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Basic principles.
With few and relatively unimportant exceptions, all the modern control systems have two fundamental characteristics in common. These can be described as follows: (1) The value of the controlled quantity is varied by a motor (this word being used in a generalized sense), which draws its power from a local source rather than from an incoming signal. Thus there is available a large amount of power to effect necessary variations of the controlled quantity and to ensure that the operations of varying the controlled quantity do not load and distort the signals on which the accuracy of the control depends. (2) The rate at which energy is fed to the motor to effect variations in the value of the controlled quantity is determined more or less directly by some function of the difference between the actual and desired values of the controlled quantity. Thus, for example, in the case of a thermostatic heating system, the supply of fuel to the furnace is determined by whether the actual temperature is higher or lower than the desired temperature. A control system possessing these fundamental characteristics is called a closed-loop control system, or a servomechanism (see Figure). Open-loop control systems are feedforward systems.
The stability of a control system is determined to a large extent by its response to a suddenly applied signal, or transient. If such a signal causes the system to overcorrect itself, a phenomenon called hunting may occur in which the system first overcorrects itself in one direction and then overcorrects itself in the opposite direction. Because hunting is undesirable, measures are usually taken to correct it. The most common corrective measure is the addition of damping somewhere in the system. Damping slows down system response and avoids excessive overshoots or overcorrections. Damping can be in the form of electrical resistance in an electronic circuit, the application of a brake in a mechanical circuit, or forcing oil through a small orifice as in shock-absorber damping.
Another method of ascertaining the stability of a control system is to determine its frequency response—i.e., its response to a continuously varying input signal at various frequencies. The output of the control system is then compared to the input with respect to amplitude and to phase—i.e., the degree with which the input and output signals are out of step. Frequency response can be either determined experimentally—especially in electrical systems—or calculated mathematically if the constants of the system are known. Mathematical calculations are particularly useful for systems that can be described by ordinary linear differential equations. Graphic shortcuts also help greatly in the study of system responses.
Several other techniques enter into the design of advanced control systems. Adaptive control is the capability of the system to modify its own operation to achieve the best possible mode of operation. A general definition of adaptive control implies that an adaptive system must be capable of performing the following functions: providing continuous information about the present state of the system or identifying the process; comparing present system performance to the desired or optimum performance and making a decision to change the system to achieve the defined optimum performance; and initiating a proper modification to drive the control system to the optimum. These three principles—identification, decision, and modification—are inherent in any adaptive system.
Dynamic-optimizing control requires the control system to operate in such a way that a specific performance criterion is satisfied. This criterion is usually formulated in such terms that the controlled system must move from the original to a new position in the minimum possible time or at minimum total cost.
Learning control implies that the control system contains sufficient computational ability so that it can develop representations of the mathematical model of the system being controlled and can modify its own operation to take advantage of this newly developed knowledge. Thus, the learning control system is a further development of the adaptive controller.
Multivariable-noninteracting control involves large systems in which the size of internal variables is dependent upon the values of other related variables of the process. Thus the single-loop techniques of classical control theory will not suffice. More sophisticated techniques must be used to develop appropriate control systems for such processes.


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2006 BEST Coffee Shop, Neighborhood, Beacon Hill
It now serves both lunch and dinner, but the bakery-café is still the spot for a midmorning espresso.
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Credits & Info
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If you liked this, check these out!
Author Comments
Rated 5 / 5 stars
Excellent flash as always man.
And I know exactly how he feels. Whenever I finish the last quest, I always have that moment of "Well shit. Now what. Guess I'll go......I dunno, slaughter some bandit's or something."
Rated 5 / 5 stars
I like the way that turned out.
Rated 5 / 5 stars
This was really good! I love this!
Let me know if you ever need a voice actor in the future.
*Thumbs up*
Rated 5 / 5 stars
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Rated 4.5 / 5 stars
Haha. Good writing, good animation, good voices. I felt the energy! This is the first I've seen of the Fable Experience series. I want to go watch some more, now!


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Tarrier, N., H. Pilgrim, C. Sommerfield, B. Faragher, M. Reynolds, E. Graham, and C. Barrowclough. 1999. A randomized trial of cognitive therapy and imaginal exposure in the treatment of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 67(1):13-18.
Taylor, S., D. S. Thordarson, L. Maxfield, I. C. Fedoroff, K. Lovell, and J. Ogrodniczuk. 2003. Comparative efficacy, speed, and adverse effects of three PTSD treatments: Exposure therapy, EMDR, and relaxation training. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 71(2):330-338.
Valentine, P. V., and T. E. Smith. 2001. Evaluating traumatic incident reduction therapy with female inmates: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Research on Social Work Practice 11(1):40-52.
van der Kolk B. A., S. J. Spinazzola, M. E. Blaustein, J. W. Hopper, E. K. Hooper, D. L. Korn, and W. B. Simpson. 2007. A randomized clinical trial of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), fluoxetine, and pill placebo in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: Treatment effects and long-term maintenance. Clinical Psychiatry 68(1):37-46.
van Minnen, A., and E. B. Foa. 2006. The effect of imaginal exposure length on outcome of treatment for PTSD. Journal of Traumatic Stress 19(4):427-438.
Vaughan, K., M. S. Armstrong, R. Gold, N. O'Connor, W. Jenneke, and N. Tarrier. 1994. A trial of eye movement desensitization compared to image habituation training and applied muscle relaxation in post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 25(4):283-291.
Watson, C. G., J. R. Tuorila, K. S. Vickers, L. P. Gearhart, and C. M. Mendez. 1997. The efficacies of three relaxation regimens in the treatment of PTSD in Vietnam War veterans. Journal of Clinical Psychology 53(8):917-923.
Wilson, S. A., L. A. Becker, and R. H. Tinker. 1995. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) treatment for psychologically traumatized individuals. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 63(6):928-937.
Wilson, S. A., L. A. Becker, and R. H. Tinker. 1997. Fifteen-month follow-up of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder and psychological trauma. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 65:1047-1056.
Zatzick, D., P. Roy-Byrne, J. Russo, F. Rivara, R. Droesch, A. Wagner, C. Dunn, G. Jurkovich, E. Uehara, and W. Katon. 2004. A randomized effectiveness trial of stepped collaborative care for acutely injured trauma survivors. Archives of General Psychiatry 61(5):498-506.
Zayfert, C., J. C. Deviva, C. B. Becker, J. L. Pike, K. L. Gillock, and S. A. Hayes. 2005. Exposure utilization and completion of cognitive behavioral therapy for PTSD in a "real world" clinical practice. Journal of Traumatic Stress 18(6):637-645.
Zlotnick, C., T. M. Shea, K. Rosen, E. Simpson, K. Mulrenin, A. Begin, and T. Pearlstein. 1997. An affect-management group for women with posttraumatic stress disorder and histories of childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Traumatic Stress 10(3):425-436.


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Validation of the multiple language versions of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-37 for refugee adolescents.
During the last 20 years, there has been a substantial influx of immigrants and refugees to Europe (Eurostat, 2002). This has led to many more schools in Dutch and Belgian metropolitan areas providing education for children and adolescents who do not speak the language of the host country fluently. The transition from one country to another implies changes and difficulties such as the loss of social networks, changes in work status as well as encountering discrimination that can be very distressing (Vinokurov, Trickett, & Birman, 2002).
The traditional higher-order latent structure of internalizing (overcontrolling) and externalizing (undercontrolling) problems have for many years been a useful framework for emotional distress and maladaptive behaviors of children and adolescents (e.g., Achenbach & Edelbrock, 1978; Southam-Gerow & Kendall, 2002). In recent years, Krueger and colleagues (2001) confirmed the usefulness of this dichotomy in explaining the covariance among adult mental health and personality disorders. Moreover, Miller and colleagues (2003) have put forward an internalizing/externalizing model to explain the reactions of traumatic stress among adult combat veterans. The internalizing/ externalizing model seems to provide an adequate framework in which traumatic stress reactions and/or (comorbid) psychopathology can be understood.
The literature on the mental health of refugee adolescents depicts a high prevalence of psychosocial symptoms reported by refugee adolescents (Felsman, Leong, Johnson, & Felsman, 1990; Sack et al., 1993; Sourander, 1998; Smith, Perrin, Yule, Hacam, & Stuvland, 2002). The most frequently reported symptoms are somatic complaints, anxiety, depression, and (post)traumatic stress reactions. Unaccompanied refugee minors (URM) run an especially high risk for developing psychopathology due to separation from primary caregivers, exposure to sequential stressful events, limited educational opportunities, and conditions in asylum centers during a very vulnerable developmental period (Felsman et al., 1990; Sourander, 1998). High comorbidity has been documented between reactions to traumatic stress and other disorders such as depression (Sack et al., 1993) and anxiety (Warshaw et al., 1993). Significant adults in the lives of adolescents (i.e., caregivers, teachers) often report a lower prevalence of internalizing problems than do the adolescents themselves since they have difficulty determining the extent to which the adolescents suffer from psychological distress.
On the other hand, perceiving the disturbing nature of externalizing problems is not difficult. Adolescents with conduct problems have been found to be referred much sooner and more often to professional mental healthcare services than adolescents with internalizing problems (Wu et al., 1999). The literature on conduct problems of refugee adolescents is very limited. Allwood, Bell-Dolan, & Husain (2002) found a strong association between witnessing of organized violence and exhibiting aggressive behavior. Jensen and Shaw (1993) suggest that adolescents who have witnessed or taken part in a war are more likely to show delinquent or anti-social behavior. This opinion is, however, not supported in four studies which evaluated the delinquent and aggressive behaviors of refugee adolescents (Raboteg-Saric, Zuzul, & Kerestes, 1994; Mollica et al., 1997; Rousseau, Drapeau, & Corin, 1998; Sourander, 1998). Different authors (i.e., Pynoos & Nader, 1993) report that adolescents may temporarily show increased risk behavior following the witnessing/experiencing of a traumatic event. Moreover, several studies have found high levels of comorbidity between externalizing behavior and experiencing traumatic stress reactions among American adolescents (Deykin & Buka, 1997; Wozniak et al., 1999).
The "pathway" to professional mental healthcare for refugee adolescents has more barriers than for native adolescents in host countries (e.g., Howard & Hodes, 2000). There is sufficient evidence in the literature suggesting that young people in general who are in need of psychological support or treatment do not receive it (i.e., U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1999; Cuffe, Waller, Cuccaro, Pumareiga, & Garrison, 1995) or only when the symptoms have progressed and are perceived by significant adults in their lives (e.g., Wu et al., 1999). The psychological suffering of Unaccompanied Refugee Minors (URM) can go completely unnoticed due to the absence of parents or permanent caregivers, language difficulties, and living in minimally adult-supervised residential settings. Mental healthcare professionals in host countries are often hindered in acquiring accurate information concerning the mental health status of refugee adolescents due, in part, to language difficulties, lack of medical/psychological background information and reliable and valid translated diagnostic instruments.
Approaching refugee youth with long psychological questionnaires/interviews can be overwhelming (Barenbaum, Ruchkin, & Schwab-Stone, 2004). Brief, translated psychological instruments that measure reactions associated with traumatic stress could be of great assistance to mental healthcare professionals in the process of screening, diagnosing, and monitoring the mental health status of this specific population. An increasing number of studies have been conducted with refugee culturally homogeneous samples (Papageorgiu et al., 2000; Thabet & Vostanis, 1999) or samples from two different countries of origin (Rousseau & Drapeau, 1998). Smith and colleagues (2003) have validated the Revised-Impact of Events Scale with older children from Bosnia. However, the same instrument yielded less reliable results with older children and adolescents from Rwanda (Dyregrov, Gupya, Gjestad, & Mukanoheli, 2000) which clearly illustrates that a measure that has been validated for one immigrant or refugee population does not implicitly infer that it is valid and reliable for all refugee and immigrant populations.
Furthermore, a limited number of reliable and valid diagnostic instruments have established norms for immigrant/refugee adolescents to measure psychosocial distress and maladaptive behaviors. The Youth Self Report (Achenbach, 1991) and Strengths and Difficulties questionnaire (Goodman, 1997) have been used with refugee adolescents from certain countries to measures emotional and behavior problems (Fazel & Stein, 2002; Mollica et al., 1997). However, as far as it is known by the authors, these checklists as well as others used with refugee children (i.e., Smith et al., 2002) have not been validated for culturally diverse adolescent populations following the five dimensions of equivalence for cross-cultural validation of an instrument proposed by Flaherty et al. (1988).
Aims of the Study
Modifications were made to one of the well-known instruments that has been used with refugees/non-western populations of adults over the last 15 years, the Hopkins-Symptom Checklist-25 (Lie, 2002; Mollica et al., 1987) to make it accessible to immigrant/refugee adolescents from a variety of cultures. The objective of this study was to provide preliminary information concerning the psychometric properties of the modified version of the HSCL-25 (Winokur, Winokur, Rickels, & Cox, 1984) the HSCL-37 for adolescents. Twelve externalizing items have been added to the 25 original items related to internalizing problems in order to measure externalizing problematic behavior in adolescents which may be trauma-related.
Context of the Validation Study
In the years preceding 2001, there was a dramatic increase in the number of URM living in the Netherlands, peaking at 15,000 in 2001. Because there was (and still is) a lack of research on the mental health and service utilization of URM, a national and longitudinal research project "Unaccompanied Refugee Minors and Dutch Mental Health Care Services" was started among unaccompanied refugee minors living in The Netherlands and their guardians, teachers, and professional mental healthcare providers. A secondary aim of the project was to validate and standardize screening instruments for this specific population group. It was also possible to administer the HSCL-37A in an independent research project conducted by the Department of Orthopedagogics, Ghent University, Belgium that examined whether being unaccompanied is a risk factor for refugee children and adolescents to develop emotional and behavioral problems.
A national, longitudinal study was carried out with URM living in the Netherlands. Approximately 4,000 URM were randomly selected from the Central Register of Nidos. Information about the study and permission waivers (available in translated versions) were sent to the guardians to discuss with the URM. Both the minor and his/her guardian gave written permission for the URM to participate. Roughly 2,300 URM permission waivers were returned; 57% wished to participate, 15% refused, 12% did not participate for a wide range of practical reasons, 9% were transferred to a different residential setting, and 7% turned out to be untraceable. A total of 920 URM were present for participation. The final sample was statistically representative (data not shown) in all of the main characteristics (age, gender, country of origin, type of residential setting) of the total URM population aged 12 to 18 years in 2002 in the Netherlands. The URM came from 48 countries, predominantly Angola (43%), Sierra Leone (10%), and China (8%). Two-thirds of the sample had lived in the Netherlands for a period of 18 months or less; 45% of the URM sample had received 5 years or less of formal education in their country of origin. A follow-up (63% of the original sample participated) was conducted one year after the first assessment. An interview regarding mental health care was individually administered. At least three research assistants administered the questionnaires during one hour to groups of 10 URM.
Dutch national sample (n = 1,059). Pupils from ten secondary and three tertiary trade schools throughout the Netherlands (schools had also taken part in the URM study) participated and functioned as a control group for the URM sample. Two weeks prior to administration of the instruments, informed consent letters were sent to the parents and adolescents asking for voluntary and anonymous participation (27 students abstained from participation). Assessment of the Dutch sample took approximately 15 minutes.
Belgian immigrant/refugee adolescents residing in The Netherlands (n = 1,294). A large study was carried out with non-Dutch speaking immigrant adolescents in Flanders (Belgium) during November 2002 to May 2003. The adolescents were from 111 countries, predominantly Morocco (14%), Ghana (11%), and Turkey (9%). All schools received standard informed consent letters (translated versions were available) asking parents and students for voluntary and anonymous participation. In 2002, there were 42 secondary schools in Flanders which provided education for recently immigrated adolescents. Thirty-four schools were randomly chosen to participate in the study of which none declined; 65% of the number of recently (less than 1 year) immigrated adolescents (immigrants and refugees) in Flanders between 13-18 years of age, participated in the study. Only 1 student abstained from participation who was present on the day of assessment. There was a continuous steam of new students during the year, which made it difficult to test the entire population. No attempt was made to test adolescents who were not present on assessment day. The assessment took place (1 hour) under supervision of two research assistants.
Belgian national sample (n = 617). A control group of Belgian adolescents participated between January 2003 and May 2003 for the Belgium immigrant/refugee study. From the six Flemish provinces, 17 secondary schools were randomly selected to participate in the study. All schools received standard informed consent letters asking parents and students for voluntary and anonymous participation. To assemble a well-balanced normative sample of the Flanders adolescent population, the same percentage of Belgian adolescents and immigrant/refugee adolescents per province took part in the study. In this way, there would not be an overrepresentation of Belgian adolescents living in urban or rural areas. Furthermore, the proportions for the different age and gender groups of the Belgian adolescents were carefully matched with those of the immigrant/refugee sample so that the two groups were similar on these variables. Finally, per province, the secondary schools chosen had students that were following all three educational track levels (trade, occupational, and preparatory for university). No Flemish student refrained from participating.
The HSCL-37A (Bean, Derluyn, Eurelings-Bontekoe, & Spinhoven 2004a) was modified to render the instrument multi-cultural and adolescent friendly. A 4-point rating scale in literal terms (not/never = 1, sometimes = 2, often = 3, always = 4) was used to indicate the severity of symptoms, feelings or behaviors. The literal terms of the Likert scale was improved by placing different colored balls increasing in size above the literal rating scale to clarify "quantity" of feelings. Second, items were (if needed) simplified to adapt the questionnaire to the (Dutch) language abilities of this population based on a vocabulary list developed for immigrant adolescents to the Netherlands, and third, the questionnaires were translated and presented in a bilingual form (Dutch-foreign language). It was necessary to have the questionnaires in this form because many of the refugee adolescents had limited written knowledge of their own language and learned the Dutch language quickly, allowing them to use both languages in order to better comprehend the item.
The HSCL-37A, SLE, and RATS questionnaires were all translated into the most prevalent languages of URM in the Netherlands: Albanian, Amharic, Arabic, Baldini, Chinese, Dari, Dutch, English, Farsi, French, German, Mongolian, Portuguese, Russian, Servo-Croation, Soerani, Somalil, Spanish and Turkish. No written back-translations were done in this study. All written forward translations were done by professional translators. Every translation was controlled for grammatical and idiomatic errors on two different occasions by two different translators. The translated questionnaires were reviewed orally with professional interpreters who where regularly involved in treatment sessions of traumatized adult refugees to control the quality of the translations, to ensure that the original meaning was conveyed in the items, and to attempt to achieve semantic equivalence of the HSCL-37A. All of the instruments were tested in a pilot study. If an adolescent filled in a bilingual version of the instruments (Dutch/foreign language), the foreign language of the questionnaire was recorded. If an adolescent completed the Dutch language version only, Dutch was recorded as the language of the questionnaire(s).
The internalizing scale of the HSCL-37A can be divided into ten anxiety questions (items 1, 2, 5, 9, 12, 16, 19, 22, 26, 29) and fifteen depression questions (items 6, 10, 13, 15, 17, 20, 23, 24, 27, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36). Twelve items were added to measure externalizing behavior which may be trauma-related. The items bullies, steal things, intentionally hurting someone, starts fights, destroying others' property correspond with five criteria from the diagnosis for a Conduct Disorder. The item easily angered and argues often correspond with two criteria from the diagnosis for an Oppositional Defiant Disorder according to the DSM-IV (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). The other five items are related to substance abuse (use of alcohol on the weekend, use of alcohol through the week, smoking cigarettes, use of sedatives, and use of drugs). The scale for externalizing behavior (items 3, 7, 11, 14, 18, 21, 34, 3, 8, 25, 28, 37; min = 12, max = 48) can be used to attain a total score for externalizing behavior. The total score of the HSCL-37A consists of all 37 items (min = 37, max. = 148). Percentile scores and severity classifications are available in the user's manual (Bean et al., 2004a).
The Stressful Live Events questionnaire (SLE) (Bean, Derluyn, Eurelings-Bontekoe, Broekaert, & Spinhoven, 2006; Bean et al., 2004b) consists of 12 dichotomous (yes/no) questions and an open question on the occurrence of stressful life events of relevance for adolescent refugee minors (e.g., "Have you ever experienced a war or an armed military conflict going on around you in your country of birth?" or "Has someone ever hit, kicked, shot at or tried in some other way to physically hurt you?"). Experiencing a traumatic event is the first criterion of the A cluster of the SDM-IV for PTSD (APA, 1994). The overall average total score of 6.5 of the SLE has been validated in 5 independent studies (Bean et al., 2004b).
The Reactions of Adolescents to Traumatic Stress (RATS) (Bean et al., 2006; Bean et al., 2004c) is a self-report questionnaire developed to assess posttraumatic stress reactions defined in the DSM-IV (APA, 1994) with culturally diverse adolescents. The twenty-two item scale can be divided into three subscales: intrusion (six items), avoidance (nine items), and hyper-arousal (seven items) which correspond to the 17 criteria in a PTSD diagnosis. Internal reliability for the URM sample for the total score, intrusion, numbing/avoidance, and hyperarousal was correspondingly, .88, .85, .69, and .73. Twelve-month test-retest reliability was for total score .61 (p < .001). Using a confirmatory factor analysis, the three-factor structure was verified in the URM sample with a loss of only 3% of the explained variance. Similar results were confirmed in the other 3 samples.
The self-report version for 11- to 16-year olds of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) (Goodman, 1997) is a screening questionnaire that measures twenty-five attributes divided into five subscales: emotional symptoms, conduct problems, inattention-hyperactivity, peer problems, and pro-social behavior. Research shows that the SDQ has an acceptable reliability and validity (Goodman, 2001). The SDQ was also available in the languages of the immigrant/ refugee adolescents in Belgium. In this study, the internal reliability (Cronbach's alpha) of the total score of the multiple language versions of the SDQ ranged from .62-.79, with an average value of .63. Average sub-scales reliability was low-to unacceptable .68, emotion symptoms -.42, peer problems for the total population.
Indicators of Psychopathology
The criteria "referral" and "utilization of MHC" have been documented as being important in the evaluation of psychopathology in children and adolescents (i.e., Verhulst & Van der Ende, 1997). For this reason, (a) self-reported need for mental health care (MHC); (b) need for professional MHC for the URM, evaluated by the legal guardian; (c) need for professional MHC for the URM, evaluated by the teacher; (d) self-reported utilization of MHC by URM; and (e) referral to MHC services by a legal guardian were utilized as external criteria of psychopathology. The URM were individually interviewed in Dutch about their needs and mental health use. They were also able to read the questions in one of the languages mentioned previously. Guardians and teachers received short questionnaires on need for professional MHC and referral to MHC services by URM which they completed and returned by mail.
A strong, significant, and positive relationship should exist between the HSCL-37A total and the SDQ total scores because these two scales measure the same construct. There should also be a strong association between the HSCL-37A internalizing scale and the RATS because as reported earlier, high comorbidity has been found between PTSD on the one hand and general anxiety/depression on the other. The correlation between the externalizing score (measuring trauma-associated acting out behaviour) of the HSCL-37A and RATS scores should be present but weak. The total SLE score should be positively related to the total score of the HSCL-37A and subscales, since trauma is related to psychopathology (Allwood et al., 2002; Tiet et al., 1998).
Ethical approval for both Belgian studies was given by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Ghent University and by the Medical Ethics Committee of the Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University to conduct the Dutch URM study.
Testing of the Belgian and Dutch normative samples took place in small groups (10-25 young people) during school time. The URM were assessed at schools, if possible. Approximately 20% of the URM were not tested at schools. URM were also assessed (in groups of 10) at the regional offices of Nidos, reception centers for refugees, and residential settings. Demographic information on the URM in the Netherlands was supplied by the Nidos Foundation (legal guardian of all of the URM living in the Netherlands). The rest took part anonymously and answered written questions that provided their demographic characteristics.
Data Analysis
Descriptive statistics were used to provide summary descriptions of the sociodemographic characteristics of the sample. Confirmatory factor analyses, per language version, were calculated using the Multiple Group Method (MGM) procedure of the Simultaneous Components Analysis (SCA) (Kiers, 1990) to verify the factorial validity of the HSCL-37A (all cases with missing data were removed). MGM is closely related to the rotation of component weights to perfect congruence and the cross-validation of components weights (Ten Berge, 1986). SCA is based on the same set of weights for the variables in all populations enabling conclusions to be drawn on the common components found across the samples. It is not a formal statistical test, such as the Maximum Likelihood estimation method; however, this is not a serious objection because the null hypothesis of a factor model based on a small number of factors is invariably false as has been known since Browne (1969, p. 385). Failure to reject it merely means that the sample size has been too small (see McCrae, Zonderman, Costa, Bond, & Paunonen, 1996 for a discussion). Internal consistency of the total scale and subscales of the HSCL-37A was calculated with Cronbach's alpha. Test-retest reliability was calculated for a twelve-month interval for the URM sample only (n = 519). Pearson's product-moment correlations (two-tailed) were used to study the association between total and subscale scores of the HSCL-37A and the scores on the remaining questionnaires. Differences between groups were determined by using ANOVA's and effect sizes Cohen's d (Cohen, 1988). A maximum of 10% of missing items was allowed in order to still be able to extrapolate the total or subscale scores of all scales. (See Table 1.)
The factor structure of the HSCL-37A was tested with the Simultaneous Components Analysis (SCA). The scale consisting of Internalizing items was established based on the results of a previous factor analysis on a large item pool and the opinions of several experienced clinicians (Derogatis et al., 1974). The externalizing items made up the second scale. For the total sample, a principal component analysis (PCA) was used with Varimax rotation (oblique) to simple structure which allowed for correlation between the two factors (Kiers, 1990) which yielded a model that explained 33.1% of the total variance. The SCA-MGM analysis based on the two a priori factors showed that the multiple group components explained 32.7% of the variance, implying a small acceptable discrepancy of only .4%.
Separate MGM analyses were conducted on the Portuguese, French, Chinese, English, Arabic, Dutch, and Russian language versions. The amount of variance that was lost in enforcing the a priori factor structure in comparison to the results of an explorative PCA in the separate language versions was very limited, ranging from 2.2% in the Chinese version to .4% in the Dutch version. Due to the limited number of completed questionnaires (n < 100) in Badini, Servo-Croatian, Albanese, Turkish, Soerani, Dari, Farsi, Amharic, Somali, and Mongolian, no individual MGMs could be conducted for these languages. The two-factor model is confirmed in all the separate MGM analyses per language. (See Table 2.)
Internal Consistency
The internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) of the HSCL-37A indicates a high degree of homogeneity among items comprising the total and subscales in the separate language versions. The internal consistency of the total scale of the HSCL-37A in the total sample was .90 and of the individual language versions ranged from .95 to .84. This is an exceptionally high alpha, despite the high degree of heterogeneity in the samples. The alphas for the subscales and apart language versions can be found in Table 2. It should be noted in general that the alpha for the internalizing sub-scale were higher than those for the externalizing sub-scale.
Temporal Stability
The test-retest scores are utilized to provide an indication of scale stability and consistency over time. The coefficients for a one-year period show that the HSCL-37A scales are reasonably stable (r > .50) over time in measuring internalizing and externalizing behavior (see Table 2) not deviating from findings of other studies with the same time interval (see Cheng & Nicholas, 1998 for a discussion).
Content validity is a measure of the relevance of the items with regard to that behavior which they aim to measure. The HSCL-37A claims to measure internalizing (anxiety and depression symptoms) and externalizing behavior. The choice of items to measure anxiety and depression was based on the expertise of clinicians with experience in the treatment of patients with anxiety and depression (Derogatis et al., 1974). All items of the HSCL-37A correspond with the DSM-IV criteria for anxiety, depression, and behavior symptoms. The 12 externalizing items correspond with the five criteria of conduct disorder and the two criteria of the oppositional-defiant disorder, as defined in the DSM-IV (APA, 1994). The content validity of the HSCL-37A is good. (See Table 3.)
Construct validity is a measure of the relationship between the instrument and variables that, on theoretical grounds, are expected to correlate with the measured variable. Three processes are used to establish construct validity: (1) convergent validity; high correlations between a particular scale and others that in theory measure the same construct, (2) discriminant validity; low associations between the scale under study and other measures that should theoretically not be related, and (3) factorial validity; supports the theory-based grouping of items when a particular construct is complex. Table 3 shows the intercorrelations (two-tailed) between the HSCL-37A total and subscale scores, the RATS total score, and the SLE total score for the URM sample and native Dutch sample. In Table 3, the intercorrelations are presented between the SDQ total score (the SDQ administered only in the Belgian studies), the RATS total score, and the SLE total score for the immigrant/refugee sample and native Belgian sample.
As hypothesized, the HSCL-37A total scores and internalizing scale scores show significant and positive correlations with the RATS total scores, SLE total scores, and SDQ total scores. The significant and positive relationship between the externalizing scale scores and the other scale scores is weaker, but still present. The relationship between the total, internalizing, and externalizing scores on the HSCL-37A and the total number of experienced events on the SLE is significant and positive. These findings are applicable to all samples.
The mean scores of girls are expected to be significantly higher than that of boys. Girls reported significantly higher internalizing (F(1,3646) = 74.96, p < .001, d = .29) and externalizing mean scores (F (1,3718) = 25.03, p < .001, d = .17) than did boys). There are contradictory findings in the literature concerning age and emotional distress. Age, in this study, seemed to play a small role with respect to total mean scores, with older adolescents ([less than or equal to] 14, 15 years) for internalizing (F(3,3597) = 30.50, p < .001, d = .39.23) and externalizing problems (F(3,3668) = 16.96, p < .001, d =.31-.10). Because of the numerous risk factors overshadowing the lives of URM, it was expected that URM would score significantly higher than immigrant/refugee and native adolescents living with at least one parent. This expectation is partly confirmed. URM reported significantly higher internalizing mean scores (F(2,3661) = 269.24, p < .001, d = .87-.78) on the HSCL-37A than the immigrants/refugees and natives, but significantly lower externalizing mean scores than native adolescents (F(2,3733) = 273.37, p < .001, d = .72). (See Table 4.)
Criterion validity refers to the association between the instrument with some form of external or outside criterion that is supposed to measure the same construct. Criterion validity can be further divided into two types: predictive and concurrent. Only the concurrent validity of the HSCL-37A was addressed in this study. Five indicators of psychopathology were utilized as external criteria (see Indicators of Psychopathology description in Questionnaires section). The results shown in Table 4 suggest that the HSCL-37A discriminated well, consistently, and significantly between URM that report having a need for psychosocial help and URM that did not report having a need for psychosocial help.
The results indicate that the HSCL-37A is a psychometrically sound screening measure of internalizing and externalizing problems experienced by a heterogeneous population of refugee adolescents. The data were collected among four independent samples from across the Netherlands and Flemish Belgium. The psychometric properties of the HSCL-37A demonstrate invariance of factor structure in a heterogeneous sample, strong reliability, and good validity which is remarkable considering the diversity of the populations.
The layout modifications (bilingual and visual/literal rating scale) of the instrument made the HSCL-37A comprehensible for adolescents from a variety of cultures. In a small number of individual cases, lengthy explanations of the meaning/nuances of the items were necessary, especially with "almost" illiterate adolescents (1 per group of 25 refugees/immigrants). It is not clear if errors in understanding the question might not be visible in the data. Only the Spanish version of the HSCL-37A had obvious less internal consistency on all subscales. This could be due to the fact that the translation was in European Spanish and adolescents came from South American countries which speak a different dialect of Spanish. European Spanish was used because of the wide differences in dialects in all Spanish speaking countries (the same holds for American English and European French which did not show lower reliability levels).
The two factors showed strong reliability and good validity considering the diversity of the sample populations (for example, adolescents from 35 different countries completed in the French version, adolescents from 57 countries completed the English version, and adolescents from 20 different countries completed the Arabic version). The preliminary validity findings suggest that the HSCL-37A can discriminate consistently and significantly between refugee adolescents that do need to utilize MHC services and those who do not.
The brevity of the HSCL-37A takes into account the importance of not overburdening apprehensive adolescents and allows for quick, repeated measurements to assist in determining initial and enduring refugee adolescent symptomatology. When the HSCL-37A is used with the SLE and RATS questionnaires, a preliminary assessment of the global mental health of refugee adolescents can be reliably assessed. In all settings, one must be aware that the instrument may trigger emotional distress. Therefore, adequate crisis and/or follow-up MHC should be arranged prior to administration to protect the integrity of the adolescents. The HSCL-37A is not meant to be used alone as a diagnostic instrument for internalizing distress or behavioral problems. Clinical observations and additional assessment are important in establishing a valid diagnosis and making treatment recommendations.
There were several methodological challenges of this study. Written back-translations of the language versions were not done, deviating from standard protocol which can be seen as a limitation of the study. Back-translation is the method used to verify semantic equivalence of translated measures (see Mallinckrodt & Wang, 2004). However, a back-translation does not guarantee that the content equivalence of the translated instrument has been established (Flaherty et al., 1988). Great effort was made to ensure the content equivalence of the items of the HSCL-37A for different cultures.
The number of instruments used were kept to a minimum for a number of reasons: (a) the short attention span of the refugee adolescents, (b) the time needed to explain and administer the three instruments was about 15 minutes of the total testing time, (c) the substantial amount of time and effort taken by the refugee adolescents to complete only three questionnaires, and (d) the ethical issues related to the administration of long instruments which might induce emotional distress in severely traumatized individuals. Additional measures would have enhanced the quality of the study and would have been useful in determining the divergent validity of the HSCL-37A which will need to be evaluated in future studies.
The stability (test-retest) of the HSCL-37A was calculated over a longer interval (12 months) than the usual 8 weeks resulting in a lower temporal stability than is desired. However, it could be expected after one year that many changes (developmental, stressful life events, transfers, change in residential status, and therapeutic interventions) would have taken place in the lives of URM which could have led to even lower stability levels.
Because no standardized diagnostic interview was utilized in this study, the sensitivity and specificity of the HSCL-37A could not be evaluated. Preferably, a standardized diagnostic interview is used in combination with questionnaires to determine the presence and severity of psychopathology. However, "referral" of children and adolescents to psychiatric services has been used as a "golden standard" instead of a diagnostic interview (e.g., Nolan et al., 1996). It was not feasible in the URM study to administer a diagnostic interview for the reasons noted and that there is no validated psychiatric diagnostic interview available in all the languages of the adolescents who took part in this study. Furthermore, the use of diagnostic interviews itself invokes a host of methodological issues such as classifying culture-specific disorders and ensuring "the semantic and psycholinguistic equivalence of psychiatric symptoms across cultures" (Cheng, 2001). Even so, the preliminary validity findings suggest that the HSCL-37A can discriminate between adolescents that do and do not need mental health services.
Self-report questionnaires such as the HSCL-37A yield less diagnostic information than extensive structured interviews and therefore should be used only to indicate clinically elevated levels of internalizing and externalizing problems and not to diagnosis anxiety, depression or conduct disorder. Additional information should be collected regarding the mental health of the adolescent from the viewpoint of significant adults (caregivers/teachers) in the environment of the adolescent--information that is crucial in assessing the degree of impairment in daily functioning and the severity of the symptoms of adolescents.
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Bean, T., Eurelings-Bontekoe, E. H. M., Derluyn, I., & Spinhoven, P. (2004b). SLE User's Manual. Retrieved from the Web site of Centrum '45, September 1, 2004: http://www.centrum45.nl/research/amaenggz
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The Dutch studies were supported by Achmea Victim and Society Foundation and the Health Research Development Counsel (ZON-Mw). The Belgian studies were supported by a PhD bursary of the Special Research Fund of Ghent University.
Ilse Derluyn, Department of Orthopedagogics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
Elisabeth Eurelings-Bontekoe, Department of Health and Clinical Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Eric Broekaert, Department of Orthopedagogics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
Philip Spinhoven, Department of Health and Clinical Psychology, Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Reprint requests should be sent to Tammy Bean, Postdoctoral Fellow, Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, Room 546 Bellefield Towers, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15221. E-mail: email@example.com
Table 1 Summary of Sample Characteristics Gender ** N Boys Girls Total sample adolescents 3890 59.3 40.7 Dutch URM 920 72.8 27.2 Belgian immigrant/refugee (I/R) 1294 53.9 46.1 Dutch 1059 56.8 43.2 Belgian 617 54.6 45.4 Age in years Mean SD Range Total sample adolescents 15.72 1.74 8-26 Dutch URM 15.68 1.49 8-20 Belgian immigrant/refugee (I/R) 15.41 1.88 10-26 Dutch 15.72 1.54 13-21 Belgian 1,646 1.92 13-21 Group ** Natives I/R URM Total sample adolescents 40.7 30.7 29 Dutch URM 0 0 100 Belgian immigrant/refugee (I/R) 1.0 89.1 9.9 Dutch 90.1 9.9 0.0 Belgian 97.9 2.1 0.0 Type of caregiver ** Parental Other Total sample adolescents 70 30 Dutch URM 0 100 Belgian immigrant/refugee (I/R) 84.3 15.7 Dutch 97.3 2.7 Belgian 97.6 2.4 Note. ** percentages Table 2 Summary of Confirmatory Factor Analyses and Reliability Analyses per language version Two factor Language n EV LV [alpha] Total sample 3019 33.1% .4% .90 Dutch 1640 31.4% .4% .88 Portuguese 326 29.5% .6% .90 English 215 32.6% .8% .91 French 163 33.0% .5% .91 Arabic 127 34.9% 1.3% .92 Turkish 118 NA NA .92 Russian 111 43.6% 0.7% .95 Chinese 95 47% 2.2% .92 Spanish 47 NA NA .84 Farsi NA NA NA Albanese NA NA NA Servo- Croatian NA NA NA Dari 23 NA NA .91 Amharic 18 NA NA .91 Somali NA NA NA German NA NA NA Mongolian 11 NA NA .86 Total scale Language [r.sub.it] [r.sub.it] [r.sub.ab*] Total sample .18 .05-.59 .63 Dutch .17 .13-.55 Portuguese .18 .01-.62 English .20 .17-.63 French .21 .05-.63 Arabic .22 .04-.70 Turkish .24 .00-.70 Russian .29 .01-.80 Chinese .24 .13-.69 Spanish .13 .04-.62 Farsi NA NA Albanese NA NA Servo- Croatian NA NA Dari .21 .10-.74 Amharic .20 .04-.70 Somali NA NA German NA NA Mongolian .14 .34-.90 Internalizing Language n [alpha] [r.sub.it] Total sample 3126 .92 .30 Dutch 1670 .90 .27 Portuguese 342 .91 .28 English 230 .91 .29 French 166 .91 .30 Arabic 141 .92 .31 Turkish 123 .92 .33 Russian 119 .95 .46 Chinese 96 .93 .37 Spanish 47 .78 .12 Farsi 44 .89 .25 Albanese 29 .88 .23 Servo- Croatian 22 .93 .33 Dari 24 .90 .28 Amharic 21 .92 .32 Somali 16 .94 .37 German 17 .91 .30 Mongolian 11 .86 .17 Internalizing Language [r.sub.it] [r.sub.ab*] Total sample .36-.66 0.64 Dutch .30-.63 Portuguese .22-.64 English .19-.68 French .34-.68 Arabic .23-.75 Turkish .33-.70 Russian .41-.79 Chinese .43-.71 Spanish .05-.51 Farsi .17-.67 Albanese .07-.75 Servo- Croatian -.14-.77 Dari .11-.68 Amharic .37-.70 Somali -.03-.85 German .09-.77 Mongolian .34-.89 Externalizing Language n [alpha] [r.sub.it] Total sample 3524 .75 .20 Dutch 1771 .75 .22 Portuguese 374 .62 .12 English 298 .72 .18 French 220 .71 .20 Arabic 184 .67 .16 Turkish 151 .66 .16 Russian 137 .58 .12 Chinese 106 .74 24 Spanish 53 .76 25 Farsi NA NA NA Albanese NA NA NA Servo- Croatian NA NA NA Dari 30 .67 .17 Amharic 26 .61 .19 Somali NA NA NA German NA NA NA Mongolian 12 .60 .18 Externalizing Language [r.sub.it] [r.sub.ab*] Total sample .13-.45 .53 Dutch .15-.50 Portuguese .10-.42 English .14-.51 French .24-.57 Arabic .16-.50 Turkish .15-.50 Russian .11-.42 Chinese .24-.59 Spanish .21-.69 Farsi NA Albanese NA Servo- Croatian NA Dari .07-.61 Amharic .02-.73 Somali NA German NA Mongolian -.28-.76 Note, EV = Explained Variance with PCA. LV = Loss of Explained Variance with MGM. [alpha] = Alpha coefficient. [r.sub.[??]] = Mean inter-item correlation. [r.sub.it] = Range item-total correlations. [r.sub.ab*] = Test- re-test reliability calculated for 12 month interval for URM sample only, n x519. NA = not shin to analyze, more than one item with zero variance. Table 3 Measure intercorrelations Total RATS Total SLE Total SDQ URM (n) r (n) r (n) r Total HSCL-37A (771) .74 (819) .39 Internalizing (761) .79 (812) .41 Externalizing (780) .32 (835) .12 Dutch natives Total HSCL-37A (1058) .75 (1057) .48 Internalizing (1058) .76 (1057) .36 Externalizing (1058) .23 (1057) .39 Belgian immigrants/refugees Total HSCL-37A (870) .66 (1167) .38 (1117) .65 Internalizing (854) .68 (1149) .38 (1101) .64 Externalizing (886) .33 (1192) .22 (1141) .43 Belgian natives Total HSCL-37A (596) .67 (615) .38 (612) .70 Internalizing (596) .67 (614) .30 (611) .64 Externalizing (597) .31 (616) .34 (613). .42 Note. All correlations are significant at the .001 level and two-tailed. Table 4 External criteria influencing HSCL-37A Internalizing and Externalizing scores Internalizing n M SD t(df) p d URM: Need for MHC * Need for MHC 438 54.33 12.75 8.84 (592) <.001 .83 No need for MHC 156 44.03 11.79 Guardian: Need for MHC * Need for MHC 95 57.47 12.07 6.03 (492) <.001 .69 No need for MHC 399 49.05 12.28 Teacher: Need for MHC * Need for MHC 115 54.63 14.22 4.06 (401) <.001 .45 No need for MHC 288 48.62 13.09 URM: MHC Utilization * Utilization of MHC 96 54.79 14.14 2.68 (682) <.01 .30 No utilization of MHC 588 50.98 12.70 Referral: MHC by guardian * Referred to MHC 59 59.28 13.54 5.73 (496) <.001 .80 Not referred MHC 439 49.53 12.09 Externalizing n M SD t(df) p d URM: Need for MHC * Need for MHC 448 15.63 3.22 1.92 (605) ns .18 No need for MHC 159 15.06 3.09 Guardian: Need for MHC * Need for MHC 97 16.52 3.69 3.38 (506) <.001 .38 No need for MHC 411 15.28 3.13 Teacher: Need for MHC * Need for MHC 120 15.96 2.93 3.17 (413) <.01 .34 No need for MHC 295 14.94 2.99 URM: MHC Utilization * Utilization of MHC 95 15.97 3.09 1.40 (697) ns .16 No utilization of MHC 604 15.47 3.22 Referral: MHC by guardian * Referred to MHC 59 16.56 2.97 2.79 (511) <.01 .39 Not referred MHC 454 15.36 314 Note, MHC = Mental Health Care. * = Only available for the Dutch URM sample.
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Coastal community news briefs for Sunday, Nov. 16
Church to host concert
OCEANSIDE ... The First Presbyterian Church of Oceanside will host a concert titled "Broadway and Beyond: Remixed" at 7:30 p.m. Nov. 16 at 2001 El Camino Real. The program will include Broadway and popular music with vocals by Rich LaFetra, Rob Wolter, Matianne Schamp, Linda LaFetra and musicians Don Hamilton, Ron Kohland and Sharon Eads.
The concert will benefit the church capital campaign. Tickets are $10 per person, $30 per family. Information: (760) 757-3560; www.fpcoceanside.org .
OCNA to meet
OCEANSIDE ... Oceanside Coastal Neighborhood Association will meet at 6:30 p.m. Nov. 18 at St. Mary's Star of the Sea School auditorium, 515 Wisconsin Ave. Speaker will be Valerie Valentine of Canine Companions for Independence. Information: (760) 494-4342; www.ocna.info ; firstname.lastname@example.com .
OASIS computer classes offered
VISTA ... OASIS will hold these classes at the McClellan Senior Center, 1400 Vale Terrace Drive. Information and registration: (760) 726-1340; www.oasisnet.org :
Efficient E-mail, 10 a.m.-noon, Nov. 18. Course covers all the basics of creating and managing e-mail. Must know basic computer skills. Cost: $15 plus a one-time semester fee of $3.
Safety First: Privacy and Security Online, 10 a.m.-noon Nov. 19. Must know basic computer skills. Cost: $15 plus a one-time semester fee of $3.
Internet Essentials, 1-3 p.m. Nov. 20. Learn terminology of the Internet, how to send an attachment, use search engines safely. Basic computer skills required. Cost: $15 plus a one-time semester fee of $3.
Working With Your Favorite Photos, 9:30-11:30 a.m. Nov. 21. Bring a 2GB flash drive loaded with photos to class. Cost is $30 plus a one-time semester fee of $3.
Understand Medicare options
VISTA ... Understand Medicare options by attending the free "Medicare Made Clear Info Talk" at 10 a.m. Nov. 19 at the McClellan Senior Center, 1400 Vale Terrace Drive. Presented by Charles Studebaker and United Health Care. Reserve to (760) 639-6162.
Village Idiots to meet
VISTA ... The Village Idiots Literary Society will meet at 7 p.m. Nov. 21 at the Vista Village Art Gallery, 204 Main St. The meeting will feature novelist Michael Lawrence Vincent., author of "The Prophet of San Marcos Dump," winner of the American Authors Association's "Most Inspirational Book of 2006." Call (760) 726-0764.
'Get Smart' is featured movie
VISTA ... "Get Smart" will be the featured free movie at 1 p.m. Nov. 21 at the McClellan Senior Center, 1400 Vale Terrace Drive. Bungling secret agent Maxwell Smart is on a mission to battle the forces of his evil crime nemesis, known as KAOS. Call (760) 639-6160.
Classical, flamenco music on tap
VISTA ... The award-winning musical duo of guitarist Jose Rodriguez and violinist Thomas Yee will perform classical and flamenco music at 7 p.m. Nov. 21 at the Vista Library, 700 Eucalyptus Ave. The free concert is suitable for all ages. Call (760) 643-5100.
Public invited to address city recreation future
CARLSBAD ... The city of Carlsbad Recreation Department will host two workshops seeking public input from the community to assist the department in planning its sustainable future over the next several years. The workshops will be held from 11:30 a.m.-2:30 p.m. and 5:30-8:30 p.m. Nov. 17 in the Carlsbad Senior Center Activity Room, 799 Pine Ave. Workshop results will be incorporated into recommendations being presented to the Carlsbad City Council regarding the development of future parks and recreation facilities, programs and services and pricing policy, as well as the management of current facilities, programs and services. Information: (760) 434-2826; firstname.lastname@example.com .


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Marquee Energy Begins Trading on OTCQX®
NEW YORK, Jan. 13, 2014 /PRNewswire/ — OTC Markets Group Inc. (OTCQX: OTCM), operator of Open, Transparent and Connected financial marketplaces, today announced that Marquee Energy Ltd. (OTCQX: MQLXF; TSX-V: MQL), a Calgary-based growth oriented junior oil and gas company, has been approved to trade on OTCQX®, the best marketplace with qualified companies.
(Logo: http://photos.prnewswire.com/prnh/20110118/MM31963LOGO )
Marquee Energy begins trading today on OTCQX International, a segment of the OTCQX marketplace reserved for high-quality non-U.S. companies that are listed on a qualified international exchange and provide their home country disclosure to U.S. investors. U.S. investors can find current financial disclosures and Real-Time Level 2 quotes for the company on www.otcmarkets.com.
"We are pleased to welcome Marquee Energy to the OTCQX marketplace," said R. Cromwell Coulson, President and CEO of OTC Markets Group. "Marquee joins the growing number of Canadian resource companies that have chosen OTCQX to increase their visibility and engagement with U.S. investors. We look forward to working with Marquee's management team as they execute on the company's growth objectives."
"Marquee is at an exciting stage in its development having just completed a strategic transaction with Sonde Resources Corp doubling production and adding significant new U.S. investment in the company," stated Richard Thompson, CEO of Marquee.
Merriman Capital, Inc. serves as Marquee Energy's Principal American Liaison ("PAL") on OTCQX, responsible for providing professional guidance on OTCQX requirements.
Marquee Energy Ltd. is a publicly traded Calgary-based growth oriented junior oil and gas company currently focused on high rate of return oil development and production. The company is committed to growing through exploitation of existing opportunities and continued consolidation within its core area at Michichi, Alberta.
Marquee Energy will trade in the U.S. on OTCQX under the symbol "MQLXF."
About OTC Markets Group Inc.
OTC Markets Group Inc. (OTCQX: OTCM) operates Open, Transparent and Connected financial marketplaces for 10,000 U.S. and global securities. Through our OTC Link® ATS, we directly link a diverse network of broker-dealers that provide liquidity and execution services for a wide spectrum of securities. We organize these securities into marketplaces to better inform investors of opportunities and risks – OTCQX®, The Best Marketplace with Qualified Companies; OTCQB®, The Venture Stage Marketplace with U.S. Reporting Companies; and OTC Pink®, The Open Marketplace with Variable Reporting Companies. Our data-driven platform enables investors to easily trade through the broker of their choice at the best possible price and empowers a broad range of companies to improve the quality and availability of information for their investors. To learn more about how we create better informed and more efficient financial marketplaces, visit www.otcmarkets.com.
OTC Link® ATS is operated by OTC Link LLC, member FINRA/SIPC and SEC regulated ATS.
Subscribe to the OTC Markets RSS Feed
SOURCE OTC Markets Group Inc.


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I can't tell you how grateful I am that it's finally new potato season. No matter how bad my spud cravings got, I just could not bring myself to buy the soft, eye-covered, green-skinned specimens that have been passing for potatoes at our local grocery store for the past few months. I really love potatoes so you can imagine how difficult this has been for me (cue tragic violin music.)
But at last the potato famine has ended and some fresh young thangs are finally showing up on the shelves. Roasting is one of my favorite ways to prepare potatoes – it's easy and delicious and I love the way they get crisp on the outside and soft on the inside. It's also a nice way to showcase some fresh herbs.
And rosemary makes the perfect star. I got hooked on the stuff when we lived in Berkeley as our house had these enormous rosemary bushes growing in front of it and all along the sides. My but they were lovely! And so prolific, too. I would pick the stuff by the branchful, hanging them up and drying them to give to friends who were not as lucky as we in the edible plantings department. In a moment of Martha Stewart-like madness, I even drew one of the sprigs (see at right) and incorporated it in a label that I pasted on the packages of fragrant needles. Ah, the things I used to have time for before my son was born…
Now that we're back on the East Coast, our rosemary production is on a bit smaller scale since it's got to fit into a flowerpot (albeit a pretty big one) in order to allow us to move it indoors during the winters. But our plant seems to be thriving, despite the long, dark winter it spent inside craning its finely needled branches towards the dim light at the window. I moved it outside about a month ago to let it soak up some sun.
Next: the recipe


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About Schools in Uniontown, OH
Uniontown offers a range of educational opportunities with one elementary school.
Contact a Coldwell Banker® real estate agent to learn more about the schools and school districts in Uniontown, OH.FIND AN AGENT
Uniontown, Ohio is located in Stark County. Nearby cities and towns include Greentown, Lakemore, Hartville, Green, Sawyerwood, Mogadore, North Canton, Portage Lakes, Brimfield, Tallmadge, Akron, New Franklin, Hills and Dales, Barberton, Meyers Lake, Canal Fulton, Canton, Munroe Falls, Louisville, Clinton, Kent, Perry Heights, Atwater, Norton, Silver Lake, Limaville, Brady Lake, Stow, East Canton, Massillon, Cuyahoga Falls, North Lawrence, Doylestown, Fairlawn, Ravenna, Alliance, Richville, Sugar Bush Knolls, Pigeon Creek, Wadsworth, Montrose-Ghent, Marshallville, Navarre, Robertsville, Hudson, Streetsboro, Maple Ridge, Dalton, Peninsula, Rittman, Boston Heights, Homeworth, Sebring, Brewster, Orrville, East Sparta, Beloit, Richfield, Waynesburg, Bolivar, Sandyville, Malvern, Magnolia, Sterling, Minerva, Twinsburg Heights, Mantua, Aurora, Kidron, Beach City, Craig Beach, Damascus, Macedonia, Twinsburg, Lake Mohawk, East Rochester, Seville, Mount Eaton, Reminderville, and Zoar. Uniontown is a suburban community with a population of 3,297. The median household income is $69,015. In Uniontown, 62% of residents are married, and families with children reside in 36% of the households. Half the population of Uniontown commutes 22 minutes or less to work, with 65% of residents holding white collar jobs and 35% residents holding blue collar jobs. The median age of homes in Uniontown, OH is 28 years, with 81% of those homes owned, 14% rented, and 5% not occupied. In the previous year, 38 Uniontown properties were sold. The median sale price of a home in Uniontown in the previous year was $141,134.
Uniontown offers a range of educational opportunities with one elementary school.
Contact a Coldwell Banker® real estate agent to learn more about the schools and school districts in Uniontown, OH.FIND AN AGENT
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Community information and market data Powered by Onboard Informatics. Copyright ©2015 Onboard Informatics. Information is deemed reliable but not guaranteed.
This information is provided for general informational purposes only and should not be relied on in making any home-buying decisions. School information does not guarantee enrollment. Contact a local real estate professional or the school district(s) for current information on schools. This information is not intended for use in determining a person's eligibility to attend a school or to use or benefit from other city, town or local services.


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I'm looking for something smallish, enclosed, for my 50 # 6 yo and (eventually) 2 yo to jump and get their ya-yas out.
PLEASE don't hijack this thread to try and talk me out of it. I know the dangers and that insurance can be affected.
Mama to two girls 12/05 and 8/09
I will tell you which one NOT to put outside: http://www.walmart.com/ip/My-First-Trampoline-Airzone-Enclosure/10982839
We had one, our 2 year old loved it, and the sun rotted it within a few months.
Regarding injuries: I've read most injuries happen when more than one child is on trampoline. Limit to one kid at a time, have a net, and most of your risks should decrease.
Created an instant family (7/89 and 5/91) in 1997. Made a baby boy 12/05 adopted a baby girl 8/08. Ask me about tandem adoptive nursing. Now living as gluten, dairy, cane sugar, and tomato free vegetarians. Homeschooling and loving it.
Mom to J and never-ending , 0/2014 items decluttered, 0/52 crafts crafts completed
Seeking zen in 2014. Working on journaling and finding peace this year. Spending my free time taking J to swimteam
I just wanted to say that we have had ours for 5 years and absolutely love it. Just teach the kids how to use it safely just like anything else.
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Loma Linda
Dubbed A Blue Zone, Loma Linda May Possess The Secret To Longevity
Loma Linda is a place where people live an average of 10 years longer than the average American and are 10 times more likely to make it to the age 100. CBS2's Lisa Sigell went deep inside the Southern California community to learn about the secret to longevity.
3 Juveniles Arrested In Grand Terrace In Vandalism, Assault With Skateboard
The victim sustained injuries as a result of the attack.
Loma Linda Employee Arrested On Suspicion Of Embezzlement
A 29-year-old man employed by the City of Loma Linda was recently arrested on suspicion of embezzlement.
Magntiude-3.4 Earthquake Hits Loma Linda
A magnitude-3.4 earthquake shook the Loma Linda area early Monday morning.
Woman Reported Missing In Loma Linda Is Found
San Bernardino County Sheriff's report via Twitter that Rosa Ortiz was located and is expected to be reunited with her family soon.
Animal, Not Human Body, Inside Donated Freezer At Thrift Shop
Authorities Tuesday night said a dead animal, not a human body, was inside a donated freezer at a thrift shop in Loma Linda.
Family Concerned For 71-Year-Old Missing Loma Linda Man
Nam Chung Woo is considered a critical missing person.
Big Rig Driver Killed In Crash On 215 Freeway
A man was killed Friday after the big rig he was driving jackknifed on the 215 Freeway.
Mom, 28, Arrested For Allegedly Abusing 17-Week-Old Son
A 28-year-old mother has been accused of abusing her 17-week-old son.
Raging Fire Fully Engulfs Large Home In Redlands
A large residential home went up in flames in the Redlands area on Thursday afternoon.
Man Accidentally Sells Late Mother's Jewelry At Garage Sale For $5
A Loma Linda man is desperate to buy back his late mother's jewelry, after accidentally selling several pieces at a garage sale for a fraction of their worth.
Live To 100 With Secrets From The World's 5 'Blue Zones'
Chef Zov Karamardian visited the KCAL9 studios Thursday to talk about cuisine in the world's five Blue Zones, one of which is in Loma Linda!
Man Armed With Large Hunting Knife Wanted For Loma Linda Robbery
The public's help is needed to track down a suspect who robbed a Chevron gas station with a large hunting knife.
Man Wanted For Robbing Loma Linda Gas Station Attendant At Knifepoint
Authorities are asking for the public's help in identifying a suspect who robbed a gas station attendant at knifepoint.
Fontana Officer Credited With Saving 6-Month-Old Baby's Life
A six-month-old boy is alive tonight and a veteran Fontana police department officer is credited with saving the child's life.


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Good job! Please continue with your analysis up to issue #200. I so want to see how you describe the unreal long separation of Reed Richards and Sue Storm in the 1970's.
The Fantastic Four cast appears to be mostly absent from the June solicitations. I wonder what happens to them in the final FF issue?
I guess somehow I missed this battle and what a match it would be to see these two hot blondes pitted against each other, though I personally prefer to see a blonde against a brunette or a redhead. ...
Being a Marvel fan, I am not familiar with Big Barda. I t looks like she is in the same class as Wonder Woman and has more than enough power to defeat Susan Storm.
They could give it to Sue as a consolation prize for FF fans, due to the upcoming demise of the title, but I doubt it.
Maybe, maybe not. Marvel might decide to keep Fantastic Four cancelled until Fox comes out with it's Fantastic Four 2 film in June 2017. I trust such will not be the case, but it is a possibility.
Wow! I just checked out Miss Martian's character page and I see that she is literally loaded with a wide variety of powers, including even that of a force field. OK, I am convinced and will vote for...
I am not familiar with Miss Martian and only ran across her when looking at the bump of the DC-Marvel Tournament thread, which slated the two against each other. She must be a powerful character for...
How about a new version of a DC-Marvel Tournament? This is a good idea. I suggest though that we vote only one bracket at a time.
I know nothing about this Cyborg guy. He must be something else to win a poll against Sue.
The end of the Fantastic Four is like losing a member of the family.
Ms Marvel seems to have become even more powerful in the last year and 5 months than she was at the last posting here. I am not sure. This would be a close contest.
If the Enchantress can defeat the other three all by herself, then she must be the most powerful Marvel female of all! I guess I will make it unanimous and go with Amora.
Sue is powerful, but this Raven character sounds like she is something else. I guess I will have to go with Raven, regardless of morals on or off.
@hopesummersforthefuture: Yeah we'll see
You can't get more badass than this:If you've never watched Gurren Lagann, you're missing out on the greatest thing since mobile devices.It tosses galaxies as shurikens and runs on an infinite amount...
I enjoyed it. I found it much better than Gotham, and I'll definitely be keeping up with this series.


text: Publications Search Results Users may wish to consult What's Included in the Bibliography. Results 1 - 1 Results per page: 25 50 100 Sort by: Pub Date (newest) Title Recent Additions Author Clear All Pub. Year Citation 2007 Sarkisian, Natalia, Gerena, Mariana, Gerstel, Naomi . Extended family integration among euro and Mexican Americans: Ethnicity, gender, and class. Journal of Marriage and Family. 69, (1), 40 - Full Text Options: DOI Worldcat Google Scholar Export Options: RIS EndNote XML [1]


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Local officers honored for DUI arrests
Three Oxford police officers were honored recently for keeping the roads safer by getting drunk drivers off of them.
The awards were presented April 27 by the Mississippi Department of Public Safety and the state Office of Highway Safety to DUI officers David Sabin, Hildon Sessums and Chris Ray. (May 10, 2011, Page 2)
Judge considers motions to disqualify prosecutor
After a full day of testimony and arguments Monday, U.S. District Judge Neal Biggers Jr. said he will take up to 48 hours to rule on whether U.S. Assistant Attorney Bob Norman should be disqualified from testifying at any future hearings involving Zach Scruggs. (May 10, 2011, Page 1)
County to turn debris into mulch
Lafayette County has brought in two large grinders to help turn the tons of fallen trees, limbs and brush into tons of mulch. Homeowners can leave the debris at the curb in the storm-riddled areas and crews will pick it up and bring it to the Lafayette County Industrial Park where the grinders are located. (May 10, 2011, Page 1)
Disaster Recovery Center opens
For Lafayette County residents whose homes were damaged or destroyed when a tornado tore through the southeastern part of the county April 27, a Disaster Recovery Center has opened at Anchor Baptist Church on Highway 7 South to offer information and help. (May 9, 2011, Page 6A)
Mental health changes made, more needed
When Bilethon Autry shot and killed his brother, Charles Ray Hodges, in September 2009 during a three-hour standoff with police while his father hid in the attic of the family's Grand Oaks home in Oxford, he not only ended a life, but he changed the course of his life forever. (May 9, 2011, Page 1A)
Parents' stress can affect kids
When the economy bottomed out in late 2008, therapists saw more adults suffering from depression and anxiety due to the stress of increasing bills, lost income and trying to support families.
However, the children in those homes also can feel the effects of their parents' anxiety. (May 9, 2011, Page 2A)
Tornado victims come together to rebuild
Driving down the roads where the tornado carved a path from the Highway 7-9 split, down to Pine Flat, through the Yocona community and ending at Highway 6 East, destruction is evident almost everywhere the eye can see. From fallen trees to houses missing roofs to homes demolished. What can also be seen is neighbor helping neighbor. (May 6, 2011, Page 1B)
Zach Scruggs asks for father's return
Zach Scruggs is asking the U.S. District Court to allow his father, disgraced attorney Richard "Dickie" Scruggs, to return to Oxford so he can testify on his son's behalf. (May 6, 2011, Page 5A)
Exchange Club presents highest honor to two
For the first time anyone in the Oxford Exchange Club can remember, the club gave out two Book of Golden Deeds awards last night at a special dinner meeting. This year's awards went to Jean Shaw — leader of the LOU Homeless Task Force and the Alpha Mu chapter of the Kappa Delta Sorority. (May 6, 2011, Page 1A)
OFD raises money for tornado victims
The Oxford Fire Department raised $6,700 Thursday night at a benefit street dance and concert held in front of City Hall. The proceeds are going to purchase supplies needed by last week's storm victims in Lafayette County. (May 6, 2011, Page 1A)


text: Red Deer Cottage was everything we hoped it would be and more. Our initial reaction was that the pictures don't do it justice. We loved everything from the peaceful location to the well equipped kitchen, the sky tv in the sitting room, the cosy beds and our 6 year old especially loved 'her' den. Everything was of a very high... more