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Laser marking of plastic material is achieved by incorporating into the plastic a laser marking particulate additive having a particle size of less than 100 nm. A mixed oxide particle of tin and antimony having a particle size of 10–70 nm is useful as a laser marking additive when using a YAG laser. A metallic powder can further be added to improve marking contrast.
1. In a method of laser marking an article containing a laser marking additive therein by impinging a laser beam on the article, wherein said article is a plastic resin, the improvement which comprises utilizing a particulate laser marking additive having a particle size of less than 100 nm, said article optionally containing at least one metal powder and/or semimetal powder selected from the group consisting of aluminum, boron, titanium, magnesium, copper, tin, silicon, zinc, and mixtures thereof.
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This application claims priority to Provisional Applications U.S. 60/518,483, filed Nov. 7, 2003, and U.S. 60/605,888, filed Aug. 30, 2004.
The present invention is directed to a low visibility laser marking additive and the particular use of such additive for applying markings to a variety of plastic articles and coatings.
A number of printing techniques for applying markings to articles, including screen printing and transfer printing, are well known. These are generally surface printing methods which means that the identification mark realized can become unreadable through mechanical damage, abrasion, chemical influences, and the like. Such printing is particularly difficult to apply to curved or textured surfaces and the special tooling costs required add to the overall cost of the product.
The labeling of products is becoming of increasing importance in virtually all sectors of industry. Thus, for example, production dates, use-by dates, bar codes, company logos, serial numbers, etc., must frequently be applied. At present, these marks are predominantly made using conventional techniques such as printing, embossing, stamping, and labeling. However, the importance of non-contact, very rapid and flexible marking using lasers, in particular in the case of plastics, is increasing. This technique makes it possible to apply graphic inscriptions, for example bar codes, at high speed even on a non-planar surface. Since the inscription is in the plastic article itself, it is durable and abrasion-resistant.
The desirability of marking articles through the use of a laser system is well known. Lasers have been developed so that the beam impinged on the article to be marked can be highly focused to provide fine lines in the form of letters and/or numbers of the desired size, as well as images. Lasers permit the marking to be on the surface of the article or beneath the surface. In many instances, it is desirable to have the mark disposed subsurface in order to make it more difficult to remove the indication. Such a subsurface mark, can for example, contribute to anti-counterfeiting efforts. Laser marking, whether surface or subsurface, has also been used, for example, for electronically scanning and control purposes during production.
A number of laser beam processes in which an identification mark is burned into the surface of an article part are known. The resulting rough surface usually has to be coated with a transparent lacquer on account of the danger of contamination and the unpleasant feel that results. This can become a very involved operation in the case of mass produced parts and adds to the cost of the product.
The use of laser beam marking systems for creating subsurface marks is also known. Such systems are based on creating the mark by having the article to be marked be composed of a special configuration of materials or incorporating a material within the article which either becomes visible when exposed to the laser beam or causes something else present to become visible.
For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,822,973 discloses a system in which the laser beam passes through the surface of a first plastic material in order to be absorbed in a layer of a second plastic material. This system requires a special configuration of materials of construction in the part to be marked. Other systems incorporate a quantity of carbon black, coated or uncoated "silicate containing" materials such as mica, talc, or kaolin, or a highly absorbing green pigment, all of which absorb energy from the laser beam to produce a visible mark. However, these materials have a degree of color or import a hazy quality to the plastic which is sufficient to be visible prior to application of the laser beam and that can be unsightly or interfere with the distinctness of the mark after the laser beam has been applied. This disadvantaging characteristic is aggravated by the fact that these additives tend to require a high loading content into the article to be marked, which is not only undesirable because of the effect on appearance but also can effect the physical and mechanical properties of the object. Further, absorbance of the laser beam to cause local heating also causes a degree of foaming which may detract from the creation of a fine and distinct dark mark, resulting in a blemished product.
Typically, the additives tend to be specific to the wavelength emitted by the laser. For example, laser marking materials initially developed for use in conjunction with carbon dioxide lasers tend not to work particularly well (or even at all) with the increasingly popular yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) lasers which require a material which absorbs at 1064 nm.
In commonly assigned, U.S. Pat. No. 6,693,657, issued Feb. 17, 2004, a novel YAG laser marking additive (MARK-IT™) and its use is described. The YAG laser marking additive is a calcined powder of co-precipitated mixed oxides of tin and antimony. When the powder absorbs YAG laser energy and converts it into heat, carbonization of the surrounding material occurs and results in the formation of a black or dark mark that contrasts to the remainder of the surrounding area. Because of the particle size of the powder and its efficiency, the powder does not impart an appreciable amount of color to the object in which it is incorporated. It also does not cause excess foaming so that the mark achieved is smoother in texture.
Laser marking additives render polymers laser markable by acting as a light absorber for the laser light. Materials that act in this capacity often absorb visible light as well, which imparts a color to the piece to be marked. The color can be in contrast to the desired color of the piece, or it may dilute the desired color. The additive may also reduce clarity of a transparent piece. An appearance change can also be due to scattering of light by the additive. This can happen whether the additive has color or not. As a result, laser marking additives must be used in low concentrations, and/or not used in transparent applications.
It is therefore an object of this invention to provide a laser marking additive which will produce a black or dark mark contrasting with the surrounding area when exposed to laser energy but prior thereto does not impart an appreciable color to the surrounding area or cause a significant change in the performance of the material in which it has been added. Traditional additives cause transparent polymers to appear hazy, as such polymers lose optical clarity and are no longer crystal clear.
This invention produces a laser marking additive that does not change the color or appearance of articles at equivalent loadings to normal laser marking additives, and retains the laser markability of the piece. Moreover, optical clarity of clear and transparent polymers is maintained.
This invention produces a laser marking additive which does not change the color or appearance of articles, including optical clarity, and retains the laser markability of the piece. The laser marking additives are particularly useful in processes for marking plastic articles, including transparent plastic components, as well as for marking applied polymeric coatings or inks. Polymers incorporating the additive material of this invention lasermark readily with lasers. Transparent polymers maintain initial optical clarity and do not look hazy upon incorporation and laser marking of the article formed therefrom. The laser marking additives of this invention retain the absorptivity of the laser light, a key requirement of laser marking additives, by retaining the absorption coefficient at the laser wavelength. What is reduced is the scattering power of the pigment. The scattering power is the component that determines the visibility of the pigment in the piece. The scattering power of the additive of the invention is reduced by making the particle size of the additive extremely small, i.e., nano-sized. In this invention, the laser marking additive is less than 100 nm in size.
In the laser marking methods of the invention, any laser that has readily adjustable variable parameters that govern laser energy characteristics, such as pulse content, pulse duration and pulse frequency, may be employed. Preferably, the laser has a wavelength in the near infrared (780 nm to 2000 nm), the visible range (380 nm to 780 nm), or the near ultraviolet range (150 nm to 380 nm). Suitable lasers include, but are not limited to, solid state pulsed lasers, pulsed metal vapor lasers, excimer lasers and continuous wave lasers with pulse modification, such as the commercially available Nd:YAG laser (wavelength 1064 nm), frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser (wavelength 532 nm), excimer laser (wavelength 193 nm–351 nm), and CO2 laser (10.6 μm).
In this invention, the plastic articles suitable for laser marking include any plastic articles that are molded, extruded or formed by any known conventional method. The plastic articles comprise resins and laser energy absorbing additives, as described below, and may further comprise other additives provided the additives do not interfere with the laser marking of the articles. Such other additives are known to those skilled in the art of polymer compounding and include, but are not limited to, reinforcing fillers, flame retardants, antioxidants, dispersants, impact modifiers, ultraviolet stabilizers, plasticizers, and the like. The laser energy absorbing additives of this invention may also be incorporated into plastic coatings, including coatings or inks formed from aqueous or non-aqueous solutions or dispersions of polymeric materials or powdery polymeric coatings. Such coatings or inks can be applied onto the surface of any article such as those formed of plastic, metal, glass, ceramic, wood, etc. Thus, the plastic coatings containing the laser marking additives of this invention allow the use of lasers to mark any type of substrate.
In this invention, the laser energy absorbing additive is capable of absorbing light preferably in the near infrared range, the visible range, and/or the near ultraviolet range. Exemplary additives include, but are not limited to, carbon black, graphite, zirconium silicates, calcium silicates, zeolite, cordierite, mica, kaolin, talc, silica, aluminum silicates, metal salts such as copper phosphates, and the like. Any commercially available organic pigment or inorganic pigment is suitable for use as a colorant. Exemplary organic pigments include, but are not limited to, Barium red 1050� (Cook Son), Filamid yellow R�, Filamid red GA�, Heliogen green K8730�, Heliogen blue K6911D�, LISA red 57Y� LISA red 61R (Bayer), 1290 Rightfit™ Yellow, 2920 Rightfit™ Brilliant Orange, 1112 Rightfit™ Scarlet (Engelhard), and the like.
The laser marking additives such as those listed above and hereinafter described have a size less than 100 nm. Various and known methods are available for forming the laser marking additives into nano-sized particles, as will be more fully described below. Typically, the laser marking additive will comprise 0.01 to 5% by weight of the resin component which forms the plastic article or coating. Even at the higher loadings, the presence of the nano-sized additives of this invention may still only minimally change the color of the resin.
In accordance with the present invention, a particularly useful additive is one that is adapted for use in conjunction with a YAG laser. A useful example is an additive of a powder of mixed oxides of tin and antimony. The powder is principally tin oxide and only a small amount of antimony oxide that is expressed as Sb2O3. The Sb2O3 level can be up to about 17% of the mixed oxide. Preferably, the amount of antimony oxide is about 1 to 5% by weight of the mixed oxide. A particularly exemplary additive of a mixed oxide of tin and antimony will have a particle size of from about 10–70 nm, more preferably 20–50 nm. A loading of Sb2O3 of 2% by weight in the mixed oxide has been found to be particularly useful.
Techniques for producing nano-sized materials generally fall into one of three categories, namely, mechanical processing, chemical processing, or physical (thermal) processing. In mechanical processes, fine powders are commonly made from large particles using crushing techniques such as a high-speed ball mill. With chemical processes, nano materials are created from a reaction that precipitates particles of varying sizes and shapes using a family of materials known as organometallics (substances containing combinations of carbon and metals bonded together) or various metal salts. The chemical processes are often combined with thermal processing, e.g. pyrolysis.
Chemical processing can take place in the gas or liquid phase. Gas phase syntheses include metal vapor condensation and oxidation, sputtering, laser-ablation, plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition, and laser-induced chemical vapor deposition. Liquid phase processing encompasses precipitation techniques, and sol-gel processing. Aerosol techniques include spray drying, spray pyrolysis, and flame oxidation/hydrolysis of halides.
Of the aerosol processing techniques available for production of ceramic powders, spray pyrolysis and flame oxidation of halides are the primary methods used to produce ultrafine powders. In both methods, submicron sized droplets of solutions of metal salts or alkoxides can be produced by standard aerosolization techniques. In spray pyrolysis, the resulting aerosol is thermolyzed, to pyrolytically convert the aerosol droplet to an individual ceramic particle of the same stoichiometry as the parent solution. Thermal events in the process include solvent evaporation, solute precipitation, thermal conversion of the precipitate to a ceramic, and sintering of the particle to full density.
Spray pyrolysis is most commonly used for the preparation of metallic ceramic powders. The resultant powders typically have sizes in the 100–10,000 nm range. The particle sizes produced are controlled by the size of droplets within the aerosol and the weight percent dissolved solids in the solution. The final particle size decreases with smaller initial droplet sizes and lower concentrations of dissolved solids in solution.
Aerosolization may be accomplished by several well known technologies. For example, a precursor solution may be atomized by flow through a restrictive nozzle at high pressure, or by flow into a high volume, low pressure gas stream. When such atomizers are used, the high volume gas stream should be air, air enriched with oxygen, or preferably substantially pure oxygen. When high pressure atomization through a restrictive orifice is used, the orifice is preferably surrounded by jets of one of the above gases, preferably oxygen. More than one atomizer for aerosolization may be positioned within the flame pyrolysis chamber. Other aerosol-producing methods, for example ultrasonic or piezoelectric droplet formation, may be used. However, some of these techniques may undesirably affect production rate. Ultrasonic generation is preferred, the aerosol generator generating ultrasound through reasonant action of the oxygen flow and the liquid in a chamber.
The aerosol is ignited by suitable means, for example laser energy, glow wire, electrical discharge, but is preferably ignited by means of an oxyhydrogen or hydrocarbon gas/oxygen torch. Prior to initiating combustion, the flame pyrolysis chamber is preheated to the desired operating range of 500� C. to 2000� C., preferably 700� C. to 1500� C., and most preferably 800� C. to 1200� C. Preheating improves particle size distribution and minimizes water condensation in the system. Preheating may be accomplished through the use of the ignition torch alone, by feeding and combusting pure solvent, i.e. ethanol, through the atomizer, by resistance heating or containment in a muffle furnace, combinations of these methods, or other means.
The following U.S. patents disclose non-limiting examples of how to form nano-sized particles and all are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety: U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,128,081; 5,486,675; 5,711,783; 5,876,386; 5,958,361; 6,132,653; 6,600,127.
Other methods of forming nanoparticles are disclosed in U.S. patents assigned to Nanoproducts Corporation, Tucson, Ariz. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,788,738; 5,851,507; 5,984,997; and 6,569,397 are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,788,738 discloses a thermal reactor system for producing nanoscale powders by ultra-rapid thermal quench processing of high-temperature vapors through a boundary-layer converging-diverging nozzle. A gas suspension of precursor material is continuously fed to a thermal reaction chamber and vaporized under conditions that minimize superheating and favor nucleation of the resulting vapor. The high temperature vapor is quenched using the principle of Joule-Thompson adiabatic expansion. Immediately after the initial nucleation stages, the vapor stream is passed through the nozzle and rapidly quenched through expansion at rates of at least 1,000� C. per second, preferably greater than 1,000,000� C. per second, to block the continued growth of the nucleated particles and produce a nanosize powder suspension of narrow particle-size distribution.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,851,507 discloses a continuous process that produces nanoscale powders from different types of precursor material by evaporating the material and quenching the vaporized phase in a converging-diverging expansion nozzle. The precursor material suspended in a carrier gas is continuously vaporized in a thermal reaction chamber under conditions that favor nucleation of the resulting vapor. Immediately after the initial nucleation stages, the vapor stream is rapidly and uniformly quenched at rates of at least 1,000 K/sec, preferably above 1,000,000 K/sec, to block the continued growth of the nucleated particles and produce a nanosize powder suspension of narrow particle-size distribution. The nanopowder is then harvested by filtration from the quenched vapor stream and the carrier medium is purified, compressed and recycled for mixing with new precursor material in the feed stream.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,984,997 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,569,397 disclose a process for producing nanoscale powders by mixing an emulsion comprising all of the elements of the desired powder composition and a combustible fuel, and then combusting that emulsion to produce a powder. Powders with a median particle size of less than 50 nm have been made by this process. The process is suitable for the production of many types of powders, including particles and nanowhiskers of simple, doped, and polymetallic powders.
The particular method of forming the laser marking additive into nano-sized particles is not believed to be vital to practicing this invention. Any method may be used that will yield particles of less than about 100 nm.
The nano-sized Sb2O3-doped SnO2 as previously described is highly efficient as a YAG laser marking additive. That efficiency allows only a small quantity of the powder to be added to the material to be marked and achieve the desired marking attributes. In general, the marking additive loading is about 0.01–5% of the total weight of the article to be marked, and preferably about 0.01–0.1%. Additive levels of at least 0.025 wt % are particularly useful. The Sb2O3-doped SnO2 laser marking additive can be incorporated into any plastic material which is transparent to YAG laser irradiation by any convenient method.
Dispersing the nano-sized marking additives within the plastic may be problematic. The small particle size of the marking additive may result in agglomeration of the additive and a less than uniform dispersion or mixing of the additive within the plastic composition and ultimate object that is formed. Accordingly, surface treatment of the laser-marking additives to reduce agglomeration may be useful. Such surface treatments are known in the art and include, for example, silanes, fatty acids, low molecular weight polymeric waxes, titanates, etc. Functionalized silanes may be particularly useful as the functionality can also render the additive compatible with the plastic to enhance uniform mixing within the plastic an avoidance of additive segregation. Typically the additive in powder form, whether treated or untreated, is mixed with the plastic prior to molding or applied as a coating. The plastic for molding can be in the form of chips, powders, or pellets. The solid mixture is then melted and mixed such as in an injection molding process, blow molding, or extrusion molding and the like. Alternatively, the laser marking additive may be thoroughly mixed with the melted resin and molded into chips, powders, or pellets which are again melted just prior to molding.
It has further been found that the addition of a metal or semimetal powder in concentrations of from, for example, 0.5 to 10% by weight, preferably from 0.5 to 7% by weight, and in particular from 0.5 to 5% by weight, based on the laser marking additive, improves the contrast achieved in the laser marking of thermoplastics.
The invention accordingly further provides a laser-markable plastic, characterized in that the plastic comprises a dopant of at least one metal powder or semimetal powder, preferably selected from the group consisting of aluminum, boron, titanium, magnesium, copper, tin, silicon and zinc. Besides boron and silicon, other possible semi-metals are Sb, As, Bi, Ge, Po, Se and Te. The dopant preferably has a particle size of less than 500 nm, more preferably less than 200 nm.
The concentration of the dopant in the plastic is dependent, however, on the plastics system used. A too small fraction of dopant does not significantly alter the plastics system and does not influence its processability. Of the metal or semimetal powders mentioned, silicon powder is preferred. Besides the metal or semimetal powder, mixtures may also be used as dopant. The mixing ratio of metal to semi-metal is preferably from 1:10 to 10:1, but the metal and/or semimetal powders may be mixed with one another in any ratio. Preferred metal powder mixtures are: silicon/boron, silicon/aluminium, boron/aluminium and silicon/zinc.
In certain compositions of the dopant, the addition also of small amounts of a metal halide, preferably calcium chloride, is advantageous for the contrast of the laser marking of the plastic.
The incorporation of the nano-sized laser marking additve and of the metal and/or semimetal dopant powder into the plastic takes place by mixing the plastic granules with the additives and then shaping the mixture under the action of heat. The addition of the metal and/or semimetal powder and, respectively, of the powder mixture and the marking additive to the plastic may take place simultaneously or successively. During the incorporation of the dopant, any tackifiers, organic, polymer-compatible solvents, stabilizers and/or surfactants that are thermally stable under the operating conditions may be added to the plastic granules. The doped plastic granules are generally prepared by introducing the plastic granules into an appropriate mixer, wetting them with any additives, and then adding the marking additive and dopant and mixing them in. The plastic is generally pigmented by way of a color concentrate (masterbatch) or compounded formulation. The mixture obtained in this way may then be processed directly in an extruder or an injection molding machine. The molds formed in the course of processing exhibit a very homogeneous distribution of the dopant. Subsequently, laser marking takes place with an appropriate laser. For applied coatings, the additives can simply be mixed with the carrier for the polymer coating material or added as a solid to powder coating compositions.
The material to be marked can be an organic object such as a plastic or polymeric article. Suitable resins include, but are not limited to, any naturally occurring or synthetic polymer prepared by polymerization, polycondensation or polyaddition, such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyisobutylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polyvinyl acetals, polyacrylonitrile, polyacrylates, polymethacrylates, polybutadiene, ABS, ethylene vinyl acetate, polyamides, polyimides, polyoxymethylene, polysulfones, polyphenylene sulfide, polycarbonates, polyurethanes, polyethers, polyether sulfones, polyacetals, phenolics, polycarbonate, polyester carbonate, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polyarylates, polyether ketones, and mixtures and copolymers thereof. The above polymers can also be formulated into coating compositions as is well known in the art and applied by known coating techniques to any type of substrate.
The nano-sized laser marking additives of this invention can be incorporated into a resin formulated into any size or configuration. No limits regarding the shape of the article to be marked can be contemplated. Three-dimensional plastic parts, containers, packages, etc., regardless of how formed such as by injection molding, extrusion, blow molding, and the like can include the nano-sized additives of this invention and marked by a laser by techniques known in the art.
Besides three-dimensional parts, containers, packages, and the like, the nano-sized additives, for example, can be incorporated into plastic sheeting or film to produce transparent (or color-free) plastic sheeting that can be laser marked with a dark mark. Potential applications include packaging, labeling, and laminated plastic sheets. The nano-sized additives can be incorporated into co-extruded multilayered films such as iridescent film to produce special effect film that can be laser marked. One marking option is to produce a dark mark similar to above, and the other option is to use low power laser to heat the film to melting, rather than charring, to produce a mark with different optical properties from the original iridescent film. Potential applications include packaging, labeling, and laminated plastic sheets. The nano-sized additives can be incorporated into plastic that is blown to make transparent (or color-free) plastic bags that can be laser marked with a dark mark. Potential application is the ability to mark a plastic bag for any purpose including labeling with information on the contents of the bag.
A charge of 0.05 wt % of a powder of Sb2O3-doped SnO2 mixed oxide was mixed with pellets of PETG (polyethylene terephthlate glycol). The mixed oxide powder had a loading of 2 wt % Sb2O3 and had a size ranging from 20–50 nm. The mixture of nano-sized additive and PETG pellets was injection molded into step chips. A YAG laser beam was imposed on the resulting step chip using a current of 13–16 amps, a pulse frequency of 1–9 kHz, a scan velocity of 300 mm/sec. and an aperture of 0.0635 in. It was found that distinct lines having a width of about 0.1 mm could be achieved. This was a result of the laser marking additive absorbing the YAG laser energy and converting it to heat so as to carbonize the surrounding polymeric material, thereby making a black or dark mark which was in contrast to the surrounding area. Using a stereomicroscope, the marks were seen to be due to heavy foaming and charring of the polymer, as expected.
PETG is a crystal clear polymer. At the loading of 0.05 wt %, the polymer acquired a slight blue hue, but retained original clarity. 2–3 micron Sb2O3-doped SnO2 results in a hazy, colored polymer when used at the same loading.
Antimony doped tin oxide nanoparticles as in Example 1 and having a size of 50 nm are incorporated into low-density polyethylene plastic sheeting to produce transparent plastic sheeting. The loading of the additive is 0.05% by weight. The plastic sheeting is laser marked with a YAG laser to produce a dark mark.
Antimony doped tin oxide nanoparticles as in Example 1 and having a size of 50 nm are incorporated into the skin layer of an iridescent film to produce special effect film that can be laser marked. The loading of the additive is 0.05% by weight. The special effect film is laser marked with a YAG laser to produce a dark mark.
The special effect film of Example 3 is laser marked with a YAG laser set at a low power to heat the film to melting, rather than charring, to produce a mark with different optical properties from the original iridescent film.
Antimony doped tin oxide nanoparticles having a size of 50 nm are incorporated into low density polyethylene at a loading of 0.05% by weight. The loaded LDPE is blown to make transparent plastic bags. The plastic bag is laser marked with a YAG laser to produce a dark mark.
SiO2 nanoparticles having a size of 50 nm are incorporated into low density polyethylene plastic sheeting to produce transparent plastic sheeting. The loading of the additive is 0.50% by weight. The plastic sheeting is laser marked with a CO2 laser to produce a dark mark.
SiO2 nanoparticles having a size of 50 nm are incorporated into the skin layer of an iridescent film to produce special effect film that can be laser marked. The loading of SiO2 is 0.50% by weight. The special effect film is laser marked with a CO2 laser to produce a dark mark.
The special effect film of Example 7 is laser marked with a CO2 laser set at a low power to heat the film to melting, rather than charring, to produce a mark with different optical properties from the original iridescent film.
SiO2 nanoparticles having a size of 50 nm are incorporated into low density polyethylene at a loading of 0.50% by weight. The loaded LDPE is blown to make transparent plastic bags. The plastic bag is laser marked with a CO2 laser to produce a dark mark.
Example 2 is repeated except that in addition, a silicon powder is added in amounts of 10 wt. % relative to the amount of antimony doped tin oxide nanoparticles added and also incorporated into the low-density polyethylene plastic to produce transparent plastic sheeting. The plastic sheeting is laser marked with a YAG laser to produce a highly contrasted dark mark.
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Prosecution: Error in 'testosterone' testimony
PRETORIA, South Africa The investigating officer in the Oscar Pistorius murder case made an error in his court testimony Wednesday when he identified a substance found in the athlete's bedroom as testosterone, the national prosecutor said.
Medupe Simasiku, the spokesman for South Africa's National Prosecution Agency, told The Associated Press that it was too early to identify the substance as it was still undergoing laboratory tests.
"It is not certain (what it is) until the forensics." Simasiku said, adding that it wasn't certain if it was "a legal or an illegal medication for now."
Detective Warrant Officer Hilton Botha, the investigating officer, said earlier in court during Pistorius' bail hearing that police found two boxes of testosterone and needles in the bedroom of the Olympic athlete, who is charged with premediated murder in the Feb. 14 shooting death of his girlfriend Reeva Steenkamp.
It was a mistake to identify the substance now, Simasiku said, as it was still unknown. He said the discovery of needles was in Botha's statement, however.
Pistorius denies murder, saying in an affidavit Tuesday that the Valentine's Day shooting was accidental because he thought there was an intruder in his house.
In response to Botha's claim, the defense said Wednesday, the second day of Pistorius' bail hearing at Pretoria Magistrate's Court, that the substance found was not a steroid or a banned substance but an herbal remedy.
International Paralympic Committee spokesman Craig Spence told the AP soon after the substance claims that Pistorius - the world's most famous disabled athlete - was drug tested twice in London last year by the IPC, on Aug. 25 and Sept. 8. Both test results were negative, Spence said.
The Aug. 25 test was an out-of-competition test, and the Sept. 8 one in-competition, a day before the end of the London Paralympics.
The International Olympic Committee said it didn't test Pistorius at the Olympics, but referred the AP to the IPC's negative tests. International athletics body the IAAF and the World Anti-Doping Agency would not comment because it was an ongoing legal case.
"Bearing in mind the ongoing police investigation, WADA must refrain from making any statement at present," WADA said.
Giving testimony, Botha said police made the discovery of testosterone in bedroom of the double-amputee runner and multiple Paralympic champion's upscale Pretoria house after the shooting of Steenkamp but offered no further details or explanation. State prosecutor Gerrie Nel also had to correct Botha when he initially called it "steroids."
Simasiku later told the AP that the detective, Botha, thought it was testosterone by reading the first few letters of the label.
Pistorius' lawyer, Barry Roux, said on questioning the detective - who has 16 years' experience as a detective and 24 years with the police - that it was not a banned substance and that police were trying to give the discovery a "negative connotation."
"It is an herbal remedy," Roux said. "It is not a steroid and it is not a banned substance."
Police "take every piece of evidence and try to extract the most possibly negative connotation and present it to the court," senior defense lawyer Roux said.

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UG Community @ Ultimate-Guitar.Com
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Registered User
Join Date: Feb 2012
Quad Cities Alt/Punk Musicians
I'm a guitarist/vocalist tired of playing music alone in my basement. I'm 19 and my influences include:
Alkaline Trio
Reel Big Fish
Brand New
Four Year Strong
The Menzingers
The Lawrence Arms
I sing in a tenor-alto range, and play a Fender Jaguar through a Crate V50 Combo amp.
I'm seeking musicians to fill out a 3 or 4 person band, near the Quad Cities. Just mostly to play WITH people. I have no qualms with someone who has different musical tastes than I. Except All Time Low. **** All Time Low.
I've been [attempting] to write on my own, but I crave an electric sound for the music. I'd like to "recruit" people who are able to sing, along with play an instrument. I'm looking to get a bassist and drummer; possibly another guitarist if the fit is right, otherwise, I'll just play guitar alone.
I prefer to sing backups and harmonies, and don't crave attention. Message me or post here for a link to my SoundCloud.
Also, I don't judge based on age, but I'd prefer to find people around my own age, as it usually affords a somewhat standard schedule.
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Showing 46-54 of 321 News articles
Has Palin given working moms a pass?
The Boston Herald's Margery Eagan takes a look at Sarah Palin and sees a lot of progress for working moms...Suddenly…
Submitted by Lylah M. Alphonse | 5th September 2008866Vote!
Poll: Americans OK with working moms, don't accept single moms
According to a new Pew Research poll about attitudes toward non-traditional families, "most Americans still…
Submitted by Work It, Mom! Team | 1st March 20111429Vote!
Do you save enough?
We all know we should be saving money. For college, for retirement, for the rainy day. But how disciplined are…
Submitted by Shira Boss | 4th September 2007552Vote!
Are U.S. Employers Pushing Women Out of the Workforce?
The lede of the story also makes me wonder how they're defining "pushed out" -- are women being…
Submitted by Lylah M. Alphonse | 17th June 2008725Vote!
Working fathers want to spend more time with their kids
I actually really like studies like this, that pay attention to the working fathers and don't just focus on…
Submitted by Nataly | 20th October 2009789Vote!
The Mommy Wars Machine
Are Mommy Wars real or just a product of media hype?This article from the Washington Post argues that real moms…
Submitted by E.J. Graff | 1st May 2007889Vote!
Men with traditional gender role views make more money
The findings of a new study are in. Men who have traditional attitudes about a woman's place in the…
Submitted by mamajama | 24th September 2008986Vote!
Most Americans not optimistic about their kids' future
According to a recent poll, only 44% of Americans believe that their kids will have a better life than they did.…
Submitted by Work It, Mom! Team | 13th May 20111418Vote!
McCain's Got 99 Problems
A funny story about the problems with John McCain as president. I just thought is was so good that I had to share.
Submitted by oceans mom | 23rd July 2008632Vote!


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"Blessed are they that see beautiful things in humble places where others see nothing"
Camille Pissarro
Camille Pissarro
Updated 9th May 2015 (Update on My Easel)
Thank you for visiting my site.
My work is made of emotions. I only paint what appeals to me and move my senses.
Probably this is the reason why I feel the need to paint so many different subjects.
Daughter of a Master in stained glass windows, I was born in the world of Art and studied with my father.
I was 8 years old when I created my first painting. It was an apple and an Autumn leaf, in gouache. I can still remember the colours that I wanted to apply. My passion for painting started on this day.


text:
Health Department
Quick Links | Clinics | Fee Schedule | File a Report | FAQ | Contact Us
STD/HIV Clinic
Information for Medical Providers
To make an appointment:
(385) 468-4242
The SLCoHD STD/HIV Clinic is completely ADA accessible.
Welcome to the Salt Lake County Health Department STD/HIV Clinic!
We offer low-cost STD and HIV testing and treatment using the LATEST technology available.
Our clinic has a friendly, fantastic staff that is very experienced in diagnosing and treating STDs. Our nurse practitioners, registered nurses, consulting physician, health educator, and health technician have a total of over 50 years of experience in the field!
We offer rapid HIV testing with same-day test results; other STD test results can take 7 to 10 days.
Spanish speaking clients are welcome, and we also have interpretation and translation services available for other languages.
We are open Monday through Friday from 10:00 am to 5:00 pm, though we are NOT currently accepting walk-in patients. Please make an appointment by calling
(385) 468-4242.
Please take a look at the menu to the right to see what we are all about!


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Allow GTA:Vice City to be played on the Internet or LAN connections.Windows Version 0.3z-R2 ... Added: 04/22/10Total Downloads280,146Last Week376
Do the drift and make stunts and jumps.Android Version 1.9 ... Added: 10/09/14Total Downloads1,959Last Week105
Leave gravity in the dust with this intense mobile racer.Android Version 1.0.1 ... Added: 08/23/13Total Downloads9,896Last Week58
40 MILLION PLAYERS CAN'T BE WRONG: ICY TOWER IS AMAZING! "A FANTASTIC mobile game...it's the perfect time killer!" - Classic Game Room "Very fun...iOS Version 1.4 ... Added: 02/04/13Total Downloads19,226Last Week57
Help Sonic overcome the evil Robotnik.Windows Version ... Added: 12/11/96Total Downloads427,245Last Week51
Take part in a big moto-racing competition.Windows Version 1.0 ... Added: 12/06/14Total Downloads17,967Last Week48
Download torrent files without the hassle of a separate application.Windows Version 2.0.3 ... Added: 08/19/10Total Downloads160,370Last Week47
Work for a top-secret U.S. government agency to overthrow the government of San Esperito.Windows Version 1 ... Added: 08/24/06Total Downloads138,279Last Week47
Geronimo! Help Harold and his friends jump to the top of the tower without falling off in Icy Tower, a fast paced game for the iPhone and iPod...iOS Version 1.0.0 ... Added: 02/15/11Total Downloads2,647Last Week46
Make your competitors eat your dust in this stunt racing game.Windows Version 1.0 ... Added: 08/17/98Total Downloads858,041Last Week45
Draw tracks and control slide rider.Windows Version 1 ... Added: 10/18/06Total Downloads183,356Last Week45
Perform wrestling stunts to score points.Windows Version 1.0 ... Added: 08/31/11Total Downloads5,936Last Week42
Play a side-scrolling racing game.Windows Version 1.2 ... Added: 03/20/12Total Downloads2,216Last Week39
Test your biking skills on one of the most dangerous rocky terrains around.Windows Version 1.0 ... Added: 11/26/09Total Downloads22,195Last Week33
Play an interesting arcade game.Windows Version 1.0 ... Added: 10/29/12Total Downloads2,215Last Week22
MobileVOIP is a free iPhone cheap calls app which lets you make (free) national or international mobile voip calls directly from your iPhone. You...iOS Version 1.08.25 ... Added: 04/12/15Total Downloads4,769Last Week22
Intense racing action game for the Dashboard.Mac Version 1.0.1 ... Added: 03/30/14Total Downloads3,321Last Week20
The best maps app for Grand Theft Auto 4 and Episodes From Liberty City.Features: -Best maps for iPhone 4, iPhone 5, iPod Touch and iPad Mini...iOS Version 1.0 ... Added: 09/29/13Total Downloads368Last Week19
This is the free version of Web Roulette. Upgrade to the paid version for iPad support, landscape orientation and no ads.Web Roulette puts a new...iOS Version 1.0.3 ... Added: 02/05/11Total Downloads45Last Week18
Enter a world of high-speed radio-controlled stunt cars.Windows Version demo ... Added: 01/19/01Total Downloads296,174Last Week18
Hunt down and execute a rogue agent that has stolen top-secret intelligence and millions in Agency cash.Windows Version 1.0 ... Added: 03/11/10Total Downloads8,930Last Week17
XBOX ONE, PS4 AND PC CHEATS!Looking for ALL Grand Theft Auto V Cheats? Then this app is what you're looking for! This app makes it quick and easy...iOS Version 2.5 ... Added: 04/26/15Total Downloads184Last Week17
Battle for domination with three cars and two levels from this smash-'em-up racer.Windows Version ... Added: 12/06/06Total Downloads111,076Last Week11
Transform Vice City into a stunter's playground with this map.Windows Version ... Added: 04/20/04Total Downloads48,162Last Week10
Award Winning and Most Anticipated Game! Get 2 games in 1: Launch over 200 penguins in Campaign Mode or play endless matches in Strategy Mode....iOS Version 1.0.18 ... Added: 09/18/10Total Downloads6,454Last Week9
3D stunt & trick car driving game.Mac Version 4.5.1 ... Added: 01/17/11Total Downloads34,495Last Week8
Jump In your supercharged JetSki and take a wild ride through twisting canals and rivers, futuristic cityscapes, and mysterious research...iOS Version 1.2 ... Added: 03/18/14Total Downloads7Last Week7
*****LEAVE GRAVITY IN THE DUST*****""The iOS platform has quietly become a haven for great racers, and Asphalt 8 looks to be leading the pack right...iOS Version 1.9.1 ... Added: 05/25/15Total Downloads620Last Week7
Create your own rider and watch him do amazing stunts.Windows Version 1 ... Added: 04/24/07Total Downloads21,975Last Week7
Take part in monster truck rally.Windows Version ... Added: 11/27/06Total Downloads223,420Last Week7


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Next, you'll be asked to connect with Twitter. Rest assured, we will never send a tweet from your account
without your permission.
We will send you an email with an invite soon.
RT @HubSpot: "#INBOUND14 brings more than 10,000 to Innovation District" by @DBKeohane for @BetaBoston
See what's Trending Now for @BostonVC


text:
Seaside Heights tickets are available now for all Seaside Heights events. Whether on vacation or a current resident, you'll never get tired of all the things that are available in Seaside Heights, New Jersey, and the surrounding areas! Get tickets to Seaside Heights, NJ below.
|Event & Venue/City
|Jun 5, 2015
Fri TBA
Gentlemen of the Road Tour: Mumford and Sons & Alabama Shakes - 2 Day Pass
The Beach at Seaside Heights -
Seaside Heights, NJ
From $71


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will.i.am ft. Cody Wise - Birthday
Artist: will.i.am
Featuring: Cody Wise
Producer: will.i.am, DJ Ammo
Album: None (Promo Single)
Avg Rating: 2.5 ( 6 votes )
will.i.am just turned 39 on March 15, but the pop heavyweight is already plotting how he'll celebrate the big four-oh. His plans, none too surprisingly, involve throwing money around, kicking it with beautiful women and generally getting crazy. Cody Wise, a Philly singer signed to the Black Eyed Peas frontman's own label imprint, co-headlines the joint, lending his breezy (and bilingual) vocals to the cut's verses. A sample of popular Tamil song Urvasi Urvasi, composed by A.R. Rahman for the soundtrack to 1997 film Kadhalan, forms the centerpiece of will and DJ Ammo's body-moving instrumental. The accompanying visuals feature appearances from popular Vine, YouTube and Maker Studios artists. Birthday isn't part of a larger set, but we'll keep you posted on will.i.am and Cody Wise's plans as further details emerge.
will.i.amCody Wise R&B/PopClub
Written by richard on May 28, 2014
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ODT Online
ODT /directory
Six weeks ago Jakkii Goody, of Napier, swapped from being a
stall holder to running the Great New Zealand Craft Show,
which is on this weekend in Dunedin.
The face and body painter, who has her own brand of face and
body paints and was the vendor manager for Rhythm and Vines,
has teamed up with her partner Hayden Roberts to run the
craft show, which has been an annual event in many towns and
cities for the past 31 years.
''I'm passionate about New Zealand-made and New Zealand
This year the event had moved to the More FM Arena at the
Edgar Centre to provide a warmer, more modern venue, away
from the balls which flew into the show from sports events
being held at the same time in the centre during previous
shows, she said.
More than 60 stalls will display everything from gourmet pet
treats to smocked baby clothes.
A name, residential address, and (preferably residential) telephone number is required from readers who comment on ODT Online. These details will not be visible to site visitors.
Login or Register
to add your business to the ODT/directory. Quick link to
more roadtests & reviews
search cars for sale
Submit your news & photos - Login or
Opinion? Have your say - Login or Register
Submit your
event or notice
Add a photo
Bookmark ODT
Make ODT my
Otago Daily Times print and digital edition, The
Star - Dunedin, The News - Central Otago, The
Ensign - Gore, Southland Express -
Invercargill, The Courier - Timaru, Queenstown Times - Queenstown, Mountain Scene -
Queenstown, Extra! schools
publication, Property
Times South Canterbury


text:
Glee star Cory Monteith found dead in Canada hotel, aged 31
View Single Post
17-07-2013, 09:07
Forum Member
Join Date: Jan 2005
Location: London
Posts: 34,425
Originally Posted by
I don't think it was necessarily a case of him not being ready to get clean, it may have been that his addiction was so bad, no matter how much he tried, his body was probably too addicted because of all the substance abuse since a young age. It's not as easy as if you want to get clean, you stay clean, otherwise no drug addicts/alcoholics would ever relapse.
We also don't know if he was regular heroin user, or if this was the first time he'd used it
. There's so much we still don't know about it all.
He said a couple of years ago he did anything and everything. No doubt he had done Heroin as a teenager.
View Public Profile
Find More Posts by asyousay


text:
TT Ski/Snowboard/Sledding Club!
View Single Post
Bionic Poster
Join Date: Dec 2008
Posts: 35,383
Since I haven't skied since '84, KT is a little too much for any of my snowboarding buds, so I don't get to ride there. And at my age, not too many of my buds can ski WestFace or Chute75 any mores.
Fortunately for me, I fell in with a bunch of older guys (well, over 30), who pioneered some solid bump boarding at Sierra and Alpine, so cruising the Face of Heavenly is challenging (without stopping, of course), but doable if I save the showboating for later.
I've actually never tried snowboarding WestFace, but usually go on freshie days to the top of 75, where the first drop in is about 20' of airtime. It's actually easier to handle big drops on a snowboard than it was for me to ski. Main diff is the board stay ON, you can use your hands to slide and push off on, and the initial landing can be less impact, albeit less edge and slower decelleration.
Now at 62, maybe give me the Saddle....
View Public Profile
Find More Posts by LeeD


text:
Balanitis (Penis Disorder) Center - Decatur, AL
WebMD Physician Directory
Decatur, Alabama
Balanitis (Penis Disorder)
What is balanitis?
Balanitis is an inflammation of the skin of the head of penis (glans penis). If the foreskin is involved as well, it is referred to as balanoposthitis.
What causes balanitis?!--*ICCChunk-...
Other Related Balanitis (Penis Disorder) Articles
Emergency Contact for Decatur
Nearby Decatur Hospitals *
Decatur General Hospital
Decatur Morgan Hospital West
Parkway Medical Center
North Alabama Regional Hospital
Athens Limestone Hospital
Bradford Health Services
Lawrence Medical Center
Crestwood Medical Center
Healthsouth Rehab Hosp
Huntsville Hospital
Surgery Center Of Huntsville
Huntsville Hospital For Women
Cullman Regional Medical Center
*Provider Directory Terms of Use:
The WebMD 'Provider Directory' is provided by WebMD for use by the general public as a quick reference of information about Providers. The Provider Directory is not intended as a tool for verifying the credentials, qualifications, or abilities of any Provider contained therein. Inclusion in the Provider Directory does not imply recommendation or endorsement nor does omission in the Provider Directory imply WebMD disapproval.


text:
Established in 1985, MEGA Pacific has a long and proud involvement within the Transport Industry.
As a Distributor of world leading brands and a quality manufacturer in its own right, MEGA Pacific provides the highest quality PTO equipment and components for all Transport Hydraulic Applications.
MEGA Pacific has a fantastic team full of focused and dedicated professionals ready to deliver the highest level of customer service. MEGA Pacific will continue to grow in the Australian market, striving to be "No 1 in Transport Hydraulics" where ever we operate.
MEGA Pacific is proud to provide only Quality European Industrial Hydraulic Components in Australia and New Zealand. It is focused on bringing to the market some of the worlds most exciting emerging brands in Industrial Hydraulics.
Our Vision is:
"To provide our customers with a range of products of such quality and price competitiveness that we are considered to be the only alternative for Industrial Hydraulic Components throughout Australia and New Zealand "
Newcastle & Hunter Road Transport Awareness Day was held on Sunday 2 November & MEGA Pacific was once again proud to be a major sponsor. The day is aimed at raising awareness of safe road use & the transport industry.
The Awareness Day was in support of the Westpac Rescue Helicopter Service. The Helicopter Service is a vital asset to the Hunter Region which performs over 1250 missions each year covering a region of 132,000 square kilometres.
The day started with a convoy of trucks making their way from Sandgate to the sensational Newcastle Foreshore & ended in a great day out for the whole family. Visitors to the event were entertained by local performers, auctions, raffles, kids rides not to mention viewing the many trucks on display from early models to the very latest.
This is the 10th year MEGA Pacific has sponsored & displayed at the event. MEGA Pacific displayed our Australian Made HYD80 compressor, TIPX a range of PTOs & pumps as well as a truck fitted with MEGA Pacific hydraulics.
Browse our full range online
MEGA Pacific is an Australian owned Company, committed to building on almost 30 years' experience in the importation and sales of hydraulic components.
MEGA Pacific satisfies customer needs by offering a superior stock holding comprising of high quality European brands. MEGA Pacific has built its range of industrial hydraulic components based on the demands of the diverse markets to which it services.
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text: Sagging Leather Sofa - DIYnot.com - DIY and Home Improvement Welcome How to... @home Wiki Forum Shop DIYnot > Forums Forum Index Rules Help Register Free Cookies Search Login Sagging Leather Sofa DIYnot.com Forum Index > General DIY Enter search: Search this topic :: View previous topic :: View next topic Author Message BonJoined: 04 Jan 2007Posts: 362Location: Lancashire,United KingdomThanked: 10 times Posted: Sat Nov 29, 2008 11:17 pm Hi all, Our 2 year old leather sofa has started to sag quite badly on the side that both of us choose to sit on first. It's a leather sofa with fixed foam cushions. Just wondering if anyone has suffered a similar problem and (even better) if anyone can suggest a remedy or even if people exist who can fix it!! Living with it is not an option I'm afraid as it's causing distress to a certain member of our household (and it aint me!) and what with all these sofa ads on the TV at the moment I fear for our bank account!! Back to top Alert Moderators If you do not want to see this advert, click here to login or if you are new click here to join free. SymptomsJoined: 11 Sep 2007Posts: 1490Location: United KingdomThanked: 50 times Posted: Sun Nov 30, 2008 2:22 pm Bon - assuming the pair of you aren't big fat lumps then the fix may mean un-tacking the dust cover under the sofa (tip the sofa on it back to gain access) and check the condition of the cushion supports. These'll be sprung wire (piano wire with a spring at one end attached to the frame at the back and front), or just wires, or webbing belt, or rubber strap (this stuffs got a special name but I can't remember what it is - others may know), or on really cheapo furniture a sheet of chipboard (or ply if you're lucky). All of these systems are repairable ... new wires, or re-tension the webbing, or slip in a new chipboard/ply deck (or brace the old one). Spare parts for repairing are readily available from any upholstery supplier ... check your local Yellow Pages. Back to top Alert Moderators BonJoined: 04 Jan 2007Posts: 362Location: Lancashire,United KingdomThanked: 10 times Posted: Sun Nov 30, 2008 6:32 pm Whilst I admit I may not be at my, ahem, fighting weight, the wife certainly isn't a "lump" It seems to be more the foam that isn't returning to its original shape than the actual support so I was thinking more along the lines of replacing that (the method of access will be the same as you suggest I would imagine though). Thanks for the advice though, I'll get onto yell.com right away. Back to top Alert Moderators bob-the-builderJoined: 08 Jan 2008Posts: 173Location: United KingdomThanked: 2 times Posted: Mon Dec 01, 2008 9:01 am Last edited by bob-the-builder on Fri Sep 28, 2012 11:24 am, edited 1 time in total Back to top Alert Moderators Richard CJoined: 26 Apr 2005Posts: 10589Location: United KingdomThanked: 990 times Posted: Mon Dec 01, 2008 10:05 am Had a similar problem with a fairly expensive leather sofa a few years ago; it was still under warranty so they sent an upholsterer around. He said it was due to cheap foam inserts which just dont last; seems price doesn't necessarily guarantee quality! The new ones he fitted were noticeably firmer but they are still good 5 years later. Back to top Alert Moderators BonJoined: 04 Jan 2007Posts: 362Location: Lancashire,United KingdomThanked: 10 times Posted: Mon Dec 01, 2008 12:40 pm Thanks Bob. Unfortunately our cushions are past repair as adopting your method results in them returning to their sagged shape. We will however be doing as you say with the new ones! I agree with you and don't mind the sagging as it's more comfortable, it's just that we have 2 sofas and the other is hardly used so they look a bit odd! Cheers too Richard, ours weren't at the top end of the price range (they weren't cheap though) and from John Peters. I'll look into getting them re-upholstered and let you guys know. Back to top Alert Moderators SteveJoined: 15 Apr 2005Posts: 15997Location: Yorkshire,United KingdomThanked: 226 times Posted: Sun Dec 07, 2008 5:49 pm We also had a guy round to re-stuff our leather sofas. All he did was tip it up, and stuff extra foam above the belts, extra padding. Think with fixed cushions, any other type of support is a bad idea - I expect sprung bases cant be re-stuffed very easily!!! Back to top Alert Moderators RoachForLifeJoined: 25 Jan 2010Posts: 1Location: Florida,United States of America Posted: Mon Jan 25, 2010 3:27 am Sorry for reviving an old post but I just bought some used couches and one of them was way saggy on the middle cushion. I took off the dust cover and saw that there are many belts (lots front to back) and 2 side to side. One of these was ripped apart, also the wood supports were all broken. So Im looking to repair. I guess my question is, is there a photo of what it SHOULD look like under there? I can guess and it will probably be close but Im not sure what they typically look like. Maybe I could beef it up somehow too. Like additional wood beams or more belts or the like?? Also are replacing the belts a pain? I was thinking of reusing the existing if I could and find a way to reattach the two ends, like with a crapload of staples or similar. Thanks all! Back to top Alert Moderators Search this topic :: View previous topic :: View next topic DIYnot.com Forum Index > General DIY All times are GMT Page 1 of 1 Jump to: Select a forumForum InformationOffers & Discount CodesYour ProjectsDIY DisastersTrade TalkHobbiesGeneral DiscussionWord GamesJokes ArchiveAlarms, CCTV & TelephonesAppliancesAudio VisualBuildingBuilding Regulations and Planning PermissionDecorating and PaintingElectrics UKElectrics Outside of the UKFloors, Stairs and LoftsIn the GardenPlastering and RenderingPlumbing and Central HeatingRoofing and GutteringTilingTools and MaterialsWindows and DoorsWood / Woodwork / CarpentryGeneral DIYGeneral CarsCar Repairs / MaintenanceSoftwareHardwaretestYour test You cannot post new topics in this forumYou cannot reply to topics in this forumYou cannot edit your posts in this forumYou cannot delete your posts in this forumYou cannot vote in polls in this forum Similar Topics Replies Views Posted Sagging sofa - tried guides? 11 200 Mon Jul 28, 2014 1:16 pm Leather sofa 3 860 Thu Nov 05, 2009 3:00 pm Leather sofa (furniture) treatment 4 3540 Wed Aug 27, 2008 9:26 pm Hair Dye on a Cream Leather Sofa 4 32960 Thu Dec 05, 2002 7:24 pm Help with damaged leather furniture? 2 1420 Mon Jul 31, 2006 4:12 pm Find an Expert | Find a Supplier | Search DIYnot.comNetwork | Advertising | Newsletter DIY | DIY How To | @home | DIY Wiki | DIY Forum By using this site you agree to our Terms of Service / Disclaimer. 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