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An external reductant for an SCR vehicular NOx emission control system is selectively injected to SCR catalysts which are only at catalytically active temperatures thereby avoiding reductant absorption in catalytically unactive catalysts and improving conversion response time.
1. A method for converting NOx emissions in the exhaust gases of a vehicle powered by a diesel engine comprising the steps of:
a) providing a first SCR catalyst catalytically active when its catalyst bed temperature is within a temperature range of a first low temperature to a first high temperature;
b) providing a second SCR catalyst chemically different from the first SCR catalyst and catalytically active when its catalyst bed temperature is within a temperature range of a second low temperature to a second high temperature, the second low temperature being less than the first low temperature;
c) sequentially passing the exhaust gas in any order from one of the SCR catalysts to the other SCR catalysts;
d) metering a reductant selected from the group consisting of ammonia and an ammonia precursor(s) during warm-up of the engine to the second SCR catalyst until the first SCR catalyst bed is heated from ambient temperature to a temperature whereat it ceases to function as a heat sink; and,
e) thereafter and during warm-up, metering the reductant to any one of the SCR catalysts having a catalytically active bed whereby oxidation of reductant and substantial retention of reductant on the catalyst bed is avoided.
2. The method of claim 1 further including the step of simultaneously metering the reductant to the first and second catalysts if both catalyst's beds are catalytically active.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein the first and second catalysts are combined into a single catalyst bed and the metering step directs reductant against that portion of the catalyst bed which has ceased to function after cold start as a heat sink and is at a catalytically active temperature.
4. The method of claim 2 wherein the metering reductant rate to any SCR catalyst is a variable rate determined as a function of the catalyst bed temperature, space velocity of the exhaust gas through the catalyst and quantity of NOx present in the exhaust gas.
5. The method of claim 2 further including an oxidation catalyst downstream of the second SCR catalyst for preventing ammonia slip.
6. The method of claim 2 wherein the first SCR catalyst is a noble metal catalyst deposited on a metal oxide support and the second catalyst comprises an oxide.
This invention relates generally to a system (method and apparatus) for removing noxious emissions from the exhaust gases of a vehicle's internal combustion engine and more particularly to the reduction of nitrogen oxides to free nitrogen.
The invention is particularly applicable to and will be described with specific reference to a system for the removal of nitrogen oxides from diesel engines operating at lean air/fuel ratios promoting the formation of NOx. However, those skilled in the art will understand that the invention has broader application and could be applied, for example, to gasoline fueled engines operated under lean burn conditions.
The following documents are incorporated by reference herein and made a part hereof so that details known to those skilled in the art need not be restated when explaining the invention. The following documents however are not part of the present invention.
1) U.S. Pat. No. 4,961,917, issued Oct. 9, 1990 to Byrne, entitled "Method for Reduction of Nitrogen Oxides with Ammonia using Promoted Zeolite Catalysts";
2) U.S. Pat. No. 5,189,876, issued Mar. 2, 1993 to Hirota et al., entitled "Exhaust Gas Purification System for an Internal Combustion Engine";
3) U.S. Pat. No. 5,224,346, issued Jul. 6, 1993 to Berriman et al., entitled "Engine NOx Reduction System";
4) U.S. Pat. No. 5,491,120, issued Feb. 13, 1996, entitled "Oxidation Catalyst with Bulk Ceria, a Second Bulk Metal Oxide, and Platinum";
5) U.S. Pat. No. 5,516,497, issued May 14, 1996 to Speronello et al., entitled "Staged Metal-Promoted Zeolite Catalysts and Method for Catalytic Reduction of Nitrogen Oxides using the Same";
6) U.S. Pat. No. 5,788,936, issued Aug. 4, 1998 to Subramanian et al., entitled "Catalyst System for Converting Emissions of a Lean-Burn Engine".
It is well known that diesel engines which operate lean (i.e., defined to mean an air to fuel ratios above stoichiometric or lambda in excess of 1) and gasoline engines employing "lean burn" fueling strategies promote the formation of nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the products of combustion. One well known method for converting the NOx to harmless emissions, and the method to which this invention relates, is the introduction of a reductant, such as ammonia, to the exhaust gas stream containing NOx. The exhaust stream with the reductant, is contacted with a catalyst at elevated temperature to catalyze the reduction of nitrogen oxides with ammonia. This catalyzed reaction is referred to as the selective catalytic reduction ("SCR") of nitrogen oxides. The excess or residual ammonia present in the exhaust gas after SCR is released to the environment as NH3 slip or reacted with oxygen to form nitrogen, H2 O and possibly NOx across an oxidizing catalyst. Ammonia oxidation and SCR are competing reactions with the predominance of one over the other being controlled to some extent by the catalyst composition. See assignee's U.S. Pat. No. 5,516,497 to Speronello et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 5,024,981 to Speronello et al.
This arrangement is conceptually illustrated in FIG. 1A in which an engine 1, operated at lean conditions, produces exhaust gases into which a reductant 2, such as ammonia, is metered by valve 3. The stream of reductant and exhaust gases pass through a SCR catalyst 5 and then pass through an oxidizing catalyst (not shown) where hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO) and residual or excess ammonia are oxidized. This is the typical arrangement such as illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 4,946,659 to Held et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,189,876 to Hirota et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,224,346 to Berriman et al.; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,788,936 to Subramanian et al.
Emission regulations impose a limit on the quantity of specific emissions, including NOx, that a vehicle can emit during a specified drive cycle such as an FTP ("federal test procedure") in the United States or an MVEG ("mobile vehicle emission group") in Europe. These driving cycles specify an engine cold start. Catalytic converters, however, are most effective at elevated temperatures. The emissions produced by the engine while it warms to operating temperature can comprise a substantial portion of the total emissions produced during the entire drive cycle. To address this requirement emission systems employ several catalysts which are catalytically active at different temperature ranges. Insofar as SCR catalysts are concerned, a precious metal containing catalyst is catalytically active at lower temperatures compared to those formed with base metal oxides or zeolites.
A typical arrangement is illustrated in FIG. 1B which is similar to that shown in FIG. 1A except that SCR catalyst 5 now comprises a high temperature SCR catalyst 5A and a low temperature SCR catalyst 5B. As with FIG. 1A, an oxidizing catalyst downstream of SCR catalysts 5A and 5B can be provided. SCR catalysts 5A and 5B can be separate catalysts or separate beds within one catalyst and the oxidizing catalyst (not shown) could be configured as a separate end bed within one catalytic converter. While the placement of high and low temperature SCR catalysts can be varied, when an external reductant is added to the system, the high temperature SCR catalyst 5A is placed before the low temperature SCR catalyst. If the SCR positions were reversed, when the engine reaches normal operating temperature, the low temperature SCR's operating range or window is exceeded, and the ammonia will react with oxygen in the exhaust gas to produce N2 and H2 O or conceivably NOx. The SCR reaction with NOx to produce N2 and H2 O will not occur.
The configuration illustrated in FIG. 1B is specifically developed to minimize NOx emissions following cold start of the vehicle and represents a significant improvement over conventional systems illustrated in FIG. 1A. Nevertheless tests, as discussed below, have shown that the system is not responsive in a timely manner to reduce NOx during engine warmup following cold start. That is when the low temperature SCR catalyst operating temperature is reached during engine warm up, the low temperature SCR catalyst is not instantaneously reducing NOx. There is a time lag. Further, the system of FIG. 1B under certain load or driving conditions of the vehicle, and after the vehicle has reached operating conditions, may be ineffective to quickly respond to operating temperature variations to reduce NOx.
Accordingly, it is a principal object of the invention to provide a vehicular emission system (method and apparatus), which uses multiple SCR catalysts effective at different operating temperatures with an external reducing agent, that quickly responds to engine operating conditions to more effectively reduce NOx emissions than heretofore possible.
This object along with other features of the invention is achieved by a system (method and apparatus) for reducing NOx emissions in the exhaust gases of an internal combustion engine, particularly when the engine is in a warm up condition following cold-start which includes a first catalyst downstream of the engine over which the exhaust gas stream passes and which is effective in the presence of a reductant to substantially reduce NOx when the first catalyst is at a first temperature range. The exhaust gases also pass over a second catalyst downstream of the first catalyst before discharge to atmosphere and the second catalyst is also effective to substantially reduce NOx in the presence of a reductant when the second catalyst is at a second, different temperature range than the first. A reducing agent is provided by a metering arrangement that, in response to a command signal, injects the reducing agent into the exhaust stream either i) upstream of the first catalyst, or ii) upstream of the second catalyst but downstream of the first catalyst, or iii) upstream of the first catalyst and simultaneously, upstream of the second catalyst. The result is that the reducing agent combined with the exhaust gases passes over a catalyst in its active temperature region.
In accordance with another feature of the invention, the command signal is a temperature based signal, either modeled or sensed, indicative of the temperature of the first and second catalysts and the metering reducing agent arrangement injects the reducing agent only to that catalyst which is within its reducing temperature range whereby the reducing agent is not absorbed in a catalytically inactive catalyst delaying the system conversion response time or oxidized by a catalyst at a temperature higher than its catalytically active range resulting in a wastage of the reducing agent.
In accordance with a specific feature of the invention, the first catalyst is a close coupled SCR catalyst catalytically active at a low temperature range consistent with initial start-up and typical urban driving conditions. The second catalyst is an SCR catalyst catalytically active at higher temperature ranges consistent with higher engine operating temperatures in highway or high speed operation. The command signal injects the reducing agent only to the first catalyst during warm up of the engine following cold start and switches the reducing agent injection only to the second catalyst after the engine has substantially completed its warm up whereby the system effectively reduces NOx emissions following engine cold-start by converting NOx emissions to harmless emissions as soon as the close coupled catalyst reaches its catalytically active temperature range.
In accordance with yet another specific, but important, feature of the invention, the command signal controlling the reducing agent injection is derived from the NOx content of the exhaust gas, the space velocity of the exhaust gases and the temperature of the exhaust gases so that variations in engine load and engine temperature occurring during normal engine operation result in a metered reducing agent injection to only that catalyst(s) which is catalytically active to reduce NOx for that engine operating condition. Consequently, the system efficiently and effectively converts NOx emissions throughout the operating range of the engine.
Yet another feature of the invention flowing from the general inventive concept is that the metering rate of the reducing agent, while constant in the preferred embodiment and selected at a rate sufficient to reduce the quantity of NOx produced at that time by the engine, can be varied over the catalytically active operating temperature range of the SCR catalyst which is selected for injection so that the quantity of injected reducing agent is matched to the ability of the SCR catalyst to reduce NOx which to some extent is correlated to its precise temperature within its set range whereby reducing agent usage is conserved.
Yet another distinct feature of the invention resulting from its broad inventive concept is the use of the system in a single catalyst bed which injects the reductant to that portion of the bed which has attained a catalytically active temperature whereby the system can be utilized in systems employing a single SCR catalyst. Specifically, fixed reductant injectors located near the bed entrance, midway in the bed and near the bed exit are actuated as the bed temperature is increased from entrance to exit during warm up and thereafter are selectively communicated with bed portion at catalytically active temperatures.
It is a general object of the invention to provide a system (method and apparatus) to substantially convert NOx gaseous emissions produced by an internal combustion engine.
It is another object of the invention to provide a system for substantially converting NO emissions produced by an internal combustion engine to harmless emissions in a fast, timely manner during warm up of the engine following cold start as well as timely converting NOx emissions during temperature changes after the engine has reached operating temperature.
Yet another object of the invention is to provide a system for reducing a higher percentage of NOx emissions produced by diesel combustion engines than heretofore possible. Still another object of the invention is to provide an emission system particularly suited for diesel combustion engines which selectively applies an external reductant to catalyst beds that are catalytically active at different temperatures to assure timely and substantial NOx reduction over the entire operating range of the engine.
Yet another object of the invention is to provide a system which supplies a reductant to selective catalysts having different catalytically active temperature limits depending on sensed engine operating conditions to assure substantial reduction of NOx during normal operating conditions of the engine after engine warm up.
A still further object of the invention is to provide an improved SCR catalyst system with external reducing agent or reductant for reducing NOx emissions produced by diesel and lean burn gasoline engines using several SCR catalysts which are catalytically active at different operating temperature ranges, each of which is instantaneously activated when and as the engine causes the activated SCR catalyst to fall within its catalytically active temperature range and which is deactivated when the engine causes the SCR catalyst to fall outside its catalytically active temperature range.
An important object of the invention to provide an SCR catalyst system for diesel and lean burn gasoline engines which minimizes the use of an external reducing agent or reductant.
A still further and specific object of the invention is to provide an improved SCR system using only one SCR catalyst.
These objects and other features of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following Detailed Description of the Invention taken together with the accompanying drawings.
The invention may take physical form in certain parts and arrangement of parts, a preferred embodiment of which will be described in detail and illustrated in the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof and wherein:
FIGS. 1A and 1B are block schematic diagrams of prior art SCR systems supplied with an external reducing agent;
FIG. 2 is a block schematic diagram of the present invention similar in detail to that of prior art diagrams FIGS. 1A and 1B;
FIG. 2A is a block schematic diagram of an alternative embodiment of the invention similar in detail to that of prior art diagram FIGS. 1A and 1B;
FIG. 3 is a block schematic diagram of the invention in greater detail than that shown in FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is a graph showing the accumulative engine out NOx emissions as a function of time during the start portion of a drive cycle;
FIG. 5 is graphs of a series of experiments that show the effects of amplitude ammonia steps (varying levels of ammonia) inputted into a high temperature catalyst; and
FIG. 6 is a graph showing temperature out readings at select positions in the exhaust system during the start portion of a MVEG drive cycle.
In order that the invention be described in a consistent manner, the following terms, words or expressions shall have the meanings ascribed them when used in this Detailed Description and in the claims of the invention:
"SCR" means a selective catalytic reduction in which a catalyzed reaction of nitrogen oxides with a reductant occurs to reduce the nitrogen oxides, i.e., to N2, N2 O. The reductant can be supplied externally, internally or through a combination of external and internal sources since hydrocarbons within the exhaust gases can function as a reducing agent. As explained later, an SCR catalyst, while reducing when reacting with NOx is not necessarily solely a reducing catalyst. Oxidation reactions can occur.
"Cold-start" means when the temperature of the engine and catalysts are at ambient temperature.
"Warm up" means the time it takes the engine and the emission systems to achieve normal operating conditions from cold-start.
"Catalytically active" means with respect to an SCR catalyst, the combination of space velocity, temperature and NOx concentration at which the catalyst in the presence of a reductant begins to significantly reduce NOx emissions passing over the catalyst. "Significantly reduce" for purposes of this invention means a reduction of about 50% of the NOx emissions as determined by steady state testing using NH3 as a reductant.
"Catalytically active temperature" means the temperature range at which an SCR catalyst is catalytically active. If the SCR catalyst is below the temperature range it will not reduce NOx in any significant quantity. If the SCR catalyst is above the catalytically active temperature, it will oxidize the reductant. As is well known, if the exhaust gas temperature is significantly above the catalytically active temperature, the reductant can form NOx. See for example U.S. Pat. No. 5,224,346 to Berriman et al. incorporated herein by reference.
"Reductant" or "reducing agent" are used synonymously herein to mean any chemical or compound tending to reduce NOx at elevated temperature. In the preferred embodiment of the invention, the reducing agent is ammonia, specifically an ammonia precursor, i.e., urea. (As is well known, urea (H2 N--CO--NH2) readily hydrolyzes to CO2 and 2NH3). However, the invention contemplates any form of reducing agent or reductant so that the term includes not only ammonia and/or ammonia precursors but also fuel, particularly diesel fuel and fractions thereof as well as any hydrocarbon. In particular the reductant or reducing agent may be selected from hydrocarbons and oxygenated hydrocarbons falling within the group consisting of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alcohols, esters, ketones, ethers, aldehydes and aromatics. More specifically, fuel oil cracked with or without air to produce lower order hydrocarbons such as propylene, propane, ethene, ethane, acetylene butadiene and propanol are intended to be included within the definition of reductant and reducing agent. Preferably, the reducing agent or reductant is in gaseous form. However, the reducing agent can be injected in liquid form into the exhaust gases if the exhaust gases are at sufficient temperature.
Referring now to the drawings wherein the showings are for the purpose of illustrating a preferred embodiment of the invention only and not for the purpose of limiting same, FIG. 1B, as described in the Background, illustrates a preferred SCR catalyst arrangement for reducing NOx emissions. In that arrangement, SCR catalysts having different catalytically active temperatures are used in the emission system so that NOx emissions produced during warm up of the vehicle as well as NOx emissions produced when the engine is at normal operating temperatures can be reduced to satisfy emission requirements. This invention uses the same SCR catalysts as that of the prior art. While the SCR catalysts are necessary to practice the invention, they are not per se the invention in that special SCR catalysts do not have to be developed to practice the invention. The composition of such catalysts are believed known and will not be described in detail herein. Reference can be had to assignee's U.S. Pat. No. 4,961,917 to Byrne and U.S. Pat. No. 5,516,497 to Speronello et al., incorporated by reference herein for a more detailed description of such catalysts. Many SCR catalysts contain a zeolite. The zeolite (high temperature) or zeolite with precious metal (low temperature) is typically applied as a washcoat on a monolithic carrier having a plurality of fine gas flow passages through which the exhaust gases pass.
For purposes of describing the invention, the high temperature SCR catalyst shown by reference numeral 5A in FIG. 1B has a catalytically active temperature range of about 280 to 600 degrees Centigrade. The low temperature SCR catalyst shown by reference numeral 5B in FIG. 1B has a catalytically active temperature of about 100 to 300 degrees Centigrade. Note there is an overlap of temperatures within each SCR's catalytically active temperature range. This is a general range. Specific low temperature and/or high temperature SCR's may have tighter or closer temperature ranges falling within the general ranges cited.
Referring now to FIG. 4, there is shown several plots of data taken during a MVEG (mobile vehicle emission group) drive cycle, specifically the ECE portion thereof (which represents city/urban driving from cold start). The data was taken from a 2.5 liter direct inject Ford Transit diesel engine equipped with SCR catalysts in the configuration shown in FIG. 1B with urea used as the reducing agent. The high temperature catalyst 5A was an Engelhard catalyst supplied under the Engelhard brand name ZNX� described above and the low temperature SCR catalyst 5B was an Engelhard catalyst supplied under the Engelhard brand name NOXCAT� described above. Plotted on the x-axis is time in seconds from cold start of the engine. Two scales are plotted on the y-axis. On one scale, shown at the right hand side of the graph, is vehicle speed, dictated by the drive cycle in km/hr. The other y-axis scale is the cumulative total NOx emitted by the engine in grams. The vehicle's speed is shown by the trace passing through triangles indicated by reference numeral 20 in FIG. 4. The NOx emissions produced by the vehicle's products of combustion and upstream of SCR catalysts 5A and 5B is shown by the trace passing through circles and indicated by reference numeral 21 in FIG. 4. The NOx emissions downstream of SCR catalysts 5A and 5B which are exhausted to atmosphere are shown by the trace passing through squares and indicated by reference numeral 22 in FIG. 4. What FIG. 4 clearly shows is that, despite the presence of staged SCR catalysts, the prior art is unable to reduce NOx emissions until after about eight minutes have elapsed in the driving cycle. This is totally unexpected since low temperature SCR catalyst 5B is ideally suited for conversion of NOx at temperatures which occur earlier than 8 minutes into the drive cycle. The catalyst bed temperature is well within the catalytically active temperature of SCR catalyst 5B when the vehicle is 8 minutes into the driving cycle.
During a number of laboratory tests undertaken to examine how the discrepancy between theoretical and practical results demonstrated in FIG. 4 occurred, it was noted that the high temperature SCR catalyst 5A was influencing the low temperature SCR catalyst 5B. The conclusion was reached that the apparent poor performance of the second, low temperature SCR catalyst 5B, occurs because the reducing agent is being absorbed on the first, high temperature SCR catalyst 5A preventing the reducing agent from reaching the second, low temperature SCR catalyst 5B. This conclusion, which forms one of the underpinnings of the invention, is verified by FIG. 5.
FIG. 5 plots the results of laboratory tests of gas analysis in which synthetic gases simulating exhaust gases are analyzed. The condition analyzed is equivalent to the condition of the exhaust gas at the exit of high temperature catalyst 5A and before entering low temperature catalyst 5B as shown in FIG. 1B. A series of three tests were run from initial conditions of a constant space velocity of 60,000 hr.-1 with 500 ppm NO, 100 ppm NH3, 300� C. and with 10% O2 and H2 O. The high temperature catalyst was the same catalyst referred to above, i.e., an Engelhard ZNX� catalyst having 300 cells per square inch of zeolite. From the initial conditions, ammonia was increased to 500 ppm which produced traces indicated by squares in FIG. 5. The initial conditions were then reestablished and the ammonia was metered at a rate of 600 ppm (parts per million) with the results shown by traces passing through circles in FIG. 5. Again, the initial conditions were reestablished and the ammonia was metered at a rate of 800 ppm with the results shown by the traces passing through triangles in FIG. 5.
Referring still to FIG. 5, the x-axis is a plot of time commencing with the introduction of ammonia at the rates indicated above. On the y-axis, two scales are plotted. At the right hand side of the graph, the y-axis scale shows the concentration of NH3 present in the exhaust stream after passing through high temperature SCR catalyst 5A. At the y-axis shown on the left hand side of FIG. 5 the concentration of NO downstream of high temperature SCR catalyst 5A is plotted. The vertically extending plots dramatically verify the conclusion that high temperature SCR catalyst 5A stores the ammonia. The vertically extending curve designated by reference numeral 30 passing through squares in FIG. 5 indicates that the high temperature SCR catalyst absorbed the 800 ppm ammonia stream for about 275 seconds until ammonia began to again appear as a slip stream. Further, when the ammonia began to appear, the slip stream content increased dramatically indicating that the high temperature SCR catalyst had reached its absorption limit. The 600 ppm ammonia slip stream is indicated by reference numeral 32 passing through circles. It took about 340 seconds for the lesser concentration of ammonia to be absorbed by high temperature SCR catalyst 5A. As with the 800 ppm ammonia stream, the 600 ppm curve dramatically increases once high temperature SCR catalyst 5A reaches its absorption limit. Finally, the plot indicated by reference numeral 34 passing through diamonds shows that it took about 425 seconds for high temperature SCR catalyst 5A to reach its absorption limit. Further, at the lower rate of ammonia indicated by plot 34, the ability of high temperature SCR catalyst 5A to store the ammonia may be slightly increased to account for the difference in the slope of plot 34 compared to plots 30 and 32. Plots 30, 32 and 34 clearly demonstrate that high temperature SCR catalyst 5A does, in fact, absorb the ammonia. The result is that the high temperature SCR catalyst 5A delays the time for the ammonia to reach low temperature SCR catalyst 5B which is catalytically active at 300� C. whereas the specific high temperature SCR catalyst 5A is not catalytically active at this temperature. Also plotted is the nitrous oxide content of the exhaust gas passing through high temperature SCR catalyst 5A for the 500, 600, and 800 ppm ammonia streams which are designated respectively as 30A, 32A, and 34A. Plots 30A, 32A, and 34A are all somewhat similar and show a reduction in nitrous oxide while high temperature SCR catalyst 5A is storing the ammonia. The reduction in nitrous oxide is attributed to reaction of ammonia with the exhaust gases at 300� C. Plots 30A, 32A and 34A are shown to demonstrate that the reducing reactions, although not naturally occurring at the high uncatalyzed temperature whereat complete reduction occurs, nevertheless, are occurring over the catalyst and masks the conclusion that the catalyst bed is absorbing the reductant. When the high temperature catalyst is upstream of the low temperature catalyst as shown in FIG. 1B, then the high temperature catalyst effectively blocks the ammonia from reaching the low temperature catalyst.
As noted in the Background, moving low temperature SCR catalyst 5B in front of high temperature SCR catalyst 5A will not provide a solution in the FIG. 1B prior art arrangement because operating temperatures will exceed the catalytically active temperature of low temperature SCR catalyst 5B. Oxidation reactions will occur and produce either free nitrogen or, depending on the temperature, NOx. Significantly, the reductant is removed from the exhaust stream reducing the effectiveness of the second catalyst. The invention is schematically illustrated in FIG. 2.
Referring now to FIG. 2, a separate duct 10A is provided establishing fluid communication with high temperature SCR catalyst 5A and a low temperature duct 10B is provided in fluid communication with low temperature SCR catalyst 5B. Metering valve is changed to a bi-directional metering valve to establish metered flow communication from reducing tank 2 to i) high temperature SCR catalyst 5A via high temperature duct 10A or ii) low temperature SCR catalyst 5B via low temperature duct 10B or iii) to both high temperature SCR catalyst 5A and low temperature SCR catalyst 5B through high temperature duct 10A and low temperature duct 10B, respectively. Preferably, high and low temperature ducts 10A, 10B introduce the reductant upstream of their respective SCR catalysts. However, "upstream" is used in a generic sense and also covers direct injection into the brick or catalyst bed. More particularly, if the catalytic converter comprises several beds of different temperature SCR catalysts within one housing, i.e., a catalytic converter, the invention contemplates that the reductant can be directed to each catalyst bed at the leading edge thereof which injection would be deemed upstream of the catalyst.
While the prime force for developing the invention was to produce a system which fully realized the benefits of low temperature SCR catalysts during the warm up period of the engine so that the proposed emissions standards can be met, especially for diesel and lean burn gasoline engines, the system is a temperature responsive system. It has specific application after engine 1 has reached operating temperature when a variety of operating loads placed on the engine affects its operating temperature which, in turn, affects the temperature of the SCR catalyst. For all practical purposes, the system is based on the temperature of the catalyst bed once the space velocity of the exhaust gas and the emission content within the gases is known or estimable. Further, the temperature within the bed can vary for a number of reasons. However, for purposes of this invention, and given the fact that the SCR catalysts are effective over a temperature range, a single temperature will be used. It is to be recognized that the relatively large mass of the catalyst bed as well as the mass of the emission system, the engine, and the speed of the exhaust gases initially result in the catalyst bed acting as a heat sink after cold start and during the time the engine begins to warm up. However, once the system is at operating temperature, the catalysts beds act as heat exchangers between the exhaust bed and the exhaust gas. The invention utilizes multiple injectors within the catalyst bed with injection of the reductant into those catalyst beds which are at catalytically active temperatures. The system heat considerations must be considered when sequencing the injection of the reductant in accordance with the invention. This concept is made clear in FIG. 6.
Referring now to FIG. 6, there is shown several plots of exhaust gas temperatures taken at various positions within the emission system during the city/urban portion of the MVEG drive cycle, and particularly, that portion of the drive cycle commencing with cold-start for some period of time shown on the x-axis with the exhaust gas temperature plotted on the y-axis. Under these conditions, the temperature of the exhaust gas downstream of engine 1 and upstream of high temperature SCR catalyst 5A is shown as the trace passing through triangles and designated by reference numeral 40 in FIG. 6. The temperature of the exhaust gas at the exit of high temperature SCR catalyst 5A is shown by the trace passing through squares and designated by reference numeral 41 in FIG. 6. The temperature of the exhaust gas at the exit of low temperature SCR catalyst 5B is shown by the trace passing through circles and designated by reference numeral 42 in FIG. 6. The change in the catalyst from a heat sink to a heat exchanger is clearly shown by trace 42 which is affected by both catalyst masses 5A, 5B. Some conclusions can be drawn with respect to FIG. 6. First, a normal injection routine during warm up would comprise injecting a reductant through duct 10B to low temperature SCR catalyst 5B and then, during some transition time or transition temperature range, injecting a reductant through both high temperature and low temperature SCR catalysts 5A, 5B followed by injecting a reductant only to high temperature SCR catalyst 5A. Further, FIG. 6 illustrates that the invention has application even to the FIG. 1A prior art arrangement whereas only one catalyst bed 5 is used. The temperature distribution within the bed will vary as generally indicated by FIG. 6 and the reductant can be injected into that portion of the bed at optimum temperature to avoid ammonia oxidation in the very hot regions of the catalyst bed and ammonia absorption in very cold regions of the bed. A single SCR catalyst formulation can thus realize the benefits of the invention.
The benefits of the invention are illustrated in the table below which measured the NOx conversion of the FIG. 1 prior art arrangement compared to the inventive arrangement illustrated in FIG. 2. An MVEG drive cycle was conducted on the same catalyst described with reference to FIGS. 4, 5 and 6, with the same engine and included the simulated city/urban driving (ECE) and simulated highway driving (EUDC) portions of the MVEG drive cycle. The data shows, as expected, a significant increase in the city/urban drive cycle and also an increase in the highway drive portion of the test.
______________________________________ % NOx Conversion MVEG* (weighted ECE EUDC average)______________________________________Single Injection 16 66 45Prior Art FIG. 12 Stage 50 74 65InventiveInjection FIG. 2______________________________________
The invention has been specifically described to enable one skilled in the art to practice same. It should be clear that the ordering or the sequence in which the exhaust gas flows through multiple SCR catalysts is not important and that the benefits of the invention can be realized even if only a single catalyst having one bed is used.
Referring now to FIG. 2A, a general arrangement employing the invention in a single bed catalyst 5 is illustrated. In this diagrammatic arrangement, the reductant 2 leads to a manifold 4 in communication with an inlet duct 10A adjacent the inlet end of catalyst 5 for metering reductant to the catalyst inlet end through metering valve 3A. Manifold 4 is also in fluid communication with a mid-point duct 10B adjacent the middle portion of catalyst 5 for metering reductant to the mid section of catalyst 5 though metering valve 3B. Manifold 4 is also in fluid communication with an exit end duct 10C for metering reductant to the catalyst end portion through metering valve 3C. Metering valves 3A, 3B and 3C are actuated when the temperature of the corresponding catalyst bed portion(s) reach catalytically active valves. The catalyst bed temperatures can be directly sensed but, in practice, will be modeled through conventional algorithms using data obtained from several sensors. In the preferred embodiment, metering valves 3A, 3B and 3C are actuated at a set ratio in an "on-off" manner. However, it is within the broader scope of the invention to vary the ratio of the reductant as a function of the temperature of the catalyst bed as well as the other known functions which determine the ratio at which metering valves 3A, 3B and 3C are set, i.e., NOx content, mass flow, gas temperature, etc.
A more detailed schematic representing one particular catalytic arrangement is disclosed in FIG. 3. Referring now to FIG. 3, there is schematically illustrated a close-coupled SCR catalyst 50 which is a low temperature catalyst similar to low temperature SCR catalyst 5B discussed above. Downstream of close-coupled catalyst 50 is a high temperature catalyst 51 which is similar to high temperature SCR catalyst 5A. Downstream of high temperature SCR catalyst 51 is a conventional oxidation catalyst 52 for oxidizing HC, CO, etc.
Engine 1 is entirely conventional and is fitted with any number of sensors and actuators under the control of a conventional ECU (engine command unit) 60 which controls the operation of engine 1. For drawing illustration purposes only, the SCR system is shown in FIG. 3 as under the control of ECU 60. In practice, a similar device dedicated to controlling urea injection into the exhaust gas and preferably interfacing with ECU 60 is used. Alternatively, a stand alone processor with dedicated sensors and actuators can be employed. The acronym "ECU" will be used herein to mean all such arrangements.
ECU 60 (or urea control ECU) generates an output signal on line 71 regulating metering valve 70. Metering valve 70 not only variably meters the reducing agent or reductant but also directs the reductant to either close-coupled catalyst duct 72 or high temperature catalyst duct 73 or both as described above. Metering valve 70 can be any conventional valve known in the art, or alternatively, could comprise separate solenoid valves at each duct. Preferably, each duct 72, 73 terminates at an injector 74. The reducing agent is stored in tank 75. If the reductant is diesel fuel, the reducing tank 75 is the vehicle's fuel tank and the fuel pump in the vehicle can supply the pressure for the reductant.
Metering valve 70 is variably set by ECU 60 (or urea control ECU) to achieve the selective porting of the reductant at the desired rate. Generally, ECU 60 must have information indicative of the NOx content in the exhaust gas, the mass of the exhaust gas, and the temperature of the catalyst to variably control metering valve 70. In theory, the NOx content can be directly sensed by a NOx sensor shown as reference numeral 61. In practice, NOx sensors 61 do not commercially exist and NOx is modeled from several sensors and actuators such as the fuel setting for injector 65, mass air flow or pressure sensed by mass air flow sensor 67, and the engine torque or load as sensed by pick up 63. The exhaust gas mass can be ascertained from speed pick up 63 and mass air flow sensor 67. The temperature can be directly sensed by thermometers or alternatively, can be modeled using the ambient air temperature, engine coolant temperature from sensor 66 and, for start-up, fueling expended from cold-start. Algorithms based on mass heat transfer can then be employed to ascertain temperature. For example, see U.S. Pat. No. 5,765,370 to Hanafusa et al., incorporated herein by reference. Further and especially during cold start, it is possible to meter the reductant to the catalytically active SCR catalyst at the estimated temperature of the catalyst bed to further optimize performance of the catalyst.
The invention has been described with reference to a preferred embodiment. Obviously, alterations will occur to others skilled in the art upon reading and understanding the Detailed Description of the Invention. It is intended to include all such modifications and alterations insofar as they come within the scope of the present invention.
Patent Citations
Non-Patent Citations
Referenced by
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text:
Verified Reviews:
- Pool is free of charge - Beds were clean - Tv is small - Best value for money
- 15 minutes to taxim square - Masage and sauna - Free high speed wi-fi internet
- 3 minute walking to istiklal street - Room was clean - In each room there is a safe
- Not close to tourist attractions - Room view was fantastic - Ac was not that good
- Good hotel - Nice rooms - Polite and hot staff - Breakfast was good
Allstar Euro Plaza hotel is proud of its location in the central part of Istanbul and its splendid view over the Golden Horn.
Traditional Turkish hospitality and primary service, including a fully-equipped health club, state-of-art meeting rooms and excellent business facilities to make guests feel at home the moment they step inside.
All 158 guestrooms are dressed in neutral colors and provide unforgettable views of the historical parts of the city. They come with direct dial telephone, satellite TV and air-conditioning.
Dining options include the roof restaurant Sunrise, Aquarius restaurant and bar and a cosy lounge.
Year renovated 2010. Number of rooms 158.
The hotel is set in the eastern part of Istanbul.
Distance to:
- City Center - 3.6km
- Airport: Ataturk - 15.7km, Sabiha Gokcen - 31.5km
- Train Station: Haydarpasa Train Station - 5.5km, - 100 m
- Underground station: Taksim - 300 m, Osmanbey - 2.0km
Room types comprise 117 standard rooms, 39 executive rooms and two suites. They are decorated in tones of green and blue and equipped with mini-bar, hair dryer, bath tub and bath phone. Non-smoking rooms and rooms for disabled people are available.
Dining options
The Sunrise roof restaurant serves international menu in a relaxed atmosphere.
The magnificent Sunset Lounge is a perfect choice for light meals and informal meetings.
The Aquarius restaurant and bar welcomes guests to enjoy its quality service and relax after a busy day.
The hotel boasts three completely fitted conference rooms which can accommodate up to 300 people, and a business center. Technical supports are video, overhead and slide projectors, screen, video recorder, flip chart, speaker desks, microphones and white board.
A modern wellness center provides an indoor and outdoor swimming pools, a gym, two saunas, Jacuzzi and a steam bath, a massage room and vitamin bar.
Additional features
The hotel features 24-hour room service, laundry and dry cleaning, hairdresser, shopping center, baby-sitting and medical service.
from 3 pm
until 12 pm
|Dining facilities
|Business facilities
|Meeting facilities
|Leisure and relaxation facilities
|Room facilities
Room types comprise 117 standard rooms, 39 executive rooms and two suites. They are decorated in tones of green and blue and equipped with mini-bar, hair dryer, bath tub and bath phone. Non-smoking rooms and rooms for disabled people are available.
Standard Room
|Check Prices
Room with traditional interior comprises a sleeping zone, comfortable work desk, private bathroom.
Standard Room
|Check Prices
Room with traditional interior comprises a sleeping zone, comfortable work desk, private bathroom.
Executive Room
|Check Prices
Room with modern interior comprises a sleeping zone with three Single beds, comfortable work desk, private bathroom. Specially designed for the comfort of business-class.
Euro Plaza Hotel LocationWhat's nearby
- Current hotel
- Hotels nearby
- Airports
- Underground Railway Stations
- Train Stations
- Parks
- Attractions for Tourists
- Museums
- Convention Centers
- Stadiums
- Food and meals
- General
Hover above the icons to see hotel photo and details.
Click the hotel to go to the main hotel page.
What's nearby
What's nearby.
The property is about 500m to the famous Taksim Square, Galata tower and Istanbul Modern museum.
|Attractions for Tourists
|Popular areas
|Convention Centers
|Sport related
|Shopping Areas
|Underground Railway Stations
Local Attractions
Cagaloglu1.6kmFatih, Istanbul
Galata Bridge1.9kmIstanbulTurkey
Bosphorus Strait2.5kmIstanbul Bosphorus, Istanbul
New Mosque2.5kmEminonu IstanbulTurkey
Isbank Museum2.5kmHobyar mah Bankacilar Cad no 2, Istanbul
Near the hotel
Galatasaray Tram130 mTaksim, Istanbul
Beyoglu500 mIstanbulTurkey
Cicek Pasaji550 mHuseyinaga Mh, Istanbul
Sultana's Dinner and 1001 Nights Show590 mCumhuriyet Caddesi 40, Istanbul
St Anthony of Padua740 mIstiklal Caddesi, Istanbul
Beyazit750 mIstanbulTurkey
Museum of Innocence790 mCukurcuma Caddesi, Dalgic Cikmazi, 2, Istanbul
Restaurants Nearby
360 Restaurant
55% likes this, based on 736 reviews
Price Range: USD 27 - USD 102360 mIstiklal Caddesi , K8 No:11
Phone: 0090-212-251-1042
55% likes this, based on 113 reviews
Food: Vegetarian60 mKurabiye Sok. 3
Phone: 212-244-4082
85% likes this, based on 86 reviews
Food: Vegetarian80 mKurabiye Sokak No: 9/A
Phone: 0212 245 25 88
Cin Cin Restaurant
Food: Chinese70 mSehit Muhtar Mah. Zambak sokak. No. 5/A Taksim
Phone: 244 2185
8 Istanbul
Food: Thai, Vietnamese
Price Range: USD 26 - USD 10180 mErol Dernek Sok. 1/1 , Beyoglu
Phone: 0090 212 2498930
Getting there.
The hotel is plunged in Beyoglu quarter in the center of the city. Ataturk International airport is 20km away.
Getting around.
It is a seven minute drive by car from the city center and 29 minutes from Ataturk airport. Car rental service, indoor and outdoor parking are possible on site.
Why book with us?
- Low prices
- Enjoy our best price guarantee and special offers.
- Free cancellations
- Usually cancellations can be made without charge close to your arrival date (check policies).
- Guaranteed room
- You get instant confirmation directly from the hotel's reservation database.
Hotel Awards 2014TurkishHOTEL AWARDSRecommendedIstanbul
According to guest reviews, the hotel has been rated asBest Luxury Hotels in Turkey

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Economic forces are everywhere around you. But that doesn't mean you need to passively accept whatever outcome those forces might press upon you. Instead, with these 12 fast-moving and crystal clear lectures, you can learn how to use a small handful of basic nuts-and-bolts principles to turn those same forces to your own advantage.
Requiring no previous economics background, Professor Bartlett presents some of the fundamental principles and concepts that shape the lenses through which economists view the world. He then shows you how to use these simple analytical tools to understand what you see through those lenses. By learning to identify the many varied situations in which economics affects your life and how to wield the tools that can help you make the wisest choices in those situations, you'll enhance not only your understanding of daily life but your own success in living it.
Packed with case studies, helpful strategies, economic insights, and more, this series will equip you with a reliable toolkit for thinking more like an everyday economist and approach the issues in your own life with a more educated, seasoned eye. And after these dozen lectures with Professor Bartlett, things really will look very different. You'll see how basic economic ideas like incentives, risks, rewards, and rationality are not just the province of professional economists, government policymakers, or your local bank's loan officer, but instead lie at the root of nearly every decision you must make in your daily life.
Disclaimer: Please note that this recording may include references to supplemental texts or print references that are not essential to the program and not supplied with your purchase.
©2010 The Teaching Company, LLC (P)2010 The Great Courses
"Economists as Kindergartners"
I would recommend but only for a few of the "nuggets" relevant to everyday life that one encounters throughout the series.
"Skepticism 101: How to Think like a Scientist" and "Mistakes Were Made (But Not By Me)"
The sections on game theory, relative value and risk had some good information
In several key areas the professor engages the listener in descriptions of actions that are well-documented but proceeds to state that their cause is a mystery. In each case the scientific literature relevant to the answer can be found but is apparently unknown to the professor, although most were addressed in non-economic disciplines. (i.e. cognitive dissonance) Also, his lecture on the tragedy of the commons seemed to indicate that the solution is a larger and more complex common resource, government, which leaves the stakeholders more disparate then in the localized example given.
"A difficult subject made easy!"
I have found this the best set of lectures on economics so far. The presenter paces himself. explains a concept and then gives an anecdote. This has enabled me to comprehend relatively difficult concepts with ease.
I own a small business and have never really understood a lot of the terms used in the modern press that relate to finance. I wish I had learned this information at the beginning of my career. It would have helped me enormously.
I give this 5 stars.
"Clear, useful, accessible"
It was a pleasure to listen to this. I never found myself zoning out or wondering (as I often do) when the speaker will cut through the fuzzy jargon and get to the point. The points are all set out. This has helped me think more clearly in my own decisions, and express myself more clearly in my own business teaching.
"Great Narration!"
Yes. It has great examples with lessons that can be inculcated in life.
This is the best of the "Great courses" that I have heard so far. Great narration and awesome examples. Something for everyone to learn.
"Very eye opening!"
I learned quite a bit from this! I will definitely buy more of these lectures in the future. Thank you.
"Excellent narration, no-nonsense advice!"
Efficient, rational, and optimal! (to quote Dr. Bartlett)
This course allows you to cut through the bull in your life to help you make rational decisions. It teaches you HOW to think, based on your goals and objectives, and how to make the best, most efficient decisions. I've always hated my economics courses in college, but this was compelling and informative, and applies to everyone's life.
This course gets into real life decisions like whether to buy the extended warranty on the TV. Who hasn't struggled with that?
"Very interesting and informative"
I loved it! Great if you're a fan of the Freakonomics books. Would definitely recommend. Also, the instructor is very clear and easy to follow.
"brief, simple, down to earth."
This course is put together in a way that just about anyone should be able to follow it and get something out of it. I learned a good amount about rational thinking. I do wish he went a little more in depth but I can't really complain. there is a bit of carry over from other courses since they all use major behavioral research results but this just cements your understanding of those points.
"Great overview of economic thinking!"
Professor Bartlett quickly got into the meat of the topic and the material was quite easy to grasp. It really makes you think about priorities and how to best decide about how you will spend your time and resources.
"Could not be better."
Complex topic covered simply, easy to follow and useful. The lecturer is fantastic, excellent delivery and content.
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text:
|« Back to Article
UH football schedule taking shape with four games at Reliant
By Joseph Duarte | April 19, 2013 | Updated: April 19, 2013 8:35pm
Photo By Scott Halleran/Getty Images
UH will play four of its home games at Reliant Stadium.
The University of Houston is close to finalizing its seven-game home football schedule for next season, athletic officials said Friday.
With the release of the Texans' NFL schedule Thursday, four games have been set for Reliant Stadium - Southern (Aug. 30), Rice (Sept. 21), BYU (Oct. 19) and South Florida (Oct. 31).
In a letter to season-ticket holders, the school said it is working to finalize the location for the three remaining games against Memphis (Oct. 12), Cincinnati (Nov. 23) and SMU (Nov. 29). One of the games could be played at Rice Stadium.
The Cougars, set to play their first season in the American Athletic Conference, formerly the Big East, will open a 40,000-seat on-campus stadium in 2014.
Joseph Duarte


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Confront the UC Regents
Editor's Note: The UC canceled this meeting as we were going to press, citing public safety concerns, and protest organizers were figuring out how to respond. Check our Politics blog or www.makebankspaycalifornia.com for the latest.
The UC Board of Regents will be meeting at the UCSF Mission Bay Campus at 10 am, and students have been organizing for months to make their voices heard. The message: stop tuition hikes, budget cuts, and privatization of public schools; tax the 1 percent.
ReFund California and the Northern California Convergence will join up with OccupySF and Occupy encampments being set up on various college campuses this week to "Shut down the UC Regents meeting and take control of our education and our future." ReFund California is also threatening to march on the Financial District to shut down banks if the Regents don't support their five-point pledge of action (see "The growing 99 percent," 11/9).
OccupySF will be marching from their encampment at Justin Herman Plaza (Market and Embarcadero) to the Mission Bay Campus starting at 7 am. UC Berkeley students can board a ReFund California bus at 7 am at Bancroft and Telegraph in Berkeley.
10 a.m., free
UCSF Mission Bay Campus
1675 Owens, SF
(650) 238-4821
Changing Congress
San Francisco Progressive Democrats of America hosts a discussion with Norman Solomon, a prolific progressive political writer who is running for Congress to replace retiring Rep. Lynn Woolsey (D-Marin), a member and former chair of the Congressional Progressive Caucus. The event opens the floor for questions and concerns regarding future legislation.
7-9 p.m., free
Harry R. Bridges Memorial Building, ILWU, 4th Floor
1188 Franklin, SF
Addiction & Society
Our capitalist society may be to blame for our addictive tendencies and obsessive consumerism. Dr. Gabor Mate, an author and physician who focuses on mental illness, explains how our market economy drives us crazy and leads us down a path toward dependency. Speak Out Now's colloquium event will help listeners connect the dots between two of our country's most prevalent concerns.
5-7 p.m., $2 suggested donation
South Berkeley Senior Center 2939 Ellis, Berk.
"Gay Politics in Africa"
Beyond our own shores, homophobia persists to infiltrate government and subjugate people with leaders who use religion and law as instruments to thwart the freedom of sexual expression. Dr. Sylvia Tamale, renowned African feminist, analyzes the Ugandan Anti-Homosexuality Bill and opines on the roots of homosexual suppression in Africa and Western societies.
6- 7:30 p.m., free
Berman Hall in the Fromm Building, USF Golden Gate and Parker, SF
Also from this author
Many residents feel they're moving from the frying pan of Housing Authority control into the fire of developer and nonprofit management
Changing demographics in the Bayview complicate city efforts to open a shelter there
Newest casino targeting Bay Area residents promises to share the wealth with workers and people of color


text:
Am I too lyrical? Is it too simple? Im sinking
from Rapsody (Ft. Heather Victoria) – The Drums Lyrics on Genius
In hip hop, there is a constant tension between being lyrical and having mass appeal. A good artist will balance intelligent lyricism with witty hooks and struggles and concepts that are accessible.
To help improve the quality of the lyrics, visit Rapsody (Ft. Heather Victoria) – The Drums Lyrics and leave a suggestion at the bottom of the page


text:
|I know bears riding horses seems cool, and it is, but it
doesn't really have anything to do with drugs.
So put your kids in front of the computer and let me do all the work of teaching your kids about the dangers of illicit substances.
Watch out kids! There's a drug behind you! No, really, look behind you, there's probably a drug. Is your mommy or daddy drinking coffee? They're drug addicts. Caffeine is a drug, the anti-depressants they've been popping like delicious candy ever since you were born, also a drug. The whiskey they used to rub on your gums when you were teething, also a drug. When your Uncle Roger comes over and he seems really tired and hungry and laughs at everything? He's probably also on a drug. Your teachers, they are on drugs.
And you don't want to be like those dumb adults, do you? Can you imagine? Being like your lame parents? Don't make me LOL. (See, kids, you can trust me, I'm cool. I saw The Aquabats back in the 90's. Uh oh, I lost you, didn't I?) No one wants to be like their parents because parents suck, so don't be like your parents, stay away from drugs.
|Maybe just say "yes to taco" singular, lil' guy.
|See? Internet weirdos always tell the truth.
When you get headaches, they probably give you drugs. When you have the sniffles, boom, drugs. Not paying attention in school? Get ready to have a funnel stuffed into your sass-mouth and drugs poured down your attention-deficited throat.
You don't have to "just say 'no,'" you have to remain ever-vigilant against the forces of adulthood!
Okay, now give the computer back to your parents.
Hey, parents, aren't drugs great? We can't let these kids know about all the kick-ass drugs, diminishing the supply of good drugs. Screw those dumb kids, let's keep all the drugs for ourselves, right?!? Keep kids off drugs so we can have all the good drugs for us. (Nancy Reagan would give me a rusty trombone if she read that powerful message.)


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Property Details
Condo, 2 Bedrooms, 2 Baths, 4 Sleeps
Condo is 2 miles from Anna Maria Island beaches, just a bicycle ride. The 55+ retirement community is located on a canal which can be viewed from front porch. The lanai has a beatiful view of heated pool and has a caribbean feel. We had a new patio installed with a view of the pool. The patio has a nice table and chairs for four and a gas grill. The condo has an open layout with spacious 1200 sq ft. There are 2 large bedrooms with king size beds, 2 full bathrooms, a kitchen fully furnished for all needs. Villa style with no steps or elevators. Covered carport for one car and extra parking for additional cars. Casco Dorado Condos is a small community that is very well maintained and friendly.
Recent Review
Casco in Cortez
The landlord was always helpful and accomodating when requests were made. The unit is well equipped and everything was in working order as required.
Bradenton/Cortez Village/Anna Maria Island is one of the best kept secrets in Florida and reminds us of the Keys except that you are close to everything coming and going.............................and I won't even mention the restaurant scene (ooops)!
About the Owner
We purchased condo to retire in. We live in the condo four months of the year. My husband is able to work in Florida for four months, than we go back to Michigan. This allows us to rent the condo during the peek season.
1 Reviews
1 traveler review
Casco in Cortez
The landlord was always helpful and accomodating when requests were made. The unit is well equipped and everything was in working order as required.
Bradenton/Cortez Village/Anna Maria Island is one of the best kept secrets in Florida and reminds us of the Keys except that you are close to everything coming and going.............................and I won't even mention the restaurant scene (ooops)!
From the Owner
"We love Casco Dorado Condos! The condos are all on one level, so no one above you and no stairs, the pool is right out our back door, they are a canal to watch for Manatee, fish or just to look at. The residents are extremely friendly and out going. We are close to Anna Maria Island and Cortez village. Anna Maria Island is a vacation paradise, with miles of beaches, surf fishing, free parking, great restaurants, and live entertainment. Cortez Village is a quaint fishing village. There are restaurants on the water with live entertainment less then a mile a way."
Activity and Interests
shuffel board
Friday community gatherings
heated swimming pool
canal fishing, fishing poles are furnished
2 bicycles
Rental rates
|Rate Period
|Weekend Night
|Monthly *
My Standard Rate
30 night minimum stay
* Approximate monthly rate. Actual rate will depend on the days of the month you stay.
Payment is usually accepted in the quoted currency (USD) unless the currency and the amount is specifically agreed in advance with the owner / advertiser.
Additional information about rental rates
- Casco Dorado Condo Fee $50.00
- Cleaning Fee $150.00
- Refundable damage deposit $500.00
- Tax Rate 11.5%
Monthly Rate: $2400 - $2400, we have a 3 month minimum starting February 1.
$2400.00 per month from February to Septmeber. A minimum of
3 months per stay. Example February 1 to April 30
Plus Local & State Taxes - 11.5%
50.00 Condo Fee
150.00 Cleaning Fee
500.00 Security Deposit
- 12
- Available
- 12
- Unavailable
- 12
- Today
From the Owner
"Water, more water, water. WE LOVE WATER! We moved to this area to be by the Golf. We like the laid back feel of the area. If you go a short distance you can golf, fish, sun bath, shell hunt, walk in a park, the list goes on and on."
Property Type
- condo
- Air Conditioning
- Clothes Dryer
- Fitness Room / Equipment ...
- Hair Dryer
- Heating ...
- Internet
- Iron & Board
- Linens Provided ...
- Living Room ...
- Parking ...
- Telephone ...
- Towels Provided ...
- Washing Machine ...
- Coffee Maker
- Dishes & Utensils ...
- Dishwasher
- Kitchen ...
- Microwave ...
- Oven
- Pantry Items ...
- Refrigerator
- Stove ...
- Toaster
- Dining Area
- Books ...
- DVD Player ...
- Pool Table ...
- Satellite / Cable ...
- Television ...
Pool / Spa
- Communal Pool ...
- Heated Pool
- Outdoor Pool
- Long-term Renters Welcome
- Minimum Age Limit for Renters ...
- non smoking only
- pets not allowed
- botanical garden
- live theater
- marina
- museums
- restaurants
Leisure Activities
- beachcombing
- bird watching
- eco tourism
- outlet shopping
- photography
- scenic drives
- sight seeing
- walking
Local Services & Businesses
- ATM/bank
- fitness center
- groceries
- hospital
- laundromat
- massage therapist
- medical services
Sports & Adventure Activities
- cycling
- deepsea fishing
- fishing
- golf
- hiking
- jet skiing
- pier fishing
- sailing
- scuba diving or snorkeling
- snorkeling
- sound/bay fishing
- surf fishing
- wind-surfing
Floor Area
- 1200 sq. ft.
- 2 Bathrooms
- Master Bath - toilet, shower, Separate area for sink from shower and toilet.
- Bathroom 2 - toilet, combination tub/shower, Accross from spare bedroom.
- 2 Bedrooms, Sleeps 4
- Master Bedroom - 1 king, with Master Bath and Walk in Closet
- Spare Bedroom - 1 king, Has a large walk in closet with shelves.
- Bicycles ...
- Boat ...
- Deck / Patio ...
- Golf ...
- Kayak / Canoe ...
- Lanai / Gazebo
- Lawn / Garden
- Outdoor Grill ...
- Water Sports Gear ...
- Guests provide their own meals
- heated swimming pool patio with table, chairs, & grill 2 miles from beaches close to shopping, dining and hospital washer & dryer fully furnished kitchen cable t.v. bedding, linens condo is fully furnished


text:
Muscle Stud Shoots Load into the Air
When I get Dax alone in my bedroom, I start asking him questions about girls and how he gets laid. I can tell he's built under his blue striped dress shirt so I get it off of him right away. He's got a few tattoos, including one sporting the familiar "eagle, anchor, and globe" of the United States Marines. For a guy who works an office job, he sure does have a lot of muscles! He's such a stud, he fucks girls in the bathroom of the bar while he's out drinking. He gets hit on by guys occasionally but he's never actually done anything with guy - yet. He unbuckles his belt right away and starts rubbing on something I can't see under his pants. It's not long before he whips out a stiff cock that's got a nice curve to his left. My trusty measuring tape says it's about 7 1/2 inches. He pulls off his pants and is completely naked jerking off on my bed now. His legs are thick and hairy, spread just enough to get a peek at his furry taint and balls. His cock is thick and oozing precum as he rise
Website: CLICK HERE
Added: 28 Jun 13
Views: 2410


text:
The content on this page is being archived for historic and reference purposes only. The content, links, and pdfs are no longer maintained and might be outdated.
Enterovirus Surveillance -- United States, 1989
Nonpolio enterovirus (NPEV) surveillance data show that isolates from March through May predict the types likely to be isolated in July through December, which includes the peak enterovirus season (1). State virology laboratories have reported to CDC 31 NPEV isolates obtained from patients in the United States from March through May 1989. Coxsackievirus B5 was isolated most frequently (16 isolates), followed by echovirus 6 (two isolates), and coxsackievirus B3, coxsackievirus A3, and echovirus 9 (one each); 10 isolates were reported as untyped enteroviruses.
Of the 946 NPEV isolates reported in 1988, the six most common were echovirus 11 (18.6%), echovirus 9 (14.1%), coxsackievirus B4 (10.6%), coxsackievirus B2 (9.2%), echovirus 6 (6.2%), and coxsackievirus B5 (5.1%). In 1988, these six NPEV types represented 64% of the total enterovirus isolates. Reported by: State virology laboratory directors. Respiratory and Enterovirus Br, Div of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, Center for Infectious Diseases, CDC.
Editorial Note
Editorial Note: Enteroviruses are a group of 65 different, common agents that cause 10-20 million mild upper respiratory infections in the United States every year. Enteroviruses are also responsible for tens of thousands of hospitalizations for aseptic meningitis each year. Knowledge of the common enterovirus subtypes may assist diagnostic laboratories in more rapidly identifying enterovirus isolates and assist public health officials in recognizing outbreaks of enteroviral disease.
Since 1970, state health department laboratories have reported on enterovirus serotypes to CDC approximately 6-8 weeks after specimens are submitted for identification. From 1970 through 1983, the six most common isolates in March through May accounted for an average of 59% of the isolates in July through December, and for this period in 1984-1988, for 50%-58% of the isolates.
The NPEV isolates reported in early 1989 included many coxsackievirus B5 and several of three other types; however, the limited number of these four types makes it impossible to predict at this time that they will be common isolates in 1989. The top six isolates reported in 1988 and each of the four isolates reported in March through May 1989 were in the 15 most frequent isolates for 1970-1983 (1).
Disclaimer All MMWR HTML documents published before January 1993 are electronic conversions from ASCII text into HTML. This conversion may have resulted in character translation or format errors in the HTML version. Users should not rely on this HTML document, but are referred to the original MMWR paper copy for the official text, figures, and tables. An original paper copy of this issue can be obtained from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC 20402-9371; telephone: (202) 512-1800. Contact GPO for current prices.**Questions or messages regarding errors in formatting should be addressed to email@example.com.
Page converted: 08/05/98
This page last reviewed 5/2/01


text:
Manchester United manager Sir Alex Ferguson has explained the reasons why he allowed Dimitar Berbatov to leave the club.
The Bulgarian striker today joined Fulham on a two-year deal after four years at Old Trafford and although Ferguson was delighted with his contribution, he admitted that his new style of play no longer suited the former Tottenham man.
"He's a very talented player and his contribution was good, particularly in home games. But when we changed our game, it didn't suit him," Ferguson told the club's official website.
"We started to play with more speed and teams were getting organized very quickly against us.
"Therefore, we had to change the way we wanted to play and it didn't suit Dimitar but he's a very talented player. Wherever he goes, he'll do well."
Click here to reach the No1 destination for hard news and exciting gossip on Manchester United


text:
The newest addition to Juliano's extensive line of lighting products is these nifty signal lights that can be added to all kinds of early headlights. Made to be an exact fit for stock Ford '35-'36 headlights, they work great on other headlights, too. The lens is white glass for a vintage look, though the bright LEDs inside light up amber when you put the power to them. The units come with a polished stainless finish, and can also be painted to match. Attachment is a simple process.
For more information, contact:
You asked for it and Wheel Vintiques Inc. has delivered. The new 5-on-5 O.E. is here! The 5-on-5-bolt pattern is available in a 15-inch diameter, with widths ranging from 6-to-14 inches. All standard and most custom offsets also available. Wheels come in bare steel and standard or reverse chrome. Various baby moon and spider caps also available. The O.E. is an excellent addition to your traditional restoration or custom build.
For more information contact:
Wheel Vintiques
Speedway Motors is introducing new and improved versions of Speedway's popular '37-'48 Forged Ford Steering Arms. Forged from high-quality steel-and also available in forged stainless steel-these bolt-on steering arms are designed to fit Speedway's reproduction Ford spindles, or to replace arms on original '37-'48 Ford spindles where additional clearance or drop is needed. Two styles of arms accommodate most early Ford-style street rod suspensions. The standard arms (PN 702-2754) have a 1 ¾-inch drop, and are popular on Model T through '34 Fords with up to 4-inch dropped axles and hairpin or four-bar radius rods. The dropped arms (PN 702-2756) have a 3 ¾-inch drop, and work best on '35-'48 Ford cars. Steel versions of both spindles are available with zinc-plated or brilliant chrome finishes, and all arms feature 7-degree tapered holes, both top and bottom so tie rods can be mounted above or below. These holes can also be drilled out for using spherical rod ends.
For more information, contact:
Speedway Motors
For more than 30 years, Classic Instruments has been known for quality, accuracy and reliability. Classic gauges have always been built to competition standards, and now Classic announces its all-new Velocity Series designed to give you a competitive look on the street. The face design features easy-to-read numerals, large indicator needles painted with a special formulate orange metallic paint exclusive to Classic Instruments and non-glare black bezels. The competition designed faces are available in a white or black design. The Velocity series is a perfect upgrade for any '67-'68 Mustang. Classic gauges carry a full five-year warranty, and are manufactured in the U.S.
For more information, contact:
Classic Instruments
Like all Diamond Back Classics, its AS4 is a good-looking radial tire. The most important feature of the AS4 is that it's one of the most highly rated tires available for high-performance and specialty cars. The Diamond Back AS4 is a touring class, high-performance radial that comes in 24 matching tread sizes. It's available in 60, 65 and 70 series, and can be ordered as a whitewall or redline. The AS4 is T-rated for continuous running at 118 mph, with an A-rating for temperature resistance and an A-rating for traction. The Diamond Back AS4 features a non-aggressive tread for a smooth and quiet ride, with a design that lets water escape to help prevent hydroplaning and loss of control on a water-covered road. Its new 2009 catalog is hot off the press, and the best part is that it's free.
For more information, contact:
Diamond Back Classics
Photo Car Covers is a unique dust cover made with breathable enviro-tex material. Using digital photo printing technology, the Photo Car Cover is a printed and custom-made replica of your car, allowing you to showcase the car's beauty while protecting it. All of the covers are handmade, one of a kind, custom printed and sewn exclusively for your car and are made in the U.S.A. Pricing is determined by the square footage of material needed for your car and is unique to each vehicle. Call or visit the website for more information about pricing. Photo Car Covers can also create custom waterproof bike covers, using the same technology as the car covers. Cover your bike…with your bike!
For more information, contact:
Photo Car Covers, Inc.
For 29 years, Horkey's Wood and Parts has been working with customers to build up complete stock or custom truck beds. With parts like boxsides, front panels, tailgates, crossmembers, bedwood, finishing supplies and stainless hardware in stock, Horkey's can provide an easy-to-assemble box. Call to discuss a bed or parts for your '28-'72 truck.
For more information, contact:
Bruce Horkey's Wood and Parts
Taylor's StreeThunder Wire features a low-resistance conductor wrapped in 8mm black silicone and synthetic jacketing, and its 500-ohm-per-foot resistance delivers greater spark energy, while improving power, idle and fuel efficiency. StreeThunder's construction features a combination Kevlar helically spiral-wound core conductor for greater strength and durability that suppresses Electro Magnetic (EMI) and Radio Frequency Interference (RFI). The matching Black Silicone Boots protect against high exhaust temperatures, and double spring-locking terminals ensure secure vibration- proof connections. StreeThunder wire sets are available in universal, race-fit and vehicle- specific applications. Universal sets are available in, 90-, 135- and 180-degree plug boots with both HEI- and socket-style distributor boots and terminals.
For more information, contact:
Taylor Vertex
www.taylorvertex.com (http://www NULL.taylorvertex NULL.com/)
OER offers 10,000 classic GM parts-interior, sheetmetal, trim pieces and mechanical-that meet or exceed quality of the original and carry the GM seal of approval. Based in Westminster, Calif., OER's licensing agreement with GM allows that many components are built using original GM blueprints; in some cases, OER will manufacture parts with the original tooling, as its partnership with GM provides access to retired GM tooling. Some items are manufactured using GM tooling in GM plants located in Michigan. OER products manufactured for GM models are officially licensed by General Motors. Every OER product is backed by a full one-year manufacturer's warranty against factory defects and workmanship. OER products are available at authorized restoration parts suppliers and select GM dealerships nationwide.
For more information, contact:
Snap-on comes clean with its new 4-gallon wet/dry vacuum. Powered by a mighty 9-amp motor, the 120-volt unit produces the performance of larger models in a smaller and more consumer-friendly design. The model 93050 produces 180-air watts of suction power that provides ample pick up, while a high-efficiency pleated paper filter is constructed of HEPA-rated material and is 99-percent efficient. It comes with a 20-foot power cord and the tank is constructed of impact- and corrosion-resistant polypropylene. Snap-on has only dealt directly to automotive and trades, but as of March 2009, a full line of Snap-on wet/dry vacuums will be available at select retail locations. Snap-on products are available at Ace Hardware, Advance Auto Parts, Atwood's, Bass Pro, Big R, Costco, CSK Auto, Rural King, The Andersons, Orscheln, Pep Boys, Sears.com and Amazon.com.
For more information, contact:
Dart's new CNC-machined billet aluminum blocks are dominating the highest levels of auto racing. Machined on precision CNC equipment from a solid billet of 6061 aluminum, Dart billet blocks offer virtually unlimited choices in deck height, cylinder bore centerline, bore diameter and lifter/cam configurations. In addition to GM-based billet blocks, Dart has developed a new Ford-style billet block based on the original Boss 429 design.
Dart's billet block technology is also available to small-block racers. Continuous increases in power have made the conventional Chevy small-block design marginal in high-output applications, such as sprint cars and off-road trucks. Dart's new 4.500-inch-bore center billet, aluminum small-block solves the shortcomings of OEM-based designs. Increasing the small-block V-8′s bore centerline dimension from 4.400 inches to 4.500 inches allows substantial increases in cross-sectional area in the highly stressed bottom end, and provides more material around the cylinders to enhance ring seal. The new R07-style head bolt pattern is available.
For more information, contact::
Dart Machinery


text:
Video Review - Click on the Video Tab Above
Rejoice, Vinyl Lovers!
Stereophile "Recommended Component"
A Top Ten Audio Bargain - CNET.com
"It Gave Me a Taste of the Best"
It's no secret that LP lovers have taken a hit since CDs became the sound reproduction medium of choice for the masses. Most manufacturers now design their preamps and receivers without the extra preamplifier gain stage and the RIAA equalization that phono cartridges require. People who still enjoy listening to their record collections have had to settle for using the often outdated phono preamp stage in their bulky older equipment.
The compact and affordable Zphono is perfect for music lovers who want to hook up their analog turntables to today's line stage preamps, amps, and receivers. Parasound's low price and high performance make this unit a favorite with audiophiles.
"[It] gave me a taste of the best that high-end audio has to offer at a price almost anyone can afford. I don't think I can go back," reports Stephen Mejias in his "The Entry Level" column for Stereophile, posted March 15, 2012.
CNET.com listed the Zphono as one of its Top Ten Audio Bargains. "If you're getting serious about getting the best sound from LPs, you need a high-performance phono preamplifier, like the Parasound Zphono ($200). It'll work with any receiver or amp and give you a whole new appreciation of how good LPs can sound," notes Steve Guttenberg in his March 24, 2012 post.
"Clarity and Rhythmic Organization"
Parasound's Zphono won a "Recommended Component" rating in Stereophile.
Stereophile's Michael Fremer praises the Zphono for making "an impressive showing for a budget-priced phono preamp: similar to the NAD PP-2's overall performance, but with more extension, air, and sparkle on top." According to Fremer, "The overall picture had a pleasing clarity and rhythmic organization. Cymbals rang cleanly and with more metallic edge than through the PP-2, and, overall, there was more 'air'."
Huge Performance Features
Parasounds new ultra-low distortion Zphono preamp is only half as wide as standard A / V components, but it's bursting with huge performance features. If you've got hi-fi or home theater gear that lacks phono inputs compatible with your turntable, the Zphono is the great-sounding, space-saving solution.
The Zphono is Parasound's successor to its critically acclaimed PPH-100 half-width phono stage. Zphono sounds even quieter and cleaner than the PPH-100 and will bring out details in your vinyl recordings that you have never heard before!
The Zphono employs advanced circuitry and high quality components to provide the extra gain stage and RIAA equalization circuitry that are required for highly accurate and low-noise reproduction of the low level output of a phonograph cartridge. In fact, its RIAA curve is accurate to 0.25 dB.
A rear panel switch is used to select between moving magnet or moving coil cartridges. The Zphono also features an exclusive AC line polarity switch to ensure hum-free performance in all installations. Zphono works with all line-level preamps, integrated amps, and receivers. It includes no-mar isolation feet for standalone use and a high-quality removable AC power cord.
Note: Parasound products cannot be shipped outside the USA.
Stereophile "Recommended Component"
"[It] gave me a taste of the best that high-end audio has to offer at a price almost anyone can afford. I don't think I can go back."
- Stephen Mejias, "The Entry Level" column, Stereophile, posted March 15, 2012
A Top Ten Audio Bargain - CNET.com
"If you're getting serious about getting the best sound from LPs, you need a high-performance phono preamplifier, like the Parasound Zphono ($200). It'll work with any receiver or amp and give you a whole new appreciation of how good LPs can sound."
- Steve Guttenberg, CNET.com, March 24, 2012
Audio Advisor Insight - Parasound High Value to Price Ratio
Audio Advisor Insight - Parasound in Hollywood
Audio Advisor Insight - Parasound Customer Service
Parasound Zrack Half-Width Rack for Z-series Components


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What to watch Sunday!? Seattle Seahawks vs. San Diego Chargers Preview
Seahawks Really Should Go 2-0 The NFL Season marches on and your 2014 Seattle Seahawks look to start the year a perfect 2-0 this Sunday as they travel to sunny San Diego to face the Chargers. Despite a score that on the surface says the Seahawks trounced the Green Bay Packers, I felt the Seahawks had plenty of room for improvement last week. That said, here's five matchups I�...
Via NorthWest Sports Beat
September 12, 2014 | Discuss
The top 10 defensive ends in the draft: Chargers could add a pass rusher late
The defensive end in the 3-4 defense goes a bit unnoticed compared to the role the position plays in the traditional 4-3. In a 3-4, these players have to eat up blockers on certain plays in order for the OLB to have an easier time rushing the passer, while other times the defensive end needs to tee off on the quarterback. The Chargers are equipped with two pretty darn good 3-4 defensive...
Via cover32 - Chargers
March 17, 2014 | Discuss
Top 10 Free Agent Defensive linemen: Could Raji replace Cam Thomas?
One of lesser addressed points of the 2013 season in San Diego was the unmet expectations of Corey Liuget and Kendall Reyes to develop into a dominate tandem. While Liuget had a good season, some would say Reyes had a disappointing year. I, however, am not one of those people. In a 3-4 defense, the defensive ends are some of the lesser appreciated players on the field, and I think...
Via cover32 - Chargers
February 26, 2014 | Discuss
Monday's Mock: Chargers seek next Jamal Williams at NT
The NFL draft this year is loaded with talented defensive lineman. While Corey Liuget and Kendall Reyes are hopefully becoming staples at defensive end, the Chargers have questions at the all-important nose tackle position. Cam Thomas is expected to become an unrestricted free agent in March. The Chargers ranked in the bottom half of the NFL in 2013 in both sacks and forced fumbles...
Via cover32 - Chargers
January 27, 2014 | Discuss
Reasons to trust defensive coordinator, John Pagano
During a surprisingly successful season for the San Diego Chargers, one of the things that did not go well was the overall play of the defense. The Chargers ranked 23rd in the league in yards allowed this season, but only 11th in points allowed. That doesn't tell the whole story, as Football Outsiders' DVOA, evaluating efficiency on a play-by-play basis had San Diego 32nd in...
Via cover32 - Chargers
January 16, 2014 | Discuss
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text:
Holiday Home Via Matteotti
From $29 / night
Description from the owner
- House
- 4 bedrooms
- 2 bathrooms
- Sleeps 7
Bedrooms: 4
Bathrooms: 2
Sleeps: 7
Type: HouseHoliday Home Via Matteotti
Description from the owner
Large house for rent in Puglia Italy, sleeps 7 people with 2 doubles, 1 single room and a room with bunkbeds, perfect for the children! We have a comfortable and spacious lounge, fully equipped kitchen and dining table to seat 8. The new bathroom is now complete! We have enlarged the shower and installed a new radiator as well as re-tiled throughout, I'm sure you will agree the new bathroom was definitely worth the wait!
The accommodation is only 2 minutes walk from main piazza in the unspoilt town of Carovigno, this house is perfect for a relaxing getaway. The nearest beaches are just 4 miles down the hill and you can venture into the countryside ...Read more
About the owner
About the owner
Ms E L Thurston
Ms E L Thurston
Response rate 95%
Response time Within a day
Calendar updated 6 months ago
Overall rating4.7 / 5.0 based on 12 reviews
Holiday Home Via Matteotti
Carovigno, Puglia, Italy
Additional Location Information
Nestled in the old town of Carovigno, the house to rent on Via Matteotti can offer a truly realistic view of southern Italy. Living amongst the locals you'll hear the friendly chatter and the smell of authentic Italian cooking seeping into your senses, and you'll never want to leave!!
Close to many fantastic restaurants and small cafe's our house is perfectly placed for exploring Puglia, Ostuni is only 4 miles down the road, and the port town of Brindisi is only 25 minutes drive south on the main autostrada which follows the Adriatic. Lecce is a beautiful Baroque city slightly further south, about 40 minutes drive from Via Matteotti. So whether you want to laze on the beach or explore the towns and archaelogical offerings of Puglia, you're in the right place!


text:
can please someone help me why logo was rejected?
Well, for starters the graphic elements is way too big compared with the font size. Must follow a "pyramidal hierarchy" if you may. The graphic element should be identifiable but not overpowering the text.
Also there should be a tagline.
The color palette choice doesn't complement each other, so you could try pastel colors instead. Check color palette sites for inspiration.
The font also doesn't connect with the graphic, so you should look for a replacement. And finally, the graphic element should be of either greater detail, or a more evolved iconic idea.
Hope it helps
thanks ll update it soon. thanks for the help
Youre welcome mate
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text:
Clark Peters 1965
Clark Peters '65, MSEd '70 receives the 2012 Pacific University Outstanding Alumni Service Award for his years of service to public education in Oregon and his ongoing support of Pacific University's speech and education programs.
Irv Zemrau 1962
Irv Zemrau '62, O.D. '63 receives the 2012 Pacific University Outstanding Alumni Achievement Award for his years as an optometrist, community volunteer and advocate for people diagnosed with schizophrenia and their families.
Lynn Meredith 1944
Lynn Meredith '44 posthumously receives the 2012 Pacific University Outstanding Alumni Achievement Award for his service in World War II and his 32 years protecting presidents in the U.S. Secret Service. He died in 2009 at the age of 84.
P.J. Pitts 2009
P.J. Pitts, Pharm.D. '09 receives the 2012 Pacific University Young Alumni Leadership Award for her work to provide triage and long-term health care in Haiti following the 2010 earthquake.
Gayle Strickler '66
Gayle Strickler was named to the board of directors of the American Civil Liberties Union of Iowa to complete an unexpired term. He will run for election for a full term next year.
Peter Truax '69, MAT '83
Peter Truax '69, MAT '83 was re-elected as mayor of Forest Grove. He started his service filling a partial term in 2009 and was elected in 2010.
Gerry Berges '70, OD '73
Gerry Berges '70, OD '73 retired in December 2014 after 35 years running Center Vision & Contact Lens Clinic in Kennewick, Wash., where he worked with longtime partner Greg Luehrs OD '73, MS '87. In addition to his professional work, Berges has served as co-chairman of the Kennwick schools bond and levy committee from 1998 to 2008, and worked to secure funds for the Tri-Cities Cancer Center in the 1990s. He was named Kennewick's Man of the Year in 1997. He continues to volunteer with the Kiwanis, where he has been a member since 1977, with Soul Soup, a local hunger relief organization.
Kent Elliott '70
Kent Elliott retired from active ministry in the United Methodist Church in Wyoming and Montana in 2012 and began writing novels of old Montana. I've Seen Dry was published in 2013 and The Shallows of Jabbok was published in 2013. He currently is working on a series of short stories.
Tom Jankovsky '71
Tom Jankovsky was re-elected to the Garfield County (Colo.) Commission, where he has served since 2010. He sits on the board of directors of Sunlight Mountain Resort, where he is part owner and worked for many years as general manager.
Lincoln Daynes '81, OD '83
Lincoln Daynes '81, OD '83 celebrated the 20th anniversary of his practice and was one of three optometrists considered for the Arizona Optometric Association's Optometrist of the Year.
Hannu Laukkanen '83, OD '84, MEd '94
Hannu Laukkanen '83, OD '84, MEd '94 presented a lecture and poster at the International Congress of Behavioural Optometry in Birmingham, England, in September 2014. His lecture was on visual profiles of soldiers after traumatic brain injury, and his poster featured a research summary for a brain injury vision symptom survey. Other alumni attending the congress included Eric Hussey '71, OD '75, Gregory Kitchener OD '77, Rob Lewis '80, OD '81 and Curt Baxstrom '83, OD '84.


text:
Holy cow, I wrote a book!
Everybody has their own pet theory on how Vladimir Putin can retain
power after the end of his second official term.
I earlier wrote of one such theory:
Change the constitution to permit a third term.
In the intervening months, other theories have been put forth.
Each one chips away at a different part of the statement that
"the president can be elected to at most two consecutive terms":
There's also another method that merely plays by a different set of rules:
Install a crony as president and pull the strings from backstage.
As I noted in my earlier entry,
I'm much more fascinated by the machinery being put into motion to
arrange for Putin to retain power than in whether he actually does.
On an unrelated note,
Mark MacKinnon explains the magic phrase to use as a foreigner
when pulled over arbitrarily by the police.


text:
Gilman, Mark W. and Weber, Tina (1999) European Industrial Relations in 1998: Chronical of Events. Industrial Relations Journal, 30 (4). pp. 187-221. ISSN 0019-8692. (The full text of this publication is not currently available from this repository. You may be able to access a copy if URLs are provided)
|The full text of this publication is not available from this repository. (Contact us about this Publication)
|Official URL
|Item Type:
|H Social Sciences > H Social Sciences (General)
|Faculties > Social Sciences > Kent Business School > Industrial Relations/HRM
|Depositing User:
|J. Ziya
|Date Deposited:
|06 Oct 2010 15:42
|Last Modified:
|21 May 2014 08:50
|Resource URI:
|https://kar.kent.ac.uk/id/eprint/25801 (The current URI for this page, for reference purposes)
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Wednesday, November12, 2014 Roselle Park High School
(6:00 PM – 7:30 PM) 185 W. Webster Ave., Roselle Park, NJ (Cafeteria)
Tuesday, November 18, 2014 Fanwood Recreation Center
(6:00 PM – 7:30 PM) Forest Road, Fanwood, NJ
Anyone with eligible insurance must please bring their card to the program.
CDC now recommends all individuals 6 months and older receive seasonal influenza vaccine (i.e., the flu shot) especially:
For additional information, contact the Westfield Health Department at (908) 789-4070.
The County of Union Police Department has partnered with New Jersey State Attorney General's office and the NJ Division of Consumer Affairs to provide citizens with a safe and anonymous mechanism to dispose of unused, unwanted, and expired medications. The Medicine Drop Boxes are prominent, highly visible, and recognizable. Citizens can properly dispose of medications 7 days a week, 365 days a year. For safety reasons, the boxes can only accept solid medications such as pills, patches, inhalers, or similar objects; the drop boxes cannot accept liquids, medical waste, or syringes. Union County's Medicine Drop Box is located at: Sheriff Froehlich Public Safety Building, 300 North Avenue East, Westfield, NJ 07090; Telephone: 908-654-9800Additional information regarding Project Medicine Drop is available at http://www.njconsumeraffairs.gov/meddrop
"Exposure to extremely cold temperatures--even for a short time-can cause serious medical conditions," said Commissioner O'Dowd. "Dressing warmly and preparing emergency kits for your home and car are the best ways to stay healthy and avoid injury during extreme cold weather. In addition, check on elderly neighbors and relatives during this time to make sure their homes are properly heated."
"Exposure to extremely cold temperatures--even for a short time-can cause serious medical conditions," said Commissioner O'Dowd. "Dressing warmly and preparing emergency kits for your home and car are the best ways to stay healthy and avoid injury during extreme cold weather. In addition, check on elderly neighbors and relatives during this time to make sure their homes are properly heated."
To avoid cold-related illness and injury:
To stay safe indoors, residents should make sure heating systems are working properly. It is a good idea to have heating systems inspected each year. Tenants and homeowners with heating issues need to call their landlord and/or public utility for assistance. Check with your local municipality to see if they are offering warming centers - CRANFORD RECREATION CENTER, 220 WALNUT AVE.
If you plan to use a wood stove, fireplace, or space heater, be extremely careful. Follow the manufacturer's instructions and remember these safety tips:
The most serious cold-related illness is hypothermia, a drop of normal body temperature from 98.6 degrees to 95 or lower that requires emergency medical care. It can be especially dangerous for the very young and older adults and individuals with chronic medical conditions.
At the earliest stages of hypothermia, violent shivering is the most noticeable symptom. As body temperature continues to drop, symptoms will change. Shivering decreases and stops; speech is distorted or slurred; behavior is irrational; drowsiness or numbness occurs; pulse weakens and there is shortness of breath and unconsciousness.
Hypothermia can be fatal if not treated. If you notice signs of hypothermia in someone, seek medical attention immediately. While waiting for assistance, you can:
The Westfield Regional Health Department is now offering a Child Health Clinic to Cranford residents age birth through 18 years. This clinic is held three times a month by appointment only and offers free immunizations and free physical exams. The department employs a Board Certified family practice physician at every clinic to ensure the best care for every child that is seen.
The Child Health Clinic is for children who do not have insurance or whose insurance does not cover well visits. The Westfield Child Health Clinic only cares for children that are well. Our clinic does not offer medical treatment to children who are suffering from any illness.
The child health clinic accepts children who live in Cranford, Fanwood, Garwood, Mountainside, New Providence, Roselle Park, Summit and Westfield.
The Public Works Department does not pick up the trees. Your private garbage hauler may be able to assist you in removal. If not, you can drop it off at the Conservation Center without a permit. Make sure there are no bags, ornaments, or tinsel please. The Conservation Center will be open and accepting trees January through March on Fridays 9:30am to 3:20pm and Saturdays 9:30am to 3:50pm.
Thank you for your cooporation.
Call the Health Department at 908-709-7238 for further information.