text:
UW-RF Home > University Communications Home > This Month's News Releases
University Communications
For more information contact email@example.com.
NOTE: Spring Break trip canceled as of Jan. 12, 2010. Contact Brent Greene at 715-425-4891.
Additional Egypt Trip Set for Spring Break
NOV. 9, 2009 | The University of Wisconsin-River Falls is offering students, faculty and the public an additional opportunity to embark on a journey to the land of pharaohs and pyramids during Spring Break, March 12-24, 2010. A study trip set for Jan. 11-23 is filled, according to Steven Derfler, an art history professor at UWRF who leads the study tour.
"Perhaps no other civilization has captured as many hearts and minds of the western world as ancient Egypt," says Derfler. This ancient land became the world leader in art and architecture, science and industry and religion and philosophy."
The trip includes visits to major cities, a Nile River cruise and an air excursion to Abu Simbel. Participants will explore pyramids, temples, tombs, the Citadel, Sphinx, Valley of the Kings and more.
Cost is $3,950 plus tuition for students who are enrolled for credit. The tour is open to the public as well as students. This all-inclusive package includes round-trip airfare from New York, all entrance fees, meals, domestic transportation, air tour to Abu Simbel five-star accommodations including cruise ship with private bath, transfers, hotel taxes, and porterage at airports and hotels.
A historian and archaeologist, Derfler has researched ancient civilizations and participated in excavations for more than two decades. He has also been involved with educational institutions in Israel and the Midwest, and his articles and reviews have been published in magazines and newspapers such as the Israel Exploration Journal and the Middle East Review. For more information, contact Derfler at 715-425-0639 or email@example.com.
Last updated:
Thursday, 22-Apr-2010 16:09:55 Central Daylight Time
University of Wisconsin - River Falls


text:
|Dec 10, 2012, 05:44 AM
Another Gitzo tripod bites the dust.
Some of you may remember my thread from two years ago about the material failure (and warranty repair troubles) that I experienced with my first Gitzo tripod. Just last night I had a second one fail in a similar way, this time a 2-Series carbon fiber model:
And I came across a thread on another forum with several other people reporting precisely this failure with the same model (GT-2531): http://www.latogaphoto.com/2009/12/p...-gitzo-tripod/
I had a 5D Mark III with a 17-40 f/4L mounted on it, so it was nowhere near to being overloaded. Like the other people in that thread, I was using it in the cold (-11 C) and simply pushed down on it a bit as I always do to ensure that it was stable--something one ought to be able to do with a tripod. I always carry it in a padded bag and am very gentle with my equipment. I did absolutely nothing in the least bit abusive to it.
I'm now wondering if maybe I should switch brands. I'm not sure I can trust Gitzo anymore so long as they are using this apparently fragile alloy to hold the legs together. I paid good money for Gitzo tripods because I wanted equipment that would not let me down.
Should I be considering a switch to RRS? It looks like they don't quite have a comparable set of legs (something that stands as tall and is just as light). Has anyone had any problems with a RRS tripod? Any other suggestions for me?
Photography by Erin Babnik | Aperture Academy Interview | Photo Cascadia Feature | Facebook
|Dec 10, 2012, 06:11 AM
It's a predictable response, but why not Manfrotto? I've had one for years and it has withstood everything.
It is used with a 808RC4 head or a wimberley and usually carries a big super-telephoto Nikon lens of some form or another and a D3s or something else like that. I know the 055XPROB I have won't be ideal for hiking, it's heavy - but it's damn solid.
You got lucky that you caught it (I assume you did) rather than having it fail spectacularly while the camera is on bulb doing a long-exposure.
Mac Pro 5,1 | iMac | iPhone 5 64gb | Nikon D800e | Nikon D3s
|Dec 10, 2012, 06:36 AM
Also, I really dislike the leg locks that Manfrotto uses. I always used to pinch my fingers in locks like that. Plus they're bulky. I much prefer the Gitzo G-locks. I actually liked everything about my GT-2531. It ticked all the right boxes for me.
Yes, I did get lucky. It didn't fall, probably because the snow was keeping the legs from slipping away. I was wearing snowshoes at the time, so if it did fall spectacularly, I wouldn't have been very nimble about catching it. I actually have a photo of me shooting when the tripod broke. I'll share it here just for kicks...
Photography by Erin Babnik | Aperture Academy Interview | Photo Cascadia Feature | Facebook
|Dec 18, 2012, 12:35 PM
Gitzo is a great tripod brand (especially for the price of them), so it's odd that this has happenened to you yet again. It wouldn't hurt write a letter or email to their customer service department and explain your situation to them.
|Dec 18, 2012, 02:33 PM
How to Post, Quote and Multi-Quote Photos - My Google Docs Folder 12/2011
I'm out of my mind, but feel free to leave a message.
|Dec 18, 2012, 03:19 PM
Absolutely the OP should write a letter to Gitzo. Perhaps even suggest that they send one of their people out on a field trip with the photographer, so they can see the kinds of conditions this occurs in. If they are truly dedicated to their customers - they should do this. Gitzo isn't like some no-name budget brand, they are one of the big names in tripods. The problem piece obviously needs a redesign so it isn't susceptible to these failures. People are putting big dollar equipment on these tripods - they depend on them to be reliable.
Mac Pro 5,1 | iMac | iPhone 5 64gb | Nikon D800e | Nikon D3s
|Jan 11, 2013, 05:34 PM
Just a quick update for those who are interested. I sent the broken Gitzo in for warranty repair and received it back from them today. It took them about three weeks to return it to me, but they were closed for one of those weeks due to the holidays. Before I sent in the broken Gitzo, I purchased a new tripod from Really Right Stuff. It makes me a bit nauseous to have so much invested into a mere tripod (about double what the Gitzo cost), but at least I feel that I can trust this one. It's also more stable and nicer to use; I'm particularly enjoying the ratcheted angle stops and the luxurious leg locks. The bigger feet are great too. Anyway, I'm happy to have this saga behind me!
Photography by Erin Babnik | Aperture Academy Interview | Photo Cascadia Feature | Facebook
|Dec 10, 2012, 06:38 AM
Bleh stupid cast collar pieces. I'm not sure what I'd suggest in tripods today. Manfrotto is under the same ownership. I tried the RRS pano head prior to the addition of the really heavy one they label as a Gimbal. I needed something to help make spherical hdris. It was nicely machined, but the puny locks could not properly support a 1DS. It was just irritating that when I told them what I owned, they didn't mention that it might be too much for the kit. The other problem I had with it was the L bracket had a little bit of flex, which only really bothered me as I needed to stitch images. I haven't tried anything from them since. The quality of the overall kit seemed good. It just wasn't designed for heavier cameras. I haven't tried any of their legsets or ball heads.
I can think of one that would probably hold up really well in the cold, but I don't think you'd like the idea. I don't think I'd want to to haul haul one of those either along with everything else. I sort of included it as a joke. I haven't seen one in use in a really really long time. I did find a few pages of discussion on another forum involving gitzo and RRS. It doesn't have much, but a couple people on there seemed to like RRS. You could probably inquire how hard they've used them.
world's largest manufacturer of tin foil hats, none of that aluminum foil crap.
|Dec 10, 2012, 06:55 AM
Could you elaborate on the problem you had with the RRS locks? Is this something I might encounter with my kit? Or is this just a ballhead issue?
Thanks for the Fred Miranda link. I'll look through that thread for nuggets of wisdom. I'm particularly keen to find some comparisons of the leg locks (RRS vs. Gitzo), so maybe that will be in there.
Photography by Erin Babnik | Aperture Academy Interview | Photo Cascadia Feature | Facebook
|Dec 10, 2012, 07:07 AM
That's too bad about your Gitzo Phrasikleia. It's always disappointing when your equipment lets you down…especially when you believe you've invested in the best.
My tripod story (not that this will necessarily help you but may be food for thought for others)…
I had been using an older and not so sturdy tripod but as I upgraded to a newer, heavier and more valuable camera and lenses, it was time to upgrade my tripod as well.
A couple months ago I was browsing in a second-hand store and noticed a number of tripods. The store owner told me he gets a lot of them as it's one of those things that many people buy but few actually use (???). I went through his inventory and found one that I thought would suit me well. It was coated with layers of dirt but appeared to be mechanically sound. The price tag was $30 (Cdn), I offered $20…done deal.
I took it home and spent 20 minutes cleaning it up and adapting an old camera neck strap as a sling-style carry strap. Granted, it's not the lightest on the market nor is it ball head but it's aluminum, very sturdy, extends high enough for someone 7 ft. (without extending the centre post) and has a wonderful panning mechanism (I think it may have been designed for commercial video).
I don't like to buy used camera equipment as I'm a bit anal about potential problems that I can't see, warranties, etc. However, the bottom line is: $20 and 20 minutes for an awesome tripod that should last for many years leaves me wondering if spending the money for the best is always the best solution.
Btw, looking forward to seeing the post of your shot above...should be amazing!
Last edited by Cheese&Apple; Dec 10, 2012 at 07:16 AM.
|Dec 10, 2012, 07:47 AM
And thanks for the optimism about the photo I was taking. I'm too miffed to process it right now. I feel bereft at the loss of such an important piece of gear!
Photography by Erin Babnik | Aperture Academy Interview | Photo Cascadia Feature | Facebook
|Dec 10, 2012, 08:13 AM
From my limited experience with them, if I did not have Gitzo, I would go with a Feisol CT-3301 or similar model that will run around $300 instead of $900 for Gitzo. Feisol seems to be good kit.
Retina MBP 11,3 2.6GHz | 16GB | 1TB
Thunderbolt Display
iPhone 6 | Silver | 128GB | Unlocked
iPad Air 2 | Silver | 128GB | WiFi only
|Dec 10, 2012, 07:12 AM
world's largest manufacturer of tin foil hats, none of that aluminum foil crap.
|Dec 10, 2012, 07:26 AM
I LOVE my RRS sticks. I keep trying to find an excuse to buy another set, they are so well-engineered, constructed and aesthetically awesome. Apart from the price, I haven't found anything negative to say for them. Like all RRS products, made completely in the USA.
I only have kept my other Gitzo sticks (for travel/hiking) because RRS doesn't make anything quite as light.
I also have and use their ballheads and L-plates, which I also consider top-notch, for the reasons listed above. I can't imagine how one of their solid aluminum machined L-plates could have "flex".
|Dec 10, 2012, 09:20 AM
|Dec 11, 2012, 03:49 PM
Have a look at this one at B&H.
It has a forged chassis and is temperature tested from -40 to 100c. Made in the Third Industrial District, Wuguishan Town, Zhongshan City, Guangdong,China...
How to Post, Quote and Multi-Quote Photos - My Google Docs Folder 12/2011
I'm out of my mind, but feel free to leave a message.
Last edited by Designer Dale; Dec 11, 2012 at 09:20 PM. Reason: Corrected an assumption...
|Dec 11, 2012, 06:55 PM
My friends, love is better than anger. Hope is better than fear. Optimism is better than despair. So let us be loving, hopeful and optimistic. And we'll change the world. - Jack Layton
|Dec 11, 2012, 08:30 PM
Ouch...sorry to see your high dollar equipement failed At least you didn't break a lens or camera.
Here is another suggestion: A few years ago, I purchased an Induro CT313 and I realy like it. I also purchased the short center column. I'm 5"10, and the viewfinder of my 7D + grip is at eye level with a Manfrotto Hydrostatic ballhead. I just didn't want to bend at all and this setup works perfectly for me.
The CT-314 is 4 sections and will close shorter than mine.
If at first you don't succeed, skydiving is not for you
|Dec 11, 2012, 09:21 PM
Made in The Third Industrial District, Wuguishan Town, Zhongshan City, Guangdong,China
How to Post, Quote and Multi-Quote Photos - My Google Docs Folder 12/2011
I'm out of my mind, but feel free to leave a message.
|Dec 12, 2012, 02:52 AM
If I'm going to buy something new, I want to feel confident that it will be more reliable than my Gitzos have been. Otherwise, I'll just stay with Gitzo and take my chances. If money were no object, this decision would be so much easier.
Photography by Erin Babnik | Aperture Academy Interview | Photo Cascadia Feature | Facebook
« Previous Thread | Next Thread »
|Thread Tools
|Search this Thread
|Display Modes
Hybrid Mode
|Similar Threads
|Thread Starter
|Last Post
|Drug to stop mosquito bites
|Community Discussion
|Aug 6, 2013 12:49 PM
|Another one bites the dust....reverting from ML to SL
|OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion
|May 1, 2013 08:46 AM
|And another one gone, and another one gone, another one bites the dust
|Politics, Religion, Social Issues
|Nov 20, 2012 11:11 AM
|Trying to Sell iPad 3 on CL and No Bites. Asking Too Much?
|Buying Tips and Advice
|Nov 18, 2012 11:02 PM
All times are GMT -5. The time now is 07:26 AM.

subset: commoncrawl


text: No recent wiki edits to this page. The King and his wife are at Black Goliath's funeral and are comforting his family. T'Challa gets pressure from his court to return home and not get involed with other nations. The Panther seeks out Captain America and finds him they have a brief tussle but T'Challa shows Cap he is on his side.


text:
Jump to content
|Last action by
|I miss commission based sales reps. in General Discussion
|Windows 10 Technical Preview in Microsoft Beta (Windows 10)
|I don't get the whole reserve thing ( I have several pcs) in Microsoft Beta (Windows 10)
|Fallout 4 announcement imminent? in Gamers' Hangout
|ATM Industry Association announces Windows 10 migration plan, will skip Windows 8 in Front Page News
Posted 03 December 2012 - 23:30
Posted 03 December 2012 - 23:42
Very good! Doesn't quite answer my question though
Posted 03 December 2012 - 23:42
Posted 03 December 2012 - 23:46
I read many job books and in each book they had same advice to never bad mouth about previous job or employer. If I were you, I would say " I really had very exciting job previously and enjoyed it most,but after doing it for a while I found that there was not much opportunity for advancement in career. I would like to work for your company since it is very big and well established company and like to see much potential in moving far ahead in future. you can say something along those lines. I will say, just give a brief description about leaving the job then quickly focus on why you like to work for your new company. Don't simply avoid the question as It will show you have something to hide and avoiding the answer but don't keep ranting about that job as well. Sometimes too much information is not good information. Talk more about your positive skills and divert the question after answering it to about what you can do for their company. Don't forget to tell them that you have excellent experince in dealing with clients on phone and you can bring lots of sales with your effective dealing and interacting with clients. Tell them what you can do for them rather than what you want in a company. Present yourself as problem solver and give the impression that by hiring you they will benefit. I will say take one example of their product and explain them how you will market that product with the prospective clients and how to sell them. . Good luck with your job hunt. I know its really stressful as I had been in same situation as you are in past.
Posted 03 December 2012 - 23:54
Posted 03 December 2012 - 23:58
Posted 04 December 2012 - 00:17
Never say negative things, if there's a negative then structure it into a positive.
So, you found call-centre work to be akin to a modern sweat-shop (to paraphrase my wife's thesis)...
I would suggest something along the lines of "I was making calls that were unwelcome. I found that while I want to be helpful and, I was perceived as invading people's time."
Posted 04 December 2012 - 00:44
Posted 04 December 2012 - 00:59
Just be honest. If your reason for leaving was because they had green walls, and the new place has green walls too, you won't be happy at the new place either. I'm happy because I have a Windows 7 system at work now.


text:
Despite talk of imminent launch, a calm in NKorea
The United States and South Korea have raised their defense postures, as has Japan, which deployed PAC-3 missile interceptors in key locations around Tokyo. And Locklear said the U.S. military would be ready to strike back if provoked.
One historian, James Person, noted that it isn't the first time North Korea has warned foreign embassies to prepare for a U.S. attack.
He said that in 1968, following North Korea's seizure of an American ship, the USS Pueblo, Pyongyang persistently advised foreign diplomats to prepare for a U.S. counterattack. Cables from the Romanian mission in Pyongyang showed embassies were instructed to build anti-air bunkers "to protect foreigners against air attacks," he said.
The cables were obtained and posted online by the Wilson Center's North Korea International Documentation Project.
Person called it one of North Korea's first forays into what he dubs "military adventurism."
"In 1968, there was some concern there would be an attack, but (the North Koreans) certainly were building it up to be more than it was in hopes of getting more assistance from their allies at the time," Person said by phone from Alexandria, Virginia.
"I think much of it was hot air then. Today, I think again it's more hot air," he said. "The idea is to scare people into pressuring the United States to return to negotiations with North Korea. That's the bottom line."
South Korean President Park Geun-hye, who has sought to re-engage North Korea with dialogue and humanitarian aid since taking office in February, expressed exasperation Tuesday with what she called the "endless vicious cycle" of Seoul answering Pyongyang's hostile behavior with compromise, only to get more hostility.
Associated Press writers Hyung-jin Kim in Seoul, South Korea, Nicole Winfield in Rome and Matthew Pennington, Donna Cassata and Richard Lardner in Washington contributed to this report.
Follow AP's Korea bureau chief on Twitter at twitter.com/newsjean.
The Associated Press


text:
"Iraqis of Iranian Origin": The Case of Hazar - Humanities Center Mellon Post-Doc Candidate Talk: Zainab Saleh"Iraqis of Iranian Origin": The Case of Hazar - Humanities Center Mellon Post-Doc Candidate Talk: Zainab Salehhttp://www.haverford.edu/calendar/details/169421Stokes 102 - Humanities Center2011-03-22T16:30:002011-03-22T18:00:00
March 22,2011 4:30PM–6:00PM
Stokes 102 - Humanities Center
Zainab Saleh received her M.A., M.Phil. and Ph.D. in Anthropology from Columbia University. Her research interests include: diaspora and exile; media; memory and identification; gender; modernity and sectarianism; conceptions of "the others". Her dissertation was entitled "Diminishing Returns: An Anthropological Study of Iraqis in the UK." Saleh earned her B.A. in English Literature and Language from Baghdad University and a B.A. in Anthropology/Sociology at the American University of Beirut. Saleh is currently a Sultan Postdoctoral Fellow in Arab Studies at the University of California, Berkeley.
For More Info
Hurford Humanities Center


text:
Chrysler preventive maintenance repair questions and answers
Post your Chrysler preventive maintenance question or share what you know by answering questions
Browse Chrysler Categories
- Preventive Maintenance
- Steering & Suspension
- Transmissions & Drivetrains
370 Questions
chas - 2004 Chrysler Town & Country - Preventive Maintenance - 12/3/2010radiator remove and replace
sharon - 2002 Chrysler Concorde - Preventive Maintenance - 12/1/2010I think it is supposed to go in the fuse and relay box just inside the driver side front door on the dash, but there is not a slot for the fuse that I got. Please advise where I should place this relay plug.THanks
val - 2008 Chrysler Sebring - Preventive Maintenance - 11/26/2010the symbol in my handbook says it is an electronic throttle.
TGunn - 2008 Chrysler Town & Country - Preventive Maintenance - 11/26/2010I went to get a bulb replaced and the dealer told me that the headlight assembly is holding moisture which blows my HID bulbs. It looks like a replacement part from familycar.com part # ARBC100102 will fit but i am not sure if the wiring is compatible. The ...
11/26/2010 CVOFollwow this link and take a look _ http://www.autopartswarehouse.com/search/ Hope this helps and be safe. HAPPY HOLIDAYS
DanO - 2005 Chrysler Sebring - Preventive Maintenance - 11/12/2010I have driving lights and brake lights and turn lights. Four way flashers and hi beams. I just replaced the head lamps and associated fuses.
Deborah - 2000 Chrysler Grand Voyager - Preventive Maintenance - 11/10/2010
11/10/2010 MOONSTER_TOOLZBefore proceeding to do the task, make sure the engine is cold. The removal procedure is the following;
1.Disconnect the negative battery cable.
2.Place a drain pan under the radiator drain and drain the cooling system to just below the thermostat level. Close the drain.
3.Remove the upper radiator hose from the thermostat housing, and then remove the housing.
4.Remove the thermostat and discard the gasket.
1.Clean the housing mating surfaces.
2.Dip the new gasket in clean water and place it on the water box surface.
3.Center the thermostat on the gasket, in the water box.
4.Make certain the bolt threads are clean. Threaded bolt holes exposed to coolant are subject to corrosion and should be cleaned with a small wire brush or correct size thread-cutting tap. Install the housing, making sure the thermostat is still in the recess, and tighten the retaining bolts to 105 in. lbs. (12 Nm) for 3.0L engine or to 21 ft. lbs. (28 Nm) for 3.3L and 3.8L engines.
5.Reconnect the upper radiator hose and tighten the hose clamp.
6.Connect the negative battery cable.
7.Fill and bleed the engine cooling system with a clean 50/50 mixture of ethylene glycol antifreeze and water.
8.Make sure the radiator is full and start the vehicle.
9.Run the vehicle until the thermostat opens. Check the coolant level in the overflow tank and fill if necessary.
10.Pressure test for leaks
tspurill - 2003 Chrysler PT Cruiser - Preventive Maintenance - 11/9/2010thermostat housing down. a new screw was replaced and sealant put in hole to stop leak. but it is still overheating.
11/9/2010 Fox HoundSo you dont have any leaks? Is your aux fan working? Did you place your thermostat in the correct position? Is your radiator being blocked by something preventing the water from circulating?
11/9/2010 HouseCallAutoEither the radiator is no good or the head gasket is bad. Assuming the thermostat is not damaged and is installed facing the right way. ==============OR================>>
you did not open the bleed screw and purge out the air that is trapped in the cooling passages.
Barbara - 2006 Chrysler Pacifica - Preventive Maintenance - 11/7/2010indicator light,,,what does this mean,,it doesnt flash,,,but should i weary about this..the car viborates some,,so i dont know if i got bad gas or not..what can i do to make this light go off..the gas cap is on good..
pat - 2008 Chrysler Pacifica - Preventive Maintenance - 10/28/2010
10/28/2010 yboy82You may need to adjust your headlight your can visit this link to have an idea how to perform it (it's not the specific guide for your vehicle) http://www.automd.com/.../
JOHN WILLIAMS - 2006 Chrysler Town & Country - Preventive Maintenance - 10/27/2010
10/27/2010 AWACS E3 SentryI believe there was a recall about this...
lee2 - 2002 Chrysler PT Cruiser - Preventive Maintenance - 10/26/2010i think i know how to change belt & pump from the show how step by step 1st do ineed to take valve cover off 2nd do i need a special tool to put crank shaft pully back on. 3rd if i don't move crank or cam do i still need to line up timing marks. tks
10/26/2010 HouseCallAutoYou always align the timing marks to TDC. Do yourself a favor and get a repair manual that has the pics and the steps. You only need a special tool for removing the crank pulley, not to reinstall it. The puller that you need is unique and is just for the 2.4 engine, it is not the all-purpose harmonic balancer puller, it is a three-jaw puller with a separate rod that inserts into the end of the crankshaft that the pressure screw pushes against.
jim - 2008 Chrysler Town & Country - Preventive Maintenance - 10/26/2010stem broke at cap end. NAPA has a stem replacement kit. part number NTH 920245
10/26/2010 AWACS E3 SentryI'd just buy the entire kit. It will give me peace of mind rather reparing the broken stem.
VICTORIA - 1998 Chrysler Town & Country - Preventive Maintenance - 10/26/2010we change the fuel pump and it starts ok but the alarm light stay on can you please advise me
brenda riekena - 1999 Chrysler Cirrus - Preventive Maintenance - 10/25/2010
10/25/2010 HouseCallAutoThe fuel filter mounts to the frame above the rear of the fuel tank. The inlet and outlet tubes of the filter are permanently attached to the filter.
Itaska Morrison - 1995 Chrysler LeBaron - Preventive Maintenance - 10/19/2010
10/19/2010 TifosiThere are 2 large bolts above each headlight housing on the top sill of the front of the car where the hood closes over them. They look like they would hold the sill to the car, but they hold a large metal headlight assembly. Remove the 2 bolts, the housing will slide forward and then you can remove the bulbs.


text:
2015 VW JettaView Inventory
2015 Volkswagen Touareg
The intelligent choice for a luxury SUV is also a handsome one.View Inventory
Meet The Volkswagen Family
See the latest vehicles from the Volkswagen family. Stop by or schedule a test drive today!
Phil worked me to secure a hard to find GTI that I wanted. He helped prioritize the packages and options and kept me informed over several weeks. He stayed in touch with email, texts and phone calls. When the car came in, the sales and purchase process was easy and fast.
Why Choose Low Country Volkswagen?
At Low Country Volkswagen, we are proud to bring you quality vehicles from Volkswagen along with our top of the line service and fun atmosphere where customers can enjoy the experience of shopping for a new vehicle. Our goal is to help you find the perfect vehicle for you. We believe that experience starts on our website, where you will find several tools to help you start with the search. If you are in the market for a new Golf, Jetta, Touareg or a certified pre-owned vehicle, you will find a large variety of options. Our sales and service teams are always ready and willing to give you a hand. The knowledgeable staff at Low Country Volkswagen wants the search for your new vehicle to go as smoothly as possible.
Our service to you will continue long after you purchase your vehicle from Low Country Volkswagen. Our service department provides a number of services from regular check-ups to full on repairs and bodywork. It is also possible to schedule an appointment with us online. Whatever your vehicle needs happen to be, we can help you out. Stop by Low Country Volkswagen today and we'll get you on your way to finding a new Volkswagen.


text:
Share SquirtingDoll with your Facebook friends.
DISCOUNT CODE yummy4uu and receive 0.40 discount on spot~ UP TO 0.90 OFFIF U JOIN MY DISCOUNT CLUB!!!~I`m a sexy young woman, who likes to enjoy herself. Cum watch me, and you`ll get jealous on my trained fingers rubbing and stroking my pussy till it explodes.
Hot, sexy striptease to get you hard, trained fingers to get my pussy wet, and a big juicy squirt to make you cum.
I get aroused by smart men, who know how to treat a woman, and enjoy giving pleasure just as much as being pleased.I cum when i play with myself,but give me about 10 min for it, i dont do it on command.I like cam2cam, so i can watch u enjoy,n if u r a real man, dont ask me to tell u how to stroke it
Showing snapshot out of
Showing 1 - 10 of 51 Snapshots
sexy moves, long hair, yummy from head to toes ;)
Best Rated
Catch me if u can
Slippery wet pussy , finger action, n a mouth watering orgasm..don`t miss out
All the hips moves n finger work u love to watch :)
up 4 more? well here it cums, n its damn sticky ;)
yummy fingerplay n ass tease...ull drool for more ;)
cum check out this hot appetiser, ull get the full feast live in my room
Make your Models's day with a Virtual Gift!
These Virtual Gifts, available to purchase instantly, will be awarded to your Model as an earnings bonus.
Your level in our rewards program, the Frequent Fuckers club, decides which gift you can buy. Gifts labelled with padlocks are only available to members who have reached the required level.(Silver = Sexy Silver, Gold = Sexy Gold, Red = Sexy Platinum).
Look out for the green tick, indicating that this Model has already received that gift, and the 'My First Choice' stamp, which appears next to their most desired Virtual Gift.
Please note: Each Gift purchase is charged as an individual transaction.
This website is strictly for adults only! This website contains sexually explicit content. You must be at least 18 years of age to enter this website.
© 2015 sexcamchat.us All Rights Reserved


text:
Care homes: fight to keep them open
Councils face a legal challenge over forcing vulnerable elderly people to move, writes Jon Robins.
Cash p15
Without good service, First Direct is just another bank
Jill Insley: Whereas complaints about banks to our agony aunt Margaret Dibben used to be restricted to the High Street big four, her mailbag now contains gripes about First Direct too.
News in brief
Baffled by the Revenue's code | Bio-babies prove costly | Discreditable conduct
Cash p17
Buying a house? Befriend a teacher
Huma Qureshi finds fixed-rate deals that are top of the home loans class for buyers desperate to get on the property ladder.
Cash p18
Prepare for the mother of all struggles
Maternity pay is better, but employers continue to abuse the law, writes Neasa MacErlean.
Cash p19
Take the Iberdrola bull by the horns
The Spanish electricity company's takeover of Scottish Power could prove complex for shareholders, reports Jill Insley.
Cash p20
Everything in the garden is ...
... available over the internet. Keen horticulturalist Margaret Dibben puts five online nurseries to the test to find out whether there's more to going digital than having green fingers.
Cash p21
Ten things you need to know about ...
... direct debits
New strategy at F&C puts funds back on top
Heather Connon: F&C, like the rest of the industry, has been working hard to get private investors back in through a combination of buying back its shares and promoting regular savings.
For a bigger life payout, you're much better off with shares
Heather Connon: It is no coincidence that the best-performing with-profits policies last year came from funds that have the largest proportion of their assets in equities.
Cash p22
Coping with the costs of dementia
Alzheimer's sufferers face bills of up to £25,000 a year for care, but careful financial and legal planning can protect your home and savings, writes Jon Robins.
Cash p23
Return to sender, debts unknown
Margaret Dibben writes you wrongs.
Cash p25
Renting becomes a much safer bet
A new scheme will prevent landlords from keeping hold of tenants' deposits without good reason, writes Lisa Bachelor.


text:
Can a person be sent a legal complaint for felony charges via snail mail without being formally charged?
More details:
Recently one of my family members was sent via snail mail a complaint about having erroneously charged with two felonies that he does not know about?
1 Answer | Asked in Criminal Law for Colorado on Apr 23, 2013
You can follow answers to this question by subscribing by e-mail.
Brandon U. Luna Esq.
Answered 2 years ago
Yes. This is a valid way to serve your family member. More importantly getting a complaint is actually the same thing as being charged with a crime.


text:
Your Cat, Your Life
The Scoop
Cat News, Politics
Meow-Out-Loud Humor
Cat Chic
Gear and Glam
Your cat loves a clean toilet -- don't we all? Catster's singing Cat Lady, Sarah Donner, explains why.
Cat Breeds
Foods & Treats
Health & Care
Behavior & Training
Cats & Cleaning
Cat of the Day
8-year-old Male
Brad O'Farrell
Mar 1st 2011
0 Contributions
Numbered 1 through 5, from left to right--Who do you think is the cutest? Personally my money is on number 2.
Tip: Creating a profile and avatar takes just a minute and is a great way to participate in Catster's community of people who are passionate about cats.
Our Most-Commented Stories
Copyright © I-5 Publishing, LLC. All rights reserved.
Visit Dogster


text:
Technique - Needlework & Plastic Canvas
Discover the fun of embroidery and try your hand at stylish pieces.Beautiful projects will inspire you with step-by-step diagrams and instructions that will make it easy to succeed. Includes basic stitches and stitches gallery diagram. This book explains how to make one-of-a-kind embellishments on apparel. 23 color pages.
View More:
Customers Who Bought This Item Also Bought:
Browse All Recommended Products »
From here you can:
Newsletters may contain offers from Annie's and other companies.


text:
Our society is in a constant state of fascination with any grain or seed that promises to provide an extra gram of protein or few milligrams of omega-3. Pomegranates, Quinoa, and Flax have all had their moments in the spotlight, and felt the sting of unrequited love from our hungry nation.
Most recently it's been Chia's turn. Once the domain of late night TV hawkers selling novelty planters sprouting green hair, Chia has become the "IT" seed for the food industry. At this year's Natural Products Expo West, we saw this diminutive seed in everything from chips and pasta to peanut butter and oatmeal bars. There's even a chia beverage offering extra omega 3 (if you can swallow the lumpy texture).
Country Choice Organic won't be launching Chia Sandwich Cremes though anytime soon. Chia packs a nutrient punch, but so too do real, simple foods. Michael Pollan says it best: "Eat food. Not too much. Mostly plants." There isn't a single magic bean for health (as the grains and seeds that have had their 15 minutes of fame know all too well).
Moderation is our mantra, even when it comes to super foods. Where do you weigh in on the Chia craze?


text:
1993 BEST Garden Supplies, Accessories
T. Wyatt Ltd.
There's not a hoe or shovel in sight, but this charming assortment of gurgling fountains, small statuary, painted birdhouses, baskets, and other bric-a-brac is sure to win the heart of every gardener.
Be respectful of our online community and contribute to an engaging conversation. We reserve the right to remove impersonators or personal attacks, threats, profanity, or flat-out offensive comments. By posting here, you are permitting Boston magazine and Metro Corp. to edit and republish your comment in all media.


text:
Rogger Meadow Trailhead -
The Rogger Meadow Trailhead accesses the Crane Mountain National Recreation Trail which is open to hikers, horseback riders, and mountain bike riders. Accommodations at the trailhead include a parking area with adequate trailer turnaround and an outhouse. Other activities offered include photography and viewing scenery.
Directions from Lakeview: Travel north on Highway 395 3 miles past the Lakeview Ranger Station and turn right on Highway 140. Take Highway 140 east for 7 miles, then turn right on Forest Road 3915. Go on Forest Road 3915 for 3 miles to the trailhead.
Read more at Travel Oregon
Rogger Meadow Trailhead


text:
Spring is Almost Here in Central New York!
The official first day of Spring is this Friday (March 20). With Spring in the air, it's time to get ready for some great springtime events happening in Central New York! (and maybe a few things I'll be checking out for 'New to Naomi').


text: Dae Gaetta by Dirtyloud published on 2012/04/19 00:55:53 +0000 Out on beatport 30th April. The Phenomenon that is the Russ or Graduation Party in Norway has generated some unhinged pieces of bespoke electro and dubstep from the likes of Zedd and Skrillex in the last couple of years: this year the honour fell to Dirtyloud - so here it is - the theme for the Dae Gaetta Bus: (pronounced "Da Gatta") - enjoy. Ahead of their 20 date coast-to-coast US tour, followed by their Australian and Asian dates, and a European festival tour this summer, Dae Gaetta is a no-nonsense 4/4 slab of banging underground house, with the flawless production and super-tight editing that you have come to expect from the dynamic duo from Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Dirtyloud: "One's to watch in 2012" Mixmag UK "Brain-melting bass and grimey lines" DJ Mag UK "Nu-electro style currently setting club dance-floors alight" Tilllate UK


text:
Select Language
My Bag0
My Favorites0
The Corso Como philosophy centers on presenting beautifully crafted shoes that reveal a dedication to innovative fashion, flawless detailing and unbelievably lush comfort
If an item you would like to purchase is out of stock, you can place a Special Order Inquiry. REVOLVE will then check the availability and obtain an approximate arrival date for the item, if available. Typically, it takes up to 3-4 weeks to verify this information.
Placing a Special Order Inquiry is absolutely free and there is no obligation to follow through with a purchase.
Sort by body type:
i bought these in Saddle, and the colour of the shoe on the site is not true to life. It has more of a blush-tan hue in real life, rather than the tanned leather look it has in the pictures on the site. Fitting wise these do run slightly smaller then a regular size 10, about a half size I'd estimate. Would fit a european 41 best.
For a better shopping experience on REVOLVE
please upgrade your internet browser


text:
If ESPN or CBS or NBC or ABC were telecasting the finals of the Illinois high school basketball tournament, they would jump at a chance to pit top-rated Simeon against second-rated Proviso East in
Imagine, if you will, Bob "Mr. Baseball" Uecker going from a lifetime .200 hitter to a .350 slugger with 50 homers and 150 RBI in one year. Unlikely? Improbable? Impossible?
When I was researching my first book, "Sweet Charlie, Dike, Cazzie, and Bobby Joe: High School Basketball In Illinois," published by University of Illinois Press, I deliberately arranged
The holiday basketball tournament season is a recent memory, a time when some hoop-happy fans travel throughout the state during a one-week period to see as many games at as many events as they can
The Illinois Basketball Coaches Association will conduct a historical meeting at Redbird Arena in Bloomington at noon on Monday, Jan.


text:
- Home
- College
- Indiana
- Shop By Category
- Bags & Wallets
- Indiana STRING Pack
This high density backsack features your favorite team�s screenprinted logo and team colors. It is made of a durable water resistant 210D nylon, has extra strength cording and reinforced strap corners. The bag is approximately 18"x13.5" in size.
Related Items
Price: $30.99
Price: $40.99
Price: $57.99
Price: $62.99
Price: $67.99
Price: $36.99


text:
Release date:
February 4, 2000
Release Number:
Washington, DC -- President Clinton, announced that the Administration will seek an additional $304 million in FY2000 to help affected states recover from flooding and other damage caused by Hurricane Floyd. The supplemental funding would bring to more than $6 billion the amount of federal grants and loans made available to the affected states.
Highlights by Major Agency/Activity in FY2000 Floyd Supplemental
- Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA): $77 million
to fully fund all eligible buyouts of damaged homes in the 100-year flood
plain (another $215 million was appropriated for this purpose last year).
- Small Business Administration (SBA): $51 million supplemental
appropriation for loan subsidy and administrative costs so SBA may respond
fully to Hurricane Floyd (an amount that will support an additional $141 million
in loans).
- Economic Development Agency (EDA): $25 million supplemental
appropriation to enable EDA to work with development districts and states
to plan long-term economic development and recovery in areas affected by Hurricane
Floyd. With the additional funding, EDA will issue planning and technical
assistance grants to development districts, provide revolving loan funds to
capitalize economic development loans made by local organizations, and provide
infrastructure repair and improvement grants.
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA):
$13 million to make payments to fishermen affected by Floyd and other hurricanes
($11 million) and to repair a NOAA facility ($2 million) in North Carolina.
- Army Corps of Engineers (ACE): $19 million to address dredging
and emergency navigation work related to Hurricane Floyd. Also, the ACE?s
FY2001 budget provides $2 million for restoring beaches in North Carolina.
- Interior: $11 million is requested for: the U.S. Geological
Survey ($2 million) to repair and replace stream monitoring equipment and
structures, the Fish and Wildlife Service ($5 million) to repair damaged and
destroyed property, and the National Park Service ($4 million) to replace
damaged structures, facilities, and other park infrastructure.
- Defense: $27 million to fund repair costs to facilities affected by Hurricane Floyd, including buildings, roads, and other infrastructure.
- Authorization language will be proposed to allow $50 million
in previously appropriated Emergency Conservation Program funds to be used
for repairing farm structures and equipment damaged by Hurricanes Floyd or
Dennis, or Tropical Storm Irene.
- The Administration will request forgiveness of up to $81 million in USDA commodity price-support lo...
Last Updated:
July 16, 2012 - 18:46


text:
Abdelkader Belaouni, a blind refugee claimant who spent almost four years in a Pointe-St-Charles church to avoid deportation, is now a Canadian citizen. Belaouni, who lost his sight in a soccer accident at age 23, claimed refugee status in Canada in 2003, but was rejected the following year. He fled his native Algeria for the […]
The long process of revamping the province's immigration policies got off to a sobering start Wednesday when provincial human rights officials said racism and discrimination persist in Quebec's workplaces.
Former SNC-Lavalin vice-president Riadh Ben Aïssa was extradited from Switzerland, and was being detained by the Sûreté du Québec Wednesday afternoon.
As the majority owner and chief executive officer of Groupe Desgagnés, one of Canada's biggest merchant marine companies, Louis-Marie Beaulieu makes a lot of big decisions.
Five parachuted into no-win Liberal strongholds; sixth took on QS leader
At a meeting with Canadian and U.S. leaders, the premier is expected to discuss the transport of hazardous material through towns and cities.
Faycal came to Canada in 2010 hoping to find a better life for his wife and kids, but despite his ability to speak French he has found it hard to make his mark in Montreal.
As the list of Canada's homegrown terror suspects grows, profilers from various fields of study are trying to understand what might turn an ordinary individual into a dedicated killer.
Former MUHC planning director Yanaï Elbaz was arraigned Thursday on 13 charges of fraud, accepting bribes, money laundering and breach of trust in relation to the awarding of the $1.3-billion contract to build the McGill superhospital to SNC-Lavalin, and was promptly released on a $150,000 bond.
Five people were named Wednesday in arrest warrants targeting executives from the MUHC and engineering firm SNC-Lavalin, which won the lucrative contract to design and oversee construction of Montreal's $1.3-billion superhospital.
So how badly is SNC-Lavalin Inc. stock tanking since its legal troubles began about a year ago? You should be so lucky. Far from slumping lower with each new allegation of corruption, including additional fraud charges laid Wednesday against former president Pierre Duhaime, the Montreal engineering giant's shares have been on a hale and hearty climb — particularly this year.
A worldwide shortage of the lighter-than-air, non-renewable gas has caused headaches for party planners since last summer's proms and graduations, and Vancouver's balloon community said this holiday period is no different.
Before emigrating from Lebanon back in 1990, Maroun Layla knew what Montreal neighbourhood she would settle in once she had arrived — St. Laurent.
At La maison berbère, the chef-proprietress whips up the dishes of Tunisia, Morocco and Algeria
"I need a majority mandate to make Quebec a country," Marois said in a speech Thursday, setting off a thunder of applause and heart-pounding chants of "We want a country" and "We are going to win!"
Civil-rights groups and academics accused the Parti Québécois of fanning the flames of xenophobia Wednesday, a day after PQ leader Pauline Marois announced plans for a secularism charter that would ban religious symbols from government — with the notable exception of the crucifix.
The mayor of Saguenay must apologize for his "unacceptable" and "deplorable" comments about Parti Québecois candidate Djemila Benhabib, the PQ Leader said on a campaign stop in St. Jérôme where she attempted to clarify the party's controversial secular charter announced Tuesday.
Under a Parti Québécois government, civil servants won't be able to wear a hijab or any other overt religious symbol, but the Catholic crucifix will remain displayed in the National Assembly, the PQ announced on a campaign stop Tuesday.
In the hands of a less talented filmmaker, Monsieur Lazhar could so easily have ended up a syrupy tear-jerker. But writer-director Philippe Falardeau's adaptation of Evelyne de la Chenelière's play avoids the maudlin at all costs.
Quebec spends more on petroleum, natural gas and coal than on electricity


text:
Factors affecting the change in extractable phosphorus following the application of phosphatic fertiliser on pasture soils in southern Victoria.
Nine pasture soils from high rainfall zones of southern Victoria were analysed for a range of chemical and physical properties before receiving a single application of P fertiliser in the form of triple superphosphate (TSP), single superphosphate (SSP), or TSP and lime (5 t/ha) at amounts ranging from 0 to 280 kg P/ha. Soils were analysed for bicarbonate-extractable P concentration, using both the Olsen P and Colwell P methods, 6 and 12 months after fertiliser application. A strong positive linear relationship existed at all sites between the amount of P applied and both the Olsen P and Colwell P concentrations. The slopes of these relationships measured the change in extractable P concentration ([Delta]EP) per unit of P applied, whilst the inverse of the [Delta]EP value indicated the amount of P fertiliser required above maintenance to increase the extractable P concentration by 1 mg/kg. These values ranged from 5 to 15 kg P/ha, depending on soil type. The [Delta]EP measured by the Olsen ([[Delta]EP.sub.Olsen]) method was closely related to selected soil properties and P sorption measures, whilst the [[Delta]EP.sub.Colwell] values were also closely related to selected soil properties and P sorption measures, but only when one particular site, an acidic sand, with a high organic carbon content was excluded from the analysis. In general, simple, direct measures of soil P sorption could allow the estimation of [Delta]EP values on different soil types.
The application of P in the form of SSP resulted in a trend for higher [Delta]EP values than occurred with TSP. This difference was significant on 3 sites (P [is less than] 0.05), but depended on the method of extraction and the
time after fertiliser application. The application of lime significantly (P [is less than] 0.001) increased soil pH ([H.sub.2]O and Ca[Cl.sub.2]) and decreased the concentration of exchangeable Al, 6 months after treatments were applied, but generally had little impact on [Delta]EP values.
Additional keywords: buffering, sorption, Olsen, Colwell, single superphosphate, triple superphosphate, lime.
Australian soils are generally deficient in phosphorus (P) in their native state (Leeper and Uren 1993). They require the application of P fertiliser to increase the concentration of extractable soil P to satisfy the requirement of productive plant species for P. However, fertiliser P forms a range of reaction products in soil through sorption and precipitation reactions, decreasing the availability of fertiliser P for plant uptake (Moody and Bolland 1999). The extent of the reactions between a soil and P fertiliser depends on the physical and chemical properties of the soil (Leeper and Uren 1993) and will determine the amount of P fertiliser required to increase P availability for plant growth.
The amounts of P fertiliser required to increase extractable P concentrations in different soil types that are used for dairy pasture production in southern Victoria are poorly defined. This information is important as it enables farmers to apply the correct amount of P fertiliser to achieve the desired levels of P availability in their soils, as measured by extraction with bicarbonate using the Olsen (Olsen et al. 1954) or Colwell (1963) procedures. Improving P fertiliser recommendations may also prevent excessive P fertilisation, which may lead to the loss of P from pastures, and to eutrophication and algal blooms in waterways (Sharpley et al. 1987).
The slope of the relationship between the amount of P fertiliser applied and the increase in extractable P concentration in the soil represents the change in extractable P ([Delta]EP value) per unit of P applied. The inverse of the [Delta]EP value is therefore a measure of the amount of P fertiliser required above maintenance to increase the bicarbonate-extractable P test value by 1 mg/kg. Accurate determination of [Delta]EP values requires detailed field studies, which are expensive and time-consuming. Should close relationships between [Delta]EP and selected soil properties exist, it may be possible to use simpler laboratory measures to predict [Delta]EP and P requirements for soils outside this study.
The [Delta]EP value indicates the extent to which P fertiliser reacts with soil and is likely to be related to the P sorption capacity of soil (Moody and Bolland 1999). The P sorption capacity is commonly measured as P buffering capacity (PBC), which is the soil's capacity to moderate changes in P solution concentration when P is added, to or removed from, the soil (Ozanne 1980). The relationship between [Delta]EP in field studies and laboratory measures of PBC, however, has not been well defined. A glasshouse trial by Bolland et al. (1994) and a field study by Fleming et al. (1997) were unable to find relationships between [Delta]EP measured by the Colwell method, and PBC, or other soil properties. In contrast, Dear et al. (1992) measured [Delta]EP values of glasshouse soils and showed that [Delta]EP decreased with increasing PBC, indicating that relationships between [Delta]EP and PBC may be worth further investigation. Other soil properties such as oxalate-extractable concentrations of Fe and Al (Lewis et al. 1981; Toreu et al. 1988) and clay content (Toreu et al. 1988) have been shown to be good surrogate measures of PBC in laboratory studies, but their relationships with [Delta]EP have not been well defined.
The effect of P fertiliser form on [Delta]EP values for different soils is also not known. There is an increasing trend in Australia toward the use of high analysis P fertilisers such as triple superphosphate (TSP), which contains lower concentrations of sulfur and calcium compared with traditional single superphosphate (SSP). Lime is also commonly applied to dairy pasture soils in southern Victoria but its effect on [Delta]EP values for different soils is uncertain. The application of lime has been reported to increase, decrease, or have no effect on bicarbonate-extractable P concentrations in different soil types (Haynes 1984).
In the present study, we determined the [Delta]EP values for 9 different pasture soils, 6 and 12 months after P fertiliser application, using both the Olsen P and Colwell P methods, and assessed the relationships between [Delta]EP values and measures of P sorption capacity and other selected soil properties. In addition, we determined if the form of fertiliser such as SSP or TSP, or the application of lime influenced [Delta]EP values for these soils.
Materials and methods
Soil characterisation
Nine field sites were established on rain-fed commercial grazing properties across the major dairy areas of southern Victoria. Sites 1-6 were established in south and south-west Gippsland, whilst Sites 7-9 were located in south-western Victoria (Table 1). Soil from each site was characterised by taking 54 soil cores, 10 cm in depth, randomly across the site. This sampling procedure was repeated to give a replicate sample, and replicates were bulked, dried at 40 [degrees] C for 48 h, and passed through a 2-mm sieve before analysis. Samples were analysed for [PBC.sub.R&H] (Rayment and Higginson 1992), [PBC.sub.O&S] (Ozanne and Shaw 1968), a single point P sorption index ([PSI.sub.800]) adapted from Rayment and Higginson (1992), pH ([H.sub.2]O and Ca[Cl.sub.2]) and exchangeable Al (Rayment and Higginson 1992), organic carbon (C) (Walkley and Black 1934), effective cation exchange capacity (Gillman and Sumpter 1986), oxalate-extractable Fe and Al (Schwertmann 1964), and mechanical analysis (Mikhail and Briner 1978). The results are presented in Table 1.
Table 1. Chemical and physical properties of field study soils prior to treatment Characteristic Out- Ath- Yarra- Ellin- Strze- trim lone gon bank lecki 1 2 3 4 5 Coarse sand (%) 17.8 6.8 4.3 3.1 2.5 Fine sand (%) 40.8 37.4 30.2 20.2 18.4 Silt (%) 18.3 31.3 37.8 27.0 32.5 Clay (%) 5.3 12.3 17.5 35.8 30.8 pH([H.sub.2]0) 4.95 5.31 5.92 5.50 5.31 pH(Ca[Cl.sub.2) 3.72 4.75 5.41 4.83 4.62 Olsen P (mg/kg) 8.1 15.5 12.5 7.7 10.0 Colwell P (mg/kg) 18.7 71.1 38.6 30.4 28.5 Organic C (%) 9.6 4.9 3.5 5.7 4.6 Exch. Al ([cmol.sub.c]/kg) 0.36 0.31 0.15 0.44 0.98 ECEC(A) ([cmol.sub.c]/kg) 41.2 25.2 22.2 37.9 33.9 Oxalate-extr. Fe (mg/kg) 549 2125 4381 8587 5058 Oxalate-extr. Al (mg/kg) 558 855 1253 3949 2286 [PBC.sub.R&H](B) (L/kg) 4.7 13.4 16.0 35.8 24.9 [PBC.sub.O&S](C) (L/kg) 0.6 10.1 10.5 44.7 19.8 [PSI.sub.800](D) 8.9 75.7 92.7 234.8 152.8 Characteristic Tynong Curdi- Glen- Terang evale ormiston 6 7 8 9 Coarse sand (%) 12.8 22.0 10.3 3.7 Fine sand (%) 15.3 53.6 15.8 50.2 Silt (%) 17.0 11.3 22.8 20.8 Clay (%) 31.0 6.0 32.3 15.3 pH([H.sub.2]0) 5.24 6.18 6.04 5.60 pH(Ca[Cl.sub.2) 4.56 5.12 5.51 4.82 Olsen P (mg/kg) 11.9 8.3 24.4 19.7 Colwell P (mg/kg) 41.2 21.6 117.2 56.9 Organic C (%) 8.7 2.5 5.3 3.1 Exch. Al ([cmol.sub.c]/kg) 2.06 0.15 0.11 0.28 ECEC(A) ([cmol.sub.c]/kg) 43.9 15.0 49.5 18.7 Oxalate-extr. Fe (mg/kg) 8793 1943 8784 3561 Oxalate-extr. A1 (mg/kg) 6734 597 8000 1060 [PBC.sub.R&H](B) (L/kg) 54.2 9.2 38.6 16.9 [PBC.sub.O&S](C) (L/kg) 92.5 7.0 40.0 14.6 [PSI.sub.800](D) 277.9 68.1 210.4 111.1 (A) Effective cation exchange capacity. (B) phosphorus buffering capacity (Rayment and Higginson 1992). (C) Phosphorus buffering capacity (Ozanne and Shaw 1968). (D) Phosphorus sorption index when 800 mg P/kg is added to soil solution (adapted from Moody et al. 1988; Rayment and Higginson 1992).
The [PBC.sub.R&H] and [PBC.sub.O&S] P buffering measures were determined from a P sorption curve as described by Rayment and Higginson (1992). Briefly, soil was equilibrated with 0.01 M Ca[Cl.sub.2] with varying concentrations of P as [KH.sub.2][PO.sub.4] to give 9 different initial P concentrations ranging from 0 to 800 mg P/kg. Approximately 50 [micro]L of chloroform (0.25% v/v) was added to equilibrating solutions to reduce microbial activity. A 1:10 soil to solution ratio was used and the mixtures were shaken end-over-end (14 rpm) for 17 h at 25 [degrees] C. The mixtures were centrifuged at 3000 rpm and the concentration of P in the supernatants measured by the colorimetric method of Murphy and Riley (1962).
The amount of P sorbed by the soil (mg P/kg) was calculated as the difference between P added and P in the equilibrating solution, and these data were used to plot sorption curves. The [PBC.sub.O&S] was calculated by fitting the Freundlich equation to the curve and determining the slope of the curve between 0.25 and 0.35 (mg P/L) equilibrium P concentrations (Ozanne and Shaw 1968). The [PBC.sub.R&H] was measured from the slope of P sorbed (mg P/kg) against [log.sub.10] of the equilibrium concentration of P in the equilibrating solution (mg P/L). The [PSI.sub.800] was calculated by dividing the amount of P sorbed at a single P addition of 800 mg P/kg by the [log.sub.10] of the equilibrium P concentration ([micro]g P/L).
Treatments and site management
At each of the 9 sites, 18 treatments of P fertiliser and lime (Table 2) were applied in 3 replicates to plots 2 m by 10 m, in a randomised resolvable incomplete block design. The design contained 9 blocks with 6 treatments per block, with a total of 54 plots per site. Treatments 17 and 18 (TSP applied at 35 and 70 kg P/ha) were reapplied every 6 months, and therefore, results after the first 6 months only are included in this paper. Treatments 1-16 received a single application of TSP [containing 20.2% P, 16% calcium (Ca), and 1% sulfur (S)], SSP (containing 8.8% P, 22% Ca, and 12% S), and TSP with burnt lime (CaO) in April 1998. Burnt lime was applied in preference to common agricultural lime (Ca[CO.sub.3]), because it has a higher neutralising value.
Table 2. Amount of triple superphosphate (TSP), single superphosphate (SSP), and lime treatments Treatments 1-16 were applied as a single application in April 1998 and treatments 17 and 18 were reapplied every 6 months Treatment Treatment number 1 TSP, 0 kg P/ha 2 TSP, 17.5 kg P/ha 3 TSP, 35 kg P/ha 4 TSP, 52.5 kg P/ha 5 TSP, 70 kg P/ha 6 TSP, 105 kg P/ha 7 TSP, 140 kg P/ha 8 TSP, 210 kg P/ha 9 TSP, 280 kg P/ha 10 SSP, 35 kg P/ha 11 SSP, 70 kg P/ha 12 SSP, 140 kg P/ha 13 TSP, 0 kg P/ha, with lime (5 t/ha) 14 TSP, 35 kg P/ha, with lime (5 t/ha) 15 TSP, 70 kg P/ha, with lime (5 t/ha) 16 TSP, 140 kg P/ha, with lime (5 t/ha) 17 TSP, 35 kg P/ha (reapplied every 6 months) 18 TSP, 70 kg P/ha (reapplied every 6 months)
All sites had permanent pasture, comprising predominantly perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.), with Sites 2, 3, 6, and 7 rotationally grazed by dairy cows and the remaining sites either set-stocked or rotationally grazed by beef cattle. Stocking rates varied between sites; however, P removal due to grazing and product exports were considered minimal compared with estimates of soil P sorption. All sites were situated in zones where the mean annual rainfall was [is greater than] 800 mm (40-year average).
Soil sampling and analyses
Initial variation in extractable soil P concentrations between each plot of the field experiments was measured immediately prior to the application of the treatments by taking 15 randomly spaced soil cores, 10 cm in depth, from each of the 54 plots. Soils from each plot were bulked, dried at 40 [degrees] C for 48 h, and passed through a 2-mm sieve before being analysed for Olsen P (Olsen et al. 1954) and Colwell P (Colwell 1963). Soils were similarly sampled and analysed for Olsen P and Colwell P a further 6 and 12 months after fertiliser treatments were applied. Treatment numbers 1, 5, 13, 14, 15, and 16 were also analysed for pH ([H.sub.2]O and Ca[Cl.sub.2]) and exchangeable Al (Rayment and Higginson 1992), to monitor changes with lime treatment 6 and 12 months after treatment application, using the same method of sampling as above.
Statistical analyses
Analyses were performed using CENSTAT 5 for Windows (GENSTAT 5 Committee 1993). Extractable P concentration data at 6 and 12 months were described using a generalised linear model (McCullagh and Nelder 1983) with gamma error distribution to accommodate increasing variance with the mean. An identity link was included in the model to retain the linear relationship between the amount of P applied and extractable P concentration. Terms included sequentially into the model were site, blocks over and within sites, and treatment terms. These treatment terms were defined to compare effects of the quantity and form of P applied, and the effect of lime. A nested treatment structure separating out amounts of 0, 35, 70, and 140 kg P/ha was defined to undertake an appropriate comparison between slopes under SSP, TSP, and TSP with lime (Table 2). Extractable P concentrations measured on the plots before the application of fertiliser were included as covariates in the analyses. Accumulated analysis of deviance tables were used to test terms for statistical significance.
Selected treatments which were analysed for pH and exchangeable Al concentrations were analysed, ignoring blocks within reps, as a randomised complete block within sites design, to test the effects of applying lime. The pH and exchangeable Al concentrations of soil before lime was applied were included as covariates in the analysis. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test terms for statistical significance. Excel (1997) was used to perform regressions between amount of P applied and extractable P concentration, and [Delta]EP and selected soil properties. Correlation coefficients between [[Delta]EP.sub.Olsen] and [[Delta]EP.sub.Colwell] were also determined using this program.
Soil characterisation
The soils examined in this study represented the broad range of soil types used for dairy pasture production in southern Victoria, with soil textures including sandy loams, loams, clay loams, and clays. Sites were selected for their low to moderate extractable P concentrations (Olsen P concentration range 8-22 mg/kg, Colwell P concentration range 19-117 mg/kg). Phosphorus buffering capacity measures indicate that the soils covered a wide range of P sorption capacities (Table 1). Most of the soils were moderately acidic, but Site 1 was very acidic with a pH(Ca[Cl.sub.2]) of 3.72. Organic C percentages ranged from 2.5 to 9.6%.
Relationships between amount of P applied and Olsen P and Colwell P concentration
The mean Olsen P and Colwell P concentrations at both the 6- and 12-month samplings increased essentially linearly with increasing amounts of P fertiliser (mean of both TSP and SSP forms), with coefficients of determination for the linear regression ranging from 0.81 to 0.99. Graphs for the 6-month sampling are shown in Fig. 1. These plots show the variation in slopes of the linear relationships between sites and with the 2 extraction procedures. The [Delta]EP values for 6 and 12 months are presented in Table 3.
Table 3. Change in extractable P ([Delta][EP.sub.olsen] and [Delta][EP.sub.Colwell]) values six and 12 months after fertiliser treatment Change in extractable P is the slope of the linear relationship between amount of P applied (kg P/ha) as TSP and SSP (mean for both P forms) and the extractable P concentration measured by the Olsen P and Colwell P methods (mg/kg). Standard errors based on linear regression of means are recorded in parentheses. Coefficient of determination values ([r.sup.2]) ranged from 0.81 to 0.99 Site [Delta][EP.sub.Olsen 6 months 12 months Change 1 0.15 ([+ or -] 0.005) 0.10 ([+ or -] 0.006) -0.05 2 0.18 ([+ or -] 0.010) 0.16 ([+ or -] 0.010) -0.02 3 0.13 ([+ or -] 0.009) 0.08 ([+ or -] 0.005) -0.05 4 0.09 ([+ or -] 0.004) 0.08 ([+ or -] 0.006) -0.01 5 0.11 ([+ or -] 0.005) 0.09 ([+ or -] 0.003) -0.02 6 0.07 ([+ or -] 0.003) 0.06 ([+ or -] 0.003) -0.01 7 0.14 ([+ or -] 0.007) 0.12 ([+ or -] 0.006) -0.02 8 0.10 ([+ or -] 0.009) 0.08 ([+ or -] 0.010) -0.02 9 0.15 ([+ or -] 0.007) 0.13 ([+ or -] 0.011) -0.02 Site [Delta][EP.sub.colwell] 6 months 12 months Change 1 0.26 ([+ or -] 0.014) 0.17 ([+ or -] 0.011) -0.09 2 0.40 ([+ or -] 0.025) 0.39 ([+ or -] 0.033) -0.01 3 0.46 ([+ or -] 0.033) 0.38 ([+ or -] 0.016) -0.08 4 0.34 ([+ or -] 0.024) 0.30 ([+ or -] 0.024) -0.04 5 0.38 ([+ or -] 0.020) 0.33 ([+ or -] 0.015) -0.05 6 0.27 ([+ or -] 0.008) 0.26 ([+ or -] 0.010) -0.01 7 0.41 ([+ or -] 0.025) 0.36 ([+ or -] 0.017) -0.05 8 0.30 ([+ or -] 0.042) 0.28 ([+ or -] 0.038) -0.02 9 0.45 ([+ or -] 0.026) 0.39 ([+ or -] 0.039) -0.06
Comparison of [[Delta]EP.sub.Olsen] and [[Delta]EP.sub.Colwell]
The correlations between [Delta]EP values measured by the Olsen and Colwell extraction methods ([[Delta]EP.sub.Olsen] and [[Delta]EP.sub.Colwell]) were weak 6 and 12 months after fertiliser application (Fig. 2). Site 1 appeared to be responsible for the poor correlation. When the data from Site 1 were included, correlations between [[Delta]EP.sub.Olsen] and [[Delta]EP.sub.Colwell] values were not significant (P [is greater than] 0.05) after 6 (r = 0.46) and 12 months (r = 0.42). When the Site 1 data were excluded from the correlation, there was a significant (P [is less than] 0.05) correlation between [[Delta]EP.sub.Olsen] and [[Delta]EP.sub.Colwell] values at 6 (r = 0.76) and 12 months (r = 0.73) after fertiliser application (Fig. 2).
There was a discrepancy between the ranking of [[Delta]EP.sub.Olsen] and [[Delta]EP.sub.Colwell] values after 6 and 12 months on some sites (Table 3). Site 1 ranked equal second highest in terms of its [[Delta]EP.sub.Olsen] value after 6 months, but fell in the mid range after 12 months. In contrast, Site 1 had the lowest [[Delta]EP.sub.Colwell] value of all 9 sites after 6 and 12 months. The [Delta]EP values for Site 3 were also inconsistent, as the [[Delta]EP.sub.Olsen] value ranked fourth and equal sixth after 6 and 12 months, whereas this site ranked in the higher range with [[Delta]EP.sub.Colwell] after 6 and 12 months.
In general, Sites 2 and 9 had the highest [Delta]EP values and therefore their extractable P concentrations increased readily with P fertiliser treatment, whilst extractable P concentrations at Sites 4, 6, and 8 increased at a lower rate. Sites 1 and 3 showed the largest decrease in [[Delta]EP.sub.Olsen] and [[Delta]EP.sub.Colwell] at 12 months after fertiliser application, whereas Sites 4, 6, and 8 showed a small decrease over the same time.
Relationships between selected soil properties and [[Delta]EP.sub.Olsen] and [[Delta]EP.sub.Colwell]
The [[Delta]EP.sub.Olsen] values were more closely related to selected soil properties than the [[Delta]EP.sub.Colwell] values when Site 1 was included in the analyses, for the 9 sites investigated in this study (Table 4). All of the linear regressions between [[Delta]EP.sub.Olsen] and selected soil properties at 6 or 12 months after P fertiliser treatment were significant (P [is less than] 0.05). In contrast, there were no significant relationships between [[Delta]EP.sub.Colwell] and selected soil properties at 6 and 12 months after treatment. Relationships between both [[Delta]EP.sub.Olsen] and [[Delta]EP.sub.Colwell] values, and selected soil properties, decreased markedly when soils were analysed 12 months after fertiliser treatment, with coefficient of determination values ranging from 0.41 to 0.52 and 0.00 to 0.10, respectively. In comparison, the coefficient of determination values ranged from 0.62 to 0.78 and 0.08 to 0.34, respectively, 6 months after fertiliser was applied. The soil properties that were most closely related to [[Delta]EP.sub.Olsen] at 6 months after fertiliser treatment were [PBC.sub.R&H], oxalate-extractable Fe concentration, and [PSI.sub.800]. After 12 months, oxalate-extractable Fe, [PBC.sub.R&H], and clay content were closely related to [[Delta]EP.sub.Olsen]. Relationships between selected soil properties and [[Delta]EP.sub.Colwell] were weak ([r.sup.2] [is less than] 0.34) when Site 1 was included in the analyses.
Table 4. Coefficients of determination ([r.sup.2] value) for linear regressions between [[Delta]EP.sub.Olsen] and [[Delta]EP.sub.colwell], and selected soil properties, 6 and 12 months after fertiliser treatment Coefficients of determination when Site 1 is excluded from the analyses are reported in parentheses Selected soil properties [[Delta]EP.sub.Olsen] 6 months 12 months [PBC.sub.R&H](A)(L/kg) 0.78(*) (0.76(*)) 0.47(*) (0.54(*)) [PBC.sub.O&S](B) (L/kg) 0.72(*) (0.70(*)) 0.41(*) (0.45(*)) [PSI.sub.800](C) 0.76(*) (0.79(*)) 0.43(*) (0.56(*)) Oxalate-extr. Fe(mg/kg) 0.77(*) (0.78(*)) 0.52(*) (0.66(*)) Oxalate-extr. Al (mg/kg) 0.62(*) (0.59(*)) 0.41(*) (0.43(*)) Clay content (%) 0.66(*) (0.64(*)) 0.46(*) (0.56(*)) Selected soil properties [[Delta]EP.sub.Colwell] 6 months 12 months [PBC.sub.R&H](A)(L/kg) 0.22 (0.82(*)) 0.03 (0.85(*)) [PBC.sub.O&S](B) (L/kg) 0.28 (0.76(*)) 0.06 (0.75(*)) [PSI.sub.800](C) 0.13 (0.78(*)) 0.01 (0.86(*)) Oxalate-extr. Fe(mg/kg) 0.12 (0.67(*)) 0.01 (0.81(*)) Oxalate-extr. A1 (mg/kg) 0.34 (0.81(*)) 0.10 (0.84(*)) Clay content (%) 0.08 (0.51(*)) 0.00 (0.64(*)) (*) P < 0.05. (A) Phosphorus buffering capacity (Rayment and Higginson 1992). (B) Phosphorus buffering capacity (Ozanne and Shaw 1968). (C) Phosphorus sorption index when 800 mg P/kg is added to soil solution (adapted from Moody et al. 1988; Rayment and Higginson 1992).
There was a marked improvement in the negative linear relationship between [[Delta]EP.sub.Colwell] and selected soil properties when Site 1 was excluded from the analyses in Table 4. All of the relationships between [[Delta]EP.sub.Colwell] values and selected soil properties were significant (P [is less than] 0.05) and, excluding Site 1, resulted in similar coefficient of determination values between [[Delta]EP.sub.Colwell] and selected soil properties after 6 months to those measured for [[Delta]EP.sub.Olsen]. Relationships between soil properties and [[Delta]EP.sub.Colwell] values remained consistent after 12 months, in contrast to relationships with [[Delta]EP.sub.Olsen], which decreased 12 months after fertiliser treatment (Table 4). However, Site 3 is the likely cause of this decline, as the [[Delta]EP.sub.Olsen] value at this site was lower than expected after 12 months (Table 3). In general, strong relationships were determined between oxalate-extractable Al concentration, [PSI.sub.800], and [PBC.sub.R&H], and [[Delta]EP.sub.Colwell] at 6 months after fertiliser treatment (Table 4). After 12 months, [PSI.sub.800], was most closely related to [[Delta]EP.sub.Colwell], followed by [PBC.sub.R&H] and oxalate-extractable Al concentration, when Site 1 was excluded (Table 4).
Effect of fertiliser form on [Delta]EP
The use of SSP resulted in a general trend for higher respective [Delta]EP values than TSP, using both bicarbonate-extractable P tests (Table 5). On some sites the increases in [Delta]EP values associated with SSP were significant (P [is less than] 0.05). These included the [[Delta]EP.sub.Olsen] and [[Delta]EP.sub.Colwell] at Site 7 after 6 months (Fig. 3), [[Delta]EP.sub.Olsen] and [[Delta]EP.sub.Colwell] at Site 8 after 12 months, and [[Delta]EP.sub.Colwell] at Site 5 at 6 months after fertiliser treatment (Table 5). When the effect of fertiliser form was compared across all sites, 6 months after fertiliser treatment, an average of 8.4 kg P/ha of SSP was required to increase the Olsen P value by 1 mg/kg, compared with a requirement of 10.1 kg P/ha of TSP. After 12 months, the difference between fertiliser forms decreased, with an average of 11.4 kg P/ha of SSP required whilst 12.2 kg P/ha of TSP was required to increase the Olsen P value by 1 mg/kg.
Table 5. Difference between the [Delta]EP values, for P applied as SSP and TSP Site [[Delta]EP.sub.(SSP)] - [[Delta]EP.sub.(TSP)] Olsen Colwell 6 months 12 months 6 months 12 months 1 +0.035 +0.011 +0.005 -0.015 2 -0.003 +0.005 +0.001 +0.012 3 +0.022 -0.008 +0.070 -0.004 4 +0.021 -0.001 +0.037 +0.007 5 +0.024 +0.001 +0.119(*) -0.012 6 +0.003 -0.013 -0.027 -0.017 7 +0.042(*) +0.015 +0.147(*) +0.044 8 +0.021 +0.049(*) +0.096 +0.228(*) 9 -0.003 +0.041 -0.008 +0.097 (*) P < 0.05.
Effect of adding lime on pH, exchangeable Al and [Delta]EP
The application of lime (5 t/ha) did not have a major effect on the [Delta]EP values. Lime application resulted in a significant (P [is less than] 0.05) decrease in [[Delta]EP.sub.Olsen] at Site 2 when measured after 12 months (data not presented), but the decrease was small (mean decrease in Olsen P concentration of 6.1 mg/kg). The application of lime significantly increased (P [is less than] 0.05) [[Delta]EP.sub.Colwell] at Site 1 after 6 and 12 months. This increase was associated with a large increase in the Colwell P concentration (increase of 113 mg/kg after 6 months and 45 mg/kg after 12 months) when the highest amount of P fertiliser was applied (140 kg P/ha). For additions of P fertiliser of [is less than] 140 kg P/ha, lime had little or no effect on increasing the [[Delta]EP.sub.Colwell] value at Site 1.
The addition of 5 t/ha of lime, with and without TSP treatments, significantly (P [is less than] 0.001) increased the pH([H.sub.2]O) and pH(Ca[Cl.sub.2]) and decreased exchangeable Al concentrations across all sites when measured 6 and 12 months after treatment (data not presented). There was a significant (P [is less than] 0.001) site x lime interaction, with the greatest increases in pH(Ca[Cl.sub.2]) measured at sites 9 and 3, where the pH increased 1.89 and 1.72 units respectively after 6 months. The pH(Ca[Cl.sub.2]) increased least at Sites 1 and 8, with increases of 0.77 and 0.81, respectively. The application of lime resulted in a decrease in exchangeable Al concentration of 1.83 and 0.71 ([cmol.sub.c]/kg) at Sites 6 and 5. The smallest change was measured at Sites 8 and 3, which decreased by 0.01 and 0.03 units, respectively. The addition of TSP did not significantly influence the effect of lime (P [is greater than] 0.05) in changing the pH or the exchangeable Al concentration.
The addition of similar amounts of P fertiliser resulted in different [Delta]EP values at each of the 9 sites. The [[Delta]EP.sub.Olsen] values, after 6 months (Table 3), indicated that the amount of P above maintenance to increase the Olsen P concentration by 1 mg/kg on a soil with a low P sorption capacity such as Site 2 (Table 2) was approximately 5 kg P/ha. A soil of moderate P sorption capacity such as Site 5 required 9 kg P/ha, whereas a soil with a high P sorption capacity such as Site 6 required 15 kg P/ha. In contrast, the [[Delta]EP.sub.Colwell] (Table 3) indicated that the amount of P fertiliser required above maintenance to raise the Colwell P concentration by 1 mg/kg ranged from approximately 2 kg P/ha on soils with a low P sorption capacity to 4 kg P/ha on soils with a high P sorption capacity. Similarly, the decrease in [Delta]EP values between 6 and 12 months (Table 3) was generally less on sites that had a high P sorption capacity (Table 2).
The poor correlation between the [Delta]EP values determined using the Olsen and Colwell extraction methods (Fig. 2, Table 3) was attributed to the Colwell P concentrations measured at Site 1. The Colwell P concentration indicated that Site 1 was the least responsive to P fertiliser addition of the 9 soils studied. Considering that Site 1 had the lowest [PBC.sub.R&H], [PBC.sub.O&S], and [PSI.sub.800], it was expected that this soil would have consistently been the most responsive to P fertiliser treatment. Site 1 was atypical in that it had the lowest pH in Ca[Cl.sub.2] (3.72), the lowest PBC, and the highest organic C content (9.6%) of the 9 soils studied. It is possible that the alkaline (pH 8.5) bicarbonate (0.5 M Na[HCO.sub.3]) extracting solution used in the Colwell P method produced a reaction between solubilised organic C and inorganic P in solution during the 16-h extraction period, making the inorganic P less detectable using the molybdate blue colour reaction. Attempts were made to remove solubilised organic C using carbon black, but despite the organic colloid being cleared, the addition of C did not affect the P concentration in the bicarbonate extract. Another explanation for the discrepancy in the [[Delta]EP.sub.Colwell] values at Site 1 is that some of the P applied as fertiliser was leached beyond the sampling depth of 10 cm, resulting in this P being undetected by the Colwell P method. This explanation however, is inconsistent with the Olsen P concentration measured for Site 1.
The above results for site 1 suggest that the longer extraction time of the Colwell test, in contrast to the Olsen test, is likely to be less effective in determining extractable P concentrations on acidic sands with a high organic C content. Such soils are quite widespread in high rainfall areas of Australia (Sale et al. 1997; Simpson et al. 1997), suggesting that the Colwell P test may not be an effective indicator of soil P fertility on these particular soils. Although this aberration has not been reported from field studies before, Barrow (1967) suggested that the Colwell P test may have under-estimated the extractable P concentration on low P sorbing soils and over-estimated it on high P sorbing soils in a greenhouse study involving 42 soils.
Selected soil properties and measures of P sorption were effective in predicting [[Delta]EP.sub.Olsen] values for the 9 sites (P [is less than] 0.05), and in predicting [[Delta]EP.sub.Colwell] when Site 1 was excluded from analyses (P [is less than] 0.05) (Table 4). Although [PBC.sub.R&H] and [PBC.sub.O&S] were highly related with [[Delta]EP.sub.Olsen] and [[Delta]EP.sub.Colwell] (when Site 1 was excluded), the PBC measures were derived from the slope of a multi-point P sorption curve. By contrast, the single-point P sorption index ([PSI.sub.800]) was closely related to both [[Delta]EP.sub.Olsen] and [[Delta]EP.sub.Colwell] values and offers potential in terms of a simple laboratory measure to predict the [Delta]EP value of soils. The oxalate-extractable Fe concentration was also closely related with [[Delta]EP.sub.Olsen], whilst the oxalate-extractable Al concentration was closely related with [[Delta]EP.sub.Colwell] at 6 and 12 months after fertiliser application (Table 4). In other studies, however, relationships between oxalate-extractable Al and Fe and PBC varied depending on the parent material of the soils being studied (Lewis et al. 1981; Toreu et al. 1988; Singh and Gilkes 1991). We also found that relationships between [Delta]EP and clay content were generally poorer than those observed with oxalate-extractable Al and Fe concentration when Site 1 was excluded from the analyses (Table 4). Thus, it would appear that a simple, direct measure of P sorption capacity such as [PSI.sub.800] may be more reliable across a broad range of soil types in predicting [Delta]EP than soil properties that indicate P sorption capacity.
In contrast to our findings, Fleming et al. (1997) was unable to identify relationships between selected soil properties and measures of P sorption and [Delta]EP for 27 soils collected from all States of Australia. Unlike our study, Fleming et al. (1997) compared PBC values measured from the 0-2 cm layer with soil texture measured from the Al horizon and [Delta]EP values measured from the 0-10 cm layer. The use of different samples from the upper layer of the soil could have confounded the comparison with our study. In addition, Fleming et al. (1997) included 3 acidic sandy soils which had organic C contents of [is greater than] 8.8%. In our study, the Colwell P method was unable to accurately describe the extractable P concentration on an acidic sand with a high organic C content. This would provide another explanation for the differences observed.
Coefficients of determination between selected soil properties and [[Delta]EP.sub.Olsen] decreased 12 months after fertiliser application (Table 4), possibly due to the low [[Delta]EP.sub.Olsen] value measured at Site 3 after 12 months (Table 3). This site is regularly subject to waterlogging and it is suggested that the fertiliser reaction products occurring at this site, 12 months after P fertiliser treatment, may have decreased the amount of P extracted by the Olsen method.
There was a general trend for SSP to be somewhat more effective than TSP in increasing the [Delta]EP value (Table 5). However, the differences between these fertiliser forms were only significant (P [is less than] 0.05) for some sites. The application of SSP was significantly more effective than TSP at Site 5 after 6 months using the Colwell test, at Site 7 for both the Olsen and Colwell tests, and at Site 8 for both tests after 12 months. It is important to note, however, that the high amounts of SSP, above 70 kg P/ha, were generally responsible for the differences between fertilisers measured (Site 7 illustrated in Fig. 3). It should also be noted that the application of 70-140 kg P/ha in the form of SSP would apply 93-187 kg S/ ha, which is in excess of the current recommendations (Roberts and Morton 1999).
One explanation for the greater effectiveness of SSP in increasing [Delta]EP values when more than 70 kg P/ha is applied could be the higher sulfate
concentrations in SSP (12%) than TSP (1%). The displacement of adsorbed phosphate by the higher concentration of sulfate from SSP may have increased the bicarbonate-extractable P concentration on some soil types (Table 5). Whilst phosphate and sulfate are similar in size and valence, and are likely to be adsorbed on to similar sites on the mineral surfaces of soils (Parfitt and Smart 1978), Barrow (1970) reported that sulfate adsorption in general was much weaker than that of phosphate. He also found that sulfate adsorption increases relative to phosphate, as soil pH decreases. Clearly, the effect of sulfate on extractable P concentrations using different P fertiliser products requires further investigation, particularly as the use of high analysis and blended fertilisers increase.
The application of lime (5 t/ha) with P fertiliser in this study generally had a minimal and inconsistent effect on [Delta]EP. This finding contrasts with the common perception that liming invariably decreases soil P sorption capacity and increases the concentration of extractable P for plant uptake (Sanchez and Uehara 1980), but is supported by the review findings of Haynes (1984).
The amount of P fertiliser required above maintenance to increase the Olsen P concentration by 1 mg/kg (the inverse of the [Delta]EP value) ranged from 5 to 15 kg P/ha across 9 different pasture soils in southern Victoria. These results demonstrate the importance of targeting P fertiliser recommendations to specific soil types, in order to improve the economic and environmental efficiency of P fertiliser use on pastures in this region.
In general, the relationships between [Delta][EP.sub.Olsen] and [Delta][EP.sub.Colwell] were well correlated, with the exception of Site 1. When Site 1 was excluded from the analyses there were strong relationships between [Delta][EP.sub.Colwell] and selected soil properties, indicating that the Colwell method was unable to accurately determine the [Delta]EP value of the acidic sand, with a high organic C content. We suggest that this resulted from an interference from the organic C during the 16-h Colwell P extraction period. This has important implications for Australian soil testing laboratories which commonly analyse soils with these properties.
Simple, direct measures of P sorption capacity, such as [PSI.sub.800], were closely related to [Delta]EP values and may be more reliable indicators of [Delta]EP compared with other soil properties. This is a key finding which could allow the estimation of [Delta]EP on different soil types, without the need for detailed field studies and time-consuming laboratory measurements.
The application of SSP in this study was found to be more effective for some soils in increasing the [Delta]EP in comparison with TSP, at very high P additions, due possibly to competition between the phosphate and sulfate anions. Lime, by comparison, generally had very little impact on [Delta]EP values.
The authors sincerely thank Bernie Watt, Beverley and Bill Lyons, Lynette and Chris Vaughan, Gwen and Barry Gilbert, Dorril and Kevin Beveridge, Brian Gleeson and family, Shirley and Colin Irvine, Josie and Neil Black, and Rosemary and Pat Roache for the generous use of their properties in this field study. We also acknowledge the assistance of Graeme Ward for locating suitable sites and Sue Laidlaw and the staff at the Agriculture Victoria Ellinbank Laboratory for their dedicated assistance in soil analyses. This project was a component of the Phosphorus for Dairy Farms project and was funded by Pivot Ltd, the Dairy Research and Development Corporation, the Department of Natural Resources and Environment, La Trobe University, and the University of Melbourne.
Barrow NJ (1967) Relationship between uptake of phosphorus by plants and the phosphorus potential and buffering capacity of the soil--an attempt to test Schofield's hypothesis. Soil Science 104, 99-106.
Barrow NJ (1970) Comparison of the adsorption of molybdate, sulfate and phosphate by soils. Soil Science 109, 282-288.
Bolland MDA, Wilson IR, Allen DG (1994) Effect of phosphorus buffer capacity and phosphorus retention index of soils on soil test phosphorus, soil test phosphorus calibrations and yield response curvature. Australian Journal of Soil Research 32, 503-517.
Colwell JD (1963) The estimation of the phosphorus fertiliser requirements of wheat in southern New South Wales by soil analysis. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 6, 105-120.
Dear BS, Helyar KR, Muller WJ, Loveland B (1992) The phosphorus fertiliser requirements of subterranean clover, and the soil phosphorus status, sorption and buffering capacities from two phosphorus analyses. Australian Journal of Soil Research 30, 27-44.
Excel (1997) `Microsoft Excel, SR-4, Copyright 1995-1997.' (Microsoft Corporation: Seattle)
Fleming NK, Bolland MDA, Gilbert MA (1997) Effect of reactive phosphate rock and water-soluble phosphorus fertilisers on extractable phosphorus concentrations in soil. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 37, 1009-1017.
Genstat (1993) `GENSTAT 5, release 4.1, reference manual.' (Oxford Science Publications Clarendon Press: Oxford, UK)
Gillman GP, Sumpter EA (1986) Modification to the compulsive exchange method for measuring exchange characteristics of soils. Australian Journal of Soil Research 24, 61-66.
Haynes RJ (1984) Lime and phosphate in the soil-plant system. Advances in Agronomy 37, 249-315.
Leeper GW, Uren NC (1993) `Soil science: an introduction.' 5th edn. (Melbourne University Press: Melbourne)
Lewis DC, Clarke AL, Hall WB (1981) Factors affecting the retention of phosphorus applied as superphosphate to the sandy soils in south-eastern South Australia. Australian Journal of Soil Research 19, 167-174.
McCullagh P, Nelder JA (1983) `Generalized linear models.' (Chapman and Hall: London)
Mikhail EH, Briner GP (1978) Routine particle size analysis of soils using sodium hypochlorite and ultrsonic dispersion. Australian Journal of Soil Research 16, 241-244.
Moody PW, Aitken RL, Compton BL, Hunt S (1988) Soil phosphorus parameters affecting phosphorus availability to, and fertiliser requirements of, Maize (Zea mays). Australian Journal of Soil Research 26, 611-622.
Moody PW, Bolland MDA (1999) Phosphorus. In `Soil analysis an interpretation manual'. (Eds KI Peverill, LA Sparrow, DJ Reuter) pp. 187-220. (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne)
Murphy J, Riley JP (1962) A modified single solution method for the determination of phosphate in natural waters. Analytica Chimica Acta 27, 31-36.
Olsen SR, Cole CV, Watanbe FS, Dean LA (1954) `Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate.' (US Government Printing Office: Washington)
Ozanne PG (1980) Phosphate nutrition of plants--a general treatise. In `The role of phosphorus in agriculture'. pp. 559-589. (American Society of Agronomy/CSSA/Soil Science Society of America: Madison, WI)
Ozanne PG, Shaw TC (1968) Advantages of the recently developed phosphate sorption test over older extractant methods for soil phosphate. In `Transactions of the 9th International Congress in Soil Science'. Adelaide. Vol. 2. pp. 273-282.
Parfitt RL, Smart RSC (1978) The mechanism of sulfate adsorption on iron oxides. Soil Science Society of America Journal 42, 48-50.
Rayment GE, Higginson FR (1992) `Australian laboratory handbook of soil and water chemical methods.' (Inkata Press: Melbourne)
Roberts AHC, Morton JD (1999) `Fertiliser use on New Zealand dairy farms.' 2nd edn. (New Zealand Fertiliser Manufacturers Association: Auckland)
Sale PWG, Brown A, Maclaren G, Derbyshire PK, Veitch SM (1997) Pasture environments in Australia where reactive phosphate rock will be an effective phosphate fertiliser. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 37, 1051-1060.
Sanchez PA, Uehara G (1980) Management considerations for acid soils with high phosphorus fixation capacity. In `The role of phosphorus in agriculture', pp. 471-514. (American Society of Agronomy/ CSSA/Soil Science Society of America: Madison, WI)
Schwertmann U (1964) Differenzierung der eisenoxide des bodens dutch photochemische extraktion mit sauer ammoniumoxalate-losung. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenernahrung und Bodenkunde 105, 194-202.
Sharpley AN, Smith SJ, Naney JW (1987) Environmental impact of agricultural nitrogen and phosphorus use. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 35, 812-817.
Simpson PG, Sale PWG, Hepworth G, Gilbert MA, Blair GJ, Garden DL, Dann PR, Hamilton L, Stewart J, Hunter J, Cayley JWD, Ward GN, Johnson D, Lewis DC, Fleming NK, Bolland MDA, Gilkes RJ, McLaughlin MJ (1997) National reactive phosphate rock project--aims, experimental approach and site characteristics. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 37, 885-904.
Singh B, Gilkes RJ (1991) Phosphorus sorption in relation to soil properties for the major soil types of south-western Australia. Australian Journal of Soil Research 29, 603-618.
Toreu BN, Thomas FG, Gillman GP (1988) Phosphate-sorption characteristics of soils of the north Queensland coastal region. Australian Journal of Soil Research 26, 465-477.
Walkley A, Black A (1934) An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science 37, 29-38.
Manuscript received 28 August 2000, accepted 3 January 2001
L. L. Burkitt(A)(B)(C), C. J. P. Gourley (A), P. W. G. Sale(B), N. C. Uren(B), and M. C. Hannah(A)
(A) Agriculture Victoria Ellinbank, RMB 2460, Hazeldean Rd, Ellinbank, Vic 3821, Australia.
(B) Department of Agricultural Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Vic 3083, Australia.
(C) Corresponding author; e-mail: email@example.com. au
Reader Opinion
|Printer friendly Cite/link Email Feedback
|Burkitt, L. L.; Gourley, C. J. P.; Sale, P. W. G.; Uren, N. C.; Hannah, M. C.
|Australian Journal of Soil Research
|Article Type:
|Statistical Data Included
|Geographic Code:
|Jul 1, 2001
|Previous Article:
|Effects of land-use change from grassland to forest on soil sulfur and arylsulfatase activity in New Zealand.
|Next Article:
|The influence of soil properties on the effectiveness of phosphate rock fertilisers.


text:
View Single Post
St Anna
Senior Member
Join Date: Mar 2003
Location: Southern QLD, Bayside
Posts: 1,428
Thanks: 1
Thanked 1 Time in 1 Post
Rep Power:
Tide against wind cause the yacht to lie beam on to the swell at anchor. Methods to minimise this are as said earlier, but also include the type of keel - a small thin fin will cause a more jerky motion than a fuller keel. The beam of the boat will also play a part - but more so if the widest part is right at the stern. These 'bendy types' have a flat hull section aft of the small bolt on keel. The keel resistance is concentrated in a small area as opposed to a fuller type of keel.
A few months ago we were stuck in an anchorage which was very rolly [for about 10 days]. A 50' beneteau anchored close to us (too close - another story). As I spent a good deal of time watching this neighbor, I concluded that he rolled much more than we did. I even got to see his keel. His 'roll' was very jerky and althoughs ours was a PITA, I would hate to spend a night on our neighbors beneteau.
There are ways to minimise/reduce/eliminate ' roll' at anchor such as 'flopper stoppers, or a split snubber. We sometimes drag a small drogue to keep the bow into the tide flow
You mentioned a catamaran - I am biased but they can tend to have a 'washing machine' [some say seasick producing] like motion which is very unlike the smooth predictable motion of a yacht under sail. Go for a sail in a cat in some reasonable breeze and seas before you believe all the hype.
have a look at our 'sailing cat' Even she looks under the weather!
To view links or images in signatures your post count must be 10 or greater. You currently have 0 posts.
St Anna
View Public Profile
Send a private message to St Anna
Find all posts by St Anna


text:
Now Playing
Podcasts & RSS Feeds
|All Content
|View all podcasts & RSS feeds
Connect with Us
WGCU Radio Staff
Greyhound Racing
11:33 am
Wed April 9, 2014
Senator Promises Clean Rewrite Of Failed 'Decoupling' Measure
Palm Beach County State Senator Maria Sachs' "de-coupling" amendment came with the high hopes of Florida animal lovers. They thought that by ending the requirement that greyhound tracks with poker rooms and slot machines also race dogs would be the end of the sport in Florida.
But during a 90-minute Senate Gaming committee hearing on Tuesday, it became clear that the legislation was full of opportunities for track owners to move unused racing permits elsewhere to open new casinos.
That's when Sachs withdrew her de-coupling amendment, and promised to come back with a new one before the legislative session ends.
"I want to make sure that when this becomes law, that they're clean, that the amendments have absolutely no part of an expansion of gambling", said Sachs.
The day wasn't a complete loss for animal lovers. Sachs' de-coupling measure was an amendment to another greyhound bill that requires reporting of dog injuries during races. That bill passed.


text:
50,000 - 100,000 downloads
- Smooth UI
- Great community
- Didn't find any. Did you?
"A true alternative to Instagram"
Reviewed by Peter Warrior / Jan 30, 2012
An edit and share on the go app for Android.
Although Hipster seems more a name for an iOS app that an Android one, the truth is that it's available for both languages, and claims to take over the crown of both realms regarding pic sharing.
In the end, Hipster is nothing more than a well designed app to take a pic, edit it -usually as if it was taken twenty years ago- and share publicly it to get comments and encouraging words from your friends or unknown alike. Editing options don't merely allow to a bunch of wonderful filters but to passe-partouts as well.
In addition, Hipster allows to create postcards by adding a short text and pinpointing the location where it was taken. You can also see what postcards have been sent from wherever you are at this moment, which is more useful than you may think at first. Of course, postcards can also be shared via Facebook, Twitter or any other usual social media, so don't forget to tag your friends here and there.
Your photos are linked to Hipster web-based service, so you can continue with the fun when you arrive home. In conclusion, a great app that hasn't anything to envy to you-already-know-what.
Using Hipster you are able to create and send beautiful photographic postcards. Your postcards will be composed of a photo, text, location, and more, which will provide a window into what you are currently experiencing.
Through postcards, Hipster creates a real-time, visual record of locations and events all around the world.
• Choose your postcard style from many gorgeous themes.
• Share your postcards on Facebook, Twitter, Tumblr, Foursquare and Flickr.
• Keep track of where your friends are and what they are doing.
• View the most interesting postcards that were sent from your location.
• Tag the friends who are in your postcards.
• Signup with Facebook or email (tap the more button).
• Internet: Access Hipster servers and services.
• Write external storage: Save camera images and rendered postcards.
• Fine/Coarse location: To show you nearby content and optionally geotag your postcards.
• Network state: Allows us to determine if you are on Wifi or mobile network.
• Read contacts: Used to optionally find your friends on Hipster by email. Email addresses are never saved.
• Read logs: Get detailed crash logs to fix bugs.
Keywords: Photo Effects, Photo Filters, Postcard, Camera, Themes, Share, Social Network
• Galaxy SII fix
• 4 new themes, 2 updated
• Custom postcard text
• Optionally disable postcard geotag
• Resize/crop postcard source image (if supported)
• Share any postcard (long press it)
• Holo theme for ICS
• Bug fixes
Some lists where this application appears: Reviewed by Peter Warrior.
- There aren't any comments yet, be the first to comment!