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Growth and energy utilization of juvenile pink abalone Haliotis corrugata fed diets containing different levels of protein and two starch:lipid ratios.
KEY WORDS: abalone, starch:lipid ratio; energy utilization, Haliotis corrugata
Abalone aquaculture is a growing commercial enterprise and nutritionally balanced, formulated feed is becoming increasingly important as a substitute for their natural diet of macroalgae. The need for an effective formulated feed is based on not only achieving better growth performances but also avoiding the unpredictable availability of macroalgae. Production of commercial size abalone can take several years, because their nutritional requirements and physiology are yet to be fully understood. Thus, research on abalone nutritional requirements is important to increase efficiency through a combination of higher growth rates and lower costs.
Most animals consume their food to fulfill their energy requirements, and abalone is not an exemption (Gomez-Montes et al. 2003); it has been reported that abalone grow better when fed a formulated diet containing a protein:energy (P:E) ratio of approximately 100.
H. fulgens requires between 59-67 cal/g abalone/day to achieve maximum growth, at a crude protein intake of 6.22 [+ or -] 0.17 mg/g abalone/day with a protein efficiency ratio (PER) of 3.41 (Gomez-Montes el al. 2003). At higher intakes of protein, PER decreases significantly. For the best dietary P:E ratio, energy derived from nonprotein sources was satisfactory to minimize the use of protein as an energy source. For abalone feeding on a diet with a P:E ratio of 108, more dietary protein was used as a source of energy.
To achieve maximum growth, the deposition of dietary protein in the muscle tissue in abalone must be maximized and a proper balance of appropriate sources of dietary protein and energy will help to achieve this objective. Research conducted with different species of fish has consistently demonstrated an insufficient level of dietary protein yields lower growth rates (Smith 1989), and if the dietary level of energy in the diet is insufficient, then protein is used as a source of energy for maintenance (NRC 1983). A diet with the most effective P:E ratio will allow for a reduction in the level of dietary protein without a corresponding reduction in growth.
A modification of the relative proportions of dietary carbohydrate and lipid sources of energy may contribute to an even greater growth response. The dietary lipid requirement of abalone is believed to be low (Mai et al. 1995, Durazo-Beltran et al. 2003); therefore, carbohydrates are probably the preferred source of energy (Knauer et al. 1996, Monje & Viana 1998). A possible reduction in dietary lipid in response to the efficient use of carbohydrates as energy sources must be approached carefully to ensure that satisfaction of the essential fatty acid requirements is not compromised. A wide range of dietary starch levels seem to have no adverse effect on the growth of abalone, and cornstarch is considered to be a good carbohydrate source to balance the energy content of experimental diets (Knauer et al. 1996). Therefore, levels of carbohydrates can be changed to produce different dietary P:E ratios.
The objective of this work was to understand how dietary energy is used when pink abalone Haliotis corrugata are fed diets containing different dietary starch:lipid ratios and different protein levels.
Diet Preparation
Six experimental diets were formulated (Table 1) to contain 3 different protein levels (42%, 36% and 32%) and two different starch:lipid ratio levels, ranging from either 1.5-1.8 and from 3.2-3.6 whereas also trying to maintain the P:E ratios (mg protein: kcal) between 90 and 100. Primary sources of protein were menhaden fish meal (EWOS) and isolated soybean protein (92% CP), ingredients were maintained at a 2:1 ratio to ensure a common dietary amino acid profile that generally reflected the proportional composition of soft tissue for abalone (Fleming et al. 1996). Because the dietary protein level was reduced, cornstarch was added to maintain the desired P:E ratio of the diets. Kelp meal was used as a filler as needed. The structural carbohydrates that constitute a high proportion of this ingredient were not included in the calculations of the starch to lipid ratios, because it is unknown whether these specific carbohydrates can be efficiently digested.
Each dietary treatment contained cod liver oil, which was added proportionally (from 6.3% to 3.1%) for each treatment. The composition and amounts of vitamin and mineral premixes that were added followed the recommendations of Hahn (1989). All ingredients were mixed thoroughly to produce a homogeneous mixture; water was added to achieve a moisture content of approximately 60%. The dough-like diets were cold extruded through a pasta machine (Rosito Bisani, Los Angeles) into 0.5 x 0.7 mm pellets, and then stored at -80[degrees]C until used. Water stability of each of the diets was determined in triplicate before and during measurements of intake by immersing 10 pellets of each diet within seawater held in control buckets (no animals inside). After 12 h of immersion, the amount of remaining feed (dry matter stability) was determined.
Proximate Analysis of Diets and Tissue
Proximate composition of diets and tissue was determined according to standard procedures (AOAC 1990). For diets, moisture content of each diet was calculated from triplicate samples (4-5g) that were dried to constant weight at 60[degrees]C. Mean total nitrogen content was determined by the microKjeldahl method, and percent crude protein was then calculated as % N x 6.25. Mean total dietary crude lipid was determined gravimetrically according to the method of Bligh & Dyer (1959). Fiber was determined by the acid-detergent method described in AOAC (1990). Mean ash content was determined by heating samples to 550[degrees]C for 4 h. The gross energy contents of diets and organisms (tissue and mucus) were determined by direct combustion in an adiabatic calorimeter Parr 1281. Nitrogen free extract was calculated by difference (NFE = 100 - [% crude protein + % crude lipid + % ash + % crude fiber]). Samples of the soft tissue of the abalone from each experimental unit were collected at the end of the experiment, frozen individually at -80[degrees]C and subsequently submitted to the same analysis.
Experimental Procedure
Three weeks prior to the initiation of the experiment, juvenile pink abalone H. corrugata were fed a diet consisting of diatoms (Navicula incerta and Nizchia closterium). Thereafter, for 1 week, a standard, nutritionally balanced formulated diet, containing fish meal, soybean meal, corn meal and kelp meal as the main ingredients (P:E ratio of 88) was fed as recommended by Durazo-Beltran et al. (2004). A total of 432 abalone with an average initial shell length and total weight of 10.70 [+ or -] 0.32 mm and 0.164 [+ or -] 0.01 g, respectively, were selected for use in the growth trial. Each experimental unit was a growing chamber that consisted of an ABS (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) black pipe tube holding a container fitted with a plastic mesh floor (1 x 1 mm), and located at 3 cm from the pipe bottom. A total of 23 abalone were placed into each chamber that was held within a 4-L black bucket that was part of a flow-through system (250 mL/min). Each chamber was supplied with an air stone to maintain satisfactory levels of oxygen. Water temperature was maintained at 20[degrees]C [+ or -] 1[degrees]C throughout the feeding trial by a heat pump connected to an insulated 700-L reservoir, from which water was distributed to the growing chambers. Each treatment was run in triplicate for a total of 18 experimental units; treatments were randomly assigned to chambers in the culture system. A photoperiod of 12L/12D was maintained throughout the experiment, and diets were fed in excess every night at 20:00 hrs. On the following day at 08:00 h, any unconsumed diet was removed. Total feed intake (F) of each of the triplicate groups of abalone for each treatment was calculated twice during the last 8 days of each month. Daily dry matter loss from pellets in control chambers without abalone (stability) was used to adjust the feed intake that was estimated as:
where G represents the amount of feed offered, S is the amount of feed recovered from the control buckets, and R is the feed remaining in the containers with the experimental abalone.
The mean daily rate of feed intake for each treatment was then calculated as a percentage of body weight. Every 4 weeks, length and weight of all abalone within each replicate of each treatment were recorded as determined with an electronic digital caliper ([+ or -] 0.01 [micro]m) and an electronic scale (0.01 g error), respectively. The experiment was terminated after 131 days.
The following nutritional indices were calculated using the feed intake data.
Feed conversion efficiency,
FCE = 100 (wet weight gain [g])/(feed intake [g]) (2)
Protein efficiency ratio,
PER = (wet weight [g] gain)/(protein intake [g]) (3)
Specific growth rate (SGR, %/day) was estimated according to Hopkins (1992)
SGR = (ln [[w.sub.t]] - ln [[w.sub.i]])/t * 100 (4)
where ln ([w.sub.t]) is the natural logarithm of final body weight, ln ([w.sub.i]) is the natural logarithm of the initial body weight and t is the time in days.
Oxygen Consumption
Oxygen consumption was recorded using two computer-controlled polarographic oxygen sensors (Strathkelvin Instruments, Ireland), each with a capacity of six channels. Prior to use, the sensors were calibrated with a 0% oxygen solution (2% sodium sulfite in 0.01M sodium borate as buffer) and 100% saturated oxygen water. The sensors were held in the solution/water (21 [+ or -] 1[degrees]C) until variations were no longer recorded.
A block design with time (3 days) was used. The juvenile pink abalones were first acclimatized in smaller growing chambers for 20 h. The respective experimental diets were fed during the night (20:00 h), and during the following morning, the chambers were cleaned of any organic material that remained. At approximately noon of the day of an evaluation, the water flow of one unit of each treatment was closed and the chamber sealed for an incubation period of 50 min. The chamber was then opened for 10 min to restore the oxygen levels. This procedure was repeated 4 times. Two chambers were used as controls to determine the amount of oxygen consumed in the absence of abalone. The mean oxygen consumed in the control chambers was subtracted from the oxygen consumed by the experimental abalone. After each measurement, the organisms were then deprived of feed for 3 days and following the previously described procedure, oxygen consumption was measured to calculate the amount of energy used for maintenance (basal metabolism).
After termination of the incubation period, all abalone were removed from the chambers, blot dried with a piece of cloth, measured with digital calipers (MAX-CAL, [+ or -] 0.03 mm) at their longest dimension, and weighed using an analytic scale (AND SV-200, [+ or -] 0.01 g). Oxygen consumption rate (metabolic rate, V[O.sub.2]) was estimated from the corrected slope of the oxygen evolution curve (chambers with abalone minus chambers without abalone), after converting the % [O.sub.2] saturation to [micro]mol of dissolved [O.sub.2] in seawater, from known values of oxygen solubility (Green & Carritt 1967). The following equation was used for calculating metabolic rate:
V[O.sub.2e] = (Cs * m * 60)/(100% * n) (5)
where: V[O.sub.2e] = metabolic rate of the experimental organism (mL [O.sub.2]/g org/h); m = slope of the 02 evolution curve (%[O.sub.2]/min); 60 = factor used to transform from minutes to hours; Cs = Total amount of [O.sub.2] in the incubation chamber at 100% saturation ([micro]L [O.sub.2]); n = Number of organisms in the incubation chamber.
To determine the rate of oxygen consumption over a 24 h period, 80 organisms were randomly selected and equally divided among 4 chambers (20 per chamber). Oxygen consumption was measured continuously during successive 50 min periods in a closed system (static) followed by 10 min with open flow to recover the oxygen levels, as previously described. Four incubation chambers containing no abalone were used as replicate controls to determine the amount of oxygen that was not consumed by the abalone.
Ammonia Excretion and Pedal Mucus Production
Ammonia excretion was determined by introducing the abalone into 800-mL beakers containing Millipore-filtered and air-saturated seawater. To eliminate any nitrogen contamination, all glassware and beakers used were soaked with ammonia free detergent (alconox), then 5% hydrochloric acid, rinsed with distilled water, and stored in an N-free environment. Beakers were closed with a cover to seal the water and reduce the risk of N contamination during the incubation time. Control beakers, containing seawater but no animals, were incubated at the same time under the same conditions (20[degrees]C). Rates of ammonia excretion were determined as the ammonia content in the beakers with abalone minus the content in the control beakers after incubation at 30 and 60 min. Water samples were removed from the containers and kept at -80[degrees]C until processed in an automatic analyzer (SKALAR) by the Berthelot reaction and read at 640 nm. Rates of excretion were expressed as [micro]g N[H.sub.4.sup.+]/h/g abalone and converted to energy equivalents, using the conversion factor of 0.349 J/[micro]mol N-N[H.sub.4] (Widdows & Salkeld 1993).
To calculate the pedal mucus, abalone were placed in clean, dry 800-mL beakers that had been previously weighed. After 24 h, abalone were carefully removed and the feces in the beakers were washed away. The beakers were then dried and weighed, and the difference in weight estimated as mucus production (dry weight).
Statistical Analysis
To determine whether mean growth, expressed as final body weight (log transformed), fed the different diets were significantly different, a 2-way analysis of variance, 6 diets x 2 periods of 30 day each, was conducted. Diet and interaction were estimated using orthogonal contrasts. The daily feed intake based on measurements during the designated 16 days was calculated and compared among treatments using a 2-way (period and treatment) analysis of variance and multiple comparisons between least square means were performed using Tukey test when treatment showed a P < 0.05. Daily feed intake was used to estimate the amount of crude protein or calories consumed per g abalone. The calculated data was then analyzed as previously stated. FCE and PER of abalone of each treatment were calculated using the daily growth increments and the corresponding feed intake for the 16-day period, dry matter and protein content, respectively. All statistical analyses were performed using SAS-GLM procedures (SAS 8.2, 2001).
The analytically determined proximate composition and caloric content of the diets generally corresponded to the intended compositions and levels based on the formulations (Table 1). Mean stability of the diets representing the different treatments ranged from 88.4% to 77.6% and decreased with increasing levels of the kelp meal ingredient. Diets containing the highest levels of kelp meal had stabilities that were significantly less (P < 0.001) than those of all the other diets (Table 2). Feed intake, expressed as a percentage of body weight, was significantly greater for treatments [T.sub.6] (2.15%) and [T.sub.3] (2.21%) compared with treatments [T.sub.5] and [T.sub.2], (1.96%) and lowest for treatments [T.sub.4] and [T.sub.1] (1.64% and 1.67%, respectively). These values also showed an inverse trend relative to diet stability. Feed intake, expressed as calories/g abalone ranged between 84-70 and was inversely related to the stability of the diets. Feed intake, expressed as crude protein/g abalone, was not significantly different among treatments (Table 2), ranging from 7.0-7.4 mg CP/g abalone.
After 131 days (Table 2), within each of the two ranges of starch protein ratios, weight gain decreased as the P:E ratio decreased. For those diets with the highest protein levels, but the differences were not significant. Abalone fed the diets containing the lowest levels of protein and corresponding lowest P:E ratios had the lowest growth rates, significantly lower for those diets containing the high starch:lipid ratio. A similar response was observed for SGRs. The greatest FCEs were observed for abalone from treatments [T.sub.4] and [T.sub.1] (63.8 and 60.6, respectively). FCEs decreased as the water stability of the diets decreased. The somewhat lower levels of dietary fiber in treatments [T.sub.4] and [T.sub.1] may have contributed to the higher FCEs.
Highest PERs were associated with the diets that contained the highest levels of protein and the highest water stability. The PER for abalone from treatment [T.sub.4] (1.66) was significantly higher than that of abalone from each of treatments [T.sub.3] and [T.sub.2] (1.24 and 1.29, respectively) but not significantly different from those of abalone from the remaining treatments (Table 2). Generally, the proportional composition of shell/tissue of abalone from the different dietary among treatments was very similar except for abalone in treatment [T.sub.2] with a relatively higher and significant tissue proportion (Table 3).
No differences in rates of oxygen consumption of abalone were observed among dietary treatments with values ranging from 94.3-77.02 [micro]L [O.sub.2]/h/g abalone. In addition, the specific dynamic action (SDA) represented as the oxygen used for abalone to perform digestion for all dietary treatments was not significantly different and represented 52% to 67% (25.7-45.01 [micro]L [O.sub.2]/h/g abalone; calculated from Table 4) of the rate of total oxygen consumed.
Ammonia production of abalone ranged from 4.79-7.87 [micro]g N[H.sub.4]/h/g and were generally similar except for that values for abalone in dietary treatments [T.sub.1] and [T.sub.4] (7.61 and 7.87 N[H.sub.4]/h/g abalone, respectively) were significantly greater than that for abalone from treatment [T.sub.3] (4.79 N[H.sub.4]/h/g abalone). Metabolic rate remained relatively constant, with an average value of 90 [micro]L [O.sub.2]/h/g abalone W wt among treatments. The O:N ratio (molar) was similar, ranging from 9.0-10.2, for all dietary treatments with the exception of the significantly higher ratio for treatment [T.sub.3] (14.3). The higher ratio resulted from a comparatively lower rate of ammonia excretion. Mucus production, expressed as mg mucus/ day/g abalone and cal/day/g abalone, was not significantly different among treatments (statistics are not shown, however the percentages are given in as energy balance in Table 4).
As shown in the distribution of energy, expressed as a percentage of dietary intake (Table 4), energy loss caused by respiration ranged from 5.0% to 7.7% of total intake and SDA was quite similar among all dietary treatments, ranging from 6.7% to 8.5% of the total intake. Energy loss to ammonia production was comparatively low, between 0.52% and 1.03% for all treatments. Digestible energy values calculated as the sum of growth, respiration, ammonia and mucus production corresponded to one fourth of the feed intake with values ranging from 7.8-12.7 (cal/day). However, unexplained energy (including feces) counted for 73.8% to 79.2% from the feed intake.
Significant (P < 0.001) time-dependent differences in metabolism during night and day hours were observed for the juvenile abalone, reflecting a circadian rhythm (Fig. 1). The highest oxygen consumption was observed at night with values up to 120 [micro]L [O.sub.2]/h/g abalone W wt (22:00-04:00 h). The transition period was characterized by rapid changes in metabolic rates, such that abalone exhibited either a night- or light-adapted rate of metabolism. Percent survival remained above 90% throughout the experiment.
Although formulations of all diets were designed to achieve a P:E ratio that was within a range of 90-100, two of the actual ratios derived from the results of analytic determinations of nutrient composition for the 32% crude protein diets fell slightly below (87.5 and 88.3) the range. A trend of reduced weight gain as P:E ratios decreased was observed, and affirmed the observations reported by Gomez-Montes et al. (2003). Growth rates of H. corrugata are less than those reported for H. fulgens (Gomez-Montes et al. 2003), and this difference is confirmed from observations on a commercial farm (personal communication, BC Abalone farm Erendira Baja California, Mexico).
Values for feed intake were greater than those reported previously for Haliotis fulgens under the same experimental conditions (Gomez-Montes et al. 2003). Feed intake may have been overestimated for those diets that had the lowest water stability and caloric intake because all organisms were probably similar (approximately 70 cal [g.sup.-] abalone) within the different dietary treatments as suggested by the results previously observed for H. fulgens by Gomez-Montes et al. (2003). Nonetheless, caloric intake was generally higher than that found for H. fulgens at the same P:E ratio (Gomez-Montes et al. 2003). In addition, the calculations for FCE and PER for the diets with reduced water stability are probably overestimates, increasingly magnified as the water stability of an experimental diet decreased. This effect would most probably be enhanced by the disturbance and nutrient loss caused by the feeding activities of the live animals as the pellets become softer.
The amount of energy consumed was probably overestimated for those diets with reduced water stability, thereby affecting the calculation of the relative proportions of energy channeled to different metabolic activities. Therefore, the proportional losses of energy attributed to feces and unexplained energy (74% to 80%), are probably overestimates. Gomez-Montes et al. (2003) estimated feces and unexplained energy to represent approximately 45% to 55% of the total energy intake.
When dietary protein levels were approximately 36%, a trend of higher growth of abalone was observed for dietary treatments that contained lower levels of lipid (higher starch to lipid ratios). Previously published reports suggest that carbohydrates are preferentially used as an energy source during starvation (Durazo et al. 2004), whereas high levels of lipid (lower carbohydrate to lipid ratios) may actually retard growth (Durazo-Beltran et al. 2003). Despite sufficient carbohydrate being available as an energy source, a relatively stable amount of dietary protein is used to produce energy. Therefore, the dietary level of protein must be sufficient to satisfy the requirement for energy and still support maximum growth. Otherwise, maximum growth cannot be achieved. Maximum growth observed by Gomez-Montes et al. (2003) for H. fulgens fed diets with P:E ratios of 100 and 108 was probably because of provision of sufficient dietary protein (40% to 44%) to satisfy the protein derived energy requirement and to support maximum growth. The actual level of dietary protein needed would also be based on satisfaction of essential amino acid requirements.
Respiration rate serves as an accurate measurement of the metabolic state of animals. The lack of differences in respiration rate, both in basal metabolism and specific dynamic action (SDA), suggests that the physiologic processing of the nutrients in the diets is not different. The changes in oxygen consumption observed during the night appear to be typical of the entire Haliotis genera. The magnitude of this physiologic increase was greater than that previously reported for H. fulgens (Chacon et al. 2003), suggesting a possible species-specific characteristic.
Within a projected energy budget, more than 70% of the ingested energy was lost to feces or unexplained energy, and 7.2% to 9.9% was channeled to growth. In a previous investigation (Gomez-Montes et al. 2003), the proportion of consumed energy that was channeled to growth was higher and ranged from 17.8% to 22.8% for comparable P:E ratios. Nonetheless, the percent of digestible (not metabolizable) energy, expressed as the sum of growth, ammonia production, mucus production, SDA and basal metabolism, that was channeled to growth for the dietary treatments in our study (33.0% to 40.6%) was comparable to the values (32.6% and 44.6%) determined in the study of Gomez-Montes et al. (2003) with a diet of a similar P:E ratio fed to H. fulgens. However, in contrast to the latter study, digestible energy, estimated as a sum of growth, respiration, ammonia production and mucous production, composed a much lower proportion of the intake energy.
The inability to determine fecal energy in our investigation prevented a direct estimate of available digestible energy. In the determination of the proportional loss and use of ingested energy, digestibility is an important evaluation to estimate the amount of digestible energy. Previously the diet digestibility of H. fulgens was estimated (Gomez-Montes et al. 2003). However, collection of sufficient amounts of feces for proper analysis and confidence in results is difficult, and such amounts were not obtained in our study. Therefore, digestible energy was calculated as the sum of all expenditures, including energy loss caused by ammonia and mucus production. The proportional amount of digestible energy loss is much lower than that calculated for H. fulgens and is probably the result of the presumed overestimation of feed intake and corresponding energy intake.
The collective results suggest that dietary carbohydrates and proteins are the primary and secondary sources for abalone to suitably satisfy energy requirements. The dietary protein level must be sufficient to adequately meet requirements for energy and growth and the results of this experiment suggest that a protein requirement of approximately 35% will be sufficient, provided requirements of all essential amino acids are appropriately satisfied.
The range of lipid levels included in our experimental diets for both starch:lipid ratios probably exceeded the level needed to achieve maximum growth when sufficient protein is provided. When the protein level is met, then attention should be directed at reducing the total lipid level in the form of triglycerides to no more than 2% to 3%. The lipid requirement may be almost exclusively based on satisfaction of requirements of essential fatty acids. However, the possible growth enhancing effect of phospholipids needs to be investigated. Van Barneveld et al. (1998) reported that high levels of dietary lipids could negatively impact protein digestibility, but this relationship is not supported by data obtained in our investigation. The lack of a need for high levels of dietary triglycerides is noteworthy and should eliminate a potential problem of high levels of dietary lipids interfering with the successful manufacture of practical diets. An understanding of the digestibility of structural carbohydrates would also assist in the formulation of practical diets. Any future investigations of energy budgets of abalone must incorporate methods to ensure that all diets have strong and equivalent physical integrity so that more accurate determinations of the allocation of energy can be calculated.
The authors thank BC Abalone farm for their kind donation of the abalone used in our experiment and Roche for donating the vitamin and mineral mixtures. This work was supported by the National Council for Science and Technology (CoNaCyT), Project G28119B.
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(1) Programa de Maestria y Doctorado en Oceanografia Costera, Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad Autonoma de Baja California (UABC), Ensenada BC, Mexico; (2) Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanologicas, UABC, PO Box 453, Ensenada BC 22860, Mexico; (3) Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, Mississippi State University, PO Box 9690, Mississippi 39762; (4) Laboratorio de Rumiologia y Metabolismo Nutricional, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlan, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), Juriquilla, Qro., Mexico; (5) Coordinacion de la Investigacion Cientifica. Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, UNAM, Ciudad Universitaria, DF, Mexico
* Corresponding author. E-mail: email@example.com
TABLE 1. Ingredient (% dry weight), proximate composition and energy content of six experimental diets at two starch:lipid (S:L) ratios and three protein levels. Ingredients Dietary Treatments [T.sub.1] [T.sub.2] [T.sub.3] Starch:Lipids (a) 1.5 21.8 31.6 Fish meal (b) 29.50 23.00 16.60 Soybean protein isolated (c) 14.75 11.50 8.30 Kelp meal (d) 17.29 29.94 42.54 Fish oil 6.30 5.70 5.10 Cornstarch 17.50 15.20 12.80 Common ingredients (e) 14.66 14.66 14.66 Proximate composition Dry matter (%) 65.47 68.28 67.51 Crude protein (%) 42.06 35.93 32.13 Total lipids (%) 11.47 8.35 8.05 Crude fiber (%) 2.39 3.14 4.07 Ash (%) 15.66 19.59 23.21 NFEf 28.57 32.99 32.54 Energy (Kcal [g.sup.-1]) 4.26 4.00 3.67 P:E 98.70 90.00 87.50 Ingredients Dietary Treatments [T.sub.4] [T.sub.5] [T.sub.6] Starch:Lipids (a) 43.3 53.2 63.6 Fish meal (b) 31.40 25.00 18.30 Soybean protein isolated (c) 15.70 12.50 9.15 Kelp meal (d) 11.24 24.24 37.79 Fish oil 3.70 3.40 3.10 Cornstarch 23.30 20.20 17.00 Common ingredients (e) 14.66 14.66 14.66 Proximate composition Dry matter (%) 65.74 67.73 67.58 Crude protein (%) 42.64 37.57 32.48 Total lipids (%) 7.11 6.36 4.67 Crude fiber (%) 1.32 3.43 4.05 Ash (%) 13.54 17.72 21.92 NFEf 35.39 34.92 36.88 Energy (Kcal [g.sup.-1]) 4.26 3.88 3.68 P:E 100.10 96.80 88.30 TABLE 2. Biological indices obtained for juvenile pink abalone (Haliotis corrugata), feed diets at two starch:lipid (S:L) ratios and three protein levels. Dietary Treatments Starch: [T.sup.1] Lipids (a) 1.5 Stability (%) 84.45 [+ or -] 0.61 (b) Intake (%BW) 1.67 [+ or -] 0.03 (c) Intake (cal [g.sup.-1] abalone) 71.54 [+ or -] 1.18 (cd) Intake (mg PC [g.sup.-1] abalone) 7.03 [+ or -] 0.121 FCE (%) 60.57 [+ or -] 5.03 (a) PER 1.42 [+ or -] 0.07 (a) Weight change (mg [d.sup.-1]) 2.87 [+ or -] 0.23 (ab) Weight gain (%) 226.52 [+ or -] 17.56 (ab) SGR (% [d.sup.-1]) 0.90 [+ or -] 0.04 (ab) Dietary Treatments Starch: [T.sup.2] Lipids (a) 1.8 Stability (%) 82.55 [+ or -] 0.61 (b) Intake (%BW) 1.96 [+ or -] 0.03 (b) Intake (cal [g.sup.-1] abalone) 78.36 [+ or -] 1.18 (b) Intake (mg PC [g.sup.-1] abalone) 7.04 [+ or -] 0.12 (a) FCE (%) 45.61 [+ or -] 4.59 (ab) PER 1.29 [+ or -] 0.07 (a) Weight change (mg [d.sup.-1]) 3.09 [+ or -] 0.23 (ab) Weight gain (%) 225.65 [+ or -] 17.5 (ab) SGR (% [d.sup.-1]) 0.90 [+ or -] 0.04 (ab) Dietary Treatments Starch: [T.sup.3] Lipids (a) 1.6 Stability (%) 77.63 [+ or -] 0.62 (c) Intake (%BW) 2.21 [+ or -] 0.03 (a) Intake (cal [g.sup.-1] abalone) 84.05 [+ or -] 1.18 (a) Intake (mg PC [g.sup.-1] abalone) 7.26 [+ or -] 0.12 (a) FCE (%) 38.06 [+ or -] 4.59 (b) PER 1.24 [+ or -] 0.07 (b) Weight change (mg [d.sup.-1]) 2.29 [+ or -] 0.23 (b) Weight gain (%) 196.05 [+ or -] 17.56 (b) SGR (% [d.sup.-1]) 0.82 [+ or -] 0.04 (b) Dietary Treatments Starch: [T.sup.4] Lipids (a) 3.3 Stability (%) 88.43 [+ or -] 0.62 (a) Intake (%BW) 1.64 [+ or -] 0.03 (c) Intake (cal [g.sup.-1] abalone) 69.90 [+ or -] 1.18 (d) Intake (mg PC [g.sup.-1] abalone) 7.00 [+ or -] 0.12 (a) FCE (%) 63.83 [+ or -] 4.59 (a) PER 1.66 [+ or -] 0.07 (a) Weight change (mg [d.sup.-1]) 3.72 [+ or -] 0.23 (a) Weight gain (%) 276.52 [+ or -] 17.56 (ab) SGR (% [d.sup.-1]) 1.00 [+ or -] 0.04 (ab) Dietary Treatments Starch: [T.sup.5] Lipids (a) 3.2 Stability (%) 83.16 [+ or -] 0.61 (b) Intake (%BW) 1.96 [+ or -] 0.03 (b) Intake (cal [g.sup.-1] abalone) 76.25 [+ or -] 1.18 (bc) Intake (mg PC [g.sup.-1] abalone) 7.38 [+ or -] 0.12 (a) FCE (%) 53.03 [+ or -] 4.59 (ab) PER 1.41 [+ or -] 0.07 (ab) Weight change (mg [d.sup.-1]) 3.48 [+ or -] 0.23 (a) Weight gain (%) 297.06 [+ or -] 17.56 (a) SGR (% [d.sup.-1]) 1.04 [+ or -] 0.04 (a) Dietary Treatments Starch: [T.sup.6] Lipids (a) 3.6 Stability (%) 79.90 [+ or -] 0.65 (c) Intake (%BW) 2.15 [+ or -] 0.03 (a) Intake (cal [g.sup.-1] abalone) 80.09 [+ or -] 1.18 (ab) Intake (mg PC [g.sup.-1] abalone) 7.08 [+ or -] 0.12 (a) FCE (%) 39.32 [+ or -] 4.59 (b) PER 1.35 [+ or -] 0.07 (ab) Weight change (mg [d.sup.-1]) 2.28 [+ or -] 0.23 (b) Weight gain (%) 194.85 [+ or -] 17.56 (b) SGR (% [d.sup.-1]) 0.82 [+ or -] 0.04 (b) (a) Starch:lipid corn starch added:lipid content ratio. Standard errors are given. Values in the same row with different superscripts are statistically different P < 0.05. TABLE 3. Characteristics of shell and soft tissue for juvenile pink abalone (Haliotis corrugata), fed diets at two starch:lipid (S:L) ratios and three protein levels. Dietary Treatments Dietary Treatments [T.sub.1] Starch:Lipids (a) 1.5 Shell (% dry basis weight) 74.25 [+ or -] 1.47 (ab) Soft tissue (% dry bais weight) 25.75 [+ or -] 1.47 (ab) Dry soft tissue (% of live weight) 12.57 [+ or -] 0.53 (b) Energy (Kcal [g.sub.-1] soft tissue) 4.83 [+ or -] 0.05 (a) Dietary Treatments Dietary Treatments [T.sub.2] Starch:Lipids (a) 1.8 Shell (% dry basis weight) 69.46 [+ or -] 0.85 (b) Soft tissue (% dry bais weight) 30.53 [+ or -] 0.85 (a) Dry soft tissue (% of live weight) 15.92 [+ or -] 0.30 (a) Energy (Kcal [g.sub.-1] soft tissue) 4.82 [+ or -] 0.04 (a) Dietary Treatments Dietary Treatments [T.sub.3] Starch:Lipids (a) 1.6 Shell (% dry basis weight) 75.54 [+ or -] 0.85 (a) Soft tissue (% dry bais weight) 24.46 [+ or -] 0.85 (b) Dry soft tissue (% of live weight) 13.31 [+ or -] 0.30 (b) Energy (Kcal [g.sub.-1] soft tissue) 4.75 [+ or -] 0.04 (a) Dietary Treatments Dietary Treatments [T.sub.4] Starch:Lipids (a) 3.3 Shell (% dry basis weight) 74.66 [+ or -] 0.85 (a) Soft tissue (% dry bais weight) 25.34 [+ or -] 0.85 (b) Dry soft tissue (% of live weight) 13.83 [+ or -] 0.30 (b) Energy (Kcal [g.sub.-1] soft tissue) 4.78 [+ or -] 0.04 (a) Dietary Treatments Dietary Treatments [T.sub.5] Starch:Lipids (a) 3.2 Shell (% dry basis weight) 74.19 [+ or -] 0.85 (a) Soft tissue (% dry bais weight) 25.80 [+ or -] 0.85 (b) Dry soft tissue (% of live weight) 14.06 [+ or -] 0.30 (b) Energy (Kcal [g.sub.-1] soft tissue) 4.85 [+ or -] 0.04 (a) Dietary Treatments Dietary Treatments [T.sub.6] Starch:Lipids (a) 3.6 Shell (% dry basis weight) 75.74 [+ or -] 0.85 (a) Soft tissue (% dry bais weight) 25.24 [+ or -] 0.85 (b) Dry soft tissue (% of live weight) 13.25 [+ or -] 0.30 (b) Energy (Kcal [g.sub.-1] soft tissue) 4.74 [+ or -] 0.05 (a) (a) Starch:lipids corn starch added:lipid content ratio. Standard errors are given. Values in the same row with different superscripts are statistically different P < 0.05. TABLE 4. Energy budget for juvenile pink abalone (Haliotis corrugata) fed with a balanced diet at two starch:lipid (S:L) ratios and three protein levels. Energy balance is given per organism in relation to energy intake. Dietary Treatments [T.sub.1] 1.5 Starch:Lipids (a) % Intake (cal [day.sup.-1]) 38.90 100.00 Weight change (cal [d.sup.-1]) 3.34 8.58 SDA (cal [day.sup.-1]) (1) 3.09 7.94 Maintenance (cal [d.sup.-1]) (2) 2.81 7.22 Ammonia (cal [d.sup.-1]) 0.38 0.98 Mucus (cal [d.sup.-1] [g.sup.-1]) 0.48 1.23 Digestible energy (3) 10.1 Feces and unexplained energy 28.8 74.03 O:[N.sub.2] (molar) 9.4 [+ or -] 1.11 (b) MR ([micro]L [O.sub.2] [h.sup.-1] [g.sup.-1] abalone) (4) 94.30 [+ or -] 6.97 (a) MR ([micro]L [O.sub.2] [h.sup.-1] [g.sup.-1] abalone) (5) 49.29 [+ or -] 1.89 (a) Ammonia ([micro]g N[H.sub.4.sup.+] [h.sup.-1] [g.sup.-1] abalone) 7.61 [+ or -] 0.44 (a) Dietary Treatments [T.sub.2] 1.8 Starch:Lipids (a) % Intake (cal [day.sup.-1]) 45.79 100.00 Weight change (cal [d.sup.-1]) 4.55 9.94 SDA (cal [day.sup.-1]) (1) 3.07 6.70 Maintenance (cal [d.sup.-1]) (2) 2.83 6.18 Ammonia (cal [d.sup.-1]) 0.34 0.74 Mucus (cal [d.sup.-1] [g.sup.-1]) 0.39 0.85 Digestible energy (3) 11.18 Feces and unexplained energy 34.61 75.58 O:[N.sub.2] (molar) 10.2 [+ or -] 1.21 (b) MR ([micro]L [O.sub.2] [h.sup.-1] [g.sup.-1] abalone) (4) 87.88 [+ or -] 6.97 (a) MR ([micro]L [O.sub.2] [h.sup.-1] [g.sup.-1] abalone) (5) 55.34 [+ or -] 1.89 (a) Ammonia ([micro]g N[H.sub.4.sup.+] [h.sup.-1] [g.sup.-1] abalone) 6.42 [+ or -] 0.44 (ab) Dietary Treatments [T.sub.3] 1.6 Starch:Lipids (a) % Intake (cal [day.sup.-1]) 38.22 100.00 Weight change (cal [d.sup.-1]) 2.66 6.96 SDA (cal [day.sup.-1]) (1) 2.87 7.51 Maintenance (cal [d.sup.-1]) (2) 1.89 4.95 Ammonia (cal [d.sup.-1]) 0.20 0.52 Mucus (cal [d.sup.-1] [g.sup.-1]) 0.32 0.84 Digestible energy (3) 7.95 Feces and unexplained energy 30.27 79.20 O:[N.sub.2] (molar) 14.3 [+ or -] 0.74 (a) MR ([micro]L [O.sub.2] [h.sup.-1] [g.sup.-1] abalone) (4) 90.98 [+ or -] 6.97 (a) MR ([micro]L [O.sub.2] [h.sup.-1] [g.sup.-1] abalone) (5) 54.94 [+ or -] 1.89 (a) Ammonia ([micro]g N[H.sub.4.sup.+] [h.sup.-1] [g.sup.-1] abalone) 4.79 [+ or -] 0.44 (b) Dietary Treatments [T.sub.4] 3.3 Starch:Lipids (a) % Intake (cal [day.sup.-1]) 46.69 100.00 Weight change (cal [d.sup.-1]) 4.51 9.70 SDA (cal [day.sup.-1]) (1) 3.94 8.47 Maintenance (cal [d.sup.-1]) (2) 3.19 6.86 Ammonia (cal [d.sup.-1]) 0.48 1.03 Mucus (cal [d.sup.-1] [g.sup.-1]) 0.54 1.16 Digestible energy (3) 12.66 Feces and unexplained energy 33.83 72.77 O:[N.sub.2] (molar) 9.0 [+ or -] 0.72 (b) MR ([micro]L [O.sub.2] [h.sup.-1] [g.sup.-1] abalone) (4) 93.18 [+ or -] 6.97 (a) MR ([micro]L [O.sub.2] [h.sup.-1] [g.sup.-1] abalone) (5) 51.52 [+ or -] 1.89 (a) Ammonia ([micro]g N[H.sub.4.sup.+] [h.sup.-1] [g.sup.-1] abalone) 7.87 [+ or -] 0.44 (a) Dietary Treatments [T.sub.5] 3.2 Starch:Lipids (a) % Intake (cal [day.sup.-1]) 46.61 100.00 Weight change (cal [d.sup.-1]) 4.35 9.33 SDA (cal [day.sup.-1]) (1) 3.56 7.64 Maintenance (cal [d.sup.-1]) (2) 3.58 7.68 Ammonia (cal [d.sup.-1]) 0.38 0.82 Mucus (cal [d.sup.-1] [g.sup.-1]) 0.34 0.73 Digestible energy (3) 12.21 Feces and unexplained energy 34.40 73.80 O:[N.sub.2] (molar) 10.1 [+ or -] 1.4 (b) MR ([micro]L [O.sub.2] [h.sup.-1] [g.sup.-1] abalone) (4) 90.48 [+ or -] 6.97 (a) MR ([micro]L [O.sub.2] [h.sup.-1] [g.sup.-1] abalone) (5) 50.60 [+ or -] 1.89 (a) Ammonia ([micro]g N[H.sub.4.sup.+] [h.sup.-1] [g.sup.-1] abalone) 6.75 [+ or -] 0.44 (ab) Dietary Treatments [T.sub.6] 3.6 Starch:Lipids (a) % Intake (cal [day.sup.-1]) 36.23 100.00 Weight change (cal [d.sup.-1]) 2.62 7.23 SDA (cal [day.sup.-1]) (1) 2.67 7.37 Maintenance (cal [d.sup.-1]) (2) 1.87 5.16 Ammonia (cal [d.sup.-1]) 0.26 0.72 Mucus (cal [d.sup.-1] [g.sup.-1]) 0.38 1.05 Digestible energy (3) 7.80 Feces and unexplained energy 28.43 78.47 O:[N.sub.2] (molar) 9.11 [+ or -] 0.41 (b) MR ([micro]L [O.sub.2] [h.sup.-1] [g.sup.-1] abalone) (4) 77.02 [+ or -] 6.97 (a) MR ([micro]L [O.sub.2] [h.sup.-1] [g.sup.-1] abalone) (5) 51.35 [+ or -] 1.89 (a) Ammonia ([micro]g N[H.sub.4.sup.+] [h.sup.-1] [g.sup.-1] abalone) 6.35 [+ or -] 0.44 (ab) (a) Starch:lipids; corn starch added:lipid content ratio. (1) Calculated by difference between fed and unfed abalone. (2) Respiration from abalone left under inanition for three days. (3) Calculated as the sum of growth, respiration, ammonia and mucus production. (4) Oxygen consumption from fed abalone. (5) Oxygen consumption from unfed abalone. (a,b) Values in the same row with different superscripts are statistically different P < 0.05.
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Making Kerala the first 100 per cent digital State in India in the next three years, extending the fruits of e-governance to the entire population, is the mission and vision of the United Democratic Front Government, Chief Minister, Oommen Chandy, has said.
The Chief Minister was inaugurating the e-district programme at a State-level function held at the St Stephen's auditorium in Pathanamthitta on Tuesday afternoon.
With the implementation of the project across the State, people could easily avail service of any Government department from their homes or from any part of the State, he said.
Mr. Chandy said Kannur and Palakkad were the two districts that have been included in the Centrally-sponsored National e-Governance Programme among the 34 districts across the country as a pilot project which turned out to be a big success.
He said the State Information Technology Mission has done excellent homework before launching the e-district programme envisaging effective implementation of e-governance across the State. The success of the pilot project in Kannur and Palakkad has given strength and hope to the Government in launching the e-district programme to all the other districts, exploiting the potential and advantages of the Information Technology, he added.
Aadhar registration
Mr. Chandy said Kerala has set the target to achieve cent per cent Aadhar registration in the next six to eight months to become the first State to provide the unique identification to all its people in a time-bound manner.
Of the 3.3 crore population, the State's Aadhar registration has crossed 2.53 crore and of them 1.6 crore people have already been allotted with their Aadhar cards, he said.
Secretariat file tracking system
The Chief Minister said, "Secretariat file tracking system has already been implemented and now, people can track their application from anywhere in the world, ensuring transparency in the functioning of various Government departments."
He said the e-district programme would be implemented through the Akshaya Centres and the Government would extend all support to these centres as and when required.
Presiding over the function, P.K. Kunhalikutty, Minister for Industries and IT, said the Akshaya project launched by the previous UDF Government was the beginning of the electronic revolution in the State. And, now, the Government has launched the e-district programme as a great leap in its march ahead, he said.
Revenue Minister, Adoor Prakash, inaugurated distribution of electronically generated nativity certificates and residence certificates to three applicants from Konni, Puthuppally and Malappuram, on the occasion.
P.H. Kurien, IT Principal Secretary, presented the report. K. Sivadasan Nair, MLA; Babu George, District Panchayat president; T.O. Sooraj, Land Revenue Commissioner; V.N. Jithendran, District Collector and A. Sureshkumar, municipal chairman, also spoke.


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Famous "Ma Hua" Dessert
"Ma Hua" is a twisted dough with sesame seed that is a famous Tianjin dessert.
It is crispy, break easily and not as hard as it looks. Very popular as a gift from Tianjin, you can see many Beijingers and Chinese tourists buying specially packaged boxes to bring home.
There are now many different flavor to choose from. There are different sizes too. It can last a few days and like donuts taste great at first and than more than enough when you are full.
So try and buy some back when in Tianjin.
Gou Bu Li Dumpling
There are two major choices - pork or seafood.
Pork is "rou" (meat} or "sanxian" (seafood) with seafood version slightly more expensive.
It comes in a freshly steamed basket containing 8 dumplings. You do not need to peel the "skin and just dip into the vinegar sauce for taste.
Usually sold as individual set lunch with other appetizers. Or you can dine and other dishes in a small group.
"Er Duo Yan" Dessert
Another famous Tianjin dessert is "Er Duo Yan Zha Bing" which is "Ear Eye Fried Rice Cake".
It can be rather oily and inside is red bean paste.
Not the best dessert for me but have to buy and try as it is a local famous specialty. One person's favorite is another person's not so favorite dessert.
Pizza hut: Pizza hut at the Golden street
I absolutely love Asian food and I definately be not a fan of fast food.There are numerous local restaurants in Tianjin which provide wonderful local,chinese food.However,I went one time at the Pizza hut at the entrance of the golden street(from the riverside).How to describe....Best Pizza I have ever had,starters (lot choices)have been asian style.Everything fresh,tasty,fresh salad.Cosy atmosphere,very good service.Accept to wait 15-20minutes till you get seated(which is totally unusual in China:-)))Unfortunately I don`t have fotos from the place...It is next to the river,you cross the bridge and then it is located on the right side-opposite of a hughe shopping center(at the beginning of the golden street when you come from the riverside)
Favorite Dish: Everything was tasty.Have been 4times there and went out always very satisfied.Loved the choice of starters,specially the seafood.
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Goubuli: Overhyped Baozi?
Goubuli is synonym with high grade baozi or steamed dough bun. It is the pride of Tianjin and there is not a few people who make the trek there just to have a taste of the real thing, now that it has opened branches outside Tianjin. The first floor is reserved for quick-eatery fast food style. You can only order pre-cooked set menu here, eat it in a flash, leave your seat for other customers, thank you very much. For a more cozy and enjoyable dining, go up to the 2nd floor where you can order other dishes including cook-to-order baozi.
Favorite Dish: Try the pork filling or the more expensive special fillings that can cost up to Y18/bun.
- Food and Dining
Little Sheep Restaurant: Lamb Hot Pot! Yum!
THis is a busy restaurant with average service. The entire menu's in Chinese so bring your local chinese friend along for a treat!
Favorite Dish: The Lamb Hot Pot is a famous Tianjin delicacy. Each table has a "hot pot" that is filled with two kinds of soup, clear and spicy, filled with herbs, spices etc. Customers usually order the lamb strips, similar to fine strips of Kobe beef, vegetables, century eggs, and dump it into the soups for a sensational meal!
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Gou Bu Li Restaurant: A great experience!
This restaurant chain is an absolutley stunning place to dine. Not only is the architecture great, as the entire restaurant is build in wooden Chinese style but combine that with awesome Chinese cuisine and atmosphere!
I went there for lunch and enjoyed a selection of local dishes included the famous steamed buns of which Tianjin is famous for, lightly spiced Shredded Pork & Pickled Cabbage Soup, I ate jelly fish which was quiet "crunchy".
The restaurant is also known for its daily seafood buffet, which includes ice-bedded items including crab claws, mussels, salmon, squid and shrimp.
They have menues in English so it makes your selection easier - however my tips is go with a local as I did and make this entire meal an experience!
And the Goubuli Bun Shop has developed into a corporation with 89 branch restaurants opened in Tianjin and two dozen other Chinese cities, provinces and regions - so you could enjoy the same food elsewhere in China!
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Yue Weixian Restaurant: Eat with antique around you
The restaurant has over 600 pieces of antique, most of them are hundreds of years.
You just eat maybe sitting on a 300-year old chair or make a phone call through a 100-year old telephone.
The dishes are cool too! Don't miss it!
Favorite Dish: Seafood and Cantonese food
Delicious Dumplings!
Steamed dumplings containing pork and peanut, or seafood, are available elsewhere but by far the nicest that I tasted were in Tianjin, where they are a local speciality known as baozi. Whereas in Beijing many were dry and sticky, here they were of melt-in-the-mouth quality - without exaggeration one of the best culinary experiences I've ever had! They're so fragile that they can be difficult to eat - especially with chopsticks! - but the hot juice dripping down your chin is all part of the enjoyment. Served steaming hot, the perfect meal for a lunchtime in sub-zero temperatures.
TianAnJie Food Street in...
TianAnJie Food Street in Nankai University. Many Korean places and a foreign style bar or two.
Cheap... spicy...yummy... and its Korean food in China!
Favorite Dish: Bibimbop-Tieguobanfan-Rice in a pot with veggies and stuff on top. Classic Korean dish.
Goubuli Dumpling Restaurant: Goubuli Dumpling Restaurant
This is most famous restaurant in Tianjin. They serve delicious steam dumpling, a dough bun filled with pork, spices and gravy. On the first floor, they have self-service system. Above the second floor, they take an order.
Favorite Dish: steam dumpling
Aulare - Urbin Latin Restaurant: Latin Feeling in the midst of China
Even though the food is very good, sort of a blend of western and Latin food, it is the atmosphere and music there that brings me back. Having lived in China for a year, and gotten almost used to the grungy and often non-service orientated restaurants here, finding Aulare was wonderful. It is a cozy place with soothing music that doesn't overpower your conversations. The service is professional and friendly.
Favorite Dish: The seafood Paella is one of their best, but I have even had their burger at a quick lunch and enjoyed it. They also have a pizza that I enjoyed a lot.
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JPT Pizza: Just like Pizza Hut!
This pizza restaurant is just like Pizza Hut but a little bit cheaper. So expect things to be pretty much the same as the western chain. This branch is located on the main pedestrian shopping street of Binjiang Dao.
Many restaurants at Food Street (Complex?)
We had our dinner at this restaurant here. As usual, for package tour, we had more than 8 courses which included the famous "Gou Bu Li" (Dogs Don't Even bother) buns. Frankly speaking, the buns tasted quite ordinary and think that the Char Siew Buns in my country taste better. No Offence :P I am not too sure how the buns got their names, the story behind "Gou Bu Li"? If you know, maybe can share with us? :)
Island Bar and Grill: Good restaurant for western food in TEDA
This restaurant has awesome Western food. They have pizza, mexican food, italian, burgers, etc... (KFC and McDonald's are only good for so long!)
The restaurant is owned by an American, so it is real western-style food. (No corn on top of your pizza!)
They play good music and their waitresses are friendly too.
If you are near the TEDA area it is definitely a place to check out.
Favorite Dish: Chimichanga with black beans and rice
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text: Flow Chart [Archive] - Glock Talk Glock Talk > Leisure > The Lighter Side > Flow Chart PDA View Full Version : Flow Chart Mrs Glockrunner02-09-2012, 07:15Makes perfect sense to me.... G17gen302-12-2012, 21:31I have this hanging over my desk at work... Mrs Glockrunner02-13-2012, 07:41Being prior military I had always heard.... "If it moves, salute it. If it doesn't, paint it." Kind of the same thing. vBulletin® v3.8.7, Copyright ©2000-2015, vBulletin Solutions, Inc.


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Manufacturer: Bitless Wonder
Model: Indian Rope Hackamore Bosal Sidepull
Category: Western Bridle Accessories
Purchase: I purchase these on ebay for ~$20 (including shipping). I originally purchased one for a young horse (3) that I had just acquired. Every time I put a bit in her mouth she would start tossing her head and acting up. I bought this as a "cheap" way to try bitless.
Likes: 1) I loved it so much that I bought two for my friends for Christmas, who also love it! My horse was better behaved from the minute I put it on her -- no more head tossing! 2) One of my friends has an Arab who likes to GO! This forces him to tuck his nose and stop instead of being able to brace against the bit and take off like he used to. 3) These are also quite good looking for the "cheap" bitless alternative. I have seen bitless rigs priced to $350 -- outrageous!
Dislikes: 1) There is some concern that maybe it doesn't "release" as well as a bit. I've never found this to be a problem with my mare. She is actually more sensitive now than she was with the bit, which she used to brace on. 2) After these have been around the barn for awhile and get some dirt in them they start to get stiff and that can perpetuate "release" issues. I've found a quick spin through the washing machine fixes that. 3) The rings get rusty after awhile no matter what you do and there is no way to change them out.
Quality: Except for the rings, which rust after awhile as I mentioned above, these are surprisingly well constructed! Mine has been ABUSED: kicked around in the barn aisle, chewed on, submerged in the river, through the washing machine a few times... and there is not a loose string anywhere!
Summary: I love this product. It's worked well for my horse. My friends, both of the English and Western variety, have purchased them. My trainer has purchased them. We have even competed in them. I would recommend them for anyone EXCEPT those who do very complex movements (reining, dressage, etc.) unless you have a sensitive horse and are willing to train extensively to leg cues. Otherwise, for hunters, speed eventers, weekend trail riders, and so on they are AMAZING!
Rating: 5
Author: Tiffany Roberts
Date: 0000-00-00
Usefulness Rating: 4.67347 out of 5.
49 reader(s) voted.
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On the Web - Creating Your Own Security
Although it may be tempting to blame faulty software, incomplete patches or inadequate monitoring when security is breached on the Internet, a network or a personal computer, we must remember the part we ourselves play in computer security.
Internet security is the focus of this month's issue; back in the April 2004 issue, we looked at application and intranet security. More articles discussing these and other aspects of security can be found on the Linux Journal Web site. For an overview of how Linux and open-source software are meeting the security requirements of government agencies, read "Open Source Innovation within the DoD" (www.linuxjournal.com/article/7644) and "GNU/Linux Clears Procurement Hurdles" (www.linuxjournal.com/article/7678). Both articles are part of Tom Adelstein's Web column, Linux in Government. Keeping track of government's standing on Linux and open source is important, especially considering the warning issued this past summer by one government agency—the United States Computer Emergency Readiness Team—"advising people to use a different Web browser".
If you are looking to enhance security on your home or small office network, putting a firewall in place is a good start. But, you knew that and you probably already have one. How about something a little more interesting—something that could turn into a nice little DIY project? In "Building a Diskless 2.6 Firewall" (www.linuxjournal.com/article/7383), author Christian Herzog explains how you can salvage some minimal hardware, replace the hard drive with a CompactFlash (CF) card and employ BusyBox to build a machine with an "iptables firewall, SSH dæmon, DHCP server and DNS server". Christian's tutorial walks you through choosing the right software, selecting the best filesystem for the CF card, compiling the 2.6 kernel, filling the filesystem and booting with GRUB.
We all know that one important component of computer security is being prepared and able to recover when something goes wrong, as it always does on some level. A large part of one's ability to recover depends on the quality of the data backups, yet backups don't always rank high on people's to-do list. In fact, Phil Moses, author of "Open-Source Backups Using Amanda" (www.linuxjournal.com/article/7422), notes, "Data probably is the most important element in computing, but in too many cases I see data backups overlooked or approached in such a carefree manner that I shiver." To this end, Phil focuses his article on Amanda, explaining how its ability to take on multiple configurations and multiple backup tape devices, "while requiring a minimum amount of time and resources" makes it an ideal backup solution.
Finally, for something a little different, check out Marco Tabini's article "PHP as a General-Purpose Language" (www.linuxjournal.com/article/6627). Using a PHP-based news aggregator script as an example, Marco demonstrates how the command-line version of PHP can "perform complex shell operations, such as manipulating data files, reading and parsing remote XML documents and scheduling important tasks through cron."
Have you found a better way to monitor the traffic coming in and going out of your network? Discover a new use for your old 386? Send me an article proposal at email@example.com.
Heather Mead is senior editor of Linux Journal.
Tools and Technologies for Scale and Reliability
by Linux Journal Editor Bill Childers
Sponsored by IBM
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|My Humble Little Game Collection
|May 28, 2015
|New Linux Based OS Brings Internet of Things Closer to Reality
|May 27, 2015
|Non-Linux FOSS: All the Bitcoin, None of the Bloat
|May 26, 2015
|Dr Hjkl on the Command Line
|May 21, 2015
|Initializing and Managing Services in Linux: Past, Present and Future
|May 20, 2015
|Goodbye, Pi. Hello, C.H.I.P.
|May 18, 2015
- New Linux Based OS Brings Internet of Things Closer to Reality
- My Humble Little Game Collection
- Dr Hjkl on the Command Line
- Using Hiera with Puppet
- Initializing and Managing Services in Linux: Past, Present and Future
- Non-Linux FOSS: All the Bitcoin, None of the Bloat
- Gartner Dubs DivvyCloud Cool Cloud Management Vendor
- Infinite BusyBox with systemd
- It's Easier to Ask Forgiveness...
- Goodbye, Pi. Hello, C.H.I.P.


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Fugitive arrest shootout in NYC
Spencer Platt/Getty Images July 28, 2014 4:00 PM
Authorities say a sex-assault suspect got in a shootout with law enforcement in New York City that left the suspect dead and two federal marshals and a police officer wounded.
The U.S. Marshals Service says it happened in the West Village when a fugitive apprehension task force tried to make an arrest. The mayor and police commissioner say the suspect is dead. (AP)Find more news related pictures on our photo galleries page and follow us on Tumblr.


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TEMECULA: Communication issues raised before officials' firing
The city and the union are in the midst of negotiations on a new deal, according to a recent closed-session agenda.
With regards to the differences in philosophy and goals identified by the city or the "us-versus-them" environment discussed by Mordasini, the emails of Johnson and Wilson provided little illumination.
In late October, Wilson wrote an email to thank a group of finance officials for a Starbucks gift card.
"I appreciate the thought and enjoy working with all of you!" she wrote.
An accounting assistant replied, "...oh, you're very welcome! A belated Happy Boss' Day to you :o )"
Johnson, meanwhile, made some moves shortly before the city's decision was announced that suggested he knew some sort of change was afoot.
On the Thursday before the Nov. 13 meeting, a Tuesday, he sent an email asking for the return of a book on an architect that he had loaned to a co-worker.
On the Sunday before the meeting, he sent an email to Wilson and a human resources analyst asking for memos to be prepared for his signature on Tuesday.
One of the memos was to be authorization to allow a one-time payout for accrued time in excess of an employee's cap.
"The memo must state that subsequent to the payout these caps will not be exceeded without specific approval from the city manager," he wrote.
Adams said Johnson was requesting a memo suggesting a change in policy relating to employee vacation time payout.
"This change to policy was never executed and remains under review," Adams wrote in an email to The Californian.
On the Monday before the meeting, Johnson canceled the executive staff meeting that had been scheduled for Tuesday morning and scheduled an "attorney's lunch" for noon.


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Aberdovey Self Catering, Sea View Holidays in Aberdovey / Aberdyfi
Short break specialists - Short break bookings taken over the phone 01654 767800
Aberdovey Self Catering, Sea View, Pet Friendly, Holiday Accommodation in the centre of the picturesque Welsh village of Aberdyfi found on the Coastline of Mid Wales & Southern Snowdonia.
Choose Aberdovey Cottages & Aberdovey Sea View Holidays, where our guests return year upon year, passing on their legacy of holiday choice and re-living childhood memories of days gone by.
Our Sea View Apartments are directly overlooking the popular sandy beach at Aberdovey on the shores of the Dyfi / Dovey estuary, a haven for sailing and water based activities.
Aberdovey/Aberdyfi is perfectly placed for holidays on the West Coast of Mid Wales; situated in the Southern part of Snowdonia National Park and is very popular with families, couples, walkers and hikers, cyclists, sailors, golfers and a great place for nature lovers, and very close to Ynys Hir home of Springwatch.
Why not take a look at our Sea View Apartments or Self Catering Holiday Cottages and Pet Friendly Properties now ?
- Please Contact us:-
- Mon- Fri 9.00am - 5.00pm, Sat 9.00am - 3.00pm, Sun - book online, email / message.
- Phone: 01654 767 800 or 07773 183 299
- Out of Hours: Leave a message on our voicemail or send an email for a fast reply.
- We guarantee that our availability is always up to date!
All of our properties are inspected and are graded 3 or 4 by Visit Wales. You will find our Holiday Cottages and Sea View Apartments spotlessly clean, with freshly ironed bed linen, heating, electricity and one car parking permit included.
We offer a first class service with a personal touch, our intention is to help make your stay in Aberdyfi one to remember, with memories that will last a lifetime. Our local knowledge we will ensure that your holiday is just perfect. Call us today to book your stay and find out more about Aberdovey or Aberdyfi, and the great places to visit nearby!
Latest news
Spring Bank Holiday in Aberdovey updated 22/05/15....call 01654767800
Short Breaks for Spring Bank Holiday from £250....
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Mar 18, 2015
2015 Prices have now been set, some great deals to be had
We have updated our 2015 prices, check out our Tariff page broken down by...
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Nov 11, 2014
4* Visit Wales Grading at Spinnaker, Min y Mor 1 Sea View & Seascape View
Our new property additions in Aberdovey / Aberdyfi Spinnaker, Min y Mor 1...
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Jul 10, 2014
Free Wi-Fi at Aberdovey Sea View Holiday Apartments directly opposite the beach!
Enjoy free Wi-Fi in our Sea View Holiday Apartments , perfectly placed...
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Apr 26, 2013
Mid Wales Coastal Holidays- our new site that gives you the chance to view of all of our properties
Why not take a look as our new sister site...
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Feb 22, 2013


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Simple Web Design Tips For Stunning Websites
- 0 Comments /
- April 11, 2015 /
- by Jillian /
- Leave a comment
You can save money by building it yourself.The tips below can help you build a site like the Penang web design professionals do.
Don't make your page sizes too big. Users with slower Internet connections might decide that the wait is not worth it if your site is slow to load. You don't want your visitors waiting for a page to load because they may just end up leaving.
Let your users have the option of cancelling any action if they want to. Actions include registering for any e-mail notifications, signing up for newsletters and notifications, or filling out forms. You will inevitably lose repeat customers if you force them the option of cancelling things they have decided against for now.
There is nothing worse than visiting a site and being attacked by tons of pop-up ads. Many people will close a site immediately if it uses pop-ups, even if they're interested in the website. Avoid those annoying ads to keep your visitors happy. If your webhost places their own popup ads on your website, you may want to consider obtaining a new web host.
It is very important to always make users needs of your web visitors. The web designer needs to be focused on the readers are looking for at all times. This includes user experience, usability, usability, and accessibility. These are important considerations you must take into account. Try looking at the websites from your visitor's perspective when designing.
Navigation link placement is essential in how long visitors stay on your site. You must build a site that is neat and clean and easy navigation to create the right experience.
It's not going to be an easy journey from newbie to design expert. The chances are that you will make a few mistakes along the way. New visitors can be yours when you set up the website properly.


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What's Happening for Teens at the JCCSF?
The JCCSF offers a variety of afterschool, weekend and special-interest programs for Bay Area teens. Empowering teens to grow intellectually, socially, creatively and emotionally, the JCCSF provides middle school students a safe, nurturing and supervised environment. High school students develop leadership skills and build healthy, social bonds through community service and artistic and social events appealing to high school interests.
The JCCSF is looking for talented, motivated teens in grades 9 and 10 to be Counselors-in-Training and teens in grades 11 and 12 to be Junior Counselors this summer. Is that you? Take a look and see if this program is the right fit. More information available here.
OPEN FOR REGISTRATION! Spring 2015 classes and workshops including Basics of Babysitting, Great White Sharks, Teen Yoga and more! For more information, click here.
|May 30
|Middle School Dance
|June 12
|Friday Night Fly
Club 18 AccessSave More with Community Membership
For only $125 a year enjoy:
- Member pricing for Club 18, high school and JCCSF programs, including events, classes, camps, lectures and performances
- Priority registration for popular entertainment such as Friday Night Fly
- Complimentary CJM Access 18 membership
- Add-on fitness value: Only $50 more per month for full access to the JCCSF Fitness Center, plus one free hour with a trainer (ages 13 and older)
Click here for the Winter/Spring membership form.
Mail your completed form to us, or bring it to the JCCSF Front Desk- Attention Teen Program Manager, Abby Cutler . For more information, call 415.292.1261.
Youth Activities Consent and Release of Liability Form is also required with Club 18 Access Registration Form
Rent Club 18 for birthdays, Bar and Bat Mitzvahs, Sweet 16 and more!
Click here for more information.
Major funding for JCCSF Teen Programs is provided by Mrs. Jeanne Dinkelspiel Benatar, the Bigglesworth Family Foundation, the Jewish Community Federation and Endowment Fund, the Horace W. Goldsmith Foundation, the Koret Foundation, the RMLow Foundation, the Strandberg Family, and Barbara & Chris Wilson/The Joan and Robert Sinton Memorial Fund.
The Gold Center for Youth & Family was founded with a generous gift from the David B. Gold Foundation.


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TweakTown NewsRefine News by Category:
CPU, APU & Chipsets Posts - Page 29
Intel confirms Ivy Bridge delay, can't build a bridge to get over it
Intel have confirmed that their next-generation, 22nm-fabbed Ivy Bridge chips will go on sale eight-to-ten weeks later than they had originally planned, according to Executive Vice-President of Intel, and chairman of Intel China, Sean Maloney.
Maloney talked about the delay in his first interview to discuss Intel's business in China, where he told the Financial Times that the start of sales that sport Ivy Bridge had been pushed back from April, where he says "I think maybe it's June now". First off you "think", Sean? How can you not know this?
Maloney said the adjustment was due to problems with the manufacturing process, and also stated that the global launch of the new Intel-powered smartphones would follow the launch of other global launches this year. An Intel-powered Lenovo-based phone would become available in other countries four to five months after it's initial launch in China. Maloney also denied reports that Ivy Bridge was pushed back due to the over-stocked inventories of Sandy Bridge-based notebooks, citing manufacturing process issues.
NVIDIA rebrands again, this time it's Tegra 3's vSMP changed to 4-PLUS-1
NVIDIA's Tegra 3 SoC features four ARM Cortex-A9 chips, but sports a unique design that I covered in an editorial on the chip. NVIDIA have today rebranded the previously-known-as vSMP to: 4-PLUS-1.
It sounds like a polygamy-based wedding invitation, but hey, NVIDIA need to push their unique design somehow, don't they? We should expect to see some Tegra 3-based smartphones next week at the Mobile World Congress, sporting the new brand 4-PLUS-1. NVIDIA have also trademarked the name, which is a bonus.
NVIDIA attribute the change in name from vSMP to 4-PLUS-1 to their customers wanting a name that is more "unique and descriptive". They wanted a "name they could put on a box or a store sign that immediately represents its value".
From now on, I expect cars to be sold with the slogan: 4-PLUS-1 tires. 4 on the car, 1 spare. Win.
Samsung shows off 32nm quad-core ARM chip
Samsung have teased their latest 32nm quad-core Exynos chip at the ISSCC event, which has been the first example shown of a quad-core Exynos design. The new chip still sports an ARM Cortex-A9, but is now built upon a 32nm process, which provides not only more speed, but better battery life when compared to 2011-era chips.
A new graphics core is featured with four pixel effects processors, and is expected to be around 26-percent faster, even though it uses 34- to 50-percent less power. Just like NVIDIA's Tegra 3 chip, it sports the ability to shut cores off independently to save power, and thus battery life, when a task isn't needed. Samsung's new Exynos chip can support up to dual-channel memory, with either low-power DDR2 or DDR2, to keep the chip working at full speed.
Graphics-wise, it's fast enough to render a whopping 57 million polygons per second. Samsung hasn't made made the new quad-core Exynos chip public yet, but the Mobile World Congress is next week where we're sure they'll want to show it off.
Intel Rosepoint is close, sports dual-core Atom with built-in Wi-Fi
Get ready, people. Intel are ready to unveil a breakthrough System-on-a-Chip (SoC), which is said to be a new dual-core Atom-based chip, that sports a digital 2.4GHz Wi-Fi receiver, get this, built into the same die.
This new chip is dubbed "Rosepoint", and is built upon a 32nm architecture and will be shown off for the very first time as a research project at ISSCC 2012 in San Francisco. We should see devices sporting this technology to significantly improve power consumption and produce a more reliable Wi-Fi connection than current analogue-based receivers.
Intel Chief Technology Officer, Justin Rattner, says:
With a digital approach to radio, you can bring the benefits of Moore's law to RF and radio circuits.
In order to achieve this, Intel needed to find a way of stopping the radio waves from interfering with the CPU. Rosepoint steps in and stops this by employing noise-cancelling and radiation-shielding methods to enable the concept to work. At the moment, Rosepoint is just a working prototype, but Intel believes that they can develop the technology into a shipping product by 2015.
AMD have added three new Bulldozer CPUs to Q1 2012 release lineup
AMD have updated their Q1 2012 line-up to include three brand-spankin' new Bulldozer/Zambezi-based chips. This is all from a leaked roadmap that Donanimhaber published, which shows the there new chips as the FX-4150, FX-8140 and FX-6120.
These chips are said to hit anytime between now and April. All of the new chips sport TDPs of just 95W. AMD also have plans to launch quad-core-based Trinity APU models with A10 and A8 processors in the following quarter (Q2), which is said to be followed by A6 and A4 dual-core versions in Q3. I've listed the chip details below:
- Cores: 4
- Clock speed: 3.9GHz
- Turbo speed: 4.1GHz
- Cache: 12MB
- Cores: 6
- Clock speed: 3.3GHz
- Turbo speed: 3.9GHz
- Cache: 14MB
- Cores: 8
- Clock speed: 3.1GHz
- Turbo speed: 4.0GHz
- Cache: 16MB
Intel's Ivy Bridge Core i5 3570K Engineering Sample goes through some testing, impressive results
Intel Engineering Samples, back in my Celeron 300A days, those things were the thing to have. You were pretty hectic to own one of those bad boys and these days, with the likes of eBay's and mainstream (and more accepted) overclocking, it's not as cool, but it still gets my nerd juices flowing.
The latest ES sample comes in the form of Intel's Ivy Bridge-based Core i5-3570K. Henry posted two CPU pictures on the Expreview forums, where we can see the Core i5-3570K is pretty similar to the Core i5-2500K, but it's process has been shrunk to 22nm, clock speeds are up and TDP is down. We have clock speeds of 3.4GHz, and just a 77W TDP.
The IGP featured on the Core i5-3570K is Intel HD Graphics 4000, which is stamped into the K-series of processors, as well as some Ivy Bridge processors. HD Graphics reportedly sports 16 EUs, whereas the current HD Graphics 3000-series has 12 EUs.
Expreview's article on it goes into some incredible detail with some benchmarks with the 4000-series vs. the 3000-series, but an overall test featuring 3DMark Vantage, Left 4 Dead 2, Street Fighter IV, Starcraft 2, DiRT 3 and Far Cry 2 see the 4000-series come out on top to the tune of 67.25-percent faster. This is not bad, not bad at all, considering it's integrated graphics.
Intel releases the Core i7-3820
Intel have introduced the third member of the LGA2011 Sandy Bridge-E family in the form of the Core i7-3820. The chip joins the ranks with the current chips, i7-3960X and i7-3930K.
The new Core i7-3820 has a clock speed of 3.6GHz, has just four cores with four hyper-threaded cores (versus the six-of-each on the two other SB-E chips), 10MB of L3 cache, Turbo Speeds of 3.9GHz, a max overclock multiplier of 45x, a TDP of 130W and a price of just $294.
This new chip is the Sandy Bridge-E chip, on a budget. AnandTech give three reasons why you'll want the Core i7-3820:
- You need PCIe 3.0 today and/or you need more PCIe lanes than a Core i7-2600K can provide.
- You need tons of memory bandwidth for a particular application.
- You want a 2600K but you need a platform that can support more memory (32GB+).
Yep, that's enough convincing for me. Looks tasty indeed.
Intel's Haswell sports DirectX 11.1 graphics
Intel's new processor architecture codenamed "Haswell" won't see the light of day until 2013, but that doesn't stop information from leaking out onto the Internet about it. The successor to Ivy Bridge now has some more details on its embedded graphics processor, with DonanimHaber detailing the integrated GPU (iGPU) plans.
Haswell's iGPU will be DirectX 11.1 compliant, which means it will take advantage of API optimizations that improve performance, for "typical desktop usage scenarios". It also supports OpenCL 1.2, which will help in GPGPU-optimized applications, and is designed around a new stereoscopic 3D standard called Auto-Stereoscopic 3D (AS3D), which will benefit Blu-ray 3D acceleration, stereo 3D photos, and more.
It would be compared to entry-level GeForce or Radeon GPUs for acceptable performance with stereo 3D.
Something else to look forward to is a little thing Intel refer to as "digital display repartition". At the moment, current Intel processors with embedded graphics have relied on the PCH to perform all display I/O functions, the iCPU communicates to the PCH over the Flexible Display Interface (FDI), a special data link dedicated to this exact function.
Continue reading 'Intel's Haswell sports DirectX 11.1 graphics' (full post)
AMD's future products to include ARM cores, also steamrolling toward mobile market
AMD's client roadmap has revealed Hondo, a 4.5W APU with 1-2 low voltage Bobcat cores as well as an on-die DX11 GPU built on a 40nm process. Windows 8 will be the OS to receive some of AMD's Hondo lovin'. AMD is wanting to get serious of entering the sub-2W market, with mobile being a very important path for AMD.
AMD has talked about being "ambidextrous" when it comes to architectures, implying that AMD's future products will include chips with ARM-based CPU cores for markets where it makes sense. AMD have also said they will take advantage of all sorts of ecosystems, including Windows 8 and Android.
The AMD 2013 Client Roadmap unveils some interesting things indeed, with 2013 mobile chips "Kaveri", "Kabini", and "Tamesh" being three new APUs to be introduced. Kaveri will sport 2-4 "Steamroller" CPU cores, as well as a GCN-based GPU with HSA Application support. Kabini will feature 2-4 "Jaguar" cores backed up by a GCN-based GPU, and finally, Tamesh sports 2 "Jaguar" CPU cores, and a GCN-based GPU.
Desktop wise from AMD, we should expect the second-generation FX CPUs codenamed "Vishera" which will include 4-8 "Piledriver" CPU cores, "Kaveri" APU which will sport 2-4 "Steamroller" CPU cores, GCN-based GPU, HSA Application support and finally, "Kabini" which is identical to its mobile counterpart, sporting 2-4 "Jaguar" cores, and a GCN-based GPU.
IBM creates 9nm transistors using carbon nanotubules
IBM, hard at work obviously, have developed the smallest carbon nanotubule transistor, measuring in at just 9 nanometers (nm) across. Currently, the smallest transistors possible using silicon is 10nm across, so while it doesn't sound like a huge achievement, when talking in nm, it's actually quite the achievement.
IBM claims that the new transistor consumes less power, all while being able to carry more current than today's technology. John Rogers, Professor of Materials Science at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, says:
The results really highlight the value of nanotubes in the most sophisticated type of transistors. They suggest very clearly, that nanotubes have the potential for doing something truly competitive with, or complementary to, silicon.
The smallest production-grade transistors are currently limited to 22nm.


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Crater in Mare Humorum
December 7, 2012
Why is this crater so bouldered? Bouldery craters are primarily the result of bolides impacting solid material. More cohesive materials produce larger boulders when they are impacted. Craters like these can give clues as to the thickness of the regolith. As craters increase in diameter, they excavate further into the surface. So if a crater has no boulders, it has probably excavated only regolith. This impact though has punched through the overlying regolith and fragmented the underlying mare basalt into large boulders This crater, located in Mare Humorum, is relatively fresh and very bouldered. LROC NAC M157851844LE, image width is 500 m [NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University].
Topics: Mare Humorum, Planetary geology, Geology, Regolith, Planetary science


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Texas looms large in the pickup truck universe, and the domestic big-truck makers each have their own homage to Texas and its history, such as the Ford F-Series King Ranch. Chevy Silverado buyers in the Lone Star State can even get a special Texas Edition package.
Now Toyota, eager to move up in the big leagues of big trucks, has its own top-drawer Tundra model that honors a piece of Texas: the 1794 Edition. Loads of leather, a plethora of features and a mighty dose of Western flair, plus "1794" badging everywhere you look.
Tundra was treated to a major redesign for 2014, its first since 2003. The third generation pickup boasts aggressive new styling, an all-new interior and instrument panel, suspension refinements and such fresh upgrade packages as the 1794 Edition.
For the Texas-lore uninitiated, 1794 was the founding date of the illustrious JLC Ranch on which the Toyota Motors Manufacturing Texas plant is located. That's some obscure stuff, and anyone who owns a 1794 Edition had better be prepared to answer questions about it. Lots of them.
The Texas plant is plenty busy, by the way. It recently celebrated completion of its one millionth Tundra there. The ranch, south of San Antonio, was acquired by Toyota in 2003 for its assembly plant.
Special-edition luxury pickups costing $50,000 and more have made major gains in recent years, with all the features and comfort of high-end automobiles. These decked-out titans retain all the workaday durability of the less-illustrious pickup models, but you're not likely to see them on the construction site, except in executive parking. More likely, they'll be spotted towing expensive travel trailers or large boats.
The Tundra 1794 Edition CrewMax driven here was big as the all outdoors, with Texas-size roominess and a massive footprint that requires wide-open spaces. At 19 feet in length with a 145-inch wheelbase, the CrewMax can be tough to maneuver in such places as tight parking lots. But there is space inside for six guys and their 10-gallon hats.
Tundra's biggest engine, an aluminum 32-valve 5.7-liter V8, comes standard with CrewMax models, and with 381-horsepower and 401 pound-feet of torque, it has plenty of pull. Acceleration is sharp despite the truck's 5,860-pound curb weight, helped out by a sophisticated six-speed automatic. Towing capacity is rated at 9,000 pounds.
All that power and weight deflate the fuel mileage to a meager 13 city and 17 highway, which is about in line with others in this class similarly equipped.
The suspension improvements for 2014 translate to a fairly sophisticated ride without much of the typical jounce of a pickup truck. This behemoth handles fairly well, especially in terms of highway stability, with typical understeer. Some restraint is obviously required in cornering.
The 1794 Edition comes with essentially every feature available for Tundra, including part-time electronically controlled four-wheel drive, towing package, a full suite of electronic safety enhancements, backup camera (a necessity), full power seat with hot or cold ventilation and the updated Entune premium JBL audio/navigation/app system, with 12 speakers and seven-inch touchscreen.
Pricing for the 2014 Tundra CrewMax 1794 Edition starts at $47,320, and with a smattering of options plus shipping, the test truck reached $49,715. That's serious money for a pickup, but this one truly has it all. Think of it more as a luxury car with cargo space and towing capability.
Despite Toyota's strong presence in the U.S. passenger-car market, Tundra sales fall way short of the domestic trucks, with Ford F-Series the perennial leader of the pack by a long shot. Credit the intense brand loyalty of the typical pickup driver, which leaves relative newcomer Tundra out in the cold.
And despite touting its credentials as an "All-American Truck," Toyota still must contend with a U.S.-centric truck-buying public that heavily favors the domestic brands.Cars, Texas, Toyota, Trucks


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I have a pill that someone gave me for my back pain. It is white, oblong and has West Ward 292 on one side of it. I want to know what it is. Could not find it in pill identifier. I was told it was Hydrocodone. But I have a perscription for that and it does not have the same imprint as my pills.
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Figure 5.
Window sizes, CIS calculation and resolution of overlapping CISs.A) Based on the total number of insertions being analysed for CISs, Window sizes (10,000-301,000 bp) are calculated to define the largest window size which is capable of showing a significant CIS (Poisson distribution p-value < 0.05 following bonferroni correction based on total window size) using total insertion numbers which can only exist as integer values. Only the first 3 window sizes for 20139 insertions are shown here. B) For each of the window sizes the p-value is calculated for each possible window based on the total number of insertions starting with every insertion throughout the genome. Non-overlapping windows with the lowest p-value (most insertions) are then chosen for each window size where the p-value is below a user-defined threshold. C) In order to combine the different window sizes, non-overlapping windows with the lowest p-value are chosen and these are returned as CISs. In the case shown, the 24 kb window with 7 insertions had a lower p-values than best 44 kb window and the best 10 kb window within the region.
Sarver et al. BMC Bioinformatics 2012 13:154 doi:10.1186/1471-2105-13-154


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