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Yoga has been shown to be a simple and economical therapeutic modality that may be considered as a beneficial adjuvant for type 2 diabetes mellitus. This study investigated the impact of Hatha yoga and conventional physical training (PT) exercise regimens on biochemical, oxidative stress indicators and oxidant status in patients with type 2 diabetes.
This prospective randomized study consisted of 77 type 2 diabetic patients in the Hatha yoga exercise group that were matched with a similar number of type 2 diabetic patients in the conventional PT exercise and control groups. Biochemical parameters such as fasting blood glucose (FBG), serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were determined at baseline and at two consecutive three monthly intervals. The oxidative stress indicators (malondialdehyde – MDA, protein oxidation – POX, phospholipase A2 – PLA2 activity) and oxidative status [superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities] were measured.
The concentrations of FBG in the Hatha yoga and conventional PT exercise groups after six months decreased by 29.48% and 27.43% respectively (P < 0.0001) and there was a significant reduction in serum TC in both groups (P < 0.0001). The concentrations of VLDL in the managed groups after six months differed significantly from baseline values (P = 0.036). Lipid peroxidation as indicated by MDA significantly decreased by 19.9% and 18.1% in the Hatha yoga and conventional PT exercise groups respectively (P < 0.0001); whilst the activity of SOD significantly increased by 24.08% and 20.18% respectively (P = 0.031). There was no significant difference in the baseline and 6 months activities of PLA2 and catalase after six months although the latter increased by 13.68% and 13.19% in the Hatha yoga and conventional PT exercise groups respectively (P = 0.144).
The study demonstrate the efficacy of Hatha yoga exercise on fasting blood glucose, lipid profile, oxidative stress markers and antioxidant status in patients with type 2 diabetes and suggest that Hatha yoga exercise and conventional PT exercise may have therapeutic preventative and protective effects on diabetes mellitus by decreasing oxidative stress and improving antioxidant status.
Trial Registration
Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR): ACTRN12608000217303
Diabetes mellitus is a worldwide health problem predisposing to markedly increased cardiovascular mortality and morbidity [1]. Lipid abnormalities significantly contribute to the increased risk of cardiovascular disease and other morbidity in diabetics [2]. There is a growing body of evidence showing that hyperglycaemia and dyslipidaemia are linked to increased cardiovascular risk [3]. It has been demonstrated that high levels of serum TC, triglycerides, LDL, VLDL, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), microalbuminuria, hypertension, low concentration of HDL and increased body mass index (BMI) are significantly associated with coronary heart disease [4].
Oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS), which is generated by hyperglycaemia, is one of the major foci of recent research related to diabetes mellitus [5]. Diabetes mellitus is characterized by hyperglycaemia together with biochemical alterations of glucose and lipid peroxidation [6]. There are several studies that have evaluated free radical induced lipid peroxidation and the antioxidants in diabetic patients [7,8]. Some complications of diabetes mellitus are associated with increased activity of free radical-induced lipid peroxidation and accumulation of lipid peroxidation products [9]. Mechanisms that contribute to increased lipid peroxide formation in diabetic patients include: hyperglycaemic-induced glucose auto-oxidation, non-enzymatic glycation of proteins and lipids, increased sorbitol pathway activity, oxidation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and cyclooxygenase dependent formation of prostaglandin H2 (PGH2) [10]. A variety of natural antioxidants exist to scavenge oxygen free radicals and prevent oxidative damage to biological membranes. One group of these antioxidants is enzymatic (intracellular), which includes superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase and catalase [11]. In addition to enzymatic antioxidants, are the major natural antioxidants, most of them derived from natural sources by dietary intake and include vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E and carotenoids [12]. Abnormally high levels of peroxidation and the simultaneous decline of antioxidant defense mechanisms can lead to damage of cellular organelles and oxidative stress [13].
Exercise is a major therapeutic modality in the treatment of diabetes mellitus [14]. Regular physical exercise has been reported to be effective in the prevention and delay of onset of type 2 diabetes, increases insulin sensitivity, and ameliorates glucose metabolism [15]. Yoga has become increasingly popular in Western cultures as a means of exercise and training fitness [16]. It has been used clinically as a therapeutic intervention and its practice includes muscle stretching, breathing exercises, behavioural modification, and dietary control through mental discipline [17]. A growing number of research studies have shown that Hatha yoga can improve strength and flexibility, and may help control physiological variables such as blood pressure, respiration and heart rate, and metabolic rate to improve overall exercise capacity [18,19]. Studies carried out on medium or long-term effect of yoga exercise on oxidative stress parameters and antioxidant status in type 2 diabetic patients are sparse. The aims of the present study were therefore to investigate the effects of Hatha yoga as well as conventional physical training (PT) exercise interventions on lipid profile, oxidative stress parameters and antioxidant status after 3 and 6 months of intervention in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
This prospective randomized control study was conducted at The National Institute of Endocrinology and The "Hermanos Ameijeiras" Hospital, Havana, Cuba from September 1998 to February 1999. The patients were selected according to the CONSORT declaration [20] and include only those with type 2 diabetes who had been trained in diabetes education and instruction, exercise, diet and medication according to the recommendations of the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), for a minimum of 3 months, and who met the following criteria for the study. These criteria were: type 2 diabetes mellitus without malnutrition or severe complications of the disease (cardiovascular, renal, visual and cerebral), between 40–70 years old, duration of the disease between 1–10 years, good psychological condition (in accordance with the psychologist's consideration), non-smoker and non-alcoholic. The study was approved by The "Hermanos Ameijeiras" Hospital ethics committee and informed consent was obtained from all patients who participated in the study.
The managed groups (Hatha yoga and conventional PT exercise) were trained for 24 weeks in basic exercise techniques, diabetes education and instructions. The yoga class was designated by a certified Hatha yoga instructor and a physician. The programmes were carefully illustrated through workshops and subjects were required to attend one yoga class weekly for twenty four weeks along with home exercise. None of the subjects in the Hatha yoga group were exposed to yogic practices. Each yoga session consisted of 20 minutes of pranayamas (breath-control exercises), 25 minutes of dynamic warm-up exercises, 60 minutes of asanas (yogic postures), and 15 minutes of supine relaxation in savasana (corpse pose). Subjects were given a booklet illustrating the specific pose to help with their independent practice [21].
Subjects in the conventional exercise PT exercise group also attended classes and were engaged mainly in aerobic exercise for 2 hours. A certified exercise instructor directed the conventional PT exercise intervention arm of the study. The conventional PT exercises consisted of one class per week for 24 weeks along with home exercise. The conventional PT sessions consisted of 15 minutes of warm up exercises, 30 minutes of aerobic walking on an outdoor 400-meter track, 20 minutes of body flexibility exercises, 20 minutes of aerobic dance, 25 minutes of games and 10 minutes of warm down exercises. Daily home exercise 3 – 4 times per week for 1 hour in the same Rate of Perceived Exertion was encouraged for subjects in both the Hatha yoga and conventional PT exercise classes. Intensity of exercise was determined by measurement of the pulse rate, and heart rate before, during and after exercises in subjects in the Hatha yoga and conventional PT exercise groups. Target heart rate was initially estimated as 70% of maximum based on morning resting heart rate and age. The measurement of perceived exertion during and immediately following exercise was done in the Hatha yoga and conventional PT groups by using the modified Borg Rate of Perceived Exertion Scale [22]. A questionnaire with statements as given in Borg's rating scale was used to assess the magnitude of exertion during and immediately after exercise. The Perceived Exertion Scale consisted of statements between 6 and 20 ('no exertion at all' to 'maximum exertion'). Subjects were instructed to exercise at a level of 8 – 10 on the Perceived Exertion Scale. Each managed group fulfilled a specific weekly programme that included the following: medical and psychological evaluation of patients and instructions on: education, diet, specific treatments, personal care and exercises (conventional PT or Hatha yoga). Subjects were also given a booklet in which they noted dietary compositions, medications taken daily, signs and symptoms, daily blood pressure, weekly glycaemia and information on adherence to home-based exercise programmes. Compliance with the interventions was assessed by having study participants complete daily 1-week log sheets that recorded whether or not they exercised or practiced yoga and for how long. The booklets were reviewed weekly by personnel blinded to the study. Class attendance was also recorded. The control group followed a treatment plan as recommended by their clinics or general physicians and was never seen by the personnel of this study for diabetes management. They were not engaged in any kind of active exercise intervention during the entire study period. All subjects were encouraged to see their attending physician regularly.
Figure 1 gives a description of the selection of type 2 diabetic patients in the study. A total of 231 subjects were recruited for this prospective randomized study: 77 type 2 diabetic patients in the Hatha yoga exercise group (62 females and 15 males) that were matched with 77 type 2 diabetic patients in the conventional PT exercise group (62 females and 15 males) and another 77 type 2 diabetic patients serving as the control group (62 females and 15 males). All 231 patients completed the study.
Figure 1. Schematic diagram representing the study design.
Measurement of the weekly variations of clinical and metabolic parameters was used to check the effectiveness of both interventions (Hatha yoga exercise or conventional PT). Baseline assessment of outcome measures and parameters were performed before the subjects were randomized and occurred 1 to 14 days before classes started. On the baseline visit, medical history was reviewed, demographic data were recorded, and blood samples taken for biochemical investigations. Blood was drawn from an antecubital vein at baseline, 3 months and 6 months for biochemical investigations, in post absorptive state. The blood was drawn between 7:30 am and 9:00 am, without stasis, and the serum was separated within an hour of collection. On the day of the blood collection, subjects were asked to abstain from Hatha yoga or conventional PT exercises. The biochemical investigations that were determined included lipid profile – serum TC, triglyceride, HDL, LDL and VLDL. Fasting blood glucose was measured before exercises. Oxidative stress indicators included: concentration of MDA, PLA2 activity and POX. The antioxidant status parameters were SOD and catalase activities.
All laboratory determinations were carried out at the "Hermanos Ameijeiras" Hospital. The personnel of the laboratories were blinded to the study. The fasting blood glucose concentration for each group was determined by using the Reflolux S type 1172115 glucometers (Boehringer Mannheim, Germany) [23]. This is based on the glucose-oxidase method [24]. Fasting venous blood was taken from each subject at baseline, at the third and sixth months. Total cholesterol, triglyceride and HDL were determined by enzymatic methods [25]. High density lipoprotein was measured after precipitating VLDL and LDL cholesterol in the presence of magnesium ions. The LDL fraction was calculated by the Friedwald formula [26].
Malondialdehyde concentration in the serum was measured spectrophotometrically according to Yagi [27] and PLA2 activity in serum was determined according to the method described by Lobo and Radbani [28]. Protein oxidation is based on the detection of the carbonyl group that appears as a result of the oxidation of lateral chains of certain amino acids. Plasma carbonyl group levels were evaluated following the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (2,4-DNP) assay [29], and were expressed as nanomoles per milligram of protein. The protein concentration was determined using bovine serum albumin as standard, according to Bradford's method [30]. The SOD activity was determined by inhibition of pyrogallin (formed due to auto-oxidation of pyrogallol) [31] and catalase activity was measured by ultraviolet method, based on the transformation of hydrogen peroxide [32].
The data were collected and recorded on questionnaires, and a database was developed in Microsoft Excel 2000. The calculations were carried out with the soft-wares EPI-INFO Version 6.0 and SPSS Version 10.0 with a level of statistical significance of 95%. The individual variables were evaluated to determine the changes in the three groups (Hatha yoga, conventional PT and control) during the different periods (baseline, third or sixth month). To investigate the effects of a variable within a group the Within – Subjects factors analysis, and the effects between the groups Between – Subjects analysis were used according to Two Way ANOVA with a 95% confidence interval. Two Way ANOVA was applied to detect differences among groups (Hatha yoga, conventional PT exercise and control) and within groups over the duration of treatment. According to the behaviour of the variables, each table was represented by the mean and the standard error of the mean (SEM). As the three groups were of equal sizes then the Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference (Tukey HSD, available in SPSS) was used for posthoc comparisons. Differences were considered significant if P < 0.05.
There were 231 type 2 diabetic patients, 186 (80.5%) females and 45 (19.5%) males. Subjects matched according to age and sex and the mean ages were very similar in the three groups according to gender (Table 1). There was no significant gender-specific difference in demographic and biochemical parameters measured in the study. All 231 patients completed the study by participating in the 6-month assessment. Compliance with home-based exercise in the Hatha yoga and conventional PT groups was in the range from 80 – 85% and averaged attendance at classes was 90 – 95%. In the Hatha yoga and conventional PT exercise groups there were significantly decreased concentrations of FBG at the third (P < 0.0001) and sixth months of exercise (P < 0.001) compared to baseline values (Table 2). The concentrations of FBG in the Hatha yoga and conventional PT exercise groups decreased by 29.48% and 27.43% respectively compared to a reduction of 7.48% in the control group. There were significant differences in FBG between the managed exercise groups and the control group at the third and sixth months (P < 0.0001).
Table 1. Frequency of treated type 2 diabetic subjects according to group, sex and age
Table 2. Comparison of FBG, cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations amongconventional PT exercise, Hatha yoga exercise and control type 2 diabeticpatients over a 6-month period
There was a significant reduction in serum TC in the Hatha yoga and conventional PT exercise groups at the end of six months (P < 0.0001). In the Hatha yoga exercise group the TC concentration decreased from 4.39 ± 0.14 mmol/L to 4.33 ± 0.15 mmol/L, whilst in the conventional PT exercise group it decreased from 4.32 ± 0.13 mmol/L to 4.29 ± 0.14 mmol/L. The mean concentrations of TC significantly differed between the managed exercise groups and the control group (P < 0.001) and in latter group it increased from 4.37 ± 0.13 mmol/L at baseline to 5.11 ± 0.13 mmol/L after 6 months. The concentration of serum triglyceride was not significantly decreased in the managed exercise groups, with a reduction of 6.0% and 7.1% in the Hatha yoga and conventional PT exercise groups respectively (P = 0.432). The concentration of serum triglyceride in the control group increased by 5.0% and there was no significant differences between this group and the managed exercise groups (P = 0.068; Table 2).
No significant differences were found in the concentrations of LDL and HDL in the Hatha yoga and conventional PT exercise groups after six months when compared with baseline value or control group (Table 3; P < 0.05). The concentrations of VLDL in the managed group significantly differed at the sixth month from baseline values. In the Hatha yoga and conventional PT exercise groups the concentrations of VLDL decreased from 0.83 ± 0.05 mmol/L at baseline to 0.77 ± 0.05 mmol/L after six months (P = 0.036). However, there was no significant difference in the concentration of VLDL in the managed exercise groups and the control group (P = 0.788).
Table 3. Comparison of HDL, LDL and VLDL among conventional PT exercise, Hathayoga exercise and control type 2 diabetic patients over a 6-month period
Lipid peroxidation as indicated by MDA significantly decreased in the managed exercise groups after six months, with reductions of 19.9% and 18.1% in the Hatha yoga and conventional PT exercise groups respectively (P < 0.0001). There were significant differences in the concentrations of MDA between the managed exercise groups and the control group (P = 0.004), with no change in this parameter for the latter group after six months (Table 4).
Table 4. Comparison of MDA, PLA2 and POX concentrations among conventional PTexercise, Hatha yoga exercise and control treated type 2 diabetic patients over a6-month period
The activity of PLA2 in the Hatha yoga exercise group increased by 7.1% and markedly increased by 16.2% in the conventional PT exercise group after six months (P > 0.05). There was no significant difference in activity of PLA2 between the managed exercise groups and control group (P = 0.057). No significant difference was found in the concentration of POX in the managed exercise groups after six months or when compared with the control group (Table 4).
The activity of SOD significantly increased by 24.08% and 20.18% in the Hatha yoga and conventional PT exercise groups respectively (P = 0.031; Table 5), while it decreased by 5.35% in the control group after six months. There was no significant difference in the activity of SOD in the managed exercise groups compared to the control group (P = 0.118) after six months. The activity of catalase increased by 13.68% and 13.19% in the Hatha yoga and conventional exercise groups respectively (P = 0.144), but their differences with those of the control group were not statistically significant (P = 0.744).
Table 5. Comparison of the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalaseamong conventional PT exercise, Hatha yoga exercise and control type 2 diabetic patients over a 6-month period
The present study confirmed the positive effects of Hatha yoga as well as conventional PT exercises on biochemical, oxidative stress and oxidant status in type 2 diabetics over six months. Type 2 diabetic patients engaged in Hatha yoga exercise and conventional PT exercises demonstrated lower fasting blood glucose, serum TC and VLDL concentrations. Malondialdehyde concentration, a lipid peroxidation product and marker of oxidative stress significantly decreased. The activities of SOD an enzymatic oxidant significantly increased and this was accompanied by a non-significant increase in that of catalase. The results of this study are similar to that of Bijlani et al. where yoga significantly decreased FBG, serum TC, LDL, VLDL, triglycerides and TC/HDL ratio in individuals attending a lifestyle education based program for 9 days [33]. Other researchers have reported that yoga sanas significantly reduced FBG and serum MDA in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus [34]. This study suggests that Hatha yoga exercise is as effective as conventional PT exercise in substantially improving biochemical, oxidative stress profile and antioxidant status in type 2 diabetic patients over a period of six months.
The beneficial effects of yoga on glycaemic control are well documented. In this study, Hatha yoga exercise significantly reduced FBG concentrations after six months. This result is in accordance with previous studies by Malhotra et al. who showed that yoga asanas significantly decreased FBG concentrations in type 2 diabetic patients after forty days [35]. A similar study by Jain et al. over the same time period demonstrated a significant reduction in hyperglycaemia measured by FBG and oral glucose tolerance [36]. Sahay et al. reported significant reduction in fasting and post-prandial blood glucose concentrations within three months of yoga exercise in type 2 diabetic patients [37]. Mercuri et al. found significantly decreased glycaemia after three months of yoga exercise in a similar group of patients [38]. The results of this study and others indicate the positive effect of yoga exercise on glycaemia control and suggest that such would be beneficial for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.
Lipoprotein abnormalities play an important role in the causation of diabetic atherosclerosis [39]. Dyslipidaemia causes morbidity and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetic mellitus and the most common pattern in type 2 diabetic patients is elevated triglyceride and LDL, and decreased HDL cholesterol concentrations [40]. The modifications of LDL lipoprotein increase atherogenicity and available data suggest that LDL is more atherogenic in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus [41]. In this study Hatha yoga and conventional PT exercises significantly reduced serum TC and VLDL concentrations with no significant change in triglyceride, LDL or HDL concentrations. Agrawal et al. reported significant improvement in glycaemic control and lipid profile in type 2 diabetic patients exposed to yoga exercise where there was significant reduction in serum TC, triglyceride and LDL concentrations associated with concomitant significant increase in HDL concentrations after three months [42]. Agte and Tarwadi observed statistically significant reduction by Sudarshan kriya yoga (SKY) on serum TC and triglycerides in type 2 diabetic patients after four months [43]. These authors suggested a promising potential for SKY as a complementary treatment for patients with diabetes [43]. The results of this study and others point to benefits for persons with diabetes mellitus with relationship to the risks associated with dysfunction of the lipid profile such as: macrovascular complications, endothelin-1 [44], coronary heart disease and oxidative stress [45].
Diabetic patients have been generally described as having high levels of oxidative stress [46]. Oxidative stress generally causes damage to the membrane polyunsaturated fatty acids leading to the generation of MDA, a thiobarbituric acid reacting substance (TBARS). Increased lipid peroxidation products in diabetic subjects with vascular complications, have been reported [47]. Some authors have shown that high concentration of glucose may be associated with the presence of oxidative stress as reflected by the increase of intracellular lipoperoxides [48]. Serum MDA levels are higher in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus [49] and its concentration is elevated in poorly controlled type 2 diabetic patients [50]. The serum MDA concentrations in controls, which remained unaltered over the six month period was significantly higher than that of the managed exercise groups. Other researchers have found significant reduction in plasma MDA by Sudarshan kriya yoga (SKY) in type 2 diabetic patients after four months [43]. In our study the decreased concentration of MDA by the third and sixth months in type 2 diabetic patients in Hatha yoga and conventional PT exercise groups indicated that there was a reduction in lipoperoxidation diabetes mellitus. The control of glycaemia and the decreased lipid profile parameters using yoga exercises are important influences on the decrease of this oxidative stress parameter and provide more support for the rational of a possible protective effect of yoga exercise against oxidative stress in diabetics.
Protein oxidation, in contrast to lipid peroxidation, does not have the features of chain reactions. The plasma proteins destructed by peroxidation have a quite long period. Therefore, the evaluation of POX in plasma is a respected marker of free radical intensity [51]. Reactive oxygen species modify amino acid side chains of proteins such as arginine, lysine, threonine and proline residues to form protein carbonyls [52]. Carbonyl group formation is considered an early and stable marker for POX, and elevated protein carbonyl levels are detected in type 2 diabetes mellitus and well correlated with the complications of diabetes [53]. The POX non-significantly increased in diabetic patients in the managed exercise groups, with minor increase in the control group. This indicates carbonyl group formation and thus evidence of free radical modification of proteins over the six months [54].
Exercise is a major therapeutic modality in the treatment of diabetes mellitus [55]. Exercise training has been known to be effective in type 2 diabetes mellitus by increasing insulin sensitivity [56], and regular exercise can strengthen antioxidant defenses and may reduce oxidative stress [57]. Exercises including yoga postures have been shown to play a role in preventing type 2 diabetes [58]. The yoga postures are slow rhythmic movements which emphasize the stimulation of the organs and glands by easy bending and extensions which do not over-stimulates muscles but concentrate on glandular stimulation [59]. A major benefit of non-exhaustive exercise such as yoga is to induce a mild oxidative stress that stimulates the expression of certain antioxidant enzymes. This is mediated by the activation of redox-sensitive signaling pathways [60]. For example, gene expression of SOD is enhanced after an acute bout of exercise preceded by an elevation of NF-kappaB and AP-1 binding. An increase in de novo protein synthesis of an antioxidant enzyme such as SOD or catalase usually requires repeated bouts of exercise [61]. This could explain the increase in the activity of SOD in the Hatha yoga and conventional PT exercise groups at the end of six months.
Cellular intracellular enzymes such as SOD and catalase along with non-enzymatic antioxidants (glutathione) act as primary line of defense to cope with the deleterious effects of reactive oxygen species [62]. Superoxide dismutase detoxifies superoxide radicals and converts them to hydrogen peroxide which is further converted to water by catalase and glutathione peroxidase. Reduced scavenging of free radicals by SOD, decreased glutathione and decreased activity of catalase are associated with diabetes and vascular pathology [46]. Reduced capacities of antioxidant enzymes lead to increased oxidative stress in diabetes [63]. Turk et al. reported an increase in SOD activity and decreased catalase activity and suggested that these alterations may be owing to the compensatory mechanisms of the antioxidant system in type 2 diabetics [64]. In our study, evaluation of antioxidant status demonstrated significant increase in SOD activity and non-significant increase in catalase activity with a concomitant significant reduction in MDA in the Hatha yoga and conventional PT groups after six months. The improved antioxidant status due to these exercise regimens may point to adaptive response to oxidative stress reflecting free radical production and increased enzyme biosynthesis [65]. Furthermore, in oxidative stress when excessive superoxide formation may be accompanied by increased nitric oxide levels, elevated SOD activity may play a protective role in preventing cells from peroxynitrite formation [66].
Exercise intensity, for diagnostic or exercise prescription purposes, has been expressed in terms of oxygen consumption (VO2), heart rate (HR), and/or ratings of perceived exertion [67]. Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) is generally accepted as the criterion measure of cardio-respiratory capacity [68]. Accordingly, recommended intensity levels for particular purposes may be accurately expressed in terms of VO2max. One of the limitations of the study is the lack of investigation of this parameter and the measurement of lactate. There were budgetary constraints and the authors recognized that the measurement of VO2max is generally restricted to sophisticated research settings due to the specialized equipment required. In this study, heart rate and Rating of Perception Exertion was used as valid indicators of exercise intensity. Changes in VO2max during different types of yoga breathing practices (pranayama) have previously been reported. Ray and colleagues reported that there is significant increase in VO2max in healthy individuals who practiced yogic exercise one hour every morning (6 days per week) for six months [69]. Another study showed decreased VO2max during Ujjayi pranayama practice in subjects who were practicing yoga for more than six months [70]. Carroll and colleagues found no relationship between heart rate and VO2max although there was mild increase in blood lactate in a group of yoga practitioners with yoga experience of 3 – 36 months [71].
The findings of the study demonstrate the efficacy of Hatha yoga exercise on fasting blood glucose, lipid profile, oxidative stress markers and antioxidant status in patients with type 2 diabetes. The response observed using Hatha yoga exercise in type 2 diabetic patients was similar to that of conventional physical training exercise. These findings suggest that Hatha yoga exercise has therapeutic preventative and protective effects in type 2 diabetes by decreasing oxidative stress. This may have direct impact on the use of Hatha yoga exercise as a safe therapeutic modality in diabetes mellitus.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
LAG, EYM, EMZ were responsible for the study concept, coordinating research activities, the development of method, analyzing the data and writing the manuscript. DAMcG, RY, YTPF, RLA-L and RRI were involved in literature search, statistical analysis, data interpretation and writing the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
The authors would like to thank all the staff at The National Institute of Endocrinology and The "Hermanos Ameijeiras" Hospital, Havana, Cuba who participated in this study for their assistance. This study was supported by financial assistance from Lascelles Chin and LASCO Group of Companies, and contributions from Roche Pharmaceuticals Ltd and Northern Caribbean University.
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Loh KC, Thai AC, Lui KF, Ng WY: High prevalence of dyslipidaemia despite adequate glycaemic control in patients with diabetes.
Ann Acad Med Singapore 1996, 25:228-232. PubMed Abstract
Steiner G, Stewart D, Hosking JD: Baseline characteristics of the study population in the Diabetes Atherosclerosis Intervention Study (DAIS). World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for the Study of Atherosclerosis in Diabetes.
Am J Cardiol 1999, 84:1004-1010. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Agrawal RP, Aradhana R, Hussain S, Sabir M, Kochar DK, Kothari RP: Influence of yogic treatment on quality of life outcomes, glycaemic control and risk factors in diabetes mellitus.
International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries 2003, 23(4):130-134.
Agte VV, Tarwadi K: Sudarshan Kriya yoga for treating type 2 diabetes.
Alternative and Complementary Therapies 2004, 10(4):220-222.
Piatti PM, Monti LD, Galli L, Fragasso G, Valsecchi G, Conti M, Gernone F, Pontiroli AE: Relationship between endothelin-1 concentration and metabolic alterations typical of the insulin resistance syndrome.
Metabolism 2000, 49:748-752. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Paolisso G, Tagliamonte MR, Barbieri M, Zito GA, Gambardella A, Varricchio G, Ragno E, Varricchio M: Chronic vitamin E administration improves brachial reactivity and increases intracellular magnesium concentration in type II diabetic patients.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000, 85:109-115. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Baynes JW, Thorpe SR: The role of oxidative stress in diabetic complications.
Gupta M, Chari S: Proxidant and antioxidant status in patients of type II diabetes mellitus with IHD.
Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry 2006, 21(2):118-122.
Bonnefont-Rousselot D, Bastard JP, Jaudon MC, Delattre J: Consequences of the diabetic status on the oxidant/antioxidant balance.
Diabetes Metab 2000, 26:163-176. PubMed Abstract
Armstrong AM, Chestnutt JE, Gormley MJ, Young IS: The effect of dietary treatment on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in newly diagnosed noninsulin dependent diabetes.
Free Radic Biol Med 1996, 21(5):719-726. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Peuchant E: Short-term insulin therapy and normoglycemia. Effects on erythrocyte lipid peroxidation in NIDDM patients.
Diabetes Care 1997, 20:202-207. PubMed Abstract
Ramakrishna V, Jailkhani R: Evaluation of oxidative stress in insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) patients.
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Chevion M, Berenshtein E, Stadtman ER: Human studies related to protein oxidation: protein carbonyl content as a marker of damage.
Dominguez C, Ruiz E, Gussinye M, Carrascosa A: Oxidative stress at onset and in early stages of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents.
Diabetes Care 1998, 21:1736-1742. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Ahmed N, Babaei-Jadidi R, Howell SK, Thornalley PJ, Beisswenger PJ: Glycated and oxidised protein degradation products are indicators of fasting and postprandial hyperglycaemia in diabetes.
Diabetes Care 2005, 28:2465-2471. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Laaksonen DE, Atalay M, Niskanen LK, Mustonen J, Sen CK, Lakka TA, Uusitupa MI: Aerobic exercise and the lipid profile in type 1. Oxidative Stress, Exercise and Diabetes 12 diabetic men: a randomized controlled trial.
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2000, 32:1541-1548.
Ibanez J, Izquierdo M, Arguelles I, Forga L, Larrion JL, Garcia-Unciti M, Idoate F, Gorostiaga EM: Twice weekly progressive resistance training decreases abdominal fat and improves insulin sensitivity in older men with type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes Care 2005, 28(3):662-667. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Kim JD, Yu BP, McCarter RJ, Lee SY, Herlihy JT: Exercise and diet modulate cardiac lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defenses.
Free Radic Biol Med 1996, 20(1):83-88. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Sahay BK, Dahay RK: Lifestyle modification in management of diabetes mellitus.
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Reid MB: Redox modulation of skeletal muscle contraction: what we know and what we dont.
Journal of Applied Physiology 2001, 90:724-731. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Jil LL: Exercise-induced modulation of antioxidant defense.
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Cancer Res 1984, 44:4224-4232. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Arai K, Lizuka S, Tada Y, Oikawa K, Taniguchi N: Increase in the glycosylated form of erythrocyte CuZnSOD in diabetes and close association of non-enzymatic glycosylation with enzyme activity.
Biochim Biophys Acta 1987, 924:292-296. PubMed Abstract
Turk HM, Sevinc C, Camci C, Cigli A, Buyuberber S, Savli H, Bayraktar N: Plasma lipid peroxidation products and antioxidant enzyme activities in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Lui D, Maulik N, Moraru II, Kreutzer DL, Das DK: Molecular adaptation of vascular endothelial cells to oxidative stress.
Li H, Forstermann U: Nitric oxide in the pathogenesis of vascular disease.
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Karambelkar PV, Deshpande RR, Bhole MV: Oxygen consumption during ujjayi Pranayama.
Carroll J, Blansit A, Otto RM, Wygand JW: The metabolic requirements of Vinyasa yoga.
Pre-publication history
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:


text:
We will update this page from time to time regarding different job opportunities at the school.
Dr. Nitzan Censor is opening his lab at Tel-Aviv University this coming academic year. He has begun his search for good potential students/post-docs interested in his work. He is also looking for a lab manager (post-bac/graduate student with some administrative responsibilities).
He is seeking highly motivated graduate students and post-doctoral fellows, to engage in exciting multidisciplinary research in perceptual and motor learning and memory. The overall mission of the research is to investigate the link between the way by which memories are formed, modified and internally represented and the resulting learning which enables skill improvements over time.
Research will involve a combination of psychophysics, non-invasive brain stimulation and neuroimaging techniques.
Please email a statement of research interests and CV.
Examples of his recently published work:
CensorHorovitzCohen2014Neuron: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24411732
CensorDayanCohen2013Cortex: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23849672
CensorSagiCohen2012NatureReviewsNeuroscience: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22903222

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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Duty And The BeastDuty And The Beast (1943) - Phantasy Theatrical Cartoon Series by Dave Koch
This page has been viewed 19 times this month, and 399 times total.
- Phantasy Theatrical Cartoon SeriesTheatricalSeriesCartoon
- Traditional Animation
- Screen Gems
- Distributed by: Columbia Pictures Corporation
- Cartoon Characters: Hunter, Japanese Pilot.
- Directed By Alec Geiss.
- Animated By Grant Simmons.
- Written By Milt Gross, Stephen Longstreet.
- Music: Paul Worth.
- Originally Released on May 28, 1943.
- Originally Released Theatrically.
- Running Time: 6 minutes.
- Black & White
Cartoon Summary:
A hunter shoots down a Japanese pilot.
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Caution: AIS Apps
View Single Post
Proud "picnic sailor"
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Re: Caution: AIS Apps
Originally Posted by
...Also look at the words in my post:
vessels going offshore for more than a day sail.
Boats in a river will need to get out of the way of large ships anyway as the ship will be constrained and/or in a shipping channel...And remember if the sailboat is the stand on vessel it should stand on. It makes it vastly easier for a ship to maneuver around a sail boat when he knows its course and speed, very much so when the boat is pointing one way but leeway or current is taking him the other way...
OK, another one of these "you must have missed reading my words" comments.
Yes, I saw the words in your post. Don't forget the part where you said AIS receivers
"aren't worth a pinch of poop"
part. I saw those words too, and I still think that they are overly negative.
As for an encounter between a sailboat and a massive freighter or cargo ship, the sailboat is almost never the stand-on vessel. For this reason I don't expect those guys to steer around me, especially since they are constrained by a narrow channel in my area.
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Formerly posted as "RhythmDoctor"
1998 Catalina 250WK
Take Five
(at Anchorage Marina, Essington, on the Delaware River)
1991 15' Trophy (Lake Wallenpaupack)
1985 14' Phantom (Lake Wallenpaupack)
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Filmmaker Rajan Khosa on his experience of working with children for the film Gattu
His previous folk short film Flower Girl revolved around rural children.
And now, Rajan Khosa's feature film Gattu (for Children's Film Society of India) has won accolades at Los Angeles and Berlin Film festivals. The movie, distributed by Rajshri Productions, is releasing in India in July.
The feature film revolves around Gattu, a nine-year-old small-town orphan, who is obsessed with kite flying. One day, he sees a mysterious black kite flying in the sky. The movie follows young Gattu as he tries to bring down this mysterious kite, in essence overcoming challenges to realise his dreams.
Gattu was shot for about 40 days in Roorkee and involved four writers. Rajan, also the founding member of Indian Independent Film Makers Association, says: "Each of us in the scripting team had his / her our own forte — dialogue, structure, scene writing... All our strengths were brought together to make a good screenplay."
Rewarding experience
The selection process for the cast comprised workshops and training sessions. Rajan, who feels it is a rewarding experience to work with children, recalls: "It was easier working with them as they were open to ideas. They also improvised some dialogues and scenes on the sets."
Recently, the movie was screened to 3,000 children from various villages in South India. Rajan, known for his Dance of the Wind feature film that won global praise, says: "Children in rural areas are very talented and intelligent. They need to be educated and their dreams need to be fulfilled and channelled. What better way to convey this to the audience than through a movie? In the West, many studios make movies targeting the child in an adult. This trend should become popular here as well."
Rajan plans to highlight the adventures of children in villages by releasing a comic book with colourful illustrations. "The comic book will be based on four children who play hero figures and help the rural people solve civic issues. We plan to release it along with the movie, to create social awareness in young minds."
The feature film will be screened in the Asia Pacific Film Festival too, and Rajan hopes to walk the Oscar carpet.
What message does he have for budding independent filmmakers? "Believe in yourself and follow your dreams."
Keywords: Gattu, children's film, Children's Film Society of India


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The ReeferPal enables staff to access the back of a truck safely and easily. It provides OSHA-quality access with a large slip-resistant area, giving better mobility and area for movement than a ladder. The open-area, serrated aluminum grating on the large working area platform features braked casters for easy positioning.
Bustin Industrialwww.bustin-usa.com
Booth 442
Fleets, Trucks and Accessories
One's a universal "mini" mount model; the other fits Bobcat and Gehl machines.
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March 2014 - Volume 6, Issue 2
In this issue:
- IEEE WCET Exam Testing Window Reminder
- IEEE WCET Fall Exam Application Deadline
- Understanding LTE-A and SON: New Course
- Who Will You Be Meeting on the Exhibits Floor? Upcoming Conferences
- Industry News
IEEE WCET Exam Testing Window Reminder
Candidates who completed an application to sit for the WCET Certification Exam during the Spring 2014 Testing Window need to schedule their exam at a testing center and sit for the test between now and 12 April. If you are having any issues scheduling your exam contact firstname.lastname@example.com for assistance. Review ways to get prepared and what to expect on your examination day. Best of luck to all our Spring Candidates!!
IEEE WCET Exam Testing Window Reminder
Join an elite group of professionals working in wireless today who have earned the IEEE Wireless Communications Professional designation. Applications to test this Fall from 6 October through 1 November 2014 must be submitted by 19 September. Review application details and request a 2014 Candidate Handbook if you don't have one in hand. It is available online or as a hard copy. Learn more by reviewing our FAQs. Submit your application today.
Understanding LTE-Advanced and SON: New Course
A new one day course developed and taught by Javan Erfanian addresses why the technologies and maturity of LTE Advanced and virtualization are necessary. It highlights the prospects, challenges, requirements, standards and the future of Small Cells and HetNets. By the end of the course you will undersand the need and the means for multi-dimensional technology transformation to keep up with demand. Basics of Self Organizing Networks are introduced and the course includes SON technologies and standards, their synergy, initiatives, related technologies, and their future. Save your seat today for the course being taught on May 6th -- register by 7 April and save $25.
Review all course offerings from ComSoc Training.
Who Will You Be Meeting on the Exhibits Floor?
Upcoming Conferences
Visit with Marilyn Catis, Certification & Professional Education Manager to learn more about what's going on at ComSoc; obtain copies of our latest publications, and learn more about IEEE ComSoc products and services. ComSoc will have a booth on the exhibit floor. Register for the one day course Jonathan Levine will be teaching on "Practical Wireless Communications Engineering" on Tuesday, 25 March from 9:00am - 4:30pm in Room S229. This workshop is part of the College of Technology Track.
Las Vegas, Nevada: 5-10 April 2014
Visit us on the show floor 7-10 April in Booth #SU12913. Register for a one day course on an "Introduction to Professional Wireless Communications" taking place in room N233 in the Las Vegas Convention Center on Tuesday, 8 April from 9:00am - 4:30pm PTD.
Industry News
First Ten Companies Join Sprint's Mobile Health Accelerator
Ten startups have been welcomed into the Sprint Mobile Health Accelerator, a three-month program that will grant each company up to $120,000 in funding. Each of the ten startups will also receive a mentor and then, at the end of the three months, they will pitch their technologies to investors and business leaders. [Kansas City Business Journal]
Mobile Data Revenue Exceeds Voice
For the first time, mobile carriers in the U.S. have earned more from data than they did from voice, according to data from the final quarter of 2013. Data service revenue reached $90 billion for the entire year, according to one analyst, who predicts it to hit $100 billion this year. [Reuters]
Hon Hai to Hire 15,000 New Employees
Hon Hai Precision Industry (a.k.a. Foxconn) — a lead manufacturer for Apple, as well as a growing player in the telecommunications industry — plans to hire 15,000 people, starting in Taiwan, the company announced. Hires over the next six months will include engineers, biotechnology experts, and programmers. The company will launch its first 4G network in Taiwan next year. [Energy & Capital]
Experts Offer Advice on Professional Development
Technology moves at a rapid pace, as should engineers' continuing education. Experts from MIT and IEEE offer tips on how to get the most from professional development. [Today's Engineer]
Huawei Plans Windows-Android Hybrid Phone
Huawei will ship a hybrid smartphone that uses both the Windows and Android operating systems, the company's CMO announced. The phone, due later this year, would be marketed to people who do not want to miss out by having only a single OS. [Information Week]
T-Mobile Plans to Complete 4G Rollout in 2015
T-Mobile says it will transition all of its current 2G networks in the U.S. to 4G LTE by the middle of 2015. The company's 2G EDGE service will stay online for low-tech phone and M2M connections. [Gigaom]
AT&T Completes Leap Acquisition
The $1.2 billion purchase of Leap Wireless by AT&T has gone through. Leap was the sixth-largest carrier in the U.S., with 4.6 million pay-as-you-go customers (although it lost more than a quarter of its subscribers over the past two years). AT&T will have to bow out of 12 markets as part of the acquisition. Leap's Cricket brand will now operate as an AT&T subsidiary. [Businessweek]
'Privacy Phone' Promises Freedom from Snooping
FreedomPop – a free ISP that partners with Sprint to provide wireless service – has released an encrypted smartphone that it calls the "Privacy Phone." Actually a reconfigured Samsung Galaxy S II, the phone carries 128-bit encryption, which the company says can prevent government snooping of voice or text messages. [FierceWireless]
Webinar to Cover Successful HetNet Deployments
How do you successfully deploy a heterogeneous network? Leaders from ThinkSmartCell will host a webinar on this topic on Tuesday, March 25. The webinar will address the need for HetNets and the challenges in deploying them, as well as industry best practices. [RCR Wireless]
Mobile Health Market to Hit $49 Billion by 2020
The global market for mobile health devices and services – which was worth $1.95 billion in 2012 – will grow to $49 billion by 2020, according to Grand View Research. Chronic disease management is expected to be the biggest segment of the market. [MobileHealthNews]
Heavy M&A Activity Predicted for Europe
Europe's telecom companies will undergo a number of mergers and acquisitions in 2014, according to predictions from Standard & Poor's. The ratings firm anticipates both in-market and fixed-mobile merger activity. [Total Telecom]
Certified Wireless Network Professional Launches Continuing Education Program
A new continuing education program for Certified Wireless Network Experts has been launched by CWNP, LLC. [Press release]
R&D Drives Growth for Corning
Continued investment has pulled Corning out of a major slump, helping the company to reach $8 billion in sales last year. Among the R&D investments that have driven profits: fiber-optics and display glass for smartphones and other devices. [Democrat & Chronicle]
January 2014 - Volume 6, Issue 1
In this issue:
- Why Getting Certified in 2014 Matters
- Understand Wireless Positioning and Location Technologies: New Course
- ComSoc Training Offers Intensive Course in Combined Package with IEEE Spring 2014 WCET Exam
- Reminder: Applications Due 28 February for WCET Certification Exam
- Who Will You Be Meeting in 2014? Upcoming Conferences
- 2013 Salary Survey: Encouraging, But Gaps in Some Areas
- Industry News
Why Getting Certified in 2014 Matters
The following is excerpted from "Which Tech Jobs Will Win, Which Will Lose in 2014"
Mobile App Developers and Device Managers
Last year, Foote predicted that mobile app developers, wireless engineers and wireless security professionals would be in demand. His prediction turned out to be accurate. As a group, certified and non-certified wireless skills gained 6 percent in market value over the past three months and 17.7% in value in the past 9 months, according to the firm's survey. Foote doesn't foresee a drop in demand from the emergence of hybrid phones and mini tablets. "Demand for mobile developers would have ebbed in 2014 if not for these new devices," he says.
Understand Wireless Positioning and LocationTechnologies: New Course
A brand new one day course will be taught for the first time by Alan Bensky on 12 February. This course will give you a firm introduction to the how and the why of wireless positioning. In it, you will learn about the E911 emergency calling rules and compliance methods, the fundamentals of GPS and other satellite navigation systems, time of arrival and time difference of arrival techniques, signal strength methods and angle of arrival location. In addition to cellular, the course discusses positioning issues within important short-range network environments and implementations, including WLAN (Wi-Fi), WPAN, and UWB. It will also attempt to predict the directions that positioning and location technologies will be going to in the future.
ComSoc Training Offers Intensive Course in Combined Package with IEEE Spring 2014 WCET Exam
IEEE ComSoc is currently offering a combination package providing seats to its Intensive Wireless Communications Course and the Spring 2014 IEEE Wireless Communication Engineering Technologies (IEEE WCET®) Certification Exam. The Spring 2014 testing window will be open from 17 March – 12 April and applications must be submitted by 28 February.
The five day course taught online via WebEx will be held Monday, 27 January – Friday, 31 January 2014 and Monday, 17 March – Friday, 21 March 2014. The course can either be attended independently as a method for learning about the latest wireless industry topics, trends and challenges or purchased jointly with the IEEE WCET Exam and used as a method for gaining a better understanding of the certification program's key testing areas. In addition to discounted rates for both the tutorial and exam, professionals purchasing the combined package also receive a free online IEEE WCET practice exam consisting of 75 questions designed to help individuals gauge their preparedness for the official exam.
REMINDER: Applications Due 28 February for WCET Certification Exam
Who Will You Be Meeting in 2014?
Upcoming Conferences
Vancouver: 4-6 February 2014
Take a one day course on M2M for Engineers & Managers on Thursday, 6 February from 8:30am - 4:00pm at the Marriott Pinnacle Downtown Hotel located at 1128 West Hastings Street.
Barcelona: 24-27 February 2014
Visit the IEEE Booth: Hall 7, Stand 7M05
Las Vegas, Nevada: 24-28 March 2014
Visit with Marilyn Catis, Certification & Professional Education Manager to learn more about what's going on at ComSoc; obtain copies of our latest publications, and learn more about IEEE ComSoc products and services. ComSoc will have a booth on the exhibit floor. Register for the one day course Jonathan Levine will be teaching on "Practical Wireless Communications Engineering" on Tuesday, 25 March from 9:00am - 4:30pm in Room S229. This workshop is part of the College of Technology Track.
2013 Salary Survey: Encouraging, But Gaps in Some Areas
IEEE-USA has published a "2013 Salary & Benefits Survey" which shows that salaries among IEEE U.S. IEEE members are continuing to rise. Read the complete article by Helen Horwitz. Additionally, IEEE-USA has partnered with Industry Insights, a leader in salary surveys and research, to launch a new and enhanced salary service featuring several new products. Visit IEEE-USA to learn more. Looking to make a move or find a job? The IEEE JobSite is a great place to start your search. 2014 has just begun -- create new possibilities.
Industry News
Small Cells & VoLTE are Among the Top Trends for 2014
RCR Wireless has identified six trends that it predicts will drive the telecom industry in 2014. On the wireless side they include small cells, 4G and LTE-Advanced, VoLTE, network functions virtualization and growth in emerging markets. RCR also suggests that not underestimating the need for wireline. [RCR Wireless]
Webinar: Digital Health Trends in 2014
MobileHealthNews will host a free webinar about digital health trends on Thursday, January 30. The webinar will look back at 2013 while addressing the biggest issues and trends facing the industry. Presenters include the site's manager editor Brian Dolan and Validec CEO Ryan Beckland. [MobileHealthNews]
ZTE Reorganizes
China's ZTE Corp. has shuffled some of its executive leadership in moves designed to take advantage of opportunities in enterprise and mobile devices. As part of this reorganization, ZTE Mobile Devices has become an independent unit of the company. [RCR Wireless]
M2M Growth Predicted for Middle East, Africa, Asia-Pacific
M2M connections will expand at an annual growth rate of 22.6% in the Middle East, Africa and Asia-Pacific markets through 2018, according to research from Ovum. The biggest growth is expected in the healthcare, manufacturing and utilities sectors, with annual revenues hitting $44.8 billion in 2018. [Fierce Wireless]
Employers Desire Applicants with Mobile Development Skills
Developers with skills in mobile technologies are among the most sought after by employers, according to experts. Experience in open-source languages, Google Android, security and cloud computing are especially desired. [TechWorld]
Booming Market for Wireless Electronic Health Recording Devices
The market for wireless devices, software and related technologies tied to electronic health records (EHR) will expand dramatically over the next few years, hitting $23.5 billion by 2018 according to a new study by BCC Research. That's more than double the current size of the market, which was estimated at $11.2 billion in 2013. [MobileHealthNews]
Teeny, Tiny Windmills Could Power Mobile Devices
A team of electrical engineers at the University of Texas, Arlington have developed a tiny wind turbine that could power mobile devices. The turbine is just 1/15th of an inch wide, making it about a tenth the size of a grain of rice. A mobile device equipped with hundreds or even thousands of these tiny micro-windmills could generate electricity from ambient wind. [Forbes]
Webinar: Next Generation Backhaul Technologies
Fierce Wireless will host a webinar entitled "Next Generation Backhaul Technologies for Heterogeneous LTE Networks" on January 28. The event will include two speakers from Aricent and cover both macro and small cell environments. [Fierce Wireless]
Sprint to Carry G Flex Curved Phone
Sprint will become the first mobile operator to offer the curved G Flex smartphone from LG. The device will go on sale on January 31 and be available February 7. [Wireless Week]
U.S. Consumers Want Access to Mobile Devices, Apps While Driving
A new survey from IDC Manufacturing finds that almost half of U.S. consumers want to be able to access their mobile phones while driving, while 40% want access to their navigation and music apps. Baby boomers displayed the strongest desires for this tech. [Cellular-News]
Apple Hires in Medical Sensor Field
Apple has been on a hiring spree in the medical sensor field, with scientists, engineers and managers among its recent hires. The most recent hires seem to tie in to Apple's desire to develop new wearable technology. [9 to 5 Mac]
Healthcare Industry Needs IT Talent
More than a third of leaders surveyed in the healthcare industry said they have had to cancel or delay key projects because they didn't have the right IT talent, according to PwC. App developers and people with experience in electronic patient records are especially desired. [Fierce CIO]


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He told you to only practice 20mins daily? I can mosh out on one solo for 20 minutes with the same scale running the whole fretboard. I don't think 20 mins is ample time to even warm up, let alone get a full practice session in. I took lessons way back in the day and like you I got frustrated and with college and what not I had to stop anyway. I just picked my guitars back up two years ago and started self teaching and I get better and better every day.
Like anything if you don't get better you get frustrated and stop. You can not get better at anything without practice. Guitar IMO takes atleast 2hrs a day. The better you get the more you want to learn the better you get in cycles.
My advice, don't try to learn one song, try to learn what makes a song, chords and scales and timing make a song. If you learn just one song, how are you gona know what you are doing wrong, besides , different folks will play that one song you are learning a total different way than you are playing it. I have found that like anything, guitar requires learning at your own pace and your own style. Don't try to copy don't get in a hurry, just relax and do it. Don't think to much about it.
You should maybe start to self learn, start with blues minor pentatonic scalesl. They are easy and once you have the minors you can see how the majors of that scale relate, then move to modial scales. Do alot of reading, do alot of practicing, do alot of reading. Once you learn one scale ONE note not many; go to youtube and get some backing tracks and start soloing with that backing track.
Learn an A minor pentatonic then look up aminor backing tracks, You'd be shock at what you've taught yourself with some practice and paitence.
Am I a pro, hell no, can many out play me here, oh hells yes. Do I amaze myself, often. Do I have stuff to learn, YES. Does my wife hate my guitars. O YEA lol
Take your time practice, and read and learn and PLAY BABY!


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Julia Faye
|Julia Faye
September 24, 1893
Richmond, Virginia U.S.
|April 6, 1966
(aged 72)
Hollywood, Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Cause of death
Resting place
|Hollywood Forever Cemetery
|Years active
|Anthony Merrill[1]
(1935–1936; divorced)
|Cecil B. DeMille
Julia Faye (September 24, 1893 – April 6, 1966) was an American actress of silent and sound films.[2] She was "famed throughout Hollywood for her perfect legs" until her performance in Cecil B. DeMille's The Volga Boatman (1926) established her as "one of Hollywood's popular leading ladies."[3]
Early life[edit]
Faye was born at her grandmother's home near Richmond, Virginia.[4] Her father was French.[4]
She had lived in St. Louis, Missouri prior to coming to Hollywood in 1916, to visit friends. She visited one of the film studios and was introduced to Christy Cabanne. The two reminisced about St. Louis and discovered that they had lived next door to one another there. Cabanne persuaded Faye's reluctant mother to allow her to be in motion pictures.[5]
She appeared in more Cecil B. DeMille films than any other actress. She appeared in many of his silent ones and in every one of his films from 1939's Union Pacific on. She was DeMille's mistress off-screen for quite some time and DeMille kept her employed in bit parts long after her career (and their relationship) was over, including his most famous film, The Ten Commandments (1956).
Film actress[edit]
In 1919, Faye played the stenographer in Stepping Out. Cast with Enid Bennett, Niles Welch, and Gertrude Clair, Faye was complimented by a critic for playing her role with "class".[6] It Pays To Advertise (1919) is a Paramount Pictures release adapted by Elmer Harris from the play of the same name by Rol Cooper Megrue and Walter Hackett. It was directed by Donald Crisp. Faye is among the actors with Lois Wilson depicting the leading lady.[7] Changing Husbands (1924) is a Leatrice Joy comedy adapted from a magazine story entitled Roles. Faye joined Raymond Griffith and Zasu Pitts in the screen feature.[8] Faye was listed as a member of the Paramount Stock Company School in July 1922. Its noteworthy personalities included Rudolph Valentino, Gloria Swanson, Betty Compson, Wallace Reid, Bebe Daniels, and Pola Negri.[9]
When DeMille resigned as director general of Famous Players-Lasky, in January 1925, he became the production head of Cinema Corporation of America. He planned to direct two or three films per year and supervise the making of between ten and twenty more. Faye came along with him as did Joy, Rod La Roque, Florence Vidor, Mary Astor, and Vera Reynolds.[10]
The Volga Boatman (1926) is directed by DeMille and named for the noted Russian song. William Boyd, Elinor Fair, and Faye have primary roles in a production DeMille called his greatest achievement in picture making.[11] Faye's depiction of a tiger woman is esteemed as the most captivating of her career, to this point.[12] Before this role she had been known for "silken siren roles". Theodore Kosloff played opposite her as a stupid blacksmith.[13]
Faye played "Martha" in The King of Kings (1926). Christ, portrayed by H.B. Warner, is introduced with great majesty in the DeMille photodrama. A blind child searches for the Lord and the producer/director turns the camera gradually down to the child's eyes. The viewer sees Christ initially like the blind child whose sight is restored.[14] Faye traveled to New York City for personal appearances in association with The King of Kings and to address a sales convention in Chicago, Illinois.[15]
Selected filmography[edit]
- The Woman God Forgot (1917)
- The Whispering Chorus (1918)
- Old Wives for New (1918)
- Till I Come Back to You (1918)
- The Squaw Man (1918)
- Don't Change Your Husband (1919)
- Stepping Out (1919)
- Male and Female (1919)
- The Six Best Cellars (1920)
- Something to Think About (1920)
- Life of the Party (1920)
- Forbidden Fruit (1921)
- Fool's Paradise (1921)
- Saturday Night (1922)
- A Trip to Paramountown (1922) – short
- Manslaughter (1922)
- Nice People (1922)
- Adam's Rib (1923)
- The Ten Commandments (1923) as The Pharaoh's Wife
- Triumph (1924)
- Changing Husbands (1924)
- Feet of Clay (1924)
- The Golden Bed (1925)
- The Road to Yesterday (1925)
- Meet the Prince (1926)
- The Volga Boatman (1926)
- The Fighting Eagle (1927)
- Chicago (1927) as Velma Kelly
- The Godless Girl (1929)
- The Squaw Man (1931)
- Till We Meet Again (1936)
- Northwest Mounted Police (1940)
- The Ten Commandments (1956) as Elisheba
- ^ "Julia Faye Gets Divorce". The Milwaukee Journal. April 19, 1936. Retrieved 6 April 2014.
- ^ The Army of Ushers, New York Times, February 17, 1924, pg. X5.
- ^ Thomas, Dan (June 19, 1927). "Some Stars Break in Movies By Legs and Backs". The Pittsburgh Press. Retrieved 6 April 2014.
- ^ a b "Miss Julia Faye, Actress, In City But Companions Didn't Recognize Her. Guest At Club.". The Free Lance-Star. June 7, 1934. Retrieved 6 April 2014.
- ^ "Beauty's Visit Here Starts Film Career", Los Angeles Times, July 18, 1926, p. C32
- ^ The Screen, September 22, 1919, New York Times, p. 8
- ^ Written On The Screen, New York Times, November 9, 1919, p. XX5
- ^ Around the Movie World, May 11, 1924, p. X5
- ^ "Pictures Plays And People", New York Times, July 30, 1922, p. 81
- ^ "DeMille Organizes A New Film Concern", New York Times, February 6, 1925, p. 14
- ^ "DeMille's 'Volga Boatman'", New York Times, April 12, 1926, p. X5
- ^ "[Faye] Plays Vivid Role In De Mille Opus", Los Angeles Times, May 12, 1926, p. A9
- ^ "Julia Faye Has Comedy Role in Volga Boatman", Los Angeles Times, May 14, 1926, p. A8
- ^ "Christ's Life Filmed", New York Times, November 21, 1926, pg. X7.
- ^ "De Mille, La Rocque Make Up", Los Angeles Times, March 29, 1927, p. A10.
External links[edit]
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Julia Faye.
- Julia Faye at the Internet Movie Database
- Julia Faye at AllMovie
- Julia Faye at Virtual History
- Julia Faye at Find a Grave


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Author(s): Levenson, Jon D.
ISBN 10: 0691163553. See all ISBN's
Publisher: Princeton University Press
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Jews, Christians, and Muslims supposedly share a common religious heritage in the patriarch Abraham, and the idea that he should serve only as a source of unity among the three traditions has become widespread in both scholarly and popular circles. But in Inheriting Abraham, Jon Levenson reveals how the increasingly conventional notion of the three equally "Abrahamic" religions derives from a dangerous misunderstanding of key biblical and Qur'anic texts, fails to do full justice to any of the traditions, and is often biased against Judaism in subtle and pernicious ways.
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Feasting on the Word: Year B, Vol. 3: Pentecost and Season after Pentecost 1 (Propers 3-16) - eBook
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Vendor: Westminster John Knox Press
Publication Date: 2009
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Series: Feasting on the Word
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With this new lectionary commentary series, Westminster John Knox offers the most extensive resource for preaching on the market today. When complete, the twelve volumes of the series will cover all the Sundays in the three-year lectionary cycle, along with movable occasions, such as Christmas Day, Epiphany, Holy Week, and All Saints' Day.
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The editors and contributors to this series are world-class scholars, pastors, and writers representing a variety of denominations and traditions. And while the twelve volumes of the series will follow the pattern of the Revised Common Lectionary, each volume will contain an index of biblical passages so that nonlectionary preachers, as well as teachers and students, may make use of its contents.
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Rare Fairy Shrimp Found In Groton
By Kim Martineau, The Hartford Courant, Conn.
Jul. 5–NEW HAVEN — – A Yale scientist who recently rediscovered a rare type of fairy shrimp in a woodland pool is asking the state to put the tiny critter on its endangered species list.
Eubranchipus holmani may never capture the popular imagination the way the imperiled polar bear or red panda have. But biologist Eric Lazo-Wasem hopes his petition will give this homely crustacean and the freshwater pools it calls home some protection.
"At the very least, we want to know about its biology before it disappears," he said.
Eubranchipus holmani has beady eyes, a trunk-shaped snout and is extremely uncommon — it was last seen in Connecticut more than 50 years ago. Finding it became an obsession for Lazo-Wasem after reading its description in a field guide called Freshwater Invertebrates of the U.S. more than a decade ago.
Back then, Lazo-Wasem was scouring freshwater pools on the site of a proposed housing development in his hometown of Redding. His hope was that the shrimp, if confirmed alive, could stop the bulldozers. The scouting mission uncovered plenty of Eubranchipus vernalis — a closely related fairy shrimp species common to Connecticut — and even a rare type of mole salamander, but no Eubranchipus holmani.
This spring, the hunt brought Lazo-Wasem to a wooded area in Groton where a Connecticut College professor had suggested a look. He and his assistant, Daniel Drew, waded into a freshwater pond by the side of the road, scooped up several dozen fairy shrimp and brought them back to Yale's Peabody Museum of Natural History. At first Lazo-Wasem thought he had collected the common variety until putting one of the small fries under his microscope.
One look at its trunk and Lazo-Wasem knew he had found his white whale: E. holmani. On a recent tour of his lab at the Peabody, Lazo-Wasem clicked through pictures of his specimens like a proud father leafing through the family photo album. When asked about the critters' aesthetic appeal, his eyes grew wide.
"Oh God," he said. "They're gorgeous."
The fairy shrimp is named for its graceful swimming strokes. Its legs beat in waves, like fingers practicing scales on the piano. In the wild, fairy shrimp snack on plant matter and bacteria and live in puddles and other temporary freshwater pools. Their eggs can withstand years of drought, hatching when the rains replenish their pools.
Their translucent bodies provide camouflage in the water but otherwise fairy shrimp have few defenses, making them easy pickings for frogs and predatory insects. "They're the opossum of the invertebrate world," said Lazo-Wasem.
On boyhood fishing trips with his dad, Lazo-Wasem found himself drawn more to the bait than the sport. If they were fishing in freshwater, it was the crayfish that captivated him, in salt water, the crabs. At Eastern Connecticut State College, Lazo-Wasem studied biology, specializing in crustaceans.
Even in the face of shrinking biodiversity, scientists are still discovering never-seen-before invertebrates. Lazo-Wasem has discovered about a dozen species and complains, jokingly, about the paperwork required to write them up. His hum-drum tone changes when he describes the thrill of finding animals written off as extinct. The joy in that sort of discovery, he says, is like "catching your first tarpon on a fly-rod." Before E. holmani, his greatest triumph was finding a new species of clam shrimp in the Caribbean and then, after a six-year hunt, finding the same creature again.
In a recent letter to Groton, Lazo-Wasem has asked for permission to return to the site where he found E. holmani to survey the pool and monitor future changes. He also wants to see if a related clam shrimp, last seen at Bluff Point State Park in the 1970s, is living there.
Updated every five years, the state's list of endangered plants and animals will be fully revised by 2009. Currently more than four dozen species are listed as endangered, mostly due to lost habitat. Ultimately, the commissioner of the Department of Environmental Protection will decide whether to add E. holmani.
Contact Kim Martineau at email@example.com.
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A book about education in the United States written by John …
Students enrolled in secondary school (called high school in the United States) may be dual enrolled at a local institution of higher learning, such as a community college or university. These students may take classes at either institution for credit toward their high school diploma, as well as for college credit. Many state governments within the United States have recognized the benefit of dual enrollment and have consequently instructed their public universities to begin collaborating with local schools. Some private universities also participate.
Dual enrollment in both secondary school and college is advantageous to students because it allows them to get a head start on their college careers. In some cases, the student may even be able to attain an Associate of Arts or equivalent degree shortly before or after one's high school graduation. Furthermore, it may ease the transition from high school to college.
In addition, dual enrollment is seen by parents as a money saving strategy that avoids skyrocketing tuition costs because courses are paid for and taken through the local high school. State government officials also see dual enrollment as a net savings due to the lower present value of funds spent earlier, as opposed to those spent later. Public school costs are also lower than they would be at postsecondary institutions.
One form of dual enrollment is concurrent enrollment. Concurrent enrollment is defined as credit hours earned when a high school student is taking a college course for both high school and college credit, during the high school day, on the high school campus, taught by a qualified high school instructor. One of the first such Concurrent Enrollment programs is Syracuse University Project Advance. Syracuse University Project Advance (SUPA) serves as a model and resource for many subsequent colleges as they develop their own concurrent enrollment programs.
SUPA is a founding member of The National Alliance of Concurrent Enrollment Partnerships (NACEP) which is a professional organization for college and high school partnerships offering college courses in high schools. Formally established in 1999 in response to the dramatic increase in concurrent enrollment courses throughout the country, NACEP serves as a national accrediting body for concurrent enrollment programs and supports members by providing standards of excellence, opportunities to network and share best practices, and access to information about research and national trends in dual and concurrent enrollment. NACEP standards for accreditation have been recognized as models for quality control and have been adopted or adapted by many states.
There is much discussion concerning possible downsides of dual enrollment, including the lack of college preparedness for high school students - even Freshman - taking college-level courses at their local high schools, and out-of-field teacher qualification problems for those high school teachers given preference for teaching DE or AP classes. Debate continues, as educational policy experts watch how DE cohorts perform after high school graduation in terms of degree completion and persistence rates, especially among minorities.The expansion of postsecondary education downward into the high schools, as opposed to upward expansion through the addition of more and more advanced degrees, is seen by some as an example of credential inflation, since it, too, extends the length of time students typically spend pursuing degrees. In addition, it is felt that such educational expansion undermines the separation between secondary and postsecondary education, which took one-hundred years to put in place in the US.
A book about education in the United States written by John …
A homeschooling teaching material.
Schools that are funded in whole or in part by charging thei …


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