text:
Guigal St. Joseph Rouge 2007
Syrah/Shiraz from Rhone, France
Winemaker's Notes
The St. Joseph Rouge 2007 is dark red with violet tints. It has a powerful nose dominated by red berries and delicate oak aromas. On the palate, this wine has a powerful attack with round and supple tannins.
Critical Acclaim
Wine & Spirits - "This powerful, tannic, take-no-prisoners style of St-Joseph, earthy and animal. An estate wine, it came off vines 20 to 75 years old, planted on the steep slopes of the hill that lent the appellation its name. Even after two days open, it had barely begun to unwind, the black plum, licorice and spice notes cinched tight by strong tannins. Let it rest 10 to 15 years in the cellar, then serve with something rich and meaty, like roast goose."
Wine Spectator - "Shows some mature sandalwood and mesquite aromas, with a light coating of cocoa powder over the core of crushed red cherry and red currant fruit. A nice sanguine edge holds the finish together. Drink now through 2014. 200 cases imported."
The Wine Advocate - "Shows some mature sandalwood and mesquite aromas, with a light coating of cocoa powder over the core of crushed red cherry and red currant fruit. A nice sanguine edge holds the finish together. Drink now through 2014."
- View All
Guigal Winery
The Guigal domain was founded in 1946 by Etienne Guigal in the ancient village of Ampuis, home of the wines of the Côte-Rôtie. In these vineyards that are over 2400 years old, you can still see the small terraced walls characteristic of the Roman period. Etienne Guigal arrived in this region in 1923 at the age of 14. He made wine for over 67 vintages and, at the beginning of his career, participated in the development of the Vidal-Fleury establishment.
Despite his young age, Marcel Guigal took over from his father in 1961 when the latter was victim to a brutal illness rendering him blind. Marcel's hard work and perseverance enabled the Guigals to buy out Vidal-Fleury in 1984, although the establishment retains its own identity and commercial autonomy. In 2000, the Guigals purchased the Jean-Louis Grippat estate in Saint-Joseph and Hermitage, as well as the Domaine de Vallouit in Côte-Rôtie, Hermitage, Saint-Joseph and Crozes-Hermitage.
In the cellars of the Guigal estate in Ampuis, the northern appellations of the Rhône Valley are produced and aged. These are the appellations of Côte-Rôtie, Condrieu, Hermitage, Saint-Joseph and Crozes-Hermitage. The great appellations of the Southern Rhône, Châteauneuf-du-Pape, Gigondas, Tavel and Côtes-du-Rhône, are also aged in the Ampuis cellars. View all Guigal Wines
About Other RhôneView a map of Other Rhône wineries Other appellations of the Rhône include: in the North – St-Péray, Chateau Grillet; in the South – Lirac, Côtes du Ventoux, Côtes du Tricastin, Rasteau
About France - Other regionsWhen it comes to wine, France is a classic. Classic blends, grapes and styles began in the country and they still remain. Think about it - people ask for a Burgundian style Pinot Noir, they refer to wines as Bordeaux or Rhone blends - Champagne even had to pass a law to stop international wineries from putting their region on the label of all sparkling wine.
The top regions of France are: Bordeaux, Burgundy, Champagne, Languedoc-Roussillon, Loire, Rhone. And these regions are so diverse! It makes sense that wine regions throughout the world try to emulate their style. Pinot Noir, Chardonnay, Cabernet Sauvignon and Syrah are no longer French varieties, but international varieties. They may not be the leader of cutting edge technology or value-priced wines, but there is no doubt that they are still producing wines of great quality and diversity.
Customer ReviewsSign In to Add Your Review0 }div>Related ProductsDark red. The nose is powerful and intense. Complex with dominant black fruit and delicate aromas of new wood. ...
Alcohol By Volume GuideMost wine ranges from 10-16% alcohol by volume. Some varietals tend to have higher (for example Zinfandel and Cabernet Sauvignon) or lower alcohol levels (Pinot Noir and many white varietals), but there is always some variation from producer to producer. Some wine falls outside of this range, for instance Port weighs in closer to 20%, while Muscat and Riesling are usually a bit below 10%.
Wine Style Guide
Light & Fruity
- Red wines that are more fruit-forward and lighter in tannin and body.
Smooth & Supple
- Medium bodied reds that go down easy, with smooth tannins and supple fruit.
Earthy & Spicy
- Wines where earthy and/or spicy dominate the flavors – typically medium to full body.
Big & Bold
- Full bodied wines that have concentrated fruit and are higher in alcohol and/or tannins. Some need age.


text:
The Holocaust Skeptic Test
Their result for The Holocaust Skeptic Test ...
Score = 8 If you scored less than 15, you haven't properly questioned the story
Their Analysis (Vertical line = Average)
They scored 8% on variable 1, higher than 23% of your peers.
All possible test results
Odd number questions are true. Even number questions are false. Read more
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Are you afraid of bugs? Or do you think they're cute? Take this test to find out If you're the Afraid type, the Squeamish type, the Neutral type, or the Adoring type!
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subset: commoncrawl


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Choosing Your Currency?
SWELL offers you the choice to shop in your preferred currency. Choose between a range of different choices and shop with converted pricing and easy checkout.
Exchange Rate
The exchange rates provided are updated by XE.com. It is important to note that the exchange rates fluctuate and converted prices are indicative only.
What Currency Will I Be Charged In?
No matter what currency you choose to view pricing in, you will be charged in US Dollars on SWELL.com. This amount is visible during the checkout process.
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Really comfy hoodie.
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I love the sweatshirt. It is very comfortable.


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Pronunciation: Mugabe
Added on: 2012-03-19 Listened: 182 timesin: Add categories to Mugabe
Pronunciation in Shona [sn]
- Pronunciation by f4lmeatman (Male from United States)
Could you do it better? different accent? Pronounce Mugabe in Shona
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Discover a selection of top forums with ponies on the internet. Come to share your passion on forums with ponies and meet other fans of with ponies. Then, why don't you create your own forum of with ponies ?
The place to post ponies and feel welcome.
little, pony, friendship, magic, forums, rainbow, dash, fluttershy, twilight, sparkle, applejack, rarity, pinkie
Welcome to the world of Equestria! Years have past since the Elements of Harmony have saved the world, and now it is time for new ponies to walk these paths.
little, pony:, roleplaying, magic, welcome, world, equestria!, years, have, past, since, elements, harmony, saved, time, #ponies, walk, these, paths
Free forum : Perfect Ponies is an online, free forum which mostly involves with horses' games, fun, talk, chat, etc. This also helps others communicate with other horse fans.
perfect, #ponies, forum, online, free, involves, horses', games, talk, chat, helps, communicate, horse, fans, pony


text:
Home | Become an EMT | FAQ | Request Standbys | Officers | MassCPR | Service Status
For Medical Emergencies
Dial x100 or (617) 253-1212
Welcome to the MIT-EMS website
MIT-EMS (Emergency Medical Services) is an ASA-approved student group, dedicated to providing emergency medical support resources to the MIT Community. In addition to operating MIT's ambulance at the Basic Life Support (BLS) level, we also train undergraduate and graduate students, as well as MIT faculty and staff, in emergency medical skills.
If you would like EMTs on hand for some event, you may request a standby, and an officer will contact you as soon as possible.
MIT-EMS Announcements [ Show All ]:
Sunday, 1 March 2015 at 18:27 from Colt Richter.
Announcement Expires 1 June 2015 at 00:00
Spring 2015 MIT EMS General Body Meetings will be held:
Tuesday, February 24, 2015 in room 4-163
Tuesday, March 17, 2015
Tuesday, April 14, 2015
Wednesday, May 13, 2015
All meetings will take place at 1900 in room 4-237 (with the exception of 4-163 for 2/24). GBMs are mandatory for all active members.
This site is best viewed with the latest version of Safari, Internet Explorer, Mozilla or Netscape Navigator.
The MIT-EMS banner changes every session. Click here if you wish to change it now.
If you have questions or comments, feel free to contact the Webmasters.
Copyright © 2004-2011, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. All rights reserved.


text:
Apple to showcase OS X iPhone 2.0 platform
Apple will showcase the OS X iPhone 2.0 platform at its annual Worldwide Development Conference scheduled to occur in San Francisco next month.
Apple will showcase the OS X iPhone 2.0 platform at its annual Worldwide Development Conference scheduled to occur in San Francisco next month.
Microsoft and Research In Motion (RIM) have announced an agreement to provide Microsoft Windows Live services on RIM's BlackBerry smartphones, expected to be available by Winter.
Microsoft is aiming to capture 40 percent of the smartphone market with Windows Mobile by the year 2012, an executive said this week.
If 5,000 dedicated enterprise BlackBerry users attending Research in Motion's annual user conference, Wireless Enterprise Symposium, were expecting any red meat from Research in Motion Co-CEO Michael Lazaridis' opening keynote address, they went away...
Apple this week confirmed what everyone has expected for months: CEO Steve Jobs will kick off the company's Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) in San Francisco on June 9 with a keynote address.
In the not-too-distant future, people could use computer printers to make simple medicines as part of a do-it-yourself model of health care, a top Microsoft executive said Friday.
This week's annual conference for BlackBerry users comes at a critical time for the device's creator, Research in Motion.
UK stealth mode startup Cellcrypt has started touting a new encryption system that sets out to solve a security problem most companies would rather not think about -- insecure mobile phone calls.
Amid swirling rumours about the impending announcement of a 3G iPhone, Research in Motion today introduced its slickest, speediest, most powerful, and most connected BlackBerry to date: the BlackBerry Bold 9000.
The iPhone is out-of-stock "company wide," Apple sales representatives said Sunday. The outage has fueled rumors that the next-generation 3G model will be released shortly.
The lack of certainty surrounding exactly who will bring the iPhone to Australia, and what model will be released here, has been clarified a little further today with an announcement by Optus that it too has signed an agreement to bring the iPhone to...
High Tech Computer announced the HTC Touch Diamond on Tuesday, a smartphone running Microsoft Windows Mobile 6.1 Professional and with a touch screen designed for one-handed use.
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First impression on unpacking the Q702 test unit was the solid feel and clean, minimalist styling.
For work use, Microsoft Word and Excel programs pre-installed on the device are adequate for preparing short documents.
The Fujitsu LifeBook UH574 allowed for great mobility without being obnoxiously heavy or clunky. Its twelve hours of battery life did not disappoint.
The screen was particularly good. It is bright and visible from most angles, however heat is an issue, particularly around the Windows button on the front, and on the back where the battery housing is located.
My first impression after unboxing the Q702 is that it is a nice looking unit. Styling is somewhat minimalist but very effective. The tablet part, once detached, has a nice weight, and no buttons or switches are located in awkward or intrusive positions.


text:
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4306
|Armillaria species in the Missouri Ozarks forests
|Baucom, Deana L.
|University of Missouri--Columbia
|In the Missouri Ozark Mountains, species of the white-rot wood decay fungus Armillaria contribute to oak decline. To investigate the relationships of Armillaria species with their hosts, the DNA fingerprinting technique PCR-RFLP of the IGS region was modified and refined to efficiently identify to species Armillaria isolates collected from sites within the Missouri Ozark Forest Ecosystem Project (MOFEP). Isolates were successfully identified as A. mellea, A. tabescens, and A. gallica. Contingency table analyses of the Armillaria species found in 2002 with their host tree species revealed that both A. mellea and A. gallica are equally recovered from recently dead dogwood hosts although A. mellea is significantly recovered more often from recently dead oak species, specifically red oak species. Analyses of isolates collected from stumps in 2003 and 2004 revealed no significant difference in the recovery of A. mellea, A. gallica, or A. tabescens from red and white oak species stumps.
|Other Identifiers:
Items in MOspace are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.


text:
Scottish Deaf Groups, Support and Clubs
Find a selection of websites offering deaf and hearing impaired support, social clubs and groups and advice in Scotland. Includes deafblind organisations along with details of parents and carers support for deaf adults and children living in Scotland.
ABLEize featured in the Daily Express
Oct 13, 2014
ABLEize revamped disability forum launched
Jun 26, 2014
High blood pressure may be more dangerous in women
Jan 6, 2014
© 2005-2011 Powered by ableize.com The 'book and globe' logo is the trademark of the www Virtual Library


text:
This section contains 7,356 words
(approx. 25 pages at 300 words per page)
Susan Stewart
During the period of the New Economic Policy, as Lenin sought, rather abashedly, to approach communism via a new form of "state capitalism," and as the concrete mode of peasant existence was being transformed into the abstractions of industrial labor, the contradictions between synchrony and diachrony, between "sincerity" and "irony," between insistences simultaneously upon meaning and "multivocality" were in full flower. The work of the Bakhtin school may be located within this milieu of contradiction. It is clear that Mikhail Bakhtin's project was not a linguistics but, to use his word, a "metalinguistics," an attempt to avoid an essentialist view of language and to see, within a social and historical frame, the creation and uses of both language and the term "language." In an endnote, Stewart directs the reader to Gary Saul Morson's essay, "The Heresiarch of Meta," PTL 3, (October 1978): 407-27, for more information on this. As Bakhtin wrote in Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics:
The point is not the mere presence of several linguistic styles, social dialects, etc., a presence which is measured by purely linguistic criteria; the point is the dialogical angle at which they (the styles, dialects, etc.) are juxtaposed and counterposed in the work. But that dialogic angle cannot be measured by means of purely linguistic criteria, because dialogic relationships, although they belong to the province of the word, fall outside the province of its purely linguistic study.
Dialogical relationships (including the dialogical relationships of the speaker to his own word) are a matter for metalinguistics. [In an endnote Stewart explains that she follows "the current practice of attributing the works of the Bakhtin school to Bakhtin himself."]
In short, only through metalinguistics could one account for the history and social life of language.
It is important to remember, however, that Bakhtin's meta-position is not so much a move toward transcendence as it is a battle stance, a polemical insistence upon situating theories of language within the constraints of their particular social and historical periods. M. A. K. Halliday has noted that some forms of speech, such as thieves' jargon and tinkers' argot, are shaped in direct opposition to the speech of the dominant class of their times; he calls these forms of speech "anti-languages" ["Anti-Languages," American Anthropologist 78 (September 1976): 170-83]. Analogously, Bakhtin's linguistics is an anti-linguistics, a systematic questioning and inverting of the basic premises and arguments of traditional linguistic theory. It follows that recent attempts to "appropriate" Bakhtin's theories of language into the tradition he rejects are largely misguided. Erasing not only Bakhtin's sense of the radically unsystematic nature of the linguistic world but also the conflicting, anarchic nature of his very texts, semioticians and structuralists have let him speak only by silencing him.
Nowhere does this problem of appropriation emerge more clearly than in examining Bakhtin's critique of language. Indeed, even using the term "language" skews the position that Bakhtin took toward verbal behavior. In Marxism and the Philosophy of Language, his critique of "abstract objectivist" theories is directed to the following points: that such theories stabilize language at the expense of its real mutability and the creativity of its users; that such theories assume language to be outside of contextualization and consequently outside of history; and that such theories tend to hypostatize their own categories. [In an endnote, Stewart directs the reader to Marxism and the Philosophy of Language, p. 77, and Freudianism: A Marxist Critique for more on this.] Ferdinand de Saussure had written in the Cours de linguistique générale:
In separating language from speaking we are at the same time separating: (1) what is social from what is individual; and (2) what is essential from what is accessory and more or less accidental.
Language is not a function of the speaker; it is a product that is passively assimilated by the individual. It never requires premeditation, and reflection enters in only for the purpose of classification….
Speaking, on the contrary, is an individual act. It is willful and intellectual.
No position could be more the antithesis of Bakhtin's. Saussure is interested in language as an abstract and ready-made system; Bakhtin is interested only in the dynamics of living speech. Where Saussure sees passive assimilation, Bakhtin sees a process of struggle and contradiction. And whereas Saussure dichotomizes the individual and the social, Bakhtin assumes that the individual is constituted by the social, that consciousness is a matter of dialogue and juxtaposition with a social Other.
In "Discourse in the Novel" Bakhtin writes: "A passive understanding of linguistic meaning is no understanding at all, it is only the abstract aspect of meaning." For Bakhtin such an abstraction from the concrete utterance would be a dead end, reifying its own categories of the linguistic norm and producing a model with no capability of discussing linguistic—and thereby, for Bakhtin, social—change. If Bakhtin has until recently lacked his true inheritors, Saussure has not, and the major heirlooms of Saussurian linguistics—langue vs. parole, the arbitrary nature of the sign, and, more indirectly, the distinction between poetic and ordinary language—reappear in transformational grammar, in the old (and the new) stylistics, and even, surprisingly, in quasi-Marxist theories of language such as Julia Kristeva's.
The transformational grammarian's devoted outlining of abstract syntactical structures and the stylistician's almost magical rendering of phonetic and morphological structures into thematic structures stand in direct contrast to Bakhtin's object of study. [In an endnote, Stewart writes: "For an attempt to link syntactic to larger social transformations, see Rosalind Coward and John Ellis, Language and Materialism: Developments in Semiology and the Theory of the Subject (London, 1977), pp. 127-30. This attempt seems at best metaphorical and at worst strangely skewed: without a corresponding theory of language use in context, the linkage involves a confusion of levels of analysis."] When Bakhtin discusses "problems of syntax," he has in mind the utterance as it occurs in context, in lived social time. Hence that object of study has rather fluid, generically determined boundaries, ranging from utterances consisting of a single word to utterances consisting of the entire text of a literary work. In The Formal Method in Literary Scholarship, he writes:
It is the whole utterance as speech performance that is directed at the theme, not the separate word, sentence, or period. It is the whole utterance and its forms, which cannot be reduced to any linguistic forms, which control the theme. The theme of the work is the theme of the whole utterance as a definite sociohistorical act. Consequently, it is inseparable from the total situation of the utterance to the same extent that it is inseparable from linguistic elements.
The critique of abstraction in Bakhtin's work is a profound and relentless one. At every point he proclaims that the model of pure linguistic form arose from neoclassical philosophies and from the study of dead languages, that only in its living reality, shaped and articulated by social evaluation, does the word exist. He insists upon contextualizing even the notion of abstraction itself, suggesting that the tradition of normative linguistics from Aristotle and Saint Augustine through the Indo-Europeanists served the needs of sociopolitical and cultural centralization. These "centripetal forces," he contends, can be perceived only against the backdrop of the very "heteroglossia" they sought to deny. We see a rejection in his work not only of a distinction between "language" and "speech" but also of a distinction between synchrony and diachrony. Bakhtin traces these dichotomies to Cartesian rationalism and Leibniz's conception of a universal grammar. Because it denies the actual creativity of language use, Bakhtin rejects the systematizing impulse of such linguistic thought: "Formal, systematic thought about language is incompatible with living, historical understanding of language. From the system's point of view, history always seems merely a series of accidential [sic] transgressions." [In an endnote, Stewart writes: "It is thus puzzling when Krystyna Pomorska, in her foreword to Bakhtin's Rabelais and His World, insists repeatedly that Bakhtin is a structuralist. Although Roman Jakobson and Jurij Tynjanov wrote in their 'Problems in the Study of Literature and Language' that 'every system necessarily exists as an evolution while, on the other hand, evolution is inescapably of a systematic nature' (quoted in Titunik, 'The Formal Method and the Sociological Method [M. M. Baxtin, P. N. Medvedev, V. N. Vološinov] in Russian Theory and Study of Literature,' appendix 2, Marxism and the Philosophy of Language, p. 187), this is hardly a mirror of Bakhtin's rejection of the distinction between synchrony and diachrony. In a later essay, 'Mixail Baxtin [Mikhail Bakhtin] and His Verbal Universe,' Pomorska writes that Bakhtin is a 'real semiotician,' and she goes on to explain that, in his rejection of an autonomous function for literature, he prefigures the Tartu school's semiotics. She also writes that, in addition to the Einsteinian revolution and Husserlian philosophy, 'the other source, more obvious for Baxtin than, say, for Jakobson or Tynjanov, is classical Marxist dialectics' (PTL 3 [April 1978]: 381, 384-85)."]
Not only does such systematization lead to a denial of history—it also results in a vision of speech as a series of "accidental transgressions," a vision we find most prevalent in Noam Chomsky's distinction between competence and performance. There is perhaps no clearer description of linguistic alienation than Chomsky's position on this point: "Any interesting generative grammar will be dealing, for the most part, with mental processes that are far beyond the level of actual or even potential consciousness; furthermore, it is quite apparent that a speaker's reports and viewpoints about his behavior and competence may be in error" [Aspects of the Theory of Syntax, 1965]. The social and political consequences of such an abstract linguistics are brought out in Bakhtin's own observations on the concept of error: "Only in abnormal and special cases do we apply the criterion of correctness to an utterance (for instance, in language instruction). Normally, the criterion of linguistic correctness is submerged by a purely ideological [i.e., thematic] criterion." Rather than assume a transcendent grammar to which actual speech performance can be only imperfectly compared, Bakhtin looks at the social articulation and uses of diversity. The consequences of the Cartesian position become clearer when we look at its current application in state policy. In such domains as the exclusion of bi- (and multi-) lingual education, language requirements attached to immigration restrictions, tensions between nonstandard and standard "dialects" (these terms themselves the necessary fictions by which a transcendent "standard" is created), and the language of state apparatuses in general, the Cartesian position functions to reinforce state institutions and to trivialize change and everyday linguistic creativity. To silence the diversity of the powerful "unsaids" of actual speech in favor of an opaque and universal form of language is to strip language of its ideological significance—a stripping that is itself strongly and univocally ideological. [In an endnote, Stewart writes: "For a sociolinguistic critique of transformational grammar, see Dell Hymes, Foundations in Sociolinguistics: An Ethnographic Approach (Philadelphia, 1974), particularly pp. 119-24, where Herderian and Cartesian linguistics are contrasted; and William Labov, Sociolinguistic Patterns (Philadelphia, 1972), p. 200. In a suggestive essay, Henri Gobard has traced some of the sociological functions of abstract languages, particularly the effect of a multinational English upon vernacular French: see Gobard, L'Alienation linguistique: Analyse tetraglossique (Paris, 1976)."]
His careful attention to actual social behavior also prohibits Bakhtin from accepting any facile distinction between ordinary and poetic language. Such distinctions tend to trivialize both everyday speech acts—by making them automatic or indistinguishable—and "poetic" utterances—by making them parasitic. Most important, theories of poetic language trivialize the activities of speakers by assuming an essentialist, rather than a social, definition of genre. [In an endnote, the critic writes: "See Stanley E. Fish, 'How Ordinary Is Ordinary Language?', New Literary History, Vol. 5, Autumn, 1973, pp. 41-54; and Mary Louise Pratt, 'The Poetic Language Fallacy,' Toward a Speech Act Theory of Literary Discourse, pp. 3-37."] A critique of the concept of poetic language forms a major part of The Formal Method: "If the poetic construction had been placed in a complex, many-sided relationship with science, with rhetoric, with the fields of real practical life, instead of being declared the bare converse of a fabricated practical language, then formalism as we know it would not have existed." In this study, Bakhtin not only objects to the formalist concept of the autonomy of poetic language but also, in a characteristic move, attempts to show the sources and purposes of this formalist position in futurist poetics.
Although we find in Bakhtin an early critic of the linguistics of abstract objectivism, we do not find a neat precursor of contemporary social theories of language. Whereas such studies as William Labov's on the social implications of sound-change vindicate Bakhtin's rejection of a purely "linguistic" conception of phonology, the majority of sociolinguistic studies tends, no less problematically, to emphasize context in a highly abstract way—that is, without a corresponding discussion of the location of the utterance in history and social life. [In an endnote, the critic adds: "See Labov, Sociolinguistic Patterns and Language in the Inner City: Studies in the Black English Vernacular."] In other words, as the abstract objectivists tend to hypostatize grammar, the sociolinguists often tend to hypostatize rules for speech behavior. They do not seem to realize that such rules are not simply located behind the historical processes of social life but are also emergent in them. Hence there is a tendency to want to name the situation, to close off its boundaries, particularly in speech-act theory. Consider, for instance, John Searle's original formulation of his philosophy of speech acts [in Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language]: "The form this hypothesis will take is that the semantic structure of a language may be regarded as a conventional realization of a series of sets of underlying constitutive rules, and that speech acts are acts characteristically performed by uttering expressions in accordance with these sets of constitutive rules."
Similarly, although the sociolinguistic study of styles of speaking goes beyond such a static concept of situation by contrasting the "referential" and "social" aspects of discourse, it does not present a model of the historical transformation of social values and ideologies. The emphasis on rule-governed behavior in current social studies of language again tends toward a focus on "form" at the expense of ideological strategy and a focus on "system" at the expense of social creativity. As a result, such studies search for a grammar of situation; and so, their Romantic humanism notwithstanding, they recapitulate many of the methodological pitfalls of the abstract objectivists.
Bakhtin's positions on verbal interaction thus overlap—but also go beyond—the aims of both sociolinguistics and speech-act theory. The difference is that his primary concern is not so much with how things work as with how things change. In contrast to Searle's atemporality, Bakhtin presents a theory of the sequential order of change: "This is the order that the actual generative process of language follows: social intercourse is generated (stemming from the basis); in it verbal communication and interaction are generated; and in the latter, forms of speech performances are generated; finally, this generative process is reflected in the change of language forms." Like Searle and John Austin, Bakhtin is concerned with identifying what he calls the "little behavioral genres" of speech situations—question, exclamation, command, request, the light and casual causerie of the drawing room. But Bakhtin is even more interested in the relationships between those genres and their contexts in the rest of social life: "The behavioral genre fits everywhere into the channel of social intercourse assigned to it and functions as an ideological reflection of its type, structure, goal, and social composition," particularly as history changes the ideological functions of such contexts. Searle specifies the "happiness conditions" of successful speech acts; Bakhtin is the master of what we might call "unhappiness conditions," those circumstances in which the utterance stands in tension or conflict with the utterances of others. For utterances are always preceded by alien utterances which face them in the form of an addressee or social Other and which surround them with an always significant silence. Whereas linguistic theory must be grateful to sociolinguistics for specifying the profound uses of silence, it must be grateful to Bakhtin for articulating the powerful force of the silenced in language use. [In an endnote, the critic adds: "See, for example, K. H. Basso, 'To Give Up on Words': Silence in Western Apache Culture, in Language and Social Context: Selected Readings, pp. 67-86."]
Thus, Bakhtin presents us with a "generative" linguistics, but that linguistics is accounted for in a social sense. The "rules" it seeks are conventions of genre, conventions of voice, character, idea, temporality, and closure which will be modified by the ongoing transformations of social life. Because it emphasizes the social, it is directly opposed to those contemporary theories of language, such as Chomsky's, that ultimately locate transformation in biological evolutionary processes. And although Bakhtin presents an investigation of utterances in context, his concern with dialogue, with conflict, and, especially, with the cumulative forces of history acting upon each speech situation distinguishes his work from contemporary sociolinguistic theories. Finally, although many careful comparisons have been made between Bakhtin's semiotics and contemporary semiotic theory, Bakhtin's position on the sign differs from traditional semiotics in several crucial ways. [In an endnote, the critic adds: "See Matejka, 'On the First Russian Prolegomena to Semiotics,' appendix 1, MPL, pp. 161-74; Viach Vs. Ivanox, 'The Significance of M. M. Bakhtin's Ideas on Sign, Utterance, and Dialogue for Modern Semiotics (1),' Soviet Studies in Literature 11 Spring-Summer, 1975, pp. 186-243; and Tzvetan Todorov, Mikhail Bakhtine et la théorie de l'histoire littéraire."]
The powerful critique of "language" offered in Marxism and the Philosophy of Language is supplemented throughout the rest of his works by an equally powerful critique of the concept of the sign. The Saussurian theory of the referent naively assumes a univocality of meaning, and Charles Sanders Peirce's theory of iconicity assumes an actual physical referent to which the sign-vehicle corresponds. In contrast, Bakhtin clearly distinguishes between the mechanistic and pragmatic functions of signals and the cultural and "polyvocal" functions of signs: "The process of understanding is on no account to be confused with the process of recognition. These are thoroughly different processes. Only a sign can be understood; what is recognized is a signal." For Bakhtin, the material life of the sign does not arise out of the world of physical objects; rather, it arises out of the actual material practices of everyday social life. And, unlike Saussure, Bakhtin does not see the sign as a part of an abstract system resulting from the structure of psychological perception. Instead, he looks for the ontology of the sign in the "practical business of living speech." Here again we see Bakhtin's rebellion against system. The semiotic character of culture is the result of concrete and dynamic historical processes, processes of tension and conflict inseparable from the basis of social and economic life.
Bakhtin's critique of the univocal sign is perhaps most fully developed in his study of Dostoevsky and in his early essay, "Discourse in Life and Discourse in Art." In the works of Dostoevsky, Bakhtin both found and created the aesthetic correspondent to his theories of thought and language:
The idea, as seen by Dostoevsky the artist, is not a subjective individual-psychological formulation with a "permanent residence" in a person's head; no, the idea is interindividual and intersubjective. The sphere of its existence is not the individual consciousness, but the dialogical intercourse between consciousnesses. The idea is a living event which is played out in the point where two or more consciousnesses meet dialogically. In this respect the idea resembles the word, with which it forms a dialogical unity. Like the word, the idea wants to be heard, understood, and "answered" by other voices from other positions. Like the word, the idea is by nature dialogical, the monolog being merely the conventional form of its expression which arose from the soil of the ideological monologism of modern times.
The idea and the word are here conceptualized as "arenas of conflict," and this conflict arises not simply, as sociolinguistics suggests, out of the tension between the referent and the physical context of utterances but rather from bringing all past experience with the word to bear upon the present situation. For example, Bakhtin sees the works of Dostoevsky as integrating the aphoristic thinking of the Enlightenment and Romanticism into locations of contrast and conflict. And those locations invite the social value judgments of readers who are themselves implicated in the text.
In "Discourse in Life and Discourse in Art," these aspects of polyvalence are worked into a sociological theory of literature. Bakhtin outlines the ways in which the relations between the author's, hero's (character's), and reader's voices intersect within the constraints of genre. "The interrelationship of author and hero, never, after all, actually is an intimate relationship of two; all the while form makes provision for the third participant—the listener—who exerts crucial influence on all the other factors of the work." It is out of these contrasting and collaborating positions that satire, parody, and irony arise as forms depicting conflicting social value judgments.
We might contrast this approach to literature with modern speech-act theories that assume, in Mary Louise Pratt's term, that literary works are "verbal displays." Such theories often neglect the specific effects that the literary work uses to create distancing and irony. [In an endnote, the critic adds: "Pratt presents a convincing argument regarding the ways in which narrative literary works should not be separated formally from narratives of everyday life. But her assumptions of the linearity and univocality of both types of narrative preclude consideration of the ways in which face-to-face narratives most often are constructed collaboratively and, hence, reveal conflicting social value judgments just as literary works do."] In other words, speech-act theories of literature often assume the same systematic and transparent univocality we find in speech-act theories of language. But Bakhtin's literary theory assumes that the problems of dialogue and multivocality that are found in face-to-face communication will be compounded by the specific effects used within the structure of the literary genre. Because the literary work relies on a common ideological purview of both author and reader and, at the same time, cannot rely upon an apparent "extraverbal" context, the work is a complex presentation of display and concealment, of the over- and under-articulated. This presentation is further complicated by the history of generic conventions. Bakhtin writes: "We might say that a poetic work is a powerful condenser of unarticulated social evaluations—each word is saturated with them. It is these social evaluations that organize form as their direct expression."
Bakhtin's concerted opening up of the word may be characterized as having distinguishable, if interwoven, formal and semantic levels. We have seen how his position takes a stance against both abstract objectivism and Romanticism, but we also might consider the influence of Bakhtin's historical work on the development of his theory. In the introduction to Rabelais and His World, Bakhtin writes that the function of the "carnival-grotesque" is "to consecrate inventive freedom, to permit the combination of a variety of different elements and their rapprochement, to liberate from the prevailing point of view of the world, from conventions and established truths, from clichés, from all that is humdrum and universally accepted." It is characteristic of Bakhtin that, in several ways, the carnival-grotesque serves as a model of the normal. For carnival contains both the conventional and the unexpected, the established and the creative. He also focuses on the transitional linguistic forms of the Hellenic period, the late Middle Ages, and the Renaissance—that is, on loci of change. Here and in his discussion of the prehistory of the novel, he is interested in how traditional forms are parodied, or "carnivalized," as part of the complex interaction of social forces within particular historical periods of upheaval and transformation. He consequently paid great attention to the creolized language of the marketplace and street while he formed an image of language as mediating between conventionality and creativity.
For Bakhtin, language is mutable, reversible, antihierarchical, contaminable, and powerfully regenerative. It is always meeting—has always been meeting—what is strange, foreign, other:
Linguistics, itself the product of [the] foreign word, is far from any proper understanding of the role played by the foreign word in the history of language and linguistic consciousness. On the contrary, Indo-European studies have fashioned categories of understanding for the history of language of a kind that preclude proper evaluation of the role of [the] alien word. Meanwhile, that role, to all appearances, is enormous.
At language's point of origin, Bakhtin assumes ambivalence, multivocality, conflict, incorporation, and transformation. Not the least profound implication of this position might be that the model which linguistics has assumed, whereby stable languages eventually become creolized, has been moving backward; instead, we might assume creolization at the point of origin and view stabilization of the linguistic system not as the normal but as the restricted case.
Semantically, Bakhtin's dialogic conception of the word can be seen not only as a contribution to linguistic theory but also as a contribution to the theory of ideology. For although Bakhtin continually erases the abstract concept of language, he just as continually reformulates the concept of ideology. Indeed, it might be more appropriate to place Bakhtin among theorists of ideology rather than among theorists of linguistics and semiotics. To understand the radicalism of Bakhtin's theory of ideology, we must first turn to his own outline of the subject.
Alongside the rejection of transcendence implicit in Bakhtin's critique of abstraction and system is a corresponding rejection of "individual" consciousness. His critique of Freud suffers from the naiveté of his rather knee-jerk reaction to Freud's early published writings; yet that critique substantially predicts Jacques Lacan's reformulation of Freudianism in light of linguistic theory, particularly the translation of the unconscious into a form of language. In place of the concept of the unconscious, which Bakhtin viewed as unanalyzable so long as it remained neither physiological nor verbal, Bakhtin advances the concept of inner speech: through inner speech, all consciousness is social in its formulation. Accordingly, Bakhtin sees inner speech and outer, articulated speech as having ideological status. Inner speech is no less subjected to social evaluation than outer speech, because of the intrinsically social history and nature of the word:
The complex apparatus of verbal reactions functions in all its fundamental aspects also when the subject says nothing about his experiences but only undergoes them "in himself," since, if he is conscious of them, a process of inner ("covert") speech occurs (we do, after all, think and feel and desire with the help of words; without inner speech we would not become conscious of anything in ourselves). This process of inner speech is just as material as is outward speech.
To be sure, Bakhtin recognizes that "the formation of verbal connections (the establishment of connections among visual, motor, and other kinds of reactions over the course of interindividual communication, upon which the formation of verbal reactions depends) proceeds with special difficulty and delay in certain areas of life (for example, the sexual)," but he nevertheless does not explore in any depth the tensions between the unarticulated and articulated in those cases. In his work, little distinction is made between the nature of inner and outer speech, and he sometimes describes inner speech as a mere practice ground for what will or may later be articulated. This theoretical lack might be attributed to Bakhtin's apparent adherence in Freudianism: A Marxist Critique to a rather mechanistic behavioral psychology. He does write, however, that both inner and outer speech form a type of behavioral ideology that "is in certain respects more sensitive, more responsive, more excitable and livelier than an ideology that has undergone formulation and become 'official'."
Thus we begin to receive an outline of constraints that could distinguish between the qualities of inner and outer speech. His sensitivity to those varying constraints was most likely responsible for a major contribution in his discussion of Freud: Bakhtin stresses the shaping power of the specific dialogic situation of the psychoanalytic interview. Going beyond Freud's own individual-centered notions of transference, Bakhtin explains that the interview situation is a highly complex one and must be understood in light of the social dynamic between doctor and patient, and not—or not only—in terms of the patient's individual psyche. [In an endnote, the critic writes: "See Vološinov, Fr, pp. 78-79; Cf. Gregory Bateson, 'The Message "This Is Play,"' in Group Processes: Transactions of the Second Congress of the Josiah Macy, Jr., Foundation, pp. 145-242; and Ray L. Birdwhistell, 'Contribution of Linguistic-Kinesic Studies to the Understanding of Schizophrenia,' in Schizophrenia: An Integrated Approach, pp. 99-123."]
Bakhtin's insistence upon the primary place of the social, the "already said," in the formation of consciousness is at the heart of his struggle against the "bourgeois ideology" of individualism. In Marxism and the Philosophy of Language, we see a critique of Herderian linguistics, with all its Romantic assumptions about the individual soul. In the work of Wilhelm von Humboldt, Karl Vossler, and their followers, Bakhtin points out that a reformulation of this bourgeois philosophy appears in the theory that laws of linguistic creativity are laws of individual psychology. Bakhtin argues that such a position strips language of its ideological content and neglects the intrinsically social nature of linguistic change. In his book Freudianism, he pursues his attack on the abstract concept of the individual by criticizing Freud's asocial and tautological notion of self-consciousness. Here Bakhtin writes:
In becoming aware of myself, I attempt to look at myself, as it were, through the eyes of another person, another representative of my social group, my class. Thus, self-consciousness, in the final analysis, always leads us to class consciousness, the reflection and specification of which it is in all its fundamental and essential respects. Here we have the objective roots of even the most personal and intimate reactions.
According to Bakhtin, all social, antisocial, and warring impulses within consciousness are reflections of social, antisocial, and warring impulses within the mutually experienced world of lived reality. When a class is in decline, we may expect to see manifestations of its decay in the behavior of its individual members.
In Freudianism and the essay on discourse in life and art, the critique of individualism is mirrored within an aesthetic theory. Bakhtin criticizes theories of art that place the significance of the artwork within the psyche of either the creator or the contemplator: "We might say that such a thing is similar to the attempt to analyze the individual psyche of a proletarian in order thereby to disclose the objective production relations that determine his position in society." Instead, Bakhtin places the work in the interaction between these two positions and concludes that artistic value arises only in the dynamics of such social communication. Similarly, in Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics, Bakhtin situates the subject within sociality and argues that identity is produced by speech, particularly through the contradictions of narrative. Using Dostoevsky as an example, Bakhtin observes that each of that novelist's heroes is the man of an idea, an idea that is itself a construct of contradiction and dialogue:
Only the unfinalizable and inexhaustible "man in man" can become the man of an idea, whose image is combined with the image of a full-valued idea. This is the first condition of the representation of the idea in Dostoevsky.
But this condition contains, as it were, its inverse as well. We can say that in Dostoevsky's works man overcomes his "thingness" (veshchnost') and becomes "man in man" only by entering the pure and unfinalized sphere of the idea, i. e., only by becoming the selfless man of an idea. Such are all of Dostoevsky's leading characters, i. e. all of the participants in the great dialog.
Here we find a radical departure from traditional Marxist aesthetics, in fact, the inverse of Marx's position in The German Ideology where he writes: "We do not set out from what men say, imagine, conceive, nor from men as narrated, thought of, imagined, conceived, in order to arrive at men in the flesh. We set out from real, active men, and on the basis of their real life-process we demonstrate the development of the ideological reflexes and echoes of this life-process." Rather than assume the "real" man at the point of beginning for ideology, Bakhtin would say that it is precisely within narrative, and within ideological structures, that the concept of the individual subject, of the "real" man is born. And the conclusion to The Formal Method makes clear that such ideological structures are themselves constituted by and through speech.
Bakhtin's concept of ideology differs significantly from the early reflectionist theories of Marx. In Capital, Marx writes:
The religious world is but the reflex of the real world. And for a society based upon the production of commodities, in which the producers in general enter into social relations with one another by treating their products as commodities and values, whereby they reduce their individual private labour to the standard of homogeneous human labour—for such a society, Christianity with its cultus of abstract man, more especially in its bourgeois developments, Protestantism, Deism, etc., is the most fitting form of religion.
Marx's theory is deferred and utopian in its outlook: ideology represents the false consciousness produced under class society; after the revolution of the proletariat, the slippage between this false consciousness and the real world will be healed and an actual relation to reality lived. This notion of ideology as false consciousness also lies behind Louis Althusser's distinction between ideology and science and Georg Lukács' attempt in History and Class Consciousness to identify truth with proximity to proletarian consciousness. Similarly, in Lucien Goldmann's distinction between a limited ideology and an embracing world view, we see a kind of "monologic" vision of ideology.
By contrast, Bakhtin asserts that ideology is manifested and created in the practical material activity of speech behavior: hence his notion of "behavioral ideology." As in his theory of linguistics, Bakhtin rejects the abstract concept in favor of the material and dynamic relation. The dialogic nature of the sign, its inner and outward form, allows the intersection of sign with sign, idea with idea, at the same time that it ensures continual upheaval and change in signifying practices as they occur in concrete historical contexts. Thus, ideology is not only the product of social life but is also both productive and reproductive of lived social relations. Furthermore, although in Bakhtin's theory of ideology the socioeconomic base is seen as determining, it is not a base that locks ideology into a static and transcendent form. Rather, ideology is seen as an arena of conflict: one's speech both reveals and produces one's position in class society, in such a way, moreover, as to set into dialogue the relations among classes. Consider this passage from Bakhtin's Marxism:
Existence reflected in sign is not merely reflected but refracted. How is this refraction of existence in the ideological sign determined? By an intersecting of differently oriented social interests within one and the same sign community, i.e.,… with the community, which is the totality of users of the same set of signs for ideological communication. Thus various different classes will use one and the same language. As a result, differently oriented accents intersect in every ideological sign. Sign becomes an arena of class struggle.
Once he moves the materiality of language away from essence into the domain of practice, Bakhtin can present the cacophony of voices present in any utterance, can reject a notion of speech community based on phonology in favor of a much more useful one based on interest and on what might be termed "positionality," the place of the subject within the social structure, a place where subject and structure are mutually articulated. [In an endnote, the critic notes that in The Formal Method, Bakhtin writes: "We think and conceptualize in utterances, complexes complete in themselves. As we know, the utterance cannot be understood as a linguistic whole, and its forms are not syntactic forms. These integral, materially expressed inner acts of man's orientation in reality and the forms of these acts are very important. One might say that human consciousness possesses a series of inner genres for seeing and conceptualizing reality. A given consciousness is richer or poorer in genres, depending on its ideological environment."] What Bakhtin's theory of ideology offers is a model of ideological production. In this model, ideology is not assumed to be either a foggy lens or a mirroring cloud. It is, rather, assumed to be an ongoing product and producer of social practices. The semantic transition from reflection to refraction marks a movement from repetition to production.
Most radically, Bakhtin is unwilling to limit the place of ideology to a particular or narrow sphere of social life. Instead, he concludes that "all of these things [ideological phenomena] in their totality comprise the ideological environment, which forms a solid ring around man. And man's consciousness lives and develops in this environment. Human consciousness does not come into contact with existence directly, but through the medium of the surrounding ideological world." This is a considerable departure from traditional Marxist positions, which either locate the real in the supposedly direct purview of science or in the deferred idealism of revolution. [In an endnote, the critic adds: "In the recent work of Terry Eagleton we find a similar position, one which sees science, no less than ideology, as the product of concrete social practices." See Eagleton, "Ideology, Fiction, Narrative," Social Text, Vol. 1, Winter, 1979.] In contrast, Bakhtin concludes that both science and ideology are products whose absolute "reality"—if it existed at all—could be apprehended only by a transcendent consciousness, a consciousness that would itself be, ironically, an ideological construct. Bakhtin's movement away from a reflectionist theory can perhaps be traced to his familiarity with the carnival mode, where refraction and inversion considerably complicate a traditional functionalist model.
To understand how ideological practice is performed, we cannot begin with a model of the utterance as the spontaneous production of an individual consciousness. Rather, the utterance must be seen as bearing within itself a complex and contradictory set of historical elements. In this sense, Bakhtin observes, all speech is reported speech, for all speech carries with it a history of use and interpretation by which it achieves both identity and difference. It is within this rather remarkable capacity for making present the past that speech acquires its social meaning. Hence for Bakhtin the proper study of ideology would begin with an examination of ideological form, with the study of genre, and not in any autonomous or transcendent sense of genre or form but in the sense that form presents a location of tension between the past and the present. Bakhtin begins by distinguishing ideological objects both from instruments of production (which are consumed by their function) and from consumer goods (which, in existing for individual use, are not available for social evaluation). The specificity of ideological objects lies in their "concrete material reality" and "social meaning."
In The Formal Method, Bakhtin insists that literary form is unique in that it refracts the generating socioeconomic reality in ways particular to its own history and at the same time "reflects and refracts the reflections and refractions of other ideological spheres." Thus, literature serves as a type of super superstructure, in part because of the levels of representation involved in literary production. Here we might contrast the various possibilities of slippage offered by this model to the currently fashionable notion, offered by newer Marxist critics, of the absences in ideological discourse. [In an endnote, the critic adds: see Coward and Ellis, Language and Materialism; Pierre Macherey, A Theory of Literary Production; and Eagleton, Criticism and Ideology: A Study in Marxist Literary Theory.] Bakhtin offers a much more positivist outlook than this deconstructionist one, for he believes that the utterance will carry within it a set of articulate silences and that the common ideological purview of author and reader will work toward the discernment of patterns in the unsaid. Thus, his theory is not necessarily burdened with a nostalgia for full presence: here the contradictions, ambivalences, and silences of the text are seen as part of its essentially dialogic nature.
According to Bakhtin, the reason that literature is the most ideological of all ideological spheres may be discovered in the structure of genre. He criticizes the formalists for ending their theory with a consideration of genre; genre, he observes, should be the first topic of poetics. The importance of genre lies in its two major capacities: conceptualization and "finalization." A genre's conceptualization has both inward and outward focus: the artist does not merely represent reality; he or she must use existing means of representation in tension with the subject at hand. This process is analogous to the dual nature of the utterance, its orientation simultaneously toward its past contexts and its present context. "A particular aspect of reality can only be understood in connection with the particular means of representing it." Genre's production of perception is not simply a matter of physical orientation; it is also a matter of ideology: "Every significant genre is a complex system of means and methods for the conscious control and finalization of reality." According to Bakhtin, nonideological domains are "open work;" not subject to an ultimate closure; but one goal of works of art is precisely to offer closure, a "finalization" that accounts for their ideological power and their capacity to produce consciousness. In the particular finalization of genre, we see a continual tension between tradition and situation. [In an endnote, the critic adds: "For a discussion of the tension between genre and performance, and between tradition and situation, in folkloric performances, see Hymes, 'Folklore's Nature and the Sun's Myth,' Journal of American Folklore Vol. 88 October-December, 1975, pp. 345-69."] As Terry Eagleton suggests in Criticism and Ideology, "A power-loom, for one thing, is not altered by its products … in the way that a literary convention is transformed by what it textually works." Analogously, Bakhtin writes that "the goal of the artistic structure of every historical genre is to merge the distances of space and time with the contemporary by the force of all-penetrating social evaluation." It is perhaps because of this purported goal that Bakhtin himself seemed to prefer the novel, which he viewed as a meta-genre incorporating at once all domains of ideology and all other literary genres. Finally, we must emphasize that Bakhtin's model of genre rests upon his insistence that literary evolution is not the result of device reacting against device, as Viktor Shklovsky believed, but rather of ideological, and ultimately socioeconomic, changes.
We see, then, that Bakhtin's work, in its radical rejection of abstraction, system, and the ideology of bourgeois individualism, forms an arena for a powerful struggle between linguistics and speech, theory and history. His theories' capacities for negation and critique are apparent whether we contrast them to the linguistic theories of his time or of ours. Moreover, this capacity for dialogue, contradiction, and complexity also exists in his work's inner speech—in its allusions to, or silences in the presence of, its own social context. In The Formal Method, at the culmination of Bakhtin's presentation of multivalence, we find as a dominant motif an insistence not only on meaning but also on meaningfulness. Bakhtin cannot accept the futurist model of perpetual and content-less motion: he continually rejects the futurists, and their influence on formalism, as nihilistic, even hedonistic, perhaps reminding us of Trotsky's position in Literature and Revolution. In Rabelais and His World, Bakhtin describes a historical period in which the language of the body was transformed by the rise of capitalism into an alien form of discourse. Bakhtin himself lived in a period when a similar drama was being enacted in the transformations of the peasantry by the industrial state. And yet we never find in his work a discussion of the effects of industrial practice or mechanical reproduction on ideological thought. If we look for a pattern of absences in these texts, we may gradually limn the image of the futurist machine and its totalitarian capacity for the negation of dialogue.
Susan Stewart, "Shouts on the Street: Bakhtin's Anti-Linguistics," in Bakhtin: Essays and Dialogues on His Work, edited by Gary Saul Morson, The University of Chicago Press, 1986, pp. 41-57.
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The dangers of Tylenol
Why it's risky to be a bad-ass
Magnets! How do they work to relieve arthritis pain? LOL they don't.
Medical terminology named after Nazis
The missing body of Addie Mae Collins
Yesterday was the 50th anniversary of the bombing of the 16th Street Baptist Church, a major event in the history of civil rights in the United States. Members of the Ku Klux Klan planted a box of dynamite at the church, which was a major organizing center for the black community and civil rights protests. The resulting explosion killed four girls — Addie Mae Collins, Cynthia Wesley, Carole Robertson, and Denise McNair.
That part of the story is pretty well-known. What isn't well known is the fact that one of those girls, Addie Mae Collins, may well have been a victim of racism after her death, thanks to a longstanding tradition where white medical schools raided black cemeteries for dissection cadavers. I happened to stumble across this story last week, while reading Harriet Washington's book, Medical Apartheid. The tale, and how it connects to racism both historical and modern, haunted me all day yesterday.
Read the rest
The history of zits
These are the ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs that are thought to refer to acne. They're part of a nifty piece by Hilda Bastian that looks at the history of our understanding about zits — where people thought they came from before we knew about their relationship to hormones and bacteria. And how some of the myths that originated in that pre-scientific understanding still affect our cultural attitudes about acne and the way anti-acne products are marketed to us today.
Snake wine drinker suffers bite
A Chinese woman reportedly suffered a snake bite when the reptile jumped from her wine bottle and struck her hand. Apparently, the woman from Shuangcheng, Heilongjiang Province had been drinking pickled snake wine to treat her rheumatism, but this particular snake was still living. Snake wine is a common curative in traditional Chinese medicine. (Global Times)
(image: Genghiskhanviet/Wikipedia/CC)
Completely heartbreaking medical case report
Don't listen to Mom (or observational data): Breakfast isn't necessarily the most important meal of the day
How much booze is too much booze?
16th-century nose jobs
What would have killed your 19th-century doppelgänger?
Slate is doing a series of articles on life expectancy in the United States, both how it's changed and why. It kicks off with a piece that gives a broad overview of the medical and public health factors involved in our increased longevity — from clean water and the germ theory of disease, to generally increased wealth and nutrition, to vaccination. But author Laura Helmuth also offers up a morbidly fun challenge, asking you to think about how many times you might have already died had you been born before all these revolutionary changes happened.
It's a fun conversation starter: Why are you not dead yet? It turns out almost everybody has a story, but we rarely hear them; life-saving treatments have become routine. I asked around, and here is a small sample of what would have killed my friends and acquaintances:
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Placebos work, so how do we ethically use them?
The Elephant Man's secrets
"The Elephant Man, Joseph Merrick, was an object of curiosity and ridicule throughout his life - studied, prodded and examined by the Victorian medical establishment. Now, 123 years after his death, scientists believe his bones contain secrets about his condition which could benefit medical science today." [Andrew Bomford / BBC]


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Gladewater is a small town. I think this is the only hotel in town. I guess convenience is the best description.
Management was not overly friendly. Acted suspicious of everything we did. There was a free breakfast but all I saw was a couple of cereal choices. Did not eat there. Free internet didn't work.
Close to where I was
Ran down dirty
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Oleta Adams Guitar Sheet Music: 2 items found
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By Oleta Adams. By Brenda Russell. For voice, piano and guitar chords. This edition: Piano/Vocal/Chords. Artist/Personality; Piano/Vocal/Chords; Sheet; Solo. Gospel and Adult Contemporary. Difficulty: medium. Single. Vocal melody, piano accompaniment, lyrics, chord names and guitar chord diagrams. 6 pages. Published by Hal Leonard (HL.321843)
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By Oleta Adams. For piano, voice and guitar (chords only). Standards. Piano/Vocal/Guitar. 5 pages. Published by Hal Leonard - Digital Sheet Music (HX.223079)
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UN Compensation:
United Nations Should Clarify the Process and Assumptions Underlying Secretariat Professional Salaries
GAO-13-526: Published: May 29, 2013. Publicly Released: May 29, 2013.
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What GAO Found
The International Civil Service Commission (ICSC) determines changes to each component of United Nations (UN) Secretariat professional employees' salaries and calculates the difference between UN and U.S. civil service salaries annually. ICSC recommends adjustments to the first component, base salaries, each year to align with changes to U.S. civil service base salaries. For example, ICSC calculated that U.S. civil service base salaries, including the impact of tax changes, increased 1.37 percent on January 1, 2010 and recommended that the UN base salary scale increase 1.37 percent on January 1, 2011. To set post adjustments, an additional salary component intended to equalize purchasing power, ICSC calculates the cost of living in each duty station. ICSC monitors changes in inflation, exchange rates, and other factors, and updates post adjustments periodically to reflect those changes. ICSC conducts surveys of UN employees and collects data on prices at least once every 5 years to ensure that post adjustments reflect the cost of several categories of expenditures relative to New York City, such as goods and services, housing, and medical insurance. Additionally, ICSC calculates the margin, or percentage difference, between UN and U.S. civil service salaries each year. If this process shows that the margin has fallen below 110 or exceeded 120, ICSC can recommend changes to bring UN salaries within that range.
GAO found that the reported margin between UN and U.S. civil service salaries has increased over the past 10 years, and ICSC's process for calculating this difference and its underlying assumptions lack clarity. ICSC data show that the margin was 116.9 in 2012, up from 109.3 in 2002. GAO found that ICSC has developed a six-step process for comparing salaries using various assumptions about the populations included in their calculation. While GAO found that ICSC makes reasonable assumptions when calculating the margin, GAO analysis showed that making different assumptions changes the results, from as low as 105.2 up to 126.7 for 2012. However, ICSC's presentation of this margin calculation to member states lacks clarity in that it does not adequately describe the process and its underlying assumptions. While ICSC has documented specific steps of the margin calculation, we found that ICSC has generally not documented the process as a whole.
The UN Secretariat provides benefits that are similar to U.S. civil service benefits, as well as allowances that are similar to those provided to U.S. civil service employees serving overseas. The UN offers its staff various benefits, including retirement and health and life insurance benefits, that are similar to those offered to U.S. civil service employees. The UN offers more generous leave benefits to its employees than the U.S. civil service. The UN also provides allowances such as grants for education and rental subsidies to its employees. Eligibility for these allowances depends on each employee's unique circumstances, which makes it difficult to compare UN allowances to U.S. civil service allowances. However, U.S. civil service employees serving overseas are eligible for some similar allowances.
Why GAO Did This Study
Several UN member states have expressed concern that UN employee salaries are increasing, and that they have limited understanding of how the UN determines salaries. ICSC determines salaries for Secretariat professional staff according to the Noblemaire Principle, which states that compensation should be high enough to attract civil servants internationally. In practice, the UN bases salaries for employees on salaries for U.S. civil service employees. The General Assembly has stipulated that salaries should be between 110 and 120 percent of U.S. salaries. The UN and the U.S. government also offer employees benefits and allowances.
GAO was asked to review UN compensation. The report examines (1) how the UN sets salaries for Secretariat professional staff; (2) how the UN compares its employees' salaries with U.S. civil service salaries, including the assumptions underlying its process: and (3) how benefits and allowances provided to UN employees compare with those provided to U.S. civil service employees. GAO analyzed UN and U.S. government documents and interviewed U.S. and UN officials and other stakeholders.
What GAO Recommends
GAO recommends that the U.S. Mission to the UN work with other member states to request that ICSC clarify the assumptions of the margin process and make this information available to member states. The Department of State concurred with this recommendation. ICSC did not agree with our conclusion and noted that its methodology is transparent.
Recommendation for Executive Action
Status: Open
Comments: According to Department of State officials, as of November 2014, the U.S. Mission to the United Nations is working with the UN's International Civil Service Commission to complete a comprehensive compensation review which should clarify the process that the International Civil Service Commission uses to set UN Secretariat salaries. They expect the review to be released in 2015 or 2016.
Recommendation: To enable member states to effectively oversee ICSC's process for setting and adjusting salaries and ensure that its work is in line with General Assembly decisions, the Secretary of State should direct the U.S. Mission to the UN to work with other member states to request that ICSC clarify its process and the underlying assumptions for comparing UN and U.S. salaries and make this information available to member states.
Agency Affected: Department of State
Explore the full database of GAO's Open Recommendations »
May 19, 2015
Afghanistan:Embassy Construction Cost and Schedule Have Increased, and Further Facilities Planning Is NeededGAO-15-410: Published: May 19, 2015. Publicly Released: May 19, 2015.
May 14, 2015
United Nations Renovations:Original Scope Reduced and Project Over Budget, but Lessons Learned Could Improve Future ProjectsGAO-15-414: Published: May 14, 2015. Publicly Released: May 14, 2015.
International Education Assistance:USAID Has Implemented Primary Grade Reading Programs but Has Not Yet Measured Progress toward Its Strategic GoalGAO-15-479: Published: May 7, 2015. Publicly Released: May 14, 2015.
May 13, 2015
North Korea Sanctions:United States Has Increased Flexibility to Impose Sanctions, but United Nations Is Impeded by a Lack of Member State ReportsGAO-15-485: Published: May 13, 2015. Publicly Released: May 13, 2015.
Apr 24, 2015
State Department Construction:Basis for Building versus Leasing Decisions Was Insufficiently Documented at Three EmbassiesGAO-15-472R: Published: Apr 24, 2015. Publicly Released: Apr 24, 2015.
Mar 26, 2015
International Cash-Based Food Assistance:USAID Has Developed Processes for Initial Project Approval but Should Strengthen Financial OversightGAO-15-328: Published: Mar 26, 2015. Publicly Released: Mar 26, 2015.
Mar 13, 2015
Summer Work Travel Program:State Department Has Taken Steps to Strengthen Program Requirements, but Additional Actions Could Further Enhance OversightGAO-15-265: Published: Feb 11, 2015. Publicly Released: Mar 13, 2015.
Mar 12, 2015
Egypt:U.S. Government Should Examine Options for Using Unobligated Funds and Evaluating Security Assistance ProgramsGAO-15-259: Published: Feb 11, 2015. Publicly Released: Mar 12, 2015.
Feb 27, 2015
Central America:Information on Migration of Unaccompanied Children from El Salvador, Guatemala, and HondurasGAO-15-362: Published: Feb 27, 2015. Publicly Released: Feb 27, 2015.
Feb 25, 2015
African Growth and Opportunity Act:Lessons Learned from Other Countries' Trade Arrangements with Sub-Saharan AfricaGAO-15-393R: Published: Feb 25, 2015. Publicly Released: Feb 25, 2015.
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This month we will read "The Girl of Fire and Thorns" by Rae Carson. A fearful sixteen-year-old princess discovers her heroic destiny after being married off to the king of a neighboring country in turmoil and pursued by enemies seething with dark magic.
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Ages 12-18. Registration required.


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Chocolate Birthday Favor Box
Chocolate Brown Fall Leaf Favor Boxes
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Give your birthday party guests something sweet to celebrate your special day by filling these elegant favor boxes with your favorite candy! Shimmery finishes come on white, silver, and ivory boxes only. The remaining colors feature a classic matte finish. Each box can be personalized with a foil imprint in your choice of a single initial, monogram or names and event date. Make sure to fill your favor boxes with sweet treats like personalized birthday ...View Product
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Elegant, versatile and easy to use, these pillow boxes are old favorites when it comes to favors and gifts packaging. Imported from Italy, these high-quality little boxes are constructed in heavy cardstock in the hottest colors of the season including Robin's Egg Blue and chocolate brown. The perfect size for birthday party favors, jewelry gifts and candy favors.View Product
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|08Martin Paper.pdf
|Adobe Portable Document Format
|The biogeochemical behaviour of selenium in two lentic environments in the Elk River Valley, British Columbia
|Martin, Alan J.; Wallschläger, Dirk; London, Jacqueline; Wiramanaden, Cheryl I. E.; Pickering, Ingrid J.; Belzile, Nelson; Chen, Yu-Wei; Simpson, Stephanie
|Issue Date:
|Publicly Available in cIRcle
|Series/Report no.
|British Columbia Mine Reclamation Symposium 2008
|The biogeochemical behaviour of selenium (Se) in two lentic environments (Goddard Marsh (GM) and Fording River Oxbow (FRO)) was assessed through detailed examination of Se speciation in bottom water, porewater and sediment components. The depositional environments at GM and FRO differ with regards to organic matter content, organic matter sources (as revealed by C:N ratios) and redox character. X-ray absorption near edge spectral (XANES) data suggest that elemental Se and organo-Se represent the dominant hosts for Se at GM and FRO. At both sites, the vertical distributions of dissolved Se species in porewater are closely linked to the profiles of redox-sensitive metabolites. Porewater profiles indicate that the sediments at GM and FRO are serving as diffusive sinks for Se through in situ adsorption/precipitation of Se in suboxic horizons. Although the sediments at both sites serve as net sinks for dissolved Se, interfacial peaks in dissolved selenite (SeIV) and organo-Se demonstrate these species are recycled back into the water column. The conditions present at GM are more favourable for the recycling of reduced Se species. Such observations can be linked to subtle differences in redox conditions as illustrated by profiles of redox-sensitive species (dissolved NO₃-, Fe, Mn, SO₄²- and ΣH₂S). These differences have important implications to both the recycling of reduced Se species into the water column and Se uptake by aquatic biota. Implications with regards to Se management, bioremediation and biologically availability (food chain transport) are discussed.
|Applied Science, Faculty of
|Peer Review Status:
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Aztecs survive another X-ray scare
Rahon shot 77.6 percent from the line in his freshman year at Santa Clara before transferring to SDSU and this season is down to 65.7 percent (23-of-35), fourth worst on the team and the lowest among the Aztecs' top six players.
"It eats me up inside," said Rahon, who ranks third in the MWC in three-point shooting (45.3 percent). "But I've been shooting free throws since I was 5 years old, and I've learned to forget about the last one and just worry about making the next one."
Rahon shot 85 free throws at Santa Clara, averaging one attempt every 10.2 minutes. In 27 games this season, he has 35 attempts – or one every 17.4 minutes.
"Part of it is that I need to get to the line more (to get into a rhythm)," Rahon said. "I'm not getting to the line that much here. But no excuses. I just need to start making them."
Fisher said James Rahon would start ahead of Tapley against Air Force in Saturday's 11 a.m. PST game … D.J. Gay has played 940 minutes, nearly 100 more than the next closest teammate (Kawhi Leonard with 842). In 12 conference games, he's averaging 37.3 minutes. "As the game went on, some of us fatigued more than others," Gay said of the New Mexico game. "And I think I was one of the people who felt those heavy minutes get to me." … Shelton said the bone bruise on his right foot "started bothering me a little bit" on Wednesday night, limiting him to four minutes in his first game action since injuring it Feb. 5.


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SPECIAL OFFERSee details
Extra 15%: Offer is valid Tuesday 5/28/15 online and by phone only. No coupon code is required to receive offer online or by phone. Online, discount is reflected in cart. Extra 15% off is not valid on bikes, Team Performance memberships or renewals, gift cards, Spin Doctor Services or Service Plans, previous purchases, shipping or sales tax. Some brand and/or item exclusions may apply to this promotion – visit Terms and Conditions for details. Offer cannot be combined with any other coupon. Photographic, typographic and pricing errors are unintentional and subject to change.
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Ottawa Athletics
The Ottawa Athletics were a professional minor-league baseball team based in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada that operated from 1952-1954. The team played at Lansdowne Park in Ottawa.
After the 1951 season, the Ottawa Giants folded. However, the Philadelphia Athletics were interested in locating their AAA affiliate in Canada's capital, and in 1952, the Ottawa Athletics were formed.
The team relocated in 1955 to Columbus, Ohio to become the Columbus Jets and remained the A's (who had moved to Kansas City, Missouri) AAA affiliate until 1957. In 1971 the franchise left Columbus due to the poor condition of the ballpark and relocated to Charleston, West Virginia as the Charleston Charlies. The team returned to Columbus in 1977 to become the Columbus Clippers.
See also[edit]
- Lloyd Johnson and Miles Wolff, editors. The Encyclopedia of Minor League Baseball, 1997 edition. Durham, N.C.: Baseball America.
|This article relating to Ottawa and to Canada's National Capital Region is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
|This article about a baseball team in Canada is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
- Sports clubs established in 1952
- Sports clubs disestablished in 1954
- Defunct International League teams
- Baseball teams in Ottawa
- Philadelphia Athletics minor league affiliates
- Defunct baseball teams in Canada
- 1952 establishments in Canada
- 1954 disestablishments in Canada
- Ottawa stubs
- Baseball team stubs
- Canadian sports team stubs


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Nicola Mary Bayley
1 of 2 portraits of Nicola Mary Bayley
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Nicola Mary Bayley
by Kevin Lear
cold press natural archival print, 1970
Given by Kevin Lear, 2013
Photographs Collection
NPG x137659
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- Nicola Mary Bayley (1949-), Artist and illustrator. Sitter in 2 portraits.
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- Kevin Lear. Artist of 5 portraits.


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And to achieve it took a lot of token like Chuck E. Cheese
from Lupe Fiasco – Form Follows Function Lyrics on Genius
Continuing the weed metaphor, he makes a homonym between tokens and toking (a verb for inhaling weed).
As Ab Soul says, "Nugs big as Chucky Cheese tokens and I'm toking
He's also saying that to get to the level he's at now — took a lot token like chuck e cheese, means he had to play the game (tokens from game machines) to get here, he had to put up with the labels bullshit and jump through their hoops to get here now to a position where he can really flow and drop knowledge how he wants to.
But wait..is this a triple entendre? after saying thought provoking reads, it could be a triple meaning on toking, token and Tolkien (the author of the Lord of the Rings series)
To help improve the quality of the lyrics, visit Lupe Fiasco – Form Follows Function Lyrics and leave a suggestion at the bottom of the page


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Perception Challenge has next-generation robots in its sights
Recognition and 6 degree of freedom pose of an Odwalla juice bottle found in clutter
The PR2 robot fitted with a Kinect sensor
"Robot's eye view" showing how some common household objects appear through the vision system being used in the Perception Challenge - although the objects are fuzzy because the cameras have limited resolution, the images do provide information on depth (Image: Willow Garage)
The 35 known objects that must be identified
Despite all the breakthroughs in the world of robotics, we still seem to be some way off the kind of advanced robots that can autonomously carry out a variety of tasks in unstructured and cluttered environments. One of the key bottlenecks holding back the development of such next-generation robots is how robots perceive the data gathered from their various sensors. Willow Garage, the Californian robotics company behind the PR2 open platform robot, has teamed up with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to launch an international "perception challenge" with the goal of encouraging improvements to sensing and perception technologies for next-generation robots.
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Our court reporting firm is often asked to provide streaming services at depositions. Attorneys and/or expert witnesses at remote locations are able to log onto a url and can participate by seeing and hearing the proceedings. They are also able to read the realtime text as the court reporter is taking down the testimony.
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A Jack and Coke is a cocktail consisting of Coca-Cola an... ...nd Coke is a cocktail consisting of Coca-Cola and Jack Daniel 's brand whiskey. Amy, the food blogger who we las... ...ey. It looks amazing! I suggest pairing it with a Jack and Coke.http://www.neatorama.com/2014/10/04/How-to-Make-Jack-Daniels-and-Coke-Pie/
How to Make Jack Daniel's & Coke Pie
This Man Wants to Be Buried in a Jack Daniel's Bottle Coffin
(Photo: Evoke.ie)'I didn't want a norm... ...ely different and I decided my favourite drink is Jack Daniel 's.Anto Wickham of Belfast, UK, has the righ...http://www.neatorama.com/2014/08/08/This-Man-Wants-to-Be-Buried-in-a-Jack-Daniels-Bottle-Coffin/
Original Recipe for Jack Daniel's Whiskey Found in Old Welsh Book of Home Remedies
The origins of the divine whiskey from Lynchburg,... ...853 by his great-great grandmother who was called Daniels and was a local herbalist in Llanelli, South Wale... ...ame time to move to Lynchburg Tennessee where the Jack Daniel 's distillery was opened three years later. And... ...stillery was opened t...http://www.neatorama.com/2012/10/06/Original-Recipe-for-Jack-Daniels-Whiskey-Found-in-Old-Welsh-Book-of-Home-Remedies/
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'Mad Men' Star Vincent Kartheiser Lists His Tiny Home in Hollywood
Measuring 603 square feet, "Pete's" bungalow has an elevating bed and many other clever, space-saving features.
If such a heavy dose of life imitating art is a little too strong for you, know that this is where it ends. While Pete Campbell is a competitive and petulant striver who always seems to be overreaching, in real life, Kartheiser, who also starred in the TV series Angel, is as low maintenance as they come. He bought the 2,325-square-foot, rundown Hollywood property back in 2004 for $547,000, and was content to live there for six years until 2010, when he hired architect Funn Roberts to spiff it up.
One of the more cunning features of the tiny space is a bed that easily elevates up to the ceiling via a pulley system. It has a redwood headboard that can be flipped out and used for a desk during the day. A heavy velvet theater curtain can be pulled across the bedroom area to separate it from the rest of the open home.
A striking, custom-crafted steel and glass door opens into the living area, which has a teak entertainment unit and a gas fireplace opposite a cozy seating space. Further into the room you'll find the kitchen/dining area with teak cabinetry and full-sized stainless steel appliances. The bedroom area lies just beyond.
closets and a full bathroom are hidden behind custom Shoji-inspired fiberglass and steel screens that run down one side of the house. The bathroom features a large stone shower and soaking tub, and a unique custom sink carved out of a handpicked boulder found in Topanga Canyon.
The living space is expanded by a private, covered courtyard that links the main house to the spa. The courtyard has a stylish, built-in seating area with a coffee table that converts into an outdoor fireplace.
The spa, which is lavish in material and space considering the size of the property, has a large double shower, a steam room and a dry sauna with an artistic ceiling hand-crafted from 2,500 pieces of wood. It also contains a laundry room with custom cabinetry, and a powder room.


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Our NOLA Weather app, which can be downloaded for free in the Android Marketplace or the App Store has been redesigned for easier access to vital weather information including radars, forecasts, hurricane tracks, the latest forecast video and daily tropical weather updates. The NOLAweather app also includes forecasts for all the metro areas, temperatures, wind chills and Twitter alerts from our weather department.
You can see if your area is under a watch or warning, and check out any closings associated with severe weather. We also have contraflow instructions, should the need arise.
You can also keep up with Tropical Weather on our regular WWL-TV.com app and our iPad app.
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