text:
The Culture Camp
Last Thursday kicked off the first event of Charlotte North Carolina's four-day Juneteenth festival. It featured mask making, beading, storytelling and songs for children. (Photo: Craig F. Walker/The Denver Post via Getty Images)
Justice for Freddie Gray: What's Happening in Baltimore?05/28/2015
What's Happening in Cleveland?05/28/2015
Crazy Restaurant Receipts05/24/2015
Activists Speak Out on Violence Against Black Women, Girls05/21/2015
Remembering Transgender People of Color Slain in 201505/21/2015
How Far a $15 Minimum Wage Goes in 6 US Cities05/20/2015
What Twitter Said: Best Reactions to @POTUS's New Account05/19/2015
10 Powerful Quotes From Malcolm X05/19/2015
What Twitter Said: Reactions to #ItsBiggerThanKSU05/14/2015
#ICYMI: Harriet Tubman on the $20 Bill?05/12/2015
The Biggest Tech Acquisitions of Recent Years05/12/2015
Mothers on a Mission05/08/2015
#ICYMI: America's Oldest Vet Celebrates His 109th Birthday05/08/2015
Reactions to Baltimore Speaks: A BET Special05/08/2015
What's Happening in Ferguson, Missouri?05/07/2015
What Twitter Said: Reactions to Marilyn Mosby's Announcement05/01/2015
The Chaos and Calm That Is Baltimore, In Pictures04/30/2015
#FreddieGray: Scenes From Protests Across the Nation04/30/2015
Before Freddie Gray: What Led Up to the Unrest in Baltimore04/28/2015
What Twitter Said: Reactions to the Baltimore Protests04/28/2015
Student Loan Strike: What to Know About the Corinthian 10004/27/2015
Nine Quotes on Mobilizing for Social Change04/25/2015
#March2Justice: What You Should Know About the Journey04/22/2015
Graduate Send-Off: 2015 Commencement Speakers04/20/2015
What's Happening in the Walter Scott Case?04/20/2015
WeMojis Founders on Creating Emojis Exclusively for Blacks04/14/2015
#ICYMI: Clorox Sends the Wrong Message on Twitter04/10/2015
#WalterScott: Twitter Reacts to Death of Coast Guard Veteran04/10/2015
Teens With Extraordinary College Acceptance Stories04/09/2015
Timeline: The Boston Marathon Bombing Case04/08/2015
Five Simple Steps to Financial Literacy04/07/2015
Racism 101: Trouble on Campuses Around the Nation04/06/2015
Wrongfully Incarcerated: 19 Cases You Should Know04/03/2015
Michelle Obama's Best TV Appearances04/03/2015
#ICYMI: Mikaila Ulmer Gets $60,000 From Shark Tank Investor04/02/2015
Top 10 Last Minute Tax Tips04/01/2015


text:
Cedric Maxwell: Rajon Rondo requested $100 million contract
|06.30.14 at 12:53 pm ET
Celtics point guard Rajon Rondo is rumored to be seeking the equivalent of a max contract, according to radio analyst Cedric Maxwell. That combined with the selection of Oklahoma State sophomore Marcus Smart in the first round of the 2014 NBA draft could spell the end of Rondo's tenure in Boston, Maxwell added.
"I think it basically gives you an indicator of what the Celtics want to do," Maxwell told Yahoo Sports Radio. "Rumor has it that Rondo has asked for a $100 million extension. You've got Smart, the young kid, and you've got Young, the other kid from Kentucky — both guards. And in the NBA system right now, the way they're being paid, you would pay both those guys probably about $4 million for one year instead of the $100 million right now that Rondo wanted to ask for.
"So, if you're Rondo, you might want to start calling that moving company and say, 'Eh, come get my stuff. I don't think I'm going to be here too long.'"
Maxwell is correct in his assumption that Smart and Young are slotted to make $4.1 million this coming season, but the Celtics can't technically sign Rondo to a $100 million extension this summer. They could offer him a three-year, $44.8 million extension, but Rondo cannot command his five-year, $104.7 million max deal until reaching unrestricted free agency in 2015.
Latest from Bleacher Report
- Why Celtics Will Be Better Than Expected in 2014-15
- Should Celtics Fans Buy or Sell Rondo's Hot Start?
- Lessons Learned from Celtics so Far
- Why Green Will Finally Succeed in Boston
- C's Big Offense Showing a Sign of Things to Come?
- Green's Transition to PF Could Reshape NBA Career Arc
- Could Rondo's Play Increase the Chances He's Dealt?

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Pharmaceutical companies shouldn't expect value creation simply by finding new ways to market existing drugs, says Novartis CEO Joseph Jimenez. Long-term growth can only come from a continuous stream of new treatments, he argues. "The industry needs to spend more money on R&D and less on sales and marketing," he says.
View Full Article in:Wall Street Journal, The
Published in Briefs:


text:
TEMECULA: Shelter defying city's orders to close
City has talked about waiving fines if Project TOUCH closes doors
The council eventually approved the comprehensive plan unanimously, and city officials said they are hoping to propose a potential site for the transitional housing complex in two or three months.
The approval also means that city staff members will be starting to talk with neighboring cities about forming a joint power authority to build a regional homeless shelter.
Construction of a shelter has been thwarted in Southwest County for years because of strong public pushback in the various cities that have considered the idea.
Although the majority of the people who addressed the council on Tuesday and Wednesday were in favor of the shelter, a few residents questioned the actions of Project TOUCH.
And residents criticized Temecula adopting the comprehensive plan, saying the city doesn't need a transitional housing complex and that such facilities are both ineffective and costly.
Call staff writer Aaron Claverie at 951-676-4315, ext. 2624.


text:
Smiles of a Summer Night
Considered Bergman's international breakthrough, yet I honestly think The Seventh Seal deserves that claim more fulsomely. This is more just a mishmash of soon-to-be institutionalised themes, and then some; a mess of ideas and technique running the gamut from screwball, slapstick, existential and bourgeoisie comedy of errors, as well as romance, satire and theology. Not to say it all doesn't make for slight, caustic entertainment, but at most it remains a curiosity, a frivolous farce preceding far more engaging auteurist works.


text:
Oral History Transcript — Dr. Richard Kron
This transcript may not be quoted, reproduced or redistributed in whole or in part by any means except with the written permission of the American Institute of Physics.
This transcript is based on a tape-recorded interview deposited at the Center for History of Physics of the American Institute of Physics. The AIP's interviews have generally been transcribed from tape, edited by the interviewer for clarity, and then further edited by the interviewee. If this interview is important to you, you should consult earlier versions of the transcript or listen to the original tape. For many interviews, the AIP retains substantial files with further information about the interviewee and the interview itself. Please contact us for information about accessing these materials.
Please bear in mind that: 1) This material is a transcript of the spoken word rather than a literary product; 2) An interview must be read with the awareness that different people's memories about an event will often differ, and that memories can change with time for many reasons including subsequent experiences, interactions with others, and one's feelings about an event. Disclaimer: This transcript was scanned from a typescript, introducing occasional spelling errors. The original typescript is available.
Access form | Project support | How to cite | Print this page
See the catalog record for this interview and search for other interviews in our collection
Richard Kron; July 19, 1977
ABSTRACT: Growing up on Mount Hamilton in l950s; interests in fathers and mothers work; schooling on mountain; learning astronomy at home; Webb School; college years at Vanderbilt, University of Arizona; work at Kitt Peak; graduate work at Berkeley; studies in cosmology. Interviewer knew Kron as a child at Lick circa 1964.
DeVorkin:Could you possibly give us a very brief background of your family.
Kron:Starting with my parents or from when I was born?
DeVorkin:Start from when you were born, the year and that sort of thing.
Kron:Okay, I was born in Canberra, Australia in 1951. My parents were in Australia on invitation of Mount Stromlo. Im not absolutely sure about this, but I think that O. Eggan was the one who managed to have the invitation extended.
DeVorkin:B. Bok was there at the time, wasnt he?
Kron:Yes, he was. Thats correct. It could have been Bok also.
DeVorkin:Am I correct: Bok was there at that time and then he went back to Harvard?
Kron:I dont really know.
Kron:In any case I was two months old coming back to the United States and grew up on Mt. Hamilton from that point more or less continuously until 1965, with one interruption, which was a return to Australia in 1960 for essentially the same deal: namely, my parents being invited by the Mount Stromlo Observatory. And that gave me a chance to see what the outside world was like.
DeVorkin:So it was either the Lick Observatory or Mount Stromlo. That was your experience.
Kron:Thats right.
DeVorkin:Okay. Well, I think we also want to focus in to a certain -- degree on your experiences growing up on Mount Hamilton, and I think I would like to have some of your earliest impressions of what it was like to be a child growing up on the observatory grounds.
Kron:All right. Well, there was a very strong sense of community. There were only about a hundred people on the mountain and somewhere between 10 and 20 people in the school, which went from kindergarten through the eighth grade. So whatever isolation there was, at least as a child I felt it in a positive way. In other words, it made you feel like were all in this together, and it made for some kind of cohesive structure. Everybody shared the same thing. Everybody shared the fact that you were a few days away from the freshest groceries. That wasnt quite true in fact. Groceries came up once a week but on a particular day.
DeVorkin:Were you aware of that when you were pretty young?
Kron:Aware of the isolation?
DeVorkin:The groceries.
Kron:Oh, yes. It was sort of the great event when the grocery wagon would come. It was like a messenger from the outside.
DeVorkin:Were there usually things in there for you particularly?
Kron:I dont think so, standard staples.
DeVorkin:Your mother was excited during that day or what?
Kron:I dont recall. I remember Tom Venable was for some time the driver, among other things, but he was sort of a favorite around the mountain. So for no other reason than to see Tom come by, it was fun.
DeVorkin:About how old were you when you started realizing that your father was an astronomer and his work was on the mountain?
Kron:It was a very gradual realization. I suppose it was something you take for granted when it surrounds you.
DeVorkin:Did you think that everybody did astronomy?
Kron:Its a hard question to answer because, as I say, it was something that you gradually realized, that somehow this was an unusual arrangement. Probably the first look at what the outside world was like might have been the influence of television, which of course is not necessarily the most accurate picture of what goes on, but at least it showed the kids to some degree that there was something rather strange about having large telescopes sitting around.
DeVorkin:Just the strangeness of seeing something that was rather unique? I mean there were a lot of telescopes around.
Kron:Yes. Well, there were a couple of other things, too. We, of course, had the visitors coming up every weekend, and it was clear to us that they were impressed by what they saw and it was different for them. So that may in fact have been the strongest element that showed us that here is in fact the great mass of people who live down in the valley, and our community is interesting to them. So its a sort of an inverted goldfish bowl. And then we went down the mountain about once every two weeks anyway. We had a weekend house in Carmel, and so our family probably got off the mountain more frequently than many of the other families. But I actually preferred to stay on the mountain. I didnt like the trips.
DeVorkin:Why was that?
Kron:Well, for a couple of reasons. One is I got carsick. The other was I wasnt quite old enough to really appreciate what Carmel had to offer. But the strongest reason was that I really felt that Mount Hamilton was home, and I felt very attached to the place, and that was where all my buddies were and where I had the most fun. And, of course, if you only visit a place once every two weeks, its hard to build up any kind of neighborhood friends or anything like that, and so I really didnt know anybody down there.
DeVorkin:There werent periods of time in the sunnier where you, as part of the family, spent longer times in Carmel when your father might have stayed up on the mountain? Or was it always apparent that both your father and your mother worked at astronomy?
Kron:We would travel always together as the whole family, so my father would never be up on the mountain alone. Both of my parents did do astronomy. My mother took up the editorship of the Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific in the late 50s or around about 1960 I think, because she was definitely doing the editing in Australia in 1960.
DeVorkin:That was your second trip.
Kron:That was the second trip, yes. Before that she had been working with eclipsing binaries and Zeta Aurigae I remember.
DeVorkin:How do you remember Zeta Aurigae particularly?
Kron:I helped observe it.
DeVorkin:From what telescope?
Kron:This is a very memorable series of nights because it was in early December and the temperature was around the middle seventies, I think. A gorgeous, still, calm night. And this was on the Tauchman. [1] But that was my first contact with Brown recorders and standard photoelectric techniques.
DeVorkin:And you were nine or ten?
Kron:I was old enough to appreciate what was going on. Im not absolutely sure what the chronology was, but of course you can find out from knowing what the eclipse period of Zeta Aurigae is.
DeVorkin:Its a pretty long period.
Kron:But it would have been the eclipse somewhere around 1960.
DeVorkin:Do you recall observing the drop in light intensity over many nights time or what?
Kron:The actual drop in the primary eclipse takes I think about two days.
DeVorkin:And then theres a long minimum?
DeVorkin:What was your job primarily?
Kron:Staying out of the way.
DeVorkin:Oh. So why were you there?
Kron:I was there on invitation. My parents thought it would be interesting for me to see what it was like and they were right.
DeVorkin:What about your brother and sisters?
Kron:They never really had that much interest in astronomy.
DeVorkin:But youd expressed it.
Kron:Yes. By that time I had expressed it.
DeVorkin:Why do you think that was the case? Do you think it was some subtle pressure on the part of your family?
Kron:No, I think on the contrary. Well, as far as I know, there was no pressure. If it was extremely subtle, I wouldnt know about it by definition. Why it was that I showed interest in astronomy and my brothers and sisters did not is not clear to me. For example, I did not display any particular aptitude with mathematics over and above what my brother and sisters had shown until much later on. So Im not sure why it was.
DeVorkin:You remember the Zeta Aurigae situation, and yet you said this was your first exposure to strip chart recorders.
DeVorkin:Did you have any responsibility with the strip track recorder? What was your mother doing? Was it three-color work?
Kron:I think it was.
DeVorkin:Were you marking it for her?
Kron:I remember at some time later on being involved with some of the reductions, and I think I probably was allowed to make notations on the chart at the time. The strongest memory in fact is looking out the slit to the Southeast and looking at Mt. Isabelle and the beautiful nighttime vista down the valley. I remember the recorder, probably because of the racket.
DeVorkin:Thats an interesting impression.
Kron:And several years later I did some reductions for Ray White at the University of Arizona, and I remembered what it was like.
DeVorkin:What do you mean you remember?
Kron:Well, sort of deja-vu -- this awful, extremely painful job of reading deflections on Brown recorder paper, something that really shouldnt be allowed to happen.
DeVorkin:Were you doing it with a ruler?
Kron:Yes. Its difficult.
DeVorkin:So you werent doing it at the telescope with Ray White.
Kron:No, I did some of the redactor.
DeVorkin:Did you always wonder when you were a child why the deflections were never quite the same?
Kron:I think I had some appreciation for observational error.
DeVorkin:With the sky and that sort of thing. Did you use any other telescopes in your recollection? Or assist your father or mother?
Kron:I never used myself any of the telescopes on the mountain at that time; for obvious reasons that was off bounds. But I was permitted to hang around in certain cases. The 36-inch, as you know, was used by my father with the Electronic Camera. And at one point NASA was interested in getting electronographic pictures of the moon. He may recall this better than I do, but I think that that was that project, and I was on hand on one or two occasions for that.
DeVorkin:Were you interested in all the gadgetry?
Kron:Oh, yes. That was fascinating to me. That was one of the most formative things I think that my parents did as far as my interest in science was concerned. It was not so much the telescopes, but I was allowed to sit in my fathers laboratory, quietly crouched in a corner, to just watch the proceedings. And he would have been completely justified in kicking me out, but he tolerated my presence. I was completely enthralled by what was going on.
DeVorkin:Did you ask to be present or did he ask you to be?
Kron:No, I wanted to be. It was the sort of thing that after school you go up to the laboratory and see what was going on. I would watch Eric Papiachvelli [2] and company.
DeVorkin:The position that children had on the mountain -- was there any difference in position amongst peers depending on who your parents were? Whether they were astronomers or not?
Kron:I dont think so. The pecking order was more based on -- besides obviously how old you were -- how long youd been on the mountain. A few of the kids had arrived within our memories, and they somehow or other seemed to rank lower than the ones of us whod been around as long as we ourselves could remember. Its an interesting question, I think at that time we had very little conception about the status of our fathers in the university system, whether or not he was a professor or an observer or an employee on the mountain staff or whatever.
DeVorkin:When do you think you gained that understanding that there was a very peculiar kind of an arrangement between the professors on the one hand and everybody else on the other?
Kron:I dont really understand. What do you mean by peculiar arrangement?
DeVorkin:Well, it seemed to be a phenomenon that I sensed when I was there in the mid 60s that everyone was there basically in support of the astronomers. Even though the astronomers worked just as hard, they were working on their own stuff. And somehow everybody else was working for them.
Kron:Okay, I think this may help you out. My father had a degree in mechanical engineering. He knew a lot about electronics, a lot about the behavior of materials and chemistry and various things like that. And for his work on the Electronic Camera, he would frequently go to the machine shop and spend time discussing either particular things dealing with the instrumentation with Neil Jern or with Ray Greeby or just shooting the breeze. But the point is: he was frequently around the machine shop, and so I saw him often in the context of the people who worked in the machine shop. And possibly for that reason, I never myself made the distinction that my father had a high rank in any way, since Ray Greeby and Neil Jern and others were treated on the same level, as equals in the shop.
DeVorkin:Thats an interesting experience. In other words, you didnt always see your father in the office behind a desk.
Kron:Right. I almost never saw my father in an office.
DeVorkin:But what about the other children -- lets say the older children? What older children were there at the time? Did they talk about what was going on on the mountain in front of you in ways that you may not have understood at the time, talking about the astronomers?
Kron:I think that there was an unwritten law that parents did not talk in front of their children about mountain policies or matters, because I dont recall any politics filtering down to us, because of course clearly the parents realized that if they did in fact say anything in front of the kids, it would be out immediately. And it never happened. So I recall no such incidents.
DeVorkin:Thats a very interesting policy. And to the best of your knowledge it was unwritten and generally understood on the mountain?
Kron:Yes, thats what I conjecture now. Of course at the time I never even thought about it.
DeVorkin:What were your school years like on the mountain? When you were given little projects to do lets say by the teacher, did they ever deal with astronomy or science?
Kron:Not very often.
DeVorkin:Did you only have that one teacher?
Kron:Yes, Mrs. Carlyle -- Gladys Carlyle. There was only one teacher except for a few assistants who would come in and help with the kindergarten.
DeVorkin:These assistants were mountain assistants?
Kron:Not necessarily. Later on someone from the Santa Clara school system would come up for the morning, drive all the way up and all the way down. In the earlier days when I was in kindergarten, the responsibility was shared among the mothers. And Deliah Herbig would come in about once a week and play the piano.
DeVorkin:And she would do the music. And you remember that?
Kron:Yes. And some time later Mimi Walker came and tried to teach us French, but I dont think it worked out too well.
DeVorkin:Did your mother involve herself at all or your father?
Kron:My mother I believe helped out when I was very young with the kindergarten, which means mainly sort of picking up the blocks and that sort of thing.
DeVorkin:Yes. Was it a happy arrangement for the kids?
Kron:Oh, I think so, yes. Naturally through the years you had small cliques and so on building up and disintegrating. It wasnt all roses.
DeVorkin:Any cliques youd care to recall or youre able to recall?
Kron:Well, the two kids who were closest in age to me were Alan Wirtanen and Larry Herbig. I was about six months younger than they were, so I was somewhat more on the fringe of the triumvirate, if three points can have a fringe. To that degree, there was that.
DeVorkin:What sort of nasty things did you do on the mountain?
DeVorkin:Was there this policy that Max Aitken mentioned where no one would go off by himself, that you were always in twos?
Kron:No. It was generally felt to be very good policy to go hiking with more than one person and somewhat foolhardy not to do so, but I dont recall personally having any particular rule from my parents that I was not allowed to go, and I frequently did.
DeVorkin:You did go off by yourself.
Kron:Oh, yes.
DeVorkin:How far?
Kron:The whole mountain was sort of a giant playground as far as we were concerned.
DeVorkin:Well, how far?
Kron:How far did I go alone? Well, probably not much farther than down to the brickyard on the west or out to the fire lookout or lets say over to the garden, the Joaquin Muller garden to the east over beyond the saddle.
DeVorkin:Im trying to figure out where that is. Thats opposite of the direction of Trumplers Gardens? Trumplers Gardens were pretty much to the west of Copernicus and behind Copernicus. So this was to the east?
Kron:East side of the saddle. Theres a toboggan run. Theres the rifle range. Remember that?
Kron:And its east of that down the canyon there.
Kron:I didnt go much farther than that or down to the two springs, the north spring and the south spring. Sometime later Jim Breckinridge was a leader of the group of the three boys and a few other younger brothers and this sort of thing. We hiked from Camp Uti (the one with the dammed pool) up through the back country, up Sulphur Creek. That was about a two-day hike. And Paddocks Pool I believe is the pool several miles upstream.
DeVorkin:Yes, okay.
Kron:And there was something which was called Paddock Trail which took off from a different direction. It took off from the end of the saddle and went down to Sulphur Creek, and I dont know what the history of that is.
DeVorkin:Certainly there were a lot of different trails and markers that are kind of hard to recall. There are some very strange ones, too. What were some of your particular experiences on the mountain that you feel made your life unique?
Kron:Well, for one thing I realize now and to some degree I realized then was just the ability to get up in the morning and look out over the valley which was completely clouded in except for the tops of the mountains sticking up, and it was just very nice to be up above it all and to look out, to look down. It was a marvelous sense of freedom and being able to breathe the air.
DeVorkin:In the opposite sense, when did you start feeling the isolation?
Kron:I dont think I ever felt isolated.
DeVorkin:How about the other kids?
Kron:There were people who had arrived on the mountain after having lived part of their lives of course somewhere else, and they I think may have felt somewhat lonely. Beverly Harlan came from Los Gatos, and I dont recall them now, but at the time I remember it was interesting to hear her talk about Los Gatos and what it was like to go to a school which had more than 20 people and more than one room. But I would imagine -- Im not absolutely sure about this -- that she may have felt somewhat isolated.
DeVorkin:Well, after you got television -- do you remember when you got television?
Kron:It must have been the late 50s. The reason we got television was in order to keep some permanent resident babysitters happy. This was an interesting arrangement, but my mother found it was difficult keeping five children happy and well cared for and at the same time do everything that she wanted to do on the mountain. So her policy was to hire German students and have them essentially be live-in babysitters. We were speaking of isolation. They certainly felt isolated. There were very few people of their own age on the mountain.
DeVorkin:What age were they?
Kron:Well, they would have been 18 to 20, this sort of age. It was partly so that they could learn English. It was an arrangement which was mutually beneficial.
DeVorkin:This is called au pair.
Kron:Something like that, right. But anyway the television was bought for them. My parents had no particular use for it themselves, and its too bad that they let us watch it. I think that was one of the greater mistakes they made in bringing us up.
DeVorkin:You really feel that way?
Kron:Yes. I made the statement earlier that television may have had the beneficial effect of at least letting us see that there was indeed another world, and I will stand to some degree behind that. But there were certainly other cases where the stuff was just pure garbage and not really worth having around.
DeVorkin:Im thinking mainly of letting you see the other world: did you start to wonder more about how real that world was? What kind of stuff did you watch?
Kron:Well, this is the thing. What we got was a very very confusing picture. In other words, it was like a kaleidoscope and it made the outside world, as I keep calling it, to some extent, frightening because it was confusing. The life that we had was very straightforward and very simple and we understood it. And this business of flipping around 13 channels or 12 channels was something rather bizarre.
DeVorkin:And you never got comfortable with it?
Kron:Im speaking with a lot of hindsight of course. At the time I naturally didnt try to sit down and be very intellectual about what was happening.
DeVorkin:Did you watch programs geared for your age? I mean were your parents programming you, allowing you to see some programs and not others?
Kron:The main limit was to be in bed by such and such a time. They encouraged us to watch programs like Science In Action, which I think was produced by the California Academy of Sciences. As I recall, my father bravely tried to seem interested in this in order to have a good influence, but I think he probably was fairly bored with it -- if I remember correctly.
DeVorkin:Did your father make an active effort to teach you science or anything for that matter, either your father or your mother?
Kron:Well, after I announced that I was interested in astronomy, then this interest was fostered to some extent.
DeVorkin:What did they give you to read?
Kron:Well, one book they gave me was Phillips book Pictorial Astronomy -- Phillips, Cleminshaw, Alter.
DeVorkin:You mention Phillips first. Is that because youre familiar with Phillips?
Kron:I think it is. Im not sure who the preferred author is.
DeVorkin:I think its Alter, Cleminshaw, Phillips. Phillips only came in in a revision.
Kron:I see.
DeVorkin:Theyre all reprinted Griffith Observer articles.
Kron:Okay, I didnt know that. That was okay, and then later on they tried Russell, Dugan and Stewart, [3] because if it was good enough for them, it was good enough for me.
DeVorkin:How did you like that?
Kron:Not very much.
DeVorkin:How old were you?
Kron:This was when I was around 12 or 13.
DeVorkin:So that would have been already after Abells book. No, I guess not. I mean there are other books like Baker.
Kron:I remember my father received Abell [4] to review. For some reason I remember it. In fact, I know the reason I remember it. It was called Exploration of the Universe. The title struck me because the connotation was: going out to see what was going on instead of sitting around and waiting for the photons to come down to you.
DeVorkin:That appealed to you?
Kron:Thats why I remember the title struck me.
DeVorkin:Did it appeal to you in any way or just strike you?
Kron:No, it didnt. The reason that it didnt is because the type of astronomy that I was sitting in the middle of was extremely conservative and was in fact the collecting photon type of astronomy. And the idea of sending rockets out or considering interstellar travel, which is what the word exploration meant, said to me was something which was scoffed at.
DeVorkin:In your family.
DeVorkin:Thats interesting.
Kron:The idea of sending a rocket to the moon was not scoffed at, but the idea of interstellar travel was.
DeVorkin:Did you talk to your father or mother about the idea of space travel? Or is it something that came up in a dinner conversation?
Kron:Well, we had Chesley Bonestells book and that was considered to be something of a joke. I think this was another book that my father had received for purposes of reviewing. And there was another book -- it was not a pictorial book as Bonestells book was, but more of a discussion of what it would be like to travel around between the stars in a space ship, which received similar treatment. This is interesting to see: the line was very very conservative in this regard.
DeVorkin:You didnt realize it was conservative at the time. Again this is hindsight?
Kron:Thats right. I do remember being rather impressed by Bonestells paintings. I thought they were really neat. But I probably said so once and my parents didnt agree with me or something like this. I dont know.
DeVorkin:When do you think you became aware of the objects that your father and mother were actually studying -- stars and what they were?
Kron:Well, there was a fairly sharp transition of when I became interested in astronomy, and after that point I think it became fairly clear.
DeVorkin:What stimulated that transition?
Kron:I do remember the transition was quick. I dont remember what exactly stimulated it in particular. The generalities were that I decided one day that I would be expected to know something about astronomy considering who my parents were and where I was living. This was when I was ill. And so I decided I ought to read some books about it just so I would know what I would be expected to know, and then I became interested in it.
DeVorkin:These werent the Russell, Dugan and Stewart books.
Kron:No, these were much more elementary books to start off with. Subsequently I borrowed books from the library on the mountain. I was more or less allowed to go through the stacks and check books out.
DeVorkin:Oh, you mean the main library, not the small lending library.
Kron:No, the main library. I was allowed under my parents names to check books out, and I picked out books that looked interesting.
DeVorkin:What did you pick out that looked interesting?
Kron:Its very difficult to remember now. I picked out some of the Harvard [5] series.
DeVorkin:On telescopes?
Kron:I dont know that the telescopes appealed to me that much. I took out Atoms, Stars and Nebulae. And Boks book The Milky and probably various others.
DeVorkin:Well, we dont have an awful lot of time, but I want to move on: at what age were you when your parents left the mountain?
Kron:I was 14.
DeVorkin:So by that time you had gone through the eight grades on the mountain, and were you also going to school down in San Jose?
Kron:No, first of all I had skipped a grade on the mountain, so I had really only gone through seven grades minus another grade for being absent in Australia for a year.
DeVorkin:Why did you skip?
Kron:Well, the way the school was structured is: clearly it is not cost effective to teach eight separate grades when you only have 20 people anyway. So there were groups of people of similar ability who would be doing the same reading assignment or the same arithmetic assignment or whatever.
DeVorkin:Was this ultimately controlled by the San Jose school district?
Kron:Oh, yes. It was under the Santa Clara County school system.
DeVorkin:And so it was pretty much self-paced.
Kron:Yes, it was, exactly. The result of this is that some of the group went fairly fast. The whole school was consistently reading several grades ahead of the age and doing mathematics or arithmetic several grades ahead. And Larry Herbig and I and probably a few other people were accelerated because we could clearly do the work, and that was very nice because that gave me an extra year which was valuable later on.
DeVorkin:What happened after the eighth grade?
Kron:Well, after the eighth grade the choice was either to commute to San Jose, which is what Greg Rice did, but I was too young to drive, and it seemed that there was no really easy solution to either living in San Jose or commuting.
DeVorkin:What about your brother Donald?
Kron:What I did was exactly what my brother did, which was to go to boarding school. It turned out we went to the same boarding school, but we made independent decisions, and that was a place called the Webb School in Southern California. Its near Claremont. The significance of that is that that sparked his interest in paleontology because they had a big paleontology program at the school.
DeVorkin:Did they have any astronomy?
Kron:They had a small astronomy program. The reason I went there had nothing to do with whether or not they had astronomy.
DeVorkin:Did your parents have anything to do with the choice of the school?
Kron:We started out with three different schools, and I decided that that one looked like the best one for me. And they allowed me three choices.
DeVorkin:Which were the two others?
Kron:The other two were the Robert Louis Stevenson School. Its not too far from Carmel. And the Cate School.
DeVorkin:Wheres that?
Kron:Some place in Southern California. I actually dont know exactly where it is.
DeVorkin:Theres a very good science-oriented school in Ojai, California.
DeVorkin:Thatcher, right. Was that ever considered?
Kron:Yes, it was. For some reason or other we crossed it off the list. I dont remember why.
DeVorkin:Could it possibly have been that your parents were concerned that you would get a little more rounded education, assuming that you wouldnt get it there?
Kron:Oh, yes, Im sure that it had something to do with the curriculum.
DeVorkin:Okay, was there anything significant at Webb School that we should talk about or should we move on to your college years do you feel in your own mind?
Kron:Well, it was a very good school. It gave me a very good background in the physical sciences and mathematics. As far as astronomy is concerned, it was a negative factor, because I couldnt see anything through the smog, and my interest in astronomy was very much coasting if not going downhill during that period. I kept telling people that I was interesting in astronomy by force of habit because I didnt have anything else to say, but in fact I dont recall doing any reading at all of astronomy books or keeping up with my subscriptions to the Publications of the ASP or any of these things during my stay there.
DeVorkin:You kept your own subscription? Your parents didnt automatically handle that for you?
Kron:Well, as I say, I let my subscription go. Previously to that I had been a proud card-carrying member, but in the smog days I let it lapse and my interest was waning, just for lack of practice more or less.
DeVorkin:What other interests were increasing at that time?
Kron:Well, I became very interesting in photography. Thats a good point, because that was very valuable to me later on in my career. It was 35-millimeter black and white amateur photography, but nevertheless the techniques and the tolerances of photography became known.
DeVorkin:Quite true. I still havent met those tolerances. You had physics facilities, facilities for shop and that sort of thing?
DeVorkin:What about sports? Did you participate in any kind of campus activities?
Kron:I suppose the sport I liked the best was soccer, but I never put out in athletics. So I never made a team or competed. It was a purely intramural type of work.
DeVorkin:What about teachers? Were there any significant teachers in Webb?
Kron:Yes. The biology teacher, who was the person who organized paleontological expeditions, was named Raymond Alf, and he was a remarkable person in being an inspiration to people in showing the remarkable beauty that is to be found in the world around you. He was interested in astronomy. He built a small telescope for himself. But that had nothing to do with what I felt about astronomy. It was just the inspiration that he had on me as a teacher of biology in this instance.
DeVorkin:He was the one that inspired your brother?
Kron:Yes, he was.
DeVorkin:Did you ever mess around with the telescope with him?
DeVorkin:Mathematics, physics? Anybody that stands out?
Kron:I remember that at that time I was not particularly interested in mathematics. My interest in mathematics developed later. Well, this was at Vanderbilt about the middle of my first quarter, and I realized in a very clear way that it was either: like mathematics and do well in it or forget about being an astronomer, and I decided on the former course. And it was very sharp, and I went ahead and did it with great gusto.
DeVorkin:So you never got that idea from your father? That was definitely from your college years.
Kron:With the mathematics.
DeVorkin:Well, to like mathematics and be good at it or else.
Kron:Speaking now, it seems to me that was a self-motivated thing. I realized personally that I had to do it.
DeVorkin:Lets go on to your Vanderbilt years. Could you describe again for me how you got interested in going to Vanderbilt and what the choices were?
Kron:Well, the basic idea that had been closely supervised for me was that it would be a good idea to go east of the Mississippi River to a relatively small university and a university with an astronomy department. Again, recall that my interest in astronomy was not then of the highest by any means, but I didnt know what else to tell the college advisor except that I had an interest in astronomy, so that was put on the list.
DeVorkin:So those stipulations were from the college advisor, not from your family?
Kron:Working together.
DeVorkin:Did your parents come down often and talk to the advisor?
Kron:No, they never did, except for graduation and this kind of thing, very occasionally.
DeVorkin:Was this done by correspondence or phone calls or something?
Kron:Well, I would go home on the holidays and talk to them about where I should go to college. Yes, and there was some degree of correspondence.
DeVorkin:Berkeley was never considered?
Kron:No, because it wasnt east of the Mississippi.
DeVorkin:Why did they say that?
Kron:Because I felt I had been in the west long enough. I agreed with all this. I dont mean to say that I was being pushed in any particular direction. I probably was, but it was voluntary on my part that Berkeley could wait until later.
DeVorkin:Oh, you definitely thought you were going to go to Berkeley eventually?
Kron:No, I never did. But the possibility of going to Berkeley could wait until later. So that narrowed it down to a few places. The only other college that I remember on the list was Swarthmore, and the only notable things about that besides being turned down were: first of all, I met Peter van de Kamp, and he with great pleasure opened up an ancient folder and pulled out some of my mothers correspondence from decades ago. The second thing was that the girl who showed me around and another visiting family is the present Jean Goad, who introduced herself at Kitt Peak, saying in a sense: You probably dont remember me but I did remember her, but only after she told me about this incident.
DeVorkin:Jean Goad. Im afraid I dont know her.
Kron:She is on the staff at Kitt Peak.
DeVorkin:Is that her maiden name?
Kron:No, thats her married name.
DeVorkin:What was her maiden name?
Kron:I dont know.
DeVorkin:Thats interesting. Well, those dont seem like very negative reasons for not going to Swarthmore. Why didnt Swarthmore accept you?
Kron:I dont know. I can tell you this: my grades werent all that great in my senior year, because I was working very hard on photography, and for other reasons. My interest in academic affairs went in cycles, and at certain critical points in the college review I was in a down part of the curve, and I was not in the top part of my class.
DeVorkin:So you really didnt have a carte blanche choice of any college.
Kron:No. Right.
DeVorkin:And Vanderbilt was your other choice and you did go there.
DeVorkin:Did you correspond yourself or did your father or anyone correspond -- Hardie? Did Robert Hardie know you were coming?
Kron:Yes, Hardie had known my parents. I had visited Vanderbilt before I went there and stayed with the Hardies at the Dyer Observatory, and so I had some idea of what the layout was.
DeVorkin:Did you consider any northern observatories? Assuming that Philadelphia is northern. Such as Dartmouth?
Kron:No. I think it probably was felt that I couldnt get into an Ivy League college.
DeVorkin:Well, you got to Vanderbilt. Why didnt you stay very long?
Kron:That was a very difficult part of my life, because I had just gotten back from a year in England.
DeVorkin:Oh, thats right. You took that extra year. Im sorry.
Kron:That was after I had graduated from high school.
DeVorkin:I forgot all about that, and that certainly was a significant period.
Kron:Yes. That was probably the best year of my life, because I had already been accepted by Vanderbilt, and so I had no worries at all about my university future. So I could more or less lean back and relax and think and consider what I was doing and who I was more or less in the context of the Wiltshire Downs and the 10-inch Cooke refracting telescope, which was in fact the setting in which I regained a very very strong interest in astronomy.
DeVorkin:Was there anybody there that you talked to?
Kron:The only other people who were keenly interested in astronomy were my colleagues, the other school boys. And we generated our own interest. The observatory was in fact one of the original Radcliffe instruments, which when the Radcliffe Observatory at Oxford was broken up and shipped down to South Africa, there were a number of small instruments left, and the deal was struck whereby the school at Marlborough College that I went to was to receive the 10-inch Cooke refractor if they could find someone who would donate money to build a dome. And that was subsequently arranged, called the Blacket Observatory. Im not sure what relation that Blacket [6] has to the astronomer-mathematician Blacket. I dont know. That can be looked up. But I spent an enormous amount of time at the observatory learning practical astronomy -- that is, what you do about precession and how a filar micrometer works and that sort of thing -- as well as more or less establishing a social outpost way up on the Marlborough Downs. In other words, my friends and I would go there more or less regardless of the weather.
DeVorkin:These were all male friends?
Kron:Yes. There were 800 boys and 15 girls in the school. The quarter I arrived was the first time girls were accepted in the school on an experimental basis.
DeVorkin:What about at Webb School? Were there any girls?
Kron:That was a boys school.
DeVorkin:You hadnt had much contact with girls?
Kron:When I got to Berkeley.
DeVorkin:Oh, I see, but that comes later.
Kron:Yes, that comes later. (laughs) All right, anyway so I arrived at Vanderbilt after having spent a year outside the country and a year outside of American high school. And by that time I was completely out of sync with all the other entering freshmen, and I think that was the main problem. It just seemed that there was no common level of viewpoint toward what a university experience was supposed to be all about. By that time, contrary to what Id been in high school, I was extremely, one might say excessively, academically oriented. There was nothing I wanted to do more than to learn. And anything that got in the way of this -- for example, the closing of the library at 2 oclock in the morning or something like that -- was to me a personal frustration.
DeVorkin:You stayed through till 2 oclock in the morning and were frustrated because it closed at that time?
DeVorkin:How is that possible? Not that its impossible.
Kron:Because the desire to learn was amazingly strong. And this was not just science. I wanted to learn about everything. I would wander around stacks pulling books off shelves and reading them, not necessarily reading them through but just to see what was going on between the covers.
DeVorkin:Its fascinating to me. Its not that Im shocked.
Kron:So I would in fact spend long periods of time in the mathematics section, although most of the stuff was not intelligible to me, but I was fascinated by the fact that it wasnt intelligible to me and I wanted it to be intelligible to me, so I spent a lot of time going back and forth.
DeVorkin:Did you have any systematic way of going through the stacks?
Kron:No, not at all.
DeVorkin:How about teachers at Vanderbilt? Who were you exposed to? What were their influences on you?
Kron:The professors were my best friends I would say. John Compton was a philosophy professor who was the son of the Nobel Prize winner. He, and another philosophy professor named John Lachs. And then a history professor named Alexander Marchant, I had a cousin who went to Vanderbilt -- John Steele Gordon -- say four years before I had gone. And it turned out completely coincidentally that Marchant was also my cousins mentor. And I also realized that this man was someone to appreciate. So I remember talking to these professors in particular. It seemed to me that they could appreciate what my burning desire to learn was all about and my classmates did not. Thats how I felt. Im not saying that this in fact was the case, but this is the way I was feeling.
DeVorkin:Yes, okay. Was it because of your year in England? Could you point to that?
Kron:It was that I just had more world experience I think at the time. I was not interested in basketball games and things that undergraduates were. This again was how it appeared to me. So I felt very alienated.
DeVorkin:The soccer interest that you had had at Webb had pretty much evaporated as far as sports were concerned?
Kron:Well, see that was an intramural thing. I appreciated doing sports as opposed to spectator sports. I could not see any sense in spectator sports at all. It escaped me why people would want to look at people playing as opposed to playing themselves.
DeVorkin:Okay. Well, you didnt stay at Vanderbilt very long. Why was that?
Kron:I stayed only one year because I felt that this was not the right place for me.
DeVorkin:You would have stayed longer otherwise.
Kron:Well, if Id been happy, I would have stayed, yes. So I decided that since I was so keen on this nose-to-the-grindstone thing that the place to go was Caltech. So I applied as a transfer student to Caltech and was not accepted, despite the fact that I had a perfect record. I had straight As.
DeVorkin:I dont think they accept too many transfer students.
Kron:Okay, but it doesnt matter. It doesnt matter at all. In fact, its probably a good thing I didnt go to Caltech. But anyway I probably could easily have gotten accepted in almost any school that would accept transfer students on the basis of a very good record. But at that point I was so disgusted with the whole American undergraduate education scene that I said, Oh, I will go to the University of Arizona which I know will accept me since Im a resident of the state, and thats what I did, and I was very happy there.
DeVorkin:You were something of an Anglophile, as you mentioned before.
DeVorkin:Youve pretty well described your feelings for Vanderbilt and how you got to the U. of A. What were your experiences at the U. of A.?
Kron:Well, theres something else Id like to mention about Vanderbilt because it ties in with a similar problem I had at the U. of A., and that is that I felt at the time that despite the fact that I was a mere freshman, I was still capable of doing something or at least I should be allowed to try to do something -- in other words, to use these skills that I had learned, to use the science that I had learned, the mathematics, and to be allowed to do some kind of creative work as opposed to just the usual passive solve-the-problems-at-theendof-the-chapter type of thing.
DeVorkin:Directed research.
Kron:Yes. So I essentially said, Here I am, folks. Give me a problem and lets see what happens.
DeVorkin:Who did you say that to?
Kron:To the astronomy department in general at Vanderbilt.
DeVorkin:So you said this to Hardie.
Kron:Yes. And basically there was no provision at Vanderbilt for this for freshmen. Had I been a junior or perhaps a sophomore, then this plea might have been listened to. I think it would have been. But as a freshman there was really no provision for a gung ho freshman so far as I could see. And the same thing essentially happened at the U. of A. I mentioned the photoelectric reductions for Ray White. Now, that is absolutely no fault of Ray Whites. I showed up at Steward Observatory and said, Here I am -- I can do things -- look at me -- give me something to do. And thats what I got. Well, it became clear rather quickly that this was not the most desirable of all possible employments. Now, if there is any point in my career where it could be said that my family connections have pulled strings it would probably be the following: As I understand it, my father, unbeknownst to me, brought this to the attention of Art Hoag at Kitt Peak -- namely, that I was interested in working, doing a job and using some of the skills. So I received a call from Art Hoag and was invited to work at Kitt Peak as a part time employee, which meant a maximum of ten hours of work a week.
DeVorkin:You didnt know that your father had done this.
Kron:No, Art Hoag told me after he called me up that my father had pointed this out to him, but I didnt know it before Art had called me.
DeVorkin:How did you feel about it?
Kron:I felt a little bit funny. It was a nice idea, because it probably would not have occurred to me to walk into the front door of Kitt Peak and announce that I could do stuff, since there was no officially tie between the University and Kitt Peak. And therefore it would not have occurred to me, and so it was a good thing that somebody showed the way.
DeVorkin:Your father was very aware of the fact certainly that you wanted to work.
Kron:Yes. I felt a little bit funny about it, because maybe there were other people who could also have used a job. In fact, I recall that there were other people in astronomy-physics who were looking for a job, and I mentioned that in fact Kitt Peak had such positions -- this ten-hour a week business -- and Im not sure whether they followed it up or not. But at least I was not guarding the information that such positions were available. What I did was fairly routine microdensitometer tracings of plates and also the Tucson night sky monitoring project, which allowed me some degree of creativity -- especially in the night sky monitoring project. It was left up to me. Art Hoag, presumably very carefully, made sure that there was this element of leaving me on my own to figure out how to solve the problem of the type of operation, which really fit the bill. I was very happy doing this work. I would have worked for free. It turned out they insisted on paying me, but that was not the point at all. I met Al Millikan from Eastman Kodak at this time and Roger Lynds was also working on some of the same projects. I was churning out microdensitometer tracings -- Joyce Lobell isodensitometer tracings in fact. And people I met at Kitt Peak subsequently were known to me later on observing trips. Well, after two years I had finished all the requirements for my degree, and I had of course applied for graduate school after one year.
DeVorkin:So you got through college in essentially three years.
Kron:Three years, right.
DeVorkin:Why did you take the accelerated course?
Kron:Because I was so unhappy with American undergraduate education.
DeVorkin:You never considered possibly going back to England?
Kron:I did. In fact, I was looking through some of these old letters, and I found a letter of reply from Dr. D.W. Dewhirst at Cambridge. My initial letter clearly, though Id forgotten all about this, was inquiring of him whether I could transfer to Cambridge. And his letter, which I can show you, is trying to say, Well, in fact, I think it would be a better idea for you to finish up your degree in the United States and for a postdoctoral fellowship, then we can start to talk. Then it starts to sound like its possible. Now you can ask why didnt I apply for graduate school in England. The answer is that by that time it had in fact become clear that I should really get my final degree in this country also.
DeVorkin:There is a certain element here. I imagine youre pretty sure youre going into some form of Observational research. Im not too sure when you actually developed your unique personal research interests, but if they did involve big telescope work, it was pretty obvious that you should stay in the United States. Did you have that kind of a feeling? Or am I putting thoughts into your head?
Kron:I was trying to recall this myself -- at what point did I start thinking of myself as an optical observer. I think that was rather later. Clearly my heritage has been in optical observing.
DeVorkin:Did you consider an alternative?
Kron:But as I recall, when I arrived at Berkeley, I was wide open in terms of what I might be doing in astronomy. However, in fact, in terms of the choices of whether or not I should go outside the country or whether I should go to some other institution besides large California observatories, I think probably that choice was in fact influenced by some kind of gut feeling that optical astronomy was what I wanted to do.
DeVorkin:That certainly is a significant choice.
Kron:As I was telling you before, I think Art Hoag must have been the reason for me getting into Berkeley, because after having only one year at the University of Arizona, I did not know enough physics professors for them to write reasonable letters of recommendation.
DeVorkin:You mean you didnt take any astronomy? You didnt take much astronomy?
Kron:I took one course from Swihart and one from Fitch. It was not the elementary course. It was the post-calculus course for interested undergraduates, but not an advanced course.
DeVorkin:They didnt have an undergraduate major?
Kron:They did but it was called astronomy-physics or something like that, and I didnt take it because I felt that a physics major was somehow preferable to an astronomy major, that it would somehow or other, correctly or incorrectly, be taken somewhat more seriously -- purely political.
DeVorkin:Okay. Through Hoag then, strangely enough, you had the suspicion that thats how you got into Berkeley.
DeVorkin:Why is that? How were your grades?
Kron:Well, okay.
DeVorkin:And did you have any actual research experience at that time other than with the people at Kitt Peak?
Kron:No, I had no research experience at all.
DeVorkin:Other than your ten-hour a week job?
Kron:Other than the ten-hour a week job, yes.
DeVorkin:And that included this sky glow stuff.
Kron:Yes. The reason I feel that somehow Hoags contribution was critical and that in fact I did not have more than enough to get me in were several little clues. One is I was turned down by every other place I applied to, so that it was clearly not a cut and dried thing. And the other was that Ivan King once let it slip that I was on the bottom of the list to be offered financial help.
DeVorkin:But might not there have been several other reasons, though? I mean was financial assistance a serious consideration for you?
Kron:No, the financial assistance on this level has very little bearing on what your economic status is. Its offered or not offered according to whether or not they want you.
DeVorkin:So they werent very sure about you.
Kron:No, I was at the bottom of the list of people who were offered financial assistance. So they wanted me but I was on the borderline.
DeVorkin:He let that slip in what way? Because Ivan King seems to be a very careful man.
Kron:I had invited him to dinner.
DeVorkin:He had a beer?
Kron:He had brought the wine.
DeVorkin:Well, it must have come out in context somehow. Do you remember the conversation?
Kron:It was probably one of the innumerable discussions about the admissions policy and this sort of thing.
DeVorkin:And nothing to do specifically with anything else
Kron:I donut recall anything besides that, which I was very amused by.
DeVorkin:He said it with a chuckle, I take it.
Kron:I dont even remember that. He probably said it very seriously. Hes very serious about things in general, especially admissions. In fact, at the time I came to Berkeley, I didnt know anything about Berkeley; I didnt know anything about astronomy; I knew almost nothing about research. I didnt know anything about anything, and its worked out very well.
DeVorkin:When did you come? What was the year?
Kron:1972. This I guess is what Ive really been meaning to say all along, that graduate school was the first opportunity I had to really do what I wanted to do -- namely, to do creative work on my own with my own ideas. All through my undergraduate work I had constantly been having to operate in a passive mode as a student, having to sit in a room and be lectured at, and to do the problems at the end of the book, which I loathed, although I did it very well because I wanted so badly to get to graduate school in order not to do that. The first thing I did when I got to graduate school was to take as few classes as I possibly could get away with.
DeVorkin:You had your choice?
Kron:And to do as much research as I could possibly do, thats right. To some extent you have a choice. I took a minimum of astronomy courses. In fact, at Berkeley youre not required to take any astronomy courses at all. Youre required to take a certain number of units, and youre required to take a certain number of physics courses, but there are no astronomy courses which are in fact required, as long as you can pass the examination.
DeVorkin:So how many did you actually take?
Kron:Maybe four or so. I dont remember exactly. I may have audited a few.
DeVorkin:And physics courses?
Kron:I took three or four physics courses.
DeVorkin:Any kind of courses that would help you with solid state electronics or any instrumentation?
Kron:No. The physics courses were extremely abstract and of no practical use.
DeVorkin:Not even in astronomy?
Kron:Well, indirectly. All right: the more you learn in an abstract course, the less you are intimidated by finding out more on your own. And to that degree theyre useful in a practical sense. But I am no better able to fix a television set after having studied E&M than I was before. Its not that level of practicality. But surely in the broader sense it was a good thing I took these courses. I dont mean to say that.
DeVorkin:No, I follow that.
Kron:But I was not happy about taking these courses from the point of view of again sitting in the lecture hall. Somehow this was not my idea of what graduate school was supposed to be all about.
DeVorkin:Why dont we talk a bit about how the relationships with your professors developed and how your research interests developed. I think thats the most important thing to identify now.
Kron:Okay. I mentioned that when I arrived at Berkeley I had very little idea of how an astronomer really spent his time. Despite my upbringing, I really didnt have a conception of what it was like to do astronomy full time. Well, that was very quickly solved. John Gaustad was I think, the person I credit with launching me. We have a tutorial program at Berkeley which involves every student who has not passed his qualifying exam. They meet for one or two hours a week with a professor either privately or with a small group, and the tutorial can take any direction which the professor and the students like to take. In this particular case David Koo and Bob Sills, two of my classmates, were taking the tutorial together under John Gaustads umbrella. And basically he at that time was the head of the Infra-Red group, and there was a one-micron S-1 image tube which had been brought on the air to expose automatically on 35-millimeter film pressed against the back phospher. And basically Gaustad gave this to us and said, Here, take it out to Leuschner Observatory and do something with it. It was a little bit more direct than that. There was a program for identifying the two micron sources in the Air Force Survey, which had already been started. Most of them were just late-type giants. Anyway the program had been done by putting the image tube on the back of a slitless spectrograph which was built for this purpose. So we attempted to finish up that project. We then used the image tube to try to take regions in the Taurus dark clouds to try to find extremely reddened objects. This, of course, has a very small field -- a few minutes of arc.
DeVorkin:Like area scanning?
Kron:Yes, right. It was very very tedious. And when we were through a very small fraction of what we had in fact planned to cover, a senior graduate student at that time -- Francois Schweizer -- said, You guys are crazy. The best way to do this is to take an infra-red 1-N plate with the 48-inch Schmidt. Then youll get everything at one time. And there we were, two freshmen graduate students. Who, us? A 48-inch Schmidt? He said, Yes, the telescope frequently goes unused during the bright run, and you can easily use it with no problem at all
DeVorkin:A 1-N plate, sure.
Kron: with the moon. And this was really outrageous. But John Gaustad wrote to Horace Babcock and said, I have two graduate students (this is David Koo and myself working or, this) who have a project of working for highly extincted stars in the Taurus clouds. May the come down? This is completely out of bounds as far as the way the telescopes are normally scheduled. In fact, in general, graduate students, even Caltech graduate students, do not get time on the 48-inch Schmidt unless under certain arrangements, let alone freshmen graduate students without a supervisor from another campus. Nevertheless, the thing went through. Completely outrageous. Well, thats another story. This is sort of a long story. The next project was a spectroscopic survey of HZ Herculis to get the radial velocity curve. That was done in fact by applying through the correct channels to Kitt Peak for 84-inch time, and that went through. This was because David had been a student of Hoags the previous summer. So we became extremely self- confident at this point that we could get telescope time. That occupied us for some time. Then we did another project on measuring the radial velocities of a set of M dwarf stars near the North Galactic Pole, which had been the center of some controversy over the local kinematics because the proper motions indicated that they were fairly low velocity objects, and so the radial velocities which we got with the 120-inch, using Len Kuhis observing time kindly donated for this project, was a step in the direction of solving that problem. But these are just examples of research projects which had followed one after another or in general going on simultaneously, which started me going. And from the very beginning, in other words, there has been no lapse in the flood of ideas. And that to me is what its all about. A lot of these things, of course, have never seen the light of publication. Most of them have not.
DeVorkin:But have they led to publications by other people or by you?
Kron:Some of them have. Some of them were simply chalked up to experience. I mentioned that we had used the 36-inch refractor. Those plates now are being looked at by John Kormendy. So someone is getting some information out of them. For us the project, for very technical reasons, was not successful, but a least we had the experience.
DeVorkin:Lets spend the time we have left talking about your thesis. We have a little less than ten minutes. How did you come to do your thesis and how did you choose your thesis advisers or vice versa?
Kron:Im not really sure how I became interested in cosmology, but I do remember that I took the course in cosmology from Joe Silk at the end of my first year, with the full intention of learning the subject well; so that by that time I did know that I had an interest in cosmology, although I dont really know where it came from. I do remember as a child asking my mother what the faintest objects that had ever been observed were. So that somehow I was interested, you know, in great distances and so on.
DeVorkin:And yet the idea of the exploration of the universe was repugnant to you.
Kron:In the space ship sense. In the sense of going out in a space ship, that was repugnant to me, yes. But not exploring the solar system. Well, in any case, the project really got its start at the end of my first year. I was taking a course in stellar systems given by Ivan King, and he suggested a research project that someone could do instead of the term paper: to solve the problem of what is the distribution of red shifts for a given photographic plate. We have lots of fuzzy images which are distant galaxies. And how many of those faint fuzzy objects are greater than a red shift of a half and how many are greater than a red shift of one or whatever. In other words, what is the distribution of red shifts for a range of magnitude? Now, since having taken Joe Silks course, I wasnt afraid of solving the problem. I had some kind of background. And thats what I did. The answer was based in the form that you would need to have red shifts for a sufficiently large sample of objects -- namely, a thousand or so -- to be able to test different cosmological models, which is clearly not feasible.
DeVorkin:Is this a thousand objects over the entire sky?
Kron:No, in any particular field. Assuming the universe is isotropic and homogeneous, it wouldnt matter how you selected them as long as it was an unbiased sample. Well, the crucial part of the thesis is that instead of measuring actual red shifts, the idea is to measure colors of objects and then in some statistical way to relate the colors to red shifts.
DeVorkin:Did you realize at the time that Ivan King was trying to find a statistical handle to separate out red shifts from evolutionary effects?
Kron:We never discussed that.
DeVorkin:But were you aware of the implications of that?
Kron:Oh, yes, I was aware of that. Ive gotten ahead of myself a little bit. The crucial idea is to use colors, and so you get very low quality information about red shifts, but at least you get them wholesale. You get them for thousands of galaxies at once. And at that time the 4-meter telescope at Kitt Peak was just coming up. So the first thing that happened after I got back from the summer of observing HZ Herculis at Kitt Peak -- this was again after having done the distribution-of-redshifts project -- was to arrive back in Berkeley and have Hy Spinrad yell at me at the stairwell, Why dont we send in a proposal for 4meter time? And that was when it all started to come together. I had, of course, been drooling at the 4-meter on the mountain, [7] but it never really occurred to me, despite the fact that I had brazenly requested 84-inch time, that in fact this telescope was also available to me. Well, Spinrad and I sent in a proposal. It was postponed for six months because the telescope was not being scheduled for visitors at that time. All right. Well, we did get the time.
DeVorkin:During that six-month period?
Kron:Six months after we requested it. We requested it for the spring. We got it for the fall.
DeVorkin:Is that one thing that slightly delayed your thesis or did you consider this was delayed?
Kron:No, the thesis was not delayed by that. The thesis is so monolithic that a mere six months at the beginning has no effect. The first observing I did was with Chip (Halton C.) Arp. He and I split nights in August, in fact. Yes, actually it was earlier than the fall.
DeVorkin:Was it peculiar that you were observing on a Kitt Peak telescope with a Palomar astronomer?
Kron:I understood that some of the things Chip wanted to do were being done because he wasnt getting as much time as he needed on the 200-inch. Also the 4-meter telescope has a much wider field.
DeVorkin:A much wider flat field.
Kron:Yes. So for specific research interests, its crucial to have the 4-meter as opposed to the 200-inch.
DeVorkin:Its a more desirable telescope for many things.
Kron:Yes. Because it has a 50arc minute field instead of a 15-arc minute field -- a very wide field.
DeVorkin:Is that with a corrector?
Kron:Yes. So this is all prime focus work, using fine grain emulsions in blue and red. So that worked out fine. And subsequently I had something like three or four runs -- I dont remember. So that was where I amassed the main amount of information. Both Ivan King and Hy Spinrad in different ways were behind this. So Ivan is my official thesis adviser, but I have in fact been doing most of my actual research with Hy Spinrad in this business of high red shifts.
DeVorkin:Because of the colors, too.
DeVorkin:The straight observational stuff would naturally be his interest.
DeVorkin:Okay. Okay, well, well have to cut off here for now, but there will be at least 50 or 60 years when we can still talk to you, and I think the initial impressions are quite interesting, so I thank you very much for your time.
Kron:Youre welcome.
[1]22-inch Cassegrain reflector
[2]G. Kron's technical associate.
[3]Astronomy (Ginn, 1945).
[4]Exploration of the Universe (Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1963).
[5]Harvard Series on Astronomy published first in the forties.
[6]Patrick Maynard Stuart Blacket - English physicist b. 1897(?)
[7]At Kitt Peak.


text:
Leave a Review
This is pretty tasty. I don't think I use that much oil, but to be honest I don't really measure.
Made this for Christmas dinner to go with roasted potatoes and pork loin. Easy and delicious! Even the kids ate it. I did reduce the quantity of oil slightly.
This recipe was very good, but, to our taste, it would have been better with half the oil that the recipe calls for, so 1/6 cup of olive oil instead of 1/3. We used 1/4 cup and while it wasn't cloying it definitely could have used less. Otherwise, excellent yet simple side dish.
This recipe is outstanding. I will always use it whenver I make broccoli raab from now on! The texture is perfect and the flavors are bold and delicious. A perfect accompaniment for game and duck.


text:
James Robert Kalsu
Position: G
Height: 6-3 Weight: 235 lbs.
Born: April 13, 1945 in Oklahoma City, OK
Died: July 21, 1970 in Thua Thien, Vietnam
High School: Del City
College: Oklahoma (school history)
Drafted by the Buffalo Bills in the 8th round (199th overall) of the 1968 NFL Draft.
Weighted Career AV (100-95-...): 3 (10455th overall since 1950)
Like this page? Sponsor it for $5. Your message will replace this ad.


text:
Welcome to the forum:
Welcome to the iThemes forum. We've created several tutorial video's to help you get you started with using the forum, please check them out!
Also take note of the forum guidelines.
Support hours:
Our moderators actively respond to forum support requests during normal business hours which are Monday-Friday, 8am - 5pm Central Standard Time, typically within one business day. Although some moderators choose to work during the weekends, we can not guarantee immediate attention to your requests. Thanks for understanding.
What is included with support:
Premium support includes theme/plugin issues such as: bugs encountered under normal operation, how to use basic features, basic WordPress help, and basic help with customization (meaning we point you to resources and will help in more depth as time allows). More information.
Different Currencies
Posted 05 August 2013 - 09:22 AM
I'm hoping to use exchange for a new client, but on setting up (Paypal or Stripe), it only appears to offer a choice of two currencies - US$ and Canadian$.
I am in the UK, so neither is of use to me.
Is this the limit, or am I missing something simple?
Posted 05 August 2013 - 09:30 AM
You should be able to setup PayPal for use in the UK and Stripe actually just added the UK to their merchant countries: https://stripe.com/global. So you should be able to use Stripe without any issues as well. Once you enable the payment gateway of your choice, just go into Exchange > Settings and select the currency you'd like to use.
Let us know if you have any other questions.
Posted 05 August 2013 - 09:36 AM
Having chosen Paypal as my gateway, I have tried changing the currency in both the quick set-up, and the Exchange settings.
In both cases I have a pop-out menu with only two options. US & Canadian dollars.
In the settings I also have an option for where I want the currency symbol to appear, but it's still only $
Any ideas what I'm missing?
Posted 06 August 2013 - 04:19 AM
Please make sure you update the Exchange Stripe Add-on to the latest version (currently 1.0.5). Since Stripe only allows certain currencies, the Stripe add-on limits which currencies are allowed. At the time of writing the Stripe add-on, Stripe only allowed USD and CAD. In version 1.0.5 we opened that up to the newest currencies allowed by Stripe (USD, CAD, GBP, and EUR). Once you update to 1.0.5, you should see those four currencies available in the Exchange -> Settings menu option.
Reply to this Topic
If this topic is marked RESOLVED or INFORMATION, or if you are NOT experiencing EXACTLY the same issue, please start a new topic to provide the details of your problem. If the solution provided doesn't work for you, you should start a new topic. If you feel this thread contains relevant information, you may include a link to it in your new topic. To ensure that we can process your support request efficiently, ALWAYS include a link to your site, and/or the page your request is related to. When posting your question or request on the forum, please be as concise and specific as possible. The shorter and more to the point you can make your request, the better.
For BackupBuddy related issues, be sure to include the status log from your most recent backup.
CLICK HERE to start a new topic in the Exchange ecommerce plugin forum.
0 user(s) are reading this topic
0 members, 0 guests, 0 anonymous users


text:
Request a Deal
Love this business? The more people who sign up, the more likely we are to get a deal.
People make it happen. Spread the word to request a deal!
1 signed up for this.
About this Business
From Our Editors
Smashburger isn't just the name?it's the way chefs grill every burger. First, they form never-frozen, 100% Angus beef into a giant meatball. Then they season it, place it on a butter-glazed grill, and smash it into a patty. The process caramelizes the beef, locking in flavor while keeping the meat juicy and tender. The chefs then sandwich each slab in an artisan bun and turn it into one of an array of standard burgers or locally inspired specialties unique to each market. This handcrafting approach typifies everything else the chefs do, from blending handspun H?agen-Dazs shakes to hand painting Smashburger's logo onto every beverage cup. Letting its food stand for itself and relying mostly on word of mouth for advertising, the Smashburger franchise expanded to 160 restaurants in five years, with its swift growth from zero to 100 stores making it one of the nation's fastest-growing restaurant companies. This rapid development even caught the attention of Forbes and Inc. along the way.


text:
K. Lakshmi
CHENNAI: The Ambattur Municipality proposes to introduce ban on use of plastic bags that are less than 20 microns thick in the area soon.
A resolution was approved by the council recently. The local body plans to sensitise people about environmental hazards and use of alternative materials such as paper bags. Members of women's self-help groups would also be trained in making paper bags.
While a fee is proposed to be collected from owners of marriage halls to collect additional garbage, penalty would be levied on shopkeepers who sell plastic bags of low thickness. However, these measures would be implemented in February after public discussion. The municipality also plans to procure 45 iron bins.
Municipal Commissioner Ashish Kumar said all health posts, bill collection centres and municipal office would be enabled with CCTV facility to monitor the activities in two months. Moreover, electronic digital boards would also be installed in municipal office, health posts and Ambattur OT bus stand at an estimated cost of Rs.3 lakh to provide information such as contact numbers of municipality officials and services.
However, resolutions pertaining to collection of fee from mobile operators for installing mobile phone towers and rates for sewage disposal were dropped following objections from councillors.
Some of the other resolutions approved by the council include purchase of 17 hand-held billing machines for property tax collection and construction of Rs.24 lakh worth stormwater drain from Vallayapathi Street, Mogappair to Padi Kuppam Road covering a distance of one km.


text:
Poway Breast Reduction Doctors and Reviews
Poway Breast Reduction cost
Average cost in US: $6,125
Average cost in Poway: $6,475
Poway Breast Reduction reviews
93% of Poway reviewers said Breast Reduction was worth it
"Breast reduction experience. La Mesa, CA"
I never considered getting breast reduction surgery until a couple of my friends had it done. I am 24 years old. My sister approached me one day with the idea. It hit me at that moment how much my breasts had been bothering me. I would have to wear two/three sports bras when working out, had trouble breathing, was never comfortable shopping for clothes, etc. I also realized that I always had... more
I am 5'3" asian female with breast size of 32 DDD. Since high school, I've always had neck pains and shoulder pains. I used to believe that I had so much hair that it was the weight of my hair weighing down causing these pains. I would often cut my hair below my ears to reduce the weight. I've been to chiropractor, but the relief was only temporarily. It is very abnormal for a small asian... more
"F to c /23 San Diego - San Marcos, CA"
Hello everyone! Had my reduction last thursday, and I feel amazing! I'm 23 5'8 and weigh about 180 and wore a 38F I know they were bigger then that due to the fact they always were spilling out of my bra but I wore the wrong size anyways :) I'm five days post op and for the most part haven't dealt with any discomfort so far besides a little swelling. Today was the unveiling so that was pretty... more
"My Breast Reduction Experience (22..."
Ever since I first heard about Breast reductions, it been something I wanted. I have had large breasts since junior high. My size before my reduction was a 34 DDD...way too big for my frame. I've dealt with intense neck, shoulder & back pain for over 5 years. Emotional pain, from being treated like an object, feeling ashamed of my body, I hated the attention my large breasts attracted. I... more
"18 and Ready for a Breast Reduction..."
I have wanted a breast reduction ever since the tenth grade, which was the year my breasts earned a cup size of G (yikes!). My back and shoulders would ache, and headaches would creep up during the day which affected my ability to learn. I played sports, but was very uncomfortable, having to wear a sports bra over my regular bra to have proper support. I currently have terrible posture and am... more
"61 Year Old Breast Reduction"
I had a breast reduction done on June 9 and an now about 5 1/2 weeks post-op. I wasn't going to post but I decided that I should give some motivation to those who want to go small and to those who are afraid of post-op complications because everything went great for me. I had 36DDD, two different sized breasts and they were hanging low. They are now 36B, perky, and sitting right where they... more
"Breast Reduction on the way..."
I finally had my consultation I've been waiting for this consultation for 2 months I drove 1hr and 35mins to make this appt. I arrived on time at 10:45 am, my appt was at 11:00 am I arrived early to filled out a few of the papers medical history blah blah blah. I was escorted back to see the infamous Gregory Park. He was very pleasant and nice went over my medical history examined my breast,... more
"5'1 Breast Size 36F, Breast..."
I am so happy I got this surgery done! I am 21 years old and used to feel like I was 80 years old! I was always in back, shoulder and neck pain and had NO motivation to do anything also no energy whatsoever! I would have headaches for months due to my nerves being so pinched, as well as my hands would go numb from the nerves in my back! The last 4 months I started not being able to breathe at... more
Had my surgery on Monday 3/17/2014 Four days post surgery, minimal pain. First two days everything itched like crazy. I am not to sure how I'm feeling about the drastic physical change. I'm writing this to share what's happening to me, so that others considering this surgery will know what to expect. I find that I can not look at myself in the mirror, because I get discussed by what I see. Oh... more
"47 and So Excited! -San Diego, CA"
I have been wanting this surgery for the past 10 years. I've always had large breasts, and liked it, but the too large areola and heaviness I am done with. I am with Kaiser and have been referred to their prerequisite two hour class before I have my surgical consult. Attending the class tomorrow, hopefully I can be scheduled soon! I attended the Kaiser BR class yesterday. We watched a DVD... more
"Breast Reduction - San Diego, CA"
I wanted to have done due to upper back pain every day due to breasts being too heavy after having my son, couldn't lose weight there. Surgery wasn't too painful, recovery is going well & am healing nicely. I am happy with the size, how the scars are healing & looking. It does take time to get back to every day things. I started off at a full size D and went down to a size B. I ended up... more
"28 year old went from 36M to 36D -..."
Surgery is tomorrow. I'm excited/nervous/anxious, but I'm ready to get it done. Luckily I booked the date only two weeks out so I haven't had too much time to wait for D day! I can't wait to sit up straight, get rid of my back and shoulder pain, fit into clothes, RUN, not have the seatbelt dig into my neck, buy a bra at ANY store....and so much more. I'm not looking forward to recovery, but... more
"This is Your Guy - La Jolla, CA"
I'm sixteen years old, and yesterday I had a breast reduction. I started at a 34DD and my wonderful surgeon brought me down to a B. Since I am only sixteen, I have school in a month! Making this huge decision so late in the summer, I needed to begin the surgery as soon as possible. I went in for a consultation on Wednesday, June 24, 2013 and requested for the surgery to take place within the... more
"Move over Mommy Make Over and Make..."
I recently had a breast reduction due to arm and shoulder pain. During my consultation, Dr. Krant asked about my previous surgeries. I've had 6 abdominal surgeries. My stomach looks like a road map. He said, "I can fix that". He explained the procedure in detail and answered all my questions. He made me feel very comfortable. He has the best bedside manner! After he submitted all the needed... more
"12 Weeks Post Op - Perkysets"
Seems like it's been forever that I've needed and wanted a breast reduction and now I've finally done it:-) I am at the very young age of 57, so gravity is no longer my friend! I am 5'5" and weigh close to 150 lbs (7lbs of which I'm certain was breast weight). I always thought I was a 40DD until last year when the gal in the bra department came in to measure me. With her expertise... more
"Love my Smaller Boobies - San Diego, CA"
I had my breast reduction on feb 6. I went from a 34-36DDD plus to a B-C cup. I'm less than 2 weeks post-op, but love the size difference. The back/ neck pain is gone. Post-op is not a breeze, but worth it. Expect pain, discomfort, limited mobility, emotionsl ups and downs, time off of work, and maybe nausea and constipation. Mine was insurance covered-I don't get statements, so I don't know... more
"Thank You Dr. Apostolides, Dr Krant..."
I found Dr.Apostolides or as I like to call him my Angel, through the web. I desperately needed a breast reduction because of a bad back and neck. From the moment I entered his office I felt comfortable and knew that I was in good hands. His staff is wonderful. I was treated with professionalism and kindness. Thanks to them I feel so much better. 1 week after surgery I am feeling like a... more
"A Dream Crushed - La Jolla, CA"
I have spent my life with large breasts, always wanting them smaller. I was a DD. Dr. Singer asked me what my goal was. I said it was to be a B or C. He asked me if I had to choose more toward B or C...which would I choose? I said "B." I was also getting a lift. The outcome? I weigh exactly the same as then and my breasts are still DD. They looked better because of the lift but are still... more
"Thrilled with my New, Smaller,..."
I've always been unhappy with the shape of my breasts, which got worse with droopiness and increased size as I aged. Within just a few minutes into my initial consultation with Dr. Pousti, I knew he was the doctor I wanted to fix them. His impeccable credentials, his warmth, his honesty, and the professionalism and friendliness of his office staff all went into the decision. Although I... more
"I Dream of a Completely Different..."
Back pain has progressively gotten worse over the years. It's now unbearable and working a 40 work week is not possible anymore. Thank God I've got my pain documented with my doc for the past three years or so. My primary doctor is amazing. Best doc I've ever had in my 44 years. I explained my concerns and he jumped right on it. I'm on a HMO and his office immediately sent a request to the... more
Featured Doctors
San Diego Breast Reduction Expert
John D. Smoot, MD
5.0 out of 5 stars 10 reviews
Achieve a youthful shape and feel
Complimentary Consultation (858) 914-2892 www.ljcsc.com
Visit Breast Reduction Expert in San Diego
Daniel J. Brown, MD
5.0 out of 5 stars 4 reviews
Reduce Heavy Breasts to Alleviate Back Pain
Your Best Aesthetic Outcome (619) 458-3834 www.luxepacifica.com


text:
CLEAN CARFAX. Small but loaded with safety equipment; the S40 is; a safe and affordable vehicle with lots to offer. This 2002 Volvo S40... More
Selling my 1995 Volvo 940 Wagon. 209828 miles on the odometer. 2nd owner. Was daily driver from 1999 to 2009 then became the backup.... More
An excellent example of this fantastic car, available only due to health issues being experienced by its owner, who has asked me to sell... More
One family owned Volvo PV544 Sport B18. One respray in metallic blue. B18 dual carb motor. 4 speed manual transmission.... More
Volvo Amazon 123GT 1967 original Dutch in good condition 1967 Volvo Amazon 123GT. The body and interior are in a good condition. 5000 123GT's were... More
We are offering our 1987 Volvo Bertone 780, single owner. Mileage 176000. Very few of these (about 200) vehicles were manufactured in the launch year... More
The car is finished in its stunning original color combination of Volvo Red (code 46) with black leather interior. One owner with known history... More
1965 Volvo P1800S- French racing blue w/ black/grey vinyl interior. 95,000 miles original California car. Responsibly modified and maintained by Volvo loyalist. Highly cherished,... More
Very nice car from Oregon. In Vermont for 2 years but never driven during the winter. NO RUST. Approximately 160K miles. New heater core.... More
In December 1957, the first hand-built P1800 prototype was driven to the headquarters of Karmann. Volvo had hoped that Karmann would be able to... More
This is a magnificent Volvo Amazon 131 2-door, which was delivered new in the Netherlands. Well maintained example, therefore very good driving. All fittings... More
1970 Volvo 1800E Coupe 4 speed O/D This is a running and driving Volvo 1800. Still the original factory color and been... More
1967 Volvo 1800S, Rarely driven classic with no rust. New Pirelli tires and Mini Lite mag wheels. B-18 4-cyl. 1778 CC engine with electronic... More
1965 - 210 Volvo Hearse with 45K miles. Coach built by Heinel. Only one currently residing in North America! 20yrs ago it was taken... More
1967 Volvo 1800 with four speed and overdrive. Paint is fair, mechanicals sound, chrome is marginal, interior relatively new. Car is reliable driver perfect... More


text:
State air board must clean its own house
It should not work this way. Indeed, California's leadership role in pollution matters is founded on a more honorable tradition, and one that proves more effective.
Make no mistake: Ensuring clean air is a vital mission for all Californians. Indeed, the state aspires to be a national and world leader in climate matters, which requires being above reproach on all internal processes. To achieve these goals and preserve its credibility and integrity, it is imperative that CARB act with openness and respect for the law.
CARB's mission is devoted to cleaning the air. But in terms of the way it has operated in several areas, it must also clear the air.
Dunlap served as chairman of the California Air Resources Board from 1994-1999. He currently owns a California-based advocacy and consulting group that includes among its clientele Californians for Enforcement Reform and Transparency. For more information on possible CARB reforms, go online to www.certreform.org.


text:
By now you'll have read the review of DmC and checked out our PC analysis, but to round off our coverage of the game's launch, we're going to live stream the PC version so you can see how incredible it looks.
While you may not be able to see the 100 frames per second action on the stream, you'll definitely be able to see the smooth textures and higher res-visuals.
But enough talk, get watching below, the stream will kick off at 2pm UK time, and be archived here later so you can watch it again and again!
Like this? Why not share it...
scrolling="no" frameborder="0" style="border:none; overflow:hidden; width:60px; height:62px;" allowTransparency="true">


text:
Christian Homann Schweigaard
|This article does not cite any references or sources. (May 2013)
|Christian Schweigaard
|third Prime Minister of Norway in Christiania
|In office
April 1884 – June 1884
|Oscar II
|Preceded by
|Christian August Selmer
|Succeeded by
|Johan Sverdrup
|Personal details
|Christian Homann Schweigaard
14 October 1838
|24 March 1889
(aged 50)
|Political party
|Conservative Party
|Church of Norway
Christian Homann Schweigaard (14 October 1838 in Christiania – 24 March 1899 in Christiania) was a Norwegian Supreme Court lawyer and politician. He was the Prime Minister for three months in 1884, a period after the impeachment of Prime Minister Christian August Selmer called Schweigaard's Ministerium.
Schweigaard held a number of key positions, including Chairman of the Conservative Party from 1889–1891 and 1893–1896, as well as Parliamentary Leader from 1889-1891 and 1894–1895. He was Emil Stang's close friend and indispensable partner, leading the Conservative Party's policy and organizational development in the 1880s and 1890s.
Schweigaard was born in Christiania in 1838, the son of Anton and Caroline Martin Schweigaard Magnine Homan. He was the nephew of Peter and Henry Jacob Homan Homan. Schweigaard was married on 23 May 1867 to Thea Meyer, the daughter of Thorvald Meyer. He was also the brother of Axel Heiberg, brother-in-law of Frederick Stang, and uncle to Christophersen and Christian Schweigaard Stang.
He took his final exams in 1855, and then studied law. He was an agent at his uncle Peter Jacob Homan's business, then studied for a year in London and Paris, and became a lawyer in 1863. In 1864, he became a Supreme Court lawyer.
Schweigaard was a member of the Royal Commission on the enlargement of Christiania in 1873 and a Member of the Parliamentary Tax Commission in 1877. Schweigaard served as Minister of the Audit from 22 December 1880 until 31 August 1882, as Minister of Justice from 26 September to 31 October 1881. He also served as a member of the Council of State Division in Stockholm from 1 September 1882 to 31 August 1883. He was the Finance Minister from 1 September 1883 to 2 April 1884.
After Selmer's impeachment, Emil Stang was commissioned to form a new government, but the Conservative Party's parliamentary group could not spare Stang's parliamentary talent, and it was therefore Schweigaard's task to lead the April Ministry, which came to be called Schweigaard's Ministerium. The government, in which Schweigaard served as Prime Minister and as head of the Audit Department, took office on 3 April 1884.
Threats of a new impeachment, a divided Conservative Party, a conflict of Swedish public opinion, and an uncertain King Oscar II eventually led to Schweigaard's resignation on 31 May, which was granted on 26 July 1884.
Schweigaard was elected as the Member of Parliament from Holmestrand 1886–1897. He was Odelsting presidential and parliamentary leader from 1889-1891 and 1894–1895. Schweigaard was elected to the Christiania City Council 1873–1880 and 1885–1894 and was Mayor of Christiania from 1879–1880 and 1885–1888.
He was the Chairman of the Conservative Party from 1889–1891 and 1893–1896, and in Christiania Tight, he was Vice Chairman of the Foundation in 1884 and Chairman from 1889 to 1891.
|Political offices
|Preceded by
Christian August Selmer
|Prime Minister of Norway
|Succeeded by
Johan Sverdrup
|Preceded by
Anders Sandøe Ørsted Bull
|Mayor of Christiania (Oslo)
|Succeeded by
Anton Blumenthal Petersen
|Preceded by
Anton Blumenthal Petersen
|Mayor of Christiania (Oslo)
|Succeeded by
Peter Birch-Reichenwald


text: Lake Villa, IL otherwise known as the "Gateway of the Lakes Region," is located 4.5 miles from the Wisconsin border and is approximately 42 miles from the Loop, in Lake County. Lake Villa is surrounded by several ponds and smaller lakes that has led to the area's well known historic tourist industry. With plenty of recreational activities such as... More >


text:
Was Code of Honor racist?
View Single Post
January 2 2013, 11:56 PM
Mr. Laser Beam
Fleet Admiral
Location: The visitor's bullpen
Re: Was Code of Honor racist?
SonicRanger wrote:
Ah, but that goes for the Ligonians too. They are aliens played by African American actors, like the Tamarians. If the Tamarians are not black, then neither are the Ligonians.
Then again, the Tamarians are obviously alien. The Ligonians look completely human. In fact it's possible that they ARE human, and that Ligon II is a human colony...
"Pitching is simple -- cheese for the kitchen and a yakker for the kudo." - Dennis Eckersley
Mr. Laser Beam
View Public Profile
Send a private message to Mr. Laser Beam
Find More Posts by Mr. Laser Beam


text:
Waiting to load image
we trying to deploy image but stuck on below screen
Comments 6 Comments • Jump to latest comment
Almost appears that the agent isn't running although I can't be certain as I am not currently running 7.x yet in our automation environment. If you restore the command prompt, are there any errors or messages that might tip you off as to what is going on?
Brian Hawver
Systems Engineer
Yaskawa America, Inc.
Connect Etiquette: "Mark as Solution" those posts which resolve your problem, and give a thumbs up to useful comments, articles and downloads.
Yeah like Brian stated restore the command prompt then check for two things
1. in the command prompt type "taskmgr" task manager should come up, Processes tab check if the PECTAgent.exe is running. If not u might have a DNS issue.
2. if PECTAgent is running then check the logs x:\program files\altiris\altiris agent\logs there should be to log files agent.log and pectagent.log check the logs. check for errors. Any tasks in automation create a log file at this location too so check for errors.
This issue could be something similar to:
I agree. Use the command prompt to troubleshoot. Right now it looks like you booted to automation, it didn't work, so you screenshotted it to Connect. You're a frequent poster, so you must know that we're here to assist you when you get stuck. What have you tried so far?
Mike Clemson, Senior Systems Engineer, ASC
Intuitive Technology Group -- Symantec Platinum Partner
I am currently experiencing the same issue, i can reboot to automation, I can send teh command to reboot to production, but the PECTagent never starts when choosing deploy image. In the post you guys mention DNS issues, but what can I do to check for possible DNS issues? I dont see any errors in the logs in the agent logs location mentioned so I am at wits end here.
Any Help would be much appreciated.