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The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is caused by hemizygous microdeletions on chromosome 22q11.2 with highly variable physical and neuropsychiatric manifestations. We explored the genotype-phenotype relationship in a relatively large 22q11.2DS cohort treated and monitored in our clinic using comprehensive clinical evaluation and detailed molecular characterization of the deletion.
Molecular analyses in 142 subjects with 22q11.2DS features were performed by FISH and MLPA methods. Participants underwent clinical assessment of physical symptoms and structured psychiatric and cognitive evaluation.
Deletions were found in 110 individuals including one with an atypical nested distal deletion which was missed by the FISH test. Most subjects (88.2%) carried the 3Mb typically deleted region and 11.8% carried 4 types of deletions differing in size and location. No statistically significant genotype-phenotype correlations were found between deletion type and clinical data although some differences in hypocalcemia and cardiovascular anomalies were noted.
Analysis of the patient with the distal nested deletion suggested a redundancy of genes causing the physical and neuropsychiatric phenotype in 22q11.2DS and indicating that the psychiatric and cognitive trajectories may be governed by different genes.
MLPA is a useful and affordable molecular method combining accurate diagnosis and detailed deletion characterization. Variations in deletion type and clinical manifestations impede the detection of significant differences in samples of moderate size, but analysis of individuals with unique deletions may provide insight into the underlying biological mechanisms.
Future genotype-phenotype studies should involve large multicenter collaborations employing uniform clinical standards and high-resolution molecular methods.
Keywords:Velocardiofacial syndrome (VCFS); Multiplex ligation probe amplification (MLPA); Copy number variation (CNV); Molecular diagnosis; Neuropsychiatric disorders
The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS), also known as velocardiofacial syndrome (VCFS) and DiGeorge syndrome, is a genetic disorder caused by hemizygous microdeletions on chromosome 22q11.2, with population prevalence of about 1 to 4,000 births [1]. The 22q11.2DS has multisystem manifestations including conotruncal congenital heart defects (CHD), velopharyngeal anomalies, hypoparathyroidism, T-cell immunodeficiency, craniofacial features, cognitive deficits and high rates of psychiatric morbidity [e.g., schizophrenia, anxiety disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)] [2-4]. The clinical phenotype is characterized by variable expression and incomplete penetrance.
The mechanism mediating 22q11.2 deletions involves non-allelic homologous recombination of low copy repeats (LCR) in 22q11.2. The majority (90%) of the 22q11.2 deletions are of 3Mb (encompassing ~60 genes) occurring between LCR A and LCR D and often referred to as typically deleted region (TDR) while 8% are 1.5Mb in size (~28 genes) (LCR A-B). Some rare atypical deletions of shorter size and in variable locations have also been reported [5]. We have long been interested in 22q11.2DS as a model for studying the genetic contribution to psychiatric disorders and for exploring the correlation between the molecular characteristics of the deletion and the cognitive and psychiatric manifestations in the patients.
The classic molecular diagnostic procedure used for detection of deletions and duplications at 22q11.2 is chromosomal analysis coupled with fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) using a single fluorescent probe (N25 or TUPLE1) located in the proximal part of the typically deleted region. The FISH technique which is still in routine use in many laboratories is unable to detect deletions that are either proximal or distal to the particular FISH probe used. In recent years several new methods for detecting the 22q11.2 deletion have been developed: comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) [6,7], multiplex ligation probe amplification (MLPA) [8,9], multiplex quantitative real-time PCR [10,11] and high-resolution SNP microarray analysis [10,12]. The above-mentioned whole-genome methods are still at the research stage and require expensive equipment for performing the assay and analyzing the data. The MLPA method uses multiple probes to achieve a good resolution combined with the practicality and affordability of a commercial kit, which is rapidly and easily performed in any experienced laboratory.
We evaluated the utility of MLPA as an alternative to FISH in diagnosing 142 Israeli individuals who had been referred to our clinic with the initial suspicion of 22q11.2DS and also as a tool for characterizing the deletion size and location. The information of the size and location of the deletion in the 22q11.2DS subjects is hereby presented together with their physical and psychiatric clinical features. This may help in the search for a possible genotype-phenotype correlation of different deletion types. The clinical phenotype of individuals with the typically deleted region and other less common deletions are compared by quantitative measures and also by descriptive means. In addition, the physical and longitudinal neuropsychiatric phenotype of an individual with a rare short deletion is described in detail.
The study included 142 individuals referred to the Behavioral Neurogenetics Center (BNC) at Schneider Children's Medical Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel between January 2001 and December 2009. Mean age 16.1±9.7 years; 78 males (55%) and 64 (45%) females. Sources of referral were: (1) Individuals with FISH confirmed diagnosis of 22q11.2DS referred by clinical genetics departments in Israel; (2) Individuals clinically suspected of the presence of 22q11.2DS, referred by cardiologists, developmental pediatrics, psychiatrists and clinicians at a cleft palate unit.
The study protocol was approved by the Rabin Medical Center Review Board, Petah-Tikva, Israel and written informed consent was obtained from the study participants and their parents or guardians.
Clinical evaluation
Study subjects and their parents underwent a comprehensive medical and developmental intake with a structured clinical checklist composed of the comprehensive multisystem possible clinical symptoms of 22q11.2DS and developmental history [2]. Subjects were referred to further medical evaluations that included cardiac check-up (including electrocardiography and echocardiography), assessment for the presence of typical facial features, evaluation of cleft anomalies (including multi-video fluoroscopy and video endoscopy) and blood calcium levels as previously described [13].
Neuropsychiatric evaluation
All subjects and their parents were interviewed by skilled clinicians, who were trained until they achieved satisfactory inter-rater reliability scores with the senior investigator (D.G.), using the Hebrew version of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Aged Children, Present and Lifetime (K-SADS-PL) [14,15]. Adults and their parents (when available) were interviewed with the Structured Clinical Interview for Axis I DSM-IV Disorders (SCID) [16]. The ADHD module from the K-SADS was added to the SCID to evaluate the presence of ADHD.
Cognitive evaluation was conducted with the age-appropriate versions of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale [17,18].
Laboratory techniques
FISH analysis for 22q11.2 deletion was performed according to standard procedures in the cytogenetic laboratory at the Raphael Recanati Genetics Institute, Rabin Medical Center, Israel, using the LSI TUPLE1 (HIRA) or N25 commercial probes (22q11.2) and the LSI ARSA as a sub-telomeric 22q13.3 control probe (Vysis Inc., Downers Grove, IL, USA).
DNA extraction
DNA from venous blood was extracted using a commercial kit (Promega Corporation, Madison, WI, USA). All DNA samples were quantified by NanoDrop ND 1000 Spectrophotometer (NanoDrop Technologies, City, USA) and stored at −70°C.
MLPA analysis
MLPA is a PCR- based method designed to detect gene dosage abnormality by relative quantifications. The SALSA MLPA P250-A1 DiGeorge kit (MRC-Holland, Amsterdam, Netherlands) was used to identify copy number variations (CNVs) in the 22q11.2 region (30 probes) and in other chromosomal regions (4q35, 8p23, 9q34, 10p15, 17p13; 18 probes) according to manufacturer's instructions ( http://www.mrc-holland.com webcite). PCR amplification products were separated by capillary electrophoresis using ABI-Prism 3100 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) at the Hy Laboratories Ltd., Rehovot, Israel. The data were analyzed using the Coffalyser VBA analysis software V8 ( http://www.mlpa.com/coffalyser webcite).
Molecular analyses
Patients were tested for a deletion in 22q11.2 by the FISH technique as part of their routine workup upon admission to the BNC in order to establish the diagnosis of 22q11.2DS. The 22q11.2 deletion was detected in 109 of 140 subjects (77.8%) using either TUPLE1 (HIRA) or N25 commercial probes. The MLPA test was performed on all patients admitted to the BNC with suspected diagnosis of 22q11.2DS, irrespective of their FISH status, as a confirmatory test to FISH and as a tool for determining the deletion location and boundaries. Using the MLPA P250-A1 DiGeorge kit, a 22q11.2 deletion was detected in 110 (77.5%) of the 142 individuals examined. Duplications were not detected in any of the subjects. Additional probes outside 22q11.2 contained in this kit (from chromosomes 4q34, 8p23, 9q34.3, 10p15, 17p13.3 and 22q13) did not reveal additional CNVs (either deletions or duplications), using a criterion of 'more than one consecutive probe showing significant deviation from the normal values'. A detailed graphical representation of the MLPA analysis for 110 individuals with deletions is depicted in Figure 1. Most subjects (97/110; 88.2%) showed a similar pattern of deletion spanning molecular probes from CLTCL1 to LZTR1 representing the 3Mb TDR.
Figure 1. MLPA results for 110 individuals with 22q11.2 deletion. Shown below are 30 gene probes within 22q11.2 region (MLPA-P250 kit) which were used for identifying the copy number variation. The copy number is indicated by color: red- one copy (hemizygous deletion); white- two copies.
The deletions in 13 individuals (11.8%) differed from TDR and thus were referred to as non-TDR deletions. Four subjects had a 1.5Mb deletion located between CLTCL1 and DGCR8 probes (LCR A-B), four other subjects had a deletion between CLTCL1 and PCQAP (LCR A-C) and a larger deletion extending from CLTCL1 to HIC2 (LCR A-D+) was identified in 4 individuals (Figure 2). One individual (VC901) carried a short (~1Mb) deletion between LCR B and D+.
Figure 2. Schematic representation of 22q11.2 deletions detected by MLPA. Genes marked in blue contain MLPA P250-A1 probes. A typically deleted region (TDR) is indicated in red; non-TDR deletions are presented by other colors. FISH probes – N 25 and TUPLE1 (HIRA) are indicated by stars.
There was high agreement between the FISH and MLPA results. All patients identified by FISH (N=109) were confirmed by MLPA, but MLPA identified an additional individual with a 22q11.2 deletion (VC901, Figure 1, 2). This deletion could not be identified by FISH since its starting point is distal to the FISH N25 and TUPLE1 probes (Figure 2). All individuals that were found to be non-deleted by MLPA (N=30) were also FISH negative.
Since the P-250 MLPA kit lacks sufficient probes in the proximal end of the deletion we used the RT qPCR technique as a supplementary method. We studied the deletion status in the proximal breakpoint using SYBR Green labeled PRODH probe and the VPREB1 probe as a control [11]. It was found that the PRODH gene was hemizygously deleted in most (68/71; 95.8%) subjects tested. Out of 3 deletions that did not contain the PRODH gene two were LCR A-D (~3Mb) and one was LCR A-B (1.5Mb).
Genotype-phenotype analysis
Tables 1 and 2 summarize the cumulative physical and psychiatric data of the 110 subjects with 22q11.2 deletions grouped according to the type of deletion. There are 97 individuals with TDR and 13 individuals divided into four groups of different types of non-TDR deletions. The small number of individuals in each of the different non-TDR deletions and the inherent variability of the clinical data preclude rigorous statistical analysis. However, it can be seen that there are no large differences between the groups in terms of physical and psychiatric manifestations typical to the 22q11.2DS. It is of note that hypocalcemia was present in 27.7% (28/101) of individuals with 3Mb and larger deletions and in none (0/8) of the individuals with the smaller proximal deletions (1.5 and 2Mb) (Table 1).
Table 1. Clinical data for 22q11.2DS subjects - Physical features
Table 2. Clinical data for 22q11.2DS subjects - Psychiatric and cognitive features
Table 3 gives a detailed description of the clinical data of each the 13 non-TDR subjects. Individuals with the 1.5Mb deletion (LCR A-B) exhibited fewer cardiovascular anomalies compared to the other non-TDR subjects (1/4, 25% vs. 8/9, 88.9%; p=0.052).
Table 3. Clinical data of 22q11.2DS subjects with non-TDR deletion
Case report
Patient VC901 carried a distal LCR B-D+ deletion located between ZNF74 and HIC2 probes (Figure 2). We elaborate below on the clinical features of this patient because she carried a rare deletion with only two other similar cases in the literature [19,20] and may allow studying the impact of the deleted genes in this patient on its particular phenotype. Patient VC901 was referred to our clinic at the age of 10 years as a suspected 22q11.2DS by a trained speech therapist based on her physical and neuropsychiatric profile. FISH analysis using the N25 probe failed to detect a deletion in this individual. Patient VC901 was born with ventricular septal defect (VSD) that was corrected by surgery, cleft lip and palate, retrognathia, hypernasal speech, and short stature (below the third percentile for height, weight and head circumference). The facial features share some similarities with 22q11.2DS (see Figure 3). She has a broad square face, hypotelorism, narrow nasal base and broad nasal bridge, overhanging nasal tip, deviated nasal tip (state post cleft lip repair), short philtrum, narrow mouth, chin dimple and broad neck. Already at the age of 5 years she was diagnosed with dysgraphia and dyscalculia. Results on Wechsler testing at the age of 10 years were: full scale IQ 59 (verbal IQ 69, performance IQ 55). Psychiatric assessment at the age 13 years conducted by K-SADS indicated that Patient VC901 is suffering from severe anxiety disorders including generalized and separation anxiety disorders and specific and social phobias. In addition Patient VC901 was coping with ADHD, predominantly inattentive type. She also exhibited bizarre behaviors which were diagnosed as subthreshold psychotic symptoms. On second evaluation at the age of 20 years Patient VC901 was diagnosed with psychotic disorder not otherwise specified, marked by delusions of reference and recurrent episodes in which she threatened to stab her parents with a knife, with a Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) score of 89. Her cognitive performance showed some improvement compared to the first evaluation with full scale IQ score 67 (verbal IQ 73, performance IQ 65).
Figure 3. Facial appearance of Patient VC901 with atypical 22q11.2 deletion. Note the broad square face, hypotelorism, narrow nasal base and broad nasal bridge, overhanging nasal tip, deviated nasal tip (state post cleft lip repair), short philtrum, narrow mouth, chin dimple and broad neck.
Individuals with no detected deletion
In 32 (22.5%) of 142 subjects referred to the BNC with suspicion of 22q11.2DS no deletions were detected either by MLPA or by FISH. To illustrate the problematic diagnosis of subjects showing some 22q11.2DS-like phenotype but with no apparent deletion we selected 12 individuals with the most pronounced clinical manifestations typical to 22q11.2DS and present them in Table 4.
Table 4. Clinical data of individuals without 22q11.2 deletion
Interestingly, it appears that the variety and severity of the clinical symptoms in these subjects are very similar to those found in confirmed 22q11.2DS patients.
Analyzing a relatively large 22q11.2DS cohort allowed us to compare the FISH and MLPA methods, perform molecular analysis of the 22q11.2 deletion in our patients and examine the phenotype-genotype relationship.
The MLPA technique confirmed all the deletions that were previously detected by FISH in our patients while the FISH assay failed to detect one atypical deletion because it was outside the location of the FISH probes. Thus the MLPA is clearly superior to FISH as a diagnostic tool and a useful method for deletion characterization, essential for genotype-phenotype analysis. CGH and SNP array techniques can also detect atypical deletions but their costs are substantially higher. Other studies have recommended using MLPA as a diagnostic tool [8,21]. However, MLPA is limited in identifying the deletion boundary that is determined by the availability of probes in the deletion breakpoints. The MLPA kit that we used (P250-A1) lacked probes in the candidate PRODH gene located in the proximal breakpoint which was found to be associated with psychotic disorders in 22q11.2DS [22,23]. To solve this problem we used qPCR technique and found that the PRODH gene was deleted in most (94.4%) of the 22q11.2DS individuals, as was found previously [6,24]. The MLPA kit released after we performed our study (P324-A2) already contained several PRODH gene probes.
Molecular characteristics of the 22q11.2 deletion
We identified 5 types of 22q11.2 deletions. According to the results of the specific MLPA kit used, the proximal starting point for all deletions, except one, was located in the CLTCL1 gene probe, near LCR A (Figure 2). The distal breakpoints of the deletions were located in LCRs B, C, D and D+ thus determining the size and location of the deletions. Ninety seven out of 110 individuals (88.2%) carried the typical ~3Mb deletion (LCR A-D) consistent with frequencies found in other studies (77–88.7%) [20,21,24-27].
The largest deletion (LCR A-D+), a variant of the 3Mb deletions, was present in 3.63% of the subjects compared to 4.5-6.5% in previous reports [8,24]. The prevalence of the proximal deletions of 1.5Mb (LCR A-B) and 2Mb (LCR A-C), each 3.63% in our subjects, varied largely in other studies [20,21,24-27], probably due to different sample sizes and resolution of the mapping methods used.
Genotype-phenotype relationship
Studying the genotype-phenotype relationship in 22q11.2DS is a formidable task. The difficulties are obvious: there are up to 200 possible clinical symptoms [4], the clinical variability is large even in individuals with the same type of deletion and the statistical power is low because most individuals harbor the common 3Mb TDR and only a few with other entities. Yet, it can potentially shed light on the role of the genes that contribute to the physical and psychiatric symptoms expressed in this disorder. The quantitative comparison between 97 individuals with TDR and those with four different types of nonTDR deletions along several physical and neuropsychiatric-cognitive parameters did not reveal statistically significant differences. This could be due to methodological limitations such as sample size, and the complexity of the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms governing the phenotype in 22q11.2DS. Our results are supported by most previous studies that could not demonstrate a correlation between the size and the location of the deletion and the clinical features of the subjects [24,25,28-30]. However, Rauch et al. (2005) demonstrated a correlation between deletion characteristics and phenotypic expression by assessment of individuals with typical and atypical 22q11.2 deletions, showing that atypical CHD and mild dysmorphism are recognizable feature of atypical distal deletions [20]. Recently, a case-report of monozygotic twins differing in their deletion size and clinical expression was published, indicating a possible role of deletion characteristics for the phenotype [31].
In accordance with previous studies [32] hypocalcemia was found in 27.7% of patients with large deletions (3Mb, LCR A-D and LCR A-D+) but was absent in those carrying the proximal nested deletions (1.5 and 2Mb). Interestingly, neither was it observed in patients with distal nested deletions [33]. Although the number of cases is small, this observation may suggest that haploinsufficiency of genes both at the proximal and the distal part of 22q11.2 is required in order to cause hypocalcemia.
The presented clinical data of each individual carrying a non-TDR deletion are not in themselves informative but may be of help in the effort to build a common data base. More informed and educated conclusions could be made on this intriguing question by applying unified molecular methods for mapping the 22q11.2 deletion (high resolution methods such as CGH and SNP arrays and next generation sequencing) and using agreed clinical parameters and scoring system for characterizing the phenotype.
Individuals without 22q11.2 deletion
Before the era of molecular diagnosis patients were diagnosed as VCFS (22q11.2DS) solely based on their clinical symptoms. When molecular genetics methods were introduced it turned out that in about 20% of the patients classified as VCFS no deletion could be detected [20,21] and the question of the etiology of their phenotype is still unknown. Interestingly, when we examined a subgroup of these individuals it appeared that the variety and severity of clinical symptoms in these subjects are very similar to those found in confirmed 22q11.2DS patients. Subjects may have been misdiagnosed because they had a combination of relatively common symptoms, such as cardiac anomalies and neuropsychiatric disorders, that when considered together phenocopy the 22q11.2DS. It is also possible that these patients do carry very small deletions or even point mutations which are below the resolution of the methods used or they have other microdeletion or microduplication syndromes.
The case with atypical nested distal deletion
Patient VC901 carries a rare, small deletion that does not include the nested proximal 1.5Mb region which harbors several important candidate genes, thought to be sufficient for producing the syndrome [34]. This case portrays the complexity of the molecular mechanisms controlling the 22q11.2DS phenotype, indicating the possibility of redundancy in causative genes. Since the "classical" candidate genes are not deleted in this person other candidate genes residing in the nested distal region may be responsible for the physical features and neuropsychiatric manifestations. For example, of the candidate genes that have been shown to be involved in cardiac malformations (HIRA, UFD1L, TBX1 and CRKL) [35-39]CRKL is one that is located in the distal deletion region and has been found to affect cardiac neural crest derivatives in mice [36]. Its loss may be the causative event for the CHD in this case. In a similar manner, the neuropsychiatric phenotype may be affected by the deletion of PIK4CA and SNAP29 from the distal region which have been demonstrated to be associated with schizophrenia [40-43], and not by the putative schizophrenia genes PRODH, COMT, DGCR8 and ZDHHC8. Another genetic mechanism that may affect the phenotype involves control elements in the deleted region that act by cis mechanisms on the expression of the non-deleted candidate genes as in the dosage-sensitive interaction between Tbx1and Crkl in mice [44].
The longitudinal neuropsychiatric follow-up of this patient has raised the intriguing question of whether multiple genes in the 22q11.2 region are responsible for the emergence of schizophrenia in 22q11.2DS patients. Her psychiatric developmental trajectory is typical of 22q11.2DS namely, anxiety and subthreshold positive psychotic symptoms during childhood evolving to a full psychotic disorder in adulthood. Yet her cognitive developmental trajectory is not typical, as her IQ scores did not decline and even improved a little during young adulthood, whereas in typical 22q11.2DS patients there is a cognitive decline especially of verbal IQ [45, 46]. This might suggest that the neuropsychiatric manifestations in 22q11.2DS are governed by several sets of genetic elements. It is tempting to speculate that genes such as PIK4CA and SNAP29 that are deleted in our patient may be involved in the emergence of psychotic "positive symptoms" while others, such as PRODH and COMT that are not deleted, play a role in the cognitive decline process.
Two other 22q11.2DS cases with similar distally nested deletion have been reported but they are not readily comparable to the present case because of the probands' young age. One was a patient with TOF and facial dysmorphology, last assessed at 9 months of age [19], and the other a 6 year-old with typical facial features, significant developmental delay and increased anxiety suggestive of possible early signs of psychiatric illness [20].
The MLPA method was accurate and efficient in diagnosing 22q11.2DS in our patients and in defining ambiguous cases. In our opinion, for a mid-size laboratory it represents the best choice as an intermediary technique between the classical FISH method and the high throughput methods such as CGH, SNP arrays and deep sequencing.
Although the quantitative genotype-phenotype correlations in our cohort were not statistically significant, the clinical data presented may be added to the body of evidence continually accumulating by interested scientists. Individuals with unique deletions may shed light on specific issues as in the case of patient VC901. Her case suggests that there is redundancy of genes causing physical and neuropsychiatric phenotype in 22q11.2DS and that the psychiatric and cognitive trajectories may be governed by different genes.
We believe that the study of the genotype-phenotype correlation would be best conducted using a comprehensive approach of creating a multicenter consortium that will establish a large data base of patients to be characterized by uniform clinical standards and by state-of-the art molecular methods.
22q11.2DS: 22q11.2 deletion syndrome; ADHD: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; ASD: Atrial septal defect; ASDs: Autism spectrum disorders; BNC: Behavioral Neurogenetics Center; CGH: Comparative genomic hybridization; CHD: Congenital heart defects; CNVs: Copy number variations; FISH: Fluorescent in situ hybridization; FIQ: Full IQ; GAD: Generalized anxiety disorder; LCR: Low copy repeats; MDD: Major depressive disorder; MLPA: Multiplex ligation probe amplification; OCD: Obsessive compulsive disorder; PANSS: Positive and negative syndrome scale; PDA: Patent ductus arteriosus; PFO: Patent foramen ovale; PIQ: Performance IQ; Psychotic dis. (NOS): Psychotic disorder not otherwise specified; PTSD: Posttraumatic stress disorder; qPCR: Quantitative polymerase chain reaction; SA: Separation anxiety disorder; SNP: Single nucleotide polymorphism; SZ: Schizophrenia; SZaff: Schizoaffective disorder; TDR: Typically deleted region; TOF: Tetralogy of Fallot; VCFS: Velocardiofacial syndrome; VIQ: Verbal IQ; VSD: Ventricular septal defect.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
EM performed laboratory work including MLPA and qPCR analyses, data analyses and interpretation and initiated the draft of the manuscript. AF participated in designing the study and drafting the manuscript. MC and MP participated in laboratory work including DNA extraction and MLPA analysis and results interpretation. OZ and TG participated in providing clinical evaluations. LBV carried out the clinical characterization of patient VC901. AW participated in designing the study, data analyses and participated in drafting the manuscript. DG recruited and clinically followed the patients, carried out clinical evaluations and follow-up and participated in designing the study and drafting the manuscript. All autors read and approved the final manuscript.
This project was funded by the March of Dimes grant # 5-FY06-590 (to D.G. and A.F.). The funding body had no role in study design, data collection, analysis and interpretation of data, writing of the manuscript and the decision to submit it.
The departments and institutions where the work was done: Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah Tikva, Israel and the Behavioral Neurogenetics Center, Sheba Medical Center.
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Garavelli L, Rosato S, Wischmeijer A, Gelmini C, Esposito A, Mazzanti L, Franchi F, De Crescenzo A, Palumbo O, Carella M, et al.: 22q11.2 Distal Deletion Syndrome: Description of a New Case with Truncus Arteriosus Type 2 and Review.
Yamagishi C, Hierck BP, Gittenberger-De Groot AC, Yamagishi H, Srivastava D: Functional attenuation of UFD1l, a 22q11.2 deletion syndrome candidate gene, leads to cardiac outflow septation defects in chicken embryos.
Guris DL, Fantes J, Tara D, Druker BJ, Imamoto A: Mice lacking the homologue of the human 22q11.2 gene CRKL phenocopy neurocristopathies of DiGeorge syndrome.
Farrell MJ, Stadt H, Wallis KT, Scambler P, Hixon RL, Wolfe R, Leatherbury L, Kirby ML: HIRA, a DiGeorge syndrome candidate gene, is required for cardiac outflow tract septation.
Guo T, McDonald-McGinn D, Blonska A, Shanske A, Bassett AS, Chow E, Bowser M, Sheridan M, Beemer F, Devriendt K, et al.: Genotype and cardiovascular phenotype correlations with TBX1 in 1,022 velo-cardio-facial/DiGeorge/22q11.2 deletion syndrome patients.
Jungerius BJ, Hoogendoorn ML, Bakker SC, Van't Slot R, Bardoel AF, Ophoff RA, Wijmenga C, Kahn RS, Sinke RJ: An association screen of myelin-related genes implicates the chromosome 22q11 PIK4CA gene in schizophrenia.
Vorstman JA, Chow EW, Ophoff RA, van Engeland H, Beemer FA, Kahn RS, Sinke RJ, Bassett AS: Association of the PIK4CA schizophrenia-susceptibility gene in adults with the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.
Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2009, 150B(3):430-433.
Saito T, Guan F, Papolos DF, Rajouria N, Fann CS, Lachman HM: Polymorphism in SNAP29 gene promoter region associated with schizophrenia.
Wonodi I, Hong LE, Avila MT, Buchanan RW, Carpenter WT Jr, Stine OC, Mitchell BD, Thaker GK: Association between polymorphism of the SNAP29 gene promoter region and schizophrenia.
Guris DL, Duester G, Papaioannou VE, Imamoto A: Dose-dependent interaction of Tbx1 and Crkl and locally aberrant RA signaling in a model of del22q11 syndrome.
Gothelf D, Penniman L, Gu E, Eliez S, Reiss AL: Developmental trajectories of brain structure in adolescents with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: a longitudinal study.
Gothelf D, Eliez S, Thompson T, Hinard C, Penniman L, Feinstein C, Kwon H, Jin S, Jo B, Antonarakis SE, et al.: COMT genotype predicts longitudinal cognitive decline and psychosis in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.
Pre-publication history
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:


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subset: commoncrawl


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Chinese automakers face headwinds to US sales
DETROIT Chinese automakers looking to make the jump to the key U.S. market are facing increasingly strong headwinds, including a global financial crisis that has slowed growth where they already sell cars and sapped the potential for partnerships that would ease their expansion.
But BYD Auto Co. and Brilliance Auto are making China's most prominent appearance yet at this year's North American International Auto Show – sandwiched between General Motors Corp. and Ford Motor Co.'s displays, instead of tucked away in the basement or outside the main exhibits. And they remain interested in eventually selling in the U.S., although that looks to be years away.
"We will start to develop sales and distribution networks in North America," Wang Chua-Fu, chairman and president of BYD Co., said Monday.
Henry Z. Li, general manager of BYD's auto export trade division, said the company has set a target of 2011 to sell two models that it's showing in Detroit – the e6, which is an all-electric crossover with a 250-mile range, and the F6DM, a plug-in hybrid sedan. By then, he said, BYD hopes to sell the Chinese-built vehicles in a market that's recovered from its current slide.
"I think the most important thing for us is to bring the right product and that product can prove itself," Li told The Associated Press on Sunday. "It's the product that builds the brand. It's not the brand that builds the product."
Both BYD and Brilliance Auto planned to present their vehicles at news conferences Monday, the second day of media previews at the Detroit auto show.
U.S. auto sales tumbled to 13.2 million in 2008, down 18 percent from 16.1 million in 2007. Some analysts predict this year's sales will hit 10.5 million, making the prospect of bringing new lines of Chinese vehicles into that market much more daunting.
"The U.S. for a long time was sort of seen as the combination of the Holy Grail and the cash cow," said Rebecca Lindland, an auto industry analyst with the consulting firm IHS Global Insight. "You could come here and, as the world's largest single market, you could make a lot of money here.
"All that being said, right now the U.S. is leading the charge in terms of this global recession. Suddenly, we are not a cash cow and it is a very expensive market to participate in."
Jesse Toprak, executive director of industry analysis for the Edmunds.com automotive Web site, said he sees potential for Chinese automakers to sell in the U.S. – especially those looking to market relatively inexpensive, smaller vehicles. But the Chinese will face a skeptical buying public.
"In this time of economic uncertainty, consumers tend to make safer choices. They don't know about the quality of the Chinese vehicles," Toprak said. "Initially, I think it's going to be an uphill battle for them."
Chinese companies are relatively new to the Detroit auto show, but their presence is growing more regular. In 2006, a lone Geely Automobile Co. sedan sitting outside the main exhibit halls marked the first time a Chinese automaker displayed in Detroit. This year, with the basement hall taken up by a driving track and several automakers skipping the show, China got a more visible spot.


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Slide over, you California Legless Lizard.
Scientists at UC Berkeley and Cal State Fullerton have identified four new species of legless lizards, including three in Kern County, an area once only thought to house the aforementioned state-named slitherer.
In the world of herpetology, the study of amphibians and reptiles, this is huge. Titanic, in fact -- with the possibility, however remote, that this revelation could hit the scientific equivalent of an iceberg.
Their discovery, which includes a species named for Bakersfield, is believed to be the first new lizard species in California in 27 years, and possibly the first-ever announcement of four new and separate species at the same time in state history.
Meet the purple-bellied Bakersfield Legless Lizard, (Anniella grinnelli), found in vacant northwestern lots off Rosedale Highway west of Highway 99, in the southwest near Cal State Bakersfield, in the Center for Natural Lands Management Sand Ridge preserve 15 miles east of Bakersfield, and on the banks of the Kern River near Highway 99.
There's also the Southern Sierra Legless Lizard (A. campi), which has a yellow belly with five stripes. It's found in northeastern Kern County, off Highway 178, and in southwestern Inyo County.
The gray- or silver-bellied Temblor Legless Lizard (A. alexanderae ) has been found at McKittrick and northwest of Fellows, in unincorporated Kern County.
The Southern California Legless Lizard (A. stebbinsi ) has a yellow belly and three stripes. It has been found in the El Segundo Dunes and in remains of the Surfridge neighborhood, where houses made way for the Los Angeles International Airport.
They join two existing species, including the California Legless Lizard (A. pulchra ).
These four new colored-bellied critters, which can curl up just like their snake relatives, live mostly underground. They eat small insects, are harmless to humans and can spend their entire lives in a habitat the size of your bathroom.
While sightings are rare, none is considered endangered. Presently, they're stars.
"They became new species as of Monday afternoon. It's really exciting, because this is the first time ever in the history of science, in the state of California, that four new species of lizard have been described in the same scientific publication at the same time," said Theodore Papenfuss, a research scientist who studies amphibians and reptiles at the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology at UC Berkeley. "People used to say, 'Don't you know everything about Southern California lizards?' Fifteen years ago, I would have thought so, but I don't any more."
Papenfuss and co-author James Parham, who is an assistant professor of geology at Cal State Fullerton, published research done since 1998 on Monday in the journal Breviora, a publication of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University.
Their work continues, but Parham, who taught at Cal State Bakersfield last year, said he's still amazed that the team found a new species of lizard here.
"Sometimes I have to pinch myself -- this is my work. There really is a purple-bellied Bakersfield Legless Lizard," said Parham, whose contributions included DNA research. "The San Joaquin Valley is one of the very biologically interesting places. We need to know about it, and appreciate it, and perfect it."
Officials at the California Living Museum said they believe the Bakersfield Legless Lizard is the only known animal species named after the city.
Papenfuss and Parham began their research 15 years ago, when Parham was still a graduate student.
Inspired by renewed curiosity in the scientific community about California biodiversity, the team borrowed a technique from earlier reptile and insect researchers, drawing out lizards by providing manmade ground cover against Central Valley summer heat. Papenfuss said he currently has out more than 1,000 pieces of cardboard and plywood, in Kern, Kings and Tulare counties.
Periodically, usually in fall and spring, he and Parham would visit their sites on rural, ranch, oil and agricultural land, rake the earth underneath, and uncover specimens.
The team was also helped by Cal State Bakersfield biology professor David Germano, who found Bakersfield and Temblor legless lizard specimens as early as 1993.
"If this stands, I would say 1993 to 1994 is when I first saw a specimen. It's just come out, and this is their opinions," Germano said, pointing out that in the scientific community, so-called "new" plants and animals may be downgraded, or "lumped," after further examination into sub-categories of existing species.
The opposite happened with the discovery of the last new California lizard in 1986, the Sandstone Night Lizard. Initially considered a subspecies of the Granite Night Lizard, it gained full species status in the early 2000s.
The professor who edits Breviora, Jonathan Losos, curator of herpetology at the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard, said he is confident the team's genetic and molecular research -- isolating characteristics such as different chromosomes -- will withstand peer scrutiny.
"I think there's no doubt that the authors have really nailed it, that these are distinct biological species," Losos said. "We expect new discoveries to come from the Amazon or the jungles of Africa or Asia. That's where most of them come from these days. But here we are in California, finding some. It just opens the door to many more questions, now we know there is this level of diversity we didn't know of before."


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Select Local Merchants
Half Moon Bay Brewing CompanyRead MoreFresh fare can be found at Half Moon Bay Brewing Company, where visitors seek to sample every seafood dish on the menu. Half Moon Bay Brewing Company worries about making delicious food, not counting calories. Unwind with a glass of wine or cocktail with your meal — Half Moon Bay Brewing Company has a wonderful selection of drinks to accompany your dinner. Bring the whole clan to Half Moon Bay Brewing Company — kids and parents will love the menu and ambience here. Al fresco eating options are also available at Half Moon Bay Brewing Company, which presents a lovely patio seating area for warmer months. Stay connected at no cost thanks to Half Moon Bay Brewing Company's wifi. No need to leave Fido outside — pooches are very welcome at Half Moon Bay Brewing Company. Half Moon Bay Brewing Company's dress code is casual — diners are welcome to dress up (or down) to their comfort level. Or, take your grub to go. Catering from Half Moon Bay Brewing Company will take your party to the next level. Free parking is available for patrons who dine at Half Moon Bay Brewing Company. Half Moon Bay Brewing Company is home to many cyclists who appreciate the parking racks outside. Most items on the menu are reasonably priced, so expect to spend around $30 per person at Half Moon Bay Brewing Company. Morning, noon, or night, you can head on over to Half Moon Bay Brewing Company since they serve breakfast, lunch, and dinner.390 Capistrano RdHalf Moon Bay, CA US
Trojak'knier WineryRead MoreTake a table at Trojak'knier Winery in Half Moon Bay and look forward to your next meal. Endless parking options are readily available close to Trojak'knier Winery. Trojak'knier Winery offers safe bike parking outside. If you go out for a nice meal, it doesn't need to cost $100, come treat yourself at Trojak'knier Winery.151 Harvard AvenueHalf Moon Bay, CA US
Gears and Grapes Getaways, IncRead MoreOn bike tours with Gears and Grapes Getaways, groups cycle through the iconic Napa Valley, internationally recognized as one of the nine Great Wine Capitals in the world, and the slightly-more-indie Sonoma Valley, home to nearly every type of grape grown in California. Groups typically stop at four boutique wineries during the tours, pausing at midday for a gourmet picnic lunch. Those who get tired of pedaling or who want to pretend they're on a stakeout can hop on the shuttle that follows close behind at any time. Guides also take visitors on tours of wineries and breweries in San Francisco proper.49 Lusk StSan Francisco, CA US
Magnolia Pub and BreweryRead MoreMagnolia Gastropub & Brewery: A User's Guide Housemade Craft Beers | Seasonal, Local Pub Eats | Weekend Brunch | Growlers to Go Sample Menu Snack: scotch quail eggs with beer-mustard aioli Entree: beer-brined pork chop with heirloom runner beans and baby kale Dessert: float with Humphry Slocombe Stout ice cream and housemade root beer What to Drink: You can't go wrong by sampling anything from the current draft list, which Zagat called one of the most "awesomely-curated" beer lists in the city. The Vibe: When Imbibe magazine's editors selected Magnolia as one of their 75 favorite breweries in 2014, owner Dave McLean told an interviewer that he wants to replicate the "comfortable and convivial atmosphere of a true 'public house'," complete with pints, brewery tours, and growlers to go. Inside Tip: Magnolia doesn't accept reservations. So if you want to get a seat without long waits, avoid peak dining hours. If You Can't Make It, Try This: Grab a whiskey and some stick-to-your-ribs barbecue at Magnolia's sister restaurant, Smokestack at Magnolia Brewing Co. (2505 3rd Street).1398 Haight StSan Francisco, CA US
Rogue Ales Public HouseRead MoreMeet Mo: The Naked Lady in the Bathtub In 1987, a few self-described rogues decided to start a brew pub. In 1988, they started brewing in a basement. But 1989? That's where Mo comes in. Swiftly outgrowing their basement digs, the founders sought a permanent place in which to brew, sell, and savor their beer all at once. In scoping out Newport's Historic Bay Front, one of these founders met an older woman named Mohava Niemi, best known as the founder of Mo's Restaurants. Mo invited him in, and the two got to talking over clam chowder—her hallmark dish. Mo confessed she'd always wanted to live above a bar. And as luck would have it, she owned a two-level building. Along with some shops and studios, her building had an empty, 1,100 square foot storefront on the ground floor—and three apartments on the top. Mo promised a generous discount, as long as they did two things. First, "feed the fisherman." That was Mo's way of saying they should help the local community. Second: hang a memorable picture of Mo in the bar for all eternity. Today, Mo's legacy endures, and not just through her black-and-white, garb-free grin. She helped strengthen the bar and brewery's revolutionary spirit, and she also paved Rogue's tradition of community involvement. This involvement, first seen when locals picked up hammers and extra shifts back in 1989, is also evident in Rogue's local farms. Between its farms, its dozens of beers, its spirits, and its tasting/meeting facilities, Rogue has become an ever-evolving testament to community, friendship, and above all, revolution.673 Union StSan Francisco, CA US
Bluxome Street WineryRead MoreThe Three Faces of Bluxome Street Winery Old-World Inspiration Bluxome Street Winery is a celebration of California winemaking history. More than a century ago, SOMA—then called South of the Slot—was the center of new-world wineries. To pay homage to that legendary time, Bluxome draws upon rustic decor and old-school practices, such as sourcing high-quality fruit from small, meticulously farmed vineyards. Crisp Pinot Noir Bluxome also extends its reach to a Balinard vineyard in Russian River. There, three acres of pinot noir clones grow in an organic environment, producing the fruit that composes Bluxome's aromatic, smooth, and electric wines that linger on the palate and pair perfectly with steak. Community Marketplace The last Saturday of every month sees the winery explode into a community-focused farmers market filled with artisan food vendors. Pinot in hand, visitors are free to roam among vendors such as Sinful Salt and Crescent Farm, tasting the honey of Gerard'Z Honeybees and the jam of Grandma's Homemade. This eclectic gathering is perhaps a reason readers of the San Fransisco Bay Guardian named Bluxome one of the Best Wineries in 2013.53 Bluxome StreetSan Francisco, CA US


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Stephen S. Fulkerson of Dover, DE passed away Tuesday August 20, 2013 at Kent General Hospital. He was 58. Stephen was born August 20, 1955 in Big Spring, Texas to the late Richard Fulkerson and Nancy Kueny Fulkerson. He had worked as an IT for Capitol School District in the printing office. Stephen was an accomplished musician and musical mentor for many. He enjoyed watching the Dallas Cowboys, the Ravens and NASCAR. Stephen is survived by his companion, Bobbie Hobbs of Dover; his brothers, Mike Fulkerson and his wife Vanessa of Camden, Joey Fulkerson of Dover; sisters, Patti Anderson and her companion Tim Cano of Lewes, Salli Saunders and her husband Clark of Seaford; nephews, Donovan Anderson and his wife Andrea of Camden, Jonathan Anderson of Niceville, FL. The family requests casual attire to be worn. Funeral services will be held 2PM, Sunday August 25, 2013 at Torbert Funeral Chapel South, 1145 E. Lebanon Road (Rt.10), Dover. Friends may call from 6-8 Saturday evening and 1-2 Sunday. Letters of condolences may be sent and guest book signed at www.torbertfuneral.com
Location, ST | website.com


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Husan Mukhray - Download MP3 music or MP4 video:
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Husan mukhray tun la k naQab a gya.
rashid shamraiz.
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Punjabi stage Dance Husan mukhre tu la k naqab aa gaya.
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Activities and Amenities
|Within Facility
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part ofSHASTA-TRINITY NATIONAL FOREST, US Forest Service
Status: Open through Thu Dec 31 2015 Season Dates
OverviewThis historic guard station offers a unique stay in the oldest Forest Service building on the Shasta-Trinity National Forest. This charming two-story structure was built in 1916 under the direction of John T. Grey, District Ranger of the Mad River Ranger District on the old Trinity National Forest.
Visitors can relax on the front porch and enjoy the tranquil surroundings year-round.
Natural Features:
Forest Glen Guard Station is located in the Hayfork Area, an area rich in natural beauty. One of its three major watersheds is the South Fork of the Trinity River, which is adjacent to the guard station and considered to be one of wildest and most scenic waterways in northern California. The surrounding area is forested with ponderosa pine.
Nearby Scotts Flat Campground features the trailhead for the South Fork National Recreational Trail. This 7.2-mile trail parallels the South Fork of the Trinity River and offers numerous scenic views.
The cabin has electricity. The lower level has a large kitchen area equipped with a cook stove and refrigerator, in addition to an oak table and chairs. There is an indoor bathroom with flush toilet. There are two twin beds and a double futon, but sleeping bags can be placed on the floor to accommodate a total of eight people in the cabin. A fire pit and picnic table are provided outside.
Activities and Amenities
Know Before You Go
Getting There:GPS Info. (Latitude, Longitude):
40.36694, -123.31694
From Hayfork, California, take California State Highway 3 to the intersection of California State Highway 36. Turn west (right) on Highway 36 and to Forest Glen. Pass Forest Glen Campground, cross the Southfork Trinity River Bridge and turn South (left) after crossing the bridge on Forest Road 1S26. The Forest Glen Guard Station is the first cabin on the right.
Contact Information:
Mailing Address:FOREST GLEN GUARD STATION
Phone Number:Project Office: (530)628-5227
Additional Information
Weather Information


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With Australia seeking a white wash at the final Ashes Test at the SCG the team was dressed in pink as the match was dedicated to breast cancer and the Jane McGrath foundation.
Alastair Cook won the toss for the first time in the series and chose to bowl hoping his win in the toss would reflect also in a change in the match result.
Australia stepped in to bat and pile the runs but found themselves in deep trouble at 97 for five after England struck twice in the 15 minutes before lunch.
Steve Smith and Brad Haddin played out of their skins and took the attack to the English bowlers as they bailed Australia out of a tight spot with a 128 run partnership for the sixth wicket.
Haddin has been on song in this tournament as he has scored plenty of runs managing to save his team the blushes on many occasions. This time Smith who scored a century earlier in the tournament showed great maturity as he battled and batted with the bowlers to help Australia to 326 all out.
Steve Smith talks about his ton:
The 24-year-old playing at his home ground hit a six to reach 99 and a four to cross 100. Smith slammed 17 fours and one six in his 154-ball innings.
For England it was red-head Ben Stokes who also scored the first century for the visitors on this tour who had a field day with the ball this time. The 22-year-old took 6 wickets giving away 99 runs as he confirmed his arrival as an all-rounder.
Watch Ben Stokes talk about his six wicket feat:
The 5-wicket haul and century in this return Ashes is perhaps the best performance by an English player overall in this series.
England chose to drop Joe Root, Monty Panesar and Tim Bresnan choosing to give first caps to Gary Ballance, Scott Borthwick and Boyd Rankin while Australia were unchanged.
Alastair Cook talks about dropping players:
As the Ashes heroes and zeroes come closer to be named one thing is for sure that Stokes and Smith, the young men in their English and Australian team have put their hand up and performed casting the shadow of under performance on their much older and experienced teammates.
Interestingly Steve Smith has an English mother and Ben Stokes was born in New Zealand, but nonetheless they have performed with great grit for their respective teams in this series.
The first day of the final Ashes Test in Australia has shown that the legacy of cricket's oldest rivalry is still safe thanks to the performance of youngsters like Ben Stokes and Steve Smith.


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The biography of Bryher. This page has biographical information on Bryher, one of the best poets of all time. This PoetrySoup page also provides access to the poet's poems, best poetry, quotes, and video biographies...if available.
Bryher (September 2, 1894 – January 28, 1983) was the pen name of the novelist, poet, memoirist, and magazine editor Annie Winifred Ellerman. She was born in September 1894 in Margate. Her father was the shipowner and financier John Ellerman, who at the time of his death in 1933, was the richest Englishman who had ever lived. He lived with her mother Hannah Glover, but did not marry her until 1908.
Sorry, no poems have been posted.
More Bryher Information


text: Publications Search Results Users may wish to consult What's Included in the Bibliography. Results 1 - 1 Results per page: 25 50 100 Sort by: Pub Date (newest) Title Recent Additions Author Clear All Pub. Year Citation 2004 Krueger, P.M., Huie, S.A. Bond, Rogers, R.G., Hummer, R.A. . Neighbourhoods and homicide mortality: An analysis of race/ethnic differences. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 58, (3), 223-230. Full Text Options: DOI Worldcat Google Scholar Export Options: RIS EndNote XML [1]


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Live updates
£23m boost for NW businesses - Deputy PM
The government has announced a £23 million cash boost for businesses in the region.
Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg says the money from the Regional Growth Fund. will be
shared between 7 businesses in the North West.
Nick Clegg said:'We're seeing very encouraging signs that the British economy is on the road to recovery. Home-grown and British-based businesses are leading that charge for a stronger economy.'
- ITV Report
American business man set to take over Barrow AFC
Liverpool One: Shopper numbers up 18% on last year
Liverpool One shopping centre says visitor numbers to the Boxing Day sales are up 18% on last year.
It says 90% of its stores have sales on and car park spaces were full by noon.
- ITV Report


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JailInmate.Org to Include All Criminal Complaints in Their Incarceration Reports
Will Give People Details of the Criminal Complaint That Led to Incarceration
Los Angeles, CA (PRWEB) November 08, 2013
JailInmate.org will now include information on what type of criminal complaint led to an inmate being behind bars in the first place, the company announced yesterday.
"At launch time last month, we were only able to supply our customers with information about if someone was in jail or had ever been in jail," a JailInmate.org spokesman said. "But customers have contacted us and told us that it would be more helpful for them to know why the person was behind bars. So we have updated our database and reports with criminal complaint information as well."
The information will include the type of crime the complaint was filed for, what action the court took regarding the complaint, and if the person was convicted of the complaint, the JailInmate.org spokesman said.
"Some innocent people end up in jail for a short period of time after an improper criminal complaint is lodged against them," he said. "Then a judge will throw out the complaint and set them free. If that is the case, people have a right to know about it. They shouldn't just assume that because the person was in jail at one point that they are a criminal or guilty of anything."
There will be no additional charges for the supplemental information, the JailInmate.org spokesman said.
"We just want to give people as much information as possible," he said.
About JailInmate.org:
JailInmate.org is an online source for public records that specializes in delivering the most comprehensive background reports in North America. Generating hundreds of customers daily, JailInmate.org prides itself on providing the highest degree of customer service and report accuracy. Visit JailInmate.org today to chat with a live representative, call 1-877-829-7694, or email Manager(at)JailInmate(dot)org with any questions or concerns.
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Fedora 13+ multiple cards+ Xinerama = frustration
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Join Date: Jun 2010
Posts: 5
Fedora 13+ multiple cards+ Xinerama = frustration
I recently upgraded from a fully working setup in fedora 11 to fedora 13. I
have a dual socket, quad core dell workstation running xeons and three nvidia
graphics cards: geforce 9500GT, geforce 9400 GT and an nvidia GTX 260. The
three graphics cards powered five monitors through xinerama using the nvidia
driver in fedora 11 without any problems.
After I installed fedora 13 and did a yum update on everything, I disabled the
nouveau driver, installed the latest nvidia driver and enabled xinerama. When I
move the cursor across monitors, I get the following error:
[mi] EQ overflowing. The server is probably stuck in an infinite loop.
The cursor starts to flicker and does not respond to mouse movements, the keyboard goes dead.
My guess is at this point X is pretty much dead at that point. Sometimes it restarts on
its own after this failure, sometimes it just hangs and I have to ssh and init 4 to
bring it down.
I have done some research on this for a couple of days now and this error
appears to be a symptom, not a bug in itself. That is to say it is a catch all
error that can be triggered in a number of places.
Also, I ran into something similar when I temporarily upgraded to Fedora 12. I
did not pursue the matter though and reverted back to fedora 11. If it helps, I
have tried to re-apply the patch suggested here:
to the VGA arbiter in the past but it did not help. I could have easily been
simply doing it wrong. I do however hope that the patch made its way into the
nvidia driver by now but I still trying to confirm this.
Does anybody have any idea how I can get more information regarding this
error or any idea how to fix it? Needless to say I am growing desperate and
want to revert back to fedora 11 however I prefer to keep up with the times
since I use my workstation as a development platform.
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A Luzerne County trial for Wilkes-Barre Township Fire Chief John Paul Yuknavich was continued Monday because his attorney, Barry Dyller, has the flu.
Judge Joseph Sklarosky Jr. rescheduled the trial to begin Jan. 29.
Yuknavich, 49, of Wilkes-Barre Township, is charged with two counts of theft and one count each of receiving stolen property and access-device fraud after state police at Wyoming allege he stole $11,865 from the fire department�??s bank account and used the fire department�??s credit card at Sam�??s Club for $3,706 in charges for personal use, according to the criminal complaint.
The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania on Monday expanded its online case database to include information regarding landlord-tenant cases and civil cases of less than $12,000 that are filed in the state�??s district courts, according to the Administrative Office of Pennsylvania Courts.
Electronic docket sheets for more than 4.1 million of these cases will be available on the Unified Judicial System�??s website at www.pacourts.us by clicking on the �??Docket Sheets�?� button at the bottom of the page.
The online database also contains records for nearly 27 million traffic, non-traffic and criminal cases that have been filed in Pennsylvania�??s appellate, Common Pleas (criminal) and district courts. The records can be searched by court, case category and status, docket number and type, county and participant name, date of birth (if available) and date filed.
In 2012 the public accessed these case records more than 53 million times via the Internet, free of charge. The decision to expand online access to magisterial district civil and landlord-tenant cases is consistent with the Supreme Court�??s commitment to provide easy access to court records, the AOPC said.
All veterans receiving care at U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs medical facilities, VA outpatient clinics or who reside in a state veterans home are encouraged to participate in the fifth annual Local Creative Arts Competition on March 7 at the VA Medical Center, 111 East End Blvd., Plains Township.
The competition includes 50 art categories that range from oil painting to painting-by-numbers kits. There are also 120 categories pertaining to all aspects of music, dance, drama and creative writing.
The visual and performing arts components will be held 10 a.m. to noon March 7 in Liberty Hall at the VA Medical Center. All first-place winners will have their submissions photographed or videotaped for entry in the National Veterans Creative Arts Competition. Some national winners will be invited to attend the National Creative Arts Festival from Oct. 21-27 in Reno, Nev.
Applications may be picked up 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. Monday through Friday at the Recreation Therapy Office. To request an application by mail, call Amie Dorney at 570-824-3521 or toll-free 1-877-928-2621, extension 7429.
State Rep. Tarah Toohil, R-Butler Township, announced the Department of Veterans Affairs�?? Mobile Veterans Center, which provides services to veterans and their families, is scheduled to visit the Hazleton area on Jan. 15. The MVC will at the Laurel Mall, 106 Laurel Mall Road, from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m., weather permitting. It will remain until all veterans in attendance are served.
The Mobile Veterans Center features a 38-foot mobile counseling center, satellite communication and Internet service with the VA Medical Centers and has many other capabilities. It has a wheelchair lift and is handicapped accessible.


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Connect your HERO3 camera to your TV with this composite cable (Mini USB to RCA) for standard definition preview playback of your GoPro videos and photos.For HERO3 cameras only.
Buy GoPro Hero3 Composite Cable from Chain Reaction Cycles, the worlds largest online bicycle store.
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Proctor: Is the nonprofit business model obsolete?
Early in 2012, the nonprofit world was shocked by the bankruptcy filing of Hull House, a storied 123-year-old social services nonprofit. Blogs have been filled with finger pointing, suggesting that this event was avoidable. Maybe it was inevitable.
Peter Drucker wrote almost 20 years ago, "What underlies the current malaise of so many large and successful organizations is that their theory of the business no longer works. The assumptions on which the organization has been built and is being run no longer fit reality … Some theories … are so powerful that they last for a long time. Eventually, every theory … becomes obsolete and then invalid. When a theory shows the first signs of becoming obsolete, it is time to start rethinking the theory."
Hull House survived its first obsolescence, but it failed to recognize its second. The settlement house concept of Jane Addams was for prosperous people to work or volunteer in the city and live together in a house in a run-down, working class neighborhood. The great insight of the settlement movement was to create social ties between donors and recipients. This extended into very successful fundraising because donors were connected daily to the life of Hull House.
This approach evolved to having nonprofit employees doing most of a nonprofit's work, with donors connected abstractly and emotionally by reading and listening about a nonprofit's work. Hull House followed this change as well as the subsequent shift to providing services through contracts with government. As Louise Knight writes, Hull House reached a point where 85 percent of its revenue came from government contracts. When government cutbacks began over the past decade, Hull House tried without success to fill the gap through increased fundraising.


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- Years in Practice: 6 Years
- School: Naropa University
- Year Graduated: 2005
- License No. and State: 3449 Alberta
Ms. Sara Jungen
Psychologist , BA(hon), MA , RPsych
(403) 775-1913
Often described as having a calm presence, Sara Jungen, a Registered Psychologist, enjoys working with individuals, couples and families. Sara completed her B.A. (honours) in Psychology at the University of Calgary. After some time doing therapeutic work both locally and internationally, it became clear that in order to be of most benefit to others, she needed to further her training and delve deeper into her own process.
For her Masters degree, Sara attended Naropa University in Boulder, CO, an institute that strongly emphasizes personal work, believing that in order to help others, we fist have to look at out own demons and work through our own challenges.
By integrating traditional counselling tools with eastern techniques such as mindfulness, Sara empowers clients to implement the changes they seek, and gain greater self-awareness. Using EMDR, Sara supports clients in healing from trauma and regaining confidence and clarity. Sara looks forward to being part of your journey of healing and growth.
Take the first step to help. Call or Email Ms. Sara Jungen now - (403) 775-1913
- Sliding Scale: Yes
- Accepts Insurance: Yes
Verify your health insurance coverage when you arrange your first visit .
Ms. Sara Jungen's groups
Meditation for Mental Health Course
This six-week group teaches how to practice meditation and harness the power of your mind in order to manifest its potential. Through instruction and exercises, you will be introduced to a variety of meditation practices (such as mindfulness, informal meditation & loving-kindness) that will help increase clarity & self-confidence, decrease stress, and lead to a better understanding of yourself. Contact for next course dates. Investment: $290
Calgary, Alberta Canada T2N 3M7
(403) 775-1913
Calgary, Alberta Canada T2N 3M7
(403) 775-1913
- Mindfulness Meditation
- Depression
- Anxiety
- Addiction
- Career Counseling
- Divorce
- Domestic Violence
- Parenting
- Spirituality
- Trauma and PTSD
- Anger Management
- Child or Adolescent
- Domestic Abuse
- Grief
- Relationship Issues
- Substance Abuse
Treatment Approach
Treatment Orientation:
- Buddhist Psychology
- Cognitive Behavioral (CBT)
- Contemplative Psychotherapy
- Humanistic
- Mindfulness-Based Therapy
- Mindfulness-based (MBCT)
- Solution Focused Brief (SFBT)
- Individuals
- Couples
- Group
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Last Modified: 01 Apr 2015


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Where to Go
- Art, Culture & Heritage
- Educational places
- Nature & Wildlife
- » Beaches & Bay
- » Caves
- » Flower Field
- » Mountain (Doi)
- » National Parks & Marine Reserves
- » Other nature sites
- » River, Canal
- » Waterfalls
- Places of Worship
- Recreational & Entertainment
- » Animal camps and shows
- » Outdoor activity and adventure sites
- » Parks & Gardens
- » Zoos and Aquariums
- Royal Project, Research and Development
- Suburban Living
- Wineries & Breweries
Attractions Saraburi
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Baan Tummai Khudlom is a learning center, an interesting agricultural touristic place and a valuable folk wisdom location in Thailand where local people build certain trees technique as a profession. ...More info
This traditional Thai wooden house, between 80 and 100 years old, is presently the Thai Yuan Cultural Study Center. The property of the respected Achan Songchai Wannakun, the abode holds collections o...More info
This ancient road was constructed during the reign of King Songtham, commissioned by the king himself. King Songtham came to examine Lord Buddha's footprint, travelling by royal barge along the ...More info
It is located at Amphoe Sao Hai in Saraburi. It's the community of Tai Yuan which has been settled down for 200 years.The cloth has a beautiful design in the traditional Tai Yuan pattern. A gro...More info


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VOYALanguage arts teachers and librarians who have been searching for a text to use in teaching information literacy skills or technology teachers who have wanted a guide for explaining effective Internet searching skills will find an answer to their needs in this book. Designed to be used as a textbook or self-study guide, it includes exercises in each chapter that readers can complete to reinforce the lessons taught. This short but well-written book provides readers with a systematic and thoughtful way to approach any search for information. The author deals with issues such as planning a search, the importance of the library, using Internet resources, Boolean strategy, copyright, and plagiarism. The information is provided in short chapters, each with a list of further readings or excellent Web sites to access for further information. As an added bonus, the publisher provides a Web site at http://www.neal-schuman.com/riedling that includes all the links mentioned within the text. Especially good are Riedling's chapters on using the Internet, including tips on how to better define terms and how to evaluate the sites found. Give this book to students, parents, or anyone who uses the Internet for information. The book explains how to go from 10,000 hits to a focused search that saves time and energy. Riedling usefully provides students who are writing research papers with everything they need to go from clueless to informed, ensuring that they can produce a cohesive written paper that gives proper credit to the sources they used. Glossary. Index. Illus. Further Reading. 2002, Neal-Schuman, 130p,
— Chris Carlson


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I can't wait to see more of Devil's Third. The multiplayer in particular looked really great when they showed it last year.
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- Thu 9th December, 2010
Recent Comments
I totally forgot that this game was coming out this year. I did enjoy playing KEY with the kids though, so I'll probably pick it up.
Good-Feel should do material type versions of all the Nintendo characters, like a furry DK game, paper Star Fox, jelly Pikmin or hairy Mario.
Konami was great in the 80s but they've fallen so far I doubt many would even notice when they've gone, especially on Nintendo platforms.
That's true. The fact that Nintendo makes the best games means nothing to 90% of people, all they are interested in is buying the next console that has their favorite brand name on it whether it be Xbox or Playstation.
I think that it'll eventually lead to a crash though, as people will at some point get bored of continually buying the same sub par games. Hopefully Nintendo will be there to pick up the pieces again and save the industry.
I prefer the cut scenes to use the game engine rather than be prerendered, just because it used to be really jarring in the PS2 era when they'd be a beautiful cutscene and then the actual game be nowhere near it.
@bro2dragons @dizzy_boy
The Star Wars tables did start off as part of Zen 2 but they are now separate in every version (Wii U, 360, PS3, XBO, PS4) due to the 'balance of the force' feature.
The Rebels tables will be a day one purchase for me if/when they come to the Wii U.
Gimmicks. 3rd parties. Power/specs.
I'm starting to really not care about all those things that people take issue with. All I care about is that Nintendo makes some of the best games, so I'll likely be buying the NX.
I'm fine with them saving any new announcements for E3 and holding back some info about games that will release after E3.
What I'd like to see is release dates for games that may be releasing in the next 3 months like Mario Party, Splatoon, Xenoblade Chronicles and Mario Maker.
No Nintendo version - no buy.
Unless I can see a legitimate reason for a game skipping the Wii U/3DS then I skip it too.
Hyrule Warriors breathes new life into the series and attracts new players.
I'm presuming that means that future Warriors games will then skip the Wii U and be on PS4/XBO instead.
I really hope that Itagaki is right. I was very disappointed when FF4 and FF2 never made it to NA as it's one of my favorite series.
If we are talking about VC games then the PSN is far worse as it's once in a blue moon that they release PS1 or PS2 classics and when they do it's something like Dora the Explorer.
Technically the entire Wii catalogue was playable on day one, but it is more awkward than it should have been because of Wii mode and different point/money systems. The Wii shop should have just been combined into the eShop, with Wii only games labelled as such.
Didn't Miyamoto say that they would get a 3rd party dev to help finish the game? There's been no word on anyone coming on board though so I wonder if that's still the case or if Nintendo is going it alone.
It would have been a better Mario tribute if they'd put the game on the Wii U too.
Lego City Undercover is by far the best Lego game that they've made. I wish that more people had bought it so it'd get a sequel.
I bought Lego Batman 2 and Marvel but I wouldn't buy Batman 3 due to it not getting the dlc; when it's about $15 I'll consider it. It was a silly move by WB as I'd bought the previous games at full price (and the Wii U has had good sales of Lego games). It has all left a bad taste so I'm not sure if I'll get Avengers or Jurassic Park now either.
Most of these games are not available on other platforms and some of the ones that are (Okami, RE4, HOTD, Muramasa) are arguably better on the Wii anyway.
I picked Fire Emblem, Mario Strikers Charged and Paper Mario. What I'd really like though is Fatal Frame 2 and even more so Fatal Frame 4.
The PS4 sells on hype and the good games that might come at some point in the future.
The Wii U doesn't sell because it lacks the hype and people will wait until the new 'insert name of game' is released.
It's crazy that people will buy one system on the potential of what games might come but not another that will definitely have the games coming.
I never got a code, pretty disappointed as I buy a lot of games and I'm a huge Monster Hunter fan. Why not just release the demo on the eShop.
I doubt I'd bother playing the demo anyway though as I've got my MH4U N3DS preordered and will just want to get into the full game.
Axelay is a great shmup, it felt like an evolution of Gradius, so it's sad that the evolution didn't continue.
It's even sadder that Konami has fallen so far from greatness and are just a shadow of their former selves.
If you change region you can still play your existing games and buy games but you cannot redownload games from your previous region and lose any credit that you had in that region.
I had to switch my 3DS to US as I had a US points card and that was how it worked for me.
I didn't get much use out of the free PS+ games on the PS3 because I'd already bought most of the games I was interested in. It is good for discounts though and it did pay for its time on PS3 just in that alone; but for the PS4 it hasn't been as great yet.
Nintendo has been good to me though, with free online, free games and the dpp for a year.
There were lots of games on the Wii that supported the Classic Controller, in fact it was probably close to 100 not 2. Nintendo themselves probably published about 10 games that supported it.
As for inferior services/overcharging well online on my Wii U is free and always seems to work; whereas the PS4 is costing us $50 for online and doesn't even work a lot of the time. I know which one offers me better value.
They have a pic of the custom controller on their site. It uses 2 Wii remotes and 2 nunchucks.
Underground, overground, wombling free
The Wombles of Wimbledon Common are we
Making good use of the things that we find
Things that the everyday folks leave behind
I used to love the Wombles, Orinoco was always my favorite.
This game sounds great (even if it doesn't actually have Wombles in it) and I'd definitely pick it up if it releases in NA.
I'm most looking forward to the New 3DS and Monster Hunter 4 Ultimate.
I don't think that they are on disk unlocks but I'm not sure. The file sizes would be very small anyway because they are just skins.
When I preordered I could only get the Ocarina costumes but now I've finally got the Skyward Sword and Twilight Princess costumes that I really wanted.
I have a mix of physical and digital games but the dpp has been kind to me; giving me $125 in savings.
How does the dpp ending make digital purchases pointless? Admittedly it made retail games more enticing but there are still reasons to get digital, for example Lego Movie was $15 on eShop and $20 in store.
While the Wii remote doesn't offer perfect ADS (without some serious customization) I've never found it as laggy as some people make out, so I bought Duck Hunt and I'm having a blast.
The UK is pretty much a lost cause for Nintendo as it is Sony country, where it seems like the majority would rather play a steaming turd on a Playstation system than a great game on a Nintendo one.
To be fair though, the UK did always get gouged on console prices and games being late (if appearing at all) and I'm not sure how much it has changed.
For the rest of the world the 3DS is the best selling system with the best lineup of games. Isn't the Vita popular there? I'm not sure how that can offer more value with a higher price, less games and ridiculously expensive memory cards.
Nintendo's online practices are much safer than Sony's or Microsoft's. The PS3 automatically stores credit card details, as did the 360. Even worse on the 360 was that it was impossible to remove your details unless you owned a PC. The Wii U and 3DS however give you the option to store details or not.
As for how safe your purchases are, well I never lost any Wii or DSi games when I switched to Wii U and 3DS. All of my PS3/360 games are lost in the move to PS4/XBO though, with Sony giving the option to rent games that I already own for as much (or more in some cases) than I paid for them. If Nintendo tried pulling a stunt like that then people would be up in arms, but for some reason give Sony/Microsoft a pass when they do.
A HD version of an already HD game? So does that mean it's HDHD, displaying in 2160p or something?
I agree LCU is by far the best Lego game.
I'd have bought Lego Batman 3 day one if it had the dlc. Without it I'm waiting for it to drop to $15 before I pick it up.
RCMADIAX seems to be getting a lot of flak here, but even though his games are very simple they are at least reasonably priced.
I liked Blok Drop U, so I'll be picking up Blok Drop X Twisted Fusion.
From the videos it looks like it's better than the PS3 version (which at times almost looks like a PS2 game). I wouldn't buy it on the Wii U though until it at the same price as the other versions.
With the PS4/XBO both being very close to mid range PCs in terms of architecture I doubt that there will be the same kind of improvement that we got with past generations. So what you see now is pretty much as good as it will get.
At $11 it too pricey. I could have picked this up for free on PS+ a few months ago.
That's what I want to see too, the screen shots and the video looked pretty good; infact it's a lot closer to the PS4/XBO than I thought it would be, but the outside world will be far more telling.
I'll probably pick it up when the Wii U version is the same price as the other versions.
"I believe that Vita is the best handheld gaming experience, full stop, period."
He forgot to say "If you're on drugs".
I suffer from arachnaphobia so this isn't good news for me. I skip a lot of western RPGs because of their overuse of spiders as a generic enemy, so I hope that these are not widespread in MH4U.
What they need to tell us about is the dlc for the Wii U. If we get it then I'll buy the game at release for $50, if not then I'll wait for it to drop to $15-$20 before picking it up.
As the first Bayonetta wasn't a huge seller it's not surprising that the sequel would get fairly modest sales too. Add to that the UK is Sony country and it's even less surprising.
It's a shame because Bayonetta 2 is a fantastic game, but the best games don't always equal the best sales. I just hope that it did well in North America as I'd like another sequel too.
I got the first game for 'free' on PS+ and while it seemed a decent game it didn't really hold my attention for very long. I might give the sequel a try though once I'm done with Bayonetta 2.
I had it preordered so availability wasn't an issue. They looked like they had a decent number of copies on the shelves too.
What I've found in the past is that a lot of retailers will only get a few copies of a game. I had to buy Splinter Cell and The Wonderful 101 from the eShop because it was impossible for me to find them in stores when they released (they'd only get about 3 copies in).
I think that it has been damaging for the Wii U because if someone goes into a store it looks like there isn't much in the way of choice for Wii U games, as even though there's a bunch of great games out they're not being displayed on the shelves.
I think that there are opportunitys on the Wii U for indie sports titles due to the lack of EA titles. Unfortunately this doesn't look like it will/should be a success.
They need to get back to basics with fun 8-bit style game play but with more modern performance (so a NES or N64 look would be ok if it is smooth scrolling 60fps).
The PS4 might be a good purchase in a year or two but right now it's pretty lackluster and really seems to be selling on the greatness awaits hype. If it wasn't for DCUO and Netflix ours probably wouldn't be used much until next June. The one cool thing right now is the speed of the console, applications open really quickly (which is why it's being used for Netflix).
Meanwhile the Wii U is on a run of great games. I'm still playing through Hyrule Warriors and have Bayonetta 2, Smash Bros, Captain Toad all coming this year.
These are all good games. It's a shame they took so long to get to the Wii U though (except Stealth 2 which is new) as they've already given Lone Survivor and TWA away for free on PS+.
I didn't like the first Stealth Inc that much but I'd like to support Curve's Wii U efforts so I'll give it a look. The Swapper is supposed to be very good and I skipped it on PS, so that could be a buy too.


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احلا رقص عربى بنات بتعرف تهز ياوز
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www.orkin-design.de The device of the flexible display allows a new concept in notebook design growing out of the traditional bookformed laptop into unfurling and convolving portable computer. By virtue of the OLED-Display technology and a multi touch screen the utility of a laptop computer with its weight of a mini-notebook and screen size of 13 inch easily transforms into the graphics tablet, which with its 17-inch flat screen can be also used as a primary monitor. On top of everything else all computer utilities from power supply through the holding belt to an interactive pen are integrated in Rolltop. This is really an all-in-one gadget.
How to make Baja Fish Tacos. Visit www.summerkitchen.tv to experience a new video cookbook with delicious summertime recipes, perfect for your picnic basket or backyard BBQ table.
Avellar demonstrates rattan, cane, reed materials and tools


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Purina Pro Plan Senior
Average rating from 39 reviews.
(4.1 out of 5, based on 39 reviews)
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Good Food for Senior Dogs
posted 6 years ago
I tried Shadow on this brand of Senior food. He was a very picky eater. He ate this feed ok, but we kept looking and found something he liked better. He put his weight back on some with this, so it is a good food, just not to Shadow's taste standards.
Pros: Reasonably good food.
Cons: Not the highest quality
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Have used this a few times
posted 7 years ago
My Murphy enjoys this food. Good value and helps keep weight off.
Pros: special for seniors
Cons: none
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I introduced this food to my two cats, one is a senior at 13 years and the other is about 7 years. Both females. The 7 year old is a new addition, recently adopted :) Because of their age differenc… more ›


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The US Department of Justice announced Thursday that Sandy Berger, former national security advisor in the Clinton administration, will plead guilty to charges of unauthorized removal and retention of classified material. Berger is scheduled to appear in federal court Friday, facing the ...[read more]
The International Criminal Court is investigating possible human rights violations during Colombia's 40 year civil war, and has asked the Colombian government for its help. According to ICC chief prosecutor Luis Moreno, indicators point to upwards of 1,000 casualties, kidnappings and ...[read more]
In the wake of Wednesday's second interim report of the UN's Independent Inquiry Committee into the Oil-for-Food Program chaired by former Federal Reserve head Paul Volcker, the UN has issued a charge letter to Under-Secretary-General Dileep Nair, head of the UN's Office for Internal ...[read more]
Civil rights activist Fred Korematsu has died at daughter's home in California. The American-born son of Japanese immigrants who passed away Wednesday is best remembered for defiantly refusing to voluntarily submit himself to US internment camps during World War II. His conviction for ...[read more]
China's State Council Saturday approved the resignation of Hong Kong Chief Executive Tung Chee Hwa, submitted earlier this week. While Tung cited his failing health as his reason for resigning, some believe he was pushed out by the Chinese government for poor handling of the SARS outbreak and ...[read more]
UK Home Secretary Charles Clarke Saturday issued the first control orders limiting the movements of uncharged terror suspects under authority granted by the Prevention of Terrorism Act that was passed by Parliament Friday. The orders were issued against a total of 10 suspects previously... ...[read more]
At the instance of UK Members of Parliament, the Bar Council, the governing body for English barristers, is launching an independent inquiry into the legal advice that England's Attorney General provided to Prime Minister Tony Blair in 2003 on the legality of going to war with Iraq. The ...[read more]
The US Department of Justice announced Friday that the government will pay over $25 million to Holocaust survivors, settling a long term class action suit over the US Army's pilfering of the Hungarian Gold Train. The train contained valuables belonging to the survivors that was loaded by the ...[read more]
In an effort to deter would-be criminals, the Thailand Department of Corrections will soon be webcasting the lives of inmates via the internet, according to department officials speaking Monday. Webcasts will cover the daily life of inmates, up to but not including executions (under Thai law, ...[read more]
A Spanish court Monday indicted eight people suspected of providing material aid and logistical assistance to the September 11th hijackers. The indictment alleges that the suspects provided counterfeit documents and logistical support to terrorist cells in Spain and Germany that were instrumental ...[read more]


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Love Starts Here
Without a doubt, the holiday season is a time when all of us think of family. We try to come up with the perfect gifts for those we hold dear, count down the days until loved ones return home, and miss so terribly those we can no longer see and hold. Yes, the holidays are busy and often hectic, but absolutely this time of year reminds us that love is one of the greatest blessings we can ever receive, doesn't it?
It is for that reason that we have put "love" at the very center of our year end campaign: Love Starts Here. For far too many children around the world, unconditional love is a gift they have not yet experienced. Read more.