and trying to
improve at something.
She said auditioning was a big part of becoming a
professional musician, and often there was only one seat up
for grabs.
''The competing element of music never ends.''
Dr Mathieson is now looking forward to a short break from her
music commitments after a busy year.
She will return to London next week to move into a new flat
with fiance Jon Hargreaves.
Not surprisingly, he too is a musician - a conductor,
composer and arranger.
The pair are trying to juggle music commitments to make time
available this time next year, so they can finally tie the
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Author(s): Stinchcombe, Arthur L.
ISBN 10: 0691029954. See all ISBN's
Publisher: Princeton University Press
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Plantations, especially sugar plantations, created slave societies and a racism persisting well into post-slavery periods: so runs a familiar argument that has been used to explain the sweep of Caribbean history. Here one of the most eminent scholars of modern social theory applies this assertion to a comparative study of most Caribbean islands from the time of the American Revolution to the Spanish American War. Arthur Stinchcombe uses insights from his own much admired Economic Sociology to show why sugar planters needed the help of repressive governments for recruiting disciplined labor. Demonstrating that island-to-island variations on this theme were a function of geography, local political economy, and relation to outside powers, he scrutinizes Caribbean slavery and Caribbean emancipation movements in a world-historical context.
Throughout the book, Stinchcombe aims to develop a sociology of freedom that explains a number of complex phenomena, such as how liberty for some individuals may restrict the liberty of others. Thus, the autonomous governments of colonies often produced more oppressive conditions for slaves than did so-called arbitrary governments, which had the power to restrict the whims of the planters. Even after emancipation, freedom was not a clear-cut matter of achieving the ideals of the Enlightenment. Indeed, it was often a route to a social control more efficient than slavery, providing greater flexibility for the planter class and posing less risk of violent rebellion.
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ISBN 10: 0691029954, ISBN 13: 9780691029955, eISBN 10: 1400822009, eISBN 13: 9781400822003
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text:
cromolyn, Nasalcrom, Gastrocrom (Intal, Opticrom are discontinued)
Pharmacy Author:
Omudhome Ogbru, PharmD
Omudhome Ogbru, PharmD
Dr. Ogbru received his Doctorate in Pharmacy from the University of the Pacific School of Pharmacy in 1995. He completed a Pharmacy Practice Residency at the University of Arizona/University Medical Center in 1996. He was a Professor of Pharmacy Practice and a Regional Clerkship Coordinator for the University of the Pacific School of Pharmacy from 1996-99.
Medical and Pharmacy Editor:
Jay W. Marks, MD
Jay W. Marks, MD
Jay W. Marks, MD, is a board-certified internist and gastroenterologist. He graduated from Yale University School of Medicine and trained in internal medicine and gastroenterology at UCLA/Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles.
GENERIC NAME: cromolyn
BRAND NAME: Nasalcrom, Gastrocrom
DISCONTINUED BRANDS: Intal, Opticrom
DRUG CLASS AND MECHANISM: Cromolyn is a synthetic compound that is used to prevent allergic reactions and bronchospasms (narrowing of airways) that cause asthma. Many of the symptoms and signs of allergic reactions are caused by chemicals such as histamine that are released from mast cells, a type of cell that is found throughout the body as well as in the lungs, nose, and eyelids. Cromolyn works by preventing the release of these chemicals from mast cells. Cromolyn is inhaled to prevent episodes of asthma. It also is used as a nasal inhaler to treat seasonal allergic rhinitis (inflammation of the lining of the nose, hay fever), as an ophthalmic (eye) solution to treat allergic conjunctivitis (inflammation of the lining of the eyelids), and as oral concentrate for mastocytosis (too many mast cells). Cromolyn was approved by the FDA in 1973. The oral concentrate was approved in 1996, and in 1997 the FDA approved over-the- counter status for the nasal solution.
PRESCRIBED FOR: Cromolyn inhaled via nebulizer is used for treating chronic asthma and exercise induced asthma. Cromolyn nasal spray is used for controlling symptoms of allergic rhinitis, a condition in which the lining of the nose swells with fluid ("stuffy nose") and fluid is released into the nasal passages ("runny nose"). In conjunctivitis, cromolyn eye solution controls swelling, tearing, itching, and redness of the eye. The oral solution is used for treating excessive production of mast cells throughout the body.
Medically Reviewed by a Doctor on 5/22/2015
Report Problems to the Food and Drug Administration
You are encouraged to report negative side effects of prescription drugs to the FDA. Visit the FDA MedWatch website or call 1-800-FDA-1088.
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Back to Medications Index


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I am looking for an opencart theme designer/coder to help me out on some features I want integrated in an existing template.
Contact me through me profile page.
we can help you with the same and have expertise in designing and development both. you can mail me further details at firstname.lastname@example.com.
Skype – cis.angela
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What you want to integrate in your OpenCart theme
I can help you in design portion. You can contact me at Skype: uicreator.
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Rome, Italy
My Rating
Great tour! Emanuela was a great guide and very knowledgeable about the Vatican and its history. The artwork inside the Vatican was awe inspiring and it was one of the things I really wanted to do.
Rome, Italy
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Peter, our tour guide, was very knowledgeable about the tour and was very helpful with questions. He did a fantastic job and would recommend him to anyone who'd like to do the tour and want an English speaking guide. The tour was also great!
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Profiles in safety and health: retail grocery stores.
"Customers had a tendency to stop shopping when the baskets became too full or too heavy." --Sylvan Goldman, on what prompted his design of the first shopping cart in the 1930's
Shopping carts, those common carriers traversing today's supermarket aisles, have provided clues to the changing character of grocery stores since the Great Depression. Back then, small one-person operations were the norm and customers shopped with small baskets or store operators filled their shopping lists. But by the early 1940's, larger food stores, commonly called supermarkets, were firmly established, featuring many self service departments, one-stop food shopping, selected nonfood items, and free parking.
By 1960, supermarkets accounted for a large majority of the Nation's food for home consumption, replacing the comer grocery as the primary outlet for family food shopping?
This article examines the recent injury and illness experience of the nearly 3 million workers currently employed in grocery stores, an industry with diverse settings that include convenience food stores, food markets, supermarkets, and the supporting operations run by large food retailers, such as fleets of trucks and cavemous warehouses.(2) The grocery store study is part of a Bureau of Labor Statistics series focusing on "highimpact" industries, which are defined as industries with the largest numbers of occupational injuries and illnesses, although not necessarily the highest incidence rates.(3)
According to a 1990 BLS survey, the grocery stores industry ranked third in total recordable injuries and illnesses, with 250,000 cases. Only nine industries reported at least 100,000 cases that year, according to the survey. (See table 1.) These industties, however, accounted for nearly 30 percent of the 6.8 million cases reported nationwide in 1990. Clearly, steady improvement in national figures on injury and illness experience on the job requires safer working conditions and work practices in high-impact and high-rate industries.
However, a trend to safer grocery stores is not evident from BLS survey results. The industry's injury and illness rate of 12.3 per 100 full-time workers in 1990 was much greater than the 8.1 rate for all retail trade and the 8.8 rate for private industry.4 Indeed, the rate for grocery stores had increased from 11.5 per 100 full-time workers in 1980. The increase reflected a larger rise in the industry's injury and illness cases (39 percent) than in its hours of exposure to such risks (30 percent).
Persistently high readings of lost worktime underscore the lack of improvement in the industry's safety record. Approximately 40 percent of the 1990 injury and illness cases recorded for grocery stores--slightly more than 100,000--were serious enough to require workers to take time off from their jobs, be restricted to light duties, or work a shortened schedule. (See appendix.) The rate of such lost workday incidents was 5.2 per 100 workers in 1990, about the same as the 5.1-percent rate that occurred in 1980. In fact, recuperation time from disabling incidents in which work time was lost increased by 4 workdays over the 10 years, averaging 20 lost workdays per lost workday case in 1990.
The industry at a glance
Grocery stores are the dominant retailers of food for home preparation and consumption. Sales totaled $285 billion, about 95 percent of total food store sales reported in 1987, the latest census year for retail trade.(5) In 1990, grocery stores employed 90 percent of the Nation's 3.2 million workers in the food store industry, with the balance working primarily in retail bakeries and, to a lesser extent, in specialty food stores (establishments that sell only one product--meats, vegetables, or dairy products--for example). From 1985 to 1990, employment in grocery stores increased by nearly half a million, to 2.9 million, while the work force in food specialty stores declined by approximately 30,000 to a level of about 300,000.(6)
The seeds for dramatic growth in grocery store sales and employment were sown in the 1930's with the opening by Michael Cullen of the first "warehouse grocery" in an abandoned garage in Jamaica, New York.(7) Cullen's large, no-frills store, aggressive advertising, individual concessions that sold specialty foods and nonfood items under one roof, and free parking live on in the layout and operation of modern-day supermarkets and super stores.
Today's supermarkets and warehouse groceries offer many more products and services to attract the one-stop shopper, including ready-made specialty foods and salad bars, freshly-baked breads and pastries, and nonfood items such as flowers and floral arrangements, pharmaceuticals, books and videos, photo processing, and postage stamps.
To further increase sales, grocery stores have expanded hours of operation to fit consumers' work schedules and modern lifestyles. Stores that are open Sunday, early in the morning, late in the evening, or for 24 hours a day are common. Longer hours of operation and diversification of product lines largely explain the robust employment growth of grocery stores. The grocery store industry, in fact, accounted for 1 in 20 of the Nation's 19 million jobs added during the 1980's.(8)
The grocery store industry continued to attract a substantial number of part-time workers during the 1980's. (However, separate BLS data on employment and hours for part-timers in grocery stores are not available.(9)) From 1980 to 1990, for example, the total number of persons working in grocery stores increased 34 percent, considerably more than the 27-percent rise in their total hours. (10) In addition, over the same period, average weekly hours for the industry's nonsupervisory workers fell, from 31.5 in 1980 to 29.8 in 1990, although the trend toward longer store hours persisted.(11) (Declines in the average workweek can reflect not only an increase in workers on part-time schedules but other factors, such as fewer proprietors and partners who may work full-time schedules and shortened work schedules for full- or part-time workers. (12)
In recent years, total sales in grocery stores did not rise appreciably with the addition of new products and services and longer store hours. As a result, productivity in grocery stores declined an average 3 percent a year between 1985 and 1990, as hours worked rose 3 percent annually while output remained unchanged.(13) Over the past two decades (1972 to 1990), the industry experienced a more modest 0.7-percent per year decline in productivity, as hours worked rose 2 percent while output increased slightly more than 1 percent per year. (14)
Despite some technological breakthroughs at the checkout counter? to effectively staff grocery stores managers must shuffle employee work schedules to match the hours customers choose to shop and to staff the departments and provide the services the customers prefer.
A clear majority of the nearly 3 million workers in the grocery stores industry was classified in marketing and sales occupations, primarily cashiers and stock clerks on the selling floor. Other major occupational groups notable in this industry (and accounting for 25 percent of the industry's work force) were clerical and other administrative support jobs, food preparation and other service occupations, and operator, fabricator, and laborer jobs. Job categories with at least 50,000 workers (besides several jobs in sales and marketing) included general managers and top executives; bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks; bread and pastry bakers; food preparation workers; food counter, fountain, and related workers; butchers and meatcutters; and those manually moving freight, stock, and other materials.(16)
The grocery stores industry is projected to add about 600,000 workers between 1990 and 2005.(17) Not surprisingly, cashiers, sales floor stock clerks, and other sales occupations account for about twothirds of that expected increase. Most other job categories noted above are each projected to add between 10,000 and 25,000 workers during the 15-year span. But a decline of nearly 10,000 butchers and meatcutters is projected for the industry, largely because stores are expected to continue reducing their meatcutting operations by ordering "boxed" beef and other meat products already cut and processed by manufacturers.(18)
Frequency and severity measures
As pan of the Annual Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses, BLs develops a variety of measures to gauge the frequency and severity of recordable workplace incidents. All such measures show that the injury and illness record of grocery stores did not improve during the 1980's. The broadest gauge--the injury and illness rate for total recordable cases--rose from an average of 11.3 per 100 full-time workers in the 1981-85 period to an average of 12.1 in the 1986-90 period.
A substantial proportion of the industry's injury and illness cases was serious enough to require workers to take time off from work or be restricted in work activity.
The Bureau's separate measures of those disabling cases point up the extent of the problem for grocery stores and pennit the following national comparisons for the most recent survey years, 1986 to 1990:
* The lost workday case rate was higher for grocery stores (5.1 per 100 workers) than for all of private industry (3.9).
* The rate of lost workdays was 98 days per 100 grocery store workers, compared with 75 days per 100 private industry workers.
* At 19 workdays per lost workday case, the worktime lost before returning to regular work duties was the same, on average, for grocery stores as for all private industry. This represented 2 days more than the average in the 1981-85 period for both sectors.
Although virtually all grocery stores cases are classified as occupational injuries, there has been a notable rise recently in the industry's reported number of repetitive motion illnesses, such as carpal tunnel syndrome and other motion-related disorders, usually involving the hand, wrist, elbow, or shoulder? The 1990 survey of grocery store workers reported 2,300 new illness cases as "disorders associated with repeated trauma"; 5 years earlier, the corresponding count was 300 such reported "disorders."
As a result of the growing recognition and reporting of such disorders, grocery stores ranked among the 10 industry groups with the largest numbers of repeated trauma disorders in 1990--the only nonmanufacturing industry on that list.
The extent of safety and health problems in grocery stores varies by size of the work force. Grocery store rates were considerably higher for the industry's medium and large employers than for its smaller stores. The 1990 injury and illness rate for total recordable cases, for example, was 13.4 for grocery operations employing at least 20 workers, triple the 4.4-rate for smaller firms. Furthemore, a large majority of these small store operations reported no recordable cases in 1990--a pattern consistent with the national experience for small establishments.
Separate State data also are useful in spotting variations in the injury and illness experience in an industry.(20) In the grocery stores industry, for example, the 1990 injury and illness rate for total recordable cases ranged from more than 15 per 100 workers in Maine to 8 or fewer per 100 workers in North Dakota, Vermont, and Wyoming. (See table 2 for a comparison among 11 States.) Overall rates, however, were not necessarily indicative of accident severity in grocery stores. The 22 days per lost workday case for recuperation time in Maine, for example, was less than the average 36 days required to return to regular work duties in Vermont.
Characteristics by case and worker
The BLS annual survey identifies industries with high case counts or high case rates, but does not provide information about the characteristics of the occupational injuries and illnesses. Such information is available, to some extent, from another BLS program--the Supplementary Data System--based on State workers' compensation systems. Unlike the annual survey, the Supplementary Data System does not produce nationwide estimates and lacks a uniform treatment among States of what is a compensable workplace injury or illness.(21) Nonetheless, despite these and several analytical and statistical limits, the Supplementary Data System helps spot general patterns (or their absence) in the characteristics of work-related injuries and illnesses involving lost worktime.
To obtain the broadest geographic profile possible for this analysis, injury and illness cases from the 14 States participating in the 1988 Supplementary Data System were combined with comparable cases from 13 jurisdictions that participated in the 1987 Supplementary Data System but, due to a lack of resources, did not participate in the 1988 System. The aggregated grocery store total for the 27 jurisdictions amounted to about 51,300 injury and illness cases that involved lost worktime.(22) The following profiles identify the principal features of these grocery store cases and note some instances where they differ somewhat from the major characteristic categories of private industry cases as a group. (Such comparisons, however, are subject to the same types of limits previously attributed to the Supplementary Data System.)
The Supplementary Data System identifies four basic characteristics of injury and illness cases: (1) physical condition, or nature of injury or illness; (2) part of body affected by the condition; (3) source of injury or illness--the object, substance, exposure, or bodily motion that directly produced or inflicted the condition; and (4) the type of event or exposure associated with the injury or illness--that is, how the condition was inflicted or produced. These features help determine the "what and how" of disabling incidents in the workplace.
Sprain and strain occurred most frequently among the nature of injury or illness categories, accounting for nearly half of the 51,300 grocery store cases incorporated in the 1987-88 Supplementary Data System tabulation. Other leading categories were cut, laceration, and puncture, cited in slightly more than one-sixth of the industry's case total; contusion, crushing, and bruising, one-tenth of the total; and fractures, one-twentieth. Conditions of the nervous system (primarily those affecting the nerves and peripheral ganglia, such as the pinched nerve condition known as carpal tunnel syndrome) and other work-related illnesses (particularly mental disorders) also were cited in one-twentieth of the grocery store cases.
The back and, to a lesser extent, other portions of the trunk (the abdomen and shoulders, for example) together constituted the major part of body affected by injuries and illnesses, accounting for nearly two-fifths of the industry's case total. Next in frequency were the upper extremities, particularly the fingers, which represented three-tenths of the total, followed by the lower extremities, slightly more than one-sixth. Of the many combinations of nature and affected body part categories, "back sprain" (cited in one-fourth of the 51,300 cases), and "finger cut" (cited in slightly more than one-eighth of the cases) were the only combinations commonly cited.
The leading category under source of injury and illness was "boxes, barrels and containers." This classification, which includes crates and cartons, was cited in one-third of the industry's case total, double its one-sixth share of all private industry cases reported in the Supplementary Data System. Three other source categories--working surfaces (primarily floors), machines (particularly food slicers and trimmers), and vehicles (especially carts, handtrucks, and other nonpowered careers)---each constituted roughly one-tenth of the grocery store total. Other less common but notable sources included inadvertent bodily motion (for example, slipping or tripping), knives and other nonpowered hand tools, and wood skids and pallets.
The leading event or exposure associated with injuries or illnesses in grocery stores was overexertion, which represented nearly two-fifths of the industry's case total. Next in frequency was being struck by an object, cited in nearly one-fifth of the cases, followed by striking against objects and falling on the same level, each about one-tenth of the total. Given their work responsibilities, grocery store employees sustained a larger proportion (one-fourth) of their injuries and illness while lifting heavy and unwieldy objects than did private industry workers as a whole (slightly more than one-sixth).
Besides case characteristics, the Supplementary Data System also identifies worker characteristics, such as sex, age, length of service, and occupation--the "who" of work place injuries and illnesses. These characteristics have been the subject of previous BLS studies that examined the link between injury and work experience, the injury risks facing female workers, and how to identify comparatively hazardous occupations.(23)
Women figured prominently in the safety statistics of grocery stores, constituting about twofifths of the industry's 51,300 injury and illness cases recorded in the 1987-88 Supplementary Data System tabulation. Partly reflecting their different staffing patterns, injured women were most commonly retail salesworkers. while injured men were most often stock handlers. The following tabulation shows the percentage of injuries and illnesses common to men and women employed in grocery stores, by occupation:
Men Women All occupations (percent) ............... 100 100 Retail salesworker .......... 10-14 40-44 Food service worker ........ 0-4 10-14 Butcher and meatcutter ...... 10- 14 0-4 Stock handler and bagger .... 30-34 20-24 Laborer, except construction.. 10-14 0-4 All other occupations ........ 30-34 20-24
Safety risks appear to be comparatively higher for women in the grocery store industry, where they are primarily in sales occupations, than in private industry, where they are typically in clerical and other administrative support jobs.(24) Women account for nearly one-half of the work force in the grocery store industry and in all private industry, but their share of injury and illness cases in grocery stores (two-fifths) exceeds their share of the cases in private industry (one-fourth).
In grocery stores, retail salesworker and stock handler and bagger were, by far, the leading occupations of the injured or ill worker, each constituting about one-fourth of the industry's case total. The retail salesworker classification includes cashiers and checkout clerks, who may also stock store shelves and perform additional activities, and clerks stationed in various departments (the delicatessen and bakery counters, for example).
The stock handler and bagger category includes work activities on the selling floor, in the stockroom of stores, and in warehouses supporting the stores. Other job classifications, each accounting for between one-twentieth and one-tenth of the grocery store case total, included supervisory sales occupations, butcher and meatcutter, and laborer (except construction).
As a proxy for work activity, injury data by occupation can help zero in on specific work hazards in the grocery stores industry. Not surprisingly, retail salesworkers were injured under different circumstances from those related to injuries and illnesses to butchers and meatcutters, whose jobs involve the frequent use of knives, saws, and other cutting tools that increase their risk of serious cuts. The following tabulation illustrates this point by contrasting the relative shares (percentage ranges of total cases) of various categories that describe the event (manner), the resulting nature (physical condition) of injury and illness, and body part affected:
Retail Butcher sales- and worker meatcutter Total (percent) 100 100 Event: Overexertion .......... 35-39 25-29 Struck by, struck against 25-29 45-49 All other events ....... 35-39 20-24 Nature: Sprain and strain ...... 50--54 30-34 Cut, laceration, and puncture ........ 15-19 45-49 Illnesses ............. 5-9 0-4 All other natures ...... 25-29 15-19 Body part affected: 25-29 20-24 Back ............... Upper extremities ..... 30-34 55-59 Fingers ............. 1 O- 14 4 0-44 Lower extremities ..... 15-19 5-9 All other body parts .... 25-29 15-19
Illnesses were a relatively small share of total grocery store cases reported to the Supplementary Data System. However, an analysis of the illnesses can improve our understanding of the varying health risks and exposures facing the industry's workers. The following tabulation of leading illness categories for retail salesworkers and butchers shows that two groups of cumulative trauma disorders--inflammation or irritation of joints, tendons, and muscles and diseases of the nerves and peripheral ganglia--constitute a clear majority of such cases:
Retail Butcher sales- and worker meatcutter All conditions ........... 100 100 Inflammation or irritation of joints, tendons, and muscles.. 25-29 30-34 Diseases of the nerves and peripheral ganglia ......... 35-39 30-34 Mental disorders ........... 15-19 5-9 All other illnesses .......... 20-24 25-29
The latter condition of the nervous system overwhelmingly involved the wrist, suggesting that many cases were diagnosed and reported on State worker's compensation reports as carpal tunnel syndrome. However, inflammation and related disorders comprise several conditions, including tendonitis, and bursitis, that commonly involve the wrist, fingers, elbow, and shoulders.
Warehouse workers survey
While the Supplementary Data System provides the basic characteristics of the injuries and illnesses of workers, BLS also conducts, at the request of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, small-scale studies of specific work activities called Work Injury Reports, which focus on the circumstances surrounding a work injury or illness from the perspective of the injured worker. A 1984 study focused on injuries to warehouse workers, including order selectors and other stock handlers in grocery stores and warehouses operated by retail grocers.(25)
The study found that most injured workers were manually lifting, carrying, or handling materials at the time of their incident. Many said they would not have used lifting/handling equipment because the material had to be moved by hand at some stage, or not enough space was available for the equipment. Some who worked with lifting/ handling equipment said they were injured when placing the goods on forklifts, powered pallets, or dollies. According to these injured warehouse workers, the major conditions and factors leading to the incidents were confined work spaces or that they worked in an awkward position, worked too fast, or lifted unusually heavy objects. A large majority believed that preventive methods or procedures, such as more help and additional time to do the job, would have helped to prevent the injury.(26)
The following examples of disabling incidents illustrate the types of safety problems encountered by the 30 injured warehouse workers in the grocery stores industry interviewed for the 1984 BLS study. Although the study shed some light on warehousing hazards, a separate, indepth study of grocery stores would be required to cover the circumstances surrounding injuries to warehouse workers in stockrooms of grocery stores and in the warehouse storage areas, loading docks, and trucks.(27)
* While riding a pallet jack down an aisle of a warehouse storage area, an employee hit a storage rack that had fallen on the floor and was thrown off the jack by the impact.
* While unloading a trailer, an employee pulled a chest muscle after manually lifting 15 sacks of beans, weighing 100 pounds each, onto a pallet.
* While cleaning a loading dock, an employee lost control of the water hose; the worker's ankle was sprayed with scalding hot water.
Improving the statistics
Although each of BLS three safety and health surveys-the Annual Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses, the Supplementary Data System, and the Work Injury Reports--is useful, safety and health experts continue to recommend that they be integrated into one nationwide survey with injury and illness cases defined uniformly.28 After several years of planning and testing various methods, the Bureau begaln implementing a redesigned occupational safety and health statistical system in 1992. The new survey system expands the scope of the nationwide annual survey to include information on how the incident occurred, and pertinent worker characteristics, such as age and sex, for all injury and illness cases resulting in lost worktime?
(A similar effort to design a census approach to identify and describe the circumstances surrounding all fatal occupational injuries is described on pages 3-8.)
The newly redesigned system will improve the information currently available for the grocery stores industry. It will describe the characteristics of nearly double the number of grocery store cases covered by the Supplementary Data System of 27 States used in this article. And its lost workday cases will be defined uniformly, supplanting the variety of State definitions found in the Supplementary Data System. Uniform case definitions will add more credibility to State-to-State and State-to-national comparisons of injury and illness experience.
The redesigned system also will collect information not available from workers' compensation reports on the amount of lost worktime by individual case. These data can be summarized as the average number of lost workdays per case that will help identify the groups of injured workers and types of incidents associated with comparatively long recuperation periods, or as the distribution of cases by number of lost workdays that will help focus on lengthy recuperations that result in a loss of, say, 30 workdays or more.
Such profiles could identify, for example, the proportion of long-term injury and illness cases, by occupation and age of the injured worker.
IN SUMMARY, the new BLS Federal/State safety and health survey will permit a more complete and thorough analysis of industries with large numbers of disabling workplace injuries and illnesses, such as grocery stores. Through such improved knowledge, the most serious work hazards will be targeted and fully analyzed, providing industry with information to develop and evaluate solutions to prevent future safety and health hazards.
1 See Randolph McAusland, Supermarkets: 50 Years of Progress (Washington, Food Marketing Institute and Butterick Publishing, 1980), p. 59.
2 The Standard Industrial Classification Manual, 1987 ed., prepared by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget, designates grocery stores as industry group 541.
The industry includes stores engaged primarily in the retail sale of canned foods and dry goods, such as tea, coffee, spices, sugar, and flour; fresh fruits and vegetables; and fresh and prepared meats, fish, and poultry. Stores chiefly retailing one class of products, such as bakery or dairy products for home consumption, are classified as food stores elsewhere in major group number 54.
3 For a current listing of industries with high rates of workplace injuries and illnesses, see Occupational Injuries and Illnesses in the United States by Industry, 1990, Bulletin 2399 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1992), p. 2.
4 Incidence rates represent the number of injuries or illnesses, or both, per 100 full-time workers, and were calculated as:
N/EH x 200,000 where: N = number of injuries and/or illnesses; EH = total hours worked by all employees of the industry during the calendar year; and 200,000 z base for 100full-timeequivalentworkers (employees working 40 hours per week, 50 weeks per year).
A variety of useful incidence rates may be computed by making N equal to the number of injuries only, or the number of lost workday cases, and so forth. In each instance, the result is an estimate of the number of cases or days per 100 full-time workers.
5 1987 Census of Retail Trade, RC87-A-52 (Bureau of the Census, 1989), table 1, p. 11.
6 Employment data are from the Current Employment Statistics program, in which BLS cooperates with State employment security agencies in a survey to collect data each month on employment, hours, and earnings from a sample of nonagricultural establishments (including government).
7 McAusland, Supermarkets: 50 Years, p. 5.
8 See Lois M. Plunkerr, "The 1980's: a decade of job growth and industry shifts," Monthly Labor Review, September 1990, table 2, p. 8 and table 5, p. 12.
9 Data available from the Bureau's Current Population Survey show that wage and salary workers on full-time schedules in grocery stores averaged 42.9 hours per week in 1991, about 10 hours more than the industry average. The substantial difference in hours supports the notion that the industry employs a large number of workers working less than full-time schedules.
10 See Productivity Measures for Selected Industries and Government Services, Bulletin 2406 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1992), table 152. The 1980-90 increase is subject to revision because 1990 data in this bulletin are preliminary.
11 Employment, hours, and earnings data by industry are available from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Division of Monthly Industry Employment Statistics.
12 For a discussion of the dramatic shift from proprietors to paid employees that took place during the 1960's and early 1970's in the retail food industry, see John L. Carey and Phyllis Flohr Otto, "Output per unit of labor input in the retail food industry," Monthly Labor Review, January 1977, pp. 43-44.
13 Productivity Measures for Selected Industries, table 152. Because 1990 data are preliminary and subject to revision, changes in productivity and related measures through 1990 may also be revised at a later date.
14 productivity Measures for Selected Industries, table 152.
15 For a discussion of scanning devices at point-of-sale terminals, see Technology and Labor in Three Service Industries: Utilities, Retail Trade, and Lodging, Bulletin 2367 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1990), pp. 16-17.
16 Based on the 1990 National Industry-Occupation Matrix, available from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Office of Employment Projections.
17 BLS 1990 National Industry-Occupation Matrix.
18 The number of butchers and meatcutters in all industries is projected to decline by 14,000 between 1990 and 2005. For several articles on the BLS employment projections to the year 2005, see Outlook, 1990-2005, Bulletin 2402 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1992).
19 The category "disorders associated with repeated trauma" includes conditions due to repeated motion, vibration, or pressure. Carpal tunnel syndrome is one such condition in which the nerve passing through the wrist to the band is pinched and compressed because of fast, repeated, forceful motions. Other repeated traumas include tendoniris, bursiris, Reynaud's phenomena, and noise-induced hearing loss, to name a few. For a collection of readings on these conditions, see Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Selected References (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1989).
20 For a variety of reasons, injury and illness estimates tend to be more volatile for States than for the Nation. The 1990 State data are more illustrative of geographic variability than long term relationships among States.
21 The Supplementary Data System is not statistically representative of the Nation because the data cover only the jurisdictions participating in the system, for example, 14 States in 1988.
States differ, moreover, in the kinds of cases they require by law to be reported to workers' compensation agencies. While some States require reports for all occupational injuries and illnesses, regardless of length of disability, others require reports only for cases of sufficient duration to qualify for indemnity compensation payments, while other States require reporting of cases involving a specific number of lost workdays, regardless of the indemnity "waiting period." The file of the Supplementary Data System is not a complete census of all "disabling" injuries and illnesses in the jurisdictions studied.
The Supplementary Data System, however, does standardize the classification of data using the 1972 Standard Industrial Classification Manual, the 1980 Census of Population, Alphabetical Index of Industries and Occupations, and the 1962 American National Standards Method of Recording Basic Facts Relating to the Nature and Occurrence of Work Injuries, published by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and often referred to as the Z16.2--1962 standards, or simply, Z16.2.
22 The 14 States that participated in the 1988 Supplementary Data System and their numbers of injury and illness cases in grocery stores (in parenthesis) included Arkansas (475), California (17,218), Indiana (1,316), Iowa (585), Kentucky (1,061), Louisiana (1,347), Maine (804), Maryland (2,493), Michigan (1,727), Mississippi (523), Missouri (1,756), Oklahoma (547), Oregon ( 1,284), and Texas (6,556). The comparable information tabulated for the 13 jurisdictions that paticicipated in 1987 but not 1988 included Alaska (390), Arizona (1,506), Colorado (1,744), Hawaii (664), Nebraska (385), New Mexico (496), Ohio (3,425), Tennessee (1,073), Virgin islands (16), Virginia (994), Washington (1,578), Wisconsin (1,302), and Wyoming (72).
As used in this article, the aggregated tabulations for grocery stores contained about 37,700 cases reported by the 1988 participating States and 13,600 reported by the 1987 participants. The 1987-88 total of about 51,300 cases was roughly half of the national total of 97,300 lost workday cases in grocery stores; the latter figure was an average of the 1987 and 1988 national counts for the industry as reported in the Bureau's annual survey.
23 For a discussion of the relationship of age, work experience, and work injuries, see Norman Root and Michael Hoefer, "The first work-injury data available from new BUS study," Monthly Labor Review, January 1979, pp. 76-80. See also Norman Root and Judy R. Daley, "Are women safer workers? a new look at the data," Monthly Labor Review, September 1980, pp. 3-10; and Norman Root and Deborah Sebastian, "BL.S develops measure of job risk by occupation," Monthly Labor Review, October 1981, pp. 26-30.
24 According to the Current Population Survey, conducted for the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the Census Bureau, nearly 30 percent of women employed in the private sector held clerical and other administrative support jobs and slightly more than 12 percent were in sales occupations. No direct occupational comparisons are available for female clerical workers in grocery stores. But we can infer from the number (225,000) of total clerical workers in grocery stores that women clerical workers could be no more than 16 percent of the 1.4 million women in that industry.
25 Injuries to Warehouse Workers, Bulletin 2257 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1986). The classification "warehouse laborer" was shown to be a relatively high-risk occupation in Root and Sebastian, "BLS develops measure of job risk by occupation."
26 Injuries to Warehouse Workers, table s 18 and 19.
27 The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) is conducting a research study of manual lifting activities in grocery warehouses. For more details on this project, contact Sherry Baron, NIOSH, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Mail Stop R-10, Cincinnati, OH, 45226.
28 See, for example, Earl S. Pollack and Deborah Gellerman Keimig, eds., Counting Injuries and Illnesses in the Workplace: Proposals for a Better System (Washington, National Academy Press, 1987).
29 Operationally, worker and case characteristic data from a probability-based sample of establishments and their cases involving days away from work will be statistically representative of all such lost workday cases.
APPENDIX: Work injury definitions
Definitions of occupational injuries and illnesses and lost workdays in this article conform to the recording and reporting requirements of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 and Part 1904 of Title 29, Code of Federal Regulations. Supplemental information pertaining to these definitions is in the booklet, Recordkeeping Guidelines for Occupational Injuries andIllnesses (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1986). Recordable occupational injuries and illnesses are:
1. Occupational deaths, regardless of the time between injury and death, or the length of the illness; or
2. Nonfatal occupational illnesses; or
3. Nonfatal occupational injuries that involve one or more of the following: loss of consciousness, restriction of work or motion, transfer to another job, or medical treatment other than first aid.
Occupational injury is any injury, such as a cut, fracture, sprain, amputation, and so forth, that results from a work accident or from exposure involving a single incident in the work environment.
Occupational illness is any abnormal condition or disorder, other than one resulting from an occupational injury, caused by exposure to environmental factors associated with employment. It includes acute and chronic illnesses or disease that may be caused by inhalation, absorption, ingestion, or direct contact.
Lost workday cases involve days away from work, or days of restricted work activity, or both.
1. Lost workday cases involving days away from work are cases that result in days away from work, or a combination of days away from work and days of restricted work activity.
2. Lost workday cases involving restricted activity are those cases that result in restricted work activity only. Lost workdavs---away from work are the number of workdays (consecutive or not) on which the employee would have worked but could not because of occupational injury or illness.
Lost workdays--restricted work activity are the number of workdays (consecutive or not) on which, because of injury or illness:
1. The employee was assigned to another job on a temporary basis; or
2. The employee worked at a permanent job less than full time; or
3. The employee worked at a permanently assigned job but could not perform all duties normally connected with it.
The number of days away from work or days of restricted work activity does not include the day of injury or onset of illness or any. days on which the employee would not have worked although able to work.
Table 1. Industry groups with the largest number of occupational injuries and illnesses, BLS annual survey, 1990 Injuries and illnesses SIC Employment code(1) Industry group (thousands) Total Total cases casa (thousands) rate 2 -- Private industry (3) ...92,182.0 6,753.0 8.8 581 Eating and drinking places ........6,565.2 357.2 8.4 806 Hospitals ..............3,547.0 297.6 10.6 541 Grocery stores .........2,886.7 250.2 12.3 Trucking and couner services, 421 except air .............1,516.4 205.6 14.2 Motor vehicles and equipment 371 manufacturing .......... 809.4 180.9 23.0 Nursing and personal care 805 facilities ............1,41 9.8 170.5 15.6 531 Department stores .....2, 126.8 166.8 11.2 201 Meat products manufacturing ...... 425.7 131.2 31.1 701 Hotels and motels ....1,595.4 128.4 10.6
1 Standard Industrial Classification Manual 1987 edition.
2 Rates per 100 equivalent full-time workers. See footnote 4 to text for method of calculation.
3 Excludes farms with fewer than 11 employees.
NOTE: The nine groups shown here are the only "three-digit" industrial classifications reporting at least 100,000 injury and illness cases in 1990.
Table 2. Occupational injuries and illnesses, grocery stores and selected States, BLs annual survey, 1990 Incidence rates(1) Average Nonfatal lost Industry cases Lost workdays snd stste Total without workday Lost per lost cases2 lost cases workdays workday workdays c ase Private industry3 ...8.8 4.7 4.1 84.0 20 Grocery stores(4) ..12.3 7.1 5.2 106.4 20 Arkansas ......... 10.2 6.4 3.8 93.5 25 Florida ........... 11.6 7.4 4.2 64.6 15 Louisiana ......... 9.6 4.8 4.8 65.5 14 Maine ............ 15.6 5.4 10.2 219.3 22 New Mexico ....... 13.4 8.3 5.1 169.2 33 North Dakota ...... 7.3 5.1 2.1 29.4 14 Oklahoma ........ 9.6 5.5 4.1 88.5 22 Rhode Island ......13.0 3.7 9.3 153.4 16 Texas ............ 10.5 5.9 4.6 142.1 31 Vermont .......... 8.0 3.8 4.3 155.8 36 Wyoming ......... 7.3 4.4 2.9 49.9 17
1 Incidence rates represent the number of injuries and illnesses per 100 equivalent full-time workers. See footnote 4 to text for method of calculation.
2 Includes fatalities. Because of rounding, the difference between the total and the sum of the rates for lost workday cases and nonfatal cases without lost workdays may not reflect the fatality rate.
3 Excludes farms with fewer than 11 employees.
4 Includes data for States in addition to those shown separately.
Sarah O. Campany and Martin E. Personick are economists in the Division of Safety and Health Statistics, Bureau of Labor Statistics
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Those who support integrating open homosexuals and lesbians into the military have this much in common: The vast majority never served a day in the armed forces of the United States. Among those who have, many approach this issue from a far different perspective.
America�s armed services exist for only one purpose � to defend the country and to prevail in battle. They are not about building a career or seeing the world. Combat effectiveness is, or should be, the overriding concern, and anything that threatens to compromise it must be resisted.
Military readiness is not measured exclusively by having capable, trained personnel and the proper equipment, although both obviously are essential. There are also certain intangibles. Among these are high morale, respect for superiors, unit cohesion and good order and discipline. The French call this esprit de corps, and Napoleon proved that it can make the difference between victory and defeat.
When such distractions as suspicion, jealousy, distrust and favoritism enter the picture, combat effectiveness can be undermined. Mixing same-sex attraction into the comradeship that is an essential ingredient in any military unit is one of the quickest ways to do that. During four years of sea duty, I saw the disruption this can cause.
While a sizable number of Americans say they see nothing wrong with the gay lifestyle, the fact remains that many heterosexual men feel uncomfortable around those who are openly homosexual, especially when they are thrown together in close quarters aboard ships or on military bases. This feeling is strongest among our most elite units � Marines, SEALS, Rangers, etc. � according to Pentagon surveys.
For obvious reasons, no man would be assigned to a women�s barracks on a military base. Placing a homosexual in a men�s barracks, or a lesbian in a women�s barracks, is not materially different, and the same result can be expected.
In combat situations, this problem becomes much more serious. Suppose the platoon sergeant, who is gay, has his eye on one of his men. When a risky patrol must be sent out, whom does he pick to go? (For the very same reason, placing women in combat units also is a bad idea.)
In 2009, more than 1,050 retired generals and admirals, which is an incredible number, sent a letter to Congress urging that �Don�t ask, don�t tell� not be repealed. Here�s one paragraph from that letter:
�Our past experience as military leaders leads us to be greatly concerned about the impact of repeal on morale, discipline, unit cohesion, and overall military readiness. We believe that placing this burden on our men and women in uniform would undermine recruiting and retention, impact leadership at all levels, have adverse effects on the willingness of parents to lend their sons and daughters to military service, and eventually break the All-Volunteer Force.�
Yes, the top brass now say they support repeal, which the Democratic lame-duck Congress rammed through in December. But these officers serve at the pleasure of President Barack Obama, who has made it clear that advancing the gay agenda trumps maintaining a sound military. Ranking officers must either fall in line or get out.
It is misleading to depict opening the military to gays as exclusively a civil rights issue. Civil rights are those rights that apply to all citizens and are guaranteed by law, especially those rights enumerated in the Constitution. But there is no �right� to serve in the armed forces. The services accept those men and women they want and reject those they don�t want. Throughout our history � until now, that is � same-sex attraction has been an automatic disqualifier. Has that been a wrong-headed policy all along? Are we now going to set out into uncharted waters and hope for the best?
Voters will be electing a president and a new Congress in 2012. If last fall�s elections are any indication of how things will play out next year, the repeal of �Don�t ask, don�t tell� could end up being revisited, as well it should be.
America is facing a fanatical enemy � radical Islam � that in some respects poses a greater threat than did the Soviet Bloc during the Cold War. This is not the time to practice social engineering with our military forces in order to placate the never-ending demands of political correctness.


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New Donnay X-Series - My Thoughts
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Join Date: Apr 2013
Location: Yokohama, Japan
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Hi guys,
Perhaps you can help me with my dilemma. The Donnays sound amazing. Got a Donnay rep in HK who can provide me with some Donnay sticks (the older X-line that they still have a few left of) as I live in Japan and there are no dealers here. Sadly, that also means no demos.
I'm torn between the blue, black and red lines. The red 99 sounds like an interesting stick for a spin/attacking game, or even playing around as a doubles stick (and its light enough to be customized either way).
Out of the 94's, probably the black is striking me as the best (somewhat more forgiving than the blue 94 - and given its a "buy before I try" perhaps it's good I err on the side of caution!). That leaves the blue 99 as the final option...yet both the blue 99 and black 99 seems to come with great praise.
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If that's overkill and it's best to choose just one or two Donnay x-series, which would they be?
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A 501c3 Nonprofit Organization
"To promote the understanding, appreciation, and overall success of the glass arts and to support human services and provider organizations worldwide." --MISSION STATEMENT
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The 2015 Robert M. Minkoff Foundation Academic Symposium at UrbanGlass taking place October 22nd, 23rd, 24th, in New York City
4Front Residency artist Sarah Gilbert completes exhibition and performance at the Chrysler Museum of Art Glass Studio
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Hosted at The Studio of The Corning Museum of Glass with support from the Robert M. Minkoff Foundation, Expanding Horizons aims to provide a broad survey of glass at a world class facility. Through glassblowing, lectures, tours and discussion the educational aim of this program is three-fold:
Hosted at The Studio of The Corning Museum of Glass with support from the Robert M. Minkoff Foundation, Expanding Horizons aims to provide a broad survey of glass at a world class facility. Through glassblowing, lectures, tours and discussion the educational aim of this program is three-fold:
- Further student's technical knowledge of glassblowing as well as introduce other ways to work with glass such as kiln-forming and product design.
- Introduce professional practice standards for applications relating to job opportunities, scholarship, and education.
- Provide students with education about the history of glassmaking, the science of glassmaking, and potential of glass as a medium of expression.
The Bergstrom-Mahler Museum of Glass debuts "Beauty Beyond Nature: The Glass Art of Paul Stankard"
Open through February 15, 2015, the Bergstrom-Mahler Museum of Glass in Neenah, Wisconsin, is exhibiting almost 70 works by artist Paul Stankard drawn from the Robert M. Minkoff collection. This retrospective exhibition traces the evolution of Stankard's botanical portraits in glass from his earliest attempts at paperweights to his innovative new encased forms that have expanded the scale and intricacy beyond anything that has preceded it. The exhibition is a testament to the power of a collector-artist relationship that has opened the world of glass art and the visionary advances of one artist to a broader audience through an exhibition that has traveled to several venues. A coffeetable book that documents Stankard's achievement published by the Foundation serves as the exhibit catalog. Robert M. Minkoff encountered Paul Stankard's work in 2005 and, in a very brief period, built a definitive collection documenting the artist's journey in glass, with examples of the key innovations that Stankard has pioneered in bringing the paperweight form out of its traditional small form factor and into triptychs, assemblages, and vertical presentations. The Bergstrom-Mahler exhibition will continue through February 15th, 2015, and a special weekend event is planned from October 10th through the 12th that will bring together art lovers and Ferrari collectors to celebrate great artistry. There will be presentations by Robert Minkoff Foundation managing trustee and foundation director Andrew Page. More information.
The Minkoff Foundation Organizes Summit of At-Risk Youth Programs at the Glass Art Society 2014 Conference in Chicago
On Friday, March 21st, 2014, an At-Risk Youth Panel sponsored by the Robert M. Minkoff Foundation brought together representatives from the top programs from around the U.S. to talk about what they were doing and to share their perspective on what works. That evening, a reception at Little Black Pearl sponsored by the Minkoff Foundation celebrated the glass program at a public high school in the South Side of Chicago, offered further networking opportunities, and a joint exhibition of work by students of these programs around the U.S. You can listen to an audio transcript of the presentations on a Website the Minkoff Foundation has created to foster better connections and exchange between these programs at www.atriskglass.org. An open forum is available to continue the discussion of best practices and share the challenges and success of using glass education to change lives.


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A flexible bathing fluid permeable mesh sheet is attached to a rectangular frame. A flexible and collapsible bathing fluid impermeable sheet is attached to the frame below the mesh sheet and spaced apart therefrom for forming an open fluid receptacle. The mesh sheet is attached to the frame with straps which may be adjusted for allowing the patient to be placed substantially coplanar with the frame and away from the fluid collected in the impermeable sheet or lowered toward the impermeable sheet to provide an immersion bath.
1. A bath apparatus for bathing a patient within a hospital bed supported on a hospital floor comprising in combination:
a rectilinear frame having parallel opposite sides about an unobstructed internal rectilinear dimension for fitting over from above and surrounding said patient within said hospital bed;
a rolling transport for supporting said rectilinear frame from the floor supporting said hospital bed at one edge of said rectilinear frame, said frame and rolling transporting being independent of said hospital bed;
means for raising and lowering said rectilinear frame with respect to said rolling transport at said one edge of said transportable frame for enabling said rolling transport to be moved under said hospital bed with said frame supported over said hospital bed in a position overlying said patient in said bed;
a water permeable sheet;
means for tensile attachment of said water permeable sheet to said rectilinear frame with said water permeable sheet underlying said patient on said bed;
a water impermeable sheet for suspension from said frame in an upwardly exposed concave configuration for forming a liquid retaining bath with respect to said frame; and
means for attachment of said water impermeable sheet to said frame with said water impermeable sheet extending below said water permeable sheet independent of said means for tensile attachment of said water permeable sheet for supporting said water impermeable sheet with respect to said frame with said exposed concave configuration for receiving and retaining the water of said bath while the patient is supported by said water permeable sheet over said bed.
2. The invention of claim 1 and wherein:
said water impermeable sheet is partially supported on said bed.
3. The invention of claim 2 and wherein said water impermeable sheet has a drain.
4. The invention of claim 2 and wherein said means for attachment of said water impermeable sheet provides
means for attachment of said water permeable sheet to the first parallel opposite sides of said frame; and,
said means for attachment of said water impermeable sheet includes,
means for sliding attachment of said water impermeable sheet to second parallel opposite sides of said frame whereby said water impermeable sheet can have sliding movement under said water permeable sheet when said patient is support from said frame on said water permeable sheet.
5. The invention of claim 2 and wherein said attachment means providing for variable tensile support of said sheet with respect to said frame whereby a patient supported on said sheet can be supported from said frame at variable elevation.
This is a Continuation of application Ser. No. 07,659,944 filed Feb. 22, 1992, now abandoned.
This invention relates to bathing devices and, more particularly, to an apparatus for showering and/or bathing bedridden patients.
In hospitals and nursing homes it is generally accepted practice to administer baths to bedridden patients by rubbing the patient's body with a hand-held sponge soaked in warm soapy water or some other bathing fluid. The procedure is time consuming and messy and involves frequent moving of the patient. The rubbing may in itself be deleterious to patients having particular skin disorders. The bed also tends to become somewhat moist and uncomfortable to the patient.
If a sponge bath is inadvisable for one reason or another, then it is necessary to move the patient from the bed and into some sort of bathtub. This requires lifting the patient out of the bed and into the bathtub, thus risking injury to the nursing staff and especially to the patient if the patient has wounds or particularly sensitive skin which could be abraded or torn by the procedure. Once the patient is placed in the bathtub, then the patient is subjected not only to the cleansing fluid but also to the contaminated bathing fluid remaining in the tub. This can lead to serious consequences when wounds (and especially infectious wounds) are being cleansed. Furthermore, the bathtub ordinarily comprises a rigid surface which decreases ventilation and creates pressure points against localized areas of the patient's body, thus increasing the possibility of injury to and discomfort of the patient.
The present invention is directed to a shower-bath for a bedridden patient wherein the patient may be provided with a shower or bath without encountering the problems inherent in known bathing devices. For example, the patient need not be manually lifted by the nursing staff, the patient may be supported in or out of the bathing fluid, and the supporting surface distributes the load of the patient substantially uniformly over the patient's entire body while still providing proper ventilation.
In one embodiment of the present invention, a flexible bathing fluid permeable mesh sheet is attached to a rectangular frame. A flexible and collapsible bathing fluid impermeable sheet is attached to the frame below the mesh sheet and spaced apart therefrom for forming an open fluid receptacle. The mesh sheet is attached to the frame with straps which may be adjusted for allowing the patient to be placed substantially coplanar with the frame and away from the fluid collected in the impermeable sheet or lowered toward the impermeable sheet to provide an immersion bath.
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a particular embodiment of a shower-bath according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a top plan view of the shower-bath of FIG. 1 showing a particular embodiment of a mesh sheet attached to the frame;
FIG. 3 is a partial side view of the shower-bath of FIG. 1 illustrating the attachment of the bathing fluid impermeable sheet in an extended position;
FIG. 4 is a partial side view taken of the shower-bath of FIG. 1 showing the impermeable sheet in a retracted position;
FIGS. 5-9 are drawings showing the set up and use of the shower-bath shown in FIG. 1.
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a particular embodiment of a shower-bath 10 according to the present invention. Shower-bath 10 comprises a planar member such as a rectangular frame 14 mounted on a base 18 by telescoping supports 22, 24 and 26. A height control unit 30 is coupled to telescoping support 24 for automatically raising or lowering frame 14 for reasons which will become apparent below. A bathing fluid permeable flexible mesh sheet 34 is attached to frame 14 for supporting a patient in generally horizontal position, and bathing fluid impermeable plastic sheet 38 is attached to frame 14 below sheet 34 for forming a fluid receptacle.
FIG. 2 is a top plan view of shower-bath 10 showing more clearly the attachment of mesh sheet 34. As shown in FIG. 2, mesh sheet 34 includes a plurality of grommets 38 disposed along the periphery thereof. A corresponding plurality of straps 42 each have a hook 46 attached to a first end thereof for extending through a corresponding grommet 38. A plurality of buckles 50 (preferably self-locking) are affixed to frame 14. Each buckle 50 receives a second free end 54 of a corresponding strap 42. The buckle selectively clamps or releases its associated strap 42 for adjusting the position of mesh sheet 34. If desired, mesh sheet 34 may be maintained substantially coplanar with frame 14 for keeping the patient away from the fluid collected in fluid impermeable sheet 38. Alternatively, mesh sheet may be lowered toward fluid impermeable sheet 38 when an immersion bath is desired.
FIGS. 3 and 4 are side views of a portion of shower-bath 10 showing more clearly how fluid impermeable sheet 38 is attached to frame 14. FIG. 3 shows sheet 38 in an extended position, and FIG. 4 shows sheet 38 in a retracted position. Sheet 38 includes a plurality of straps 58 for slidably affixing sheet 38 to frame 14. Each strap 58 has a buckle 62 for disengaging the strap and allowing fluid impermeable sheet 38 to be selectably coupled to frame 14. A drain 59 is disposed on the bottom of fluid impermeable sheet 38 for draining the bathing fluid therefrom. If desired, drain 59 may be coupled to a hose (not shown) which may be routed to a sink, a floor drain, a container, or some other disposal facility.
FIGS. 5-9 show how shower-bath 10 is set up and used. As shown in FIG. 5, the patient is initially rolled onto his or her side, and mesh sheet 34 is placed on the patient's bed in a spread out condition. The patient is then rolled back onto mesh sheet 34 as shown in FIG. 6. Frame 14 is then placed over the patient and, using height control unit 30, lowered so that frame 14 is substantially coplanar with sheet 34. Hooks 46 are then inserted into corresponding grommets 38 in sheet 34, and buckles 50 are set to clamp straps 42 in place for affixing sheet 34 to frame 14. Height control unit 30 is then used to raise frame 14, and hence the patient, to the position shown in FIG. 7. Because mesh sheet 34 is flexible, it evenly distributes the load of the patient over the patient's entire body.
Once frame 14 is in the raised position, the fluid impermeable sheet 38 may be moved to the extended position and affixed as shown in FIG. 7. If desired, frame 14 may be lowered (or the patient's bed raised) so that the bottom of fluid impermeable sheet 38 rests on the patient's bed. This provides support for the fluid-filled sheet and helps to form a properly shaped bathinette. The patient then may be showered with a shower head 70 as shown in FIG. 8, with fluid impermeable sheet 38 collecting the used bathing fluid. Since fluid impermeable sheet 38 is spaced apart from flexible sheet 34, and since sheet 34 is an open mesh sheet, the underside of the patient may be bathed by reaching beneath sheet 34 and aiming shower head 70 upwardly. If an immersion bath is desired, then drain 59 is closed and fluid impermeable sheet 38 is partially filled with bathing fluid. Buckles 50 may be released one at a time and straps 42 slightly extended for lowering mesh sheet 34 toward fluid impermeable sheet 38. The patient thus may be immersed in the bathing fluid contained in fluid impermeable sheet 38. After the bathing operation is complete, the bathing fluid may be drained through drain 59, and the procedure reversed for returning the patient to his or her bed.
While the above is a complete description of a preferred embodiment of the present invention, various modifications may be employed. For example, mesh sheet 34 may be replaced by a perforated sheet or even a rigid platform if particular patients do not need the flexibility and uniform support of mesh sheet 34. Both mesh sheet 34 and impermeable sheet 38 may be attached to frame 14 using clips rather than straps. Frame 14 may be circular or comprise some other open or closed polygon comprising a plurality of rectilinear frame members. Consequently, the full scope of the invention should be ascertained by the appended claims.
Patent Citations
Non-Patent Citations
Referenced by
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With its soft purple hue, plush suede texture, and quirky tassel embellishment, this frame is worthy of a favorite photo.
An offshoot of a popular Japanese home decor brand, Lazy Susan USA was founded in 2001 to bring its eclectic, innovative designs to North America. Its accents, many of which use eco-friendly materials, draw inspiration from myriad countries and cultures, allowing you to indulge in a taste for the exotic without leaving your home.


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The Financial Industry Regulatory Authority has received approval from the Securities and Exchange Commission to publish considerably more information about advisor disciplinary actions than it has in the past. The Financial Services Institute expressed concern that the change goes too far. "While we support FINRA's diligence in informing investors regarding disciplinary complaints and disciplinary decisions, we question the appropriateness and purpose of drawing attention to actions that pose reputational harm to firms and advisors but were found lacking on the merits," David Bellaire, executive vice president and general counsel for FSI, wrote in a comment letter.
View Full Article in:OnWallStreet.com · InvestmentNews (free registration) · Wall Street Journal (tiered subscription model), The
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Women's Soccer Coaches
Laura Burnett-Kurie Head Women's Soccer Coach
Laura Burnett-Kurie will begin her third season as the head coach of the women's soccer program. Burnett-Kurie, a 2008 graduate of Hobart and William Smith Colleges (NY), is the fifth head coach in the history of the Gustavus… (continue reading)
Casey Gilbert '14
Casey Gilbert will begin his first season as Head Coach Laura Burnett-Kurie's lead assistant within the Gustavus Adolphus women's soccer program. A 2014 graduate of Gustavus with a degree in international management along… (continue reading)


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Record #28 Angelo Raffaele Crispino
Reported: 8:20 AM 12 April 1889
Declared by Nicola Marotta, age 40, farmer, living in Rotondi, and Luigi Crispino, age 40, farmer, living in Rotondi, declared that at 4 PM yesterday at home at Via Zalorfi #3,
Angelo Raffaele Crispino died, age 12 months (?), living in Rotondi, Born in Rotondi, son of Alessandro, farmer, living in Rotondi, and Rosa Marotta, farmer, living in Rotondi.
Witnesses: Giuseppe Bove, age 60, farmer and Giuseppe Marotta, age (?), profession (?)
Thanks, jerry


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WALLA WALLA -- The hunt is under way for a small insect which is a big threat to the state's wine industry.
Washington state Department of Agriculture workers are setting out traps for the European grapevine moth, a destructive pest which has quarantined some California wine grape regions.
About 1,500 grapevine moth traps are being placed in each of the state's 11 major wine grape-growing regions. About 40-50 of the traps have been set in vineyards in the Walla Walla area, said John Lundberg, department spokesman.
Mike Klaus, WSDA pest survey coordinator for Eastern Washington, emphasized the grapevine moth has not been detected in the state, "but we want to be able to prove we don't have it here."
The trapping effort is being carried out along with annual efforts to detect other invasive pests, including the gypsy moth, the light brown apple moth, the silver Y moth and the false codling moth.
People are asked not to disturb the tent-shaped traps which can be spotted hanging from trees and grapevines. The traps are baited with pheromones to attract the moths, which are caught when the enter the trap and adhere to the sticky inner surface.
The grapevine moth was found in the U.S. for the first time last September in the Napa Valley. Since then it has been found in five other California grape-growing counties. Almost $5 million in state and federal funds have been spent to fight the pest.
If grapevine moths are found in Washington, agriculture officials will place more traps in the area in an attempt to find the center of the infestation. Officials say they will immediately consult with state and federal agencies and industry stakeholders to determine the best course of action.
Washington is the second-largest grape-growing state in the U.S. and number-two producer of premium wines with nearly 700 licensed wineries.
Andy Porter can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.com or 526-8318. Check out his blog at blogs.ublabs.org/randomthoughts.
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Education on Agenda for Missouri Legislative Session
How teachers are evaluated, held accountable and earn job-protecting tenure could be on the docket when a supermajority of Republicans takes control next month of the Missouri Legislature.
New Report Looks at Illinois' 5 Public Pension Systems
Not to be confused with the underfunding which is blamed for the problem, the actuaries say the boards of the five systems are using reasonable assumptions in calculating the returns.
Standards For Teachers In Missouri Are On The Rise
Teachers out of college already must have a higher grade point average, but now even the college they come from may be scrutinized.
"Bar Exam" Proposed For Aspiring Teachers
The test would assess mastery of subject matter, competency in teaching methods and even confidence and compassion.
Digital Debate: Teamster's Hoffa & Amway Heir DeVos: Clash Over Unions!
James P. Hoffa and Dick DeVos have vastly differing views of unions, which is why in this heated political climate battles are raging across America over unions in Indiana, Ohio, Illinois, Michigan, California and other states, the two took time to participate in CBS Local Digital Debate.
CBS Local Presidential Forum Obama/Romney: Square Off Over Education and Energy
Today on the CBS Local forum, Romney and Obama were asked: What will you do to make the U.S. more energy independent?
CBS Local Presidential Forum Obama/Romney: Debating Cities and Education
When it comes to America's future, the issue of education rises to the top for many which is why Obama and Romney were asked to weigh in on it as well.
My Dog Ate My iPad? Local Schools Do Away With Textbooks
"Technology fee" helps cover cost of school-issued iPads.
Edwardsville School Board Approves Contract
Teachers accepted a salary freeze for this year, with a two-percent increase for next year.


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Tag Archives: store
Guilt on facebook
Gilt.com has gone ecommerce with facebook pages. If you like there page you get early and in a lot of the cases exclusive looks from the range of merchandise across Gilt's categories for women, men, children and home. Pretty cool. … Continue reading
The High End of Couture…Ikram in Chicago
Chicago has some wonderful shopping spots, this past weekend I accidently walked into a store called IKRAM located at 873 North Rush Street. I was completely shocked at how amazing their selection was. Ikram carries some of the most well … Continue reading
From RCTEES on Etsy.com
What a fun store! RCTEES has a unique selection of graphic based prints for your picking! Too see more about them click on the link below. http://www.etsy.com/shop/rctees?ref=pr_shop_more
Finding the Zazzle in me…
So I wrote about this wonderful online store that lets you customize products to your liking. I discovered though that I could implement my own illustrations into products. Im excited to share my own zazzle store with you all! To check it … Continue reading
Get to know Andrea Cook aka Atelier28 on Etsy.com
Andrea Cook creates these fabulous little miniature illustrations and paintings that are available on her website. Their is something peaceful about them that I love. For more information about her click on the link below. http://www.etsy.com/shop/atelier28 I've included some of my favorites … Continue reading
Get to know bluebellbazaar's on Etsy.com
bluebellbazaar's store on Etsy.com is absolutely fantastic. I love it! Check out the unique items that are sold here at http://www.etsy.com/shop/bluebellbazaar?ref=pr_shop_more
Some great things from the Met Store
The Met store has some fabulous things! Check them out! Totally worth it. http://store.metmuseum.org/jewelry/icat/jewelry/
Some gorgeous head accessories from Etsy store Loboheme
Such Gorgeous head pieces! They are absolutely to die for! Check out the shop below. Ive included some of the unique pieces that I love! http://www.etsy.com/shop/LoBoheme?ref=top_trail
Get to know Etsy Store….Jessalin Beutler's
What cool pieces of clothing! Seriously unique and simple. Absolutely love the geometric shapes on t-shirts. I've included some of the pieces that I like! To check out her whole store click on the link below. http://www.etsy.com/shop/jessalinb?ref=pr_shop_more
A fun site to know… Far4 Seattle Home Decor
Far4 has a wide varity of goods that are for purchase on their site. The stuff is cute, fun, fresh, and unique. http://far4.net/shop/ They are located in 1020 First Avenue Seattle, WA 98104 Ive included some things that I LOVE … Continue reading


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The atmosphere at Old Songs resembles that of the 1960s and early 1970s folk festivals, Mock said, making it unique in an age when most festivals have become commercial and performer-oriented.
"It becomes a kind of three-day village," Mock said. "A very friendly community is formed."
Visitors are welcome to camp at the fairgrounds, where plenty of food and late-night dancing keep everyone entertained. Fiddle lessons, a puppet theater and other activities for children make for a family-friendly weekend.
"We have a lot of kids who've grown up with the festival, and they come back," said Spence. "I think it's just one big package with one big bow on it."
The festival began in 1981, after Spence and her husband, Bill, had been involved with another folk festival in the area. Spence is not a musician, but she enjoys folk music and has a knack for organizing various events.
In addition to the Old Songs festival, the nonprofit serves 8,000 people a year, offering classes, concerts and other activities. Spence expects about 4,000 people this weekend, a fourth of whom will overnight at the fairgrounds. Visitors come from all over the East Coast, she said.
"This music is not commercial so we don't get the big crowd that follows pop music or rock music," Spence said. "A lot of people who come are people who like to learn and share music with other people."
The Old Songs Festival will take place Friday, June 22 through Sunday, June 24 at the Altamont Fairgrounds, located on Route 146 in Altamont. Tickets are $30 for Friday night and Sunday, and $50 for Saturday (visitors who leave by 7 p.m. on Saturday will receive a $25 refund). Student tickets are $20 per day; children under 12 are free. For information, contact Old Songs at 765-2815 or visit www.oldsongs.org.""
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How budget cuts could affect you
Any furloughs at the Internal Revenue Service will be delayed until summer, after the tax filing season ends, so the agency says it shouldn't delay tax refunds. But other IRS services will be affected. Millions of taxpayers may not be able get responses from IRS call centers and taxpayer assistance centers. The cuts would delay IRS responses to taxpayer letters and force the agency to complete fewer tax return reviews, reducing its ability to detect and prevent fraud. The IRS says this could result in billions of dollars in lost revenue to the government, complicating deficit reduction efforts.
More than 3.8 million people jobless for six months or longer could see their unemployment benefits reduced by as much as 9.4 percent. Thousands of veterans would not receive job counseling. Fewer Occupational Safety and Health Administration inspectors could mean 1,200 fewer inspections of dangerous work sites.
The Associated Press


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Serve for breakfast with hot buttered tortillas. A poblano is a fresh dark green chile, often called a pasilla, and is available in the produce section of most supermarkets.
YIELD: Makes 4 servings
Melt 2 tablespoons butter in large saucepan over medium heat. Add onion, garlic, and oregano and sauté until onion is soft, about 3 minutes. Add tomatoes with juice and chili powder. Cover and simmer 5 minutes to blend flavors. Transfer sauce to blender; puree until smooth. Season with salt and pepper. Return sauce to pan and keep warm.
Melt remaining 4 tablespoons butter in large skillet over medium heat. Add chiles; sauté until tender, about 6 minutes. Add green onions and 1/4 cup cilantro. Add eggs and cheese. Cook until eggs are softly set, stirring occasionally, about 4 minutes. Divide eggs among 4 plates. Spoon sauce over; sprinkle with remaining 1/4 cup cilantro.