text:
By Stacy Downs
McClatchy Newspapers
KANSAS CITY, Mo. � Collections are a blessing.
Photographs, books, hula girl figurines: They speak to our memories and passions like nothing else in the home. They make us different and special.
But collections also can be a curse. Once friends and family figure out what you like, watch out. You could have a menagerie of monkey statues to wrangle.
�People accumulate without really knowing what they�re going to do with it or where to put it,� says Kevin Sharkey, executive editorial director of decorating for Martha Stewart Living.
So, unfortunately, because we don�t know what to do with our collections, they end up packed away in cardboard boxes. Sure, the clutter of a haphazardly displayed collection is gone. But then the personalities in our homes vanish.
This year, I�m corralling my collections. Displaying collections might seem like an easy DIY project, but it�s hard because it involves lots of self-editing and discipline. The result is a meaningful display that expresses who you are. And that�s infinitely satisfying.
Books look good with other books. Photographs go best with other photographs. That sounds easy, but we tend to scatter things willy-nilly throughout the home.
Sell or donate collections and pieces of a collection you don�t like. Hallmark photostylist Andy Newcom, who has collected portraits of businessmen, blue milk glass and beyond (and we�re just on the B�s), sold his collections before moving into a smaller home in Fairway, Kan. Those that remain have taken on a starring role in his home.
�I have a passion for both new and old things,� Newcom says. �Mixing them creates an interesting look.�
English ironstone pitchers and serving pieces are the focal point in the kitchen. His collection of clear glass bottles and containers decorates the mantel in the living room.
The two most popular collections are personal photographs and books. For black-and-white pictures, Sharkey suggests creating a gallery wall, painting it a vivid color so the photos really pop.
Sharkey also groups his books by color. Many designers adopt the Roy G. Biv method of displaying books by the colors in the rainbow.
I collect books, but I categorize them by subject matter in alphabetical order. With my brother�s help, I�m corralling that collection into a more stylish and functional display. He has cut down existing bookshelves to desk height, and we�re rebuilding them to fit every angle in the library/home office. The result will be less wall clutter and the illusion of more space.
Many modern-day collectors like to display items on open shelves rather than behind glass-front china cabinets. The look is less dish museum, more interactive.
�It shows that anything you have can be touched by anybody,� says Tim Butt, interior designer and owner of Black Bamboo, a home furnishings store in the Crossroads Arts District. �And it�s easier to change items out for a fresher look.�
The kitchen of Andy Newcom�s Fairway home is white, and so is his collection of English ironstone, creating a calming but striking monochromatic look. The open shelving makes it easy to use the pieces.
It�s easy to create your own dramatic backlit display with these framed illuminated shadowboxes that hang horizontally or vertically. Several of the boxes can be grouped together. Some ideas for different areas of the house:
� Art glass in the living room or dining room.
� Perfume bottles in a powder room.
� Chunky beaded jewelry in the bedroom or dressing room.
� Drinking glasses in the kitchen.
� Transparent photography in the family room.
Illuminated shadowboxes are made of translucent acrylic and ebony-stained wood lit with a small fluorescent bulb. Cords can be hidden. Dimensions as shown are 30 inches long, 12 inches deep, 11 inches high, $225 each, Black Bamboo
Martha Stewart Living spotlights a collectible each month and shows ways to display it, www.marthastewart.com
Pottery Barn sells shadowbox trays and glass lamps that can be filled with collections, catalog and online only, 888-779-5176, www.potterybarn.com
West Elm sells picture ledges and block shelves for streamlined displays, 913-696-1690, www.westelm.com
Make a shadow box from an existing picture frame. Step-by-step instructions and photos are from Martha Stewart�s Encyclopedia of Crafts (Potter Craft, $35)
This modular display gallery can unite the disparate collections of one person or stylishly merge the collections of two. How? Each box acts as its own unit. Similar modular units can easily be built from scratch.
When you have different shapes and sizes of an item, a tray acts as a container to organize the pieces into one statement. These ceramics made in Kansas City and elsewhere share a similar color palette. The corralled collection creates a clean look and packs in more visual impact than if the individual pieces were �marched� down a mantel or shelf.
You can make a shadowbox table by finding a garden urn you like and having a piece of glass cut to go on top of it. Glass display accents are great for holding vacation mementos (such as seashells, matchbooks or vintage postcards), toys and found objects from the backyard.


text:
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Mac Tools extends primary sponsorship with Kalitta through 2016
The famed and record-setting Big Red Mac Tools dragster has rocketed down NHRA national event dragstrips at more than 320 mph since 2001. After the economic crisis in the United States a few years ago, Mac Tools had to step aside as Kalitta's primary ...
Like father, like sons
Napa Valley Register
After 19 years competing in NHRA's top professional drag racing series, in 2008 Arana Sr. won his first Pro Stock Motorcycle race ever. In 2009, he won five races, including the prestigious Mac Tools U. S. Nationals at Indy, and became the 2009 NHRA Pro ...
and more »
Dramatic NHRA explosion photo earns photographer Russ Catlin Award
Nastase who primarily shoots for a variety of publications on the NHRA Mello Yello Drag Racing Series won this year's photojournalism award for a shot of the car blowing up at the finish line at Mac Tools US Nationals in Indianapolis. The image was captured ...
and more »
Coughlin claims NHRA Pro Mod championship
Castellana took the points lead with his nitrous-assisted Al-Anabi Camaro after the Mac Tools U.S. Nationals presented by Auto-Plus in Indianapolis and built on that margin at the following two races. He and his team recorded one win, two runner-up finishes, ...
and more »
J. Force wins Funny Car Shootout
The event, reschedule from the Mac Tools U.S. Nationals at Lucas Oil Raceway at Indianapolis, earned Force $100,000 and bragging rights as the first Funny Car winner of the specialty race. "It's a great day ... Stay up-to-date on the NHRA at www.nhra.com.
and more »
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
I Love New York
I don't like cities, but I like New York
Other places make me feel like a dork
Los Angeles is for people who sleep
Paris and London, baby you can keep
Baby you can keep (repeat 8x)
Other cities always make me mad
Other places always make me sad
No other city ever made me glad
Except New York
I love New York
I love New York
I love New York
If you don't like my attitude, then you can F-off
Just go to Texas, isn't that where they golf?
New York is not for little pussies who scream
If you can't stand the heat, then get off my street
Get off my street (repeat 8x)
(Get off my street) (repeat 15x)
Composição: Madonna / Stuart Price · Esse não é o compositor? Nos avise.
Enviada por Lucas
Traduzida por Daniel
Enviada por Lucas
Traduzida por Daniel


text:
Results for Human Rights Watch
A Time to Break Silence on Central African Republic
Originally Posted: 01/16/2014 - 3:31pm | Type: Blog
This year, in light of conflicts in Syria, South Sudan, and an often-overlooked war in Central African Republic, we should remember the words of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. This we ...
House Considers Rising Anti-Semitism in Europe, Middle East
Originally Posted: 03/01/2013 - 11:14am | Type: Blog
An advertisement in Athens intertwines a swastika with a Jewish star. Hungarian politicians declare Jews a national security risk. A gunman executes three children and a rabbi at a Jewish school in France. ...
Human Rights Watch Slams NATO for Civilian Deaths in Libya
Originally Posted: 05/14/2012 - 12:54pm | Type: Blog
For Reuters, Sebastian Moffett reports on a new Human Rights Watch report. For Reuters , Sebastian Moffett reports on a new Human Rights Watch report: "In a r ...


text:
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Geographic Range
Potamogale velox is found only in central Africa, from the southern regions of Nigeria, Gabon, and The Central African Republic to the Northern regions of Angolia and Zambia. It is rarely found west of Tanzania and Uganda. One small population lives between Uganda and Kenya (African Mammal Databank).
P. velox prefers aquatic environments in the central African rain forest. Its preferred habitats include both high and low order streams, swamps, and during the rainy season some animals may migrate to small forest pools (Kingdon, 1997; Walker 1983).
- Habitat Regions
- freshwater
- Terrestrial Biomes
- rainforest
- Aquatic Biomes
- rivers and streams
- Wetlands
- swamp
- Range elevation
- 0 to 1800 m
- 0.00 to 5905.51 ft
Physical Description
The Giant Otter Shrew got its common name because of its physical resemblance to otters. It has a broad, flat muzzle covered with stiff whiskers, and flaps of skin that seal its nostrils when diving. It has small eyes and external ears. The thick round body is covered with a dense undercoat and course guard hairs. P. velox has a dark brown back and whitish under parts. The tail is covered with a short, silky coat of fur. It is compressed laterally, and allows P. velox to swim with a fish-like motion (Knigdon, 1997; Nicoll, 1985; Walker, 1983). Legs, which are short and lack webbed digits, are not used for swimming. The hind feet have a flap if skin along the inside that allows them to be held snugly against the body when swimming. There are also two syndactylous toes on the hind feet, used for grooming. On land P. velox is plantigrade (Walker, 1983; Nicoll, 1985). Females have two mammae on the lower abdomen (Nicoll, 1985).
- Other Physical Features
- endothermic
- bilateral symmetry
- Range mass
- 300 to 950 g
- 10.57 to 33.48 oz
- Range length
- 535 to 640 mm
- 21.06 to 25.20 in
Males move long distances in search of mates and it is thought that males rut during the wet season (Nicoll, 1985).
Little is known about the reproductive patterns of P. velox, but females examined were generally developing twins (Nicoll, 1985).
- Key Reproductive Features
- seasonal breeding
- gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate)
- sexual
- fertilization
- Breeding season
- Wet season
Little in known about the longevity of P. velox, but when held in captivity individuals quickly deteriorate (Nicoll, 1985).
- Range lifespan
Status: captivity
- 1 to 14 days
- Range lifespan
P. velox is a strong, agile swimmer. Activity starts at dusk and continues into the night. P. velox digs burrows in the stream bank with underwater entrances and shelters there during the day. It chooses dry leaves with which to line its nest. This is also where breeding takes place. The burrows are frequently changed. When foraging, otter shrews take frequent grooming breaks. When traveling upstream the otter shrew travels on the bank more frequently than when traveling downstream. The night foraging routine is regular and predictable, and covers up to 800 meters a night. P. velox regularly visited discrete piles of feces that were sheltered and above the stream flood line (Nicoll, 1985).
Communication and Perception
Food Habits
P. velox is a nocturnal predator, hunting primarily by touch and scent in calm pools. It searches both the pool and the bank for food. It prefers areas that have cover to retreat to when it feels threatened (Nicoll, 1985). P. velox attacks prey using sharp bites, sometimes pinning the prey with its fore feet, and flipping crabs over to attack their ventral surface. When attacking larger prey P. velox hisses, and avoids crabs larger than 7 cm across (Nicoll, 1985; Walker, 1983). The prey preference varies among individuals; some prefer crabs; others, frogs, or even fish. Frogs are eaten headfirst and fish are pulled into manageable bits. Prey is consumed on the bank (Nicoll, 1985). They also eat insects, mollusks, and prawns.
- Primary Diet
- eats terrestrial vertebrates
- piscivore
- insectivore
- eats non-insect arthropods
- molluscivore
- Animal Foods
- amphibians
- fish
- insects
- terrestrial non-insect arthropods
- mollusks
Conservation Status
The habitat of P. velox is highly fragmented (Walker, 1983; African Mammal Databank; Nicoll, 1985). While they can tolerate seasonally cloudy streams, streams muddied from erosion and deforestation are little used (Walker, 1983; African Mammal Databank). Habitat quality is apparently important to this species. Some drown in fishing nets or fish traps (Walker, 1983; Kingdon, 1997), and members of this species have not survived well in captivity (Nicoll, 1985). There is ongoing research about the effects of human activity on them (African Mammal Databank).
- IUCN Red List
Least Concern
More information
- US Migratory Bird Act
- No special status
- US Federal List
- No special status
- No special status
Other Comments
Information on P. velox is scarce, and much of it is in languages other than English.
Despite it's common name "shrew" it should be noted that P. velox is a tenrec, not a shrew.
Gabriel Tamaska (author), University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Ondrej Podlaha (editor), University of Michigan-Ann Arbor.
- Ethiopian
living in sub-Saharan Africa (south of 30 degrees north) and Madagascar.
- bilateral symmetry
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror-image halves. Animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. Synapomorphy of the Bilateria.
- carnivore
an animal that mainly eats meat
- chemical
uses smells or other chemicals to communicate
- endothermic
animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. Endothermy is a synapomorphy of the Mammalia, although it may have arisen in a (now extinct) synapsid ancestor; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. Convergent in birds.
- fertilization
union of egg and spermatozoan
- freshwater
mainly lives in water that is not salty.
- insectivore
An animal that eats mainly insects or spiders.
- internal fertilization
fertilization takes place within the female's body
- molluscivore
eats mollusks, members of Phylum Mollusca
- motile
having the capacity to move from one place to another.
- native range
the area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic.
- nocturnal
active during the night
- piscivore
an animal that mainly eats fish
- rainforest
rainforests, both temperate and tropical, are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground. Epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant. Precipitation is typically not limiting, but may be somewhat seasonal.
- seasonal breeding
breeding is confined to a particular season
- sexual
reproduction that includes combining the genetic contribution of two individuals, a male and a female
- solitary
lives alone
- swamp
a wetland area that may be permanently or intermittently covered in water, often dominated by woody vegetation.
- tactile
uses touch to communicate
"African Mammals Databank (*Potamogale Velox*)" (On-line). Accessed October 5, 2001 at http://www.gisbau.uniroma1.it/amd/amd028b.html.
Kingdon, J. 1997. Giant otter shrew. Pp. 137 in The Kingdon field guide to African Mammals. London and New York: Natural World: Academic Press.
Nicoll, M. 1985. The biology of the giant otter shrew *Potamogale velox*. National Geographic Society Research Reports, 21: 331-337.
Walker, E., F. Warnic, S. Hamlet, K. Lange, M. Davis. 1983. Giant African Water or Otter Shrew. Pp. 112 in J Paradiso, ed. Mammals of the World. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press.


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Strawberry Souffle
|2 Pint, washed and hulled
|Unflavored gelatin
|1⁄2 Ounce (Two 1/4 Ounce Envelope)
|1⁄4 Cup (4 tbs)
|2⁄3 Cup (10.67 tbs)
|Egg yolks
|4 , well beaten
|1⁄8 Teaspoon
|Lemon juice
|1 Tablespoon
|Egg whites
|4 (At Room Temperature)
|1⁄2 Cup (8 tbs)
|Heavy cream
|1 Cup (16 tbs), chilled and whipped
|Red food coloring
|3 Drop
Puree strawberries in an electric blender or press through a sieve or food mill.
In a heat-resistant, non-metallic, 1 quart measuring cup, combine 1 cup of strawberry puree, gelatin, water, the 1/2 cup sugar, egg yolks and salt.
Stir to combine.
Heat, uncovered, on roast for 4 minutes or until mixture just begins to boil.
Stir frequently.
Cool mixture slightly.
Add remaining strawberries and lemon juice.
Chill mixture until it is consistency of unbeaten egg whites.
While mixture is chilling, beat egg whites in a large bowl until stiff peaks form.
Add the 1/2 cup sugar, 1 tablespoon at a time, beating constantly until egg whites are stiff and glossy.
Fold whipped cream and chilled berry mixture into egg whites.
Add food coloring until desired color is reached.
Pour mixture in a 2-quart mold.
Chill at least 3 to 4 hours to set.
Garnish with whipped cream and strawberry, if desired.


text:
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Explore the Towns of Martha's Vineyard
Looking for a scenic escape this summer? Try visiting one of these picturesque towns on your next trip to Martha's Vineyard. 10 Can't-Miss Things on Martha's Vineyard 25 Free Things to Do on Cape Cod Vintage Images of Cape Cod Martha's Vineyard is the Priciest Summer Destination


text:
Easy Chickpea Salad
|Clarified butter/Olive oil / coconut oil
|1 Tablespoon
|2 Cup (32 tbs), pat them completely dry with clean dish towel
|Chopped leeks
|1 Cup (16 tbs)
|Garlic clove
|1 Medium, minced
|Lemon zest
|1 Tablespoon
|Plain yogurt
|1⁄3 Cup (5.33 tbs) (You May Use Low Fat Greek Style)
|Curry powder
|1 1⁄2 Teaspoon (Indian Style)
|Fine grain sea salt
|1⁄4 Teaspoon
|Warm water
|2 Tablespoon
|Loosely packed fresh cilantro
|1⁄2 Cup (8 tbs), chopped
|Red onion/Red sprig onions
|1⁄2 Cup (8 tbs), chopped
|Toasted slivered almond
|1⁄3 Cup (5.33 tbs), chopped
Heat the cooking oil in a large skillet and add the chickpeas. Saute over medium-high heat, stirring occasionally, until they start getting a bit golden in color. Stir in the leeks and cook until the chickpeas are more golden and the leeks have browned a bit as well, roughly 7 - 10 minutes total. At the last minute stir in the garlic and the lemon zest. Remove from heat, and set aside.
While the chickpeas cool (I like to serve this salad at room temperature), make the yogurt dressing by combining the yogurt, curry powder, and salt in a small bowl. If you need to thin it out a bit, particularly if you are using Greek yogurt, whisk in warm water a tablespoon at a time. Taste, adjust, and set aside.
When you are ready to serve the salad, toss the chickpea mixture with most of the cilantro and most of the chopped red onion. Add about 1/2 of the yogurt dressing and toss again. If you like more dressing, keep adding until you are pleased. Serve on a platter sprinkled with the remaining onions and cilantro.


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Roman Presences: Receptions of Rome in European Culture, 1789-1945Hardback
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- Publisher: CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
- Format: Hardback | 292 pages
- Dimensions: 158mm x 232mm x 20mm | 662g
- Publication date: 13 May 1999
- Publication City/Country: Cambridge
- Edition statement: New.
- Illustrations note: 26 b/w illus.
Product description
This collection of essays explores aspects of the reception of ancient Rome in a number of European countries from the late eighteenth century to the end of the Second World War. Rome has been made to stand for literary authority, republican heroism, imperial power and decline, the Catholic Church, the pleasure of ruins. The studies offered here examine some of the sometimes strange and unexpected places where Roman presences have manifested themselves during this period. Scholars from several disciplines, including English literature and history of art, as well as classics, bring to bear a variety of approaches on a wide range of images and texts, from statues of Napoleon to Freud's analysis of dreams. Rome's seemingly boundless capacity for multiple, indeed conflicting, signification has made it an extraordinarily fertile paradigm for making sense of - and also for destabilizing - history, politics, identity, memory and desire.
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'It is an impressive collection ... The book ... offers a wealth of fascinating material ...' Classical and Modern Literature
Table of contents
List of illustrations; List of contributors; Preface and acknowledgements; Introduction: shadows and fragments Catharine Edwards; 1. A sense of place: Rome, history and empire revisited Duncan F. Kennedy; 2. Envisioning Rome: Granet and Gibbon in dialogue Stephen Bann; 3. Napoleon I: a new Augustus? Valerie Huet; 4. Translating empire? Macaulay's Rome Catharine Edwards; 5. Comparativism and references to Rome in British imperial attitudes to India Javed Majeed; 6. Decadence and the subversion of empire Norman Vance; 7. The road to ruin: memory, ghosts, moonlight and weeds Chloe Chard; 8. Henry James and the anxiety of Rome John Lyon; 9. 'The monstrous diversion of a show of gladiators': Simeon Solomon's Habet! Elizabeth Prettejohn; 10. Christians and pagans in Victorian novels Frank M. Turner; 11. Screening ancient Rome in the new Italy Maria Wyke; 12. A flexible Rome: Fascism and the cult of romanit... Marla Stone; 13. The Nazi concept of Rome Volker Losemann; 14. Ruins of Rome: T. S. Eliot and the presence of the past Charles Martindale; Bibliography; Index.


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Brunton ADC (Atmospherice Data Center) Summit
The ADC (Atmospherice Data Center) Summit by Brunton gives you the data you need to make the call.
From the kayak to the racetrack, the ADC series is showing up everywhere. Whether you're honing your shooting accuracy in Athens, Greece, or reading the barometric pressure trends when the fish are rising, the ADC lends necessary insight to your outdoor activity.
Let your partners believe you're predicting the rain with some sort of mind-bending, supernatural powers and leave the science to us. ADC technology is the perfect example of our commitment to changing the way we live in the outdoors.
DECENT FEATURES of the Brunton ADC (Atmospherice Data Center) Summit
- Waterproof / submersible
- Current temperature
- Current wind speed
- Maximum wind speed
- Average wind speed
- Wind speed alarm
- Wind chill
- Minimum wind chill
- Wind chill alarm
- Current water speed
- Time and date
- Chronograph
- Race/countdown timer
- Current barometric pressure
- Past 24 hour pressure graph
- Prediction for 12 hours weather
- Storm alarm
- Current altitude (feet, meter)
- Maximum altitude (feet, meter)
- Altitude alarm
- Ski run counter
- IR data communication
- Manual and automatic data logging
The SPECS of the Brunton ADC (Atmospherice Data Center) Summit
- Weight: 2.4 oz
- Dimension: 4.3 x 2 x 0.8"
- Clock: 12/24 hours
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The Kestrel handhelds are standard. I haven't tried the Bruntons, but I decided to buy the Kestrel 4000 after encountering a few negative reviews about the ADC line from Brunton mostly revolving around the insensitive/cold-intolerant wheel. The 4000's been dandy.


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Translating the language of birds.
Birders who are not musically gifted (including me) face the difficult task of learning and remembering vocalizations for hundreds of species. The challenge is daunting because a particular species may utter multiple territorial songs, contact calls and regional dialects. An effective learning technique is to translate the vocalizations of a species into familiar words or phrases. Just as many people cannot remember lyrics to popular songs without singing the melody, many birders cannot remember bird songs and calls without thinking of mnemonic phrases. Because of the difficulty of translating sounds into words, birdsong mnemonics can feature vastly different (and creative) interpretations of the same song.
Some birds are named for their vocalizations. One of the most familiar is the cock named after the first syllable of its song. The common cuckoo of Eurasia and Africa is named for the song used in countless clocks. (The song of the roadrunner, one of America's indigenous cuckoos, is a similar coo coo coo coo coo coo, not meep meep as in the cartoons). Among the many species named for their vocalizations are the boobook owl, chachalaca, chickadee, chiffchaff, chowchilla, curlew, dickcissel, hoopoe, kiskadee, pauraque, pipit, towhee, veery, whip-poor-will, willet, and wompoo pigeon.
Ornithologists classify birds and decide on scientific names for species, while ornithology organizations decide on accepted common names. Non-ornithologists often get to know species from vocalizations and use songs or calls to create colloquial names. The willet, which was named for its song, also is known by the colloquial names bill-willie, pill-willet, pill-will-willet, and will-willet. In Australia, a colloquial name for the magpie-lark is peewit.
Many bird names describe a vocalization rather than represent the actual sound. Examples include the laughing gull, whistling kite, piping plover, whooping crane, chipping sparrow, plaintive cuckoo, melodious blackbird, musician wren, snoring rail, and dark chanting goshawk. Cisticolas, which are small, brownish songbirds found mostly in Africa, are accomplished vocalists. The adjectives used in their species names include bubbling, chattering, chirping, churring, croaking, piping, rattling, sifting, singing, tinkling, rink-rink, trilling, wailing, whistling, and zitting.
The Northern mockingbird mocks and mimics the songs of other species, as reflected in its scientific name, Mimus polyglottos. Babblers are named for their babbling, trillers for their trilling, whistlers for their whistling, screamers for their screaming and chats for their chattering. The mourning dove is named for its mournful cooing, but the mourning warbler is named for its funereal plumage. The song of the Eastern whipbird resembles a whipcrack. Bellbirds and the bell miner sound like ringing bells. The trumpeter swan trumpets. The cicadabird sounds like a cicada. The saw-whet owl sounds like a saw being sharpened. The call of the gray catbird in America sounds like a mewing eat, while the unrelated catbirds in Australia sound like alley eats in heat. Some nouns of assemblage are based on bird vocalizations, such as a chattering of choughs and a murmuration of starlings.
Not all bird names based on vocalizations accurately reflect how the birds sound. Warblers in America generally do not warble. They were named for their physical similarity to unrelated European warblers that warble. Some birds are named for a vocalization of a species in the same genus or family, even though they themselves do not make such vocalizations. Not all cuckoos say coo-coo, just as not all birds called kingfishers hunt for fish. A fly-catcher called the Eastern wood-pewee says pee-a-wee. But in Central America, the closely related greater pewee sings Jo-se Ma-RI-a. The Eastern phoebe, another flycatcher, spits out its phoe-be song. But the song of the closely related black phoebe sounds more like pee-wee. In Australia, the olive-backed oriole sings or-i-ole, but this is a coincidence that has nothing to do with the bird's name.
The translation of a song into words may be influenced by the location and culture of those listening. The white-throated sparrow is common in many parts of North America. A familiar interpretation of its song is Old Sam Peabody Peabody Peabody. In Canada, the interpretation is more likely to be Oh Sweet Canada Canada Canada. The song of the short-billed pigeon, found in Central and South America, sounds like who-COOKS-for-YOU to people speaking English and dos TON-tos SON ('they are two fools') to Spanish speakers. Dos tontos son is the Spanish name for the species.
The use of familiar words or phrases in some mnemonics involves a sacrifice of accuracy so that birders can more easily remember the songs. David Sibley's North American Bird Guide portrays one of the songs of the black-throated green warbler as zoooo zeee zo zo zeet. Richard Walton's recordings of North American birdsongs describe it as trees, trees, murmuring trees. Sibley's description is more accurate but harder to remember. Walton describes the slow song of the black-throated blue warbler as beer beer beer beeee. Some birders portray it as I'm so la-zy. The latter, while less precise, helps birders to remember more easily the slow, lazy quality of the song.
The beer uttered by the black-throated blue warbler is one of many food and drink references in birdsong. The olive-sided flycatcher, which is in the same genus as the pewees, says Quick, free beer! or Quick, three beers! The song of the white-eyed vireo is sometimes portrayed as Pick up the beer check quick. For the nonalcohol crowd, there are the Eastern towhee, who tells us Drink your tea; the Carolina wren, who loudly sings teakettle, teakettle, teakettle; and the song sparrow, whose complex song Richard Walton describes as Maids maids maids pick up the tea kettle kettle kettle. The flight call of the American goldfinch sometimes is portrayed as potato chip. The barred owl hoots Madame, who cooks for you? One guide to North American birds describes the song of the Acadian flycatcher as "an explosive peet-suh" (perhaps topped with hearts of napalm).
In Southern Queensland, naturalist Glen Threlfo helped me to learn the songs of three common Australian "walking" birds in the rainforest. He said the brown pigeon asks Didja walk? Didja walk? The Wonga pigeon says walk walk walk walk walk. And the loud but elusive noisy pitta screams walk to work. Richard Walton uses a similar teaching technique to Threlfo's; he groups similar vocalizations and explains the differences. The American robin has the clear pleasant song cheerily, cheer-up, cheerily. Walton describes the scarlet tanager as sounding like "a robin with a sore throat." The tanager's song has a similar length and rhythm to the robin's but sounds burry.
A familiar characterization of birdsong is tweet, as reflected in the cartoon character Tweety Pie and the lyrics to the song "When My Sugar Walks Down the Street." Few little birdies actually say tweet tweet tweet. One that does is the prothonotary warbler, which became a topic of controversy during the Alger Hiss trial in the 1950s. Its song sounds like tweet tweet tweet tweet tweet. The yellow warbler's song comes close with sweet sweet sweet a little more sweet.
Bird vocalizations sometimes include a familiar name. The Northern bobwhite was named for its two-note bob-white call. In Costa Rica, I heard the three-note call of the spotted-bellied bobwhite that sounds like rob-ert-white. The California quail screams Chicago, while the long-tailed manakin says Toledo. The chestnut-sided warbler says see see see see Miss Beech-er. The gray-eheeked fulvetta sometimes says sweet sweet Georgie. The white-crowned sparrow is sad that Poor JoJo missed his bus. If JoJo missed a school bus, he might be chastised by his teacher, who is in the ovenbird's song: teacher, TEACHER, TEACHER. The song starts softly and becomes loud.
Some bird vocalizations sound like the melodies of popular songs. In Australia, part of the song of the grey butcherbird sounds like the melody portion of Little Green Apples with the lyrics "And if that's not lovin' me ..." The three-note song of the spotted pardalote sounds like the first three notes of XTC's song Melt the Guns (although some Australians claim the bird is saying tough titty).
Birds sometimes seem to be talking to birders. The red-eyed vireo says Here I am. Where are you?; the statement and question reflect the two distinct parts of the song. The song of Australia's green catbird is the ungrammatical Heeere I aaaare. The Swainson's warbler says look look look look at me. The black-breasted wood quail asks Where are you? Where are you? while the common yellowthroat asks Which is it? Which is it? Which is it? A rufous-browed peppershrike I heard in Costa Rica seemed to say I'M-A-RU-FOUS-PEP-PER-SHRIKE.
The Skutch and Stiles guide to Costa Rican birds describes the song of the male stripe-breasted wren as who's to SEE/me, little me/who's to SEE/me, little me. The slashes represent places where the male slows down to allow the female to join in a duet. Similarly, the male riverside wren sings victory/we-do-it/victory/we-do-it. To celebrate, the king rail sometimes says hip hip hurrah/ In Australia, the grey whistler sometimes says TIC TAC TOE, while the MacLeay's honeyeater screams a free TV.
Some birds make comments that sound negative or antisocial. The common potoo whines POO-or me, O, O, O, O. The inca dove says no hope. The brown quail complains not faair, not faair, while the marbled wood-quail is a killjoy, saying burst the bubble, burst the bubble. In Australia, the little friarbird sometimes protests Ow, ow, don't pull my hair-air. The helmeted friarbird says poor devil, while America's red-headed woodpecker says queer, queer. In tropical America, the bright-rumped attila says beat-it, beat-it, beat-it naow. Australia's little wattlebird threatens fetch the gun, fetch the gun. The late Graham Pizzey, author of the most comprehensive field guide of Australian birds, portrays the song of the crested shrike-tit as knock at the door--whack/Once when I was staying at Graham's home, a Willie-wagtail sang outside my bedroom window around 3 A.M. and seemed to say I'm trying to an-NOY you. For pure negativity, one cannot beat the fish crow, who likes to say uh-uh.
When words fail, birders resort to analogous sounds to describe vocalizations. The gang-gang cockatoo and Montezuma oropendola sound like creaking hinges. The black-and-white warbler sounds like a squeaky wheel, while the field sparrow sounds like a ping-pong ball bouncing on a table. The pine siskin makes a sound resembling a needle dragged across a phonograph record, while the rufous whistler can sound like a stuck record. The female emu booms like the drum at a college football game. The sooty owl sounds like a falling bomb. The spangled drongo sounds like an alarm clock buzzer. The sharp-tailed sparrow sounds like a piece of hot iron plunged into cold water. Brown-headed nuthatches sound like squeeze toys, while red-breasted nuthatches sound like toy trumpets. Masked plovers sometimes sound like someone dragging a shovel across concrete. The clapper rail can sound like an old car engine, while the malleefowl sounds like an accelerating sports car with a manual transmission. The eclectus parrot makes a sound like an old-fashioned car air-horn. The alarm call of noisy miners sounds like a beeping car alarm. Eastern kingbirds sound like electrical sparks. Pizzey compares the song of the pheasant coucal to water glugging from a bottle and the song of the white-tailed nightjar to an axe repeatedly striking a hollow log.
Some vocalizations resemble sounds made by people and other animals. The call of the Australian raven sounds like Phyllis Diller's laugh. European starlings make a wolf whistle. The shining bronze-cuckoo sounds like someone whistling to a dog, while the rufous piha sounds like a whistle to beckon a person. The barking owl barks like a dog. Wood ducks sound like a puppy whose foot has been trod on. The Henslow sparrow makes a weak hiccup. Bush stone-curlews wail like banshees. Pizzey likens the song of Tasmania's yellow wattlebird to coughing and vomiting. The trumpet manucode sometimes sounds like he is clearing phlegm from his throat. In Costa Rica, I heard a group of prong-billed barbets whose ha-ha call in unison sounded like a Hollywood laugh track. Some penguins bray like asses. A group of Australian magpies can sound like an orchestra tuning up. The nightingale wren sounds like he is randomly blowing a reed instrument, while the flight call of the cotton pygmygoose sounds like someone playing a kazoo. The rainbow bee-eater sounds like the frequent whistles blown by referees during Olympic waterpolo matches. The tawny frogmouth utters a monotonous oom oom oom ..., resembling a Buddhist chant. A call of the marbled frogmouth sounds like the woo woo woo woo noises made by Curly of the Three Stooges.
One cannot begin to understand a Beethoven symphony by reading a pile of music books and not listening to the actual work. Likewise, one cannot learn about bird vocalizations by reading mnemonics and not hearing the actual birds. Shelley wrote in his famous poem about a skylark, "I have never heard praise of love or wine that panted forth a flood of rapture so divine." I doubt Shelley would have been so effusive had he merely read about the skylark's song in the new Collins guide to European birds: "A variety of calls, all rather dry rolling sounds, e.g., 'prreet', 'prrlyh', 'prrut-ut,' and 'prreeh-e.' Sometimes, often when anxious, a more piping 'p(r)eeh.'"
Birds use their language to communicate information about territory, sexual availability, threats, and other aspects of their existence. In The Minds of Birds, Alexander Skutch theorizes that birds have an aesthetic sense and may sing for the delight of hearing themselves. The language of birds is marvelously complex and can be both beautiful and entertaining. I'm glad I have learned something about this language so that I can eavesdrop on so many remarkable conversations.
[William Young is a writer who lives in Arlington, Virginia. His other interests include anagrams and limericks.]
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Kentsfield/Quad-Core Overclocking Thread
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Join Date: Dec 2003
Location: Victoria, BC
Posts: 2,905
Re: Kentsfield/Quad-Core Overclocking Thread
Originally Posted by
I currently have a Zalman 9700. It's not bad but as others have pointed out it isn't that great compared to Thermalright's IFX or Ultra Extreme. The problem is the tests I've seen have been only on C2D not on Quads.
What I've seen reference to is that the heavy Thermalright products weigh down on some of the cores thus giving a heat disparity between them...sometimes as great as 15C. For example by simply lifting the weight of the Ultra off of the board with you hand will equalize the temp.
Therefore, even though the cooling of these Ultras are almost as good as water on C2D, I wonder if water is the only solution so that the heat dispensation is equal on all cores?
First off, welcome to nvnews!!
I'd never thought of the effects of the weight of the heatsink. But I suppose that would make sense. The weight is trying to pry the heatsink off the chip and thus the top has less contact than the bottom. Whether it is significant enough to notice (you say 15C....is this just a guess or a number you got from testing?) I dont' know.
But I will say that water is awesome on my chip. Maxes out at 59C. And idles around 35-42 depending on whether I turn down the fans on the radiator or not. Normally I run the fans at low (can't hear them at that setting) and the temps are fine for normal use. As soon as I start doing something CPU/GPU intense (like a game) I crank the fans.
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Today's TV: Entertainment ; Who Dares Sings! (ITV1, 7.55pm)
July 26, 2008
Some unkind souls have suggested that if this show was a stick of rock, it would have 'tacky' written all the way through it. They may be missing the point. This perfect Saturday night show takes great pleasure in its cheesiness to serve up an entire fondue set of entertainment. It may be as classy as Velcro underwear, but for family fun, it's got the lot. Each week, Ben Shephard and Denise Van Outen challenge 100 members of the studio audience to take centre stage and belt out chart-topping hits for a cash prize.
(c) 2008 The Journal – Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Provided by ProQuest Information and Learning. All rights Reserved.


text: Hello. It seems like the latest updates of WP have damaged somehow the Matala theme coding. Each time I click on any link on my site, a white border appears covering the link. You can try for yourself going to my site. Any clue? maybe this theme is using old CSS styling or something like that? I can't figure it out. Thank you very much.


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Looking good and having a flawless skin is every girl's dream. Every girl wishes to have a fresh and glowing complexion with spotless skin. Moreover, we all get turned on by the latest skin care products in market and want to grab them in order to have a good skin. But there are economical ways to get good skin too and you can get a good skin through homemade cosmetics for face. Homemade cosmetics are not only affordable but also, you have a surety that they are free from any artificial ingredients or anything that can harm your skin.
Tomato and lemon facial mask can also be made at home at it is one of the most effective homemade cosmetics for oily skin in particular. It not only helps you in getting rid of oily skin but in homemade cosmetics for face as it helps to rejuvenate your blocked pores and get rid of dead cells.
Tomato and lemon mask as homemade cosmetics for face has an excellent balance of essential vitamins and acid level for skin. It brings shine to the skin through its wonderful combination and helps you in achieving a fresh look which you always wished to have. The most amazing thing is that all this is done just by using a simple mask in homemade cosmetics.
All you need to do for homemade cosmetics in order to make this tomato and lemon facial mask is take one tomato and one teaspoon of lemon juice. Now put both these in a blend and blend well until a smooth paste is formed. You mask in homemade cosmetics for face is ready. Now apply it on face and leave it for 15-20 minutes. Wash it with warm water and feel the freshness instantly through such amazing homemade cosmetics for face.
You can also add two tablespoons of oatmeal into your mask in order to get even better results as oatmeal is great in homemade cosmetics for exfoliation and softening of the skin. With this mask in homemade cosmetics for face, you will witness that within weeks, you dark circles, blemishes and oiliness will be reduced drastically and a fresh feeling will be felt 24/7. Moreover, you will get rid of the blackheads too.
So try out this natural remedy in homemade cosmetics for face and see the drastic results within no time. Tomatoes are excellent anti-oxidants and lemon juice has been used for treating many skin problems in homemade cosmetics since ages. You will surely love you skin and it is a guarantee that you will find homemade cosmetics a lot more effective than what you buy for heavy amounts from markets.
Ramadan is the month of countless blessings, joy and to rejuvenate your inner beauty.
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Bin Roye movie which boasts of a stellar cast in Humayun Saeed, Mahira Khan and Javed Sheikh is already being touted as one of the biggest films to release this year.


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Police: 64 Cordi villages under watch for village polls
LA TRINIDAD, Benguet—The Cordillera police said 64 villages in six upland provinces have been categorized as election watch-list areas (EWA) in the synchronized barangay (village) and Sangguniang Kabataan elections in October.
Speaking at a news conference, Chief Supt. Benjamin Magalong, Cordillera police director, said these communities in Abra, Apayao and Kalinga provinces were being monitored because of intense political rivalries detected there.
Magalong said the police intended to use conflict mediation conferences, consisting of counseling and dialogues, to help ease tension in these areas.
This was a process used by the Cordillera police to end rivalries in Abra and Kalinga during the May 2013 midterm elections.
The police election report was also presented in Baguio City on Tuesday during an assembly of the Cordillera Regional Peace and Order Council.
Senior Supt. Ernesto Gaab, chief of the regional police intelligence division, said 34 of these villages are in Abra, 16 in Ifugao province, 10 in Mt. Province, three in Kalinga and one in Apayao.
Gaab cited political rivals who are seeking new terms in Barangay Nababalayan in Kabugao, Apayao.
He said the police are also monitoring the activities of suspected private armed groups in Abra, including a new group that offers services such as escorting politicians.
Gaab said the Commission on Elections registered 73,816 new voters for the village polls, raising the total number of upland voters to 998,567 since the midterm elections. Reports from Kim Quitasol and Vincent Cabreza, Inquirer Northern Luzon
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A method for neural current imaging. Electromagnetic fields produced unknown distribution of unknown sources in the body is sensed at a plurality of remote locations. The inverse problem is solved to produce a first fuzzy "image" of the sources. In addition, a standard imaging method, such as MRI, is used to independently image the body, to obtain a second fuzzy image of the sources. Additional independently obtained fuzzy images may also be provided. All or a selected subset of the images are pooled as components to form an enhanced image with greater resolution or clarity than the component images.
1. A method for imaging electrical current flowing in a body, the current defining a field outside the body, the method comprising:
obtaining field data, by use of at least one of (a) EEG and (b) MEG, representative of the field at a selected time;
obtaining a solution to the inverse problem posed by said field data;
producing, based on said solution, a first image showing the current at a first resolution;
scanning the body at the same said time as part of an MRI procedure;
producing by said MRI procedure a second image showing the current at a second resolution; and
combining said first and second images so as to produce an enhanced image of the current at a third resolution that is greater than the first and second resolution.
2. The method of
3. The method of
4. The method of
This is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 10/001,541 filed on Nov. 13, 2001, now U.S. Pat No. 6,594,521.
The present invention relates to a method for imaging neural current, for detecting and locating neural activity in the body, and more particularly, in the brain.
It is well known that electrical currents are associated with brain activity. These electrical currents are produced by neurons in the brain and are referred to as "neural currents." Information about neural currents provides a means for understanding brain function. For example, the performance of a specific motor function will involve particular areas of the brain, and the dynamic behavior of the neural currents associated with the motor function provides information about the sequence in which different areas of the brain are involved.
Electroencephalography ("EEG") is a technique that may be used for measuring neural currents. In EEG, electrodes are placed at various locations on the scalp and the difference between the electrical potential at one location and another is measured. If a large number of neurons are concurrently active, it is possible to detect the resulting neural currents. An advantage of EEG is that it has high temporal resolution, i.e., the technique detects the presence of a neural current with only a slight delay from the time when the neurons were active. Because of its high temporal resolution, EEG provides important information about the timing of brain functions. However, a disadvantage of EEG is that it has limited spatial resolution, i.e., it is unable to identify with great accuracy the spatial location of the sources of electrical activity within the brain.
Magnetoencephalography ("MEG") may also be used for detecting neural currents, i.e., by responding to the magnetic fields that are generated thereby. In MEG, the magnetic flux emanating from voltage sources in the brain induces a current in coils that surround the head. The induced current is used to create an image of brain activity. MEG is similar to EEG in that it has the advantage of high temporal resolution and the disadvantage of limited spatial resolution. In addition, the magnetic flux from neural currents is very small relative to background magnetic noise. Therefore, the MEG device must be very sensitive to small magnetic signals, and must be shielded from the background magnetic noise to discern the desired signals. Such shielding is costly to provide, and MEG cannot be used simultaneously with other techniques producing electromagnetic radiations.
Magnetic resonance imaging ("MRI") is most often used for measuring blood flow or blood oxygenation levels within the brain. The technique is based on the principles of nuclear magnetic resonance ("NMR") and a brief explanation is necessary to understanding.
Most atomic nuclei possess a nonzero nuclear spin quantum number and a coaxial magnetic moment about a corresponding spin axis. The nuclei may be characterized as magnetized gyroscopes. Just as for the angular momentum vector of a gyroscope in a gravitational field, the vector moments of the nuclei precess about their spin axes in the presence of a magnetic field at a frequency ("Larmor frequency") that is proportional to the magnetic moment of the nuclei multiplied by the magnitude of the magnetic field.
The vector moments of the precessing nuclei trace a cone in space describing an angle with respect to the direction of the magnetic field. Where there are many nuclei, such as in the body, the vectors sum to a single, ensemble moment aligned with the magnetic field, the lateral vector components averaging out.
In MRI, a large, static first magnetic field is applied to a body. This causes the ensemble moment of the nuclei in the body to align with the direction of the first magnetic field, as the nuclei precess at the Larmor frequency. In addition, a second, alternating magnetic field is applied to the body in a direction perpendicular to the direction of the first magnetic field. The frequency of the second magnetic field is adjusted to match the Larmor frequency. In that special circumstance, the nuclei precess about the direction of the second magnetic field as though the static field were absent. Thence, as a result of the application of the second magnetic field at the Larmor frequency, the ensemble moment tips away from being aligned with the first magnetic field.
The second magnetic field is produced as transmitted electromagnetic radiation at radio frequency (RF). It is typically provided as a pulse. The amount of tipping can be controlled by the duration of the pulse, it being desirable to rotate the ensemble moment from alignment with the static field π2 radians. When the pulse is turned off, the ensemble moment relaxes ("spin relaxation"), or loses energy, so that it re-aligns with the static field.
This relaxation occurs through two kinds of energy loss mechanisms: spin-spin interactions and spin-lattice interactions (where the term "lattice" is used loosely in the context of liquids or other noncrystalline environments). Because the energy states for the spin angular momenta are quantized, these interactions must permit precise amounts of energy loss or relaxation cannot occur, and due to the randomness of the interactions, it results that a substantial time is required for relaxation.
The rate of relaxation for a given atomic nucleus depends on magnetic field fluctuations caused by its neighbors as a result of thermal agitation. Particularly, spin-lattice interactions cause the energy provided by the RF pulse to decay exponentially with a time constant T1, and decay due to spin-spin interactions is described by an associated time constant T2. Where the fluctuations occur at rates that are either to large or too small compared to the Larmor frequency, energy dissipation is inefficient and therefore slow, resulting in long decay times T1 and T2.
In order to measure the times T, it is noted that energy lost in the transition of an atomic nucleus from a higher energy state (corresponding to precession due to the second, alternating magnetic field) to a lower energy state (corresponding to spin relaxation) produces radiation at the frequency defined by the energy difference between the energy states. For protons in body tissue, this radiation (termed "free induction signal") is in the radio frequency range and is detected with a coil as an electrical signal indicative of the decay times T.
The RF pulse excite all the atomic nuclei at once. The free induction signal that follows has a highly complex time dependence. However, this complex decay waveform can be Fourier transformed to provide discernible NMR spectra indicative of the type and amount of atomic nuclei, as well as their atomic environment. From this spectroscopic information, tissue type can be determined.
Even so, the spectra do not contain any spatial information so that an image cannot yet be formed. To solve this problem, magnetic field gradient ("MFG") pulses are used to spatially encode the free induction signals, to provide for locating the atomic nuclei responsible for the measured spectra in space. The MFG pulses are spatially varying magnetic fields generated by coils. The pulses are aligned with the first, static magnetic field and provide a linear gradient to the field along the x, y, or z axis. For a linear gradient in the z direction, for example, all points on the x and y axes will see the same magnetic field, providing a planar "slice" of data corresponding to that value of the first magnetic field. Where the first magnetic field is altered due to the gradient, the Larmor frequency is altered, and there will not be resonance with the second, alternating magnetic field. To image another slice, the second, alternating magnetic field can be adjusted.
An advantage of MRI is that it provides images with good spatial resolution. A disadvantage of MRI is that the time required for spin relaxation, even the relatively short time required for relaxation of protons in lipids, limits the temporal resolution of MRI.
It has been proposed to directly measure neural currents using MRI. The proposed technique is referred to herein as Magnetic Resonance Neural Current Imaging ("MRNCI"). One method is based on the principle that a current-carrying conductor experiences a force (a Lorentz force) when it is placed in a magnetic field. The magnitude of the force is proportional to the amount of current and the strength of the magnetic field. The direction of the force is perpendicular to the direction of current flow. A conductor that is not rigidly confined will be displaced in the response to the Lorentz force.
Neural currents flow through nerve cells which are therefore current-carrying conductors. Accordingly, nerve cells may be displaced by applying a magnetic field in proportion to the amount of neural activity carried thereby. If this displacement is large enough, it may be seen using imaging techniques such as MRI. However, the amount of neural current is very small, so to obtain a detectable displacement requires a very large magnetic field MRI devices are capable of producing very large magnetic fields, and could also be used according to MRNCI to produce images before and during a period of neural activity. The images would be compared by subtraction to produce a new image showing tissue displacement. However, MRNCI has not yet been shown to be able to detect currents as small as neural currents. The magnitude of such currents is of the same order of magnitude as the noise limits of modem MRI systems. Thus, successful implementation of MRNCI as proposed will require increasing the sensitivity of MRI measurements.
Moreover, the time required for obtaining an MRI image is substantially greater than the time required for accurate characterization of neural activity. The spin relaxations occur over a period of time on the order of 50 ms, the entirety of which must be taken to obtain all the data corresponding to a single "snapshot" or image slice. On the other hand, neural currents may only exist for time periods on the order of 1 ms, so that the physical displacement of the current-carrying conductor ceases before the MRI has had sufficient opportunity to "see" it.
The problem of detecting and therefore locating sources of neural activity is a subset of the problem of locating remote sources of electrical activity generally. The sources responsible for producing, for example, EEG data, are generally inaccessible to being probed directly. Therefore, the location and characteristics of these sources must be inferred from the fields they produce outside the body. Deducing the source magnitudes and spatial coordinates from measurements on such fields is known as "solving the inverse problem," i.e., reconstructing the sources and their distribution from the results that they are known to have produced.
For a limited number of sensors, the data produced thereby are inherently ambiguous, in that a number of different solutions to the inverse problem can fit the data. The number of possible solutions is reduced by using more sensors and by sensing with greater precision; however, there is a practical limit to improving resolution, and therefore limiting the number of potential solutions to the inverse problem by improved means for sensing alone.
Methods facilitating solving the inverse problem have been developed by the present inventor, along with others, which are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,330,470. These methods not only sense the electromagnetic fields generated by sources within the body, but reciprocally stimulate them as well to produce additional information about their location. These methods may be anticipated to be useful for neural current analysis by providing an improved tool for solving the inverse problem, but solving this problem to a high degree of resolution for extremely weak sources is inherently difficult.
In a paper entitled "Bayesian Inference Applied to the Electromagnetic Inverse Problem," D. M. Schmidt et al. have proposed a method for solving the inverse problem for sources of neural current. Basically, the proposed method begins by assigning probabilities to possible locations of neural current activity by using anatomical data, physiological data, or results from measurements such as MRI or PET (positron emission tomography). Rather than solving the inverse problem, therefore, the method provides an educated guess. For example, it may be surmised that particular neural activity would occur in the cortex, and the location of the cortex is known from anatomical data. Next, EEG (electroencephalograph) or MEG (magnetoencephalograph) data are acquired such as mentioned above. Finally, Bayesian statistics are used to estimate the post-acquisition probabilities for the possible locations of neural activity given their pre-acquisition probabilities as determined above. While some success for the method has been reported, neural current imaging remains inherently difficult due to the weakness of the sources and improved methods are being sought.
Accordingly, there is a need for a method for imaging neural currents that offers improved spatial and temporal resolution.
Disclosed herein is a method for neural current imaging. Within the scope of the invention, electromagnetic fields produced unknown distribution of unknown sources in the body is sensed at a plurality of remote locations. The inverse problem is solved to produce a first fuzzy "image" of the sources. In addition, a standard imaging method, such as MRI, is used to independently image the body, to obtain a second fuzzy image of the sources. Additional independently obtained fuzzy images may also be provided. All or a selected subset of the images are pooled as components to form an enhanced image with greater resolution or clarity than the component images.
Preferably, the data corresponding to the first and second images are acquired substantially simultaneously.
Preferably, the data corresponding to the first image is obtained by sensing, exterior to the body, the electromagnetic fields produced by the neural current sources.
Preferably, sensors used to obtain the data corresponding to the first image are arranged substantially as the vertices of a geodesic sphere.
Preferably, the data corresponding to the first image is obtained by a combination of sensing voltage and injecting current, or the converse.
Preferably, the data corresponding to the second image is obtained by MRI.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a novel and improved method for neural current imaging.
It is another object of the present invention to provide such a method providing improved spatial and temporal resolution.
The foregoing and other objectives, features, and advantages of the invention will be more readily understood upon consideration of the following detailed description of the invention, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
A preferred method for imaging neural currents according to the present invention is described below, along with the preferred application of determining the spatial and temporal parameters or coordinates of neural currents in the brain. However, it should be understood that methods according to the invention may be used generally to improve the clarity or precision of any data and are therefore not limited to neural current imaging. Moreover, methods according to the present invention may be used for imaging any electrophysiological activity in which current flows, such as heart electrical activity.
Referring to
The moving charges that define the currents produce a time varying electromagnetic field that in theory could be measured at the scalp 11, such as with EEG apparatus. However, the currents are so small, in relation to ambient electromagnetic noise, that it is very difficult to discern this field in this manner. Accordingly, it is generally not practical to obtain sufficient resolution by solving the inverse problem for locating these sources in the standard manner.
Tucker, in U.S. Ser. No. 10001,541, incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, discloses an improved method for solving the inverse problem that not only senses the electromagnetic fields produced by sources within the body, but reciprocally stimulates them as well to produce additional information ("data") useful to determining their location. The method of the present invention preferably makes use of data obtained according to this methodology; however, any prior art methodology for sensing electromagnetic fields produced by the sources "S" may be employed without departing from the principles of the invention. While described below in terms of EEG methodologies, MEG methodologies may also be used, since the sources produce both electric and magnetic field distributions.
Referring to
Preferably, the array includes 128 or 256 sensors with approximately equal spacing between adjacent pairs. A greater number of sensors provides for a greater spatial resolution.
The sensors are typically adapted to sense voltage, but can be adapted to sense current as well. To simplify discussion, the sensors will be described herein as being adapted to sense voltage, the complementarity of voltage and current being understood.
The sensors functioning together to sense their respective voltages provide a map of potential as a function of location on the body surface. To localize the sources inside the body that are responsible for the measured potential function, a computer "body model" is made of the interior of the body. In the body model, the body is partitioned into a number of homogeneous tissue volumes of differing tissue types. The body model may be relatively simple, assuming for example a small number of concentric spherical shells of the differing tissue types, or the body model may be more complex, such as a finite-element model. Voltage sources, the number and strengths of which must be selected by trial and error, are also modeled, typically as single or multiple dipoles, or extended dipolar sheets, and mathematically placed within the body model.
The computer then calculates the potential that would result at the surface of the body model with the given sources and this result is compared to the actual, measured potential function on the body 10. Where there is disagreement, the sources are iteratively moved andor their characteristics are adjusted to reduce the error to an acceptable level. This modeling process is well known in the art and further details are omitted as not being necessary for understanding.
To calculate the potential that would result at the surface of the body model from the modeled sources requires specification of the conductivity or, more generally, the impedance, of the modeled tissue. Where the model is a simple model, a small number of different impedance values is required. Where the model attempts greater resolution, a larger number of impedance values is required, each being characteristic of a particular volume of the body model.
The impedance values may be measured by researchers and published as data for inclusion in the computer body model. However, as published values obtained from measurements on a small number of individuals, the impedance values are not generally correct for the particular body 10.
Preferably, the sensors 12 are replaced with electrical devices 20 adapted both for measuring voltage (or current) and applying current (or voltage). The devices 20 are typically adapted to sense voltage, typically in the microvolt range, and apply current, typically in the microamp range, but may be adapted to sense current and apply voltage as well. To simplify discussion, the devices will be described as sensing voltage and applying current, the complementarity of voltage and current being understood.
The electrical devices 20 may be simple metal electrodes suitably coupled to a suitable volt-meter and current source. The electrical devices 20 are employed in a measurement mode just as the prior art sensors 12. However, in an injection mode, the electrical devices apply a current to the surface of the body.
More particularly, each electrical device forms a port with a selected reference device. According to the invention, some of the ports are employed for sensing the potential on the surface of the body resulting from electrical activity within the body, as in the prior art. These same ports are also employed for sensing the potential on the surface of the body resulting from injecting current into the remaining ports. This latter step provides data for characterizing the impedance of the body volume in an analogous manner to that aforedescribed for characterizing the locality of sources.
The aforementioned current injection is preferably performed at a frequency or frequencies selected to be distinct from the frequency or frequencies of known body sources, so that the corresponding voltages sensed can be identified as resulting from the injected current. Once impedance values for the body 10 are obtained for use in the body model, the aforementioned prior art localization method may be employed.
If both the impedance characterization method and the localization method described above are carried out with the same apparatus, i.e., the same carrier 18 and electrical devices 20, significant improvements in localization accuracy are obtained. Particularly, the reciprocity theorem, i.e., that for a passive network, that if injecting a current into (or applying a voltage across) a first port produces a voltage (or current) at a second port in response, the same voltage (or current) would be produced at the first port if the same current was injected into (or the same voltage was applied across) the second port, suggests that the same conductive paths inside the mass of body tissue are used for conducting current from a source of electrical activity thereinside to the surface, as are used in conducting current injected at the surface to the electrical source, where injecting current at the body surface is just the aforedescribed method of impedance characterization. Accordingly, so long as the same electrical devices are used in potential measurement for impedance characterization as in potential measurement for source localization, the impedance characterization is automatically tailored to account for the precise electrical pathways inside the body mass, from the electrical sources there, to the surface of the body mass where a potential measurement is made for purposes of source localization. Where the method is carried out in this way, one does not need to know about the details of the body mass to localize sources therein to an accuracy which is limited only by the resolution provided by the number of electrical devices employed.
Alignment of the sensors is provided automatically by electrical devices 20 that are adapted for both measurement and application in conjunction with a carrier 18 that substantially fixes the locations of the electrical devices on the body for at least the period of time during which both sets of measurements are being made.
Regardless of the method used to acquire data determining the electromagnetic fields produced by the sources "S" ("source field data"), the data is used to localize the sources, i.e., to solve the inverse problem, to a degree of uncertainty, to produce a first fuzzy "image" of the sources S. Where the aforedescribed improvement in source localization methodology is employed, the uncertainty may be greatly reduced, but some uncertainty is assumed to nevertheless remain.
The fuzziness of or uncertainty in the images may be conceptualized as contour lines of probability. For example, referring to
Because the first image is assumed to lack the desired resolution or clarity, according to the invention an imaging method is used to obtain a second image of the sources.
There are many known imaging methods, and new imaging methods are being developed all the time. As has been pointed out above, MRI is a standard imaging method that senses RF pulses indicative of spin relaxation following induced spin energy absorption and is a preferred method due to its availability. For any method that creates images of local neuronal activity based on magnetic resonance techniques, the present invention offers improvement of the imaging through the integration of remote electrical measures from the head or body surface.
Where the sources or their electrical activities are evanescent or fleeting, such as is the case for neural currents, the imaging method is preferably carried on substantially simultaneously with remotely sensing the electromagnetic fields such as described above, so that the second image provides an independent view of the same sources and the same electrical activity seen in the first image. As one of the methods is typically faster than the other, substantial simultaneity therefore means that at least some sense measurements for each method are being made at the same time. Where MRI is used as the imaging method, the apparatus used "in the magnet" to collect the source field data should be formed of nonmagnetic materials. For example, EEG data may be collected with nonmagnetic electrodes during MRI. Where MEG methodologies are employed in conjunction with MRI, the MEG data cannot be obtained during MRI because of the magnetic fields produced by the magnet.
Like the "image" obtained from the source field data, the image obtained by the imaging method is also assumed to be uncertain or "fuzzy," due to the weakness of the sources being imaged. Additional independently obtained fuzzy images may also be used to provide additional information about the sources and their location.
According to the invention, all or a selected subset of the independent images are pooled as components to form an enhanced image with greater resolution than the component images. This may be done by using a number of different techniques; for example, the image data may be made available in digital form so that it can be operated on mathematically or statistically with a computer. The enhanced image may be formed simply by averaging the data for two or more fuzzy images, pixel-by-pixel. The average may be a weighted average taking into account the expected or known resolution of the respective images. Bayesian inferential methods may be employed as well. Bayes' rule results from the product rule of probability for the probability of A and B given background information I:
To apply Bayes' rule to enhance image B using image A, identify the data corresponding to the image A as the prior probability of the image A given the neural current activity I, identify the data corresponding to the image B as the prior probability of the image B given the same neural current activity I, and solve for the posterior probability of the image B in light of image A and neural current activity I. It is reasonable to assume that the data corresponding to image A is "true" even though its resolution is not necessarily high.
While particularly useful for neural current imaging, the resolution of other images or data sets may be enhanced according to the principles of the invention.
The terms and expressions that have been employed in the foregoing specification are used as terms of description and not of limitation, and are not intended to exclude equivalents of the features shown and described or portions of them. The scope of the invention is defined and limited only by the claims that follow.
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Any Ammo I shouldn't shoot through my G29
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06-08-2009, 18:04
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If you dont reload, I 'm not sure what you shouldnt be shooting except lead, but what you should be shooting, the most accurate factory load I've experienced in my 29 is Winchester 180 Silvertips.
Say what??? That needs to be translated for me.
But lead is no big deal in polygonal barrel of Glock, and actually work better in polygonal barrel over a standard rifling. One has to remember however that when shooting lead you have to keep under 1100 FPS and that is fine for target, but not anything else much.
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Today it was just Lucia and I When I woke up it wasn't incredibly hot and I felt a bit chilled. I was tempted to wear my hoody but decided to leave it behind. It turned out to be a good decision because by the time we got to the bus stop it was as hot as ...
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Last day in Akrotiri
No let up in the gale force winds though today was mostly sunny. After breakfast we went for a walk along the coast road towards the lighthouse on the tip on the island. We gave up about half way there as it was no fun battling against the wind. We also ...