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Back Home, Part 1
[Aug. 17th, 2006|
07:32 pm
Mekgineer Sicco Thermaplugg sat upon the throne in the High Tinker Chamber of Gnomeregan. Assembled in twin rows flanking him, stood his advisors and servants. And towering behind the throne, his Mechanical Battle-Mount stood at the ready.
Placing a cigar in his mouth, he raised a blow torch and lit the end. Once he had it going, he tossed the torch to a waiting servant. After a few puffs on the cigar, he turned and nodded at one of his advisors. Bearing a tall ornate staff, he struck it on the floor three times, the cracks echoing off the walls of the chamber. On cue, one of the two guards flanking the main blast door for the Chamber flipped a switch. With a deafening rattle of gears, the door slowly rose up and stopped, leaving a ten feet high space for someone to enter.
The four Dark Iron Dwarves marched into the chamber. Ambassador Lahotos Darkvire lead the way for his party, following behind him came his assistant and flanking him were two warriors. Stopping at a respectable distance from the throne, he bowed slightly and held it for barely a moment.
Thermaplugg took a pull from his cigar, leaned back in his seat and blew out a large smoke ring toward the darkened ceiling of the chamber. He watched it slowly dissipate before sitting upright and locking eyes with the ambassador.
"Do you have my payment?" he asked in a gravelly voice.
"Do you have the device?" Darkvire asked back at him.
Maintaining eye contact, Thermaplugg gestured at one of his servants. He quickly ran through a side door and came back wheeling in a covered cart. He maneuvered it in front the Mekgineer and after a nod from him, pulled the cover off. The device stood on a round base roughly 2 feet across. On the base was a display panel and a control pad. Raising up from the base is a series of interconnected rings, a network of gymbals.
"Apart from one minor detail, it is complete," Thermaplugg annouced.
The ambassador's eye gleamed with desire as he saw the device, and the corners of the his lips curled up slightly. Then what had just been said registered. "Its not completed? You promised it would be ready!" he barked out.
Ignoring the tone from the ambassador, Thermaplugg smiled, "And it will be. Once I have my payment."
Regaining his composure, he gestured over his shoulder at his assistant. He stepped forward, now holding a wooden box in his hands. Darkvire reached over and flipped the lid open. Inside, cushioned by the black runecloth interior, sat a large crystal. Roughly shaped like a cylinder, it coloring shifted constantly, flowing from one to the next. And occasionally, an arc of electricity would flash through it.
At a gesture, one of Thermaplugg's servants stepped forward, took the box from the Dark Iron servant and brought it to him. Leaning forward in the throne, he pulled the crystal out from the box and held it up to the light, a slightly maniacal look in his eyes. Rising his other hand, he flicked a finger against it, causing a cascade of electrical arcs to flash through it.
"Be careful with that!" snapped out Darkvire when he saw what Thermaplugg did to the phlogiston crystal.
Dropping his gaze to the Dark Iron, he gave him a lopeside grin. Darkvire took a step back and his hand dropped to the handle of the axe hanging from his belt.
Thermaplugg placed the crystal back in the case and closed the lid. "I will have the device finished and delivered to your apartment Ambassador within the hour," he said in a tone that signaled the end of the meeting.
Realizing that he was being dismissed, Darkvire turned around and marched out of the chamber.
Once the Dark Irons had cleared out and the door was closed, Thermaplugg sprang off the throne, grabbed the box containing the crystal and climbed aboard his Battle-Mount. "Take the orb back to my workshop," he ordered and the servant quickly wheeled the cart out through the same side door he brought the cart from. "The rest of you are dismissed," and with a loud rumble and belching forth a cloud of smoke from its exhaunt pipes, he steered the mount toward a door behind the throne and left the chamber. With his departure, the advisors, servants and guardsmen also left. And within moments, the chamber stood empty and quiet.
Well, not empty...
From the dark recesses of the ceiling of the chamber, a small figure slowly floated down. Dressed in night black leather armor with accents of blood red, the figure alighted near the foot of the throne and adjusted a device on its left wrist. Belted at the waist are a pair of daggers with ornately detailed hilts. With a hood and mask in place, the only things visible are a pair of jade green eyes. Crouching low, the figure waited a moment and then headed for the side door.
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[Apr. 10th, 2006|
11:32 pm
"How is she doing?"
Isabeau Navarre looked up from the tiny bundle in her arms and smiled as her husband took a seat next to her by the campfire. She returned her attention to the incredibly small infant that she was holding and her smile grew bigger. "She's hungry, really hungry. I've gone through about half a skin of milk already," she replied as she held a make-shift bottle to the baby's mouth. "She must have been in that compartment for an awful long time."
Etienne reached over and shifted the blanket around the infant's head. A pair of brilliant jade green eyes peered up at him. "That compartment most likely saved her life," he brushed aside a lock of bright red hair that had fallen down on her forehead, she gurgled and smiled back at him. With a smile on his face, he looked up at his wife. The expression she wore was one he had seen before and knew. "I was doing some thinking about what to do with her..."
"Oh?" She said as she placed the bottle down and mopped up some milk that had spilled out of the baby's mouth.
"Yes," he reached up and tucked a loose lock of Isabeau's hair behind her ear, "We're going be at least 10 days to a fortnight to get back to Stormwind from here. Then its a few weeks to a few months to get a message up to Gnomeregan and get a reply back."
She picked up the bottle and began to feed the baby again, "Go on."
"So I was thinking, instead of having her sit in an orphanage all that time, that we could just take her in for ourselves," he said.
She snapped her head up and stared at her husband, "Are you serious?" she asked with a longing look in her eyes.
He placed an arm around her shoulders and hugged her, "Yes, very serious." He leaned in and kissed her cheek, "Assuming you want to of course."
"Yes!" she yelled at him, laughingly. And she kissed him back. Looking down, she said, "You hear that Ginnee, you're going to be a part of the family!" She leaned down and kissed the baby.
With a raised eyebrow, he asked, "Ginnee? You gave her a name already?"
"I had to call her something," she replied with a shrug of her shoulders. "Its short for Ginerva, my grandmother's name."
"Ginerva, Ginnee..." he said, trying it out. "That's sounds good." He reached over and picked up the baby in both his hands and held her in front of him. "Welcome to the family Ginerva Navarre!"
"Be careful Etienne," Isabeau started to say, "Her stomach may still be..."
Ginnee looked down at her new father, made a face and promptly vomited down the front of his shirt and into his lap.
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[Mar. 12th, 2006|
11:52 pm
The Gnome saw her target over by the stables, he was brushing down a chestnut bay and facing away from her. Creeping along a row of hedges, she remained hidden from sight as she drew closer. Reaching a spot about 15 feet away, she peeked out from over the top of the hedge. Seeing nothing between her and the target, she knew she had to strike from where she stood. Cocking her arm back, she popped up and pitched her weapon at her target.
The back of his head suddenly exploded in a splash of red and he stumbled forward into the horse. Holding onto the horse with one hand to remain on his feet, he ran his other hand through his hair. Holding what was left of the tomato in it, he turned and yelled at the top of the lungs, "GINNEE!!"
With a high pitched squeal of laughter, 10 year old Ginnee Navarre bolted at full speed towards the rear of her family's house. Looking over her shoulder, she saw her 17 year old brother Philippe begin to give chase, but he tripped over a rake. It didn't stop him, but it gave her a few extra seconds to make a clean getaway. Rounding the corner into the back yard, she looked for a place to hide herself. The backdoor. It was a stable-type door, and at the moment, the top half was open. Building up some speed, she turned toward it and leapt up and over. Just as her mother walked into view. Tucking into a ball, a small ball, Ginnee bounced into her.
Somewhat surprised to see her youngest daughter flying at her at a rather fast speed, Isabeau Navarre still managed to catch her and remain on her feet. Looking down at the bundle in her arms, "Ginnee?"
"Put me down Mum, quick!"
Dropping her arms, she lowered Ginnee to the ground, and out of sight as Philippe came barreling around into view. She noticed the remains of the tomato on his head and sighed.
"Mother, did you see Ginnee just now?" he asked once he saw her at the door.
Feeling Ginnee place a deathhug on her lower leg, she sighed and replied, "Yes luv. She just ran by and went around the corner. What happened to you?"
Pulling another handful of tomato out of his hair, he tossed it aside and said, "SHE happened to me, again. This is the third time in as many days. When I get my hands on her..."
"Philippe," she said, giving him a look, "I'll take care of her."
"Yes ma'am," he pulled out more of the tomato.
Chuckling and smiling at her oldest child and only son. she then said, "Get cleaned up and run down the market for me please. I need a bag of flour and a tin of tea and peppercorns."
Nodding his head, he turned and walked away, pulling more of the tomato out of his hair and tossing it to the ground.
Quiet voice from below asked, "Is he gone?"
Holding a hand over her mouth, Ginnee broke out giggling. Until she saw the look on her mother's face.
Kneeling down, Isabeau tucked a lock of her daughter's red hair behind her ear and placed a hand on her shoulder. "You have to stop bothering him Ginerva. He's your brother and you need to show him some respect."
Sighing, she looked down at her feet, "I know, but...he's just so...stuffy and...bossy all the time." Ginnee looked her mother in the eyes, "He's always going on about how I'm not acting like a lady should be."
Pulling her into a hug, she rested her head on top of Ginnee's, "He just cares about you, he doesn't want others thinking badly of you."
Letting her go, Isabeau stood up and walked over to one of the kitchen's counters. She grabbed a straw woven basket and handed it to Ginnee.
"What's this for Mum?" she asked with a raised eyebrow.
"Lavender dropped by earlier, while you were out," she replied, "She mentioned some sort of picnic taking place today." A look of shock came to Ginnee's face at the mention of a picnic, "So I fixed some things up for you to take along with you."
Ginnee hugged her mother's leg, "Thanks Mum, I completely forgot about that."
Giving her a gentle pat on the head, she shooed her toward the front door, "You're welcome dear. Now run along or you'll be even later for it."
"Bye Mum," she yelled as she ran off.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Science on turtle time
San Diego Bay draws green sea turtles, but keeping tabs tests researchers' patience
So he added a specialized, waterproof GoPro — a miniature video camera used by athletes and movie producers — to shoot reality footage beneath the sea. The video recordings show a turtle's eye view of the changing bay.
The return of San Diego Bay to a more natural state lets researchers study the species under new ecological conditions, providing a rare chance for comparison with the power-plant years. It's both a scientist's dream and a vexing logistic challenge.
"We're in year one of a study of a natural San Diego Bay habitat," Seminoff said. "Many scientists would die for this opportunity. Here we have this natural laboratory where that's happening."
Federal status: Endangered
Eastern Pacific population range: Long Beach to Colombia
Appearance: Olive-green to dark-gray or black shell with lighter underside
Size: Shell length of 28 to 43 inches, weight of 180 to 350 pounds
Life cycle: Born on nesting beaches in Baja California, live on the high seas, then settle into coastal areas and return to spawn at birth site through magnetic navigation
Life span: Reach sexual maturity in 25 years, live for 80 to 100 years
Threats: Boat strikes, fishing-line entanglement, historical overharvesting for meat and eggs
Source: Southwest Fisheries Science Center


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Covers linking, HTML typography, CSS, tables, frames, themes, components, forms, and getting your site online.
Hours of tips and techniques that will help you use Internet Explorer 6 easily and effectively.
For people who are new to Windows or upgrading from a previous version and want to get up to speed quickly.
"Your training goes way more in-depth than most classes at my school, and you can pause and rewind it if you don't follow it the first time." —Jared L.
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Whee! Fest using electronica to feed the hungry and bring people together
Just outside Western Carolina University, the sounds and vibrations of the underground music scene could be heard and felt in the hills just off of Monteith Gap Road in Cullowhee last Saturday.
Equipped with tents, hula hoops, glow sticks, frisbees, canned goods and ... beer ... hundreds of young people marched their way to a counter cultural celebration of sorts.


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A new row has flared in the Catholic ranks of the U.S. abortion wars, this one involving a member of America's most famous Catholic political family and a bishop. Congressman Patrick Kennedy, the son of the late Senator Edward Kennedy, has claimed that Rhode Island Bishop Thomas Tobin has slapped a communion ban on him for his support for abortion rights.
from Tales from the Trail:
Has abortion role been overblown in U.S. healthcare debate?
A new poll by the Pew Research Center and the Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life suggests that concern about federal funding for abortion is very low on the list of factors driving opposition to President Barack Obama's effort to overhaul America's healthcare system.
Sarkozy explains French laïcité to visiting Catholic bishops
French President Nicolas Sarkozy took time out from a busy schedule on Friday to welcome 18 Catholic cardinals, archbishops and bishops from across Europe into the Elysée Palace for a short talk about laïcité. The prelates were in Paris for an annual session of the Council of European Episcopal Conferences (CCEE), a Swiss-based body that brings together all those bishops' conferences. Among the topics at the three-day conference are relations between church and state in Europe, so it was natural that they'd take the opportunity to learn more about France's trademark secular system.
Anti-abortion rights activists target "personhood" amendments
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In the latest — but most likely not final — round in an incredible case of Italian journalistic pugilism, the editor of a Catholic newspaper sparring publicly for a week with the daily owned by the family of Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi has resigned. Dino Boffo's resignation as head of Avvenire, the daily of the Italian Bishops' Conference, ended an Italian telenovela that had riveted the media for seven consecutive days and even saw indirect involvement by Pope Benedict.
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One of the four ingredients in the genetic recipe that scientists in Japan and the U.S. followed last year to persuade human skin cells to revert to an embryonic stem cell state, is dispensable in ES cells, thanks to the presence of a molecular alliance between a specific group of key proteins known as transcription factors, a research team led by the Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS) under the Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) reports in the current issue of Nature Cell Biology.
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Since reprogramming mature cells to the ES state may provide a ready source of tissue for biomedical research and clinical treatment of diseases such as Parkinson's and diabetes, several laboratories, including GIS, are trying to better understand and finely tune the reprogramming process.
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The GIS research team found that when Klf4 was depleted, Klf
|Contact: Cathy Yarbrough
Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore


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THEATER REVIEW: 'Lion in Winter' a witty, modern look at history
Dad's a philanderer, Mom's fresh out of jail, their eldest son's a mama's boy, their middle son's a schemer and their youngest is a spoiled brat.
No, this isn't a Jerry Springer episode, but the 12th-century court of England's King Henry II as depicted in James Goldman's play "The Lion in Winter."
The dysfunctional family's foibles get a fun workout this month at North Coast Repertory Theatre, which is producing the witty play with a top-notch cast.
Well-written and surprisingly funny, "Lion" chronicles a tempestuous Christmas holiday in 1183 A.D. (although the characters in the play are real historical figures, the events during this holiday weekend are fictional).
In a show of benevolence, King Henry II has temporarily freed his wife, Eleanor, from prison to celebrate Christmas with him and their three spoiled sons Richard, Geoffrey and John, as well as Henry's young mistress (and Eleanor's niece) Alais, and Alais' half-brother, King Phillip of France. Henry wants his youngest (and most easily manipulated) son, John, to succeed him as king, and Eleanor favors Richard. Henry also wants to marry his mistress, but Eleanor stands in the way. The bulk of the play involves the nasty maneuvering as each son vies for the throne and Eleanor and Alais battle for Henry's affection.
Over Christmas wreaths and boiled brandywine, they engage in a royal battle of wills over who will succeed Henry on the throne. The play is a crisply staged collection of scenes in which the various characters try to outmaneuver each other for personal gain ---- be it a crown, land, a wife or even parental affection.
Though the play is set 800 years in the past, there's a contemporary flavor to the script that makes it highly entertaining for a modern audience. The tit-for-tat insults exchanged between Henry and Eleanor riff like sitcom jokes, and Prince John's pouty, childish behavior is something to which most parents can relate.
Director Andrew Barnicle heightens the play's modern dialogue by doing away with English (or French) accents. As Eleanor says comically in one scene, "every family has its ups and downs," and these characters could just as easily be an American family in 2012.
Barnicle's cast is excellent and their handling of the crisp, pinging dialogue is superb. And yet, the actors are so restrained in the first act, the play's slow build seems excessively so in moments. Fortunately, the fast-moving, high-energy second act's a corker.
Mark Pinter, seen last season at North Coast Rep in "Becky's New Car," returns in a wry, wily performance as Henry. He seems more amused than troubled by his sons' manipulations ---- blissfully unaware that his indecisiveness will have dire consequences for his kingdom after his death.
Kandis Chappell does a remarkable balancing act as Eleanor (Henry jailed her a decade before for plotting his overthrow with their sons). In some scenes, she's desperate and pleading, in others she plots and schemes, and Chappell's enigmatic enough in her behavior that it's hard to tell whether she's sincere or not. She also gets the lion's share of the script's funniest lines, and proves an adept comedian.


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You will surely enjoy your stay at CasaVilla. A quiet guesthouse that is located in a tranquil area onky 5 m to Arequipa's main square, 2.2 km from the Lambramani Park and a short walking distance away from the Aventura Plaza Mall. The hub of transportation, the bus station, is only 3.2 km from the guesthouse which links the area to the rest of the city.
A modern guesthouse that offers lovely rooms featuring flat-screen TV with cable connection, cozy seating areas, and well-furnished modern bathrooms, CasaVilla Arequipa is a nice alternative to cold hotel rooms and crowded hostel dorms. Here, you can wake up to a delicious breakfast and enjoy free wireless internet access the whole day. read more
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From the airport or bus station, simply hop on a taxi and give instructions to the driver to drop you in any of the following places: one block before the Guardia Civil Water Reservior or two blocks from the Paucapata's Justice Module. Ask the driver first how much to get to these places (preferably in Spanish) and agree on a price to avoid overcharging
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A lovely place! You'll surely love this as well. Greta location, clean and modern accommodations, and very private.
Argentina | 35-45 | Feminino
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Please join us the last Saturday of August-September for our Read in the Park Series @ Canton's Freedom Park.
The Park is located at the southwest corner of Palmer and Sheldon Roads in Canton, MI.
We meet under the only Gazebo. If it is reserved, we head to Canton's Public Library on Canton Center Road
We will have a few titles to read. Kids get to select appropriate ones. This selection is based off of having multiple titles so each student has a book and we can read as a group.


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7-Year-Old Does Push Ups On Glass Bottles
With socks on! Romanian Giuliano Stroe is the world's strongest kid. Obviously.
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Updated 04/29/2014
In September check out the annual Temecula Valley International Film and Music Festival, which has honored celebs including the late Ray Charles, Carl Reiner, and Michael York. The event also is host to film-industry workshops, panel discussions, film competitions, the MusicFest Showcase, and seminars, all open to the public. Films are screened at the UltraStar Cinemas 10-plex at Tower Plaza. Tickets for most events are $10 per person, and $25 for the workshop series.
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Website: www.tviff.com
Updated 04/29/2014
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DIY: Charcoal Canister Removal on F800GS (with pictures!!)
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Beastly Adventurer
Joined: Apr 2009
Location: STL, MO, USA
Oddometer: 1,392
Yeah, the micro porous check ball allows air to travel to tank freely and is supposed to limit the rate of evaporation to the canister. It has a small affect on HC emissions that is too small for me to care about, and if removed will make it a little easier to flow fuel to the canister. The micro porous ball plugs all the time. The effect on flowing fuel to the canister is only relevant to people who habitually put 4.5 gallons of fuel in a 4.2 gallon tank.
The canister filters air going to the tank AND stores HC emissions. A bike sitting on the sun or riding down the road will emit FAR more HC then a car because the tank is exposed to the sun AND huge engine, exhaust, and fuel pump heating.
I am very far from an environmentalist, but the shit that turned the air brown, kept people indoors, and made for pretty sun rises in the Las Angles area, that was HC.
I don't mind people driving big SUV's or starting forrest fires, but for me, the charcoal canister and TWC are always going to stay on my bike because they make a huge difference with little to no negative impacts.
Also note, laws are getting more enforced all the time. I am safety inspection certified in Missouri and have been informed by the officer that inspects my work that Missouri is going to start enforcing the emissions rules on bikes, so if I pass a bike that has the TWC or carbon canister removed, I am liable for up to a 20 grand fine.
Im not over emotional on this. I will happily step aside and let someone else at the dealership pass the bike, but between the risk of getting caught and the knowledge that these things really do matter, I won't pass it myself.
Owned to date. Honda Aero 50, Honda Elite 80, Honda Elite 250x2, Suzuki Katana, Suzuki RF600, Yamaha YZF1000R, Kymco Xciting 500, Suzuki GS500, Suzuki Burgman 650, BMW F800GSx2, BMW S1000RR, Aprilia Scarabeo 200, Aprilia Caponord, Aprilia Sportcity 250
I love and miss you Jeneca and I'm sorry.
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mysql.server startup script is included in MariaDB and MySQL distributions on Unix. It can be used on systems such as Linux and
Solaris that use System V-style run directories to start and stop system
services. It is also used by the Mac OS X Startup Item for MariaDB.
mysql.server can be found in the support-files directory
under your MariaDB installation directory or in a MariaDB source distribution.
If you use the Linux server RPM package (MariaDB-server-VERSION.rpm), the
mysql.server script will be installed in the /etc/init.d
directory with the name mysql. You need not install it manually.
Some vendors provide RPM packages that install a startup script under a
different name such as
If you install MariaDB from a source distribution or using a binary
distribution format that does not install
automatically, you can install it manually. Instructions are provided in
Starting and Stopping MariaDB Automatically.
mysql.server reads options from the
mysql.server] and [
mysqld] sections of
option files. For backward compatibility, it also reads
mysql_server] sections, although you should rename such
sections to [
mysql.server] when using MySQL 5.0.
mysql.server supports the following options.
- The path to the MariaDB installation directory.
- The path to the MariaDB data directory.
- The path name of the file in which the server should write its process ID.
- How long in seconds to wait for confirmation of server startup. If the
server does not start within this time,
mysql.serverexits with an error. The default value is 900. A value of 0 means not to wait at all for startup. Negative values mean to wait forever (no timeout). This option was added in MySQL 5.0.40. Before that, a value of 900 is always used.
- How long in seconds to wait for confirmation of server startup. If the server does not start within this time,
- Use
mysqld_safeto start the server. This is the default. This option was added in MySQL 5.0.4.
- Use
- Use Instance Manager to start the server. This option was added in MySQL 5.0.4.
- The login user name to use for running
mysqld. This option was added in MySQL 5.0.4.
- The login user name to use for running


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Mon-Fri: 7am-1am EST / Sat-Sun: 7am-11pm EST
ApplianceKitchenAid Refrigerator
Level of DifficultyReally easy
Time to do repair15 - 30 mins
Age of Appliance5 - 10 years
Screw drivers
Unplug refrigerator and turn water supple off. Remove three mounting mounting screws and unplug the old ice maker.(there is a latch on the plug to release it) Remove shutoff arm from old unit or if ordered seperatly with the ice maker, install shutoff arm on the new unit. Plug the new unit in (latch will snap into place when plug is properly seated.) Install the bottom screw (leave screws loose until all are started in the orginal holes). Tighten screws and you are done. Turn the water on and plug refrigerator in. After about an hour or two the ice maker will be cold enough to start making ice. In about five hours or so you will see the first ice cubes!!!!
Help other customers find the most helpful instructions.
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Part Number: PS358591
Part Number: PS992028
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The PartSelect logo is a Registered Trademark of Atlantic Laundry Centres, Ltd.
Copyright © 1999-2015 , Eldis Group Partnership. All rights reserved.


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This guy really likes me. I think he likes me so much that he is afraid to make a wrong move and mess everything up. So he makes no move at all. I have never been in a relationship before and am just as afraid. His reluctance isn't making it any easier on me to proceed. We want to be together...but we are both too afraid to do anything about it. What now?
Luphmuffin 22-25, F 8 Answers 2 Aug 12, 2012 in Crushes & Obsessions
Why don't you make the first move.
Best Answer
i have kinda the same problem
Best Answer
Please, you both need to get over your fear, life is short. Make a move, see what happens. Enjoy life, enjoy each other.
Best Answer
get the point across that u like him but give him time he is probably afraid of rejection
Best Answer
Obviously you two are to young to even be in a relationship...maybe do something more at your level, like crayons
Best Answer
So when is your mommy getting you your first Pla-doh??
Best Answer
if u like him too try to b e the first ;) !
Best Answer
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The Mediterranean has been for millennia one of the great global centres of human history and culture. World-class interpretations exist of its Classical (480 BC) and subsequent history, but there has been remarkably little holistic exploration of how its societies, culture and economies first came into being. This talk offers a richly illustrated interpretation of the rise of the Mediterranean world from its beginning, up to the threshold of Classical times.
Dr. Cyprian Broodbank is Professor of Mediterranean Archaeology at the Institute of Archaeology, University College London. His many publications include, An Island Archaeology of the Early Cyclades (winner of the 2002 AIA James R. Wiseman award). His most recent book The Making of the Middle Sea: A History of the Mediterranean from the Beginning to the Emergence of the Classical World, was published by Oxford University Press.
Free. No pre-registration is required.
Sponsored by the A.G. Leventis Foundation, the Royal Ontario Museum and Archaeology Centre at the University of Toronto.
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Signy & Cléophée Eaton Theatre - doors open at 6:30 pm
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Parent Child Schedule and Registration
Registration is now open for the Spring Session
Register Here
We offer two sessions of parent child a year:
- Fall Session: September through January
- Spring Session: February through June
- Download the calendar here
Classes are on the following days and times for both sessions:
- 8:45am–10:15am — 16 months to 24 months
- 11:00am–12:30pm — Mixed age, 16 months to 3 years
- 8:45am–10:15am — 24 months to 3 years
- 11:00am–12:30pm — 16 months to 24 months
- 11:00am–12:30pm — Mixed age, 16 months to 3 years
Admission is on a first-come, first-served basis; families select their top choices and are placed accordingly. If there is no space in the top choice class, other available class times will be offered. We do not offer make up classes.
Families will be notified of class placement on January 22nd. Registraion will remain open until all classes are full.
Tuition is due in full before class begins. We do not offer refunds for missed classes or families who withdraw for any reason. We are unable to offer trial classes.
The cost of class is $59 for 1½ hours. The cost of each day differs based on the calendar and how many times that class meets.
Spring Session


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Rabies is one of the most hazardous zoonoses in the world. Oral mass vaccination has developed into the most effective management method to control fox rabies. The future need to control the disease in large countries (i.e. Eastern Europe and the Americas) forces cost-benefit discussions. The 'Increase bait density' option refers to the usual management assumption that more baits per km2 could compensate for high fox abundance and override the imperfect supply of bait pieces to the individual fox.
We use a spatial simulation, which combines explicitly fox space use (tessellation polygons) and aeroplane flight lines (straight lines). The number of baits actually falling into each polygon is measured. The manager's strategic options are converted into changes of the resulting bait distribution on the ground. The comparison enables the rating of the options with respect to the management aim (i.e. accessibility of baits).
Above 5% (approx. 10%) of all fox groups without any bait (at most 5 baits) relate to the baiting strategy applied in the field (1 km spaced parallel flight lines, 20 baits per km2 distributed) under habitat conditions comparable to middle and western Europe (fox group home-range 1 km2, 2.5 adults; reference strategy).
Increasing the bait density on the same flight-line pattern neither reduces the number of under-baited fox group home-ranges, nor improves the management outcome and hence wastes resources. However, reducing the flight line distance provides a more even bait distribution and thus compensates for missed fox groups or extra high fox density.
The reference strategy's bait density can be reduced when accounting for the missed fox groups. The management result with the proper strategy is likely the same but with reduced costs.
There is no overall optimal strategy for the bait distribution in large areas. For major parts of the landscape, the reference strategy will be more competitive. In situations where set backs are attributed to non-homogeneous bait accessibility the distribution scheme has to be refined zone-based (i.e. increase of the flight line length per unit area). However, increase in bait density above the reference strategy appears inappropriate at least for non-urban abundance conditions of the red fox.
Disease managers worldwide spend huge effort on combating rabies by oral mass vaccination of wildlife hosts [1,2]. The European rabies control programs of the last two decades focused on the red fox population as the principle rabies reservoir [3]. During the 1980s, baits were predominantly distributed by hand with the assistance of local hunters and forest rangers [4]. However, with the rapid enlargement of vaccination areas, there was a need for alternative methods to make long-term and large-scale treatment feasible [2]. Aerial distribution of baits proved to be a method, which can be used for any terrestrial rabies reservoir species attainable via baits providing an efficient oral rabies virus vaccine is available [5,6]. So, since the 1990s aerial bait distribution has been utilised more and more, using both fixed wing aircraft or helicopters [7,8]. Aerial distribution led to improved oral vaccination programmes in terms of higher bait-uptake and increased sero-conversion rates [9,10]. The applied vaccination strategies, however, differed in detail from country to country [2]. Due to uncertain knowledge about the abundance of foxes, especially the bait distribution schemes have been established empirically (i.e. adjustment of campaigns, baits per km2 or flight line patterns [1,8,11,12]).
Although oral mass vaccination of foxes was generally successful, many European rabies control programmes gained less convincing results of long-term control as expected from theoretical planning. The insufficiencies became aware when population immunity levels were measured low or the time horizon until final eradication was longer than assumed [1,2,13]. Dissatisfying control efficacy is usually hypothesised to be the result of insufficient bait density [14-16] relative to dense fox populations [12,17,18]. It was expected that more baits per km2 could compensate for high fox abundance and override imperfect supply of bait to each individual fox, which we refer to as the 'Increase bait density' option. Thus, the amount of baits distributed per unit area (i.e. b.p.km2) was steadily increased from an average of 18–20 up to a peak value of 35 b.p.km2 [2,15,19]. However, the accruing input resulted in a rather limited improvement in the target measures. Indeed, the attainable protection level in foxes was observed to tend to a saturation clearly below 100% [20-22]. Thus it's evident that we need an adapted baiting strategy which is based on an understanding of the reasons responsible for the saturation [23].
The study is based on an idea on the potentially nonhomogeneous access to baits of individual foxes (see [12], and Fig. 1). We introduce a spatial explicit model that breaks down large-scale management to an accurate local scale of fox group home-range areas. With respect to given management aims we analyse the effects of varying fox density, increased bait density, and changed flight line patterns. The virtual application of different baiting strategies pinpoints the resource wasting suggested by the 'Increase bait density' option, and relates imperfect supply of baits on the ground to wrongly chosen flight line patterns. The results indicate how this new knowledge might help to solve the runoff into the long-lasting bait density debate.
There are two levels required for the model design: (i) The manager's perspective determines the flight line pattern by distance between lines, and then the number of baits per kilometre flight line in accordance with the aimed overall bait density in the control area. And (ii) the fox perspective, which accounts for the actual bait density per area of home-range as perceived by the foxes. We developed a spatially explicit model in C++ that simulates the intersection of flight lines with stochastic landscapes of spatial polygons representing spatial units of fox families (Fig. 2; a Windows version of the tool would be available through the authors upon email request).
Figure 2. Schematic representation of the model Schematic representation of the components of the model: Randomly generated landscape of fox group home-ranges (including high and low density areas), the parallel flight lines randomly intersected with the 'fox landscape', and the measurements in the model (i) length of flight line segment in each polygon, (ii) number of empty polygons.
Fox perspective
We produce a subdivision of the rectangular simulation area into spatial units using Voronoi-tessellation [24]. The Voronoi-method is used to represent the allocation of space by individuals competing for heterogeneous space resources [25]. In brief, pN centre points are distributed randomly over the simulation area and are subsequently assigned with polygons, which are determined by the rule that each edge halves the distance to one neighbouring point. The area of each polygon is then calculated.
The model parameter pN specifies the number of fox families and the polygons represent the simplified fox group home-ranges. Together with the simulation area's horizontal and vertical length selection (pMaxX, pMaxY), pN is also used to adjust the fox family density to the needs of the simulation experiments. Therefore, no additional assumption about the relation between size of the fox group home-ranges and the population density is necessary.
Manager's perspective
Parallel horizontal straight lines represent flight lines. Starting with a randomly placed first line, the gap between two consecutive straight lines is determined according to the choice of the parameter pLineDist. Given that pLineDist, the parameter for the aimed bait density (i.e. pBaitDens) is converted into the required distance between two dropped baits. For example in order to distribute 20 baits per km2 with a flight line spacing of 1 km one bait must be dropped every 50 meters (i.e. 1/pBaitDens * 1/pLineDist = km2/20 * 1/1 km = 0.050 km). The dropping starts randomly on each straight line and is then repeated at regular intervals.
The sections of all straight lines passing through each polygon are calculated. Then the explicit number of baits within the line segments are counted and stored to the polygon. Baits falling on polygon edges are counted for both adjacent polygons because animals from each polygon could find the piece. Eventually the actual bait density within each polygon is calculated.
In the simulation experiments, the main parameters were systematically varied (i.e. mean area of the group home-range from 0.5 up to 2.5 km2 (via pMaxX*pMaxY), pLineDist from 0.1 up to 3.0 km, pBaitDens from 10 up to 35 b.p.km2). For every parameter scenario, the outcome is averaged over 100 repetitions (i.e. frequency distribution of locally realised bait density values and frequency distribution of absolute bait numbers in the polygons). The procedure of Voronoi-tessellation is performed for every repetition to cover the effect of the stochastically selected segment of a larger landscape. Only polygons completely contained inside the tessellated area are included in the analysis thus excluding edge effects.
Reference situation
Applying the reference strategy from the field (i.e. 20 b.p.km2 dropped with a flight line distance of 1 km) we found that on average 5.4% (up to maximum 6.4%) of all fox group home-ranges completely failed to get any bait under ecological conditions as known from non-urban European fox populations (i.e. mean group home-range 1 km2). Around 45% of all fox families achieved more than 20 baits (mean of all targeted polygons = 21.2 b.p.km2; Fig. 3).
Figure 3. Frequency distribution of local bait densities Full frequency distribution of local bait densities found under the reference or field scenario (pBaitDens = 20; pLineDist = 1 km; pN = 2500; MaxX*MaxY = 2500 km2), whiskers represent MIN and MAX of 100 repetitions. The segments of the inserted bar diagram illustrate the percentage of spatial units with a particular number of baits (red 0; orange 1–5; light orange 6–10; yellow 11–15; green 16–20; dark green > 20 baits). Management aim of 20 b.p.km2 is exceeded on the group home-range level where mean bait density is measured as 21.1 b.p.km2.
Experiment 1 – mean area of the spatial units
By changing the mean area of fox group home-range down to 0.5 km2 (i.e. increased fox group density) the discrepancy between aimed and resulting bait density becomes serious. In particular the amount of completely non-baited polygons increased by up to 18% (30% with a maximum of 5 baits). On the other hand, large fox group home-ranges (i.e. 2.5 km2) result in over-baiting with 89% of fox families reaching more than 20 baits (Fig. 4).
Figure 4. The effect of group home-range size The effect of mean area of family group home-range (i.e. fox density) on the distribution of absolute bait numbers in individual fox groups under the field strategy (pBaitDens = 20; pLineDist = 1 km). Bar segments depict the percentage of spatial units with a particular number of baits (red 0; orange 1–5; light orange 6–10; yellow 11–15; green 16–20; dark green > 20 baits).
Experiment 2 – baits dropped per unit area
Fig. 5 resembles the changing bait distribution when increasing the overall bait density (flight line distance and home-range area remains constant). As anticipated, the increase in dropped baits does not alter the critical part; indeed, up to 6.3% (mean 5.3%) of fox families still failed bait targeting. The only noted effect is a drastic increase in the proportion of over-baited fox group units. In Fig. 5(b), the recalculated result displays the relative deviation of the local bait densities from the management aim, to highlight the waste of resources.
Figure 5. The effect of varying bait density The effect of varying bait density (i.e. management aim) on the distribution of absolute bait numbers in the individual fox group under the field strategy (pLineDist = 1 km; mean fox group area ~1 km2). (a) Bar segments depict the percentage of spatial units with a particular number of baits (red 0; orange 1–5; light orange 6–10; yellow 11–15; green 16–20; dark green > 20 baits). (b) Bar segments depict frequencies of the relative deviation of the resulting local bait density from the aimed density of the campaign (pink -100% to -75%; lilac -74% to -50%; aubergine -49% to -25%; blue -25% to +50%; dark blue above +50% deviation of management aim of 20 b.p.km2).
Experiment 3 – flight line distance
Fig. 6 shows the importance of proper adjustment of the flight line distance. The reduction of the reference flight line distance (i.e. 1 km) by 50% will reduce the amount of total failure to zero. Thus, each fox group is guaranteed to receive at least one piece of bait. Additionally, the proportion of saturated polygons (>20 baits) remain barely changed. A further reduction of the flight line distance does not change the outcome qualitatively when the other parameters remain constant.
Figure 6. The effect of varying flight line distance The effect of varying flight line distance (i.e. management strategy) on the distribution of absolute bait numbers in the individual fox groups under the field strategy (pBaitDens = 20; mean fox group area ~1 km2). Bar segments depict the percentage of spatial units with a particular number of baits (red 0; orange 1–5; light orange 6–10; yellow 11–15; green 16–20; dark green > 20 baits). Very small flight line distances cannot improve the ground pattern further, as small sized home-ranges can only contain a maximum number of baits even with perfectly uniform distribution.
Over the past 25 years there has been convincing studies which reveal the successfulness of oral mass vaccination in wild-life on the population level [2,8,19,20,26-28]. However, the future fight against the disease remains both a political and economic concern due to the continued worldwide threat to public health through rabies. Consequently, the preparation of future wildlife control activities and the shortcomings of the performed vaccination programs have to be discussed. Particularly, the applied strategies must be subjected to more detailed analysis in order to increase the efficacy (i.e. emergency control) and improve the cost-benefit (i.e. challenge of the large-scale areas of Eastern Europe or the US). The management aim of oral vaccination is for every fox to have access to vaccine baits. Exact figures about the bait uptake by single individuals have rarely been available [29,30]. Most studies report bait uptake estimates based only on the population level [15,31], or even as a diminishing rate [32]. Consequently, bait density has been designed empirically according to population estimates and minimum bait number per capita [11,12]. From this point of view, the discussion on changes in baiting strategy has usually focussed on the quantity of baits necessary to control rabies in an area under treatment. We contribute a qualitative aspect by taking into account how a given number of baits are distributed within local fox group home-ranges. The manager's objective (i.e. the overall bait density per unit area) was, with the respective model, compared to the resulting bait pattern on the ground in order to evaluate different strategic options.
We perform the analysis based on a reference strategy, i.e. 1 fox group per km2, 20 b.p.km2 and 1 km distance between parallel flight lines. This baseline scenario reflects the strategy often applied successfully in the field [19,33]. The question was how to find useful changes to this strategy when set backs in a control area were recognised. The most popular strategic alternative relates to the 'Increase bait density' option or more baits per unit area are suggested to clear insufficiencies in bait supply. The understanding gained from the results forces the rejection of this alternative. Indeed, the major assumption behind the 'Increase bait density' option is violated because the homogeneously planned and precisely performed baiting (i.e. the manager's scale) results in non-homogeneous spatial bait patterns on the ground (i.e. the fox perspective). Moreover, the latter cannot be overridden purely by putting more baits into the area.
In particular, we have recognised more than 5% (up to 10%) of fox groups, which have no baits (a maximum of 5 baits) in their spatial unit. This is reasonable as the target individuals forage in discrete spatial units [34-38] and we must apply our management on discrete (flight) lines. The interference of both processes appears to be random due to limited knowledge on our part (i.e. no map for home-ranges available). Thus, the outcome of our perfectly planned management is largely, not predictable. This insight fits into the recent discussion of spatio-temporal heterogeneity on various scales which can dramatically deform the assumed straight forward link between management plan and its result [39,40].
Clearly the particular figure of 5.4% is determined by the parameterisation according to the reference conditions found for example in rural Europe (i.e. fox group density ~1 per km2 with around 2.5 adult foxes per group [15,41]; applied bait density of 20 b.p.km2; 1000 m distance between parallel flight-lines [2]). The percentage of randomly missed spatial units will dramatically increase in areas which provide better habitat conditions and hence carry greater numbers of fox groups per unit area. The estimated amount of missed groups exceeds 15% (Fig. 4) when very small group areas with a mean of only 0.5 km2 are included. Obviously, under such extreme ecological conditions one must have serious doubts concerning the successfulness of the respective control program and should adapt the strategic parameters accordingly.
A simple increase of the bait density parameter can definitely not be the option of choice in high-density situations (Fig. 5) – even with unlimited financial resources. Distributing more baits does not alter anything other than putting a lot of feed into the successfully targeted group units. In Fig.5(b), we recognise from the reference scenario that baiting densities exceeding 30 b.p.km2 will result in more then 50% of fox group home-ranges where the effective bait density deviates by more than +50% of the planned figure of 20 b.p.km2. Nevertheless, several campaigns have used even more baits, namely up to 800 b.p.km2 [32].
The change in strategy suggested by the 'Increase bait density' option proved to be futile and thus inappropriate because the proportion of fox groups not reached by the flight pattern remains constant. Indeed, the bait distribution pattern remains undefined until choosing the distance between flight lines. This measure determines the distance between single baits according to the intended bait density. In Eastern Germany, where large-scale vaccination was applied right from the onset of oral vaccination, flight line distances of 1 km for aerial distribution proved to be very successful and resulted in a rapid eradication of the disease [10]. However, in particular sub-regions sporadic cases of rabid foxes indicated a prolonged persistence of the infection on a very low incidence level [1,42]. Within these particular regions, some assumptions of the management plan might have been violated (i.e. including potentially higher population density); consequently, the baiting strategy must be adapted here. Baits must be distributed more evenly in order to increase the chance of more individuals having access to baits as opposed to providing more baits to those already reached. The most suitable strategic option in this situation is therefore the reduction of the flight-line distance (Fig. 6). Particularly, after assuming increased fox density to be limiting the vaccination result (i.e. when fox group areas are thought to shrink), the reduction of flight line distance is the only choice for an adaptation of the strategy. This finding is reasonable because a distribution of the same amount of baits along a prolonged flight line produces a finer and more regular distribution on the ground. Thus, the chance of completely missing a complete fox group home-range (or even hitting it with less than a minimum number of baits) diminishes. There is an intuitive alternative used in the field very recently, namely "double baiting" which refers to a repetition of baiting, perpendicular to the first flight line pattern [33]. Within expert discussions the success gained with this strategy (for example in Baden-Wuertemberg, Germany, Breitenmoser unpubl.) is attributed to a "booster effect". However, the success is more likely related to the finer distribution of baits on a doubled flight line. Yet, either "double baiting" or a reduction in flight line distance should be applied without increasing the amount of baits distributed (i.e. constant overall bait density). The appeal of the strategic adjustment is acceptable cost-benefit. The total flying costs for 1000 m amount to 1.50 Euro [43]. Thus, the distribution of 20 b.p.km2 with a flight line spacing of 1 km equates to 0.075 Euro per bait, added by 1 Euro that the bait itself costs [1,44,45]. If flight line distances are reduced to 0.5 km (i.e. doubling flight line length) the cost per bait increases by 7% due to the additional flying expenses (i.e. baseline cost of 1.075 Euro per bait increases to 1.15 Euro to distribute the same number of baits). Therefore, excluding missing group home-ranges cost additional 7% of the original budget.
Learning from the control programmes performed in the past with the reference strategy there were more control areas without setbacks. Thus, the reduced flight-line distance is not mandatory to achieve eradication success. Within these areas of success, ecological conditions have obviously allowed eradication even with more than 5% of fox groups without baits, which indeed can be positive in the case of scattered failure in bait coverage [46]. However, the resulting mean bait density in the actually reached polygons was beyond 21 b.p.km2 and thus higher than the intended density of 20 b.p.km2 (Fig. 3). Distributing less baits on the same flight line pattern to arrive at an actual 20 b.p.km2 as mean local density over all hit spatial units will still satisfy the management aim but reduce costs. With a per bait cost of approx. 1 Euro (without logistics) [1,44,45] the retention of only 1 bait per km2 would have saved, for example, more then 200.000 Euro per year during the control programme in Eastern Germany 1990–1997 (108.000 km2 biannually vaccinated).
The red fox has a territorial tenure system and several field data report the common use of space by breeding families ('spatial groups' [47]) even if they report different sizes [41,48-52]. The actual objective of baiting from a management level is thus the spatial unit of 'individual fox groups' as opposed to single individuals [53,54]. In congruence, our modelling philosophy relates the share of space to the share of baits. We are using polygonal tessellation of the fox habitat, as this is congruent with the patterns reported from tracking studies about foxes [51,55-59] and from spatial resource allocation [25]. The stable spatial arrangement of home-ranges assumed for one simulation run is in accordance with the temporal scale of the treatment. Because baits become unattractive or even the vaccine inactivated within 21 days [60], our model rules assume a spatial stability in fox foraging areas for a maximum period of 21 days. Moreover, recent data show that already within 7 days post distribution the diminishing rate reaches zero (Ad Vos, pers. comm.). Additionally, the polygon approach is capable to incorporate floaters. These roaming individuals share space with several family groups (Ad Vos, pers. comm.) thus contributing to the local density in each of these group home-ranges to certain amount which is considered in the overall fox density assumed in the model run.
The partition of the complete landscape is an appropriate simplification. Spatial assemblage might be influenced by ecological resources, suitable habitat, and natural or artificial barriers, or there might be parts of the landscape that could not be used by foxes [12]. Whereas the first issue is considered by the randomly varying size of the single polygons (comp. Fig. 2), the second issue is not important for the following reasons. Firstly, most studies on fox ecology report the complete and immediate use of any habitat patch at least for European abundance conditions [61]. Secondly, flight patterns in vaccination areas are determined with respect to the habitat suitability, thus non-inhabitable patches (i.e. lakes) should not be targeted with baits. Even if this were the case, then the model's results would be optimistic: i.e. bait wasting increases due to the non-habitat patches.
We conclude that the choice of strategic parameters in aerial baiting campaigns (bait density, flight line spacing) and the ecological background conditions (population density or spatial habitat use by the target individual) explain a part of the saturation phenomenon observed in vaccination programmes for the achieved population immunity. However, the effect of saturation is a combination of two processes 'exposure' (this study) and 'uptake' (i.e. [15]). We have to analyse the combination of both in our next step.
In general, the imperfect 'exposure' (i.e. the amount of missed groups for a given strategy) inhibits an increase in protection by increased baiting effort. The findings encourage rather the search for spatio-temporally adjusted baiting strategies instead of continuously increasing the baiting density (see for example [23,60,62,63]). Enhanced by such adjustments we recognise the general usefulness of the reference strategy if population conditions are not as bad as in middle or western continental Europe. Particularly, the future extensive control efforts necessary in large countries of Eastern Europe or the Americas would not necessarily profit from a thorough application of finer distribution (i.e. less than 1 km flight line distance). However, if non-homogeneous bait supply is identified as a source of local variation in control success then the reduction in flight line distance is an appropriate strategic adjustment. In fact, with respect to locally unsatisfactory control results, we suggest an adaptive choice of the strategic options in zoned sub-areas.
Competing interests
None declared.
Authors' contributions
HHT developed and realised the model, performed the analysis and drafted the manuscript. TS participated in model development. TM contributed the baiting details and initiated the study. TW contributed the Voronoi routine. UM and UB contributed the fox ecology and the idea behind the study. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
We would like to thank Volker Grimm (Leipzig) and Ad Vos (Dessau) for their valuable discussion of the manuscript.
Stöhr K, Meslin FM: Progress and setbacks in the oral immunisation of foxes against rabies in Europe.
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MacInnes CD, Smith SM, Tinline RR, Ayers NR, Bachmann P, Ball DGA, Calder LA, Crosgrey SJ, Fielding C, Hauschildt P, Honig JM, Johnston DH, Lawson KF, Nunan CP, Pedde MA, Pond B, Stewart RB, Voigt DR: Elimination of rabies from red foxes in eastern Ontario.
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MacInnes CD, Bachmann P, Campbell J, Johnston DH, Lawson KF, Nunan CP, Pedde M, Smith S: Evaluation of oral vaccination projects: aerial distribution in Ontario, Canada. In Wildlife Rabies Control. Edited by Bögel K, Meslin FX and Kaplan M. Kent, Wells Medical Ltd.; 1992:171-172.
Müller T, Stöhr K, Teuffert J, Stöhr P: Erfahrungen mit der Flugzeugbeköderung von Ködern zur oralen Immunisierung der Füchse gegen Tollwut in Ostdeutschland.
Linhart SB, Kappeler A, Windberg L: A review of baits and bait delivery systems for free-ranging carnivores and ungulates. In Contraception in wildlife management, Technical Bulletin No 1853. Edited by Kreeger TJ. Washington DC, USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service; 1993:69-132.
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Frost JW, Wachendörfer G, Gutmann B, Dingeldein W, Schneider LG: Erste Erfahrungen mit der oralen Immunisierung von Füchsen gegen Tollwut in Hessen.
Trewhella WJ, Harris S, Smith GC, Nadian AK: A field trial evaluating bait uptake by an urban fox (Vulpes vulpes) population.
Cliquet F, Bruyere V, Rosenthal F, Aubert MF: Use and efficacy of SAG2 rabies vaccine baits in France. In In Proceedings of the XIth International Meeting on Advances in Rabies Research and Control in the Americas, Oct. 18-21. Lima, Peru; 2000:49-49.
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Müller T, Schlüter H, Kautzsch S: Interaction between oral vaccination of red foxes against rabies and the fox population dynamics [German].
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Vet Rec 1988, 123:618-621. PubMed Abstract
Masson E, Aubert MFA, Barrat J, Vuillaume P: Comparison of the efficacy of the antirabies vaccines used for foxes in France.
Veterinary Research 1996, 27:255-266. PubMed Abstract
Pastoret PP, Brochier B: Epidemiology and elimination of rabies in Western Europe.
Schaarschmidt U, Müller T, Albert G, Muluneh A, Cox J, Selhorst T, Schlüter H: Experiences with follow-up investigations of oral vaccinations campaigns against rabies in foxes in Saxony with special emphasis on a standardised serology.
Johnston DH: Improving efficiency and reducing costs in oral rabies vaccination programs. In In Proceedings of the XIIth International Meeting on Advances in Rabies Research and Control in the Americas, 12-16 November.. Peterborough, Canada; 2001:28.
Okabe A, Boots B, Sugihara K: Spatial Tesselation; Concepts and Applications of Voronoi Diagrams. Chichester, Wiley & Sons; 1992.
Czaran T: Spatiotemporal models of population and community dynamics. London, Chapman & Hall; 1997.
Bögel K, Moegle H, Steck F, Krocza W, Andral L: Assessment of fox control in areas of wildlife rabies.
Steck F, Wandeler A, Bichsel P, Capt S, Schneider LG: Oral immunisation of foxes against rabies.
Schlüter H, Müller T: Tollwutbekämpfung in Deutschland. Ergebnisse und Schlubfolgerungen aus über 10-jähriger Bekämpfung.
Rupprecht CE, Smith JS, Fekadu M, Childs JE: The ascension of wildlife rabies: a cause for public health concern or intervention?
Emerging Infectious Diseases 1995, 1:107-114. PubMed Abstract
Fleming PJS: Uptake of baits by red foxes (Vulpes vulpes): Implications for rabies contingency planning in Australia.
Schneider LG, Cox JH, Müller WW, Hohnsbeen KP: Current oral rabies vaccination in Europe: an interim balance.
Marks CA, Bloomfield TE: Bait uptake by foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in urban Melbourne: the potential of oral vaccination for rabies control.
Müller T, Schlüter H: Oral immunization of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes L.) in Europe – a review.
Ables ED: Home-range studies of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes).
Sargeant AB: Red fox spatial characteristics in relation to waterfowl predation.
Voigt DR, Macdonald DW: Variation in the spatial and social behaviour of the red fox, Vulpes vulpes.
Kaphegyi TAM: Untersuchungen zum Sozialverhalten des Rotfuchses (Vulpes vulpes L.). PhD thesis. University of Freiburg; 2002.
Bohrer G, Shem-Tov S, Summer E, Or K, Saltz D: The effectiveness of various rabies spatial vaccination patterns in a simulated host population with clumped distribution.
Ecol Modell 2002, 152:205-211. Publisher Full Text
Hansen F, Tackmann K, Jeltsch F, Wissel C, Thulke H-H: Controlling Echinococcus multilocularis - ecological implications of field trials.
Prev Vet Med 2003, 60:91-105. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Baker PJ, Robertson CPJ, Funk SM, Harris S: Potential fitness benefits of group living in the red fox, Vulpes vulpes.
Animal Behaviour 1998, 56:1411-1424. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Tischendorf L, Thulke H-H, Staubach C, Müller MS, Jeltsch F, Goretzki J, Selhorst T, Müller T, Schlüter H, Wissel C: Chance and risk of controlling rabies in large-scale and long-term immunized fox populations.
Proc R Soc Lond B 1998, 265:839-846. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Vos A, Mührke HH, Holzhofer E, Gschwender P, Schuster P: A satellite navigated and computer supported fully automatic system for distributing oral vaccine-baits against rabies: SURVIS. In In Proceedings of the XIIth International Meeting on Advances in Rabies Research and Control in the Americas, 12-16 November.. Peterborough, Canada; 2001:66.
Wilhelm U, Schneider LG: Oral immunization of foxes against rabies: practical expiriences of a field trial in the Federal republic of Germany.
Selhorst T, Schlüter H: Cost-benefit analysis of the oral immunization strategy for the control of rabies in fox populations.
Thulke H-H, Tischendorf L, Staubach C, Jeltsch F, Müller T, Selhorst T, Schlüter H: Controlling rabies in foxes by oral vaccination - learning from a simulation model. In Proceedings of the Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine: 24-26 March 1999; Bristol. Edited by Goodall EA and Thrusfield MV. Bristol, Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine; 1999:140-151.
Macdonald DW: The ecology of carnivore social behaviour.
Niewold FJJ: Aspects of the social structure of red fox populations: a summary. In Biogeographica Vol.18 - The Red Fox. Edited by Zimen E. The Hague, Dr.W.Junk B.V. Publishers; 1980:185-193.
Trewhella WJ, Harris S, McAllister FE: Dispersal distance, home range size and population density in the red fox (Vulpes vulpes): a quantitative analysis.
Artois M, Aubert MF, Stahl P: Organisation spatiale du renard roux (Vulpes vulpes L., 1758) en zone d'enzootie de rage en Lorraine.
Adkins CA, Stott P: Home ranges, movements and habitat associations of red foxes Vulpes vulpes in suburban Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Journal of Zoology 1998, 244:335-346. Publisher Full Text
Goszczynski J: Home ranges in red fox: territoriality diminishes with increasing area.
Harris S: An estimation of the number of foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in the city of Bristol, and some possible factors affecting their distribution.
Macdonald DW, Bacon PJ: Fox society, contact rate and rabies epizootiology.
Comp Immunol Microbiol Inf Dis 1982, 5:247-256. Publisher Full Text
Coman BJ, Robinson J, Beaumont C: Home range, dispersal, and density of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes L.) in central Victoria (Australia).
Cavallini P: Ranging behavior of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in rural southern Japan.
Meia JS, Weber JM: Home ranges and movements of red foxes in central Europe: stability despite environmental changes.
Meek PD, Saunders G: Home range and movement of foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in coastal New South Wales, Australia.
Robertson CPJ, Baker PJ, Harris S: Ranging behaviour of juvenile red foxes and its implications for management.
Selhorst T, Thulke H-H, Müller T: Cost-efficient vaccination of foxes (Vulpes vulpes) against rabies and the need for a new baiting strategy. In Prev Vet Med. Volume 51. Elsevier; 2001::95-109. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Ahrens M, Goretzki J, Stubbe C, Tottewitz F, Gleich E, Sparing H: Untersuchungen zur Entwicklung des Hasenbesatzes auf Wittow/Rügen.
Tinline RR, Ball DG, Nunan C, Vinodrai T: The impact of flight line spacing and baiting density on the uptake of oral rabies vaccine via aerial distribution. In Proceedings of the Xth International Meeting on Advances in Rabies Research and Control in the Americas, 14-19 November.; 1999:94.
San Diego
Vos A, Müller T, Selhorst T, Schuster P, Neubert A, Schlüter H: Optimising spring oral vaccination campaigns of foxes against rabies.
Pre-publication history
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:


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Justin Bieber Instagram Videoby Free Britney at . Comments
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INDIANAPOLIS – Lily Wargel of Tell City is one of 33 college-aged women from across Indiana given the title of 500 Festival princess.
The 500 Festival is a nonprofit organization committed to enriching the quality of life for Indiana residents and visitors.
A student at Indiana University Purdue University-Indianapolis, Wargel is a member of the Class of 2015, majoring in elementary education. She is the daughter of Sarah Graves and Steve Wargel of Tell City.
70 Years Ago
March 2, 1945
• Several Perry County men will leave soon for military service, having been notified by the local induction board. Serving their nation in war are Charles A. White, Loyd D. Stiles, Casper L. Aders, John V. Ress, Dunward R. Howe, Joseph E. Marshall, Paul Frederick Reed and Paul W. Volgemann.
• Tell City National Bank will be 71 years old Sunday, March 4.
SOUTHERN INDIANA – The Hoosier Wine Trail announces a March Madness promotion, "Slam Dunk!" which coincides with the NCAA basketball tourney.
Customers who purchase four or more bottles of wine at individual wineries between March 17 and April 6 will receive a free wine glass. Potentially, if you purchase four bottles of wine at each winery on the trail, you will have a complete setting of eight new wine glasses; thus, the "Slam Dunk!"
Jeneen Wiche
Weekend Gardener
Do we still teach children about Brutus' betrayal of Caesar and to Beware the Ides of March? Well, I hope that this year the Ides of March – March 15 – will mark a not-so-foreboding future. After this last blast of winter weather, we are due for spring.
My onion slips and seed potatoes should be arriving in the mail, in addition to a March 20 arrival date of 200 Freedom Ranger chicks and the first of our lambs to be born, literally on the first day of spring.
Family fun night at First United
TELL CITY – Tell City First United Methodist men's ministry Group will host a family fun night Saturday, March 7.
Live entertainment will start at 6 p.m. The community is invited to this karaoke-with-a-twist. Attendees donate money to nominate someone to sing. The nominee may then either accept the challenge or match the donation. Money raised will help people in the community.
St. Michael's fish dinner Friday
CANNELTON – St. Michael Catholic Church in Cannelton will serve fish dinners the first six Fridays of Lent. There will be no fish dinners served Good Friday, April 3.
Meals will be served from 4:30 to 7 p.m., and will include fried fish or cheese pizza, with homemade sides of baked beans or macaroni and cheese, slaw, hush puppies, dessert and drinks. The price is $7.50 for adults and $5 for children 6 and younger.
TELL CITY – Emmanuel Lutheran Church will hold services each Wednesday through March 25. Maundy Thursday and Good Friday services will be at 6:30 p.m. April 2 and April 3.
Easter services will be Sunday, April 5, with Sunrise services at 7 and 10 a.m. The Lent sermon series will be "Led by Christ." The public is invited to participate.
Copyright © 2015
The Perry County News is your source for local news, sports, events, and information in Perry County, Indiana, and the surrounding area.


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Spitzer Backs Down
Wednesday, November 14, 2007
Guests:Danny Hakim and Errol Louis
Comments [2]
Spitzer wanted New York State to contribute something we really need for security purposes: universal identification. That is, internal passports because our borders are permanently porous and we need to be able to verify the identity of everyone alive or dead existing within them.
The only systems we have now that come close to this are drivers' licenses issued by the individual states and territories. That's why Spitzer wanted to expand their use to track more of the people who have no other papers. I'm not sure many undocumented would have "bought in."
Universal identification by means of internal passports (such as were mandatory in the USSR) is OPPOSED by powerful interests in this country who value our personal freedom of movement and privacy, more than the security universal identification would provide. That's where the real killer opposition came from. Is there no solution to this?
I don't know that anyone has covered this, but Spitzer wanted to make licenses easy to get for illegal immigrants. Native-born Americans, last time I checked, are required to show 8 separate pieces of ID to get the same thing. How much support could he have hoped for?
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Please enter your search criteria below to find a healthcare provider.
Our four-week program includes information on labor and birth, hospital procedures, comfort measures, anesthesia, partner's role and cesarean birth.
Participants will practice relaxation, positive imagery, massage and a variety of Lamaze breathing techniques for childbirth.
The cost for this class is $49 per couple.
Register or learn more by calling 1-855-4MGH-INFO (1-855-464-4463).


text: No recent wiki edits to this page. In a world where paranoia is a survival skill, the only hope for humankind is a group of unconventional occultist freedom fighters called the Invisibles. In this collection, the team launches an assault on an underground New Mexico lab to free the cure for the AIDS virus from the alleged inventors of the disease: the U.S. government.


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From the PublisherPraise for Other Kingdoms:
"[A] bittersweet blend of fantasy and romantic suspense."
—Publishers Weekly
"A vital, witty, frightening, erotic and intelligent page-turner about the follies of youth, deeply immersed in an arcane world that lurks beneath the safe, definable surfaces of the everyday."
"Matheson himself is a literary faerie of sorts, his trick being his ability to coax off a story's familiar pathway to take us deep and deeper into his world until we accept what we instinctively reject. Those open to such imaginings couldn't ask for a better guide."
—Associated Press


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Heat, sun, humugity, tolerance
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Since I gave up air conditioning over a year ago I do a lot better with the heat, counter-intuitive I know, but true!
I used to be one of those people who ran from air conditioned island (vehicle) to air conditioned island (store) and only braved the heat (outdoors) when I had no choice. Summer was pretty miserable when it got really hot. Now that I'm not in the air conditioning all the time I don't really notice the heat until it gets north of about 90F, and I can stand more than that. Now stepping into air conditioning at a store is refreshing instead of necessary. I know it sounds horrible, but I recommend it, you really do get used to it after a while.
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Young Vegetarians, share this with your kids, part 2 of 2
I like this YouTube video about another vegetarian athlete, Jake Shields, whose parents never served animals but didn't talk about why. Now Jake converts other athletes, who are amazed at how endurance increases when they eat only plants: Have your children look at all these world-class, famous athletes, including rocked-up bodybuilders, who don't eat other […]10 Comments • Continue Reading →
Young vegetarians! Share this with your kids….part 1 of 2
My 16-year old daughter Emma has been a vegetarian since age 11, and she loves to evangelize. When there's a debate in a school class (it always seems to revolve around "where do you get your protein?"), she comes to me and asks for verbal ammo. Right now she and I are both writing on […]2 Comments • Continue Reading →
Parenting and Nutrition: I hate being the bad guy! Part 1 of 3
Dear GreenSmoothieGirl: I get so sick of cajoling my kids to eat right. It's exhausting! So a lot of the time, I just cave to the pressure and let them eat crap. What do I do? Answer: This is a big topic. I write on it a LOT, you know if you've been here for […]4 Comments • Continue Reading →
Halloween Controversy: better to feed candy to the homeless? or nothing?
Last year on Halloween, I posted that I pay my kids $20 for the privilege of dumping their Halloween candy in the trash outside. On facebook, I have the interesting situation of 90% of my personal page's friends being GSG readers, and 10% being people I actually know. One of my high-school friends, cheerleader Beth, […]19 Comments • Continue Reading →
420 lbs., scared, stressed, humiliated. Help!
Just received this letter from Mark. Mark, lots of people will be praying for you to make lifestyle changes like K'Lynne's, with spectacular results! Such a great idea to just start eating whole foods instead—I have known so many people who can no longer absorb nutrition after those surgeries that hack and rearrange your digestive […]14 Comments • Continue Reading →
Why do I get constipated or not lose weight on green smoothies? Part 2 of 2
So, "cleansing reactions" can happen two months or six months or even six years later. They can even happen—on a much milder scale—when your engine is very clean because you've completely transitioned to a high-raw diet and eat 5% or less processed food and animal proteins. Personal example. I drank 4 oz. of wheat grass […]13 Comments • Continue Reading →
Nutrition and single parents….part 3 of 3
Thank you, single parents who commented on my two-part blog series a couple of weeks ago. I'm quoting Amanda from that blog series because what she said merits front-and-center attention: "Robyn, I know what you're going through, and thanks so much for writing on this critical topic! There's very little information online about how to […]7 Comments • Continue Reading →
Nutrition and single moms, part 2 of 2
Even though I am doing the very best I can for my kids' health, even though I run a health-oriented web site and write books and speak all over the U.S., full time……even though there is no junk food in my house….I cannot control everything my children eat. "Controlling" what the kids eat is a […]15 Comments • Continue Reading →
some people hated my Huntsman Cancer Institute blog
I recently wrote my fury at our local world-renowned cancer facility pocketing dollars earned by getting people to peddle around on their bikes, eating up to 18 grease-fried blobs of white flour and sugar. I'm usually a fan of understatement or at least restraint. I wasn't mincing any words with that one, though. Not everybody […]24 Comments • Continue Reading →
Dear GreenSmoothieGirl for Arizona, part 3 of 4
Jenny B: I feel sick if I eat ANY cooked food. (She catalogues her diet and laments how difficult it is to stay almost all raw.) Will I always have to be this careful? Do you ever see people as food-sensitive as me? Will my health problems ever turn around? GSG: I have seen documentation […]32 Comments • Continue Reading →


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(If you predict you will like this instructable, feel free to vote for the Arduino contest!)
Step 1: The Truth about Pins
"0b10000000 is an 8-bit binary number, you can convert it to hex for a cleaner look. Doing it manually is a pain"
That's not true, every four bits can be directly translated to hex: 1000 is binary for 8 and 0000 is a 0, so the output will be 0x80. 0b11110101: 1111 is decimal 15 and hexadecimal F, 0101 is binary for 5 (dec and hex). Putting these numbers together gives 0xF5. If you get the hang of it, it is ways faster than looking up every single number.
PORTB |= 0b00100000;
PORTB &= ~0b00000000;
If you don't use the logic operators, but just the equal "=" sign, all the pins are going to be set like the byte you sent, not just pin B5. In the case where you set B5 high, you would set all ohter B pins to low.
This is pretty safe if your sketch is simple and doesn't do much multitasking or multiplexing of pins, but can get perilous if you've got a complex one.
In function void loop():
Error: 'PB5' was not declared in this scope.
I use 0018 software.
I used form PORTB = B.....;
and it took 3808 vs 284 microseconds.
I'm trying to get TLC5945 communicating with arduino, no luck with digitalWrites, hopefully this version works.
Me, I'm trying to PWM on all the pins of an Arduino Duemilanove to dim some LEDs.
If anyone has problems, replace
"PORTB = 0b00100000;
PORTB = 0b00000000;"
Which should toggle PB5 like the original code. PB5 shouldnt have to be declared, as winAVR should recognize it as a pin, but arduino 0018 may be doing something funky with that.
Or how do you program an Arduino in this way?
Can you use the Arudino's usb ftdi connection?
Please elaborate. Thanks!
You can use AVR Studio 4, however it is quite complicated and you cannot use the usb connection, you will need a ISP programmer to burn the programs.
The description at the top of the page says "Port registers allow for lower-level and faster manipulation of the i/o pins of the microcontroller on an Arduino board."
Here's my fav bitwise link: AVR bit tutorial
Other than that, it's a good 'ible...
horrible pun was unintended
SPI doesn't use the USART, it uses SS/MOSI/MISO/SCK, the latter 3 are used for ISP programming also.
hmmm, i notice that there's no longer any range checking on pin numbers. although this speeds things up i wonder what havoc a pinMode or digitalWrite to some out of range value might wreak.
How does the ShiftOut() command compare to this? Looking at the arduino reference it seems to be dedicated for this task (if the SPI pins are available..)
Would be nice if someone posts some numbers, since i do not own an arduino to test with..