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A method and system for data modeling that incorporates the advantages of both traditional response surface methodology (RSM) and neural networks is disclosed. The invention partitions the parameters into a first set of s simple parameters, where observable data are expressible as low order polynomials, and c complex parameters that reflect more complicated variation of the observed data. Variation of the data with the simple parameters is modeled using polynomials; and variation of the data with the complex parameters at each vertex is analyzed using a neural network. Variations with the simple parameters and with the complex parameters are expressed using a first sequence of shape functions and a second sequence of neural network functions. The first and second sequences are multiplicatively combined to form a composite response surface, dependent upon the parameter values, that can be used to identify an accurate model.
1. A method for constructing a composite response surface based on neural networks and selected functions, the method comprising providing a computer that is programmed:
(1) to provide a set of h initial parameters that determine variation of provided data for a target variable, where each parameter corresponds to a coordinate in an h-dimensional parameter space G;
(2) to decompose the h parameters into a first set of s simple parameters fi, numbered i=1, . . . , s, that may be used to describe the provided data with polynomials of total degree no greater than a selected number Ms, and a second set of c complex parameters gj, numbered j=1, . . . , c, that may be used to describe the provided data using neural networks, and with s+c=h, where s, c and Ms are selected positive integers;
(3) to provide a simplex, having s+1 vertices, numbered k=1, . . . , s+1, and centered at a selected point in the space G;
(4) to apply a neural network for each of the s+1 vertices, and to train each of the s+1 neural networks, using selected simulation data obtained by varying the parameters gj to generate a first sequence of network functions Rk(g1, . . . , gc);
(5) to provide a second sequence of shape functions Pk(f1, . . . , fs) that satisfy the conditions Pk(f1, . . . , fs)=1 at the vertex numbered k and Pk(f1, . . . , fs)=0 at any vertex other than vertex number k, and ΣPk(f1, . . . , fs)=1 for all values of f1, . . . , fs; and
(6) to form a composite function CRS(fi, gj) defined by
2. The method of
3. The method of
4. The method of
5. The method of
(7) to provide an objective function OBJ(fk,gj)n, dependent upon at least one of the parameter values f1, . . . , fs, g1, . . . , gc, for the composite function CRS{fk,gj} at each of N selected locations in G space, numbered n=1, . . . , N, associated with the target variable, and to provide a corresponding objective function value OBJn for the target variable at each of the N selected locations, where n is a selected positive integer;
(8) to compute a training error value TE{gj,} as a non-negative weighted sum of functions of differences Fn(OBJn−OBJ(fk,gj)n), where each function Fn is monotonically increasing in a magnitude of the function argument and has a value 0 where the function argument is 0;
(9) when the training error value TE{gj} is greater than a selected threshold error value ε, to provide at least one of a modified set of shape functions Pk(f1, . . . , fs), and returning to step (6); and
(10) when the training error TE{gj} is no greater than the threshold error value ε, to accept the present composite response surface.
6. The method of
7. The method of
8. The method of
9. The method of
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Pat. No. 6,606,612, filed Aug. 13, 1999 and entitled "Method For Constructing Composite Response Surfaces By Combining Neural Networks With Other Interpolation Or Estimation Techniques," which is incorporated by reference herein.
The invention described herein was made by employees of the United States Government and may be manufactured and used by or for the Government for governmental purposes without the payment of any royalties thereon or therefor.
The present invention is a method for constructing composite response surfaces by combining neural networks with polynomial interpolation or estimation techniques. These composite response surfaces can be used in a variety of applications. In particular, such surfaces are very useful in aerodynamic design optimization which has several attributes that render it a difficult problem to solve.
The design of aerodynamic components of aircraft, such as wings or engines, involves a process of obtaining the most optimal component shape that can deliver the desired level of component performance, subject to various constraints, e.g., total weight or cost, that the component must satisfy. Aerodynamic design can thus be formulated as an optimization problem that involves the minimization of an objective function over the design space, subject to constraints. A variety of formal optimization methods have been developed in the past and applied to aerodynamic design. These include inverse design methods, adjoint methods, sensitivity derivative-based methods, and traditional response surface methodology (RSM).
Aerodynamic design data has traditionally been obtained from a variety of sources. In the past, experiments and simple analyses have provided the majority of data used in design. More recently, the methods of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) have been used to generate a significant portion of the design data. A hierarchy of approximations to the governing partial differential equations (i.e., the Navier-Stokes equations), ranging from the simple potential flow equations to the Euler and Reynolds-averaged, Navier-Stokes equations, have been used for this purpose.
Typically, the simpler and lower fidelity potential flow solutions have been used in the initial stages of design because they are relatively inexpensive to compute, and because a large number of solutions are required at this stage. Here the term "fidelity" is used to denote the extent to which the system of equations faithfully represents the physical characteristics of the flow. The higher fidelity Euler and Navier-Stokes solutions are generally used in the final stages of design because of the high cost of computing these solutions. It has been found that neural networks provide a natural framework within which a succession of solutions of increasing fidelity can be represented and subsequently utilized for optimization and design thus reducing overall design costs. The design data can come from a variety of sources, including experiments and computations. Rules-of-thumb that designers have evolved over a number of years can also be incorporated within the optimization routines as constraints. These facts are of considerable importance to the aircraft industry which has accumulated enormous amounts of experimental data and numerous design rules over a number of decades.
Response surface methodology (RSM) represents a framework for obtaining optimal designs using statistical methods such as regression analysis and design of experiments. Traditional RSM, as it has been used in practice, employs low-order regression polynomials to model the variation of the aerodynamic quantities, or some measure of optimality, with respect to the design variables. This polynomial model of the objective function in design space is then searched to obtain the optimal design. Several such polynomial models may have to be constructed to traverse the region of design space that lies between the initial design and the optimal design. However, modeling complex functional behaviors using traditional RSM will necessitate the use of high-order polynomials with their attendant problems. On the other hand, neural networks are well suited to modeling complex functions in multiple dimensions. Here, the possibility of utilizing these positive attributes of neural networks in the context of RSM methodology is explored.
Artificial neural networks have been widely used in various fields including aeronautical engineering. Recent aerodynamic applications include, for example, flow control, estimation of aerodynamic coefficients, compact functional representations of aerodynamic data for rapid interpolation, grid generation, and aerodynamic design. Neural networks have been used to both model unsteady flows and to optimize aerodynamic performance parameters. Significant cost savings have been realized in reducing wind tunnel test times by using neural nets to interpolate between measurements. Neural network applications in aeronautics are not limited to aerodynamics, and include structural analysis and design.
In order for neural networks to be used effectively in aerodynamic (or other) design problems, it is imperative that the design space be populated both adequately and efficiently with simulation or experimental data. A sparse population results in an inaccurate representation of the objective function in design space while an inefficient use of aerodynamic data in populating the design space could result in excessive simulation costs. Conventional neural networks are restricted to simple designs involving only a few design parameters because a linear increase in the number of design parameters often results in a geometric increase in the number of datasets required to adequately represent the design space.
Therefore, a need exists for adequately and efficiently populating large-dimensional design spaces to achieve an optimal design. More particularly, to be able to use existing design or experimental data, or partial or unstructured sets of data, to influence the design process.
These needs are met by the invention, which provides a method and system for constructing composite response surfaces that incorporates the advantages of both traditional response surface methodology (RSM) and neural networks. The invention employs a unique strategy called parameter-based partitioning of the design or modeling space. The term "design space" refers to a multi-dimensional region that encompasses all possible designs and is the region defined by the coordinates and associated coordinate ranges of the various design parameters and bounded by their individual upper and lower limits. In the method, composite response surfaces are constructed using parameter-based partitioning. These composite response surfaces are based on both neural networks and on other interpolation/estimation techniques. A sequence of such response surfaces is used to traverse the design space to identify an optimal solution, or to model a process or a response of physical object. The composite response surface thus has both the power of neural networks and the economy of other estimation techniques, such as low-degree polynomials (in terms of the number of simulations needed and the network training requirements). The invention handles design problems with many more parameters than would be possible using conventional neural networks alone, and the invention permits a designer to rapidly perform a variety of trade-off studies before arriving at a final solution. It also allows the use of less-expensive, low-fidelity simulations in the early stages of the design and a smooth transition to higher fidelity simulations as the search for the optimal design evolves thus significantly reducing the computational costs incurred in simulation-based design.
FIGS. 8A/8B is a flow chart of a general process for practicing the invention.
In accordance with the invention, composite response surfaces are constructed using a combination of neural networks and other interpolation and estimation techniques (low order polynomials, Fourier transforms, etc.). By way of example and not of limitation, the composite response surfaces described herein will be constructed using neural networks and polynomials (as the choice of interpolation/estimation technique). It should be appreciated that the primary motivation for constructing a composite response surface based on neural networks and polynomials comes from a careful examination of the relative strengths of these two approaches in interpolating design data or in modeling. Neural networks provide a very general framework for estimation in multiple dimensions.
The graphs 40 of
The present invention combines the strengths of neural networks and other interpolation/estimation techniques, by constructing composite response surfaces using parameter-based partitioning. In parameter-based partitioning, the functional dependence of the variables of interest with respect to some of the design parameters is represented using neural networks, and the functional dependence with respect to the remaining parameters is represented using other interpolation/estimation techniques, e.g., polynomial regression methods. This approach is an extension of traditional response surface methods that are based on polynomials alone. The use of neural networks in conjunction with other methods results in a composite response surface that models the functional behavior in design space or modeling space. When first- or second-order polynomials are used, the number of data sets required increases in a linear or quadratic manner, respectively, with the number of parameters.
From the example and discussion below, the present invention combines conventional polynomial approximations on L-dimensional simplexes with the flexibility that neural networks (or Fourier series, for periodic functions) provide. This provides a mathematical model whose complexity can be adjusted on a dimensional basis to suit the function being modeled, thus reducing the amount of data required. The term "L-dimensional simplex" refers to a spatial configuration of L dimensions determined by L+1 equispaced vertices, on a hyper-sphere of unit radius, in a space of dimension equal to L, where any L vertices are linearly independent. For example, a two-dimensional simplex is an equilateral triangle that is circumscribed by a unit circle, and a three-dimensional simplex is a regular tetrahedron, with vertices lying on a unit sphere.
The method for constructing composite response surfaces, using the parameter-based partitioning technique, is best described by an illustrative example in the context of a particular application. The application considered here is design optimization of an aerodynamic component because of its inherent complexities and attributes that render it a suitable candidate for this approach.
Although several methods can be used to represent the functional behavior of the design data, neural networks are particularly suitable for multidimensional interpolation where the data are not structured. Since most design problems in aerodynamics involve a multitude of parameters and datasets that often lack structure, neural networks provide a level of flexibility not attainable with other methods. In fact, partial datasets or even a single data point intermingled with more complete datasets can be used to influence a design or modeling process.
As noted in the preceding, in order for neural networks to be used effectively in design, it is imperative that the design or modeling space be populated both adequately and efficiently with simulation or experimental data. The invention disclosed here, namely the construction of composite response surfaces using parameter-based partitioning, directly addresses this problem. The number of datasets required to populate the design space is greatly reduced, thus allowing use of designs or models involving a larger number of parameters than would be possible using neural networks alone. Consider a simple design or model that involves three parameters. Typically, 33=27 simulations would be required to populate this three-dimensional design space. Clearly, this process results in inordinately large number of simulations in high-dimensional design spaces. For example, the number of simulations that would be required for a 100-parameter design or modeling problem is 3100, or about 5�1047. By contrast, for a linear representation within a simplex, the current approach would require between 100 and 200 simulations.
In addition to drastically reducing the computational requirements to obtain the simulation data, the method of the present invention also has a dramatic impact on the neural net training process. First, the reduction in the total amount of simulation data greatly reduces the training requirements. Second, the use of multiple estimation methods to represent the data also reduces training times. This is because a part of the complexity of representing the function is transferred from the neural network to the polynomial approximation.
In the context of design optimization, the further the optimal solution is from this initial design the larger the region of design space that must be represented by the composite response surface ("CRS"). An inordinately large amount of data would normally be required to adequately populate the design space. Here, a sequence of composite response surfaces is used, where each CRS represents a limited local region in the design space. This greatly reduces the number of simulations required in the current approach.
The following applications have been chosen to demonstrate how the invention can be used to address various applications. Although these applications are chosen from aerodynamic design, the present invention is clearly not limited to this application area alone.
Composite Response Surfaces Construction for Aerodynamic Design Optimization
By way of example, but not of limitation, consider design of an aerodynamic component, where the data can be generated for prescribed values of the design parameters. Additionally, assume that variation of the aerodynamic data of interest with respect to a first group of the design parameters is not very complex; this may be because the parameter variations are small or because the underlying function is simple), and, hence, does not require the generality of a neural network-based estimation scheme. Therefore, simple polynomials can be used to represent the variation of the function with this first group of parameters, and a neural network can be used for the remaining parameters.
The manner in which the present invention can be used in a specific aerodynamic design problem is now described. Two-dimensional airfoil design where the goal of the optimization is to determine the airfoil shape that most closely matches a given airfoil surface pressure distribution is considered.
The third set of input nodes 58 in
The variation of the pressure with the remaining s variables is approximated using simple polynomials, such as linear, quadratic and/or cubic. For a linear variation, the points at which the data are determined are located at the vertices of an s-dimensional simplex and are at unit distance from the origin. In this case there are s+1 vertices and s+1 unknown coefficients to be determined. For a quadratic variation, in addition to the vertices of the simplex, the midpoints of all the edges are included as well. This results in (s+1)(s+2)/2 nodes and as many unknown polynomial coefficients that must be determined.
In the two-dimensional situation 64 shown in
Given pressure values φ1, φ2, . . . , φ6, specified at the vertices 68 of the simplex, the coefficients a1, a2, . . . , a6 can be obtained from the following system of equations:
The generalization to higher-dimensional simplexes and higher-order polynomials is developed as described in the preceding, wherein at least a minimum number of pressure values is required depending on the number of dimensions and the order of the polynomial used. However, the number of pressure values that is typically used is greater than this minimum (greater than six values in the preceding example). This helps reduce the effect of noise in the data on the accuracy with which the response surface models the functional relationship between a variable (e.g., aerodynamic pressure) and the geometric parameters. The coefficients in this case may estimated using a least squares or least ρth power approach (ρ>0).
The method of combining neural networks and traditional polynomial fitting techniques of an embodiment of practicing the present invention is as follows, where, by way of example and not of limitation, the polynomial is assumed to be linear.
First, separate the h geometric parameters into two categories, where the variation of a first group of parameters fi (i=1, 2, . . . , s) results in fairly "simple" variations in the pressure that can be represented by low-order polynomials (order ≦Ms, where Ms is a selected small positive integer, such as 1, 2 or 3). The variation of a second group of the remaining parameters gj (j=1, 2, . . . , c) corresponds to "complex" variations in the data (h=s+c).
Multidimensional polynomials are used to represent the variation of aerodynamic data with respect to the simple parameters fi, and neural networks are used to represent the variation of the data with respect to the complex parameters gj.
Second, construct a simplex in s-dimensional space (s+1 vertices) and obtain simulation data Dk (k=1, 2, . . . s+1) at each of the vertices of the simplex by varying the parameters gj. Assign one neural network Nk for each vertex of the simplex and train each neural network Nk with the simulation data Dk generated for the corresponding vertex number k. The input for each network includes the bias value, the axial location along the airfoil and the complex geometric parameters gj. Let Rk(gj) represent the trained output of the neural network, and let φ denote the variation of the physical variable of interest (e.g., pressure) with the gj complex parameters at the k th vertex of the simplex.
The surface pressure distribution corresponding to a set of geometric parameter values is obtained through the following two-step process.
First, obtain the pressure at each of the vertices of the simplex using the corresponding neural networks. This is easily done since the values assigned to the "complex" geometric parameters are known; and
Second, compute the estimates of the coefficients of a low order (e.g., linear) polynomial, and use the prescribed values of the simple geometric parameters to obtain an estimate for the required pressure distribution. This is done by defining shape functions Pk(fi) (k=1, 2, . . . , s+1) according to
The trained neural networks, together with the low order polynomial fit, define a composite response surface (CRS), which can be expressed as:
The accuracy with which this composite response surface represents the actual functional dependence of the aerodynamic quantities on the design or modeling parameters is determined by the accuracy of the original aerodynamic data, by the number of simulations used to populate the design space, by the neural network parameters, such as the number of neurons in the hidden layers 52 and 60 of
The accuracy with which the composite response surface represents the objective function in design space can be estimated by comparing the pressure distributions of the computed validation data sets (which are different from the training set) to the pressure distributions obtained using the composite response surface for these validation cases. This validation process is essential in establishing the adequacy of the generalization capabilities of the response surface. Typically, this is carried out at or adjacent to the centroid of the simplex.
Process For Aerodynamic Design Optimization Using Composite Response Surfaces
The process continues to step 260, where a search of the region of the design space represented by the composite response surface is performed. Various methods can be used to accomplish this constrained search. Geometrical and other constraints and rules-of-thumb that designers or modelers have developed can be incorporated within this search procedure (for example, using a penalty function method). In addition, constraints that limit the search procedure to the volume of the simplex are also incorporated in the search. In step 280, the system determines whether the local optimum obtained in the previous step lies on or outside the boundaries of the simplex. If the design conditions have not been met in step 300 so that the search procedure terminates at a point on or outside the boundaries of the simplex, this point is chosen as a centroid of a new simplex, in step 320, and the process is repeated until the search terminates inside the simplex. However, the process can be stopped at any time when the design or model is deemed adequate, as shown in step 340.
Additionally, several types of design refinements may be necessary. A particular design may require many iterations before an optimal solution is obtained. One reason for this could be that the initial design is very different from the target design. The need to minimize overall costs dictates that one obtain a preliminary design or model based on low-fidelity, low-cost simulations (e.g., potential flow solutions). The process shown in
An optimal solution obtained by the preceding procedure is a point in design space that meets all the initial design requirements and constraints. However, after obtaining this optimal solution, the user often wishes to modify the target or the constraints to arrive at a better and improved design, or to analyze a variety of what-if scenarios. Several hundred such trade-off studies may be required before the final solution is defined. These analyses can be performed very efficiently by representing the functional dependence of the aerodynamic quantities in the vicinity of the design obtained in the process steps shown in
Design in a Steady Flow Environment: Metamorphosis of a Generic Shape into an Optimal Airfoil
The present invention was used to reconstruct the shape of a turbine airfoil, given a desired pressure distribution and some relevant flow and geometry parameters. The shape of the airfoil was not known a priori. Instead, the shape was evolved from a simple curved section of nearly uniform thickness. The evolved optimal airfoil shape closely matched the shape of the original airfoil that was used to obtain the pressure distribution. This illustrates a "blind" test.
Design in an Unsteady Flow Environment
Aerodynamic design efforts typically deal with steady flows. However, there are many instances where unsteady effects can have a significant impact on the overall performance of the component. A design methodology according to the invention provides a natural framework for including unsteady effects in the design process, because of the general manner in which the objective function can be defined.
As an illustration, the invention can be used in a specific unsteady aerodynamic design problem, namely, transonic high pressure (HP) aircraft engine turbine design. The flow in HP turbines is complicated by the presence of shocks, wakes, tip leakage, and other secondary flow effects. These shocks, wakes, and vortical flows are ingested by downstream stages, resulting in complex interactions with one another and with the flow in these stages. All of these effects are complicated further by the inherent unsteadiness of the flow field that results from the relative motion of the rotor and stator rows and gives rise to unsteady interactions both within the HP turbine stages and between the HP turbine and the adjacent low pressure (LP) turbine stages. These unsteady effects result in poor aerodynamic performance, unsteady blade stresses, fatigue, vibration and reduced blade life.
The present design method can be used to improve the unsteady aerodynamic performance of transonic turbines by optimizing the shape of the stator and rotor airfoils. This is accomplished by formulating an objective function that minimizes the unsteady amplitudes on the stator vane (or rotor blade), subject to a constraint that the tangential force on the rotor airfoil (i.e., turbine work output) does not decrease. The pressure amplitude is used as a measure of the unsteadiness in the flow field and is defined as the range of temporal pressure variation on the airfoil surface.
Where unsteady shocks are present in a turbine, the design process can be used to weaken, or eliminate, the shocks. The presence of unsteady shocks results in large unsteady pressure amplitudes. Thus, the pressure amplitudes are directly related to the shock strength. Hence, a reduction in the unsteady amplitudes on the airfoils can have an additional benefit of weakening or eliminating the shocks in the flow field. This example also illustrates the use of high-fidelity simulations, such as unsteady Navier-Stokes computations, to include all the relevant physics of the problem and to steer the optimization within the framework of the invention.
A first example deals with the application of this method to the redesign of the first stage of a gas generator turbine with the goal of improving its unsteady aerodynamic performance. The turbine is a two-stage configuration with an aggressive design characterized by high turning angles and high specific work per stage. Although the turbine was designed to operate in the high-subsonic regime, an unsteady analysis showed very strong interaction effects, including an unsteady moving shock in the axial gap region between the stator and rotor rows. It is hypothesized that the strength of this shock can be reduced by optimizing the airfoil geometries, and the overall unsteady aerodynamic performance of the turbine can thereby be improved. Since the shock can only be discerned by an unsteady aerodynamic analysis, a time-accurate Navier-Stokes solver is coupled to the neural net-based optimizer and provides simulation inputs to it.
A second example deals with the application of the invention to the redesign of a transonic turbine stage. The design goal is to improve its unsteady aerodynamic performance by weakening the shocks in the stage and thus reducing their effect on turbine aerodynamics. The tangential force on the rotor is constrained so that it does not decrease during the optimization process.
The application of this design method yielded a new design with a slightly different geometry.
FIGS. 8A/8B illustrate a general procedure for practicing the invention. In step 401, a set of h parameters (or variables) is provided that together determine an observed variation of data for a target variable, where each parameter corresponds to a coordinate in an h-dimensional parameter space G. In step 403, the h parameters are decomposed into a first set of s simple parameters fi, numbered i=1, . . . , s, and a second set of complex parameters gj, numbered j=1 . . . , c (as characterized in the preceding discussion), where s+c=h and the c parameters may be used to describe the provided data using neural networks. In step 405, an s-dimensional simplex having s+1 vertices, numbered k=1, . . . , s+1, and centered at a selected point in the space G, is provided. In step 407, a neural network is applied and trained for each of the s+1 vertices, using selected simulation data for the target variable, to generate a first sequence of network functions Rk(g1, . . . , gc). In step 409, a second sequence of shape functions Pk(f1, . . . , fs) is provided that satisfy the conditions Pk(f1, . . . , fs).=1 a vertex number k, Pk(f1, . . . , fs).=0 at any other vertex k*(≠k) of the simplex, and the sum of the shape functions Pk(f1, . . . , fs) is identically 1 for all coordinate points (f1, . . . , fs) in step 411, a composite response surface
Optionally, this model can be made more accurate using the steps 413–421. In step 413, an objective function value OBJn, dependent upon at least one of the parameter values f1, . . . , fs, g1, . . . , gc, is provided in G space, for the composite response surface CRS{fi,gj} at each of n selected locations associated with a target variable solution, where n is a selected positive integer. In step 415, a training error TE{gj} is computed as a non-negative weighted sum of functions of differences Fn(OBJn−OBJ(fi,gj)), where each function Fn is monotonically increasing in a magnitude of its function argument and has a value of 0 where the function argument is 0. The training error TE{gj} may, for example, be determined as in Eq. (8).
In step 417, the system determines if the training error TE{gj} is greater than a selected positive threshold number e. When the answer to the query in step 417 is "yes" (TE≧ε), the system provides at least one modified shape function (e.g., a quadratic or cubic polynomial, in place of a linear polynomial, or a polynomial with at least one modified coefficient), in step 419, returns to step 411, and repeats step 411 to obtain a modified design. When the answer to the query in step 417 is "no" (TE≦ε), the system accepts the present composite response surface, in step 421.
It is important to note that, although the invention has been described in the context of providing a composite response surface to optimize a design, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the mechanisms of the invention are capable of being distributed as a program product in a variety of forms to any type of information handling system. The invention applies equally regardless of the particular type of signal bearing media utilized to actually carry out the distribution. Examples of signal bearing media include, without limitation, recordable type media such as floppy disk or CD ROMs and transmission type media such as analog or digital communications links.
The preceding application of the method to improving the unsteady performance of aerodynamic components is only an example of how this invention can be applied and should not be construed as the only application of the invention. The invention is capable of other and different embodiments, and its several details are capable of modifications in various obvious respects, all without departing from the invention.
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Miami Beat Wave ft. M1 (of dead prez) - LP&U
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If there are three things that Miami Beat Wave stand for in this world, they're Love, Peace & Unity… with "havin' fun" as a close fourth. Their latest single, a Booth-exclusive world premiere, epitomizes each and every one of these qualities, boasting an exuberant throwback beat by the Panhandle State production crew and rousing, politically-charged bars from dead prez' own M1. In addition to being featured on MBW's as #B2B LP, this record is slated to appear on prez' forthcoming "unofficial audiobiography" of hip-hop legend Afrika Bambataa. Stay tuned for further details on both projects, neither of which are currently scheduled.
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It started with the then Howard Government announcing a comprehensive review of the Insurance Contracts Act (Act) on 10 September 2003. Just shy of ten years later, and in the second last week of sittings before the election, the Insurance Contracts Amendment Bill 2013 (Bill) was finally passed on 20 July 2013.
The Bill does not introduce any provisions in respect of unfair contract terms. Exposure draft legislation dealing with those reforms were recently released. Submissions closed on 31 May 2013. With only four sitting days remaining prior to the election, it remains to be seen whether (and, if so, in what form) that legislation will be made law. Watch this space.
DISCLAIMER: Because of the generality of this update, the information provided herein may not be applicable in all situations and should not be acted upon without specific legal advice based on particular situations.
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I miscarried and am pregnant again. How can I control my worries?
I miscarried my first pregnancy. I'm now 14 weeks into my second pregnancy and I'm still very nervous about something going wrong. This pregnancy is going very well -- but I still have this nagging fear in the back of my mind. What can I do to make myself feel better?
Posted: 04/02/2001 by a BabyCenter Member
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I just posted a comment but I was really brief with it. I was a week shy of being able to hear the heartbeat when I started to bleed, we went to the dr and had an u/s and they couldn't find a heartbeat. They scheduled me for a d&c for that following Monday this was on a Thursday. Unfortunately I didn't make it until Monday. I went to go out to eat with my family b/c I just wanted to clear my mind and at the resturarnt I started to hemorage. Had the d&c that very night. When I found out I was pregnant again I was 6 wks. Saw the dr on a Thursday and on Monday he called and told me that I needed to have Progesterone injections until I was 12 wks. That was so painful, I hated taking them, but I saved my pregnancy. I just can't wait to see what I'm having and for Oct to get here so I can hold my baby.posted 04/24/2007 by OCTBELLA
I had a misscarage back in Oct. I was almost 13 weeks. I am now 17 weeks, and even though I've had 2 ultrasounds and heard the heart beat twice I'm still so nevrvous. I went to the ER this past weekend with some spotting but after seeing the ultrasound I calmed down. Apperantly it was from too much bending and physical stress I put on myself. I don't think that I'll actually be ok until the day I can see and hold my baby.posted 04/24/2007 by OCTBELLA
i understand, i just had a miscarriage in oct-nov. sounds strange but the problem was i didn't pass it all at once a mo. later i hemmoraged and had to go to e.r. i am now anemic and have realized i am pregnant again and it is very hard to deal with. pray that all goes wellposted 04/23/2007 by justtommysmom4now
i understand how you all feel i got pregnant when i was 18 for the first time and on April 20, 2006 at 8 weeks i miscarried now im 19 and April 16, 2007 i found out i was 5 weeks pregnant and im very nervous. The emotion from a miscarriage is too much to bear and i just pray it doesnt happen this time but its very hard not to think about it.posted 04/20/2007 by a BabyCenter Member
I had two miscarriages one 4 years ago and another in september of last year now I'm 5 weeks pregnant and I am scared that I might lose this one. Can anyone give me any advice on how to not worry so much. Thank youposted 04/17/2007 by kissablelady
I had a miscarriage in October at about 6 weeks and then just had another one on March 27th at 8 weeks. We are going to try again right away - even before my next regular cycle. I am so scared that it is going to happen again but my doctor said they don`t like to do any testing unless I would miscarry a third time. The doctor tells me a lot of people miscarry two times and then go on to have a healthy full term pregnancy but I`m still very nervous. I really don`t want to go through another miscarriageposted 04/13/2007 by KatBaby0602
I am 32 and have had two losses in the last two years i am currently 7 wks i have been sick and emotional, just noticed some red discharge after going to bathroom i'm worried i may be loosing yet another any feedback?posted 04/11/2007 by a BabyCenter Member
I'm on what would've been my second pregnancy. I lost my first when I was 10 weeks. It's really hard for me to get excited right now to be honest. I know that it doesn't neccesarily mean it will happend again but I'm so scared and I find myself stressing so much over this.posted 04/11/2007 by a BabyCenter Member
I went through quite a miscarriage ordeal last October. We'd been trying for six months for our second child, and everything seemed fine until our first appt. I was supposed to be 12 weeks, but the baby had stopped growing at 6 weeks. It was just before Christmas when my body finally got back to normal. I just found out this morning we're pregnant again. I thought I'd be anxious, but I'm not. I feel just how I did when I found out the other times. I'm excited, I'm wishing time would speed up, and I'm getting way ahead of myself picking baby names. I know a lot can happen, but I also learned very clearly through our loss that God has a perfect plan for our lives. He used our lost little life to draw us closer to Him, and I have such peace about this pregnancy. No matter what happens, I know that it's already been planned by God, and it will "work together for good".posted 04/10/2007 by sethswife01
I have had 7 miscarriages and 2 full term pregangies (boys that eat too much!). It is upsetting, disappointing and I feel the greatest sense of failure. However, I have not given up. Every time we get pregnant - we do get excited! But, shortly after, we discover it was not meant to be. I call the Dr.'s office, get my HCG lab paperwork for the next week as well as my Rhogam. I wish I could tell you it will get easier, but I can't. Only you, your partner and your Dr. can say when you are ready! Wish you all the best of luck - and remember - never loose sight of having fun. Don't make "making a baby" an item of your List of Thigs to Do Today! Maybe my 10th time will be the one!posted 04/10/2007 by Carey Anne
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GoPro Auto Charger
FEATURES of the GoPro Auto Charger
- Allows you to charge your HD HERO camera(s) while on the go in a car
- Dual USB port quickly charges up to two cameras at once
- 1 amp per port for a quick charging solution
- Simultaneously record video or photos while charging
- Works with most devices that charge via USB
- 1 Dual USB Auto Charger
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Raymarine Pathfinder RL70C Fascia Cover
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Re: Raymarine Pathfinder RL70C Fascia Cover
Originally Posted by
Obviously there was a factory applied coating on the clear glass screencover with some intent. Does anyone know what purpose the coating served, and if necessary, if there is a coating product that can be found and applied?
I have one of these too. The glass fell out of the unit so I looked it over pretty close before using a couple small dabs of RTV to hold it in place. It is just a piece of glass with an anti-glare coating on the outside. If you use the unit indoors then the anti-glare isn't too useful and you can live without it. I guess if the anti-glare coating is gone bad and interfering with the display then it isn't doing you any good outdoors either. If you are careful you can remove the coating and just leave the plain glass. Don't scratch the glass as it will be hard to polish. Sunlight viewing will be seriously degraded (to the point of unusable).
You may be able to find a new piece of glass with anti-glare coating and have it cut to the right size but I'm not sure what kind of shop would have it. I think most of the manufacturers of this type glass are in China now. Try internet search for anti-reflective or anti-glare (same thing) glass. Another idea is to ask your local eye glasses store if they know someone who can put a new high quality anti-glare coating on the old glass.
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Bayer and Johnson & Johnson are initiating two late-stage trials of the anticoagulant rivaroxaban after failing to get expanded FDA approval for the prevention of cardiovascular events in patients with acute coronary syndrome. One trial will involve individuals with chronic heart failure and significant coronary artery disease. The other will include patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.
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RB Peyton Hillis to Sign with Giants
by BSO Staff | Posted on Wednesday, October 16th, 2013
The Giants have been injury prone all year, especially at the running back position, so they have turned to one of the hottest RBs in the league…from a few years ago.
Powered by Sidelines
Told same. Also Told he was "most accomplished." RT @MikeGarafolo: Giants to sign RB Peyton Hillis, per sources.
— Aditi Kinkhabwala (@AKinkhabwala) October 16, 2013


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Is Djokovic Winning his Majors in a Weak Era?
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Originally Posted by
Disagree, Fed is still a tough player to beat, his level of play is still very high and Murray has always been a terrific player and is that much more dangerous since his slam final mental block is gone.
We also don't know how much Nadal will be in the mix this year so too early to tell but he was playing great tennis in 2011 and 2012 (until FO) when Novak was facing him on the big stages.
The depth outside the big 4 is very lacking but as a trade-off you have a great top 4 (well great top 3 at the moment but I believe Nadal will return).
Dude, he doesn't own Fed even now, since the start of Novak's domination in 2011 he's 3-2 in slams against Fed and had to save 2 MPs in one of those wins, that's certainly not ownage against Fed who isn't as good as he was in his best years.
Also Stan was zoning but his best level isn't as potent as Fed's best level, jeez.
The h2h is misleading. Novak lost a few of those early in his career. I still think a prime Novak defeats a prime Fed on the average. Novak is mentally stonger and Rog would fold under the pressue which Djokovic is more immune to. It's not always about the game.
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AR-Pine Bluff 63
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Hawaii 70
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12:00 AM ET, November 25, 2010
Stan Sheriff Center, Honolulu, Hawaii
Top Performers
Arkansas-Pine Bluff: S. Townsend 25 Pts, 1 Reb, 1 Ast, 2 Stl
Hawaii: J. Thomas 16 Pts, 6 Reb, 1 Ast
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Most of the ladies who walked the red carpet at the "50 Years With Kuya Germs" tribute show held Wednesday night at the Newport Performing Arts Theater of Resorts World Manila wore the sweetest candy colors.
Pastels—lavender, peach, mint green, dusty rose, baby blue and salmon—seem to be the hottest shades this summer in show biz.
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Unveiled on September 27, 2014, the Center is India's first hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) "centre of excellence" providing state-of-the-art care to HCM patients in India, comparable to that provided to such patients in the West.
Read their recently-published article from the European Heart Journal.
He has been Director of the Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center at the Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation for over 20 years and is Adjunct Professor of Medicine at both Tufts School of Medicine and Mayo Clinic.
Kalra Hospital offers a comprehensive international elective program for foreign medical students seeking an engaging, challenging, and positive supplement to their domestic medical education.
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text: Detail strip and clean. [Archive] - Glock Talk Glock Talk > Firearms Forums > 1911 Forums > Detail strip and clean. PDA View Full Version : Detail strip and clean. Quack05-26-2011, 15:59http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V4WPQxAyJks akapennypincher05-26-2011, 16:09Nice effort. okie05-26-2011, 18:41Awesome video for sure:wavey: thecableguy05-26-2011, 18:55Thanks for the link Don. JT191105-26-2011, 19:12Good stuff. :thumbsup: Quack05-26-2011, 19:14You all are missing the point. Ron Phillips went back to Wilson not to make guns, but clean them :animlol: HotRoderX05-26-2011, 19:18I might be using the wrong terminology if so sorry I am learning. I like the way the guide rod is removed using a hex wrench. Wish mine broke down that way. Quack05-26-2011, 19:21Does the RIA have a FLGR? HotRoderX05-26-2011, 19:26Does the RIA have a FLGR? Pretty sure it does have a FLGR like I said still learning :crying: feel pretty stupied right now not being able to give a sure fire answer. Linger05-26-2011, 19:38Really good video... thanks for postin' it. Jason D05-26-2011, 19:46You all are missing the point. Ron Phillips went back to Wilson not to make guns, but clean them :animlol: People that can't manage to clean their own guns, may be better off with a squirt gun. buyobuyo05-27-2011, 17:52Good video. Would be better with less mumbling and more explanation of what tools he's using/what he's doing. Does the RIA have a FLGR? The FS Tactical models have a full length guide rod, but it is one piece. ptmccain05-27-2011, 18:21Thanks. vBulletin® v3.8.7, Copyright ©2000-2015, vBulletin Solutions, Inc.


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Book your room at Pine Needles Lodge & Golf Club
Standard Room, 1 King BedMax Occupancy: 2 guests (up to 1 child, 1 infant)
Deluxe Room, 2 Double or 2 Queen BedsMax Occupancy: 4 guests (up to 3 children, 1 infant)
Standard Room, 2 Double or 2 Queen BedsMax Occupancy: 4 guests (up to 3 children, 1 infant)
Suite, 1 King BedMax Occupancy: 2 guests (up to 1 child, 1 infant)
3.5-star hotel with golf course and free valet parking
Situated in Southern Pines, this golf hotel is 2.1 mi (3.4 km) from Reservoir Park and 3.1 mi (4.9 km) from Sandhills Horticultural Gardens. Pinehurst Resort is 5.2 mi (8.4 km) away.
Hotel Features
This hotel features a golf course, a restaurant, and a fitness center. Valet parking is free. Other amenities include a bar/lounge, a business center, and conference rooms.
Room Amenities
Rooms feature microwaves, room service, and TVs. Other amenities available to guests include safes, phones, and ironing boards.Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
Pine Needles Lodge & Golf Club features a golf course and a fitness center. The hotel offers a restaurant. A bar/lounge is on site where guests can unwind with a drink.
This 3.5-star property offers access to a business center. This Southern Pines hotel also offers tour/ticket assistance, a garden, and express check-out. Onsite self parking and valet parking are complimentary.
- 24-hour front desk
- Number of floors - 2
- Babysitting or childcare
- Bar/lounge
- Business center
- Conference space
- Express check-out
- Fitness facilities
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Free valet parking
- Garden
- Porter/bellhop
- Restaurant
- Golf course on site
- Free self parking
Free self parking, Free valet parking
Room Amenities
- Phone
- Microwave
- Bathtub only
- In-room safe
- Iron/ironing board
- Television
- Room service
Where to Eat
Pine Needles Lodge & Golf Club has a restaurant on site.
Room service is available.
Nearby Things to Do
Recreational amenities at the hotel include a golf course and a fitness center.
The recreational activities listed below are available either on site or nearby; fees may apply.
- Golfing nearby
- Golfing on site
Hotel Policies
Check-in time starts at 2:00 PM
Check-out time is 11:00 AM
Children and extra beds
- Children are welcome.
Pets allowed
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.


text:
Only War Final Release 2Sep 2, 2006 Full Version 24 comments
The long-awaited second release of Warhammer 40K-to-Generals Total Conversion Only War is available now for Command & Conquer: Generals: Zero Hour...
In the far future of the 41st millenium, mankind struggles to keep the enemies of the Emperor at bay, barbaric Orks are ravaging planets at the borders of the Imperium, the Tau are getting more and more confident in their pathetic little empire, Chaos and heretical thoughts spreads throughout the universe. At times like these there will be no peace.. there is Only War.
* Complete Total Conversion of Command & Conquer Generals: Zero Hour, set in the 41st millenium of the Warhammer 40k universe.
* The Resource collection system is different from that of Generals.
* Four completely new factions; Tau, Imperial Guard, Orks and Space Marines. The Imperial Guard are Cadians and the Space Marines are Ultramarines.
* And much more..
* Currently Available for download at Onlywar.cncguild.net
Release 02 has:
Functional AI (Skirmish play, Multiplayer with AI)
Functional New Music
More content (More units, a few more buildings)
Better Special Effects (Muzzle flashes, weapon projectiles etc.)
More maps
and more..
1 comment by Boomerang_Python on Apr 12th, 2007
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Thought for the Day: Thought begets Heresy; Heresy begets Retribution.
The servants of the Imperium have not been idle of late. The greenskin "Waaagh" is growing in magnitude and becoming a major threat to the subsector. This report includes images of a convoy ambushed by a greenskin force in the desert, losses were high for the commander was unaware of greenskins in the region. Convoys moving through the desert are advised to do so with greater caution, the greenskin invasion is perhaps more significant than we had feared.
The commander, though attacked unexpectedly, still performed admirably in forming a passable firing line to meet the three Ork Killa Kans that charged the ranks.
The Imperial Guardsmen were no match for the Killa Kans in close combat, but proving the power of drawing the line, the Leman Russes cut down the Ork walkers.
The front of the column was annihilated immediately, but the Sentinels performed admirably under fire, ultimately succumbing to Ork missiles.
The second firing line was still forming when the main wave of Greenskins hit them, if not for the superior skill and training of the Kasrkin, the line would have broken much sooner.
Many brave guardsmen died for the Emperor, but the vile Orks were ultimately driven back.
The Orks are very fond of grenades and explosives, whilst they may be of limited effect to vehicles, en-masse they pose a threat, and to infantry the weapons are devastating.
Be vigilant in the coming green tide commanders.
The long-awaited second release of Warhammer 40K-to-Generals Total Conversion Only War is available now for Command & Conquer: Generals: Zero Hour...
The long-awaited first public beta of Warhammer 40K-to-Generals Total Conversion mod Only War is available now for Command & Conquer: Generals: Zero Hour...
Be sure to check out the main site for more pics, news, forums and more!
u need zero hour to play this mod
do i need zero hour to play the mod or is generals enough?
This mod looks fantstic, good luck on it
Questions welcome
Promote Only War on your homepage or blog by selecting a button and using the embed code provided (more).


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Acquire This 1958 Chevrolet Bel Air And Aid Support The Future Of The Automotive Hobby
BRITAX infant auto seats can be utilised rear facing only from four to 35 pounds, and are compatible with all BRITAX strollers with the CLICK & GO technique. Appear at racing – 1 of the best techniques to limit engine overall performance is to need all autos to fit a distinct sized inlet air restrictor. Any person who sells a miracle fuel saver is essentially praying on vulnerable, gullible men and women who have no technical information. Appear at the proof: each day around the globe, thousands of engineers and technicians go to operate in the vehicle industry, in engine development centres. Their job is to get the next generation of engines with each other – basically to boost fuel efficiency and provide enhanced performance, which are flipsides of the very same engineering coin.
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Rather than adding a piddly amount of HHO in air intake – give it a controlled dose of nitrous oxide from an on-board cylinder for a much more complete burn and a significantly larger BANG from your little Beetle's engine! As pointed out by other people here who bothered to listen in physics and chemistry – a small quantity of HHO in the air-fuel mix is not going to make any important distinction to the energy released in a firing cylinder (most likely less than the ethanol impact in E95).
By introducing fuel cell method that you describe you generally introduce much more 02 and H2 into the engine. So the fuel cell you describe fundamentally operates like a shitty crappy supercharger that is absolute bonkers. I am adamant that HHO functions but when I tested it on the Adventra it inhaled" a fair bit of the water because of bumpy, steep, rough roads. I am going to modify it with cold induction and that will free of charge up space in the engingine bay and in that space I will fill with the needed gear for HHO intake. If you were right then each and every current car would be like an F111 with the afterburners on.read more


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Dairy Maid - This the local ice cream parlor.
Bowl-a-Rama - This is a favorite hangout for the main character and is also where his mother worked.
Lake Gossimer - Toby dances with Scarlett near this Antler landmark.
Trailer - This place is both a work place and a home for one of the characters.
Country Music Contest - This encourages the main character's mother to move.
Gold Box - This holds a Bible.
Encyclopedias - These contain the information one of the characters has learned about worldwide landmarks.
Plexiglas - This protects one of the characters from sightseers.
Grocery Sacks - The main character and a friend leave these for their newest friend in case food in the house gets low.
Bible - This gift was given by one character's mother.
Steps - This accessory helped one of the characters climb into the back of a...
(read more Object Descriptions)
This section contains 238 words
(approx. 1 page at 300 words per page)


text:
A framework for adaptive sorting
- Ola Petersson,
- Alistair Moffat
- … show all 2 hide
* Final gross prices may vary according to local VAT.Get Access
A sorting algorithm is adaptive if it sorts sequences that are close to sorted faster than it sorts random sequences, where the distance is determined by some measure of presortedness. Over the years several measures of presortedness have been proposed in the literature, but it has been far from clear how they relate to each other. We show that there exists a natural partial order on the set of measures, which makes it possible to say that some measures are superior to others. We insert all known measures of presortedness into the partial order, and thereby provide a powerful tool for evaluating both measures and adaptive sorting algorithms. We further present a new measure and show that it is a maximal known element in the partial order, and thus that any sorting algorithm that optimally adapts to the new measure also optimally adapts to all other known measures of presortedness.
Chapter Metrics
Other actions
- Burge, W.H. (1958) Sorting, trees, and measures of order. Inform. and Control 1: pp. 181-197
- S. Carlsson, C. Levcopoulos, and O. Petersson. Sublinear merging and Natural Mergesort. Algorithmica. To appear. Prel. version in Proc. Internat. Symp. on Algorithms, pages 251–260, LNCS 450, Springer-Verlag, 1990.
- Cook, C.R., Kim, D.J. (1980) Best sorting algorithms for nearly sorted lists. Comm. ACM 23: pp. 620-624
- Dromey, G.R. (1984) Exploiting partial order with Quicksort. Software—Practice and Experience 14: pp. 509-518
- Estivill-Castro, V., Wood, D. (1989) A new measure of presortedness. Inform. and Comput. 83: pp. 111-119
- Fredman, M.L. (1976) How good is the information theory bound in sorting?. Theoret. Comput. Sci. 1: pp. 355-361
- J. Katajainen, C. Levcopoulos, and O. Petersson. Local Insertion Sort revisited. In Proc. Internat. Symp. on Optimal Algorithms, pages 239–253. LNCS 401, Springer-Verlag, 1989.
- Knuth, D.E. (1973) The Art of Computer Programming, Vol. 3: Sorting and Searching. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA
- C. Levcopoulos and O. Petersson. Adaptive Heapsort. J. Algorithms. To appear. Prel. version in Proc. 1989 Workshop on Algorithms and Data Structures, pages 499–509, LNCS 382, Springer-Verlag, 1989.
- C. Levcopoulos and O. Petersson. Sorting shuffled monotone sequences. Inform. and Comput. To appear. Prel. version in Proc. 2nd Scandinavian Workshop on Algorithm Theory, pages 181–191, LNCS 447, Springer-Verlag, 1990.
- Mannila, H. (1985) Measures of presortedness and optimal sorting algorithms. IEEE Trans. Comput. C-34: pp. 318-325
- Mehlhorn, K. (1984) Data Structures and Algorithms, Vol. 1: Sorting and Searching. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany
- A.M. Moffat and O. Petersson. Historical searching and sorting. In Proc. Internat. Symp. on Algorithms, pages 263–272. LNCS 557, Springer-Verlag, 1991.
- Petersson, O. (1990) Adaptive Sorting. PhD thesis. Department of Computer Science, Lund Univ., Lund, Sweden
- Skiena, S.S. (1988) Encroaching lists as a measure of presortedness. BIT 28: pp. 775-784
- Title
- A framework for adaptive sorting
- Book Title
- Algorithm Theory — SWAT '92
- Book Subtitle
- Third Scandinavian Workshop on Algorithm Theory Helsinki, Finland, July 8–10, 1992 Proceedings
- Pages
- pp 422-433
- Copyright
- 1992
- 10.1007/3-540-55706-7_38
- Print ISBN
- 978-3-540-55706-7
- Online ISBN
- 978-3-540-47275-9
- Series Title
- Lecture Notes in Computer Science
- Series Volume
- 621
- Series ISSN
- 0302-9743
- Publisher
- Springer Berlin Heidelberg
- Copyright Holder
- Springer-Verlag
- Additional Links
- Topics
- Industry Sectors
- eBook Packages
- Editors
- Authors
- Ola Petersson (1)
- Alistair Moffat (2)
- Author Affiliations
- 1. Dept. Comp. Sci., Lund Univ., Box 118, S-22100, Lund, Sweden
- 2. Dept. Comp. Sci., Univ. Melbourne, 3052, Parkville, Australia
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My grandfather was adopted by a family in Naples, or Salerno, so we were told and given their last name. When i was doing some searching for our surname in Italy(Ferrizzi), I came up with no matches at all(cognome non trovato), except for a matching for a small village, or area in Calabria called Contrada-Ferrizzi. I can't tell if this is a village or just one street. Even looking on Google Earth is confusing.
I'm thinking maybe there is a small chance that my Grandfather was given this name, because his mother was from here, but that would leave so many questions open, like why would she go to Naples, and who was she?
Any information about Contrada-Ferrizzi would be a big help in my research.


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Overview of content related to 'microsoft'
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Microsoft Corporation (NASDAQ: MSFT, NYSE: MSFT) is an American public multinational corporation headquartered in Redmond, Washington, USA that develops, manufactures, licenses, and supports a wide range of products and services predominantly related to computing through its various product divisions. Established on April 4, 1975 to develop and sell BASIC interpreters for the Altair 8800, Microsoft rose to dominate the home computer operating system market with MS-DOS in the mid-1980s, followed by the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems. Microsoft would also come to dominate the office suite market with Microsoft Office. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Microsoft)
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Editorial introduction to Issue 19: Ariadne's Thread
Philip Hunter and Bernadette Daly introduce the articles for Ariadne issue 19.
Launching an Electronic Magazine: An Overview of Value-added Features and Services
Bernadette Daly looks at a variety of electronic publications as part of the research phase in the delivery of a new Web magazine.
December 1998, issue18, feature article


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From China's Yunnan province comes this grease-cutting, coffee-kicker tea. It is aged, ripe and high octane, featuring a rich earthy taste with briny overtones. Each tea "button" is individually paper-wrapped. There are many health benefits attributed to this tea; it lowers cholesterol and triglycerides, cleanses the blood, is great for hangovers and indigestion, and also a treatment for obesity. Give it a long steep with full boiling water. It's the perfect commuter tea. Simply place the tea unit in a glass thermos and fill with boiling water (let it steep overnight for "espresso" strength).
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Historically Black Colleges And Universities May Be More Supportive Of Students
An Indiana University study that analyzed differences in practices between faculty at historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) and predominantly white institutions (PWIs) found that faculty members at HBCUs were more likely to engage students in certain "educationally purposeful" activities both in and out of the classroom.
The study was conducted by Tom Nelson Laird, associate professor in the higher education and student affairs program in the Indiana University School of Education. Nelson Laird also works on the National Survey of Student Engagement and its related surveys. Co-authors include higher education doctoral students Mahauganee Shaw, Eddie Cole and Cameron Harris.
Educationally purposeful activities, those that lead to deep levels of learning and the production of enduring and measurable learning gains and outcomes, are part of the basis for the highly regarded National Survey of Student Engagement. The more that students are engaged with educationally purposeful activities, the better the quality of the institution.
Nelson Laird said studies based on the National Survey of Student Engagement have documented similar differences between HBCUs and PWIs from the students' perspective but until now, no studies have examined faculty differences.
"Faculty differences largely confirm what has been found among students," Nelson Laird said. "Compared to their counterparts at the PWIs in this study, faculty at HBCUs viewed their campuses as more supportive of students, used active classroom practices more, placed greater importance on reflective learning, and placed greater emphasis on personal and social responsibility."
Other findings included HBCU faculty viewing student relationships with each other, faculty, administrators, and staff less positively than faculty at PWIs. The faculty at HBCUs were disproportionately African-American, with larger proportions of Asian and Asian-American faculty compared with PWIs. A larger proportion of the HBCU faculty were from the hard sciences.
"These differences in who teaches at HBCUs contributes to the differences found between teaching practices and the view of student relationships between HBCUs and PWIs," Nelson Laird said.
He said the work is important for confirming evidence previously coming only from students. The findings also support the notion that diversifying faculty at PWIs would positively influence teaching and learning.
"This work also supports the idea that there is something particularly supportive about HBCUs," Nelson Laird said. "It likely has more to do with their approach to teaching and support and is not all about students relationships with others on campus."
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Is it just me, hostage Firework?!
The software that I have better results in my drawings layouts is Fireworks, Photoshop is very complex and boring work is bent upon layers!
Up Fireworks!
Just to let you know, Adobe discontinued the development of Fireworks.
Designing for the screen in 2013 is incredibly different to designing for the screen in 1998.
Fireworks was a great software, but Adobe is more focused now in creating more task-focused tools, for example, Edge Reflow (used specifically to adjust the responsive behavior of your projects).
Check out the complete article about the future of Fireworks in the official blog: http://blogs.adobe.com/fireworks/2013/05/the-future-of-adobe-fireworks.html
i love fireworks and will use it forever myself
I started my design career with Fireworks.
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The Halloween Trick-or-Treating Tailgate Party
Thursday, October 31 from 5:00PM to 7:30PM
This Halloween the whole neighborhood is invited to do your trick-or-treating in a fun and safe new way. Our first ever Trick-or-Treating Tailgate Party is coming up on Halloween NightThursday, October 31st. Everyone is invited to pull their car in to the Seminole Heights United Methodist parking lot and set up to celebrate the night tailgate party-style. The lot will open at 5pm, and everyone is welcome to bring dinner items for your group. Bring lawn chairs, tents, or whatever else it takes to help you have a great tailgate. After dinner, its time to break out the candy stash! At 6pm we will gather all of the little costumed candy consumers together to travel in small groups of 3-4, escorted by our youth group students and leaders, so that groups dont get too bunched up, to go from tailgate to tailgate for trick-or-treating. If joining us for the tailgate party, please bring treats for trick-or-treaters that will be coming to visit you. Well be inviting children and youth 8th grade and below to participate in the trick-or-treating part of the night, and we expect that we could have as many as 250 participants, so please plan on around that many guests coming by your tailgate with open hands, claws, paws, hooks, or hooves; depending on their costume! Hope to see you there!
Sarah Ellis


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Is this Jennifer Aniston the Actor?
Share your thoughts on this image?
28th April 2015 @ 11:02pm
Jennifer Aniston looks set to start spending a little bit more time behind the camera
22nd April 2015 @ 09:33am
There have been many rumours about Jennifer Aniston and Justin Theroux over the years and they are showing no sign of going away any time soon
17th April 2012 @ 05:02pm
Jennifer Aniston is said to be happy for Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie