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This document describes an energy management system in which microprocessor based thermostats are used to control individual room temperatures in a multiple room building in accordance with the known occupancy status of the room. The occupancy status information, as well as other control parameters, are transmitted to the thermostats from a central computer program. The control of a heating and cooling appliances is performed by an algorithm running on the electronic thermostat, which performs this function in accordance with these downloaded parameters. The system, allows room occupants to control the temperature of an occupied room within preset limits, automatically limits energy usage in unoccupied rooms, and provides additional facilities for energy management and general building management.
1. An energy management system for use in a multi-room building, comprising:
a plurality of electronic thermostats, each said thermostat being adapted to be located in one of said rooms for controlling the ambient temperature in said room, each said thermostat having:
temperature sensor means for producing an electrical signal representative of the ambient temperature in said room;
memory means having a thermostat configuration table for storing user specified parameters and status conditions respecting said room and for storing an algorithm for controlling said ambient temperature, said parameters and status conditions including the value of the maximum and the minimum ambient temperatures for said room, the occupancy status of said room, a bias temperature value for said room, a cooling unit status condition, a heating unit status condition, a default set temperature value, a peak load value, a maximum room temperature value, a minimum room temperature value, a pay television status condition, a theft protection status condition and a hysteresis value, said memory means further including a "maid in room" register, a "maid left room" register, a "room inspected" register, and a "theft flag" register;
occupant input means including first input means for enabling a room occupant to input a temperature increase or decrease signal, second input means for enabling a room occupant to input a "maid in room" condition, third input means for enabling a room occupant to input a "maid left room" condition, and fourth input means for enabling a room occupant to input a "room inspected" condition;
an output terminal bank for connecting said thermostat to a heating unit, a cooling unit, at least one circuit to be monitored for theft or electrical components connected thereto, and a circuit for energizing and de-energizing a pay television circuit;
a serial port for receiving and transmitting digital signals therealong;
timer means for producing at least one timer interrupt signal;
microprocessor means operatively connected to said memory means for loading and operating said algorithm, said microprocessor being operable to:
a) monitor said theft protection circuit and deliver a theft alarm signal to said serial port when the status of said theft circuit changes to a theft condition;
b) monitor said serial port for an incoming data dump signal and being responsive thereto to transmit the contents of said registers to said serial port and then resetting said registers, an incoming program reload signal to replace said algorithm with a new algorithm received at said serial port, and a data load signal for updating said thermostat configuration table;
c) monitor said occupant input means and being responsive to a temperature increase or decrease signal by comparing the request temperature change against predetermined temperature limits in said configuration table and, if the request change is within said limits, to generate and deliver heating and/or cooling control signals to said output terminal bank whereby to cause said heating unit and/or said cooling unit to be activated or de-activated;
d) set said "maid in room" register when said second input means is activated;
e) set said "maid left" register when said third input means is activated;
f) set said "room inspected" register when said fourth input means is activated; and
g) respond to a timer interrupt signal by processing a peak load management algorithm and/or a cooling cycle algorithm;
at least one thermostat control device having a serial port in communication with said serial port of at least a predetermined number of said thermostats, memory means for storing a configuration table for each said thermostats of said predetermined number of said thermostats, the contents of said registers of said predetermined number of said thermostats, and an algorithm for controlling the operation of said thermostat control device, timer means for producing a timeout condition at predetermined time intervals, and microprocessor means operable under the control of said algorithm, said thermostat control device being operable to:
a) monitor said serial port and set a signal receive indicator when a signal is received thereat;
b) monitor said timer means for a timeout condition and activating a peak load management algorithm when said timeout condition is detected and activating any acceptable thermostat requests;
c) poll each said thermostats of said predetermined number of said thermostats for and recording changes in said registers and status conditions;
d) respond to a request for a data download command received at said serial port by transmitting a data load signal and fresh data to all or specified ones of said thermostats of said predetermined number of said thermostats; and
e) respond to a request for a program reload command by transmitting a program reload signal and a new program to all or specified ones of said thermostats of said predetermined number of said thermostats;
at least one master control device having a serial port in communication with the serial port of one or more of said thermostat control device, memory means for storing a configuration table for each said thermostats of said predetermined number of said thermostats, the contents of said registers of said predetermined number of said thermostats, and an algorithm for controlling the operation of said master control device, timer means for producing a timeout condition at predetermined time intervals, and microprocessor means operable under the control of said algorithm, said thermostat control device being operable to:
a) monitor said master control device serial port and set a signal receive indicator when a signal is received thereat;
b) poll each said thermostat control devices for and recording changes in said registers and status conditions;
c) respond to a request for a data download command received at said serial port by transmitting a data load signal and fresh data to all or specified ones of said thermostat control devices; and
d) respond to a request for a program reload command by transmitting a program reload signal and a new program to all or specified ones of said thermostat control devices; and
a central computer having a central processing unit, a display screen and a keyboard for communicating with a user, and a serial port connected to said serial port of each said master control devices, and memory means for storing an algorithm and having a system configuration table for storing user specified information respecting each said thermostats, said thermostat control devices and said master control devices, and timer means for producing timeout signals at predetermined intervals, said central computer being operable to continuously:
a) monitor said keyboard for a interrupt signal and responding to a user request; and
b) polling each said master control devices for a data dump therefrom, checking the data received from each said master control devices for changes therein, updating said memory means, said central computer being responsive to user specified data reload and program reload commands to cause updated data or program files to be transmitted to each said master control devices for retransmission to each said thermostat control devices and for further re-transmission to each said thermostats.
The present invention relates, generally, to energy management systems and, more specifically, to energy management systems for use in multiple room establishments such as hotels and motels.
The control of heating and cooling energy in multi-room buildings such as hotels and motels is normally achieved through the use of independent thermostats in every room. The mount of energy used in any room within a such a building is generally determined by the occupant who has no incentive to conserve energy by reducing the thermostat setting when vacating the room. As a result, the costs associated with energy usage in such cases are much higher than required to ensure the comfort of the occupants. While manual control of individual thermostats by building staff could help reduce energy usage, the cost of labour associated with continually adjusting all thermostats in a building complex offsets the savings and makes this option rather impractical.
The use of electronic microprocessor based thermostats to control heating and cooling equipment in multiple dwelling buildings offers a solution to this problem. Such devices offer an advantage over traditional thermostats in that these devices can be programmed to perform energy saving functions such as cycling the operation of heaters and air conditioners in accordance with a preprogrammed schedule. U.S. Pat. No. 4,382,544 describes the design of an electronic thermostat that accomplishes an energy management function through the use of a preprogrammed schedule. A limitation of this device is that it is designed to follow a specific schedule and cannot react to the change in the occupancy status of a room.
Devices such as that described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,623,969 provide facilities for monitoring ambient light conditions and occupant motion and then use this information to determine whether the room is occupied. If the room is determined to be unoccupied, heating or cooling equipment can be turned off to limit energy usage. While this approach provides an advantage over preprogrammed schedule type devices, there are a number of disadvantages. For example, the room temperature may not be maintained at a comfort level if the room occupant is out of range of the motion detector or the lights are turned off in the room while the occupant is resting, energy may be wasted heating or cooling the room if the previous occupant or cleaning staff leave the light on in an unoccupied room, or the room curtains are moving in response to incoming air from a ventilation duct, and if the occupants vacate their rooms for an hour or two, the room temperature will not be maintained at a comfort level for when they return.
Existing microprocessor based devices that are used in distributed control systems and in automated monitoring and control systems for buildings have the capability of sending and receiving information through a common communication link to a central computer, and running local control programs in accordance with received information. These devices are suitable for providing control over sections or functions within a building, but may not be practical for use in individual rooms of a multiple room dwelling such as a motel or hotel where physical size, installation cost, and wiring restrictions are major considerations. Additionally, because devices such as that described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,497,031 are designed to handle a number of remote temperature sensing and control points rather than concentrating on the control of a single room or suite, they cannot provide an easy mechanism for room occupants to set the desired temperature. A further drawback of such an approach is that, when used in hotel, motel or similar multiple room building, a device failure will result in a loss of control of the heating and cooling functions of a number of rooms within an area.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,497,031 granted to Johnson Service Company on Jun. 29, 1985 discloses an energy control system which comprises a centralized headend computer at a first hierarchial level, a plurality of data processing units at a second level and a plurality of system controllers at a third level. The data processing units serve to check and verify information passing between the headend computer and the system controllers. The headend unit may incorporate an operator display panel and computer programs for demand load control of the system controllers. It is also responsive to the conditions of all field data points connected to it via the system controllers and may effect a reduction in output and/or an orderly shutdown of predetermined functions within any of several data zones for overall demand limiting purposes. The system controllers are connected to one of more units such as air handling units, air conditioning units and the like for a space such as a room or a plurality of adjacent rooms within a building. The space may be provided with a temperature sensor for providing a voltage signal to the system controller. The patent does not appear to provide a thermostat for each room. In other words, in a system in which the system controllers control an entire floor consisting of, say, seven rooms, there would be only one sensor for the entire floor. Each system controller consists of a number of circuit boards which communicate through a communication backplane within the controller enclosure. These boards consist of an Intel 8088 processor board and a number of 8049 based peripheral boards, a sixteen key keypad and a six digit display to allow an operator to modify various program parameters or choose which of a number of mnemonically identified programs are to be running on the controller. In a typical application, then, remote temperature sensors and relays would be connected to the system controller through field wiring which would enter the system controller enclosure as a bundle of wires.
There are a number of major disadvantages to the Johnson system. First, the system controller is of the same level of complexity as a personal computer, such as, for example an IBM-PC and could be expected to have a cost in keeping with it. In a building application, it is dear that it would not be practical to install such a unit in each room. One such unit per floor would be more practical.
Second, the operator interface on each system controller would make it possible to start any one of a number of programs running on the floor (or zone). The desired parameters within the system could be modified as required. Such modifications, however, would have to be made by authorized personnel and could not be made by room occupants. In a large system, it would be rather inconvenient to have to service each system controller individually.
Third, as mentioned earlier, while the patent discloses the provision of a temperature sensor for a space, it does not appear to provide any provision which would allow room occupants to set room temperature. If occupant control were desired, it would be necessary to provide a potentiometer for each room. Such controls would give occupants rough control of the temperature setting but due to voltage loss in the wires, potentiometer inaccuracy, mechanical movement of the potentiometer mounting, inaccuracies in temperature measurement, it is unlikely that the setting would be very representative of the actual temperature setting in the room.
Fourth, the cost of wiring and installation would undoubtedly become a major factor in the cost and practicality of the system. For example, for a space comprised of seven rooms, 56 wires would have to be connected to the system controller from the rooms on the floor. Some of these wires would be very long. Also, retrofits of existing hotels would be very difficult due to the volume of wiring.
Fifth, and perhaps most importantly, the Johnson patent does not provide a system which performs energy management functions on the basis of the occupancy status of a room. As already mentioned, it would be economically impractical to put a Johnson system control in each room or suite. As a result, the Johnson system cannot allow the temperature of a vacant room or suite to rise or fall to ambient temperature if one of the other rooms or suites controlled by the controller is occupied.
There is, therefore, a need for an energy management system for multiple room buildings which is relatively inexpensive to manufacture, install and maintain, which provides optimum control of energy consumption in individual rooms or suites and which is capable of relatively inexpensively retrofitting of existing buildings. Economical installation means low cost in term of labour and materials and economical maintenance means quickly and easily upgrading all system components from a central location by relatively inexperienced personnel.
The present invention provides an energy management system for hotels, motels and other similar multiple room buildings in which the heating and cooling devices in each room or suite are controlled by a small microprocessor based electronic thermostat that is capable of receiving room occupancy information from a central computer, and which responds to this information by executing appropriate programmed algorithms. The thermostats limit energy usage by allowing the room to approach ambient temperature when the room is not occupied, but will allow the room temperature to be easily controlled by occupants when it is occupied. The thermostats include controls to allow the desired temperature of rooms or suites to be set by occupants and, thus, problems due to hardware failures are limited to a single room or suite.
While in the case of very small buildings it may be possible to directly connect a central computer to the thermostats through a communication medium, communication concentration devices will be required in the majority of cases. These devices allow a larger number of thermostats to be connected to the computer than would otherwise be permitted by the physical limitations of the communication medium. If required, the communication concentrators may be connected in a hierarchical manner that allows a virtually unlimited number of microprocessor based thermostats to be connected to the system.
In the preferred embodiment, a software program running on the central computer is linked into the front desk accounting system of a hotel or motel so that as people check into or check out of the hotel, the appropriate thermostats will receive an update of the occupancy status of the room or suite that they control. In addition to the primary energy management function associated with the room occupancy, there are a number of other functions that can be easily handled by the energy management system described. These functions include control of additional peripheral devices such as fans and blowers, periodic cycling of air conditioners to prevent ice build-ups that result in reduced efficiency, load shedding during peak periods, and additional energy management functions.
Devices such as fans and blowers help to circulate heated or cooled air within an area. The energy management system should be capable of controlling these devices in conjunction with heating and cooling appliances. Air conditioners often operate at reduced efficiency due to ice build-ups which inhibit their heat transfer capability. The capability of periodically cycling air conditioners to prevent reductions in efficiency due to ice build-ups would be a desirable capability of the energy management system.
Because energy costs may be higher than usual during peak load periods, a load shedding function that limits the overall energy usage can be easily incorporated into the system. Load shedding is typically accomplished by disabling energy using devices, such as heating and cooling equipment, for short periods of time in a manner that ensures that the available energy is shared among the devices that require the energy.
In addition to the occupancy status, other optional parameters could be transmitted to the electronic thermostat, and used by the thermostat's algorithm to control additional energy management functions: the system can provide the capability of limiting the temperature settings to reasonable minimum and maximum values to prevent energy wastage due to unreasonably high or low thermostat settings by occupants, and the system can allow the cooling or heating cycles to be disabled for periods of time when they are not required.
The energy management system could also include the capability of general building management, providing additional facilities such as: monitoring theft circuits in each room to ensure that appliances such as televisions are not removed, allowing building personnel to signal the computer from a room thermostat (a function that could be used by housekeeping personnel to indicate that a room has been cleaned and is ready for occupancy), and controlling PAY TV signal distribution in accordance with messages transmitted from the central computer.
The primary function of the computer is to provide a system operator interface and a link into the occupancy status information. The control of the various energy management functions are, in general, provided at the lowest possible level in the network hierarchy. The majority of control functions are performed at the thermostat level in accordance with the occupancy status, other information parameters that are transmitted to the thermostats and subsequently stored in memory on these devices. Control functions such as load shedding that cannot be performed at this level are handled by the communication concentrators.
A wiring system that allows a small set of wires to provide a common communication link and power supply source for a number of electronic thermostats would be a practical necessity for such a system since the cost of providing wiring and power supplies for individual thermostats would be prohibitively expensive and impractical to install. To reduce repair costs, it would be preferable for the thermostat to be designed in a manner that makes it possible to replace the thermostat electronics with minimal effort.
From a cost reduction perspective, it would also be desirable to limit the voltage and current distributed through the common power wiring in a manner that would allow less expensive wire to be used without presenting a fire hazard. Such wiring (which is referred to as Class 2 wiring within the Canadian Electrical Code) would allow the majority of the system to be installed by technicians rather than electricians.
These and other features of the invention will become more apparent from the following description in which reference is made to the appended drawings wherein:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram representation of an energy management system (EMS) in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a system overview diagram illustrating the communication process of the preferred embodiment of the present invention and, particularly, showing that communications may be via wires or via a modem;
FIGS. 3 to 6 are block diagrams illustrating communications between the main computer and the master node and showing that the main computer is provided with a System Configuration Table for storing updated status information of all parameters for each local node and its respective slaves and, similarly, that the master node is provided with a master Node Table for storing updated status information of all parameters for each local node and its respective slaves;
FIGS. 5 and 6 are similar to FIG. 2 but more specifically illustrate parameter and program reload operations;
FIGS. 7 to 12 are flow charts illustrating the operation of the Terminate-and-Stay-Resident (TSR) program which controls the main computer;
FIGS. 13a and 13b illustrate the TSR main menu which allows the user to set system operating parameters;
FIGS. 13c to 13f illustrate the various user screens and menus;
FIGS. 14a, 14b and 14c are flow charts illustrating the operation of the Master Node program;
FIG. 15 is a flow chart of a subroutine for loading the operating program into the master and local nodes;
FIGS. 16a and 16b are flow charts illustrating the operation of the Local Node program;
FIG. 17 is a flow chart which illustrates the Master Node to Local Node serial communication interrupt process;
FIGS. 18, 19 and 20 are flow charts illustrating alarms, timer and serial communications interrupt processing programs;
FIGS. 21a, 21b and 21c are flow charts illustrating the operation of the slave or thermostat program.
FIGS. 22 and 23 are block and circuit diagrams, respectively, of the master and local nodes according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention; and
FIGS. 24 and 25 are block and circuit diagrams, respectively, of a thermostat according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
With reference to FIGS. 1 and 2, the energy management system 10 according to the preferred embodiment the present invention will be seen to comprise a central computer 12, one or more master nodes 14 serially connected to one another and to the serial port of the computer, one or more local nodes 16 serially connected to one another, and a plurality of slave devices 18, hereinafter called thermostats, serially connected to one another and to an associated local node for hi-directional communication therewith as explained more fully later. Each local node may also be connected to node devices 20 and/or auxiliary communications devices 22.
Each of the thermostats, the master node(s) and the local node(s) are in the form of electrical circuit boards having a microprocessor and associated commercially available electronic components and operate under the control of their own programs as described more fully later. The circuits are designed to limit the voltage and current distributed through the common power wiring in a manner which allows less expensive wire to be used without presenting a fire hazard. Such wiring, which is referred to as Class 2 wiring within the Canadian Electrical Code, allows the majority of the system to be installed by technicians rather than electricians. Power for the thermostats is downloaded by the network so that they need not be connected to a source of power within the individual rooms. This results in significant cost savings in both hardware and labour as compared to existing systems.
The local and master nodes are identical in construction and programming. The only difference resides in the manner in which the circuit boards are initialized upon installation. This further simplifies the cost of the overall system.
The thermostats are responsible for controlling the environment within their respective rooms or suites and operate within the constraints of parameters downloaded to them from time to time. Both their operating program and the parameters may be updated. Further, the thermostats can communicate the current status of their respective rooms to the main computer system via the local nodes and master nodes.
Each of the local nodes is responsible for a plurality of thermostats in a particular area, such as a floor or part thereof or a building or part thereof. Similarly, each master node is responsible for a plurality of local nodes and communicates directly with the main computer system. It includes a master node table for storing updated status information of all parameters for each local node and its respective slaves.
Main Computer
The primary function of the computer is to provide a system operator interface and a link into the occupancy status information. It is important to note that the control of the various energy management functions is, in general, provided at the lowest possible level in the network hierarchy and not by the main computer. The majority of control functions are performed at the thermostat level in accordance with the occupancy status and other information parameters that are transmitted to the thermostats and subsequently stored in memory on these devices. Control functions such as load shedding that cannot be performed at the thermostat level are handled by the local nodes, sometimes referred to herein as communication concentrators.
With reference to FIGS. 3 and 4, it will be seen that the main computer comprises a central processing unit (CPU) 30, a display monitor 32, a keyboard 34 and an optional printer 36. The CPU includes a mass storage device (not shown) for storing data and program files in a well known manner. The storage device includes a data file in the form of a System Configuration Table 38 for storing updated status information of all parameters for each local node and its respective slaves. Similarly, the master node, which is described in more detail later, includes a Master Node Table 40 for storing updated status information of all parameters for each local node and its respective slaves. From time to time, the computer polls the master node for either system status changes or for the complete system status. The master node responds by extracting the required information from its Master Node Table and reporting either only the changes or the complete status of all slaves under its control. The computer updates its System Configuration Table upon receipt of the master node communication.
FIGS. 5 and 6 illustrate two important functions of the computer: requesting a parameter reload and a program reload. As indicated by the solid black arrows, the computer can instruct the master node to reload parameters or a program either into the master node itself, if it is addressed, or to pass it along to a specifically addressed device which could be a local node or a thermostat. The addressed device which is reloaded acknowledges a successful completion of this procedure by transmitting an appropriate signal back through the network to the main computer as indicated by the grey arrows. These and other functions of the computer are illustrated in FIGS. 7 to 12.
The energy management system of the preferred embodiment of the present invention operates under the control of a TSR (Terminate-and-Stay-Resident) program. The TSR program can be loaded into memory by the user entering a command via the keyboard or by another program. Once loaded into the computer memory, the TSR can be invoked by pressing a "hot key" on the computer keyboard. FIG. 7 illustrates this operation. This mode of operation frees the computer for use in other applications programs such as a hotel or motel management program, an accounting program or the like.
FIG. 8 illustrates the response of the program when the hot key is pressed by the user. The TSR can also be accessed from the disk operating system (DOS) command line or from an application program. The program first determines whether the program can be activated. If not, it sets a pending flag, restores the system environment and returns to DOS or the application program which was loaded when the hot key was pressed. If it can be activated, it re-initializes memory, saves the system environment in memory or a file, processes a display status function (FIGS. 10, 11 and 12) and loads a user interface menu system.
FIG. 9 illustrates the response of the program to a call for status update. The program ash whether a scheduled event occurred and where one has not, the function returns to the main TSR program. If a scheduled event did occur, the event would be processed and the event indicator would be reset. The program then returns to the scheduled event occurrence prompt.
Upon returning from the user interface menu system, the program checks whether an exit indicator has been set and, if so, deactivates the TSR program, restores the system environment and returns to DOS or the application program. If the exit indicator was not set, the program checks whether a timeout indicator has been set and, if so, deactivates the TSR program, restores the system environment and returns to DOS or the application program. If the timeout indicator was not set, the program displays the main menu/status change screen and updates the screen whenever a keyboard interrupt occurs.
FIGS. 10, 11 and 12 are flow charts of program operation while the display status screen function is operational. The TSR program continuously checks for function timeouts and keyboard interrupts and, in the absence of these, requests a data dump from the master node from which it determines whether either there have been changes in the status of the local nodes and/or their respective slave thermostats or there have been data reload requests from the master node, local nodes or the thermostats. More specifically, as can be seen from the drawings, the program cycles as follows. It initially determines whether a function timeout has occurred and, if so, sets a timeout flag indicator and returns to the calling program. Otherwise, the program checks whether a keyboard interrupt has occurred. If there has not been a keyboard interrupt, the program determines whether the system was set to run in an auxiliary device mode (see FIG. 12). If so, the master node is caused to monitor auxiliary devices. If the auxiliary devices do not respond, a timeout occurs, which condition causes the program to display an error message on the display screen. If there was no timeout condition or if the system is not in auxiliary device mode, the program requests a data dump from the master node and checks whether there were any status changes. If there were, the System Configuration Table is updated and, if a logging function was turned on, a program log file is updated. If there were no changes in the status of the thermostats, the program determines whether the master node requested a data reload and, if so, invokes a routine, discussed later, to reload the master node and then returns to the display screen and repeats the process.
When a keyboard interrupt occurs, the program first determines whether the user requested program help. If so, it displays program help screens. If not, it determines if the user wishes to exit the status display screen by checking the status of an exit indicator. If set, the system returns to the calling program. Otherwise, the program determines whether the interrupt indicates whether updates were requested. If so, the program solicits the user's password, checks the validity of the password and returns to the calling program; otherwise, it sets the exit flag and returns. If updates were not requested, the program determines whether the room temperature is to be set and, if so, requests the room identification and temperature value from the user, processes the request and returns to the display screen.
Screens and Menus
FIGS. 13a and 13b illustrate the TSR main menu which allows the system supervisor to set system operating parameters. As can be seen, the system allows the supervisor to specify the bias temperature to a particular value, enable or disable cooling or heating, set or reset the value of the default set temperature, set the peak load to a value, set the maximum and/or minimum room temperatures, occupy or vacate a room, enable or disable pay television, reprogram the system, reload the system into the master and local nodes, enable or disable theft protection, set hysteresis, enable or disable file logging, check a comparison file, program specific devices by identification number and exit the program.
FIG. 13c illustrates an energy management system control screen. This screen provides user selectable options for controlling the energy management system. The available functions are described as follows. The Set Bias Temperature allows the temperature reading displayed on the thermostats to be biased a number of degrees higher or lower than the actual room temperature. It can also be used to compensate for a batch of temperature sensing thermistors that are giving incorrect readings or can be used by a hotel operator to save energy by raising or lowering room temperatures by a few degrees during the night without altering the actual setpoint of the thermostats.
Enable/Disable Cool allows the cooling cycle of air conditioners to be enabled or disabled on an individual room or global basis.
Set Default Temperature allows the initial occupancy temperature setting in all rooms to be defined.
Reset Set Temperatures can be used to reset all thermostats to the default temperature setting previously specified.
Enable/Disable Heat allows the heating cycle of heating appliances such as baseboard heaters to be enabled or disabled on an individual room or global basis.
Peak Load Management allows the percentage of maximum electrical load that is allowed at any given time to be specified. It is also useful for ensuring that the total energy usage of the hotel/motel does not exceed a specified amount.
Set Maximum Temperature allows the maximum occupant setable temperature to be defined. It thereby prevents excessive use of room heaters.
Set Minimum Temperature allows the minimum occupant setable temperature to be defined. This feature prevents excessive use of room air conditioners.
Check-in Room allows the status of a specific room to be specified as occupied.
Enable/Disable Pay-TV allows the pay-TV decoder in individual rooms to be enabled or disabled.
The Reprogram System feature is used to completely re-initialize the energy management system. It provides a complete software restart including downloading of any required node or thermostat software.
Reset is used to force re-initialize all system communications.
Status is used to display the system status screen. Enable/Disable Theft allows the theft monitoring alarm for a specific room to be enabled or disabled. Check-out Room allows the status of a specific room to be specified as unoccupied.
Set Hysteresis is used to prevent appliance control relays from continually turning off and on when the room temperature is hovering around the setpoint temperature. It ensures that appliances will only change state after there has been a sufficient change in temperature.
FIG. 13d represents the preferred embodiment of the energy management system monitor screen which shows a sample number of room entries reflecting the current status of the thermostat in each room. FIG. 13e provides a legend for FIG. 13d. Proceeding from left to right on FIG. 13e, the first parameter is a room ID and occupancy status indicator. This indicator displays the number of the room being monitored. The colour of the room number indicates whether the room is currently occupied or not. In the present embodiment the room alphanumeric on a blue background indicates that the room is occupied while the room alphanumeric on a white background indicates it is unoccupied.
The next display is the theft alarm indicator which reflects the alarm monitoring status for television theft circuits. If the display is blank there is no alarm condition. A yellow asterisk appears if the theft feature has been disabled, such as for changing a television. A red asterisk with a siren indicates that a theft has been detected. The room number is also displayed onscreen along with other application screens.
The third display is the Pay-TV indicator which presents a to reflect that the Pay-TV option is active. When it is inactive the display is blank.
The next indicator is the main room ambient temperature which provides a two digit temperature display of the actual measured room temperature.
Following the main room ambient temperature indicator is the set temperature indicator which provides a two digit display of the user or front desk set target temperature of the thermostat in the room.
The sixth display is the main room appliance status indicator which reflects the current operational state of the room appliance control system. Where the indicator is red with a white upward pointing arrow, heating is taking place in the room. When heating should be taking place, but is not as a result of disablement due to peak management, a black colour with a white arrow pointing upwards is displayed. During cooling the indicator is blue with a white arrow pointing downwards. When there would be cooling, but is not as a result of disablement due to peak management, the display indicator is black with a white arrow pointing downward. A display on this indicator of a green colour with black (off) or white (on) downward pointing arrow, reflects the fact that the room is cooling with the de-icing cycle operative.
The next onscreen indicator reflects "other room" ambient temperatures. In some installations it will be desirable to provide independent control of a second room within a hotel suite such as a washroom. The monitored temperature of the second room is displayed at this indicator. When the option is not used a blank appears whereas during use, a two digit temperature display of actual room temperature is present. It may also be desirable in some installations to provide independent control of a second room's appliance. The status of this appliance is illustrated in the next indicator. The operational state of the other room appliance control system is displayed at this indicator in a fashion which is identical to the main room appliance status indicator already described.
The next indicator reflects whether the heating or cooling cycles for a room have been disabled. A negative sign is a cool disable while a positive sign is a heat disable. A plus/minus sign together indicates that both are disabled.
The final indicator onscreen for each room is the housekeeping status. Each room thermostat has a facility to allow the cleaning staff to signal the main computer that a room has been cleaned. This status is indicated as a numeric value. 0 is a room to be cleaned, 1 indicates that a maid is in the room, 2 indicates that the maid is leaving the room and 3 means that the room has been checked and is ready to accept a new occupant.
All of these parameters are stored in the System Configuration Table and, as mentioned earlier, are downloaded to the master node, local nodes and thermostats from time to time.
FIG. 13f illustrates a hotel management software screen. This screen provides the user with selectable options for hotel management and accounting functions. The options that are relevant to the energy management function are listed as follows. The Check-in feature allows all required information concerning a customer who has checked into a room to be entered into the computer. This information is automatically passed on to the energy management software, which notifies the appropriate thermostat that the room state has changed to occupied.
Check-out closes out the record for a customer who has checked out of a room. This information is automatically passed on to the energy management software, which notifies the appropriate thermostat that the room state has changed to unoccupied.
Energy Management System Updates allows the computer operator to change operational parameters of the system by invoking the energy management system control screen.
Exit exits from TSR and returns control to the application previously active on the computer.
Set Room Temperature is used to set the desired room temperature in a specific room.
Start Logging is used to start logging all energy management status information changes to disk. It is also useful for obtaining raw data for reports or operational analysis.
Stop Logging is used to stop the logging of all energy management status information changes to disk.
Temperature Compare will compare the actual room temperatures with the desired room temperatures and is also useful as a diagnostic tool for finding system faults.
Reprogram by Serial Number allows the user to reprogram a specific thermostat.
It will be seen from the foregoing that the central computer does not itself perform any energy management or monitoring functions. Rather, it merely interfaces with the system supervisor in order to receive new values for parameters or to cause the programs and/or data to be reloaded into the various subsidiary devices and periodically polls the master node for status changes, program reloads or data reloads. These functions involve very little computing power and therefore allows the computer to be used to service other application programs in the foreground. In addition, it considerably simplifies the process of updating or servicing the subsidiary devices when data or program changes are required. This process is fully automated.
Master Node
Reference will now be made to FIGS. 14a, 14b, 14c and 15 which are flow charts illustrating the operation of the Master Node program. When the Master Node program is first loaded into memory, the program checks whether a program reload flag has been set. This flag is set automatically until the program is initialized during installation. If the flag is set, the program invokes a Loader Process subroutine illustrated in FIG. 15 to which reference will now be made.
The program loader subroutine first checks whether the program is loaded into memory. If it is not loaded, then it checks program interrupts, performs computer-master node handshaking operations and checks whether it is to run a program command. If not, it loads a buffer, checks whether data was received properly and if so loads an EEPROM. This process continues until it is to run a program command. If the program is loaded, the program determines whether it is to run in a master node mode or a slave node mode and then invokes the appropriate routine.
With reference to FIG. 14a, when the program reload flag is not set, the program checks for interrupts. If no interrupts have been received then, as shown in FIG. 14b, the program checks whether there are any auxiliary devices attached and, if so, it polls the devices and determines whether there are any requests present. If there are requests, it processes them in the manner described below with reference to FIG. 14a. If there are no requests, the program polls the local nodes connected to the master node, determines whether there are any changes in the status of parameters, and, if so, sets appropriate indicators or flags. It then checks whether there are any slave devices attached and, again, polls the slaves, determines whether there are any changes in the status of parameters, and, if so, sets appropriate indicators or flags. The program then returns to the main routine.
With reference to FIG. 14a, when the main routine detects an interrupt, it determines whether the interrupt applies to it. If it does not apply, it ignores it and continues to monitor the communications lines for a program reload flag and for interrupts. When the interrupt applies to it, the program performs the necessary communications handshaking with the main computer and then determines whether the interrupt involves a request for data load. If so, the program reads the request header and proceeds in the manner illustrated in FIG. 14c. As shown in
FIG. 13c, if the request to load all devices, the meter node reloads its configuration table as well as those of all of local nodes connected to it. If the request applies only to a specific device, the program obtains the data required and reloads that device. The program then returns to the mainline program and continues to monitor its input line for interrupts.
Returning to FIG. 14a, when the program determines that an interrupt does not involve a data download request, it checks whether there are any devices attached to it and if so reports all changes to the computer auxiliary device, clears the status change indicators and updates the devices requiring changes and then proceeds with the functions outlined above with respect to FIG. 14c. If no devices are attached, the program requests a data load and proceeds as outlined in FIG. 14c.
Local Nodes
FIGS. 16a and 16b are flow charts illustrating the operation of the Local Node program. As mentioned earlier, the program installed in the local nodes is the same as that installed in the master. One part of the program is invoked when the board was designated as a master node during installation and another part of the program is invoked when the board is designated as a local node. Like master node operation, the local node continuously monitors the communications lines for interrupts and a change in the program reload flag. When the program reload flag is set, the program illustrated in FIG. 15 is invoked.
When there are no interrupts, the program first checks whether a peak load timeout has occurred. If it has, it processes a peak load management routine and activates acceptable slave (thermostat) requests and then continues to monitor communications lines for interrupts. Otherwise, the program polls the slave devices connected to it, sets appropriate indicators or flags if there are any changes in status and then continues its monitoring function.
When an interrupt is detected, the program determines whether it applies to it. If not, the interrupt is ignored. Otherwise, the program performs the necessary communications handshaking operations, determines whether a data download has been requested. If so, it reads the request header and determines whether the request applies to all devices and, if so, reloads the configuration table of all devices connected to it. Otherwise, it reloads only the specific device specified in the header. When the request is not a request for a data download to the devices, then, if there are devices attached, the program processes peak management functions, reports any changes to the master node, clear its status change indicators, updates devices which require changes and then returns to the mainline processing/monitoring operations. When there are no devices connected to the node, the node requests a data reload from the master node.
FIG. 17 illustrates the Master Node to Local Node serial communication interrupt process. As can be seen, when an interrupt is detected, the program determines whether the request involves a program reload. If so, it sets its program load indicator if the request applies to it, otherwise, it passes the request on to its slaves. If the request does not involve a program reload, the program sets its receive indicator.
The slave devices or thermostats continuously monitor alarm, time and serial port interrupts as illustrated in FIGS. 18, 19 and 20, respectively. As shown, when an alarm interrupt occurs, a theft flag indicator is set for subsequent transmission to the master node and onward to the main computer. When a timer interrupt occurs, the program performs peak load management processes or turns the cooling ON or OFF, whichever is appropriate. When a serial port interrupt occurs, the program determines whether the interrupt involves a program reload request and if so sets its program reload indicator if the request applies to it. Otherwise, it ignores the program reload interrupt. When the interrupt is not a program reload interrupt, then, if the interrupt is addressed to it, it determines whether the request is for a data load or a data dump and then responds accordingly. When the request is for a data load, it transmits an appropriate acknowledgement signal back to its master node and updates its configuration table.
Referring to FIGS. 21a, 21b and 21c, when the program finds the program reload flag set, it invokes the program reload subroutine illustrated in FIG. 15. Otherwise, it effects a slave device analog to digital conversion, effects an analog to digital conversion for any remote devices connected to it, determines whether the temperature is to be displayed and checks whether any of its buttons have been depressed. If none of its buttons have been depressed, then, if the peak load is active (see FIG. 21c) and it is in local mode, it activates output requests and returns to mainline processing. Otherwise, it checks whether the requested heating, cooling or other action is to be effected and if so establishes the requested output provided they are within the bias, minimum, maximum, set temperature, hysteresis and room status parameters. This is followed by activating output requests when the system is in local mode. The program then returns to normal mainline processing.
Referring to the bottom of FIG. 21b, when one of the buttons has been depressed, the program confirms which button was depressed and processes the request accordingly. Note that a temperature increase or decrease is invoked only if the request is within the range specified by the parameters downloaded from the main computer via the master node. Note also that the thermostat includes a "maid in room"indicator, a "maid left room indicator" and a "room inspected" indicator. The status of all of these indicators are reported to the master node during periodic status checks by the master node as already described.
The preferred embodiment of the thermostats contains circuitry capable of providing conversion of multiple analog signals to digital, which are typically eight bit. Because the thermistor and humidity sensors have inertia, fast and frequent conversion is not necessary. The sampling and conversion performed at the thermostat is directed by the microcontroller. An onboard thermistor sensor provides ambient sensing and optional remote sensors can accommodate additional zones within a room. The thermostat is capable of interfacing to voltage or current type sensors.
The user input is made possible by single bit logic inputs which connect switches to the microcontroller allowing for the end users adjustment of operation parameters such as setting temperature. The preferred embodiment will have four such switches available. Additional buffer inputs would allow for the connection of remote devices such as theft alarm, fire alarm, emergency call buttons, or door and window switches, and may be used with a variety of movement or people detectors. The microprocessor also permits connection to digitally or frequency encoded sensors, PWM, serial dated, post, count type, or VFC.
The thermostat contains a multi-digit display which provides a visual indication of the operation of the unit. The indications include: set temperature; actual temperature; signal mode; loading; and program status. Both the thermostat and controllers in their preferred embodiment possess multi channel control output capacity. The electrical driver circuit adapts microcontroller CMOS level signals to remote appliance switchers which can be used to control such systems as high power relays, low voltage control systems, and pneumatic and mechanical systems. Multi-voltage, open collector or differential outputs are able to interface with the thermostat to different load and power control devices. The output configuration includes sink and source current, current loop, pulse output for latching, multi frequency signalling, pulse width modulation, differential drive and multiplex and serial data.
Network Communications
The network communications incorporates a half duplex RS485 standard Communications adaptor. Line balancing and line protection circuitry prevents any transient damage and is capable of stabilizing the line. To prevent transmitter failure, automatic hardware will default to receive instantly on power up. In the event of power loss a tri-state connection goes to high impedance.
System interfaces to low cost twisted pair wire allows for connection of devices over distances of several kilometers.
The master controllers use one (1) RS485 and two (2) RS232 communication ports, the controllers use two (2) RS485 communications ports and the thermostats incorporate one (1) RS485 communication port.
The onboard switching power supply comprises a DC/DC converter which provides a highly stable 5 VDC at 300 ma demand for onboard circuits. A pulse power source provides a high impedance isolation source for driving high current mechanical latching relays. Network failure caused by a faulty or shorted thermostat is prevented due to current limited output reduction. Voltage fluctuation and spikes which cause anomalies and can be responsible for damage are prevented by zener and transorb circuits.
An rf suppressor prevents interference from external noise sources and is capable of dampening internally generated rf noise. An input diode prevents accidental damage from any reverse polarity connection and a connector failsafe switch connects to ground before connecting to positive leads which prevents damage to the circuit that would be caused by gat connection through output devices.
In both the thermostat and controller ROM or EPROM chips hold the loader and operations routines. EEPROM stores the thermostat operational program as well as the thermostat parameters. A microcontroller chip RAM stores variables and current operating parameters for the thermostats. Contained within the RAM memory are parameter tables and peak demand variables found in the controllers. The RAM must be reloaded by the system after each power interruption.
In the case of both the controller and the thermostat, a two board system is employed. A wire fastener mechanism provides easy access to all connections on a baseboard; field wiring connects to the board and a power indicator LED and test circuitry permit testing and verification of wiring before installation of the thermostat. A board to board connector secures the thermostat to the field wiring board when the thermostat is mounted. A safety interlock switch enables the thermostat to receive power after the seating of the connector.
The microcontroller used for both the controller and thermostat locks is a standard single chip microprocessor--microcontroller which includes a communications adaptor, memory management, clock oscillator, reset control, watchdog timer, interrupts, input and output bit boards. The microcontroller executes a program stored in external EPROM or EEPROM chips. The onboard watchdog timer ensures proper operation of the unit under adverse conditions. A trigger of the watchdog timer caused by failure of the program or the microcontroller to execute a program, will cause the watchdog to reset the microcontroller which ensures that the system is immune from a power brownout failure and ESD failures. The status indicators used in the controller block are LED readouts allowing the user to monitor the activity of the controllers, to identify errors and generally check it's progress. Typically, there are five indicators currently used to generate relevant signals: 1. power on self test okay which is a green LED; 2. primary network communications activity; 3. primary network communications errors; 4. secondary network communications activity; and 5. secondary network communications errors.
The mastercontroller is connected to the PC through standard RS232-C communications protocol to allow the PC to pass control parameters and provide the owner with the opportunity to program and modify mastercontroller, controllers and thermostats. It is the primary network connection to the PC.
In the event of a remote PC, a connection between the remote PC and mastercontroller may be performed through standard RS232-C communications protocol enabling the user to pass control parameters and allow the program owner to modify the mastercontroller, controllers and thermostats. This auxiliary RS232 communications approach allows for the use of a modem for off site PC's.
Patent Citations
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Referenced by
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text:
Autorickshaw drivers across the city celebrated 'Courtesy week' from February 1 to 9. As part of the celebrations, the drivers pledged to be courteous in their behaviour towards commuters. However, unfortunate as it seems, the Thane RTO received seven complaints during this period. Residents, too, claimed that they failed to notice any difference in the behaviour of the auto drivers towards them.
"Although, usually, very few residents avail of the complaint facility. The celebration week witnessed complaints coming in against faulty meters, rash driving and rude comments," says Hemangi Patil, deputy RTO.
The Thane Auto Drivers' Union had planned a campaign to create awareness among auto drivers to be good and offer their services with a smile. "Because of a handful of ill-mannered auto drivers, all of us have earned a bad reputation. But, we want the residents' perception about us to change. Hence we decided to the kickstart this campaign. We hope this way auto drivers understand the importance of good behaviour towards customers," says Vinayak Surve, president, Thane Auto Drivers' Union.
"There was no change in the behaviour of the auto drivers in this period. In fact, I had a particularly horrible time travelling in an auto rickshaw recently. I flagged an auto from my residence in Brahmand to go to Mulund check naka. As he was nearing the check naka, the auto driver took a sharp right turn towards Wagle Estate. I started shouting and screaming asking him to slow down. However, as it was early in the morning, around 6:30am, there were very few people on the street. Luckily for me, a traffic cop forced him to stop after hearing my shouts," says Bharti Sinha, a resident of Brahmand.
"In such cases, we withdraw the licences of auto drivers and if there are faulty meters then we hold back their license till they get their meters changed. With so many autos out on the streets, it sometimes becomes difficult for us to keep an eye on them. Hence, we need residents to help us by complaining against these auto drivers," adds Patil.
"When we complain about their meters giving a wrong reading, these auto drivers reply in a harsh manner. They also pass comments and some stare at us through the mirrors over their head. There also have been instances of auto drivers refusing to ply or not having any change. Every resident must have faced these problems and someone needs to monitor the ever increasing number of auto drivers in the city," says Shruti Naik, a resident of Thane.
"We had launched an awareness campaign, hoping that better services will be offered through the year. Few stray bad incidents does not mean that all of us are similar," says Surve, in lieu of the complaints that has been lodged against auto drivers during the celebration week.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Last Night at the Harvard Club
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Originally Posted by
Lets' start with Thank You for that thoughtful comment! I do appreciate the consideration which inspired your words. And, I surely can't argue that what you said is absolutely acurate.
What I want to result from this is not to hide or keep this all to myself. Evelyn is more along those lines than I have ever been, but time should resolve that, theoretically.
I do want to be useful toward any improvement(s) which might be possible of deep sea rescues. The pure entertainment aspect of our story is not my goal. Though I well understand, as you also outlined, the lure of this to the majority of people. Even people without any marine experience are drawn to the stories of near death experiences. And that's just how it is.
In order to effect any improvements, I strongly suspect, I somewhat have to parlay the entertainment lure, toward the issues which could be improved.
You said at the beginning of your comment that a Dr. swam from a lifeboat to a freighter: "I've only ever met one person who has swum from a lifeboat to a freighter...."
Well, I'm not sure what you might have meant to specifically describe there, because I doubt he actually swam FROM a LIFEBOAT...?
But, the inclusion of a lifeboat into the rescue process would have been greatly appreciated by me.
Because I did not swim from a lifeboat to a tanker, or from the water to a lifeboat.
I swam from a trashed Gulfstar to a tanker; and in the last possible second, after over 3 hours of sinking below the waves, and miraculously rising into the air, again and again and again, I managed to make it to a life bouy, thrown from that tanker, and was pulled up to their deck from that.
The lifeboat(s) never left the deck.
Just to clarify, I wasn't trying to say that everyone wants to talk to you for their entertainment. I believe everyone wants to talk to you because you can answer questions that relate to their deep seeded fears.
As for my ER doctor acquaintance, I should have been more precise with my language. Indeed it was a
that he swam from, not a
. I'll relate the short version of his story here:
He was crossing the pacific single-handed to Hawaii on a well found steel sailboat (can't recall the rig or specifics). During the night he felt a sudden thump and rushed on deck. He couldn't see anything despite good lighting but he figured he had hit something. Quickly he realised he was taking on water fast. He had "several" bilge pumps and an engine driven pump but quickly was loosing ground with the water. It was about 2hours of searching for the leak (which he underscores is very hard to do once there is water IN the bilge) when he realized that he was going to have to abandon ship.
He was about 2-3 days sail from Hawaii and he readied his gear and raft, activated his epirb and continued trying to find/fix the leak. He truely did
step up
to his life raft when the decks were awash.
After a couple hours a C-130 came overhead and he radioed them by VHF. They told him that a ship was being re-directed to him and should be there soon. He waited in the raft for about 18hrs and the ship arrived. It had a hell of a time finding him in 6-8ft seas but the C-130 returned and was able to relay radio messages. For some reason he wasn't able to radio the ship directly, but he could radio the Coast Guard C-130 and they could relay.
The plan was to have the ship maneuver to hit his raft. The plan was to hit him forward of amidships of the freighter and a jacob's ladder was at or just aft of amidships. This is the part when he got scared as he realized that if the ship ran him over, he was toast, and if he contacted after the ladder, he would be in the prop and would be shark-kibble.
As the ship drew near, since he was unable to maneuver the inflatable raft, he took a gamble that he had to get to the jacob's ladder and swam from his raft to the ship, aiming to contact the hull about 1/3 from the bow, which he did. He slid along it until the ladder reached him, and climbed up. He said he wasn't scared during the sinking, or in the raft, but when he had to leave the raft and swim to the ship, he wasn't sure he would make it.
He did make it, and is still sailing. Never figured out what hit him, but it just goes to show that sometimes even the best preps (steel boat and engine-driven pump) can't stave off disaster. Sounds like his handheld VHF and Epirbs were lifesavers.
PS I wonder how much better off he would be with a maneuverable life-boat like the Portland Pudgy. Seems like you could intercept a nearly stationary ship under your own power, and multiple attempts could be made.
I have a sauna on my boat, therefore I win.
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Lawsuit: Roseanne Larsen, 45, Says L.A. Sheriff's Deputies Called Her an Old, Drug Addled Whore Before Falsely Arresting Her
As everyone knows, cops are supposed to Protect & Serve.
But, of course, it doesn't always happen that way. Sometimes things get a little nuts - words are said, accusations are made and civil liberties are thrown out the window.
Such was the case, according to a woman from Lancaster, who says that she was just driving along when a couple of LA Sheriff's deputies pulled her over, insulted her looks, called her a whore and arrested her for no reason at all.
According to a recently filed federal court lawsuit, Roseanne Larsen and her husband drove into a parking lot next to a LA County building last summer when a sheriff's deputy blocked the car and demanded to see Larsen's husband's driver's license and registration.
Larsen says the officer did not allow her husband to place the car in "Park," which led to the car nearly crashing into a bush.
Next, says Larsen, the officer falsely claimed that the car had not been registered for six years and threw Larsen on top of his sheriff's vehicle.
And that, according to Larsen, is when the verbal attack began.
The officer "began a verbal assault," the lawsuit states, "accusing [Larsen] of spiking her strawberry lemonade with alcohol, arriving at the County office to collect free money to buy dope, accused [Larsen] of needle drugs, despite her trypanophobia, commenting that [Larsen] looked much older than her 45 years of age, attempting to convince [Larsen] that her bottle of Bayer aspirin was in fact ecstasy ... and calling [Larsen] a liar and a tweaker, falsely arresting [Larsen], and then further harassing her."
In addition, says Larsen, the officer accused her of driving under the influence and being a prostitute.
Larsen is now suing the LA County Sheriff's Department, claiming she was assaulted and falsely arrested.
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Eyeing Syria, White House woos regional rulers
Sunday - 4/7/2013, 4:20pm EDT
Associated Press
WASHINGTON (AP) -- When President Barack Obama meets over the next month with leaders from Mideast and other regional nations, he will have a timely opportunity to try to rally the Syrian opposition's main backers around a unified strategy to oust Syrian President Bashar Assad.
Jordan, Turkey, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates -- whose Sunni Muslim leaders will meet separately with Obama starting April 16-- are all believed to be arming or training rebel forces seeking to overthrow Assad's regime. But disparate political, geographic and religious considerations have led to conflicting approaches to which rebel factions to back and what kind of support to provide.
Infighting among mostly Sunni opposition groups and their failure to agree on a power structure to take over if Assad falls has been an important factor aiding the Alawite president as he clings to power two years into a civil war that has left at least 70,000 dead. Alawites are an offshoot of Shiite Islam, and the civil war has largely broken down along sectarian lines.
As resolute as Obama and most U.S. allies are that Assad must go, officials are increasingly worried about what Syria will look like if the regime falls before opposition groups can agree on a governing structure. That has resulted in extra U.S. pressure on regional allies to convince the opposition to unite.
White House spokesman Jay Carney said the high-level visits by leaders from the four nations reflect Obama's "deep personal interest" in the region and his commitment to the policies the U.S. is advocating.
"He will use these opportunities to discuss the complex developments in the broader Middle East," Carney said. "Not just Syria, but including Syria."
He pointed to other developments related to the Arab Spring and Obama's visit in March to Jordan, Israel and the Palestinian territories as other topics the president would likely discuss with the Arab leaders. Secretary of State John Kerry also is returning to the Middle East on Saturday for meetings on Syria and Israeli-Palestinian peace.
Additionally, senior Obama administration leaders at the White House, State Department and Pentagon held a high-level meeting Friday that focused on Syria among its top national security priorities, according to two officials familiar with the discussion who spoke on condition of anonymity because they were not authorized to disclose the talks to the news media. Senior U.S. officials have been meeting regularly to discuss a range of options on U.S. involvement in Syria, including whether to arm the rebels.
"We are constantly reviewing every possible option that could help end the violence and accelerate a political transition," said Caitlin Hayden, a spokeswoman for the National Security Council. "We are focusing our efforts on helping the opposition become stronger, more cohesive and more organized."
The global community's response to Syria will also be high on the agenda next Thursday, when Obama meets with U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon in the Oval Office. Washington has resisted arming the rebels, in part for fear that some weapons could fall into the hands of jihadi groups that are designated as terrorist fronts linked to al-Qaida.
But the U.S. has helped train some of the opposition fighters -- mostly former Syrian regime soldiers who have defected -- in Jordan and tacitly endorsed shipments of arms to the opposition from Qatar, Turkey and Saudi Arabia.
Additionally, Kerry said last month that the U.S. will not stop Western nations seeking to open the possibility of arming the rebels, including Great Britain and France.
But the bulk of the aid to rebels has come from Sunni-led governments in Turkey and the Mideast -- as several Shiite leaders in the regions have spirited weapons, fighters and aid to Assad's forces.
Turkey and Qatar, along with Saudi Arabia, are widely believed to have been providing rebels with tanks and surface-to-air missiles to fight regime soldiers. Salman Shaikh, a Mideast expert who specializes in Gulf politics, said those countries have strongly backed the opposition Syrian National Council and its allied fighters -- which include elements of the Muslim Brotherhood and Islamists, as well as secular groups.
The United Arab Emirates, by contrast, has been unenthusiastic about aiding Islamist elements of the opposition. Shaikh said the Emirates is believed to be sending limited weapons, like small firearms and ammunition, to secular fighters but mostly have focused on supplying the opposition with humanitarian aid.
Syria's protracted civil war has been particularly taxing for Jordan, a close U.S. ally that shared its northern border with Syria and has absorbed more than 460,000 refugees fleeing the conflict -- the equivalent of 10 percent of Jordan's population. It's been just a few weeks since a meeting between Obama and Jordan's ruler, King Abdullah II, in which Syria topped the agenda.


text:
Chris Brown – Sing Like Me
by Jermy Leeuwis | genre: RnB | posted on February 24, 2010
I have read positive feedback about this song and we have to agree. Ahhh, here it is a classic. Although you might not see it that way, it is hehe. Anyway, don't sleep on this joint. Click on the 'play'-button and enjoy!
I give it.
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Chris Brown - Run It!
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Jive Records multi-platinum recording artist Chris Brown is set to release his third album Graffiti December 8, on the heels of the successful launch of his18-city "Fan Appreciation Tour."(...) Chris Brown: Graffiti


text:
Fusobacterium nucleatum
Fusobacterium nucleatum
a species of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria isolated from the gingival margin and sulcus and from infections of the upper respiratory tract and pleural cavity.
Please contribute to this project, if you have more information about this term feel free to edit this page
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Polk County IA Jail - New is classed as a medium security facility. It has a strengthened perimeter fence and electronic detection systems to ensure inmates stay within the facility. To help inmates prepare themselves to rejoin the wider community, Polk County IA Jail - New offers a wide range of work and treatment programs.
Polk County IA Jail - New is a County Jail used by the jurisdictions of Polk to confine inmates for
short periods while awaiting trial or processing. As inmates are staying for only a short period,
it has fewer amenities than a jail or prison. Inmates do, however, have access to bathroom facilities
and are provided with meals during their stay. Polk County IA Jail - New may also have
a common area in which inmates can socialize.
Use the inmate search feature to find an inmate here.
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NEW DELHI: Two men allegedly trying to sell a leopard's skin have been arrested by the Crime Branch of the Delhi police. One of the accused had allegedly killed the leopard for the skin.
Acting on a tip-off that the duo would meet in Samaipur Badli to strike a deal, a team led by Inspector Sanjeev Parmar laid a trap and arrested them with the leopard skin on Thursday.
During interrogation, the accused identified themselves as Mahesh, a resident of Madangir in South Delhi, and Mohan, a resident of Uttarakhand.


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Home Future StudentsCurrent StudentsFaculty & StaffPatientsAlumni
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Denver Campus
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Carie Carroll, RaCAS email@example.com
For directions to the Research and Creative Activities Symposium, please visit our Maps, Directions and Parking page.
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All trademarks are registered property of the University. Used by permission only.


text:
Freed Massachusetts Journalist Returns to the U.S.
August 26th, 2014
BOSTON, Mass. (WGGB) — After being held captive for nearly two years by Syrian militants, writer and journalist Peter Theo Curtis returned to the United States today.
According to a statement released by his family, Curtis flew from Tel Aviv, Israel to Newark Liberty International Airport in New Jersey late Tuesday afternoon — just two days after his captors released him.
He was then reunited with his mother, Nancy Curtis, at Logan Airport in Boston after a connecting flight.
"I have been so touched and moved, beyond all words, by the people who have come up to me today — strangers on the airplane, the flight attendants and, most of all, my family to say welcome home," Curtis said, according to the statement.
Curtis also thanked the U.S. officials who have worked on his case and the government of Qatar.
His mother said she's "overwhelmed" to have her son home.
"I am overwhelmed with relief that this day has come and my son is standing beside me," Nancy Curtis said. "But this is a sober occasion because of the events of the past week. My heart goes out to the other families who are suffering."


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Original Penguin
Chunky Knit Peruvian Hat
- Color:
- charcoal heather
Please select an available size.
Please select a size.
Share This Item: Email
Description: Chunky cable knit Peruvian style hat.
- Side metal logo tag and tassels at peak and ear flaps.
- Fleece lined interior with faux fur lined ear flaps.
- Approximate circumference: 23".
Material: Shell: 100% Acrylic, Lining: 100% Polyester, Fur: 56% Acrylic, 44% Polyester
Brand: Original Penguin
Origin: Imported


text:
Tony Paniagua introduces us to the founding member of the Tucson chapter of the American Research Center In Egypt. The group is sharing its love of Egyptology with a lecture next Tuesday.
Tony Paniagua introduces us to the founding member of the Tucson chapter of the American Research Center In Egypt. The group is sharing its love of Egyptology with a lecture next Tuesday.
Fifty years ago, the series' creator, the late Rod Serling, created an enduring phenomenon. His brother Robert lives in Tucson and spoke to Mark Andrews about Rod's life and legacy.
The tough economy forced Pima County to cancel plans for a bond election last year, but work is underway to study the feasibility of holding one in 2010. Robert Rappaport updates us on the process.
The University of Arizona's Muslim Student Association is hosting an interfaith "Fast-a-thon," hoping to build bridges between Tucson's diverse cultural groups. Luis Carrión reports.
The story of two boys from Afghanistan, "The Kite Runner" has seen success as a book and a film. Mark McLemore talks with the playwright, Matthew Spangler, about the local production.
Hear a commentary from Albert Elias, Sr. about the commencement of this year's National Hispanic Heritage Month.
Meet poet, essayist, and teacher Alison Hawthorne Deming. She talks with Mark McLemore about the places where art and science intersect, and the concept of an ecosystem for the human mind.
Hear Katie Tarter express her love for playing the cymbals in the Tucson High marching band, and how much she's going to miss it after graduation.
Kimberly Craft looks at the start of the fall 2009 semester at the University of Arizona, and how recent budget cuts are being felt across campus.
Mark McLemore talks to some U of A students to find out what changes they're noticing as the new school year begins.
In a conversation with Christopher Conover, Treasurer Dean Martin talks about his concern over the state's current fiscal crisis, as Arizona has "maxed out its credit cards"
Hear how Richard Evans returned home following his service during World War II...on a ship full of dogs headed for the United States to be reunited with the soldiers who had adopted the pets.
Meet some of the kids who spent a week camping at the Grand Canyon, as part of a program called "Parks in Focus," a collaboration between the Morris K. Udall Foundation and the Boys & Girls Club.
Will an agreement finally be reached over the troubled state budget? Christopher Conover brings us the latest news from the capitol.
Peter Michaels talks to Bill Estes III about the life of his father, the late Tucson home builder Bill Estes Jr., who was a strong supporter of education in Arizona.
Christopher Conover brings us the latest on the ongoing battle over the troubled state budget.
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All Stories
Easy night for Lovejoy
By Anthony Rhoads
Governor: Stay home and work
By Diane Wagner
An unstoppable assault on the senses - R.H. Joseph
There has to be a cure for idle chatter, the compulsion of the great unwashed to fill the air with meaningless drivel. Surely they would be better off spending in contemplation the countless hours otherwise wasted on jibber-jabber, and the rest of us could revel in the blessed silence.
Stockbridge woman a model appeal during Fashion Week
By April Avison
Children's Choir turns 10
By Trina Trice
Dogged persistence
By Phil Albert
Tree Fall-in: Autumn about to arrive
By Ed Brock
You've got to know when to fold 'em - Ed Brock
Never did I think I would be quoting Kenny Rogers, but sometimes you do have to know when to fold 'em.
A few words on . . . well, words - Clay Wilson
Words are ubiquitous. Journalism experts would say one shouldn't use a word like ubiquitous in a column, because we are supposed to write to an eighth-grade reading level and how many eighth graders know what ubiquitous means?
Back in business: Mt. Vernon returns to winning ways
By Doug Gorman
We've hocked education, now what else have we got? - Diane Wagner
There is undoubtedly some uneasiness arising out of the Bush Administration's request for $87 billion to help rebuild Iraq, but there is one thing people seem to have forgotten.
Second to none: Riverdale rallies for comeback win
FAYETTEVILLE The streak is over.
There's a star kid in all of us - Trina Trice
A poor, Canadian teenager's dirty little secret has been making the rounds on the Internet.
Zen and the art of story lines - Rob Felt
Maybe if I concentrate hard enough I can make a laser shoot out of my eyes at this woman's head. This is what I'm thinking in the customer service line at the grocery store. Nine years ago I got in line behind this woman and now she's made best friends with the cashier and they're taking turns reading from the Magna Carta. People should try being a little less friendly in the interest of efficiency.
Last Week's Poll
Question: Do you have plans to commemorate Sept. 11?
Another one bites the dust - April Avison
Journalists have always been thoroughly interested in other people's lives and I'll admit I enjoy my share of gossip.
Man detained after storming cockpit
By Ed Brock
This site is under construction. Please check back later.
Thomas "Tom" Agnew Jr.
Mr. Thomas "Tom" Agnew Jr., age 73, of Stockbridge, passed away Thursday, Sept. 18, 2003.
Hoping for win, place or show in election - Bob Paslay
I have no idea who is going to win the presidential election in 14 months.
Girl arrested after fight with razor
By Ed Brock


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The following Sail Cleaning advice comes from a respected boatwright, but seem a little "harsh" (to me).
Will anyone offer an informed opinion?
Witch''s Brew for sail cleaningfrom Anzam Yacht Refurbishing http://www.anzam.com/index_001.htm
To a bucket of water (2gal. or so +/-) add:
1 cup of boat soap
1/4 cup of TSP powder (Tri-sodiumphosfate)
1/4 cup of Oxalic Acid powder.
Apply solution, scrub with very soft brush, rinse with fresh water, apply solution, scrub again, rinse, rinse, rinse, rinse and let sun dry.
If possible, suspend the sail in sunlight. This works better than laying it on grass etc.
The boat soap makes bubbles and suspends the dirt for rinsing, the TSP gets the oil and dirt out, the Oxalic removes the rust stains.
If any of the "rust" stains are really stubborn, wet them with the above solution and work some additional Oxalic Acid powder into the area to make a paste... Leave it for a couple of minutes and rinse off while scrubbing with the **soft** brush.
If you can''t find Oxalic Powder (normally stocked at most hardware stores), use household "Deck Cleaner" crystals. This is not a boat deck cleaner, but wooden house decks (patio).
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MOVIEmeterSEE RANK
Up 6,555 this week
Los zancos (1984)
Ratings: 6.7/10 from 112 users
Reviews: write review | 1 critic
Ángel is an aging professor, a lonely widower without purpose. His lovely, spirited neighbor, Terese, interrupts his suicide attempt when she comes to borrow wine. She invites him for ... See full summary »
Director:Carlos Saura
Writers:Fernando Fernán Gómez, Carlos Saura (screenplay), 1 more credit »


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Select Local Merchants
Browtique Bikini Beauty-BlingRead MoreThe friendly aestheticians and stylists at Browtique will smooth and soothe whatever section of your surface area aches for tending, from your freshly sore Olive Oyl tattoo to the love-bite scars from your pet gull. Because this deal can be applied to any of Browtique's wide range of services, you may have more trouble deciding which parts to pamper than trying to choose between chunky or smooth peanut butter. Order up the house special, eyebrow shaping, which includes a wax and tweeze ($35), and then tint the attitude revealers ($30) for extra drama. Wax any surface areas for aerodynamic purposes, from the stiff upper lip ($15) to the Brazilian under-carriage ($65). Give your hide a light butterscotch topping with an airbrush tan ($50 for a single service) or slough off your face's stifling topcoat with a microdermabrasion ($99) or other facial treatment ($100+).6105 Paseo DeliciasRancho Santa Fe, CA US
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iTAN Sun Spray SpaRead MoreIn 2001, the first iTAN Sun Spray Spa opened its doors. It had a simple goal?to make clients feel and look lovely with professional tanning services. Today, the spa has more than 30 Southern California franchises, each offering a slightly different assortment of teeth whitening, tanning beds, spray-tanning booths, and self-serve spa offerings. The Smart Tan?certified staff prioritizes keeping up with tanning technology by stocking state-of-the-art tanning beds such as the Sun Angel, which uses sensors to customize a blend of UVA and UVB rays, practically eliminating overexposure. Many beds come equipped with stereo sound systems, misters, and fans. Just down the hall from these beauty gadgets, Mystic and airbrush machines bronze limbs without UV rays, and self-administered spa treatments dispense relaxing red-light facials, infrared-heat bodywraps, and aqua massages.421 Santa Fe DrEncinitas, CA US
Tan By the Sea & Deep Tan & SpaRead MoreTan By the Sea in Carlsbad and Deep Tan & Spa in Encinitas keep skin bronzed seven days a week, regardless of the season. To deliver the sun-kissed look of Apollo's cheekbones, the facilities offer tanning beds?which range in intensity from the introductory Sunrise 3500 to the lamp-riddled European high-pressure TurboPower 25000s?as well as VersaSpa chambers that provide summer-worthy fa?ades without the stern gaze of UV rays, misting clients from head to chakra with clear or bronzing solution in as little as 60 seconds. Decorating the salons are swimsuits, sandals by Havaianas, and products by Designer Skin, Hempz, and Australian Gold. In addition to tanning specialists, the spas' teams include aestheticians as well as technicians who can brighten pearly whites with dental-grade treatments.90 North Coast Hwy. 101Encinitas, CA US
Tan @ The Islands EncinitasRead MoreThe European tanning beds, automated VersaSpa spray booths and airbrush artists at Tan at The Islands each harness the power of the Midas touch. Customization is the business's specialty, ensuring each client leaves the location with just the right shade of bronze. Committed to beautifying skin and keeping it healthy, the studio's staffers strive to keep clients educated on the benefits of safe tanning. They also offer body wraps and red-light therapy to enrich and nurture skin.205 South El Camino RealEncinitas, CA US


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Staff Reporter
SALEM: Over 250 working models, charts and games based on scientific concepts would be displayed at the Scientific Tamil Exhibition scheduled to be held in the Periyar University premises on October 26 and 27.
The exhibition, a joint initiative of Ariviyal Tamil Mandram of Government of Tamil Nadu and Periyar University, is expected to attract over 5,000 students from the schools and colleges in this part of the State.
The organisers received a large number of entries from institutions in different parts of the State for the exhibition. A team of experts selected over 250 working models and exhibits for display.
The working models would help visitors understand various concepts in the fields of physics, chemistry, mathematics, computer science, zoology, biology, microbiology, geology, food science, environment, electronics, biochemistry and microbiology, University Vice-Chancellor M. Thangaraju said.
The primary objective of the initiative was to encourage students to take more interest in science and technology.
"We are trying to motivate the students to learn science in their mother tongue. This exhibition will help students and teachers understand the effectiveness of teaching science subjects in Tamil language," Mr. Thangaraju added.
The exhibition will be opened for the public at 11 a.m. on October 26 and 9 a.m. on October 27.
The entry to the exhibition is free.
The organisers will select three best working models under each category and distribute cash prizes.
A sum of Rs. 2,000 will be provided as the first prize, Rs. 1,000 as second prize and Rs. 500 as third prize.
In all, the organisers will distribute 54 prizes.