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Spatial information, such as concentration and displacement, about a specific molecular contrast agent, may be determined by stimulating a sample containing the agent, thereby altering an optical property of the agent. A plurality of optical coherence tomography (OCT) images may be acquired, at least some of which are acquired at different stimulus intensities. The acquired images are used to profile the molecular contrast agent concentration distribution of the sample.
1. A method of determining spatial information about specific molecular contrast agents in a sample comprising the steps of:
(a) stimulating, at a plurality of intensity levels, the sample thereby altering an optical property of the molecular contrast agent;
(b) acquiring a plurality of optical coherence tomography (OCT) images, at least some of the plurality of OCT images being acquired at different stimulus intensities; and
(c) profiling the molecular contrast agent concentration distribution based on the plurality of OCT images.
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This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/442,054, filed Jan. 24, 2003; the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
This invention was made with Government support under Grant No. R24EB000243 awarded by the National Institutes of Health. The Government may have certain rights in the invention.
The invention relates to optical coherence tomography and, more particularly, to optical coherence tomography with molecular contrast capability.
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an emerging tool for real time in-situ tissue imaging with micrometer-scale resolution. Real-time OCT systems have been integrated into clinical medical diagnostic instruments, and functional extensions such as polarization-sensitive, Doppler, and spectroscopic OCT have recently been introduced. These functional enhancements add the ability to discern contrast due to stress, motion, and to some extent absorber concentration in samples such as biological tissues. However OCT remains a relatively contrast-starved imaging modality due to the low contrast in scattering coefficient between biological tissue types.
An invention is described for acquiring depth resolved optical coherence tomography (OCT) images that can reveal molecular contrast agent distribution in the target. The primary inventive concept of this disclosure which unifies all of the disclosed embodiments may be stated as follows: the purposeful alteration through various means of the optical properties of a sample so that OCT images acquired in coordination with the purposeful alterations may be processed to reveal the spatial locations and/or concentration of specific molecular contrast agents in the sample.
Some of the objects of the invention having been stated hereinabove, and which are addressed in whole or in part by the present invention, other objects will become evident as the description proceeds when taken in connection with the accompanying drawings as best described hereinbelow.
Exemplary embodiments of the invention will now be explained with reference to the accompanying drawings, of which:
A. Technical Overview
OCT imaging technology has not yet taken advantage of molecular contrast mechanisms which have revolutionized other medical and biological imaging modalities such as MRI, PET, and SPECT. In particular, other optical techniques such as fluorescence, confocal, and multiphoton microscopy have had tremendous impact because of their capability to image highly specific molecular targets, including antibody-conjugated fluorescent probes and genetically expressible probes such as green fluorescent protein. Unfortunately, OCT is intrinsically insensitive to incoherent scattering processes such as fluorescence or spontaneous Raman scattering, because it depends upon coherent detection of scattered light.
We have previously proposed a general concept for the use of spectroscopic OCT for detection of light from coherent inelastic scattering processes such as stimulated emission, stimulated Raman scattering, and other four-wave mixing processes (J. A. Izatt, M. D. Kulkarni, and M. V. Sivak, "Depth-Resolved Spectroscopic Optical Coherence Tomography," U.S. Pat. No. 6,002,480, issued Dec. 14, 1999). In this disclosure, we present additional concepts for molecular-specific OCT imaging and describe several specific system configurations which optimize signal-to-noise ratio in molecular contrast imaging for various classes of target contrast agents. This new modality is centered on the exploitation of various optical properties in selected contrast agents to elicit changes in the OCT images acquired. These images can then be processed to reveal the concentration distribution of the contrast agents in the target.
The addition of molecular-specific contrast capability to OCT imaging would enable a large number of applications which are not presently possible with OCT. The potential applications for molecular contrast OCT technology include quantitative biological microscopy and noninvasive medical diagnostics. Laboratory OCT microscopy systems adapted for molecular contrast would enable quantitative imaging of exogenous probes and markers in cellular preparations and animal models, with improved imaging depth compared with fluorescence, confocal, or multi-photon microscopy. Contrast agents of interest for molecular contrast OCT include genetically expressible probes under the control of specialized promoters. Clinical OCT systems adapted for molecular contrast may enable diagnostic imaging of endogenous tissue chromophores relevant to disease processes, as well as in situ monitoring of therapeutic processes such as drug delivery.
By analogy to ultrasound imaging, in optical coherence tomography cross-sectional imaging of sub-surface tissue structure ("B-scans") are built up from numerous laterally displaced axial profiles of tissue reflectivity versus depth ("A-scans"). A-scans are acquired by obtaining profiles of optical reflectivity of the sample as a function of depth by use of low-coherence interferometry. The resolution in the depth direction is determined by the coherence length of the light source which is used to illuminate the interferometer, while the lateral resolution is determined by the focusing optics in the arm of the interferometer which delivers light to the sample. Several classes of OCT systems have been reported which use different techniques for acquiring axial and lateral reflectivity information from the sample. Conventional (time-domain) OCT systems perform depth-priority imaging, acquiring A-scans by rapidly scanning the reference arm optical delay, and B-scans by slowly scanning the sample beam across the sample while A-scans are being acquired. "Fast" time-domain systems acquire A-scans up to kHz rates and B-scans up to video rate, while "slow" time-domain systems acquire A-scans at rates up to tens of Hz and B-scans at several seconds/image.
Although this disclosure for the most part assumes that time-domain OCT systems are to be adapted for molecular contrast, it is obvious that the techniques for molecular contrast disclosed herein are also applicable to other classes of OCT systems, which in some cases may deliver superior performance. For example, other classes of OCT systems which acquire depth or lateral reflectivity information in parallel on array detectors (including "full-field OCT," "Fourier-Domain OCT," and others) are particularly well suited to efficient imaging of contrast agents with short excited state lifetimes.
Recent publications, including several by the inventors, have shown that "Fourier-Domain OCT" and a closely related technique known as "Swept-Source OCT," (we will refer to both techniques together as "spectral domain OCT") have significantly superior signal to noise ratio compared to conventional or "time-domain OCT," because the spectral domain techniques effectively acquire all of the data in each A-scan in parallel (M. A. Choma, M. V. Sarunic, C. Yang, and J. A. Izatt, "Sensitivity advantage of swept source and Fourier domain optical coherence tomography," Optics Express 11:2183, 2003). This increase in signal-to-noise ratio may be utilized to either obtain OCT images with substantially better image quality in the same acquisition time as in the time domain, or to acquire OCT images with equal image quality in substantially shorter acquisition times. Indeed, spectral domain OCT systems have been demonstrated which acquire complete A-scans at up to 30 kHz (i.e., in under 30 microseconds), which is faster than the highest speed time-domain OCT system demonstrated previously.
It has now become quite clear that spectral domain OCT is superior to time-domain OCT for many biological and medical imaging applications, thus many future commercial OCT systems will likely be based on the spectral domain approach. In the following, we have included disclosure to explicitly include spectral domain techniques, particularly in embodiments for which the spectral-domain approach will be especially favorable. However, it should be appreciated that the primary inventive concept upon which this disclosure is based, as stated above, is independent of the particular OCT system implementation used to obtain the OCT images.
The detailed definitions of pixel, A-scan (line), and B-scan (image) acquisition times referred to in the detailed descriptions below depend upon the specific class of OCT system which is being used to obtain the MCOCT data. In a traditional time-domain OCT system, the pixel acquisition time is the time taken for the reference arm to scan the equivalent of one coherence length in the sample; the A-scan acquisition time is the time taken for each complete reference arm scan (typically corresponding to 100–1000 pixels); and the image acquisition time is the time taken for a collection of many sequential laterally displaced A-scans (typically 100–1000). An "M-scan" is a special case of B-scan for which many sequential A-scans are acquired without accompanying lateral displacement. In spectral domain OCT (SDOCT) including swept source OCT (SSOCT) and Fourier Domain OCT (FDOCT), A-scan data is calculated as the Fourier transform of spectral interferometric data acquired with a fixed reference arm position.
In SSOCT, the spectral interferometric data is itself acquired sequentially as the source wavelength is swept over a predefined range; thus an equivalent pixel acquisition time may be defined for SSOCT as the time required for acquisition of each discrete wavelength step within the complete wavelength scan (the Fourier relations defining the size and number of wavelength steps required to construct the equivalent of a time-domain A-scan are well known). In FDOCT, all wavelengths required to reconstruct a complete A-scan by Fourier transformation are acquired simultaneously on an array detector, thus there is no distinction between the pixel and A-scan acquisition time in FDOCT as they are the same. Both spectral domain techniques (SSOCT and FDOCT) have a significant signal-to-noise advantage overtime-domain techniques (by a factor of 100–1000), thus spectral domain OCT systems may be designed to acquire data up to 100–1000 times faster than time-domain OCT systems, with all else being equal. Thus, the A-scan acquisition times of both types of spectral domain OCT systems can be as fast as the pixel acquisition times of even high-speed time-domain OCT systems, and the B-scan acquisition times of spectral domain systems can be comparable to the A-scan acquisition times of time-domain systems.
B. Disclosed Embodiments
This disclosure describes four general methods for implementing molecular contrast in OCT. The first (section B.1) relies on the use of pump-probe techniques to selectively and transiently change the absorption of a contrast agent in order to reveal contrast agent distribution in OCT scans. The second (section B.2) is based on using the saturated absorption characteristics of a contrast agent to reveal agent distribution in OCT scans. The third (section B.3) depends on the refractive index changes that occur in concurrence with induced absorption changes created by pump-probe techniques to reveal contrast agent distribution in OCT scans. The fourth (section B.4) describes the use of photon mixing techniques to elicit molecular-specific contrast. The final section (section B.5) describes image processing techniques which may be used with all of the foregoing general methods to generate images of molecular contrast which may be readily interpreted.
B.1 Pump Probe OCT (PPOCT)
Generally speaking, pump probe OCT relies on the use of one or more pumps to transiently change the absorption of the target contrast agent at a probe wavelength which is used as the wavelength of an OCT imaging system. The pump effects change in the contrast agent absorption by transferring or "pumping" population from one eigenstate to another, thereby altering the optical properties of the contrast agent at the probe wavelength. While we will focus on techniques which use laser radiation as the pump, it is possible to use other pumps, for instance electric currents, thermal heating, DC or low-frequency electric fields, magnetic fields, or chemical reactions. For the circumstance of a laser based pump, we note that the pump and probe wavelengths need not be different. The difference in the OCT signal acquired at the probe wavelength as a function of the pump intensity can then be used to profile the contrast agent concentration distribution in the target sample. The transient nature of the target absorption can be used to implement time-gated or frequency-domain signal processing schemes which maximize the signal-to-noise ratio in the associated measurement. Such a scheme requires the use of molecular systems as contrast agents which possess molecular dynamics or excited state manifolds that provide for efficient manipulation of eigenstate populations at the pump wavelength to effect change in the OCT wavelength absorbance. It is to be understood that the change in absorption may be of either sign, which is to say that the pump beam may either increase or decrease the absorption of the sample at the probe wavelength. It is also to be understood that the absorption itself may be of either sign; positive absorption corresponds to absorption in the conventional sense, and negative absorption corresponds to stimulated emission, which is a coherent process and is thus compatible with interferometric detection.
There are several classes of contrast agents that are suitable for detection with PPOCT. The difference between these classes lies in the intermediate state(s) lifetime(s), as depicted in
The signal processing schemes disclosed herein for extracting depth-resolved molecular contrast information from OCT signals are dependent on the relationship between the transient absorption lifetime and the data acquisition rate of the OCT system being used to acquire PPOCT signals. Given a contrast agent with a transient absorption lifetime of interest, an optimal OCT system may potentially be designed to image it. If the transient absorption lifetime, τ, is much shorter than the OCT pixel acquisition time (i.e. the time taken for a time-domain OCT system to axially scan one coherence length, for a SSOCT system to scan one wavelength step, or for an FDOCT system to acquire one A-scan), then transient absorption of the OCT probe light repeats many times during the acquisition of each pixel, and for this situation a scheme is disclosed which treats the PPOCT signal as a supermodulation of the OCT signal, including appropriate demodulation algorithms to separate PPOCT information from the combined interferometric signal (section B.1.1 below). This would be the case for τ˜1 μs using a slow-scan OCT system, or τ˜1 ns using a rapid-scan (RSOD-based) or spectral domain OCT system. If τ is on the same temporal order as the pixel acquisition time, and the duty cycle of the pump laser is low, then a scheme is disclosed wherein OCT pixels or groups of pixels are acquired at a multiple of the pump beam repetition rate, and the PPOCT signal is derived from the averaged difference of the OCT pixels with the pump on and off using boxcar integration (section B.1.2 below). This scheme is intrinsically quite inefficient if the probe beam is continuous-wave, however it can be made efficient if the probe beam is also pulsed with a comparable duty cycle. If the molecule of interest has τ either of the same temporal order or longer than the pixel acquisition time (or an OCT system may be designed specifically to meet this requirement), and the duty cycle of the pump laser approaches 0.5, then either one or many pixels (potentially comprising entire A-scans or images) may be all acquired during a pumped intermediate state lifetime, and compared with the same data acquired when the pump laser is off (section B.1.3 below).
The general scheme for all PPOCT approaches is illustrated for time-domain OCT in
The experimental apparatus we used for PPOCT is illustrated in
The timing sequence used for depth-resolved detection of the transient absorption signal is illustrated in
Further respective embodiments are described below.
B.1.1 PPOCT Embodiment for τ<<Pixel Acquisition Time
This embodiment is to be the preferred approach for the detection of contrast agents having nanosecond or microsecond-scale transient absorption lifetimes. The basic concepts are the same for both time-domain and Fourier-domain OCT systems, however the specific implementations vary as illustrated in
It is well known that the detected signal in OCT is composed of a so-called DC component arising from reference arm light, a DC component from the sample arm light, and an interferometric component resulting from mixing of returning reference and sample arm light. In the case of PPOCT, the action of the pump laser activating transient absorption in the sample is to modulate the sample arm light reflected or transmitted (in the case of a transmissive OCT system) intensity. This modulation will appear in both the sample arm DC component and the interferometric component of the detected light, typically as a series of regular exponential-decay "blips" on the interferometric signal at the pump laser frequency and with a duration corresponding to the excited-state lifetime. A significant issue in any PPOCT embodiment is the methodology employed to separate the interferometric modulation (which is depth-resolved) from the sample DC component modulation (which is not). For the embodiments illustrated in
The detected signal is thus comprised of:
In the preceeding, it is assumed that "locking-in" refers to electronic mixing of the detected signal with a reference signal at the specified frequency, followed by temporal averaging over an integration time determined by experimental parameters. We point out that an optical version of "locking-in" may also be used to advantage by tuning either the RSOD carrier frequency (if one is used) or alternatively a separate frequency shifter included in the sample or reference arm to the mixing frequency of interest.
A specific example of a contrast agent which would be detected in this manner is rhodamine 6G and its derivatives, which are capable of being conjugated to proteins. The S0–S1 transition would be the pump transition at 530 nm and the S1–S2 transition at 1010 nm would be the probe. Both transitions are fully allowed transitions which have short lifetimes.
This embodiment could also be used to observe two photon absorption. Two photon absorption, is technically not a pump-probe technique, although it is closely related since it also takes advantage of driving population from one eigenstate to another. Two photon absorption is a nonlinear absorption process, where for instance two photons at 1060 nm are simultaneously absorbed by a contrast agent to drive a transition at 530 nm. Using the technique described by Tian and Warren (Tian, P. F. and W. S. Warren, Ultrafast measurement of two-photon absorption by loss modulation. Optics Letters, 2002. 27(18): p. 1634–1636) to detect two photon absorption (tpa), where the radiation source is sinusoidally modulated, the tpa signal is detected at the second harmonic of the modulation frequency. The above techniques for sinusoidally modulated absorption would then work equally as well for the tpa signal, where fp would then be the second harmonic of the modulation frequency. There are a host of contrast agents which could be detected with tpa, including green fluorescent protein, fluorescein, and water soluble quantum dots.
B.1.2 PPOCT Embodiment for τ˜Pixel Acquisition Time, Low Duty Cycle Pump
In general, dye species that have the appropriate spin-forbidden transition for this embodiment fall into the class of short intermediate state lifetime contrast agent. The triplet state lifetime is typically on the order of a microsecond. The typical energy level transition scheme of such a dye molecule is shown in
The probe beam wavelength is chosen so that the probe beam is in resonance with the transition of the dye molecules from the first triplet (T1) to the second triplet (T2) state. If there is no accumulation of dye molecules in the T1 state, the probe beam will not be absorbed during passage through the dye. On the other hand, if the pump beam has created a significant population of dye molecules in the triplet (T1) state, the probe beam will be absorbed during transmission. We note that the addition of a second pump beam tuned to the S1–T1 transition frequency would coherently drive population from S1 to T1. Then modulation of the second pump beam could also serve to modulate the probe beam absorption. The use of the second pump beam would be particularly useful for contrast agents that have poor triplet state quantum yield or where there are multiple states coupling to the S1 state.
In certain situations, the peak pump intensity required for populating of the triplet (T1) state can only be achieved by short pulses, in order to avoid excessive average power that will damage the sample. In these cases where the pump beam can only be turned on briefly, the triplet state lifetime sets the limit in which useful PPOCT signal may be acquired. For many dyes of interest, this duration is ˜1 μs, which for common time-domain OCT systems constrains us to acquisition of a single OCT image pixel during a pump cycle. The boxcars and delay generator in the scheme shown in
Details of the reduction to practice of this embodiment including experimental data acquired with methylene blue contrast agent are to be found in, "Molecular contrast in Optical Coherence Tomography," published in Optics Letters (K. D. Rao, M. Choma, S. Yazdanfar, A. M. Rollins, and J. A. Izatt, "Molecular Contrast in Optical Coherence Tomography using a Pump-Probe Technique," Optics Letters 28:340, 2003).
We note that in a situation where the excited state lifetime is significantly longer, or the pump beam could be left on for significantly longer without damaging the sample, or where the OCT A-scan acquisition time was significantly shorter (as is the case with spectral domain OCT systems), the experimental scheme would be significantly simpler. In such a situation, the excited-state lifetime or pump beam duration would be adjusted to be similar to the duration of an A-scan at the probe wavelength. Another A-scan could then be made with the pump off. The difference or averaged difference in the two A-scans could then be used to determine the contrast agent distribution in the sample, using similar data processing and reconstruction approaches as described in the above-referenced manuscript. Such an embodiment would be more efficient than the embodiment in the manuscript as it acquires an entire A-scan of contrast agent distribution information during a single pump cycle as opposed to a single pixel. This scheme will be similar to one described below in section B.1.3
An alternative approach for increasing the efficiency of this PPOCT approach would be to use a probe source which is pulsed with a similar duty cycle as the pump source, as illustrated in
B.1.3 PPOCT Scheme for τ>>Pixel Acquisition Time, High Duty Cycle Pump
In addition to the triplet states, certain dye species have other intermediate states which can be significantly longer lived in terms of their decay lifetime. Such species include the fluorescent proteins GFP and DSred, which are widely used as markers of gene expression in microscopy. Both species have dark states which lifetimes are on the order of milliseconds. In the case of GFP, this state occurs through a charge change in the molecule. Long lifetime intermediate states can in principle be achieved by photo-induced isomerization and a host of other mechanisms. Both indocyanine green and vitamin A (retinal) have long lived states due to photoinduced isomerizations. In the case of vitamin A, the isomerization is a crucial step in human vision.
The increased efficiency of spectral domain OCT systems allows for much more rapid signal acquisition with comparable signal quality to time-domain systems. In particular, SSOCT system pixel acquisition times may be of the order of nanoseconds, while both SSOCT and FDOCT A-scan acquisition times may be of the order of microseconds. The long lifetime of the intermediate state or the use of spectral domain OCT systems which allow for much more rapid signal acquisition allows for a simplified PPOCT embodiment (see
Another scenario for which this embodiment would give advantage would be if the A-scan duration were purposefully reduced to be less than the intermediate state lifetime of even shorter-lived states such as singlet or triplet states. Array detection approaches such as Fourier-Domain OCT, or ultra-fast scan techniques such an RSOD based on acousto-optic scan technology, could potentially be designed to fit this criterion. This embodiment is especially appropriate for use with spectral domain OCT approaches including Fourier-Domain and Swept-Source OCT, which allow for A-scan acquisition up to several orders of magnitude faster than the conventional time-domain approach.
This method is also very suitable for use with certain proteins that can reversibly switch between 2 different absorption states with the use of illumination at specific wavelengths. Examples of such proteins are phytochrome A (phyA) and bacteriorhodopsin.
As a demonstration of the method's capability to image such proteins, we have chosen to perform an experiment with phyA. The dynamics and properties of the two states of PhyA (Pfr and Pr states) are summarized in
The imaging strategy we adopted for phyA is based on acquiring OCT scans at 750 nm while switching the molecules between their two states. To this end, we kept a 750 nm OCT probe beam on the sample during the entire imaging process; in the absence of other illumination, phyA would be in its Pr state. The image acquisition process involved the following steps: A) the 660 nm illumination was switched on, B) after a pause of 500 ms to allow time for phyA to transit into its Pfr state, an averaged Pfr A-scan was acquired, C) the 660 nm light was turned off, D) after a pause of 500 ms to allow phyA to transit into its Pr state, an averaged Pr A-scan was acquired, E) the sample was displaced laterally and the process was repeated. The difference of the two A-scans revealed the distribution of phyA within the sample.
B.1.4 PPOCT Scheme for τ˜Infinity, Permant Altering of Contrast Agent
For contrast agents where the agent is permanently altered by photodestruction, isomerization, oxidation/reduction, or produces long lived photoproducts by reaction with endogenous molecules, the data must be acquired once before and once after the sample has been exposed to the pump radiation. By permanent, we mean that for the image acquisition time the probability of the molecular system of returning to the original state is practically nil. In principle the data could be gathered by pixel, line, or entire image, however in order to reduce the effect of diffusion of both the pump photons and photoproducts through the tissue, it is most efficient to acquire entire images at a time.
This embodiment is an analog of the fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) method used in fluorescence microscopy, hence similar physical properties may be derived from the results. For instance if the pump-probe cycle is repeated over a period of time, the diffusion rate of the contrast agent in and out of the image Window may be determined. The major advantages over FRAP are depth resolution and the fact that the contrast agent need not have an excited state which fluoresces. Molecules with flourescent states are a fairly uncommon phenomena in biologically relevant environments.
B.1.5 PPOCT Temporal Resolution for Interrogation of Contrast Agent Environement
Any of the pump-probe techniques described thus far can also be used to temporally resolve the pump-probe interaction with the molecular system. The addition of a variable temporal delay line to vary the time between the pump and probe beams is the only hardware addition required. Then by systematically varying the pump-probe delay and monitoring the contrast as a function of delay one can map the exponential decay of the molecular system back to its ground state. Fitting the exponential decay, likely to multiple exponentials, will yield information about the molecular system, including the number of states which are decaying back into the ground state and the natural lifetimes of these states. Both of these molecular properties are well know to vary based upon interactions of the molecule with its environment.
The depth resolved lifetimes then provide a 3D map of the local environment of the contrast agent.
B.2 Saturable Absorber Based Molecular Contrast OCT (SAOCT)
Another class of molecular contrast OCT that we would like to describe here involves the use of saturable absorbers as contrast agents. Saturable absorbers are generally (but not limited to) chemical species that become progressively more transparent as the intensity of incident light increases.
The phenomenon can be readily understood from an energy levels argument. Photons with energy quanta that match the energy difference of the ground and excited state of a chemical species may be absorbed by the chemical species in order to make the transition to the excited state. The number of such chemical molecules is finite in a given volume. As such, there is a maximum number of photons per unit time (saturation intensity) that can be absorbed by the absorbers. This limit is a function of the relaxation time and the number of molecules in the excitation volume. When the incident light intensity approaches or surpasses this limit, the fraction of light (transmittance factor) that is transmitted increases (see
This nonlinear dependency of transmitted light intensity on input light intensity in saturable absorbers can be exploited in combination with OCT to determine the location and concentration of saturable absorbers in a sample, since other factors which affect attenuation such as scattering processes and non-saturable absorption are independent of the input light intensity. (Note that all absorbers are saturable given a high enough input light intensity. Our classification of saturable absorbers includes chemical species that can be saturated at low enough input intensity that they would not be destructive of biological or other relevant samples.) The relatively short singlet excited state relaxation lifetime (˜10 −6 to 10−12s) requires the use of mode-locked lasers to achieve a high enough intensity in order to approach or exceed the saturation intensity. In the ensuing description, wherever a laser is mentioned, we implicitly mean a mode-locked laser which is capable of putting out a train of short (˜10−6 to ˜10−15 s) light pulses.
Herein are disclosed three embodiments for taking advantage of saturable absorption for molecular contrast in OCT. An advantage of these methods is the use of a single light source to provide molecular contrast; in effect, the single light source acts as both pump and probe. The first uses polarization contrast to separate pump and probe beams at the same wavelength (section B.2.1). Alternatively, the pump and the probe may be sufficiently detuned in wavelength from each other to be spectrally distinguishable, but remains sufficiently in resonance to the excitation transition (also included in section B.2.1). The next two embodiments do not distinguish between a pump and a probe beam, and instead used a single input beam as the input to the target. The first of these embodiments is a simple time-domain approach, where the attenuation of pulses of differing intensity are observed and compared directly by using a novel pulse-stretching idea to rapidly switch between high and low pump intensity (section B.2.2). The second uses a frequency-domain approach to monitor nonlinearity in OCT beam attenuation as a function of intensity (section B.2.3).
B.2.1 Polarization and Spectral Encoding Embodiments
A schematic for achieving molecular contrast with a single light source is shown in
In order to provide molecular contrast, a differential measurement is taken with one of two methods. In one possible configuration, a chopper may be used to modulate pump amplitude at alternating pulses or alternating OCT line scans. Amplitude modulation of the pump beam facilitates signal detection and acquisition. In another configuration, a variable delay of the pump beam may be used to perform a differential measurement. If the delay is adjusted such that the pump and probe are overlapping, saturable absorption occurs. On the other hand if the probe arrives long after the pump, the molecules have relaxed to the ground state and are able to absorb the probe. Alternating between these two states is analogous to switching the pump on and off. The adjustable delay provides the additional flexibility to optimize, with respect to the lifetime of the chemical species, the arrival time of the probe after the pump.
One disadvantage of this configuration is that the polarization states of the pump and probe may not be maintained, due to birefringence or optical activity within the sample. Another drawback is that excitation of the sample with a polarized light source selectively excites the fluorophores with absorption dipole moments parallel to the pump electric field. Thus, in order for the excited molecules to interact with a probe that is oriented orthogonal to the pump, the probe must arrive after rotational diffusion has reduced the anisotropy within the medium.
A simple modification of this configuration, shown in
B.2.2 Pulse Stretching Approach
As previously stated, the phenomenon of saturable absorption requires that radiation be delivered to a dye doped sample in short (10−6 to 10−12 s) pulses. The intensity of a radiation pulse is directly proportional to the quotient of the number of photons in the pulse, N, and the temporal duration of the pulse, Δt. It is instructive to look at the delivery of a light pulse as a stream of N photons delivered over Δt seconds with a mean photon inter-arrival time δt of Δt/N. If N/Δt is in the saturation regime, δt is small, and earlier arriving photons are more likely to be absorbed by the dye than later arriving photons are. In other words, the earlier photons induce transparency which is detected by later arriving photons. This is a system that exhibits memory because the absorption of the ith photon is a function of i itself. In fact, the absorption coefficient is a decreasing function of i, and the mean absorption cross section of the dye over i photons is less than the baseline absorption cross section.
If instead the same N photons are delivered over Δt′ seconds, where Δt′>>Δt, N/Δt′ is well below the saturation regime, and δt is large. Earlier photons are just as likely to be absorbed as later photons, and the system is memoryless. The absorption cross section is independent of i, and the mean cross section over i photons is equal to the baseline absorption cross section.
Given that the Δt of a pulse can be manipulated by propagation of a light pulse through a medium (e.g. optical fiber) or optical systems (e.g. femtosecond pulse shaper) with nonzero second order dispersion characteristics, we propose a method to measure the concentration of a saturable absorber by recording the intensity of coherently gated backreflected sample light /OCT, as a function of Δt. Since the manipulation of Δt has either a negligible or well-characterized effect on N, and since scattering processes are non-saturable, a straightforward relationship between /OCT, Δt, and saturable absorbable concentration can be established.
One particular embodiment of this concept is to perform OCT scans on a sample containing a saturable absorber with a pulsed laser source that is broadened with a dispersive medium or other optical system on alternate OCT scans (
Since the saturation intensity is a function of the excited state lifetime of the saturable absorber, it should be noted that the excited state time lifetime can be extracted by examining backreflectivity profiles at several values of Δt. This feature may be of particular value in characterizing the microenvironment of contrast agents (whose lifetime can be dependent on pH, ionic concentrations, gas partial pressures, and other analyte concentrations), or even potentially quantifying the concentration of multiple simultaneous contrast agents through exploitation of this additional degree of freedom.
As in the previous section, the benefits of this invention are independent of the type of OCT system used, either time-domain or spectral domain.
B.2.3 Amplitude Modulation SAOCT
An alternate scheme for isolating saturable absorber contribution in a sample that includes other absorbers and scatterers is depicted in
The same principle has been exploited to study 2-photon absorbers (Tian, P. F. and W. S. Warren, Ultrafast measurement of two-photon absorption by loss modulation. Optics Letters, 2002. 27(18): p. 1634–1636).
We propose a SAOCT scheme, based on this principle, to render depth resolved saturable absorber concentration contrast in a sample. The scheme is depicted in
This system will be able to render depth resolved images with saturable absorber distributions. The saturable absorber may be intrinsic to the sample or externally introduced and preferentially taken up by specific regions of the sample. Saturable absorbers species with different absorption spectra may be selectively probed by judicious selection of appropriate excitation wavelengths.
The major advantage of such a molecular contrast scheme lies in the fact that all absorbing chemical species are appropriate candidates for contrast. The choice of saturable absorbers to exploit for use depends only on the wavelength and the intensity of light available.
B.3 Molecular Contrast Based Refractive Spectrum OCT
The methods described thus far, are all based on measuring changes in the collected light intensity for contrast. The absorption spectrum (
The Kramers-Kronig relationship can be applied to calculate the spectral refractive index variation from the absorption spectrum. In the case of a Lorentizan (in frequency space) absorption spectrum with a maximum at λ1 and a linewidth of 2Δ, the refractive index profile possesses stationary points at wavelengths (λ1−Δ) and (λ1+Δ) (see
The primary advantage of using refractive index based OCT approaches lies in its sensitivity. Such methods may potentially see changes that will not otherwise be revealed in absorption based measurements. In addition, it is highly sensitive to contrast agents that have a broad absorption spectrum, such as GFP (green fluorescent protein). In comparison, intensity based approaches may have difficulties distinguishing a contrast agent with a broad absorption spectrum in the midst of other contrast agents.
B.3.1 Refractive Index Based PPOCT (RIPPOCT)
A possible implementation for refractive index based contrast measurements may follow the image acquisition sequence as those described for PPOCT. For this measurement modality in a time-domain system, the probe wavelength should be detuned from the absorption maximum by either −Δ or +Δ, so that it is centered on a refractive index maximum or minimum. This detuning is unnecessary for a Fourier-domain system, since the entire waveform in
In view of the smallness of the absorption change, the refractive index change will likely be small too. In general, for time-domain OCT based phase measurement requires the use of a referencing method. This is necessitated by the fact that any slight unaccounted movement within an OCT system will create phase errors. Several phase based OCT techniques exist that we can exploit to make correct phase measurements.
One possible implementation of RIPPOCT involves the use of a third wavelength as a referencing source. A RIPPOCT scheme based on the use of long intermediate state contrast agents is shown in
The choice of the referencing beam wavelength is constrained by two considerations. First, it should be chosen to fall beyond the wavelength range where the Kramers-Kronig relationship predicts a refractive index variation. Second, the wavelength should ideally be harmonically related to the probe beam wavelength. By fulfilling this requirement, the system will be significantly more insensitive to vibrational errors in the system. The justification for this can be found in Ref. (Yang, C. H., et al., Phase-dispersion optical tomography. Optics Letters, 2001. 26(10): p. 686–688).
The scheme includes the use of a low coherence referencing beam. This need not necessarily be the case. The referencing beam can be a monochromatic beam. In this situation, the heterodyne phase associated with the referencing beam will be due entirely to the averaged reflection from the sample (Yang, C., et al., Phase-referenced interferometer with subwavelength and subhertz sensitivity applied to the study of cell membrane dynamics. Optics Letters, 2001. 26(16): p. 1271–1273). In this case, the referencing beam heterodyne phase signal will vary uniformly as we scan into the sample; it is equivalent to an optical ruler by which phase variation in the probe beam heterodyne phase signal can be compared against. Such a scheme for comparing phase lag is equally applicable in this technique.
The second class of RIPPOCT involves the use of a Wollaston prism to separate the probe beam into two spatially separated component (they have orthogonal polarizations) (see
B.3.2 Refractive Index Based SAOCT (RISAOCT)
A refractive index based method for measuring saturable absorber concentration can be implemented in a scheme similar to the ones depicted in
B.4 Photon Mixing for Molecular Contrast in OCT
There are a number of nonlinear optical processes which may be used for molecular contrast that fall under the general title photon mixing, including second harmonic generation (SHG), third harmonic generation (THG), sum frequency generation (SFG), and difference frequency generation (DFG). The uniting theme is that they all are processes where two or more photons are mixed in a nonlinear optical medium to generate a photon of different wavelength, i.e. 1/λf=Σ1/λi, where λf is the resulting wavelength and the sum is over all photons involved in the mixing process with wavelength λi. Note that any λi can go into the above equation with a negative sign, when DFG is being considered. Second, third, fourth, etc. harmonics are those where all λi are equivalent, where as in SFG and DFG the photons need not be degenerate hence all of the harmonics are special cases of SFG.
Photon mixing is a nonresonant process, i.e. there need not be any excited state molecular resonances for it to work, as is required in PPOCT. This fact loosens the requirements on the wavelength of the light source. Though one should note that, it is well known that near molecular resonances can enhance the nonlinear optical response of a material by orders of magnitude. This property may be exploited to record the spectrum of a contrast agent. Consider a two photon mixing process, where one photon source is narrow bandwidth and one light source is broad bandwidth as is appropriate for OCT. Scanning the narrow bandwidth source in wavelength while recording the photon mixing OCT signal will map out the depth resolved spectrum of the contrast agent, due to the resonant enhancement. Moreover, the recorded spectrum will have the bandwidth resolution of the narrow bandwidth source.
A generalized experimental setup for Fourier-domain photon mixing OCT is shown in
To demonstrate photon mixing based MCOCT, we have constructed an SHG-OCT system. We used a time domain system, which had the layout as in
Other suitable contrast agents are the proteins bacteriorhodopsin and green fluorescent protein, which have been shown to have substantial nonlinear response.
B.4.1 Polarization Resolved Photon Mixing for Molecular Contrast in OCT
The nonlinear response of a contrast agent depends on the orientation of the molecular axes with respect to the light polarization, therefore resolution of the nonlinear response with respect to the light polarization would provide molecular orientation information. There have been a number of techniques developed for OCT systems which carefully keep track of the light polarization, in order to determine the birefringence of the sample. Any of these techniques would work for polarization resolved photon mixing OCT, with the addition of the appropriate nonlinear crystals in the reference arm to generate the reference arm light.
One technique would be to illuminate the sample with circularly polarized light, and set the reference arm polarization to 45 degrees. Then a polarizing beam splitter placed before the detectors would send each polarization to its own detector.
The resolution of the nonlinear response with respect to light polarization, effectively provides a map of the molecular hyperpolarizability of the contrast agent, with the largest nonlinear response occurring when the laser polarization is parallel to the molecular axis with the largest hyperpolarizability. Possible applications are for determining the orientation of collagen fibers or the orientation of proteins like green fluorescent protein, which can be incorporated into cell walls.
B.5 Spectral Triangulation Molecular Contrast OCT (STMCOCT)
Unlike the methods mentioned above, this particular method does not require the modification of the contrast agents to any extent during the imaging process. The method, termed spectral triangulation molecular contrast OCT, operates by first acquiring three 3 consecutive OCT scans of the target sample at three evenly spaced wavelength intervals. The second scan is collected at an OCT probe wavelength that closely matches the absorption maximum wavelength of the contrast agent. By comparing the 3 scans and analyzing them, we can extract a differential OCT signal that profiles the differential absorption profile of the sample. This differential absorption profile should then correspond to the distribution profile of the targeted contrast agent within the sample. The method is able to correct for any possible error caused by the spectrally dependent variation (up to the 1st order) in the scattering property of the sample.
The advantages of this method are:
The molecular contrast signal acquired with the techniques described in this disclosure, consisting of the differential interferometric signal with the pump on versus off in PPOCT or the differential interferometric signals a function of pump intensity in SAOCT, is cumulative as a function of depth in the sample. Specifically, the PPOCT or SAOCT signal from a given depth in a sample depends upon the cumulative PPOCT/SAOCT signal which the probe beam acquires in traversing regions of the sample between the sample surface and the depth of interest. In the simplest case this dependence is simply an integration over the pump-induced transient absorption over the path of the probe beam to the depth of interest. In addition to integration over the transient absorption, the amplitude of the differential PPOCT/SAOCT signal acquired at every depth in the sample also depends on the amplitude of the optical reflection or scattering received from that depth. In the trivial case, if there is no reflection or scattering over a given depth range in the sample, there will be no PPOCT/SAOCT signal from that range of depth either, and the concentration of molecular contrast agents from that depth range may only be inferred from it's effects on the amplitude of the PPOCT/SAOCT reflections from deeper in the sample. Both of these factors imply that the PPOCT/SAOCT signal acquired from a given sample must be processed in order to extract quantitative information about the location and concentration of molecular contrast agents. A quantitative expression for the differential signal detected in PPOCT as a function of the contrast agent concentration and other parameters is given in Eq. (2) in K. D. Rao, M. Choma, S. Yazdanfar, A. M. Rollins, and J. A. Izatt, "Molecular Contrast in Optical Coherence Tomography using a Pump-Probe Technique," Optics Letters 28:340, 2003.
A demonstration of a signal processing approach for extraction of molecular contrast information from a reflection-poor sample is illustrated in
In order to extract information about the location and concentration of the contrast agent which resulted in the raw A-scans depicted in
The signal processing approach described in the previous paragraph may also be adapted for extraction of quantitative information about the distribution and concentration of contrast agents in scattering media. In preliminary experiments, however, such processing was not necessary for at least qualitative imaging of contrast agents in a scattering medium, as illustrated in
It will be understood that various details of the invention may be changed without departing from the scope of the invention. Furthermore, the foregoing description is for the purpose of illustration only, and not for the purpose of limitation, as the invention is defined by the claims as set forth hereinafter.
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text: I see the future. Mark these words now. A UFC tour around the country, with events even more regularly than they are now. Like once a week. And…a network deal to air them all. There will still be a monthly showcase. But looks like the UFC in moving in the direction of more and more shows, because they always sell out these major arenas. They'd be stupid to not pursue these live events more regularly…and like them or hate them, they're NOT stupid.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Grinling Gibbons
1 portrait
© National Portrait Gallery, London
Grinling Gibbons
after Sir Godfrey Kneller, Bt
oil on canvas, (circa 1690)
48 1/2 in. x 39 in. (1232 mm x 991 mm)
Purchased, 1937
Primary Collection
Click on the links below to find out more:
Sitterback to top
- Grinling Gibbons (1648-1721), Woodcarver and sculptor. Sitter in 10 portraits.
Artistback to top
- Sir Godfrey Kneller, Bt (1646-1723), Portrait painter. Artist associated with 1674 portraits, Sitter associated with 30 portraits.
This portraitback to top
He is shown here holding a bust of a woman and a pair of calipers.
Related worksback to top
- NPG D11514: Grinling Gibbons ()
- NPG D19092: Grinling Gibbons (after)
- NPG D19142: Grinling Gibbons (after)
Linked publicationsback to top
- Ingamells, John, Later Stuart Portraits 1685-1714, 2009, p. 97
- Piper, David, Catalogue of Seventeenth Century Portraits in the National Portrait Gallery, 1625-1714, 1963, p. 136
- Saywell, David; Simon, Jacob, Complete Illustrated Catalogue, 2004, p. 244


text:
Things to see and do - Sierre
Leaving for Liechtenstein
Sierre :
Unmissable tourist sites
Where to sleep?
Sierre Hotel tips
Hotel Atlantic from72 CHFBook
Top searches Switzerland and Liechtenstein
Sierre Travel guide
Sierre : Michelin's recommendations
Deep in the Rhone valley at the foot of the (Noble Contrée( wine-producing region and at the start of the Anniviers valley, Sierre (Siders) is Switzerland's sunniest town. It also marks the linguistic border between French and German. Several fortified residences, such as Les Vidommes castle or Goubin tower, recall Valis' medieval period and when it was governed by bishops.
Tourist attractions Sierre : Things to see and do
Town Hall
r. du Bourg CH - 3960 Sierre
Old manor then a hotel in the 17-19C, this building has a surprisingly rich interior with fine painted ceilings, murals, paintings and stained glass windows. In a cellar, there is a museum of pewterware with a collection of around 180 pieces (17-19C)..
Rue du Bourg
Rue du Bourg CH - 3960 Sierre
This charming little street has old houses, including an interesting building with watchtowers called the Vidommes Castle and a noble Catholic church of St Catherine (17-19C). At n° 30, the house of Pancrace de Courten (18C) houses the Rainer Maria R..
Villa Castle
Rue Ste-Catherine 4 CH - 3960 Sierre
The Museum of Vineyards and Wine is housed in the castle outhouses. There is a video projection on grape pressing and some rooms showing the presses, cellars and the different types of containers showing the importance of the wine industry in society..
Hotels Sierre
Hotel Atlantic
Route de Sion 38 CH - 3960 Sierre
Situated in Sierre, 1 km from the train station, Hotel Atlantic offers an outdoor swimming pool and free private parking. The restaurant serves a wide variety of local and international dishes. The soundproofed rooms feature cable TV and a private b..
Restaurants Sierre
De la Poste
Rue du Bourg 22 CH - 3960 Sierre
Didier de Courten
Rue du Bourg 1 CH - 3960 Sierre
The sober decor highlights to even greater effect the cuisine here, and long may it continue given that Didier de Courten is one of the most inventive chefs of his generation. He concocts dishes that are highly complex but with a clear-cut harmony of..
L'Atelier Gourmand
Rue du Bourg 1 CH - 3960 Sierre
This trendy brasserie allows guests to discover the inventive cuisine of Didier de Courten and his team at reasonable prices in a convivial atmosphere. Both the à la carte menu and the tempting evening set menu focus on seasonal produce.


text: I am pregnant again! This is the 3rd time in 3 months, the first 2 ended in early miscarriage, I had one in August and one in September. I really don't want to go through that again The doctor told us to wait a few months but we decided to leave it up to fate (heat of the moment kind of thing). I really hope this one works out. But seriously who gets pregnant every single month!? Aren't the odds like 30% or something that a fertile couple will get pregnant in a given month? My first 2 dc were conceived the very month we tried, I guess I am just super fertile, now if only my body will hold on to it this time! Please cross your fingers for me that this is it!!


text:
Elive 1.9.22 Ecomorphs Compiz with Enlightenment
In theory, Compiz effects should not work under Enlightenment. But Elive developer Thanatermesis has now morphed Compiz and Enlightenment 17 to achieve the seemingly impossible.
The new <link href="http://www.elivecd.org/Main/News/elive-development-1.9.22-compiz-released" target="_blank">Elive E17 Compiz 1.9.22</link> uses a modified version of Compiz called Ecomorph, which Elive founder and main developer Samuel "Thanatermesis" F. Baggen says is still in development. The LiveCD is meant more for testers than for everyday use; for example, transparent video playback still has its problems.
Thanatermesis not only adapted the Compiz compositing window manager, but modified the Enlightenment 0.17 (known as E17) graphical environment so that E17 and Ecomorph can work together. To be sure that the new Elive is experimental, "do not expect total stability" according to Thanatermesis. Problems can still exist running it on some graphics cards.
Still, the CD was successfully tested on Macbooks and Eee PCs, and works optimally on Nvidia and Intel graphics cards. Check out the demo video at <link href="http://www.elivecd.org" target="_blank">http://www.elivecd.org</link>.
CorrectionI don't have modified Compiz or Enlightenment 17 to work together, this job is made by Jeffdameth with Ecomorph. I just adapted Elive to work with it, with maybe minor changes in E17 to customize it better for Elive.
Issue 175/2015
Buy this issue as a PDF
Code.org and College Board Team Reach Out for Talented High School Coders
New partnership will bring more and better CS training to US schools
A Peek Inside TeslaCrypt Ransomware
Criminals offer online help over Tor network
Mumblehard Still Spams
Sophisticated malware is still present on Joomla and WordPress sites around the world.
Launchpad Gets Git
Future versions of Ubuntu's code service will support the popular Git version control system used with Linux and other open source projects.
AMD Posts Code for Linux GPU Driver
New release marks the arrival of AMD's unified driver strategy.
30 Percent of New Server Equipment Goes to Cloud Infrastructure
A new study by IDC charts big changes in the big hardware market.
Windows Might Go Open Source
Azure CTO says Redmond has already considered the unthinkable.
Linux Mint Will Stay with Ubuntu
Lead developer quells rumors that the Debian version is slated for center stage.
Microsoft Frees Code for .NET Build Engine
MSBuild is now just another GitHub project as Redmond continues its path to the light.
Researchers Demonstrate Hack by Heat
Malware could pass data and commands between disconnected computers without leaving a trace on the network.


text:
environmental risk assessments Companies in Latvia
Euro Lab Environmental Ltd
based in Laindon, UNITED KINGDOM
Euro Lab Environmental are an Asbestos surveying, air fibre counting and bulk asbestos identification consultancy. We carry out project management, risk assessments method statements, environmental air testing, marine and offshore asbestos consultancy.
MLM Environmental
based in Ipswich, UNITED KINGDOM
Formed in 1966, MLM is a multidisciplinary engineering and environmental consultancy and corporate approved inspector. We provide professional services in all aspects of Environment Planning and Development, Buildings and Infrastructure, Compliance and Sustainability. We have over 200 staff operating out of eight UK offices. Our Vision is to be outstanding in the way we ...
Walsh Environmental
based in Boulder, COLORADO (USA)
Walsh provides a wide range of environmental consulting services to public and private sector clients domestically and internationally. The Walsh team is comprised of scientists and engineers specializing in disciplines ranging from environmental science, industrial hygiene, ecology, biology, geology, chemistry, landscape architecture and hydrology to environmental, ...
Weldlag Environmental Group
based in leyland, UNITED KINGDOM
We are prodominatley a supplier of services for environmental issues - asbestos surveys - asbestos removals - fire risk assessments - legionella audits and other related services.We work throughout the United Kingdom and Internationally. We are always seeking out working partnerships with in country joint venture projects, also we are looking for overseas investors in our ...
Environmental Gain Limited
based in Frome, UNITED KINGDOM
Environmental Gain provides environmental advice and services for development projects, land management and research. Our staff are highly experienced and qualified to assist our clients through planning and consenting processes, both in the UK and internationally. We have experience in providing environmental expertise for concept/design, planning/consent, construction, ...
Environmental Monitoring
based in Kendal, UNITED KINGDOM
Environmental Monitoring (EM)are a specialist provider of environmental monitoring equipment for hire, sale or service. Environmental Monitoring has a history within measuring emissions which goes back over twenty years. From Isokinetic stack sampling to air quality,indoor air quality,noise monitoring,hvac, landfill and water monitoring. Our latest portable isokinetic ...
ERAtech Environmental, Inc.
based in Dayton, OHIO (USA)
ERAtech Group, LLC. - Licenses proven Waste Derived Fuels (WDF) technology for sustainable development fuels programs. ERAtech Environmental, Inc. - Provides full-service safety, health and environmental consulting services including: Environmental and OSHA audits, Phase I, II, and III property assessments, Air, Water, and Storm water permit writing and renewal, ISO 14000 ...
Environmental Technology Consultants, S.L. (ENTECO)
based in Barcelona, SPAIN
An engineering services firm specializing in environmental consulting, auditing and training. The firm provides comprehensive business and engineering services throughout Spain and its territories. Main services offered: Environmental assessments Waste minimisation audits Phase one / Due diligence assessments Property and Liability risk assessments, ergonomics ...
Ethos Environmental Ltd.
based in Edinburgh, UNITED KINGDOM
Ethos Environmental provide your business with a range of consultancy services for both national and multi-national clients. Monitoring and reporting expertise ensures all regulatory standards in health, safety and environmental performance are met whilst providing you with relevant and accurate reports to help your business improve performance.
WET Water Environmental Treatment Ltd
based in Tamworth, UNITED KINGDOM
Today the company provides water hygiene and Legionella prevention services to over 2000 sites throughout the UK. Our experience ranges from 500 Legionella risk assessments for a national blue chip company to basic remedial works such as removing deadlegs. This depth of service is complimented by being related to one of the UK's leading tank manufacturers, extending our ...


text:
Staff Reporter
Kodandaramaiah targets Deve Gowda, son
Bangalore: Congress leader and former MP P. Kodandaramaiah has criticised the stand of Chief Minister H.D. Kumaraswamy to bring about internal reservation among backward classes.
He told presspersons here on Tuesday that Mr. Kumaraswamy and his father, the former Prime Minister, H.D. Deve Gowda, had assured the smaller castes among the backward classes of bringing in internal reservation under category 2A separating them from Kurubas and Idigas who were also grouped in the same category.
Questioning the constitutional propriety of the Chief Minister to announce any measure at bifurcating or earmarking separate reservation for the smaller castes, Mr. Kodandaramaiah said that this was nothing but usurping the powers of the Karnataka Backward Classes Commission.
The fact that the commission was yet to be reconstituted was a reflection on the commitment of the two leaders for the uplift of the backward classes.
On the other hand, he said that the two leaders had attended the Vokkaliga conference, where Mr. Kumaraswamy spoke of strengthening the community. Mr. Kumaraswamy even said that he would take up the issue of internal reservation in the next Cabinet meeting, Mr. Kodandaramaiah said and dubbed the whole affair as a drama enacted by Mr. Deve Gowda and his son.
Mr. Kodandaramaiah said that all those JD(S) leaders who joined the Congress, were happy.
He opposed the stand of Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Mayawati for giving reservation in education and employment for the poor among upper castes. However, he was for providing freeship, concession in fees, hostel facilities and distribution of free books.


text:
Month: May 2015
Date: May 4--15
Name: Workshop on Stochastic Processes in Random Media
Location: Institute for Mathematical Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
The aim of the workshop is to bring together researchers from both the physics and probability communities and to promote further interaction between them in areas of common research interest. The central themes of the workshop will include (but are not restricted to): dynamics of reaction-diffusion systems, including biophysical applications of such processes; random polymers and related systems; the Kardar-Parisi-Zhang universality class, and random matrix models. The first week will be a workshop consisting of 25-30 talks. The second week will have fewer talks and more free time and discussion sessions to encourage collaboration.
Special Session Manual
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Hopefully everyone confirms their confirmations sooner than later, or this'll just be running in circles indefinitely. lol
Let's go guys - you said you were in, so now it's time to anty-up!! :-D
What's the code? How do we purchase at the quoted price? Request an invoice through paypal? Buy directly through ebay? Fre1102, can you send me particulars through email at (screen name) @ hotmail.com, with 'CTS-V Parts' in the subject? Thanks.
My plan is to email the code out when everybody sends me an email--we should all pay him on or about the same day so he knows he's getting paid. I don't want him to lose track of one or two of us and think he's waiting on something.
What's your email?
Screen name at yahoo.
Do I have to take the side markers too ?
How are the re-re-confirmations coming along? Anxious to get this rolling...
They're not. Four total so far.
Email inbound fre1102
Everybody that emails me--send me your screen name too so I can keep track.
I'm reconfirming I want clear fogs including clear sidemarkers.
Sending you a PM.


text:
erinsandquist's Mom Answers Activity
How can I change my husband's mind about breastfeeding?
Most recent answer (02/24/2014):
Your husband is a jerk! That is really all and it is too bad you are stuck with him. I always wonder why so many women choose complete ja...posted by Mayaana
Is there an herbal "baby safe" way to deal with toxemia?
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my midwife told me i'm showing early signs of toxemia at 27 weeks. my prescription is to eat a big serving of protein for each meal and ...posted by erinsandquist


text:
Covers additions and enhancements to the Microsoft Silverlight development framework.
Shows programmers how to create dynamic, interactive, rich Internet applications that run on Silverlight 3.
"Wow! It just keeps getting better and better. I hate the fact that I will never be able to quit—I am now a lynda.com addict." —Sharon W.
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