text:
A test method for an ASIC uses an embedded processor in the ASIC to execute test routines from an embedded memory or an external memory. During ASIC production, the test routines can comprehensively test of the blocks of the ASIC without a complicated test pattern from test equipment. The test routines can also perform power-up tests in systems or end products containing the ASIC. Test selection, activation, and result output can be implement using a few terminals of the ASIC.
1. An integrated circuit comprising:
a processing core;
a memory containing:
a first test routine for execution when power is applied to the integrated circuit that the processing core executes to test the integrated circuit; and
a second test routine for execution after the first test routine that the processing core executes to test an external memory component;
an interface coupled to the processing core to permit activation of a first output signal indicating a test result from executing the test routines.
2. The integrated circuit of
3. The integrated circuit of
a first terminal on which the processing core activates the first output signal to indicate the test result; and
a second terminal on which the processing core activates a second output signal to indicate when the first output signal indicates the test result.
4. The integrated circuit of
5. The integrated circuit of
6. The integrated circuit of
7. The integrated circuit of
8. The integrated circuit of
9. A test method for an integrated circuit comprising:
using a processing core in the integrated circuit to execute test routines, the test routines being stored in the integrated circuit and comprising:
a first test routine for execution when power is applied to the integrated circuit that the processing core executes to test the integrated circuit; and
a second test routine for execution after the first test routine that the processing core executes to test an external memory component;
observing a first signal output from the integrated circuit as a result of the processing core executing the test routines, the first signal indicating whether the execution of the test routines detected a failure in the integrated circuit.
10. The test method of
11. The test method of
12. The test method of
13. The test method of
14. The test method of
The present application is a continuation of Ser. No. 12/197,004, filed on Aug. 22, 2008, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,890,828, which issued on Feb. 15, 2011, entitled "BUILT-IN SELF-TEST USING EMBEDDED MEMORY AND PROCESSOR IN AN APPLICATION SPECIFIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT," which is a continuation of Ser. No. 09/917,972, filed Jul. 30, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,418,642, which issued on Aug. 26, 2008, entitled "BUILT-IN SELF-TEST USING EMBEDDED MEMORY AND PROCESSOR IN AN APPLICATION SPECIFIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT." The specification of said patents are hereby incorporated in their entireties for all purposes, except for those sections, if any, that are inconsistent with this specification.
Application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) must be tested under a variety of circumstances. For example, during development, an ASIC generally requires thorough testing and debugging to verify or fix the design of the integrated circuit. During production, ASICs generally must be tested to separate good chips from bad chips. During use, an ASIC is often tested to determine whether the integrated circuit is functioning properly in a system.
One method for testing an ASIC during production uses a traditional ASIC tester such as an Agilent 83000 F330 to apply test patterns to the terminals of the ASIC. The test patterns ideally exercise all of the functional paths of the ASIC and can uncover any defects in the ASIC. Developing the test patterns required for thorough testing can take significant development effort. In particular, developing a test pattern that exercises all functional paths in multiple functional units including embedded memory can be difficult. Additionally, when an ASIC includes an interface to external memory, the test patterns must emulate the external memory, and developing a test pattern that emulates the timing of a high-speed external memory can be time consuming particularly when the ASIC uses a serial interface to reduce pin count.
Even if an exhaustive test pattern is developed, running through a complex test pattern during testing of an ASIC generally requires time, which potentially increases the manufacturing cost of the ASIC. Less exhaustive test patterns can reduce test times, but simpler test patterns may not catch as many defects, resulting in more defective chips being delivered to customers.
Another limitation of ASIC tests requiring a tester is that such tests are limited to production or development of the ASICs and generally are impractical for testing of an ASIC in commercial product or system. Accordingly, ASICs need at least two types of tests, a test implemented with an external tester and a built-in self-test (BIST) that the ASIC performs in a product. Developing both tests requires duplicated effort and expense.
BIST tests are generally implemented using special BIST logic that applies deterministic signal patterns in an attempt to exercise the logic paths. Developing BIST logic that performs exhaustive tests is difficult both because there is no guarantee that the paths exercised are the actual functional paths and because creating the test logic often requires specialized design tools. Once produced, such logic is often complicated, increases the ASICs size and cost, and can be overhead that decreases the ASICs performance.
In view of the difficulties involved in testing, more efficient testing methods and structures are sought for testing ASICs during development, production, and use.
In accordance with an aspect of the invention, an ASIC with an embedded processor executes test routines to test the operation of the ASIC. The test routines can perform at-speed functional tests of circuit blocks such as embedded memory, coders and decoders, and interfaces to external devices. The test implementation requires a small amount of IC area associated with the memory storing the test routines. External test equipment can use a simple test pattern that in one embodiment of the invention only involves three pins of the ASIC. Accordingly, the production testing can be performed quickly with simple test equipment and without burdening the ASIC with complex test logic. Additionally, the same or similar test routines in the embedded memory can be used in a self-test when the ASIC is in a product.
One embodiment of the invention is an integrated circuit including a processing core and a non-volatile memory containing test routines that the processing core executes to test the integrated circuit. An interface block in the integrated circuit can handle signals associated with testing. In particular, the processing core executes the test routines selected according to control signals input via the interface block.
In one embodiment, the interface block includes first and second terminals. The processing core use a first signal on the first terminal to indicate a test result, i.e., to indicate whether execution of the test routines detected a defect in the integrated circuit. On the second terminal, the processing core activates a second signal to indicate when the first signal indicates the test result. A third terminal can receive a control signal for selection of the test routines from embedded memory for a production test or a system-level test or for selection of execution of firmware downloaded from external memory.
Functional blocks in the integrated circuit can include data paths that facilitate software testing of the blocks. For example, an input buffer that normally receives data input from an external source can be connected so that the processor can write to the input buffer to test data flow through the input buffer. To reduce the need for test routines that monitor an entire data stream, check code or CRC calculators can be added to specific units to provide a code that is easily checked to detect errors. Further loop-back capabilities can be added to facilitate testing of the data from in and out of network interfaces.
Another embodiment of the invention is a test method for an integrated circuit. The test method uses an embedded processing core in the integrated circuit to execute test routines stored in an embedded non-volatile memory in the integrated circuit. The test routines can implement complicated tests such as exhaustive testing of an internal memory or other functional blocks of the integrated circuit and output a signal that a tester observes to determine a test result. Generally, a first signal indicates whether the execution of the test routines detected a failure in the integrated circuit. The processing core in executing the test routines can activate a second signal to indicate when a state of the first signal indicates whether the test routines detected a failure. The first signal can be activated before activation of the second signal to acknowledge or signal that the processing core is executing the test routines. One or more additional signals from the integrated circuit can indicate a type or location of a failure that executing the test routines detected.
A tester during production testing of the integrated circuit thus has a simple test pattern involving only a few pins but obtains a test result from an exhaustive test implemented in the test routines. Additionally, during use of the integrated circuit in a system the system's circuitry can easily initiate a test of the integrated circuit and monitor results.
Use of the same reference symbols in different figures indicates similar or identical items.
In accordance with an aspect of the invention, an ASIC with an embedded processor has test routines in an embedded memory. The embedded processor executes the test routines to test the operation of the ASIC. The test routines may be used for ASIC production tests and system-level power-on self-tests. For highly integrated circuits that already contain an embedded ROM, the overhead logic for these self-test functions is minimal.
As illustrated in
Processing core 110 executes instructions that can be stored in internal memory 120 or external memory (not shown). Any type of processor may be suitable for processor 100, but in an exemplary embodiment of the invention, processing core 110 is an ARM7 processing core, which can be licensed from ARM Ltd.
Internal memory 120 includes volatile memory such as DRAM 122 and SRAM 124 and non-volatile memory such as ROM 126. ROM 126 can be any type of non-volatile memory such as a mask ROM, an EPROM, or an EEPROM and stores firmware including but not limited to test routines 128. An exemplary set of test routines 128 is described further below and generally includes tests of the operation internal memory 120 and associated memory interface circuits and tests of the other functional units 140, 150, 160, 170, and 180.
In the exemplary embodiment, interface 150 operates in a normal mode to implement a universal serial bus (USB) interface for communication with a host computer, but interface 150 can also operate to download firmware as described below. Alternatively, GPIO interface 130 can be used as a memory interface to download firmware from an external memory such as a serial EEPROM. Downloaded firmware can replace all or portions of test routines 128 as described further below. Print engine communications 160 implements a communication interface to a printer, and DMA 170 implements direct memory access for transfer of print images. Codec 140 performs coding and decoding operations on print images.
GPIO interface 130 provides the control and output interface for self-test functions of ASIC 100. In particular, GPIO interface 130 employs three signals, ASICTEST, BISTERROR, and BISTDONE. Processing core 110 checks input signal ASICTEST via GPIO interface 130 to determine whether to execute system-level self-test or an ASIC production test. Test routines 128 will generally include slightly differences for system-level tests or production tests. Processing core 110 controls signals BISTERROR, and BISTDONE to indicate test results.
In the exemplary embodiment of the invention, test routines 128 are part of the boot code that ASIC 100 executes during power up, and test routines 128 include three main portions referred to herein as BIST, EEPROM, and self-test. In the exemplary embodiment of the invention, a control signal input via GPIO interface 130 controls whether processing core 110 executes test routines 128 or attempts to download firmware from external memory via interface 130 or 150. If test routines 128 are executed, processing core 110 starts with the BIST portion of test routines 128.
The BIST portion is executed before the system is setup to use internal memory or the internal operating system of ASIC 100. The BIST portion tests internal DRAM 122 and SRAM 124, e.g., by performing extensive write and read patterns and validating whether the data read is correct. Processing core 110 checks an error code resulting from the internal memory test and activates signal BISTERROR and then BISTDONE if an error is detected. If ASIC 100 passes the BIST test, test routines 128 enable use of a memory controller in interface 150 to download firmware from an external device.
In one embodiment of the invention, the BIST test of internal memory is only performed for system-level self-tests and not for production tests. Production testing of ASICs including internal memory such as DRAM often must identify the location of any defects in the memory to enable conventional laser repair operations. To identify the location of a defect in a memory array, the simple error signal timing illustrated in
After ASIC 100 passes the test in the BIST portion of test routines 128, processing core 110 executes the EEPROM portion of test routines 128.
If the control signal is activated, processing core 110 in step 320 attempts to reset an external memory such as an external serial EEPROM and then jumps to executing self-test routines 370 if the reset operation failed (e.g., because no external memory is connected). If the reset operation is successful, processing core 110 in step 340 reads or checks identifying data that should be stored in the external memory and then in a decision step 350 determines whether the external memory contains expected information, e.g., the first word has a value not equal xFFFF. If the external memory contains the expected information, processing core 110 in step 350 downloads firmware to internal memory 120 and executes that firmware, instead of continuing execution of test routines 128. If the external memory does not provide the expected information, processing core 110 jumps from decision step 350 to execute the self-test portion 370 of test routines 128.
The ability to load firmware from external memory during the boot process facilitates implementation of tests that are specialized for debugging the design of ASIC 100 or specialized for the particular system using ASIC 100. A co-owned U.S. patent application entitled, "Point-Of-Sale Demonstration of Computer Peripherals", describes use of the firmware download capability to implement non-testing functions (e.g., providing a system demonstration) and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
The self-test portion of test routines 128 verifies the operation of the major blocks within ASIC 100. In particular, in the exemplary embodiment, the self-test portion of test routines 128 tests interface 150, DMA block 170, and codec 140. Additional testing of internal memory 120 can also be performed.
The specific tests of particular blocks depend on the specific functions of the block. For example, for codec 140, processing core 110 can direct data form internal memory 120 to codec 140 for coding or decoding. Processing core 110 then determines whether the output data from codec 140 matches correctly coded or decoded data that is stored in ROM 126.
To provide tests that replicate actual system operation, test routines can try to emulate the normal data flow in ASIC 100. For example, a normal data flow in the exemplary embodiment starts with input of data to an input FIFO buffer in USB interface 150. The input FIFO buffer can include a normal input path from external circuits and an alternative input path that allows processing core 110 to write data into the input FIFO buffer to start a data flow. Similarly, processing core 110 can read data in an output buffer to check data output.
A data flow can proceed from the input FIFO buffer to internal memory 120, from internal memory 120 to codec 140 for coding, back to internal memory 120, from internal memory 120 to codec 140 for decoding or to DMA block 170. The proper passage of data through the entire system provides a high degree of verification of the operation of ASIC 100. Additionally, testing a data flow through several functional blocks may avoid the need to separately test each data transfer step because processing core 110 can observe the data at the final stage of the flow to detect errors. To further facilitate error checking, the last functional block in the data flow, e.g., DMA block 170 can include a CRC code calculator, so that processing core 110 only needs to check a CRC code instead of the entire output data stream.
Although the functional blocks of ASIC 100 can be conventional in implementation, specific features can be built into various functional block to facilitate test operations executed embedded processor 110. For example, the DMA block 170 can include circuitry that performs the CRC calculations to allow error detection without requiring processing core 110 to monitor the entire data stream. Input blocks such as USB interface 150 can provide paths that permit processing core 110 to write input values into incoming FIFO buffers to simulate data input when testing a data flow. Implementations of "loopback test" capabilities in the functional block can facilitate tests executed by processing core 110. Such tests would be particularly useful for testing on-chip network interfaces.
Processing core 110 can also test data flow through the blocks of ASIC 100 at specific clock speeds used in ASIC 100 and determine whether the blocks are meeting the required timing. For this testing, the clock and reset pins of ASIC 100 can driven during production or system-level testing in the manner required for normal operation of ASIC 100. Conventional test equipment 400 as illustrated in
In the above test process, processing core 110 can provide a failure code CODE in addition to asserting signal BISTERROR. Failure code CODE would indicate the nature or the location of the failure found during testing. For example, the value a 2-bit failure code can designate that whether the detected failure is in internal memory 120, codec 140, DMA block 170, or interface block 150.
In a product, ASIC 100 is connected to other system components 500 such as illustrated in
Although the invention has been described with reference to particular embodiments, the description is only an example of the invention's application and should not be taken as a limitation. For example, although the above-described embodiment is a formatter for a printer, embodiments of the invention can be employed in other types of integrated circuits. Various other adaptations and combinations of features of the embodiments disclosed are within the scope of the invention as defined by the following claims.
Patent Citations
Referenced by
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7 years of experience
Accepting new patients
Ste 200
Arlington, TX 76014 Phone number & directions
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She delivered both my kids! she an amazing doctor
This woman is very rude MY situation was sooo humiliating and tragic I cant really speak about it in details!! I wont go back to her! And the disrespect kinda grew gradually over visits w/ a slight rude comments leading up to my surgery. Then after my surgery and she got paid Her disrespect went waaay left! Im embarrassed and hate my that I had even had confidence in her have my questioning my decision making. Im going to another Ob gyn office so they can atleast check her work that she performed on me to make sure my surgery was atleast done correctly & professionally. And all these good comments on her must have been made by her friends cause I have looked her up on other sites and people have said the same thing I have have said. I wished I wouldve looked her up before going to her.
shes a very nice doctor and is very knowledgeable! ive went to her two times and will be going for third time tomorrow (technically today as its now after midnight) and ive heard that her nurse quit a few months back so she mustve quit recently after i last seen her because i went about three months ago so ill have to see what her new nurse is like but i LOVED her old nurse! the first time i went to see the doctor she helped me undress and get on table because im disabled and am hardly able to walk and i was nervous as ive never went to a gynocologist before so i asked if i was gonna be examined because im a virgin and she put me at ease and said i wont unless i get to be 21 or have sex,whichever comes first. i had a couple questions last time i saw her that kind of went unanswered but otherwise shes a great person and doctor and i recommend that whoever sees my review go to see her and hope you get my same impression of her and recommend her to your family and friends!! :-) <3
I love this doctor she really work with you
I'm not sure who made the initial comments for this doctor. However,she has only been practicing for approximately four years, so thank your lucky stars that you probably encountered her at a stage where she was attempting to be impressionable. Her current bedside manner is AWFUL! She makes inappropriate comments and exudes an attitude that I believe most would find offensive. I have never been treated worse by a physician. She should keep the office staff though because they are probably the only reason that patients have the nerve to return!
i have been with dr. fortenberry through 3 pregnancies (after being with another dr. i strongly disliked) and she is so kind and caring. i don't ever feel rushed with her. she seems to genuinely care and is willing to give you as much or as little information as you choose to ask for.

subset: commoncrawl


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Winter!: Prepare for holiday gaming!
Shadow Dragon is a DS port of the first game in the series, featuring Marth (probably the only know Fire Emblem-hero outside his own game) and some others less important ones.
+ The fire emblem series offers plenty of challenge without it being impossible hard. With stuff like auto-saves, perma-dead characters,...
+ Something kinda uncommen (at least, as far as I know...) in the series: a secret boss! You could complete the game and think it's finished but if certain conditions are met you'll get to fight the real threat behind the well... more obvious threat you previously eliminated :D
- The characters lack depth. Most often I try to preserve all characters (unless going for gaiden missions) but here... well... if you lose 'em you're more likely to think "meh. I've got plenty more where that come from" insted of "OH NOES! restarting batle...".
- The game allows you to reclass your character. You're still limited by the classes you got troughout the campaign, they can't define their characters (it's easy to develop a persona for a knight but that wouldn't fit for a knight-myrmidon-pegasus-whatever) and nearly all your characters are supposed to change to a specific class but you don't know that...
It's a good game and a fine installment to the series but it obviously lacks quite a lot. Play other FEs.
Game Traits applied to Fire Emblem: Shadow Dragon (DS) by Legault
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A shell script installs and configures some services and applications in a Solaris instance. One of these services is NTP - but NTP cannot run in a non-global zone (well it can, but xntpd fails when it tries to adjust the clock; instead the zone inherits the time from the global zone).
How can a shell script tell that it is indeed running in a non-global Solaris zone, so that it can skip the NTP configuration step in those cases?


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In Sweden, waffles can be considered a national dessert. They even have a Waffle Day! In Denmark we also eat waffles, and in Norway as well. I especially like to make them for breakfast and typically eat them with Skyr (a high protein Icelandic yoghurt similar to Greek yogurt) and some jam made from fresh berries. If I make them for dessert, I do sometimes eat them with whipped cream and during summer with strawberries on top. This version is made with almond flour instead of flour and I have omitted the refined sugar, which makes these waffles a healthy choice.
Almond Waffles with Lemon & Chia Seeds
Author: Julie Karla
Recipe type: Nordic dessert
Cuisine: Nordic
Serves: 1-2
- 2 eggs
- 2/5 cup milk
- ⅕ cup sour milk or other unflavored yogurt
- 2 tbsp. agave syrup (found in health food stores)
- 1.8 oz. almond flour
- 1 tbsp. psyllium husk fiber
- 1 pinch of vanilla powder
- 1 tsp. chia seeds
- Zest of 1 lemon, finely grated
- Coconut oil for baking
- Garnish Suggestions
- coconut flakes
- extra agave syrup
- dried marigold
- almond butter
- Combine eggs, milk, sour milk and agave syrup and mix well.
- Add the lemon zest, vanilla power, almond flour, psyllium husk fiber and chia seeds and mix well.
- Grease waffle iron with coconut oil and bake the waffles until golden brown.
- Serve the waffles with coconut flakes and extra agave syrup. Garnish with a little dried marigold. Yields 3 waffles.
Almond Waffles with Lemon & Chia Seeds
Related Nordic Recipes:
Salad of Pear and Gorgonzola, rye berries and lemon-roasted nuts
Mini Broccoli Pie With Goat Cheese and Quinoa
Chickpea Flatbread with Icelandic Salmon


text:
What travellers think
Travellers that stayed here think this hostel is best for
- Sightseeing
- Culture
- Relaxing
J'ai été dérangée par le bruit que faisaient les autres clients en ouvrant et fermant les portes. Pour le reste, j'ai trouvé que l'auberge offre un bon rapport qualité/prix.
Sat 18 Apr 2015
Unfortunaly no Credit Card payment possible.
Mon 13 Apr 2015
Nice and quiet.. near to metro :)
Mon 02 Mar 2015
trams are running almost all day long which is good but at the same time it's noisy so that it's hard to sleep well. however, i still like this hostel because of nice staff!
Tue 28 Oct 2014
This is s great hostel - clean and comfortable. Really good buffet breakfast included. However it's not in the centre so you have to take public transport. The public transport in Prague is excellent and cheap and there is a tram stop 1 min away from hostel. This is a quiet, peaceful hostel - not for those looking to party. Wifi is available and other services like laundry can be found in other suburbs. There is no lift however and some rooms are on 2nd floor. I really enjoyed staying here.
Mon 06 Oct 2014
Everything great, only breakfast could have been better, but it was included, so that's alright.
Sun 05 Oct 2014
You do need to take public transport as the hostel is not in the centre. But its a nice, clean hostel with a great breakfast. There is no lift, but the staff very kindly took my suitcase to the 2nd floor.
Sat 04 Oct 2014
Le bruit du tram et train la nuit m'a incommodé.
Tue 26 Aug 2014


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THURZ ft. Strong Arm Steady - Colors
Artist: Thurz
Featuring: Strong Arm Steady Gang
Producer: Ro Blvd
Album: L.A. Riot
Avg Rating: 3.9 ( 7 votes )
Ladies who say "I love you" then go sleep with your homies, self-proclaimed gangsters who run to the cops the moment shots ring out, so-called heads who don't recognize THURZ as one of the most talented emcees repping the West—what do these people have in common? They're all fake as f**k. On the latest single off his DJBooth-hosted L.A. Riot tape, the Los Angeles rhymesayer sets out to expose the true Colors of all those men and women who claim to be something they aren't. Frequent collaborator Ro Blvd provides a piano-loop backdrop for his accusatory bars, as well as the guest rhymes of Cali's Strong Arm Steady Gang. Mister Whitmore illustrates the record's theme with some innovative visuals. L.A. Riot is available now for free streaming and download. Watch for the follow up, the 517 W Queen Tape (featuring singles Are You Not?, L.N.S. and Keep the Faith), to hit The DJBooth in the near future.
ThurzStrong Arm Steady Gang Music Videos
Written by richard on Aug 30, 2012
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1995 BEST Butcher
New England Meat Market
Although this 76-year-old market's specialty is lamb, its poultry and cuts of beef, pork, and veal are also top-notch. A third of the business is marinated meats, and the lamb kebabs are out of this world. Don't miss the honey-barbecue chicken.
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News from WTOP
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Panetta wants full accounting of money in, money out by 2014
Friday - 10/14/2011, 5:24am EDT
Congress has told the Defense Department to get itself ready to pass a full audit of its consolidated financial statements by the end of 2017. Now, Defense Secretary Leon Panetta is laying out a deadline of his own, directing that at least one part of DoD's books be auditable several years earlier.
In a memo to Pentagon comptroller Robert Hale, Panetta ordered an update to DoD's Financial Improvement and Audit Readiness plan to incorporate a new requirement that the department's statement of budgetary resources (SBR) — one piece of the audit pie — be ready for an audit no later than 2014.
"This focused approach prioritizes the information that we use in managing the department, and will give our financial managers the key tools they need to track spending, identify waste, and improve the way the Pentagon does business as soon as possible," Panetta told the House Armed Services Committee Thursday. "I have also directed increased emphasis on accountability and a full review of the department's financial controls, with improvements put in place where needed."
The SBR is only one component of a clean audit of all DoD's consolidated financial statements. The overall deadline of 2017 for complete audit readiness remains in place, Panetta said.
The statement of budgetary resources is an accounting of the funds available to DoD in a given year, tracking inflows and outflows from the Pentagon's accounts. It's an area the Pentagon comptroller has already prioritized: DoD is hoping the Marine Corps will pass an SBR audit for 2011-paving the way for successful audits in other parts of DoD.
Each of the military services would have to have a clean SBR audit before DoD could pass a departmentwide version, a Pentagon spokeswoman said. That could be a challenge for some services. The Army, for example, testifiedlast month that it didn't expect its statement of budgetary resources to be ready until the end of 2015.
No more budget cuts
Panetta's audit announcement came in wide-ranging testimony Thursday that revolved almost entirely around DoD budget cuts. He again called on Congress to find ways to reduce the deficit without letting the sequestration process kick in, triggering around a trillion dollars in cuts to DoD. He called sequestration a blind, mindless formula, but said he understands it.
(DoD photo by Erin Kirk-Cuomo)
"When I was in Congress, serving on the budget committee, I served on the conference that developed the Graham-Rudman approach to dealing with these kinds of problems. But even then, every time the cuts were to take place, the Congress postponed them because it was mindless. It was across the board," Panetta said. "It was designed as a gun to be put to the head of the Congress so it would do the right thing. So I guess what I'm urging is that Congress do the right thing, especially on the two-thirds of the budget that is still yet to be considered for deficit reduction. You're dealing with one-third discretionary spending, and it's taking a trillion dollar hit. Defense is already paying half of that. If you're going to be responsible, you've got to consider mandatory programs and you've got to consider revenue spending."
Under the debt ceiling deal the President and Congress reached this summer, DoD is already required to reduce its previously-planned spending by an estimated $450 billion over the next 10 years. Panetta said those cuts push DoD "to the edge," and that both he and the president believe the Pentagon can't withstand further reductions.
He said the department can manage the $450 billion dollar cut, but it won't be easy, especially given the fact that Congress and the President haven't told DoD to do fewer things.
"Neither Congress nor the President did away with terrorism. We still have two wars that we're in. We've got threats from Iran and North Korea. We've got cyber attacks coming at us left and right, we've got to deal with that threat, it's the battlefield of the future. We've got rising powers in the world that constitute a challenge to us, we have to deal with that," Panetta said. "There are going to be risks here. I'm not kidding you. When you cut the budget by $450 billion, there are going to be risks, and we need to know that."
Panetta said everything has to be on the table as DoD looks for areas to find savings, including military compensation and retirement. He said no decisions have been made on pay and benefits, except for the fact that existing military members would be grandfathered in under current programs.
But Gen. Martin Dempsey, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, sought to poke holes in a recent report by a DoD advisory panel. The Defense Business Board had recommended that the military convert its 20-year pension system into something more like private-sector retirement plan in order to tackle ballooning personnel costs.
"I reject the characterization of our military retirement program today as gilt-edged and the comparison to civilian retirement programs," he said. "Look, it might turn out that our current plan is unaffordable and we'll have to do something about it. But when we put a retirement program together, it's because these young men and women who become old men and women serve for 20 years and put themselves in harm's way. They move 10 or 15 times. Some of them can buy homes, some can't. Their spouses rarely can have employment because we move them around involuntarily. That retirement program needs to be fundamentally different from anything we find in the civilian sector. We can figure it out, and we need the time to do so. If it's unaffordable, we'll react."
In his proposal to the deficit reduction super committee, Obama suggested the creation of a special commission to study military retirement. The panel would make recommendations for changes; the President could accept them or reject them. If he accepted them, Congress would have to adopt them or decline them in an up-or-or down vote.
Personnel would suffer
Dempsey said personnel is an area that would particularly suffer if DoD has to make further budget cuts.
"If some of the cuts occur in the magnitude, and with the targets that are described right now in sequestration, and it causes us to RIF, we lose that core," he said. "We saw this right after Desert Storm, when we had a bathtub of captains and majors who exited the service. When we had to regrow the Army, where we suffered was not in the basic rifle infantrymen. We can grow them in 20 to 30 weeks. You can't grow a captain, a major, a lieutenant colonel or a sergeant major in 20 to 30 weeks. If we're not careful with this and we have a migration of that talent outside the military, that's irrevocable for probably 10 or 15 years."
Panetta and Dempsey had a largely friendly audience among members of the House committee. Both the chairman and the ranking member agreed that Congress cannot allow the sequestration cuts to happen.
Several members of the public audience were less friendly. Panetta's testimony was interrupted at least four times by anti-war demonstrators in the hearing room. Capitol Police arrested seven people for disrupting Congress and one for assault.
DoD on path to achieve clean books by 2017
DoD audits will take years of attention
GAO praises DoD audit plans, questions implementation


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Five of the new CRCs are CRC/Transregio, meaning that they are distributed across multiple locations. In a CRC/Transregio funded jointly by the Chinese partner organisation NSFC, for example, German researchers are collaborating with colleagues in Beijing.
In addition, the Grants Committee approved the continuation of a German-Chinese CRC/Transregio for a further four-year funding period.
Collaborative Research Centres enable researchers to tackle innovative, ambitious, elaborate and long-term research projects by focusing and coordinating universities' existing strengths. The CRC programme is thus intended to contribute fundamentally to raising the profile of the universities involved. The promotion of early-career researchers and gender equality also play important roles.
From July 2012, the DFG will fund a total of 232 Collaborative Research Centres.
The new CRCs are as follows (in alphabetical order by coordinating university):
"Funktionelle Mikrogele und Mikrogelsysteme" [Functional Microgels and Microgel Systems]
Coordinating university: the Aachen University of Technology. Coordinator: Professor Dr. Walter Richtering. Also involved: the Jlich Research Centre
"Organismische Reaktionen auf Stress: Prgung und Erinnerung" [Organismic Reactions to Stress: Character and Memory]
Coordinating university: the Free University of Berlin. Coordinator: Professor Dr. Monika Hilker. Also involved: the University of Potsdam; the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam.
"Episteme in Bewegung Wissenstransfer von der Alten Welt bi
|Contact: Marco Finetti
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft


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Originally written on Fox Sports | Last updated 11/15/14
EAST RUTHERFORD, NJ - 2009: Brian Schottenheimer of the New York Jets poses for his 2009 NFL headshot at photo day in East Rutherford, New Jersey. (Photo by NFL Photos)
(Eds: Adds AP Photo.) Brian Schottenheimer is trying to treat the St. Louis Rams' game against his former team, the New York Jets, this weekend as just another game. ''I want to win because it's the next game and we need to get to four wins,'' the Rams' offensive coordinator said. ''It's fun to compete against your friends, but (the games) are all the same.'' It's hard to imagine, however, that Schottenheimer - in the first season of a second stint with St. Louis (3-5-1) - wouldn't take extra pleasure in watching his offense have a big day against New York, where he spent the previous six seasons. The 39-year old Schottenheimer and the Jets had a mutual parting of the ways after last season. Schottenheimer was severely criticized in 2011 for inconsistencies in the offense and the lack of progress by quarterback Mark Sanchez. The Jets finished the season 8-8 and were 25th overall in total offense. Schottenheimer, the son of former NFL coach Marty Schottenheimer, quickly landed in...
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Signs of Confederacy disappearing?
Local columnist T.J. Ray notices that less and less history is being taught and that means less will be known about the Civil War. He writes about other changes that appear to show that signs of the Confederacy are disappearing and wonders what is next. (November 28, 2014, Page 4A)
Letters to the Editor
Curt Kennedy writes to suggest that the mascot for Ole Miss athletic teams be a horse named Rebel. He points out the positive qualities of the animal and notes that it could be a back-to-the-future type thing since a horse was on the field for a UM football game some 37 years ago. (August 20, 2010, Page 4A)
Origins of Ole Miss Rebels and Colonel Rebel
Oxford and Ole Miss historian Jack Lamar Mayfield takes a look back to the 1930s when the University of Mississippi nicknamed its athletic teams the Rebels and created a mascot named Colonel Rebel. (April 16, 2010, Page 2B)


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"Around, around the world!!" Vilmita's Profile
I'm originally from Dominican Republic a beautiful island in the caribbean , who moves to Europe in the 2001 firsth I was living in Austria for 4 years, but from December 2005 I'm living in Italy!
Traveling is one of the best thing that we can do, not one cant take away from you the pictures that u keep on your mind every monument, face, act, everything stay forever! soo keep traveling!!
Still, despite all this, traveling is the great true love of my life. I have always felt, ever since I was sixteen years old and first went to Russia with my saved-up babysitting money, that to travel is worth any cost or sacrifice. I am loyal and constant in my love for travel, as I have not always been loyal and constant in my other loves. I feel about travel the way a happy new mother feels about her impossible, colicky, restless, newborn baby--I just don't care what it puts me through. Because I adore it. Because it's mine. Because it looks exactly like me. It can barf all over me if it wants to--I just don't care."
— Elizabeth Gilbert (Eat, Pray, Love)
I love to meet different people from everywhere, different religion, race and culture! to see the way they live and act, we have so much to learn from everyone that we
found on the road of the life!!
haha that was early in the morning, Jan 1 2005 (after a wonderful party at the beach, Cabarete, Dom. Rep)
Comments (46)
Happy birthday! Cheers.
Happy happy birthday! I hope you have a great day! Enjoy ...
happy birthday
Happy happy birthday. A bit late, sorry for that, but was skiing in Germany ... Hope you had a great day!
Happy birthday Vilma. Greetz from Belgium . :-)
Happy happy bday! Cheers!
Hope your birthday is filled with all the fun you can handle!
Vilma, I hope that you have a great birthday and a year filled with lots of exciting travel!
Cheers for your B/D!
Hi Vilma, how was your day? hope you are doing great.
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The Bells of Lady Gaga
Tin-Shi Tam, Iowa State University carillonneur and associate professor of music and theatre, performed Lady Gaga's "Bad Romance" on the carillon at noon on Aug. 27, 2010. Brad Riley, senior in journalism and mass communication, started a Facebook group and asked people to send Tam emails requesting that she play the song.
This post was created by a user and has not been vetted or endorsed by BuzzFeed's editorial staff. BuzzFeed Community is a place where anyone can post awesome lists and creations. Learn more or post your buzz!


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Night Time Whispers
by Patricia Travers
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Crones In The Garden
Published November 21, 2013
The Song of Spring
Published February 25, 2013
Roses are Blue ...matters of the heart
Published January 20, 2013
Start your own book today from US $3.99.
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Old Navy
Should Old Navy advertise 'Boyfriend' jeans to kids?
Your complete store guide, calendar to returning Christmas gifts
Consumer Alert: Retail Decoding - bigger bargains hidden on price tags
Working on Thanksgiving a new tradition for some businesses
Every Macy's location from Manhattan to Westfield Montgomery Mall is open this Thanksgiving day – a first for the 155-year-old department store giant.
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Only On 7
ABC7 News at 4 Now Weekdays!ABC7 is giving you MORE news in your afternoons with an extra hour, an hour earlier! Join ABC7's Leon Harris and Alison Starling for what's trending in your community and world. Every weekday afternoon at 4pm right after back to back "Hot Bench" shows at 3pm on ABC7.


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no news in this list.
Horphag Research supplies Pycnogenol® as a raw material to companies that produce a variety of Pycnogenol®-containing products. Horphag Research does not make any claims regarding the use of these finished products and each manufacturer is responsible for ensuring that the claims made for and use of its products comply with the regulatory requirement of the locations in which it markets its products.


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|Trad, TR, 1 pitch, 45'
|YDS: 5.12- French: 7a+ Ewbanks: 25 UIAA: VIII+ ZA: 25 British: E5 6a [details]
|Sprax at A2, FFA: Zeb Engberg
|Page Views:
|Submitted By:
|patrick donahue on Oct 22, 2010
|Comments on Thank You, Scott
|Add Comment
|Show which comments —
By DFrench
From: Cape Ann
Oct 25, 2010
|Hey, thanks for posting this up. Just a little correction, there is no way this thing is 75 feet tall. There isn't a single climb at The Quarries that is that high. Ha, sadly that would be a contender for the longest climb in Massachusetts if it were that tall!
By john strand
From: southern colo
Nov 3, 2010
|D- you may want to check out Swingles Quarry.
By mattyo
From: Boston, Massachusetts
Jun 20, 2012
|As of June 2012, the starting holds (launch holds for the dyno plus an angular crimp to the right) on the last section are pretty loose. Knocking on them rang hollow and they visibly move when you pull on them. I ended up going right instead of attempting the dyno to avoid them.
By bkwrm
Dec 10, 2014
rating: 5.12 7b+ 27 VIII+ 26 E6 6b R
|Can someone confirm the big drill hole left of initial 1st crack is on? Didn't try the crack without it.
Beyond the Guidebook:
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to Fuel Your Run
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We made our way to Pelee Places after three nights of fun in Detroit. What a wonderful retreat. We stayed at the lakeside cottage, and were fortunate to have it all to ourselves. Bev was the most gracious host. Her homemade cookies (fresh out the oven) were waiting for us the first evening when we returned from dinner. Each morning... More
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100 - 500 downloadsAdd this app to your listsTweets por @Appszoom
Fonseca ultimate fans app, audio playlists includes; best of DJ mixes/remixes, also official video channel, plus latest news stories, official Facebook, Twitter. Fonseca Fans app.
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Totally Witchy
Gregory Macguire wrote his book Wicked to argue the idea that there is no such thing as evil, and that people make choices based on what they believe is right. The Hitlers and Pol Pots of the world really thought they were making the world a better place, didnt they? Macguires story takes the ultimate icon of pure evil the Wicked Witch of the West from The Wizard Of Oz and tells what might have been her side of the story. In Wickeds world, The Wizard is a simplistic and totalitarian warlord fond of revisionist history, Glinda is a stuck-up bitch, and the Witch is just misunderstood. Shes not really that wicked at all. The story has been adapted into a brilliant musical with scintillating songs and dazzling imagery, but dont expect a simple retelling of the familiar version of Oz. Wicked is a tale of lust, murder, and betrayal, with characters so rich and real that when Dorothy throws that fatal bucket of water on the Witch its actually
sad. Why does she melt, anyway? Watch the show and youll find out. And FYI, the Wizards character isnt really based on President Bush, similar as they may seem. This award-winning musical begins tonight and runs through March 25 at the Carnival Centers Ziff Opera Ballet House.
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Cheap CBG to Lima flights
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6,347.59 miles
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Browse the most popular airlines servicing the Lima (LIM) airport. Visit their flights pages to learn more about the most popular routes these carriers fly.


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Union says chief blocks community policing
Alvarez: Criticisms of his approach is unwarranted
The people of Corpus Christi are not being offered quality community policing, according to the Police Officers' Association, and the association wants to be placed on the City Council agenda to show why the department is not offering what the community wants and needs.
On Tuesday the president of the association, Domingo Ibarra, asked for a place on the City Council's next agenda.
"We asked the City Council to answer one question: Does CCPD practice community policing?" said Ibarra. "In order to answer that, I'm asking for them to put me on the Dec. 20 agenda."
Ibarra said Police Chief Pete Alvarez is a traditional chief with a hands-on management policy that is stifling officers and keeping them from making decisions on problems they see in their beat neighborhoods.
In an interview, Alvarez responded: "I empower my commanders to implement their own decisions."
Alvarez said Ibarra erroneously told members of the City Council that he would not allow the community to be active in departmental decisions. Alvarez said he actually meant he did not want the public involved in disciplinary decisions related to officers.
Ibarra said that on Oct. 6, a new rules manual was given to officers and one of the rules states that lieutenants, captains and commanders have to receive approval by the chief on disciplinary decisions, whether for a reprimand or other matter.
"If an officer recognizes one house on his beat that is a problem, he cannot do anything unless the chief signs off on it," Ibarra said. "If Alvarez is not ready to give up that kind of control, then we are ready to say he needs to retire."
Alvarez said in an interview, "The community knows that I support community policing. The very first day I started, I started community policing." Alvarez became chief in 1995.
But Ibarra said the kind of control Alvarez exercises goes against community policing. And residents who voted for a Crime Prevention and Control District, which includes a few programs like Hot Spots, are not getting their money's worth, he said.
Voters approved a one-eighth cent sales tax for the operation of a Crime Prevention and Control District, which funds mostly community policing programs for the department.
Ibarra describes community policing as allowing residents to be proactive with police officers in solving problems of crime and fear of crime in their neighborhoods.
Ibarra said the association decided to step forward now because re-election of the Crime Control and Prevention District is in 18 months and Alvarez is not in touch with want the community wants.
"Every neighborhood has problems indigenous to that neighborhood," he said. "If you don't know that neighborhood you can't use a cookie-cutter approach."
But Alvarez countered by saying: "I have done everything in my power to improve the quality of life in this city. My record speaks for itself."
Contact Sara Lee Fernandez at 886-3767 or HYPERLINK mailto:fernandezs@.com fernandezs@.com
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MUMBAI: The MCX Stock Exchange (MCX-SX) benchmark index SX40 went live with its equity trading platform on both equities and equity derivatives today.
MCX-SX became the third full-fledged equity bourse after BSE and NSE in the country. The bourse was formally launched by Finance Minister P Chidambaram on Saturday.
SX40 is a free-float based index of large-cap and liquid stocks, representing diverse sectors. The base value will be 10,000 with a base date of March 31, 2010, the exchange had said.


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The lights are on
Considering that Game Informer has been covering the industry for the better part of 20 years, we've managed to amass quite the video game collection here at the office. We don't want our thousands of games to just sit and gather dust in the vault, so Replay was born. In these segments, we'll be grabbing games from every system and genre imaginable and popping them in to see how they've held up over the years. Keep an eye on Replay to relive fond (and not so fond) memories from gaming's past.
In a long-overdue episode, we finally get to shoot a nail gun at dinosaurs while playing as Tim Allen. Come for the Replay, stay for the grunt-off.
We check out a highly-requested PS1 game from the creators of Earthworm Jim.
Terminal Reality was ahead of the curve when it came to the vampire craze in pop culture.
We look back at the top-down roots of the iconic crime series.
On this week's episode, we check out Shiny's first attempt to bring the action of the Matrix to video games.
We pop in 2002's polarizing Mario platformer.
With the recent release of The Thing, a prequel to John Carpenter's
1982 film called The Thing, we thought it was time to replay the 2002
video game sequel, also called The Thing.
As a special treat to Friday the 13th observers, we've decided to air this week's episode of Replay a day early.
We revisit a certain PSone era title featuring a soul-sucking vampire named Raziel.
Has any game before or after it ever featured a gigantic singing, slinging pile of excrement?
We bid a fond farewell to Dan Ryckert and party it up!
We relive the unnerving PSone survival horror classic. Has it retained its creepiness, or has time mellowed it?


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Bitcoin has been a magnet for commentary about the future of payments security and privacy. At the same time, it's attracted a lot of attention from criminals, with several exchanges shutting down after possible thefts.Read More
Major SSL/TLS were recently discovered in iOS, OS X and Linux.Read More
WhatsApp has a history of troubles with encryption and data privacyRead More
The Obama Administration recently unveiled the Cybersecurity Framework, a guide for protecting critical national infrastructure such as electrical grids and water and fossil fuel supplies from cyberattacks.Read More
Cybercriminals are looking to capitalize on fake versions of popular appsRead More
The rising competitive pressures of the App Store and Google Play mean that a growing number of developers rely on ads to support free-to-play business models. While perhaps a shrewd economic move, this strategy has left many users exposed to surveillance.Read More
Until recently, Blackhole was the most prominent exploit kit on the market, but the threat landscape has changed.Read More
The number of zero-day exploits rose throughout 2013, affecting a wide swathe of individuals and organizations.Read More
Some IT managers feel that their organizations are increasingly fighting an uphill battle against cybercrime. A recent poll of IT professionals in the U.K. revealed that many respondents lacked confidence in their abilities to fend-off attacks at a time when data volumes continue to rise and require additional monitoring.Read More
Malware has long gotten past the gates of IT security by pretending to be something else – perhaps an important billing notice sent via email, or a must-have antivirus solution that will wipe out all problems for free.Read More


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QNL is a fully owned subsidiary of the QinetiQ Group, Europe's largest science and technology organisation. Across QinetiQ there are over 150 scientists and engineers working in nanomaterials and nanotechnology. By linking them with a proven manufacturing technology we have been able to make significant progress in addressing the key issue of bulk supply of nanometric material - the essential lifeblood of the technology.
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Informačné a komunikačné technológie
Politika súdržnosti Európskej únie: investovanie do vašich regiónov a miest
V uplynulých piatich rokoch sa v rámci politiky súdržnosti EÚ vytvorilo vyše 600 000 pracovných miest, každoročne sa investovalo do odbornej prípravy až 15 miliónov ľudí s cieľom zlepšiť ich zamestnateľnosť, a spolufinancovala sa výstavba 25 000 km ciest a 1 800 km železníc. Takisto sa vďaka nej zabezpečila dodávka čistej pitnej vody pre ďalšie 3 milióny ľudí. Investovalo sa tiež do 200 000 malých a stredných podnikov a 61 000 výskumných projektov. Tieto čísla neustále rastú, keďže projekty, ktoré sa začali v uplynulých 5 rokoch, naďalej prinášajú výsledky.
Bolo to možné vďaka Európskemu fondu regionálneho rozvoja, Kohéznemu fondu a Európskemu sociálnemu fondu, ktoré spolu predstavujú viac ako tretinu rozpočtu EÚ.
RegioStars 2012 - The Podlaskie Voivodeship website
13/06/2012How are European Union investments being used in north-eastern Poland? Look no further than the website of the Podlaskie Voivodeship – or province. This outstanding internet communication tool enables users to find everything they need to know, with just a couple of clicks. Podlaskie is situated on Poland's north-eastern border, with Lithuania and Belarus to the east, and the Russian region of Kaliningrad to the north. Its capital is Białystok. The province currently runs a total of 904 projects, with over €450 million of EU co-funding. Winner of the RegioStars 2012 Award - Information & Communication Category
RegioStars 2010: High Speed Broadband
01/05/2010This video showcases the RegioStars 2010 winner in the "Broadband coverage in less developed regions or rural areas" category. Broadband coverage is a central element when it comes to guaranteeing competitiveness in the world today. In more sparsely populated regions, private telecommunications operators are often reticent about shouldering the risk of investing in what are commonly referred to as "white zones". Faced with this challenge, the Auvergne region established a public/private partnership (PPP) in 2005 to extend broadband coverage to all homes. The project was finalised in early 2009.
High Speed Broadband: Gaël Romier et Cécile Hesse, photographers
05/01/2010Portrait of Gaël Romier and Cécile Hesse, professional photographers in the Auvergne region. Active in the field of contemporary art, they decided a few years ago to pursue their chosen profession in the countryside. Living in a sparsely populated valley, without EU regional policy assistance in particular they would not have had access to high speed broadband, which is an essential tool for their daily work. This video was produced as part of the "Auvergne high speed broadband" project, RegioStars 2010 winner in the "Broadband coverage in less developed regions or rural areas" category.
RegioStars 2010: Computer literacy (story)
05/01/2010Profile of Edvardas Gurčinas, a former engineer who lives in the Vilnius region. This video was produced as part of the "Computer Literacy" project, a RegioStars 2010 winner in the "ICT applications for e-inclusion" category.
RegioStars 2010: Computer literacy basics for a Lithuanian e-citizen
05/01/2010This video showcases the RegioStars 2010 winning project in the "ICT applications for e-inclusion" category. The "Window to the future" association, which was founded in 2002 and is based in Vilnius, brings together a group of businesses, banks and enterprises specialising in telecommunications and information technologies. Its aim is to provide training, establish public internet access points and stimulate the growth of e-services, not to mention improve computer literacy potential. The main target groups have been seniors, the disabled and people living in remote regions with limited access to digital services: in total, 50 400 adults have completed training courses over a two-year period.
The ERDF in Germany's new Länder
10/01/2009"We want to be German Europeans and European Germans," said former Chancellor Helmut Kohl in relation to German reunification. Twenty years on, EU funds (ERDF) were allocated to the new federal states (Saxony, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Thuringia, Saxony-Anhalt, Brandenburg, and part of Berlin).The €46 billion between 1990 and 2013 are making success stories like Biocity in Leipzig and an urban development project in Merseburg possible.


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Flash flood swamps 2 towns in Davao del Norte
More News from Frinston Lim
TAGUM CITY, Philippines—One person was killed while trying to help neighbors as hundreds of terrified villagers fled to safer ground as flash flood swamped two towns in Davao del Norte early Thursday, officials said.
Rampaging waters mixed with mud cascaded from the province's upper hinterlands down to several communities in Talaingod and Kapalong municipalities, washing away houses and sending residents packing to evacuation centers, said Sonio Sanchez, Davao del Norte disaster officer.
The flooding came even as the province has yet to recover from a similar disaster early in the week and many evacuees had just started returning home.
Sanchez told the Inquirer by phone that the fatality drowned while attempting to rescue trapped villagers in a banana packing plant in Barangay Sampao in Kapalong town past 1 a.m. Thursday.
The floods were triggered by incessant rains spawned by tropical depression "Crising" since Wednesday night.
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Course taught in English
Go to class group/s: 31
Class 31: NICOLA MISANI
The course presents the responsibility paradigm aimed at guiding the behavior of business, the public sector and the nonprofit sector and their relationships with society. Students explore the challenges inherent in managing organizations that want to perform on the financial, social, and environmental dimensions. They are confronted with:
- the theoretical bases of social responsibility, seen as a perspective that shapes the role of the organizations within society and promote sustainable development
- the ethical issues confronting business
- the different dimensions of social responsibility at various institutional levels
- the complexities and challenges of incorporating social responsibilities into the practices of organizations
- the role played by different types of organizations (including NGOs) in social responsibility
- the tools to measure, evaluate and diffuse social responsibility
Theory and practice are combined dynamically, making room for class discussion, empirical documents and case studies aimed at showing how social responsibility can be interpreted in the real world. Different perspectives are contrasted and compared.
- Social responsibility in business, government and nonprofit: what does it mean?
- Competition, sustainability and responsibility: Responsible strategies
- Content and context for being socially responsible
- Evaluation models for social responsibility in business, government and nonprofit: similarity and differences
- How to avoid self-referential ethical; the role of moral values
- Tools and processes to promote social responsibility
- From public role to social responsibility: when public institutions become socially responsible
- Social responsibility and political, bureaucratic culture of policy makers, managers and public employees
- The cohesive role of social responsibility in public-private partnerships
A reading list, consisting of articles, papers, cases, and/or book chapters, is provided at the beginning of the course. The material also includes slides and other notes that are available on the weblearning space.
Attending studentsOral exam. Active participation during classes (including assignments produced either by individuals or by groups of students) is taken into consideration for the final mark.
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Oral exam
Students are expected to have attended the following courses: Business Administration and Management, Public Administration Management.


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A series of strong littoral explosions on the volcano Kilauea.
June 9, 2010
A series of strong littoral explosions on the volcano Kilauea. Littoral explosions are caused by interaction of sea water trapped inside the lava tube just at or around sea level. Kilauea is the youngest and southeastern-most volcano on the big island of Hawaii. Topographically Kilauea, which is located on the southernmost flank of Mauna Loa, was thought to be an extension of its giant neighbor. However, research over the past few decades clearly shows that Kilauea has its own magma-plumbing system, extending to the surface from more than 60 km deep in the earth. The eruption of Kilauea began more than 20 years ago in 1983 (making it one of the world's most active volcanoes--possibly the most active) and continues today at Pu`u `O`o, Kilauea's active vent. As a result, new land is almost constantly created and the vast landscape around the active vent is constantly changing. Lava erupts from the cone and flows through a tube system down Pulama pali, about 11 kilometers to the sea. (Date of Image: Feb. 18, 2005)
Topics: Environment, Volcanology, Geology, Hawaii, Disaster Accident, Puʻu ʻŌʻō, Kīlauea, Mauna Loa, Lava, Types of volcanic eruptions, Igneous rocks, Shield volcanoes, Volcano, Plate tectonics


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i have a 2 1/2 intact year old boy.
my pediatrician has one time retracted him when he was about 5 months old before i had time to stop him. none has touched him since then.
during our last visit our new ped told us that his skin is too tight and that we should arrange a next appointmwnt to retract it, when i told him that we will not do that he told us that he has too many years of experience and he is sure that it will not retract on its own and if we choose not to the only thing we will do is that we will make our son go through a op under full anaisthisia.
he has no problems during urination or at least he has never complained during urination.
during his bath today i told him that i would clean him and tried to gently pull it to check,
it was tight and i could not even see any hole, i am wondering if i was supposed to see the glands?
i am really concerned.
i have to tell you i am from greece and even though the circumsicion is not prevelant here the ped retract it and the mothers are told to retract at every bath.
any advice is welcome!!!
Welcome Maria1976! So glad for you & your son you came here first.
Sounds like the doctor has taken a lot of classes in instilling fear in parents! No, your son does not have a problem because he's not retractable. The average age for that is 10. Yes, 7 & 1/2 years from now! And, even if he doesn't retract then, it's still not a problem. Some males don't become fully retractable until well into puberty. I think there was a mother here recently who said her husband is not retractable & they have no problems w/ it.
As long as your son can pee fine & is in no pain, then he's fine. If something does come up, like swelling, pain, redness, etc., there is lots of info here to help you get the care you may need w/o resulting to surgery or anything w/ general anethestia (sp?). One thing I've seen parents say they would say to a dr. if there is a problem, is how would you treat a girl? I don't think that FGM is anything to worry about in Greece (someone, Maria, correct me if I'm wrong), so if a girl has a problem, treat it like the patient were a girl, w/o a knife.
Best wishes,
This is one link I think all parents of intact boys should read.
Your son sounds perfectly normal.
thank you so much for your answers,
i am going to leave it to mother nature and pray everything goes well.
The second type, Pathological phimosis, is where there is damage to the tip of the foreskin either by repeat forced retraction or repeat untreated infections and some diabetics run into issues as well. This type can only be diagnosed after puberty has been well established. The sphincter will be scared and that prevents it from stretching open like it should. Treatment is steroid cream with stretching and if that dosnt work then a slit can be made in the foreskin to allow retraction this saves the foreskin. Many Dr's though go right to circ thus all the "he had to be circed at X age because he couldnt retract"
"True" phimosis --- better termed "preputial stenosis," because "phimosis" has so many different definitions it now is devoid of any useful meaning --- occurs in less than 2% of intact males.
Of these 2%, 85-95% will respond to topical steroids. Of those who fail this, at least 75% will respond to stretching under local anesthesia, either manually or with a balloon. The arithmetic is simple: At the very most 7 boys in 10,000 may need surgery for preputial stenosis.
SAHMlovin' to DD 10/00 & DS 10/04 If your son is intact, keep him safe, visit the Intact Care forum Circ, a personal choice, Your SONS 11/98 6/99 Thyroid cancer survivor. With 5 & 2 Boxers wishing for
My 2.5yo doesn't retract either, although his foreskin is "loose" at the tip. It certainly doesn't sound like anything is wrong with your son - just let nature take its course.
My 2.5 yr old son is the same way. I am not worried in the least...he urinates just fine and that's all that he needs it to do right now!
He can pee, leave it be. If you mess with it, it is likely to cause more problems. A baby's intact penis is pretty maintenance free, contrary to popular beliefs.
Mindie, wife to Mark, not-so-crunchy mom to Dylan (4/04); Devon (6/06); Dorothy (9/07); Derek (12/19/09); Daniel (12/18/10); Newbie D (2/22/12)
Ugh, this is sick! Diagnosing a kid with phimosis! I'm glad you found info on the web before potentially following this weirdo doctor's orders.
No need for anyone to retract his foreskin.Never had a doctor try that.Find a new one.
My 2 yr old son has phimosis. The doctor visits began with many painful issues. He has difficulty urinating and it's very red and awful looking for lack of a better description. The foreskin has kinda started to seal itself so it seems and so i have scheduled my child's circumcision. My older son on the other hand, has had no problem retracting since he's been about 1 yr old. I would advise that if there is ever pain redness or your instinct flags go up a mother should act! otherwise... Let the children laugh and be happy! -Lola
My son is 5 and he still doesn't retract. By the time he was 2 he knew what I meant when I asked him to retract his own foreskin. I don't even let his doctor do it, and his doctor is VERY foreskin friendly.
Be firm with your doctor or get a new one. That's my advice.
SAHM to DS BuggaBoo 12/07, and DD Doozer 03/10. Sharing life with The Hubby since 01/05.
Oh, I wanted to reply to Lola. There are other treatments you can take to help true phimosis, such as steroid creams. PLEASE look into other treatments before going through with your son's surgery. It may not even be phimosis but yeast or another type of infection.
SAHM to DS BuggaBoo 12/07, and DD Doozer 03/10. Sharing life with The Hubby since 01/05.
My 2 yr old son has phimosis. The doctor visits began with many painful issues. He has difficulty urinating and it's very red and awful looking for lack of a better description. The foreskin has kinda started to seal itself so it seems and so i have scheduled my child's circumcision. My older son on the other hand, has had no problem retracting since he's been about 1 yr old. I would advise that if there is ever pain redness or your instinct flags go up a mother should act! otherwise... Let the children laugh and be happy! -Lola
My understanding is that phimosis can not be correctly diagnosed in a child prior to sexual maturity, as it is the normal state of a yet-to-mature penis for the foreskin to be adhered to the glans. It is often diagnosed as a problem because most of the doctors diagnosing it either don't have a foreskin themselves, they are women who have not educated themselves and/or are knee deep in the culture that says foreskins are a problem when in fact it is very rare that they are. WHile the foreskin may be suffering from a problem that is causing it to be red & restricting the sphincter right now, just like we wouldn't start cutting a girl who is irritated, we don't have to start cutting boys. Before allowing a doctor to amputate your child's foreskin, please find an intact friendly doctor to evaluate the problem and/or contact Marilyn Milos of NOCIRC. You might ask the doctor what he's recommend if a female child came in w/ similar problems. If he says something different than what he's saying for your son, he has shown his bias.
Please, for the sake of your son & his future, do not have him circumcised. He has a treatable condition, more than likely. Just like you wouldn't amputate his finger if it had a problem, please don't allow his foreskin to be amputated.
Best wishes,
different unrelated doctors and next month I will see the 4th who will preform the surgery.
What I don't understand is this: people pay $400 for circumcision immediately after birth and from what I've been told medicaid use to cover it for free years ago. Many people deem it necessary for cleanliness and not only for religious reasons. I'm kind of confused I guess as to why circumcision would be a bad thing... I've been to 3
different unrelated doctors and next month I will see the 4th who will preform the surgery.
But babies are supposed to have "phimosis." The foreskin is supposed to be attached to the glans until it is ready to not be any more. Why are you having your son circumcised when his penis is normal? Please don't! There's nothing wrong w/ it except he's been seen by doctors who don't know about the normal development of the penis. If he were seeing a doctor in a non-circ'ing culture, you wouldn't be posting this, most likely! Please, protect your child. Take him to doctors who know what they're talking about! This is his life that will be effected forever because of these doctors who don't know what you're doing.
Here's a bunch of mothers who regret circ'ing their children. Please don't go through w/ this & have a reason to post there as well. http://www.mothering.com/community/f/44/the-case-against-circumcision
Where have you researched this? What experience does this doctor/doctors have w/ normal, whole penises? Please contact Marilyn Milos ([email protected]) or Doctors Opposing Circumcision or find a foreskin friendly doctor before your son regrets that you did not! You are getting bad advice from doctors who clearly do not know as much as they'd have you believe since they've diagnosed "phimosis."
Please, don't allow your son to be circ'd! There are other options, that & he may STILL have the problem that is causing the redness, etc. even after he is circ'd. What will they recommend cutting off then? Think they'd have recommended circ if your son was a girl w/ red genitals?
ET: said boy in the last sentence when I meant to say girl.
SAHMlovin' to DD 10/00 & DS 10/04 If your son is intact, keep him safe, visit the Intact Care forum Circ, a personal choice, Your SONS 11/98 6/99 Thyroid cancer survivor. With 5 & 2 Boxers wishing for
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TV couple Ty Burrell and Julie Bowen, from ABC's "Modern Family," hosted the 2012 Billboard Music Awards last night. Did you tune in to watch? The duo got some major laughs from the audience, and got to introduce many of the nights hot acts!
Take the polls below to let us know what you think of both Ty and Julie's Billboard Music Awards style!


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38 year old woman | Anderson, IN, USA | Seeking men 35-40 in Indiana, United States
Happy ending wanted
I'm a nurse here in town and a mother of 3, they are my number 1, so you must like kids. I'm thinking of going back to school, but I'm not sure if I want to go back for nursing. I like hanging out watching TV or movies, but I like to go out too, which I don't get to do a whole lot. I'm not much of a cook, but I can cook, I just don't like to. I like to bake more than cook, I would love to own a bakery. I like all kinds of music, from Dave to Slipknot. I know kind of crazy, but it is what it is. I'm definitely a sports fan...I like the Colt's (took some getting used to, but I'm good now), IU basketball (big Cody Zeller fan), ND football, Cubs baseball, and I'll watch NBA, but I'm not that big a fan. I used to play volleyball and basketball a lot, but haven't really got to play for awhile. I' m a Virgo (to a T) so I'm laid back, a perfectionist, I have to have the last word, somewhat OCD about some things, sarcastic, and pretty funny :)(at least the girls at work think so), I'm pretty shy at first, but will open up more once I'm comfortable. I have a complete fear of rejection, so basically if you wanna talk to me, don't wait for me to make the first move. Believe me, I hate that about me too. I like to travel. I'm getting ready to head to Florida for spring break with the kids. I absolutely adore NYC (if they didn't have such cold winters, I would move there in a heartbeat). On my bucket list is traveling Europe and Australia, maybe one day. As of recently I've become a tattoo fan. This may turn some off, but its all good. I just got my first two a few weeks ago, both on my inner ankles. Started off with something small for now, and more are yet to be determined. :) I'm looking for a man who can take care of himself, and doesn't NEED a woman. Someone with a good sense of humor, can handle sarcasm, has a job, car, etc. I'm definitely ready to be happy in this area of my life again, it's been awhile.
Coffee and conversation , Dining out , Movies/Videos , Music and concerts , Playing cards , Playing sports , Shopping/Antiques , Travel/Sightseeing , Watching sports
Auto racing / Motorcross, Baseball, Basketball, Billiards / Pool, Bowling, Dancing, Football, Golf, Tennis / Racquet sports, VolleyBall, Walking / Hiking
I exercise 1-2 times per week.
I have Dogs
I have a little 5lb pom-shih (Pomeranian/Shih Tzu) named Lola and she looks like a little ewok.
Middle of the Road
I love to travel, don't get to do it often enough, but we usually hit Florida for the kids' spring break. I like anywhere warm, I adore New York!!
Ivy Tech Community College–East Central, Muncie, IN
I like all kinds of music, I don't have a favorite genre. I like all different kinds of TV...SOA, Revenge, HIMYM, Big Bang Theory, and reality tv :)
I like the movies, hanging out at home..whatever gets me out of the house on occasion.
Fifty Shades of Gray and books similar. I really like Patricia Cornwell books.
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|What she is looking for
|5'9" (175cms)
|6'0" (182cms) to 6'11" (210cms)
|Body type:
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|No preference
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I'm an LPN at a local LTC facility.
|$35,001 to $50,000
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|Yes, and they live at home (3)
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