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To embed, copy and paste the code into your website or blog:
In Larson v. United Healthcare Ins. Co., __ F.3d __, 2013 WL 3836236 (7th Cir. 2013), the Seventh Circuit upheld the dismissal of plaintiffs' putative class action claims that health insurers violated Wisconsin state law (WIS. STAT. § 632.87(3)), requiring coverage for chiropractic services when diagnosis and treatment of the same condition is covered if performed by a physician or osteopath. The plaintiffs argued that the insurers set unreasonably high co-payment amounts such that the result was that the insurance company did not provide coverage. The plaintiffs alleged several health benefit plans set co-payments at $50.00 to $60.00 per visit, which was basically the cost of the visit. The district court dismissed the action on the grounds that the insurance companies were not the proper parties to a benefits claim under Section 502(a)(1)(B) of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 ("ERISA"), 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(1)(B), and the plaintiffs failed to state a claim for breach of fiduciary duty under ERISA.
The Seventh Circuit affirmed the grant of dismissal of the action, but on slightly different grounds. Initially, the Seventh Circuit ruled that in certain circumstances an insurance company may be a proper party to an ERISA claim for benefits. The Seventh Circuit ruled that, "[b]y necessary implication[,] a cause of action for 'benefits due' must be brought against the party having the obligation to pay" the benefits due. Larson, 2013 WL 3836236, at *6. The Seventh Circuit then reviewed its precedent and concluded that, "[a]lthough a claim for benefits ordinarily should be brought against the plan (because the plan normally owes the benefits), where the plaintiff alleges that she is a participant or beneficiary under an insurance-based ERISA plan and the insurance company decides all eligibility questions and owes the benefits, the insurer is a proper defendant in a suit for benefits due under §1132(a)(1)(B)." Id. at *9; see also Cyr v. Reliance Standard Ins. Co., 642 F.3d 1202 (9th Cir. 2011) (en banc).
The Seventh Circuit went on to determine the merits of plaintiffs' claims against the defendants and uphold the dismissal of the action. First, the Seventh Circuit agreed with the district court ruling that the setting of co-payment amounts is not a fiduciary act under ERISA and, therefore, there was no breach of an ERISA fiduciary duty. Larson, 2013 WL 3836236, at *10.
Second, the Seventh Circuit considered whether the plan terms violated Wisconsin state law. The Seventh Circuit ruled that the insurance policies complied with the law because they provided coverage for chiropractic services. The Seventh Circuit rejected the plaintiffs' argument that the setting of co-payments at high amounts effectively carved-back the coverage, ruling that the statute "does not mandate a particular amount or level of coverage" and it does not prohibit the amount of co-payments. Id. at *11.
In the end, the Seventh Circuit focused on the merits of the plaintiffs' claims. Over the years, the defense that the insurance company is not the proper party for an ERISA § 502(a)(1)(B) claim has become the subject of a circuit split. Therefore, it is important not to rely solely on this defense, and to consider substantive defenses on the merits of the allegations of any complaint.
DISCLAIMER: Because of the generality of this update, the information provided herein may not be applicable in all situations and should not be acted upon without specific legal advice based on particular situations.
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Timeline of events in salmonella outbreak
A timeline of important events in the salmonella outbreak linked to tainted peanuts at a Blakely, Ga., plant.
–2006 – Four inspections by the Georgia Department of Agriculture cite numerous, repeated violations at the Blakely, Ga., plant of the Peanut Corp. of America, a peanut processing company and maker of peanut butter for bulk distribution to institutions, food service industries, and private label food companies. The violations include food residue buildup, storage on floors and the improper use of duct tape.
–Aug. 2007 – Three samples taken at PCA by the Georgia Department of Agriculture test negative for salmonella and pesticides.
–2008 – Seven tests performed for the company are positive for salmonella. In each case, after a retest is negative, the product is shipped.
–Sept. 8, 2008 – The first reported illnesses begin, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
–Nov. 25, 2008 – The CDC, working with state and local partners, begins an epidemiological assessment of a cluster of salmonella cases reported from 12 different states.
–Dec. 21, 2008 – Shirley Mae Almer, 72, dies in a nursing home in Brainerd, Minn. On. Jan. 26, 2009, her relatives file suit against the operators of PCA and distributor King Nut Cos. saying their negligence caused her death. The complaint says her death was a direct result of eating peanut butter infected by a salmonella strain linked to the nationwide outbreak.
–Jan. 8, 2009 – The Food and Drug Administration visits an Ohio distributor for Peanut Corp. of America.
–Jan. 9, 2009 – The FDA and the Georgia Department of Agriculture initiate an environmental investigation at the PCA plant.
–– PCA voluntarily stops production of peanut butter and peanut paste at the Blakely, Ga., plant.
–Jan. 10, 2009 – King Nut announces a recall of peanut butter manufactured by PCA and distributed under the King Nut label.
–– The Minnesota Departments of Agriculture and Health confirm that laboratory analyses show a genetic match between the strains of salmonella bacteria found in a container of King Nut brand creamy peanut butter and the strains of bacteria associated with 30 illnesses in Minnesota and nearly 400 illnesses around the country.
–Jan. 13, 2009 – PCA announces a voluntary recall of peanut butter produced in its Blakely, Ga., processing plant on or after July 1, 2008, because of possible salmonella contamination.
–Jan. 16, 2009 – Food inspectors confirm the presence of salmonella bacteria in an unopened five-pound tub of peanut butter found at a Connecticut food distributor.
–– PCA announces an expanded recall of peanut butter produced on or after Aug. 8, 2008, in its Blakely, Ga., processing plant as well as the voluntary recall of peanut paste produced in the same plant on or after Sept. 26, 2008, because of possible salmonella contamination.
–Jan. 18, 2009 – PCA expands the recall of peanut butter and voluntarily recalls peanut paste made at its Blakely, Ga., plant on or after July 1, 2008.
–Jan. 27, 2009 – The FDA finishes its investigation of the PCA plant and reports on its inspection. A list of problems observed by FDA investigators during their inspection is available at this link: http://www.fda.gov/ora/frequent/default.htm


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Cheap PNI to St. Moritz flights
Popular Flights from Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia
Top Pohnpei Flights to US Destinations
Top Pohnpei International Destinations
Popular Flights from St. Moritz, Switzerland
PNI to SMV Route Map
Pohnpei to St. Moritz Flights, Stats and Airplanes
Route information for flights from Pohnpei Intl. to Samedan.
8,258.15 miles
PNI - Pohnpei Intl. Airlines
Browse the most popular airlines servicing the Pohnpei (PNI) airport. Visit their flights pages to learn more about the most popular routes these carriers fly.


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Stark County District Library 2009 Annual Report
The Stark County District Library's 2009 Annual Report
National Medal Winner Stark County District Library 2009 Annual Report The Job Fair and Workshops continue to be a high attendance program highlighting resumes, online job searching, and employment opportunities. Director's Message If there is one image that comes to is that of a roller coaster. This annual reduced. Budget adjustments, staff National Medal Library Board of Trustees James M. Conley, president Robin Austin, vice president Steven O. Pittman, secretary John Mroczkowski Shawn O'Brien Susan Rodgers Wanda Young facing foreclosure was also implemented. Kent Oliver, Executive Director General Statistics Circulation: 3.9 million Library Visits: 1.6 million Library Donors Total Borrowers: 159,346 Programs Presented: 8,178 Program Attendance: 184,395 Pups and Pages is one of our most popular programs. Children read stories while a licensed therapy dog listens, and gets in a few snuggles, too. Emilia and Guillermo Sicard General Fund Receipts ........... ................ ...................................... ................................... ................................... ................ ............... ................................................ .................. Budget adjustments, staff layoffs and service reductions General Fund Disbursements Salaries ..................................................... ..................................... Supplies......................................................... .. ......................................................... .................................... ..................... ....... .... ............ ............................................... ...................................... ........ followed as the library scrambled to make mid-year reductions to the operating budget. Excess of Receipts over Disbursements ($72,224) ................................... ....... ...... ......................... Contributions to the S t a r k County District Library Foundation raises funds to The Stark County District Library nancially support and advance the mission and values of the library. The Foundation has received donations from individuals, foundations, and businesses which have been used to support library programming and to build an endowment fund. Ted Allen, cookbook author and Food Network star, was the featured guest at the Foundation's 2009 fundraising event, Ted Allen Talks Taste. SCDL Foundation Board Corita Childs Scott Gwin Library Foundation Financials Opening assets .............................................. Closing assets................................................ ....................................... SCDL Foundation Key Donors Corita Childs Tim and Susan Conlan Spectrum Orthopaedics 715 Market Avenue N Canton, Ohio 44702 www.StarkLibrary .org


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which oppositions were filed at the EPO. We also constructed a random sample of EPO patents with no opposition in these technologies. We matched these EPO patents with the "equivalent" U.S. patents covering the same invention in the United States. Using the matched sample of U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) and EPO patents, we compared the determinants of opposition and of re-examination. Our results indicate that valuable patents are more likely to be challenged in both jurisdictions, but the rate of opposition at the EPO is more than thirty times higher than the rate of re-examination at the USPTO. Moreover, opposition leads to a revocation of the patent in about 35 percent of the cases and to a restriction of the patent right in another 33 percent of the cases. Re-examination results in a cancellation of the patent right in only 10 percent of all cases. We also find that re-examination is frequently initiated by the patentholders themselves.
Beginning in the 1980s, a series of administrative, judicial, and legislative actions strengthened the economic value of U.S. patents and extended their coverage in such areas as computer software and "business methods." Although many of these actions were undertaken at the behest of the U.S. business community, concerns have been raised since the early 1990s about the potential economic burdens of low-quality patents in an environment of greater deference to the rights of the patentholder (Merges, 1999; Barton, 2000). A number of experts have suggested that the U.S. patent examination system does not impose a sufficiently rigorous review of patent and nonpatent prior art, resulting in the issuing of patents of considerable breadth and insufficient quality. Many of these critics advocate the reform or extension of procedures that would enable interested parties other than U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) examiners to bring relevant information to bear on this process either before or shortly after the issue of a patent. However, much of this debate has occurred in an empirical vacuum. Little is known about the characteristics or effectiveness of existing procedures for such post-issue challenges within the U.S. patent system, and virtually no research has compared the characteristics or effects of U.S. post-issue challenge procedures with those available elsewhere in the industrialized world's patent systems.
At present, the primary procedure for such a challenge to the validity of a U.S. patent is the re-examination proceeding, which may be initiated by any party during the life of the patent. A more elaborate and adversarial procedure in the European Patent Office (EPO) is the opposition process. This chapter uses new data in an exploratory comparative analysis of these post-issue challenge proceedings, pursuing two main questions:


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This location is shown only to members
As usual: no agenda, everything is casual and informal!
Join us for an hour or more for a little bit of fun conversing, and interacting with fun people. Relax, talk, laugh, and make new friends. That's what we are all about.
Comme d'habitude: pas de protocol du tout. On vient pour s'amuser et elargir son cercle de connaissances et d'amis. Tout le monde est sympa et les nouveaux sont toujours les bienvenus. On parle de tout et de rien, on mange ensemble et on rigole pour quelques heures.
Side note
Because this Meetup location shares a common building with a bar and grill, Indianapolis ordinance will not allow anyone in the restaurant who is under 18 years of age. We are sorry about the inconvenience.
I started the group because there wasn't any other type of group like this. I've met some great folks in the group who have become close friends and have also met some amazing business owners.
— Bill, started New York City Gay Craft Beer Lovers
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The library will be closed
Monday, May 25th
in honor of Memorial Day.
RSSC's Featured Image
Donald & Riley Deitz
As it is graduation season, we thought we would showcase one of our photographs of a graduate from the past. This is Donald Dietz (1903-2002) son of Ferdinand and Edith Dietz of Walcott, IA. Donald and his brother Riley graduated from Davenport High School in 1922. Congratulations to all the grads of 2015!
Events Calendar
For your convenience, please explore our page of upcoming genealogical and local history events in the Quad-City area.
Be sure to mark these dates down in your own calendar!
Recent Posts
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More DPL Blogs!
Tag Archives: Irma Kohn
Dog days of summer
The month of August is commonly referred to as "the dog days of summer", so we at Special Collections thought we would share some of our favorite "dog" images from the Hostetler photograph collection. The first set of pictures were … Continue reading
Posted in Local History Tagged bulldog, Children, collie, Curtis (family name), Dogs, Grates (family name), Hostetler Studios, Irma Kohn, jack russell terrier, Katherine Peek, Pets, Portraits, wolfhound 3 Comments


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Thanks for all of the feedback.
I have made another attempt to contact the instructor.
In reply to this email, the instructor stated to start taking pictures of things that "talk to me in some way".
This has me even more confounded, as that is what I thought I had been doing all along.
I do not think they mean for me to break the rules of composition, as they have been pushing the students to follow those rules all semester.


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Boozy Christmas Ring
|4 Ounce (100 Grams)
|4 Ounce (100 Grams)
|Dried cranberries
|85 Gram (1 Pack)
|7 Tablespoon
|Dark muscovado sugar
|2 Tablespoon
|Double cream
|568 Milliliter (1 Pot)
|Icing sugar
|2 Tablespoon
|Fresh vanilla custard
|1 Pint (600 Milliliter)
|Frozen cranberries
|4 Ounce (100 Grams, Keep Them Frozen)
1. Put dried fruit into a large bowl, add 2 tbsp brandy and the muscovado sugar, then cover with cling film. Microwave on High for 2 mins until the sugar has melted and the fruit plumped up. Give it a stir, then leave to cool and soak overnight, if you're short of time, simply carry on with step 2 and leave to soak for as long as it takes to complete step 2.
2. Put the cream, remaining brandy and icing sugar into a large bowl and whip to soft peaks. Pour the custard into another bowl and fold the cream into it. Tip into a freezer container and freeze the mix for 4 hrs, stirring the frozen edges into the rest of the mixture every hour or so until the whole tub is soft, but frozen (or use an ice-cream machine, churning for 20-30 mins until thick). Meanwhile, line a 23cm ring tin (known as a savarin) with cling film.
3. Once the ice cream mix is thick, quickly fold the soaked fruit (and any liquid from it) and frozen cranberries through it and spoon into the lined ring tin. Freeze overnight or for at least 6 hrs. To serve, leave the ring at room temperature for 10 mins and turn out onto a serving plate. Cut into slices and serve with hot Cranberry brandy butter sauce.


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TheSpread is Pleased to Welcome GTBets as Our Newest Sportsbook Sponsor!
Limited Time Offer - Free $20 Bet Just for Signing Up! Don't Miss Out on Free Money, This Offer Will Expire Soon Click Here to Get Your Free $20 Bet
- Index
- » Baseball Discussion
- » Wednesday Service Plays
Wednesday Service Plays
Re: Wednesday Service Plays
Vegas Runner
954 ATL / 953 FLA Over 9.5 1* TOTAL
972 TAM 1.5 (-130) vs 971 TOR 3* RL WAGER
513 ATL 15.5 vs 514 BOS 3* NBA BEST BET of the DAY
956 WAS (+185) vs 955 NYM 1* ML WAGER
958 CIN (-140) vs 957 HOU 2* ML WAGER
978 OAK (-137) vs 977 MIN 1* ML WAGER
964 SDP / 963 SFG Under 7 1* TOTAL
Re: Wednesday Service Plays
Pistons/Sixers Over 178.5 (POD)
Did you watch the first game between these 2 teams? Something should have been abundantly clear as the game was nearing an end, the Pistons completely went through a road block and could not score the ball late. In fact, the Pistons have lost to the Sixers the last 3 games outright. It just goes to show the Sixers are a pain in the neck of a matchup for this squad and frankly that game should have gone under. I look for this game to not do the same as the Pistons will not let down the gas on a team that they led by 15 and will continue to run up the points as all this team has heard is how they lost the first game of the series throughout the week. I can only imagine the frustration on the once Champion and I expect this team to come out fired. In that same token, I also expect the Sixers continue their pace of scoring as the Pistons scored just 35 points in the second half and that game totaled at 176 in the end. I can't see that happening today, as I expect a total in the mid 180's when all is set and done. The uner has hit relentlessly in this series, but the tide turns today.
Celtics -15
This team is completely fired up and focused as they absolutely hammered the Hawks in the first game. The atmosphere in Boston is electric and I expect the Hawks to come back home down 0-2 and having gotten their behinds wiped once again by Boston on the road. Look, the Hawks can hang tough early on, but the fact that this team has no bench comes back and bites them. The Celtics bench players get thrilled just to play and that was seen late in the season when they got far more minutes and still covered those ballgames as they want to impress their role players. Remember, the Celtics bench with Posey, Powe, Cassell and Allen scored a total of 33 points. This team is not planning on letting go of the gas pedal today as they will only try to beat the Hawks by even further today. The Hawks will be in a heap of trouble today overall as one thing is abundantly clear in these playoff series this year, home teams are dominating and that is one of the reasons for my slow start as typically in game 2, the road teams make a step forward, but not in this case with the only exception being the Raptors. The Celtics take great pride in their defense and they did not let the Hawks top 20 points in 2 of the quarters they played and this team is looking forward for the sweep and then rest. Hawks are 1-7 ATS on the road against teams with a winning% of greater than 60, the Celtics are 7-0 ATS against teams that have a road winning % of less than .400%.
Hawks/Celtics Over 185
In hindsight, this should have been my POD given the write-up that I have for this, but that's all right. You know what this game is indicative of? The Mavericks/Hornets game 2. Why? Well, here you have another sitatuation in which the road team is going to get spanked and yet the total will go over. In other words, a rare favorite/over situation. The last game these 2 teams played, the total fell right at 185 - that is given the fact the Hawks had a total of 35 points in quarter 2 and quarter 3. Combine the fact that the Hawks hit this game with more motivation today, the Celtics continue their hot shooting at home not to mention their bench rolling up points left and right, what you have is the makings for a similar score by the Celtics except the Hawks drum up more than 90 points in total offense. Look for plenty of offense in this game as the Celtics are likely to score in the range of 110-120 and the Hawks are likely to score in the range of 90-100 tonight. The under is predominant in these meetings, but not tonight.
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Bart Kappenburg
Director of Product at kgb_
Director of Product at kgb_
Co Founder Bitcoin India, Board of Mantis Energy, Invented MassBloc, Director MassTec Industries and harcourts North Lakes, Advisor Reduce My Invoice. Invested in 18+companies
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CEO of @Rapportive. Computer Scientist, Gamer, Entrepreneur.
Currently CEO @ DataSift. Also advisor to Urban Airship, Softtech VC, Akkadian Ventures. Previously SimpleGeo, Yahoo! & USWeb CKS.
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I'm Boris Veldhuijzen van Zanten. Internet Serial Entrepreneur, founder of The Next Web Conference, Blog and Incubator, TwitterCounter.com and more…
Johan is founder of Adatus and owner & founder of venture capital fund Peak Capital. Johan is active within Rockstart, Startup Bootcamp and SmartCamp.
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Co-founded educational gaming company newlemurs.com, co-founded and managed 3 venture capital funds (EUR 320M committed capital) that invested in 50 startups companies since 1997, business angel & coach of numerous startups in The Netherlands
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Dena Marie's Salon & SpaRead MoreDena Marie?s Salon & Spa?s hairstylists specialize in formal updos. Augmented by Lox extensions?crafted from 100% human hair?or held in place by hair balms from Bed Head and Matrix, the formal looks prepare patrons for glitzy events from proms to the salon?s second specialty?weddings. Their team, which also consists of manicurists, regularly attends continuing-education courses to keep their services up-to-date with the latest beauty trends. Fresh out of the workshops, they turn their shears and dyes toward shaping and coloring manes, and drape frazzled locks with shine during keratin smoothing treatments. They also provide spa treatments that include waxing and paraffin dips that remove dry skin from bodies more effectively than attempting to drive them out by playing annoying music over loudspeakers throughout the night.39081 Garfield RoadCharter Township Of Clinton, MI US
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Tricho Salon and SpaRead MoreAt each of Tricho Salon and Spa?s four locations, trained stylists stand ready to refresh outdated hairstyles with products by Schwarzkopf, Bumble and bumble, Keratin Complex, and Moroccanoil. Dr. Sonya Friedman, an accomplished author, CNN talk-show host, and radio psychologist, teams up with dermatologist Dr. Scott Friedman to helm the spa side of the business, where clients can find eight types of facials, nine styles of massage, noninvasive micro treatments, and advice for mending a hairdryer?s broken heart. Fingertips and toes in need of some TLC can also be pampered inside this full-service beauty haven, as nail techs doll-up digits with OPI and Essie polishes as well as Shellac, acrylic, and fiberglass tips.17420 Hall Rd.Clinton Township, MI US
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text:
Summerfield, AJ; Lowe, RJ; Firth, SK; Wall, R; Oreszczyn, T; (2006) The case for joined-up research on carbon emissions from the building stock: adding value to household and building energy datasets. In: (Proceedings) RICS Annual Conference Cobra 2006. : London, UK.
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To reach UK objectives for reducing carbon emissions, it is argued that joined-up research on energy use in buildings is essential to develop and support government policy initiatives. The performance based approach introduced in Part-L of the 2006 Building Regulations has further underlined the role of coordinated research to monitor their effectiveness and provide feedback for subsequent revisions. Unfortunately, differences in dwelling classifications systems used in major household surveys currently hinder much of the supporting analysis that might improve SAP and other energy models. The Carbon Reduction in Buildings project has begun a process of integrating or organising existing building energy datasets into a coherent structure for the domestic sector. In addition, it is proposed to archive these for researchers via a building data repository that would facilitate joined-up research more widely.
|Proceedings paper
|The case for joined-up research on carbon emissions from the building stock: adding value to household and building energy datasets
|RICS Annual Conference Cobra 2006
|Open access status:
|An open access version is available from UCL Discovery
|Additional information:
|Imported via OAI, 7:29:01 25th Nov 2006
|UCL classification:
|UCL > School of BEAMS > Faculty of the Built Environment > UCL Energy Institute
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Auburn University > Student Affairs > Students > Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA)
The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) (20 U.S.C. § 1232g; 34 CFR Part 99) is a Federal law that protects the privacy of student education records. The law applies to all schools that receive funds under an applicable program of the U.S. Department of Education.
While FERPA gives parents certain rights with respect to their children's education records. These rights transfer to the student when he or she reaches the age of 18 or attends a school beyond the high school level. Students to whom the rights have transferred are "eligible students."
FERPA requires universities to provide students with annual notification of these rights. Auburn University's annual notification appears in the Auburn University Bulletin. Students who suspect that a FERPA violation has occurred, should contact the Vice President for Student Affairs (Suite 3248 Auburn University Student Center; 334-844-8880) or they can contact the Family Policy Compliance Office within the U.S. Department of Education.
For more information regarding Auburn University and FERPA, please click here: http://www.auburn.edu/administration/internal_auditing/ferpa.html.


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GPS-guided precision mortar rounds on way to Afghanistan
By Darren Quick
March 1, 2011
Mortars have existed for hundreds of years, proving extremely useful in World War I where the high angle of flight of the shells made them an ideal weapon for the muddy trenches of the Western Front. The weapon's simplicity coupled with the ease with which it can be transported and operated means mortars are still in common use today but, although methods of calculating azimuth and elevation angles for targeting have improved, their greatest weakness still remains their lack of accuracy. Mortars are now moving into the 21st Century with U.S. Soldiers in Afghanistan set to receive a first-of-its-kind, GPS-guided 120mm mortar munition that can pinpoint targets at ranges of up to 6,300 m (20,669 ft).
The new mortar rounds, which the U.S. Army will deliver to soldiers in Afghanistan early this month, are the result of the Accelerated Precision Mortar Initiative (APMI) program that commenced after an urgent request from the field commander in Afghanistan in Feb. 2009 looking to pinpoint targets more accurately. GPS guidance was preferred over laser guidance as it would allow soldiers on the ground to more accurately target insurgents hidden behind ridges and rock outcroppings.
Current conventional mortar rounds used by the army only have an accuracy of about a 136 meter (446 ft) Circular Area Probable (CEP). This means that 50 percent of rounds will land within 136 m of the target, 43 percent will land between 136 m and 272 m, 7 percent between 272 m and 408 m and the proportion of rounds that land further than this is less than 0.2 percent.
The new 120 mm APMI precision rounds, which have been undergoing testing since late last year, have been able to demonstrate a CEP of less than 10 m at ranges in excess of 6,500 m to greatly improve accuracy and reduce the risk of collateral damage. This equates to 50 percent falling within 10 m of the target, 43 percent between 10 m and 20 m and 7 percent within 20 m to 30 m.
"This is designed for a precision capability such as against a sniper in a building, or enemies in a bunker or trench. If you were to engage with a conventional mortar round, you would have to fire 8-to-10 rounds to kill or suppress the target. With APMI, you will probably be able to do the same thing with one or two rounds," said Bruce Kay, Department of the Army Systems Coordinator, Mortar Systems.
ATK was awarded the contract to deliver the APMI rounds after a "shoot off" against two other competing companies early in 2010. Its Mortar Guidance Kit (MGK) design converts M934 mortar bodies into precision mortar rounds by replacing standard fuzes in the mortar's fuze well and adding GPS guidance and navigation capability
The APMI rounds won't completely replace the conventional rounds in the field, which will still be required for area and suppressive fires. The U.S. Army plans to deliver a total of 5,480 APMI rounds to Afghanistan and they could be expanded beyond Afghanistan once they have successfully been demonstrated in combat.
This will save lives on both sides but give the winning edge to our boys. A GPS mortar that\'s accurate to 10m and can take down an enemy unit in two shots will discourage many attacks. However if both sides have it casualty numbers could soar particularly if commanders don\'t update their tactics quickly.Wesley Bruce
@Wesley Bruce: You know what\'s still better at saving lives? Avoiding war in the first place. Then you can move on to building an education system that doesn\'t require your \"boys\" to risk their lives in Iraq or Afghanistan to be able to afford going to college.
Although I agree: building heavy ordnance might be less brainpower-consuming, and more fun when it goes \"ka-boom!\"Gavrilo Bozovic
Wish we could avoid war but just because you don\'t want one doesn\'t mean there isn\'t somebody out there that\'s not going to try and subdue you just because they don\'t like you for not being one of them! Hitler comes comes to mind. This looks like a good idea. :-)mrhuckfin
Not that i dont think youre both right or wrong, if you wish to win just over power the opponent, why launch 1 or 2 accurate mortars, launch a cruise missile instead with a 100meter radius of destruction.
Youll soon find out how long they like hiding when theres nowhere left to hide.
Either you fight to win, or dont bother fighting. There is no such thing as a kind war. The WAR is won or lost. One principle survives and the other dies.
Faffing around with small fights is pointless, war = wipe the lot of them out or dont bother and use diplomacy.mg
It\'s not surprising to get better accuracy with weapons. Killing each other over rocky useless ground seems to be the hallmark of humans.TheRogue1000
@GavriloBozovic - Gavrilo we all said the same thing in our teens. But life teaches you to stand up against bad people or else they win. Fortunately NATO stood up against the Serbs and that was a good thing for everybody...no?Todd Dunning
Dear folks,
As a history teacher I feel compelled to point out that... The bloody trenches of the western front were not of World War II, as the article points out but from World War I. Hitler\'s Blitzkrieg was designed to avert trench warfare. On a more positive note putting rounds on the target is better than just being \"close\" to the target.Mr. Mac
@Todd Dunning: it\'s been a long time since I was last mistaken for a teenager, thanks for that!
War is a staple of mankind, and I don\'t think it will be completely suppressed anytime soon. Don\'t misunderstand me: I\'m not a misinformed utopian, more of a realist.
My point merely is that: people get excited about new weapons technologies, as they go fast and make loud bangs. However, other, less exciting measures, make the usage of warfare unnecessary. Take the example of Somalia, for instance: you hear weekly how NATO is going to put more warships in the area, be firmer with the pirats, etc, etc.
But seriously, people in Somalia spent the last 20 years in civil war, don\'t have a stable government and no way to make a decent living. What do you expect them to do, when given the opportunity to make some extra cash?
In the end, it all comes back to the first book of the Utopia, by Thomas More, when he describes the situation of 17th century England: when people have no choice, they will do what they have to do to survive, and repression is not going to solve the problem. People dont attack each other with AK-47 in Switzerland (that\'s where I live) not because they have some superior morality, but because there are better ways to make a living here.
What baffles me is that everyone agrees that the WTC would still be standing if the US didn\'t mess things up THAT MUCH in Afghanistan in the first place, but the people insist on messing stuff up elsewhere, claiming that \"this time it\'s not the same\".Gavrilo Bozovic
@ Gavrilo Bozovic. Your myopic idea that avoiding war altogether is a better option. Is a sad delusion, as it totally denies the truth of the world we live in.
Peace through superior firepower.2640-3690
To G Bozovic: Helvetia is fortunate in that its neutrality is supported by other countries, which allows it, rather than shoot off AK-47s, to sit back and make money from their conflicts without helping to stop the domination of other cultures, [in particular women] by the evil religious maniacs in the Taliban. Ian Colley.Terotech
@Bozovic, Two things: USA has been a long-term supporter of Israel and as such, we are considered one and the same by her enemies. I personally am flattered but the point is, we are the main enemy of radical Muslims the world over. The second thing is, when their \'bible\' tells them to kill all infidels, we got a problem. The twin towers were just the latest in a string of attacks big and small by radical terrorists. I know we are not the only ones they are attacking but is they who initiate war! @mg, When you talk about launching a cruise missle instead of a gps mortar, I\'m sure you are just trying to make a point but there is such a thing as economics. Cruse missles cost a bunch. Even if we have superior fire power, I still pray for our men. Fighting to the death is not something any civilized human being loves to do but it will be necessary where ever there are those who\'s sole goal it is to kill youWill, the tink


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Pune: What was expected to be a small protest by a handful of parents and former students turned into a full-scale agitation at the Wanowrie-based school on Monday, after students and classmates of the 11-year-old girl, who was sexually abused and raped by a school bus attendant, joined the angry mob demanding justice for the victim.
High drama was witnessed as the parents started gathering at the school premises at 7am and agitated ex-students, exhorted parents and young schoolchildren to join them in their agitation and not attend the school on the third day of their protest.
Angry parents and students were seen carrying banners and placards. Despite the school management's promise to scale up safety measures, some of the parents said that they would withdraw their kids from the school while a few others said that they won't send their children by the school bus. To control the mob, the school alerted the police claiming that the director's daughter who works in the school might get harmed.
A teacher had claimed that the girl was characterless, which fuelled the mob's fury and some students even decided to march to her residence but they were restrained by the police.
The girl was allegedly sexually abused by the bus attendant aided by the driver on two occasions in October last year. Although the victim's parents had lodged complaints with the school authorities several times, they allegedly failed to act and instead handed over the girl's leaving certificate to them.
Following a hue and cry, the school principal and director resigned on April 9 but the angry parents and students have been demanding police action against the two for trying to hush up the matter.


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Ritual Texts for the Afterlife: Orpheus and the Bacchic Gold TabletsHardback
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- Paperback $36.89
- Publisher: ROUTLEDGE
- Format: Hardback | 296 pages
- Dimensions: 158mm x 236mm x 20mm | 620g
- Publication date: 2 May 2013
- Publication City/Country: London
- Edition: 2, Revised
- Edition statement: 2nd Revised edition
- Illustrations note: 11 black & white illustrations
Product description
Fascinating texts written on small gold tablets that were deposited in graves provide a unique source of information about what some Greeks and Romans believed regarding the fate that awaited them after death, and how they could influence it. These texts, dating from the late fifth century BCE to the second century CE, have been part of the scholarly debate on ancient afterlife beliefs since the end of the nineteenth century. Recent finds and analysis of the texts have reshaped our understanding of their purpose and of the perceived afterlife. The tablets belonged to those who had been initiated into the mysteries of Dionysus Bacchius and relied heavily upon myths narrated in poems ascribed to the mythical singer Orpheus. After providing the Greek text and a translation of all the available tablets, the authors analyze their role in the mysteries of Dionysus, and present an outline of the myths concerning the origins of humanity and of the sacred texts that the Greeks ascribed to Orpheus. Related ancient texts are also appended in English translations. Providing the first book-length edition and discussion of these enigmatic texts in English, and their first English translation, this book is essential to the study of ancient Greek religion.
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Fritz Graf is Distinguished University Professor at The Ohio State University, where he teaches in the Department of Classics and directs the Epigraphy Section of the Center for Epigraphical and Palaeographical Studies. Sarah Iles Johnston is Arts and Humanities Distinguished Professor of Religion and Professor of Classics at The Ohio State University.
Review quote
"This new edition is a most welcome and timely expansion of the first edition... [with] notable improvements... Given the rate of new archaeological discoveries, and the proliferation of research in the area, such a judicious and up-to-date resource is very much needed. This second edition will fill that gap, and prove to be every bit as influential and valuable as the first edition." - J.R.C. Cousland, Bryn Mawr Classical Review "The new edition represents a welcome advance, since the authors take into account a number of recent developments in the scholarship of this rapidly moving field with their characteristic thoughtfulness and erudition." - Radcliffe G. Edmonds III, Bryn Mawr College Praise for the first edition: 'A generous range of subject material is covered, the argument is detailed and thorough, the authors' scholarship enables them to tackle a variety of issues... exemplary clarity and precision... a work teeming with good ideas, clear, and well structured.' - Bryn Mawr Classical Review 'Graf and Johnston have put togetheran exciting study, one that will illuminate the shadowy darkness, not just for the initiate, but also for the uninitiated venturing for the first time into the world of the Bacchic gold tablets.' - Bryn Mawr Classical Review
Table of contents
1. The texts 2. History of scholarship 3. Myth 4. Eschatology 5. Ritual 6. Orpheus and Sacred Texts Appendix


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Candlewood Suites Medford
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May 19, 2015
We had a very nice room. I was not familiar with Candelwood Suites and when we discovered our room contained a kitchenette we loved it even more! We only stayed for one night and it was short, because we were going on our honeymoon. We would love to stay here again!
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We stayed here the night before an early morning flight at the nearby Medford airport. The room was exceptionally clean and large, making last minute packing a breeze. Both check-in and check-out were smooth, quick, and accurate.


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Method and apparatus for automatic optical inspection of a substantially two-dimensional pattern using digital image processing techniques are described. In a first processing step, all regions of a digitized stored image derived from the two-dimensional pattern are scanned for edges or lines, that is, transitions between regions having optically different characteristics. The scanned edge regions are marked in the image storage. In a subsequent second processing step all non-marked regions of the image storage are scanned and tested for the presence of permissible grey levels. A meander-shaped scanning track is used for scanning the edge or lined regions. The apparatus for implementing this method includes special latch circuitry for eliminating the further processing of marked regions, thus increasing the overall speed at which the two-dimensional pattern can be optically inspected.
1. A method for the automatic optical inspection of a digitized substantially two-dimensional image, said image having edge regions and non-edge regions and being stored in an image storage as a plurality of grey values representing the lightness or darkness of one of a plurality of picture elements constituting said image, said edge regions being transitions from light regions to dark regions comprising the steps of:
scanning all edge regions of said image;
marking said scanned edge regions in said image storage such that all non-marked non-edge regions should contain only grey values corresponding to a light region or a dark region; and
sequentially addressing all non-marked non-edge regions of said image storage to determine whether grey values other than those corresponding to light or dark regions exist.
2. A method according to claim 1 wherein the scanning step includes a step of addressing said edge regions by using a meander scanning track having a plurality of picture elements.
3. The method of claim 2 additionally comprising a step of summing the grey values of picture elements lying in sections of said meander scanning track perpendicular to said edge regions.
4. The method of claim 3 additionally comprising a step of taking the difference in grey values between adjacent sections of said meander scanning track.
5. The method of claim 3 wherein said sections of said meander scanning track perpendicular to said edge regions comprises three picture elements.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein said marking step includes a step of marking all non-defective picture elements of said scanned edge regions and placing a marker bit in a stored work in said image storage associated with each of said non-defective picture elements.
7. The method of claim 6 wherein said addressing step comprises the step of examining non-marked picture elements for grey values outside a predetermined range.
1. Technical Field
This invention relates to a method and an apparatus for automatic optical inspection.
2. Background Art
In many fields of technology, particularly in connection with manufacturing processes, it has been tried for a long time to replace visual object inspection or testing by automated processes so as to permit a faster, more accurate and reliable result. Potential applications for such automated apparatus are the handling of components (using, for example, robots), pattern recognition, or quality testing.
A particularly urgent problem is the visual testing of complex, substantially two-dimensional patterns, as can be found on printed circuit boards or in photolithographic masks. Defects in such products should be detected one hundred percent, otherwise they may lead to consequential defects in subsequent manufacturing steps, thus incurring very high costs. The small dimensions of the pattern elements and the high density of the patterns demand a high local resolution during testing, so that much time is required for each test process.
The electrical methods frequently used to test printed circuit boards fail to reveal all potential defects. A reduction of the conductor cross-section, for example, may pass unnoticed during electrical conductance testing, but the high current density in that area may lead to further changes and thus to an interruption of conductors when the boards are used later on. Apart from this, the electrical contacting of very dense conductor patterns is very difficult. For these reasons visual testing is indispensable but involves prohibitive labor cost and is not entirely reliable.
Proposals for automated optical quality control that have become known so far include the following approaches: (i) an optical system samples out non-defective pattern elements by spatial filtering; (ii) an optical apparatus compares the pattern to be tested point-by-point with a non-defective master; and finally, (iii) the use of digital image processing principles. The first two approaches necessitate relatively extensive optical means, very accurate adjustment, and are not very flexible. With digital image processing methods, image scanning produces large quantities of data, which are either highly time-consuming to process or necessitate extensive circuitry.
A known system for automated visual inspection (or, more generally speaking, for digital image processing), consists of an opto-electronic transducer, such as a TV camera followed by an analog-to-digital converter supplying binary numbers, corresponding to the grey values of the picture elements, to an image storage. For several hundred lines, each containing several hundred picture elements, (which is the size of section normally scanned), this storage must have a substantial capacity on the order of several hundred kilobytes. The stored binary images are processed by means of programs executed in a universal computer and/or special circuits provided for image evaluation, and the result is written back into storage for further processing. The processed image may be displayed on a monitor using a digital-to-analog converter.
One approach using digital image processing has an apparatus for defect testing the surface pattern of an object, whereby the binary image of the object is compared with an electronically stored non-defective pattern. This high-capacity pattern storage is very costly. Optical quality testing means for circuit boards have been described in another approach whereby only small sections of a pattern are tested to determine whether predetermined fundamental characteristics, such as conductor widths and the mutual spacing of conductors, have been observed. This test method fails to reveal, however, whether whole sections of the pattern have been omitted.
A serious disadvantage of all digital inspection systems that have become known so far is that even if the circuit means required are economically tolerable, for example, where a microprocessor is used for image analysis, they have very long processing times for testing a pattern or a section of a pattern. For mass producing printed circuit boards, a section of a pattern, entered into an image storage by a TV camera has to be tested in several hundred milliseconds, in order to adapt the processing speed to the speed at which the pattern to be tested is scanned. Scanning is effected at a high degree of magnification, so that it is possible to even detect picture elements with diameters of a few μm. At the high resolution required, systems presently employed for binary image processing have the further disadvantage that upon transition from a grey value image to the binary image a digitization error occurs at the position of the picture elements lying in the region of transition from a light to a dark area.
Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide an improved method for automatic optical inspection.
It is another object of this invention to provide a method for edge scanning a two-dimensional pattern using a meander-scanning technique.
It is still another object of this invention to provide a method and apparatus for analyzing a two-dimensional pattern wherein edge portions of the pattern are tested and marked in a first step, and all remaining portions of a pattern are tested in a second step.
It is still a further object of this invention to provide a method for analyzing a two-dimensional pattern wherein tested edge portions are marked in a memory using a marker bit.
This invention proposes a two-step test method for a digitization stored image derived from a test sample, wherein a first digital processing step is used to test and mark all those edge regions of the image storage which contain non-defective pattern elements, and wherein a second step serves to test all non-marked regions of the image storage at high speed for the presence of permissible grey levels. The apparatus for implementing the method uses a digital storage for storing the image with a bit of the digital word, which indicates the grey value of the associated picture element, being used as a marker bit during the test previously effected with respect to this picture element.
FIG. 1 is an enlarged section of a printed circuit board with typical pattern elements.
FIG. 2 shows an enlarged section of an edge of a conductor and a scanning track for an edge for determining the edge position of a pattern according to the method of the present invention.
FIG. 3 displays picture elements used to form the differences of grey value sums in the case of transverse conductor edges according to the method of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is the block diagram of the apparatus for automatic optical inspection according to the present invention.
FIG. 5 illustrates the format of an entry in the image storage for the grey value of a picture element with a marker bit according to the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a circuit for setting the marker bit.
FIG. 7 is a circuit for the fast computation of storage addresses in the apparatus according to FIG. 4.
FIGS. 8A and 8B show block diagrams of the processing unit in the apparatus according to FIG. 4.
FIGS. 9A and 9B show the edge profile of a conductor after scanning and normalization for explaining an operating mode of the processing unit according to FIG. 8.
The present invention is based on the fact that with many types of images or graphics the information content is determined by a few picture elements. This applies, for example, to printed circuit boards and photolithographic masks in which the edges between light regions (e.g., conductors) and dark regions (e.g., base plate of insulating material) are of primary interest. In a non-defective circuit board structure, the edges must extend only in particular directions, they must be continuous and have particular minimum or maximum distances from each other. Apart from this, the number of geometrical partial figures in a pattern is limited in most cases.
Referring to FIGS. 1, 2 and 4, a circuit board 401 to be tested is placed on XY table 418. Using optical system 402, the pattern on the circuit board is imaged into TV camera 403. The analog image produced by TV camera 403 is then transmitted to analog to digital converter 406. Note that device 406 also performs digital to analog conversion as will be described hereinafter. After the analog to digital conversion has been completed, the digitized representation of circuit board 401 is transmitted via line 408 to image storage 407 containing storage blocks 421, 422, and 423.
The digital image representation of circuit board 401 stored in storage 407 contains the grey values describing the state of lightness or darkness of the picture elements composing the image of circuit board 401. The image analysis is commenced by searching the stored image for an edge of a conductor pattern. An enlarged section of an edge 32 is shown in FIG. 2. After an edge has been located, the processing electronics begins a meander scanning, as indicated by scanning track 31 shown in FIG. 2.
The meander scanning track begins on one side of the edge that is being scanned, crosses that edge to the other side, reverses itself and returns to a point equally distant from the edge as the initial starting point, but displaced a distance down the edge. This meander scanning continues until the entire edge of a conductor has been tested. The processing electronics then seeks another edge and meander scans that edge to completion. This process continues until all edges in the storage have been scanned.
Each of the edges scanned during this procedure are marked in the memory using a marker bit. After all edges in the conductor pattern have been scanned and marked, the remaining sections of the image are then tested for allowable grey values. In this manner, the non-edge areas of a pattern to be tested may be examined without first having to reexamine the edge patterns already scanned. Only unmarked areas of the image storage are examined in this subsequent step.
FIG. 1 shows an enlarged section 11 of a circuit board with a typical pattern of elements. The dot-marked conductors 13, 14, each of which have a nominal width 23 and a minimum distance 24 therebetween, extend in straight lines represented by reference numerals 13 and 14, respectively; are bent through an angle of 45� or 90�, as represented by reference numerals 12 and 15, respectively; and never end abruptly but are each terminated by solder pads of such different shapes, as represented by reference numerals 16, 17, and 18. Defective areas in a conductor are to be found either at the insulating base plate 19, along an edge 21, or within a conductor at a point 22. Such a circuit board section may be tested to determine (1) whether the nominal width 23 and the minimum distance 24 have been locally observed; (2) whether there are defective regions in the insulating plate (e.g., at point 19) or inclusions in the conductors (e.g., at point 22); or (3) whether conductors or patterns exist and have been arranged relative to each other according to design specifications.
For the latter test, the design data have to be suitably edited and stored and compared with representative values of the actual pattern. The other two parameters can be tested anywhere in the pattern without referring to the design data.
Depending upon the respective structure of the system, the method proposed in accordance with the present invention permits local testing to be performed without or with reference to the design data. In the former case, the stored digital image of the pattern section to be tested (see FIG. 1) is systematically searched in a search mode until an edge is detected. In the latter case, the design data are used to address that position in storage where the grey value of the starting point of an edge is stored. In both cases, the edge thus detected is used as a starting point for meander-scanning the edge by computing the storage addresses which correspond to the picture elements on that line. A circuit arrangement for the fast determination of storage addresses of picture elements along this scanning track will be described later on in connection with FIG. 7.
If the edge of conductor 12 in FIG. 1, for example, is non-defective throughout and if all edges point in one of the permissible directions (e.g., horizontally, perpendicularly, through 45� or any other arbitrary angle), the end of conductor 12 will be finally reached and the scanning track can be moved on to the edge of another conductor.
Details as to the course of a scanning track 31 along an edge 32 are shown in FIG. 2. An algorithm to be described hereinafter applies to edges, but analogously also to lines or thin conductors, whose full width is meander-scanned. The individual picture elements (corresponding to the minimum local resolution of the image) are shown by way of squares 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, etc., in FIG. 2. Each leg of scanning track 31 extends perpendicularly to the edge direction and contains three entire picture elements, whose grey value is read from the image storage and used to form a sum Σ. As the scanning track proceeds in the edge direction, the difference Δ of two successive sum values is formed using the grey values contained in two adjacent legs of track 31. If the edge 32 lies exactly perpendicular to the scanning track and has no local distortions, the difference Δ is always 0. A local change of the edge (e.g., an indentation 43 as shown in FIG. 2), which may be smaller than 1 picture element, changes the difference Δ to a value not equal to 0 which thus may be used to indicate a defect.
For example, the sum of the grey values for picture elements 34, 35, and 36 contained in a first leg of track 31 would form Σ1. The sum of the grey values for picture elements 39, 41, and 42 contained in a second leg of track 31 would form Σ2. Δ1 would thus be the difference between these two, i.e., Δ1=Σ2 -Σ1. A complete change of the edge direction, for example, in the case of a bend 44 through an angle 41, leads to successive difference values being a direct function of the change of the edge direction.
The number of picture elements lying perpendicularly to the edge direction and contributing to the grey value sum must be chosen according to the respective edge curve in a pattern. The reversal points of the scanning track 31, i.e., those points at which it changes the direction in which it crosses the edge being scanned, should be outside the edge region. The reversal should not occur within a picture element used to form a sum. This is shown in the above example by observing that the first point of reversal takes place in picture elements 37 and 38, neither of which are used to form the sums Σ1 and Σ2.
FIG. 3 shows the picture elements used for the grey value sum for edges less than 45�. For tracing arbitrary edges by means of this difference method, the most suitable basic direction (horizontal, perpendicular, 45�) is to be chosen and the grey value sum, computed as a function of it, to be corrected by adding a constant.
FIG. 3 is an equivalent to FIG. 2 for an edge running from the upper left of FIG. 2 to the lower right of FIG. 2. Once again, the scanning direction is perpendicular to the edge (dashed line 47 in FIG. 3) and has a step-like shape as shown by line 46. The sum of the grey values of perpendicular tracks are formed just as for an edge as shown in FIG. 2. The difference between adjacent sums is then taken to determine if any local distortions exists.
In addition to the above-described detection of edge defects, whose extension is of the order of one picture element or less (so-called high-frequency interference), it is also possible to detect low-frequency interference of the edge curve if the difference of the grey value sums, instead of being determined between adjacent edge points, is determined from edge points that are spaced farther apart.
Edge tracing according to the above-described scanning method detects all defects lying in the area of the scanning track of the edge, such as the inclusion 21 in FIG. 1. The addresses of these defective spots can be entered into a defect listing to be evaluated later on.
All points in the grey value passed during edge tracing and stored in the image storage are marked by
assigning the value 1 to a bit of the digital word associated with the picture element. The lowest order bit of the digital number indicating the grey value level of the associated picture element is preferably used as a marker bit. As usually one byte with 8 bits is associated with each picture element in storage, the number of representable grey levels is reduced by the inclusion of the marker bit from 28 or 256 to 27 or 128. Thus, there are still sufficient grey values for producing an accurate image. FIG. 5 shows the format of such a stored seven-bit word with marker bit M and parity bit P.
In the first processing step of the test method according to the invention, all edges of image section 11 (see FIG. 1) are scanned and marked in the above-described manner, so that subsequently the non-marked areas should contain only grey value levels corresponding to a light region (e.g., conductors) or a dark region (e.g., an insulating plate). This scanning can also be extended to narrow conductors with a meander-shaped scanning track.
The second processing step of the method in accordance with the invention goes to very rapidly sequentially testing the image storage areas not marked during the first step to determine whether values other than light or dark ones exist. During this test, the storage is sequentially addressed. If values other than light or dark ones exist, the respective picture elements are defective spots of the circuit board (e.g., points 19 or 22). As even with complicated patterns, the proportion of edge or line areas is relatively small, the speed advantage obtained in the second method step can be utilized in full by filtering the edge or line areas in the first method step, so that testing an image or a section of it requires much less time than raster-scanning all picture elements, for which purpose each element has to be tested to determine whether there is an edge or a line.
The high processing speed afforded by the two-step compare mode can be increased further by using a digital processing system which is especially adapted to the requirements of this method. One very important feature of the apparatus for implementing the method is its storage system which permits very fast reading and writing.
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of such an apparatus with an X-Y table 418 on which a circuit board 401 to be tested is arranged. By means of an optical system 402, this circuit board is imaged in full or in part into a TV camera 403. It is preferable to use a TV measuring camera from which, to enhance the accuracy, a square 512�512 picture element section is withdrawn which is arranged in the center of the image area and which has a very low distortion. The output signal of the TV camera is fed to a system 405 for image analysis. In this system, an analog-to-digital converter 406 produces a digital image, whose individual picture elements are associated with one of 128 grey values. The digitized image is sent to an image storage 407 through a bus 408. Image storage 407 is connected through a further bus system 409, 425 to a microprocessor 417 and a processing unit 411 comprising circuits (not shown) for the fast processing of the image information contained in storage 407. Microprocessor 417 comprises control lines 412 and 413 for processing unit 411 and analog-to-digital converter 406, respectively, and is linked through a further line 414 with a computer 415 which controls the entire system in response to operator instructions received from a terminal 416. A monitor 404 is connected to the digital-to-analog converter 406 and permits displaying the processed image contained in storage 407.
Storage unit 407 has three storage blocks 421, 422, and 423, each accommodating a completely digitized image with 512�512 picture elements, thus having a storage capacity of 256 kilobytes. A storage block, e.g., 421, is connected through an 8-bit bus 408 to the A/D and D/A converter 406, and contains the image received or the image to be displayed on monitor 404. Each of the storage blocks 421, 422, and 423 can be selectively connected to any one of the three 8-bit buses 409, 425, and 426 by actuating one of the switches 424. Switches 424 contain known multiplex circuits which are permanently connected to each of the buses 409, 425, 426 and which selectivly connect both the data and the control lines of each bus to the storage block associated with them. The operation of switches 424 is controlled by microprocessor 417. The switchable buses 409, 425, and 426 permit an independent storage operation to be performed between each of the storage blocks 421-423 and the microprocessor 417 or the processing unit 411. Two of the storage blocks, for example, are capable of supplying image data for processing (for addition or subtraction of the two images), while the results of this processing step are written into the third storage block. As during the processing of each picture element the image data have to be read out and subsequently written back in, the processing speed is considerably increased by the simultaneous operation of three storage units.
FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a device interconnected between the processing unit 411 and the image storage 407 and by means of which the processing of the marker bit is accelerated in the second method step. Each picture element, read out through one of the buses 409, 425, 426 in the second method step, is buffered in a latch 61. If the processing unit 411 (see also FIG. 5) determines that the marker bit has been set in this picture element, a write instruction is given which together with the inverted signal for the marker bit in AND gate 68 generates an inhibit signal for the driver 62 which would otherwise transmit data from the processing unit 411 to storage 407. Instead, the write signal together with the signal for the marker bit in AND gate 65 activates a driver 63 (tristate driver), by means of which the data stored in latch 61 are directly returned to the image storage 407 through the 8-bit buses 64 and 69. Thus, it is no longer necessary for the picture elements already processed to be buffered in and read from processing unit 411, so that for each of these picture elements several instructions otherwise needed are eliminated. The marker bit is set for the first time by the marker signal in OR gate 66.
FIG. 7 shows a circuit for fast address generation, for example, for edge tracing, as shown in FIG. 2. For that purpose it is essential to determine at high speed the addresses of picture elements lying in the vicinity of a selected picture element if tracing is effected in a horizontal, vertical or diagonal direction. In high-capacity image storages with, for example, 256 K-bytes, eighteen bit addresses are required, so that even with addresses of adjacent picture elements many bit positions of the address have to be changed. Microprocessors with their relatively small number of address lines, typically 8, thus require more cycles for generating the addresses of adjacent picture elements. For accelerating this address computation, the address An of a picture element n in the vicinity of a picture element n-1 is represented in the following manner as a product of two terms.
An =An-1 +X�Y
where X and Y are the output signals of two programmable read-only storages 701, 702 which in turn receive input signals, designating in a coded form one of eight adjacent elements, from the processing unit 411 or the microprocessor 417 through 3-core control lines 703. The PROM output signals X and Y are subsequently stored in a 512�512 image storage, for example:
______________________________________ requested addressX Y X � Y direction______________________________________1 1 1 0� = + X1 -1 -1 180� = - X16 32 512 90� = + Y-16 32 -512 180� = - Y7 73 511 135�-7 73 -511 315�9 57 513 45� diagonals-9 57 -513 225�______________________________________
The PROM output signals are multiplied in a multiplier 707 and added in adder 708 to the address An-1 of the picture element n-1, which is stored in accumulator register 705. The arithmetic units 707, 708 and the accumulator 705 are embodied, for example, as an integrated circuit 704. The interconnecting lines between the PROMs 701, 702 and the multiplier 707 have eight cores, whereas the address lines 706, 709 connected to ACCN 705 have eighteen cores.
FIGS. 8A and 8B are schematics of the structure of processing unit 411 having two parts: (i) a control sequencer shown in FIG. 8A; and (ii) a circuit card, adapted to the respective function to be performed by the processing unit, which can be plugged into the control circuit. FIG. 8B shows an example of the block diagram for such a plug card.
The sequencer according to FIG. 8A controls the functions of the connected plug card and is itself controlled by the microprocessor. It comprises a number of registers 806, 808, 810, 811 which can be directly addressed by the microprocessor through address bus 802, and accommodate data from the buses (e.g., bus 801) or emit data to the buses (e.g., bus 820) connected to the microprocessor and other components. A register control logic 807 serves to control the data traffic between these registers and the microprocessor. These so-called external registers of the microprocessor can be directly addressed by its instructions. One of the registers 810 serves as an address register for a read/write storage 813 and is designed as a counter to automatically successively address several storage addresses. The control information that has to be applied to the control inputs of the plug card for performing a particular function is stored in storage 813. A particular functional sequence is invoked if the contents of counter 810 are incremented by the microprocessor and the time control 805 is put into operation by the contents of register 811 which is also loaded by the microprocessor. The output signals of the storage 813 are emitted through an output control logic 814. The control signals for the plug card subsequently appear on a bus 816, whereas control signals for the storage 813 appear on a bus 815 and diagnostic signals on a bus 817. The step sequence initiated by the contents of counter register 810 is terminated when the last control information is read from storage 813. In this control information, a particular control bit, e.g., bit 0, stops time control 805 through line 809, with the time control discontinuing the incrementation of the counter register 810. The time control 805 operates synchronously with the machine clocks T0 to T6 of the microprocessor. Time control 805 can also be stopped by an external interrupt signal on line 800 if, for instance, an error such as "threshold exceeded" has occurred during the processing of the image data.
The control information fed from the microprocessor to the external register 806 may be passed on to the plug card (see FIG. 8B) through bus 818. Results which are returned on bus 804 from the plug card to the control unit reach the microprocessor through the external register 808 and the bus 820. Synchronization signals for the operation of the storage are fed to the output control logic 814 through bus 803. Bus 819 is connected to further external registers of the microprocessor.
Arbitrary step sequences, which are also capable of controlling complicated processing sequences in the connected plug cards, can be defined by means of the control unit according to FIG. 8A by suitably programming the storage 813 and writing the appropriate values into the external registers.
FIG. 8B shows an example of a plug card, by means of which the grey values of a digitalized image are tested to determine whether they are within predetermined threshold values. This card may also be used to accurately determine line widths in digitized images.
The plug card schematically represented in FIG. 8B is connected to the storage unit 407 by bus 830, through which it receives picture element information to be processed, feeding said information as operands to a first arithmetic unit 837 or through a multiplexer 838 to a second arithmetic unit 839. The control data bus 818 from the control unit is connected to several external registers 832 to 835, registers 832 and 834 of which are linked with the arithmetic units 837 and 839, respectively. Register 833 is connected to the arithmetic units 837 and 839 and the multiplexer 838 through control lines. Register 835 is connected to a circuit 842 (multiplier/adder MAC) which multiplies two values received (X, Y) and adds the results successively obtained. This circuit 842 is, for example, available as an integrated circuit. In the circuit card according to FIG. 8B, the second input is connected to the multiplexer 840 which in turn is connected to the output of the arithmetic unit 839 and the output of the first multiplexer 838. Multiplexer 840 is also connected to register 834.
Arithmetic units 837 and 839 supply status information about the result of the computation to an interrupt control logic 843, by means of which the interrupt line 800 can be activated. A diagnostic bus 810 is also connected to the interrupt control logic 843. A time control logic 836 receives the control signals of the control unit on bus 816 and can be loaded with storage data through bus 831. The results of the multiplier/adder 842 can be fed on bus 804 to the control unit. The selection signals for the multiplexers 838, 840 are supplied by register 833 and the MPX control 841, respectively.
For determining whether a digital image value read from storage 407 is within predetermined threshold limits, the value of the lower threshold THmin is read into register 832 and the value of the upper threshold THmax into register 834. The arithmetic units 837 and 839 subsequently compare the value of the binary word read in through bus 830 and apply a control signal to the interrupt control logic 843 if the threshold values have been exceeded.
In a second operating mode of the circuit card according to FIG. 8B, the picture elements meeting the permissible grey values are multiplied in the multiplier/adder 842 by a normalizing constant stored in register 835. Processing of all picture elements occurring when a conductor is scanned yields a measure of the accurate conductor width, as will be explained below by means of FIG. 9.
FIG. 9A shows the profile 91 of a conductor, which is received when a photodetector is led across the conductor path 92 with edges 93 and 96. After digitization, the profile appears as a step curve 94. The width 97 of each step corresponds to the lateral extension width of a picture element and is indicative of the uncertainty with which the accurate position of an edge, e.g., 98, can be determined. The edge position is defined, for example, as point 99 at which the intensity of the profile rises by 50% above Imin, the base line signal represented by 111. This digitization error occurs in all binary representations of images or intensity profiles, for which the picture elements are black- or white-controlled by comparing their grey value with the fixed threshold.
To increase the measuring resolution so that it is less than the width of a picture element, all grey values along the profile 91 of the circuit card described by means of FIG. 8B are integrated, after these grey values have been normalized with respect to the maximum signal Imax. To suppress noise factors, integration considers only those grey values, the intensity of which is above Imin +Δ and less than Imax -Δ, where Δ is the maximum noise contribution in the photodetector output signal. The integration result indicates the area below the normalized trapezoidal edge profile 95 in FIG. 9B. By means of the trapezoidal rule, the accurate position of edge 98 is subsequently computed from a rectangle with the side length L, which has the same surface as the trapezoid.
For computing conductor widths in the circuit card according to FIG. 8B, the registers 832 and 834 are loaded with the values Imin +Δ and Imax Δ. The normalizing constant Imax is stored as a reciprocal in register 835, if necessary, with a constant multiplication factor, in order to avoid values of less than 1 during normalizaton.
Grey values transmitted on bus 830, which are within Imin +Δ, Imax -Δ, are fed directly to the multiplier/adder 842. Values that are less than Imin +Δare suppressed, higher values are reduced to the value Imax -Δ. The latter two functions are performed by the control unit of FIG. 8A which is activated by the microprocessor if an interrupt signal has occurred on line 800.
For processing each individual picture element, the processing unit 411 is activated by an instruction from the connected microprocessor. Thus different picture elements can be subjected to different processing steps. The cycle time of the microprocessor and the time requirements of the processing unit 411 for an operation are preferably such that taken together they are less than or equal to the access time of the storage unit 407, so that the full storage access speed can be utilized. The heavy data flow from the image storage to the processing unit 411 is interrupted only if the latter detects conditions which have to be processed by the microprocessor, for which purpose an interrupt signal is emitted.
The processing unit 411 with a universal control unit according to FIG. 8A and circuit cards, which are individually tailored to the respective processing problem and can be plugged into tne control unit, permits performing a plurality of image processing functions at high speed.
Although the invention has been described in terms of specific structure and testing steps, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that any many modifications and alterations may be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
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Ladies,Mixed and Individual Netball Players wanted to join the All Nation Southfields on a Mon & Wed
Into Netball? Want to have fun and keep fit? Then join the All Nations netball league in Southfields. We play at the Aspire Centre, this is a short walk from both Southfields and Earlsfield Station. We have lovely facilities with 2 indoo


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Sleepy Hollow Season 2: Is Ichabod a Gleek?
July 25th, 2014
Tom Mison and Nicole Beharie
Sleepy Hollow stars Tom Mison, Nicole Beharie, John Noble, Orlando Jones, Lyndie Greenwood and Katia Winter joined executive producers Alex Kurtzman, Roberto Orci, Len Wiseman, Mark Goffman and Heather Kadin at Comic-Con on Friday for a panel moderated by TV Guide Magazine's Rob Moynihan. They hit San Diego to look back at the show's crazy first season and tease what's next.
Season 2 themes: "With the introduction of war, we're going to follow through with that and it's about redemption," Goffman said.
Ichabod's dilemma: "I've got to get out of a box," Mison said about Ichabod's Season 2 trajectory. As far as his exposure to 21st-century culture, he added. "You learned that he watched Glee... I doubt [he liked it]… wait, it's Fox — he loved it!" Also, as promised earlier this month, Ichabod is puzzled by the pen-on-a-chain at the bank and then learns about credit cards. His reaction is hilariously outraged.
Get ready to meet the Kindred: Early sneak peek footage contains some humor, a skull, a few incantations… and then the Kindred pops up! But what happens next was sadly left out of the clip.
New help: Goffman said that there will be a new arms dealer who specializes in supernatural weaponry played by Matt Barr.
Comic-Con 2014: Get the latest news
Abbie's situation: We'll learn why she's a witness and more about her mother and father. Beharie added, "Also at the end of the season, Ichabod betrayed Abbie when he drew the map. They have a little bit of catching up to do."
Irving's incarceration: "I didn't want to be a stereotype. My mother is probably upset," Jones joked. "But my daughter is in peril, and I'll do my best to save my family."
The new sheriff in town: "We knew with Irving incarcerated, we needed a new sheriff," Kadin said. "We wanted to have someone to be more of an obstacle for [Ichabod and Abbie]."
Katrina's new predicament: "I'm not exactly free. I'm trapped with Headless," Winter said. "There's an interesting relationship forming between Katrina and Headless. She can see him as Abraham. There's a little bit of a Beauty and the Beast situation. He obviously loves her and has an interesting way of showing it." She added, "You'll see why [Ichabod and Katia] love each other so much. I hope you'll appreciate that a little at least."
Jenny and Abbie: "It took so much for them to get along in the first place," Greenwood said. "They're always going to argue over something.. they'll have more conflict at some point, but who knows what it will be."
Sleepy Hollow scoop: The Pied Piper… and driving lessons?
Henry/Jeremy's goals: Noble said, "He's had his revenge but is still a servant of Moloch and evil… he's become the personification of evil… he plants seeds of doubt in everyone. He's very cold and calculating… but we do then need to look at the redemption aspect of it. Mum and dad, even if Henry has behaved so poorly, for me it's just an adolescent phase."
Fun "twist"-ory: Goffman teased that we'll see Benjamin Franklin and the "uneasy relationship" he has with Crane, in addition to Benedict Arnold.
Katrina's powers Winter says that now that she's free, she will actually get to use more magic going forward.
Bloopers! Expect to see a one- or two-minute blooper reel on the Season 1 DVD. "No one swears like Tom Mison," Kurtzman said, and added that some of those curse words may have made the reel.
Sleepy Hollow returns Monday, Sept. 22 at 9/8c on Fox. Watch the crazy Season 1 finale here.