text:
Stanley Maxlife 369 LED Tripod Torch 0 95 112
List Price: £28.88
Our Price: £16.03 Incl VAT: £19.24Unique tripod design for hands free operation - perfect for a project or for use in an emergency situation. The multi-position head allows you to... Learn More
Stanley Pocket Tape 8m / 26ft (Width 25mm) Loose
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Our Price: £5.55 Incl VAT: £6.66The STA130656N Pocket Tape has a corrosion resistant long life nylon coated blade with bi-material case for improved grip and positive blade lock for... Learn More
Stanley Open Tote Tool Bag 41cm
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Our Price: £16.09 Incl VAT: £19.31The Stanley 1-96-182 is a 16 inch tote tool bag that is constructed from extra tough 600 x 600 denier fabric so that it will stand up to all worksite... Learn More
Stanley Coping Saw Blades 165mm (6.1/2in) 14tpi Card (4)
List Price: £2.53
Our Price: £1.41 Incl VAT: £1.69Spare blades to suit Stanley coping saw (STA015106) Blade length 165mm (6 1/2 in)Pack of 4... Learn More
Stanley Brick Punch 10mm x 140mm (3/8in x 5.1/2in)
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Our Price: £2.06 Incl VAT: £2.47Pin punch Quality chrome vanadium steel increased strength and durability for retained accuracy when marking out centre lines , hole locations and... Learn More
Stanley Mini Tripod Torch
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Our Price: £4.01 Incl VAT: £4.81Mini tripod torch in a range of metallic colours. Ideal for the pocket, keyring or bag. 3 x LR 41 batteries suppliedItem Weight: 41 g. Colours may vary.... Learn More
Stanley 24 Gallon Mobile Chest
List Price: £84.17
Our Price: £46.14 Incl VAT: £55.37Maximum storage and easy transportation for larger tools, general equipment and workshop materials. Extra large rust resistant metal latches which are... Learn More
Stanley Combination Metal Square 300mm (12in)
List Price: £12.84
Our Price: £7.13 Incl VAT: £8.56Combination square with metal body with three machined faces. The steel blade is stamped with metric and imperial sizes and is easy to read. Fitted... Learn More
Stanley Die Cast Combination Square 300mm (12in)
List Price: £25.69
Our Price: £16.51 Incl VAT: £19.81
Out of stockThis combination square has a 300mm/12in rule with class 2 accuracy and is coated to resist rust. With metric and imperial graduations.It has a... Learn More
Stanley Try & Mitre Square 200m (8in)
List Price: £6.36
Our Price: £3.53 Incl VAT: £4.24Try & Mitre Square with a plastic (ABS) stock, marked in metric only on both sides of polished steel blade. Hole in stock for storage. Size. 200 mm... Learn More
Stanley Ratcheting Wrench Set of 6 Metric 10-19mm
List Price: £66.86
Our Price: £36.65 Incl VAT: £43.98A set of 6 ratchet combination spanners with Maxi Drive Plus, open end metric one end and ratchet metric ring on the other end.Manufactured from chrome... Learn More
Stanley Hobby Chisel Knife 38mm
List Price: £3.60
Our Price: £2.00 Incl VAT: £2.40A chisel knife with a mirror polished steel blade attached to a yellow polypropylene handle. For stripping wallpaper or paint. Size: 38 mm (1.1/2in).... Learn More
Stanley Surform Shaver Tool
List Price: £3.67
Our Price: £2.03 Incl VAT: £2.44The surform shaver tool is ideal for stripping paint and smoothing down filler or plaster in awkward places. It has a lightweight plastic moulded body... Learn More
Stanley Moulded Body Surform Block Plane
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Our Price: £4.33 Incl VAT: £5.20This moulded body block plane is suitable for use on all types of wood, aluminium, copper, plastics and laminates.The blade is reversible for bull nose... Learn More
Stanley 151R Spokeshave Round
List Price: £24.82
Our Price: £13.77 Incl VAT: £16.52The Stanley 151R is a professional spokeshave which is fully adjustable for depth of cut with twin thumbscrews. Machined from fine grey iron with round... Learn More
Stanley Post Level
List Price: £5.80
Our Price: £3.22 Incl VAT: £3.86The Stanley 47-720 Post level has built-in magnets for use on metal posts and surfaces and is supplied with heavy-duty elastic. It folds flat for... Learn More
Stanley Mini Fine Tip Pen (card 4)
List Price: £2.84
Our Price: £1.58 Incl VAT: £1.90Quick drying water and oil resistant ink marks on almost any surface. Assorted card of 4 for different applications (black, red, green and blue).... Learn More
Stanley Hardwood Sliding Bevel 230mm (9in)
List Price: £26.98
Our Price: £14.97 Incl VAT: £17.96Hardwood stock and brass ends with wing nut adjustment for quick blade setting. The offset slot in the blade enables a line to be drawn the full length... Learn More
Stanley 1275MB Saw Blade for Metal
List Price: £2.36
Our Price: £1.31 Incl VAT: £1.57Replacement blade for Stanley 0-10-129 saw knife and STA 010020, STA 010010, STA010199, STA010019 and 010550 knife handles. For cutting metal in... Learn More
Stanley 1275B Saw Blade for Wood
List Price: £2.36
Our Price: £1.31 Incl VAT: £1.57Replacement blade for Stanley STA 010129 saw knife and STA 010020, STA 010010, STA010199, STA010019 and 010550 knife handles. For sawing wood in... Learn More
From the timeless Classic 199 "Stanley Knife", a design icon of the 20th century, to the new range of "FatMax" hand tools, innovation and quality are synonymous with the Stanley name. Stanley is the number one brand for tools - demanded for their performance by professionals, enthusiasts and DIYers alike. Stanley in the 21st century is much more than just knives. In addition to the world famous hand tools, the Stanley range now includes paint brushes and rollers, sliding doors, pneumatic fastening solutions and mechanics' tools.


text: ORGOCH: Looks like they went an' planted more trees so's folks cain't see Grizzly Gulch as well as they used ta. Oh, well, Timmy, ducklin', yer gonna' be 'round ta visit the park in person an' put up yer own pics from the other side a all them dang trees. Bet yer savin' up fer trip there even right here an' now! Thanks fer showin' us the latest.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Say what you will about TV screenwriter and producer Chuck Lorre, who's currently embroiled in the Charlie Sheen debacle now plaguing CBS's 'Two and a Half Men,' but you may not have known that Lorre has humble beginnings as a workingman guitarist. Vanity Card #202 on Lorre's site reveals that an episode of 'The Big Bang Theory' was actually inspired by the writer's chance meeting with jazz phenom Pat Metheny, whose new record, What's It All About, features tunes from the likes of Paul Simon and Burt Bacharach. It was an imploding feeling, like the kind you get when your ego is being demolished like an old Vegas casino," Lorre revealed. Thankfully, the feeling was accompanied by a soft, reassuring voice in my head that whispered, 'Find work in television, nobody's a prodigy there.'"
Watch Pat Metheny Introduce 'What's It All About'


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Dealing With Customer Complaints
Date Added: Jun 2009
Format: HTML
Small business owners understand necessity of attracting customers to their business. But keeping those customers happy and coming back means more than just offering good products and services at reasonable prices. It means properly dealing with inevitable complaints from customers who have a problem with the company's products or services, or with the way in which they were delivered. Knowing how to properly resolve customer complaints is crucial. According to a recent study, 91 percent of customers who have an unsatisfactory experience at a business while making an expensive purchase will not do business with that company again. And even when the item purchased was inexpensive. It's found that more than half of customers surveyed indicated that they would shop elsewhere after an unresolved complaint.


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Tablet. Hotels for Global Nomads
Travel Better.
The London NYC
151 W 54th Street, New York City, NY, USA
Neighborhood: Manhattan - Midtown
Check availability as rates may vary for dates. Best rate guaranteed.
Here's a hotel that comes with some expectations. The London NYC hotel is fresh off a thorough re-imagining at the hands of the Irish interior designer David Collins, as well as the addition of a marquee name to New York's culinary scene, in the form of the first Gordon Ramsay restaurant on American soil.
Despite the name, the London NYC hotel steers mercifully clear of any kind of heavy-handed British-themed kitsch. Suites range from quite spacious all the way up to downright sprawling, a luxury indeed in a city where, as in London, hotel room square footage is at a premium. The look is muted but not minimalist, a sort of understated modernist luxury, with extra attention paid to the tangible comforts, like iPod docking stations and multi-headed showers.
There's a fitness center, which is stylish, for a fitness center, and meeting space, as well as an award-winning concierge service. So far so good. The most eagerly awaited facet of The London NYC, however, has got to be the Gordon Ramsay angle. As with anything Mr. Ramsay does, the headlines threatened to distract from the cooking — but in the end the important point is that London NYC's restaurant is far enough beyond most hotels' offerings as to be playing in a different league entirely.
- 507 Rooms
- Style: Modern Design
- Atmosphere: Lively
- 194 Guest Reviews
- The London NYC
- 151 W 54th Street
- New York City, NY, USA
- Neighborhood: Manhattan - Midtown
Hotel amenities and services
- 24 hour concierge
- 24 hour gym
- Bar
- Business center
- Free wi-fi
- Restaurant
- Room service
- Valet parking (charges apply)
- Wake-up service
Other New York City hotels
194 Guest Reviews
All reviews are from Tablet guests with verified stays.
- Karan
- Stayed March 2009
- Rating: Good
What I liked:
Nice size rooms at a decent price for NYC
What the hotel could do better:
No Bathtub
- Michael
- Stayed April 2009
- Rating: Good
What I liked:
Large rooms with a lot of natural light which is very unusual in New York hotel rooms. I was working from the hotel and the office area was very comfortable. Free wi-fi was also a real plus as being charged for wi-fi access can be expensive and is also a real irritation.
Helpful staff and overall a very poilshed, efficient atmosphere.
What the hotel could do better:
This is great hotel although there was no real bar scene. A lot of my clients are in mid-town which is why I chose to stay here but i think you get a much more authentic new york experience once you get below union square. I spent all of my free time 35 blocks south.
- Kathryn
- Stayed March 2009
- Rating: Excellent
What I liked:
I will find it difficult to stay at any other hotel in New York after my stay at The London. The rooms are huge with fantastic design and furniture and layouts all which maximize space. The hotel was quiet, staff attentive and responsive. I'll definitely be back.
What the hotel could do better:
Some of the furniture needs to be refinished.


text:
To embed, copy and paste the code into your website or blog:
On May 13, 2014, House Ways and Means Health Subcommittee Chairman Kevin Brady (R-TX) announced that the Subcommittee will hold a hearing on hospital issues facing Medicare providers, with an emphasis on the "Two-Midnight Rule," short inpatient stays, outpatient observation stays, audits and appeals. The hearing is scheduled for May 20, 2014, at 9:30 A.M.
CMS established the Two-Midnight Rule as part of the Fiscal Year 2014 IPPS Final Rule in an effort to address improper hospital payments surrounding short inpatient stays, according to the Subcommittee's announcement. The announcement also notes challenges associated with implementation of the Two-Midnight Rule, as well as challenges related to the extensive backlog of Recovery Audit Contractor (RAC) appeals at the Administrative Law Judge level of the Medicare appeals process, and other issues of concern. In addressing these issues, Chairman Brady stated, "We must work on a permanent solution. We don't want providers unnecessarily looking over their shoulders for auditors. We want hospitals to be accurately reimbursed so that they can focus all of their time on providing the right type of care for patients."
While oral testimony at the hearing will only be from invited witnesses, any individual or organization may submit a written statement for consideration by the Subcommittee and for the official hearing record. Submissions are due by June 3, 2014. Witnesses scheduled to testify include Sean Cavanaugh, Deputy Administrator and Director, Center of Medicare, CMS, and Ellen Evans, Corporate Medical Director of HealthDataInsights.
In related news, on May 12, 2014, CMS formally announced that it will continue the Two-Midnight Rule Probe & Educate process through March 31, 2015, and will continue to prohibit RAC hospital inpatient status reviews for dates of admission between October 1, 2013 and March 31, 2015. According to CMS's announcement, the extension is due to the passage of the Protecting Access to Medicare Act of 2014, signed by President Obama on April 1, 2014.
To view the hearing advisory, click here, and to view the official witness list, click here. To read the CMS announcement, click here.
The King & Spalding RAC Coalition continues to press for fundamental and lasting RAC reform. The Coalition is an ad-hoc group of hospital clients created in April 2013 in an effort to communicate jointly to CMS and Congress the need for meaningful and common-sense reforms to the RAC program.
Reporter, Lauren E. Slive, Atlanta, + 1 404 572 3592, firstname.lastname@example.com.
DISCLAIMER: Because of the generality of this update, the information provided herein may not be applicable in all situations and should not be acted upon without specific legal advice based on particular situations.
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text:
This restaurant delivers large portions of so so food. It is popular with family groups as pizza is a staple. The atmosphere is spare and the noise level is compounded by TV and bar crowd in the front room.
Burnt piece of chicken parmesan! Completely black! Inedible! How did the kitchen send this out?
Worst tomato sauce on the pasta! Nothing more than unseasoned canned tomatoes, could not eat it.
Worst waiter service! Not once did he come over to us after taking our order, had to look for him for service, twice. Had to ask for the check...
We went to Cassie's for a last minute meal because we wanted simple good Italian food and we were casually dressed. We were not disappointed in the taste of the food, nor the generous quantity. We had a choice of individual meals or family size. The menu is limited to the basics ( salads, sandwiches, pizza, pasta and you can...
Amazing Pizzas, get extra Basil!!! Eat here on a regular basis. Pasta portions are also very good and chicken is always cooked to perfection
Hearty portions, sorta generic Olive Garden type of food. Reliable. Table service is okay. Nice family restaurant. Worthy of 4 stars.
Large portions of poor food.Young service people are seem to be totally untrained.Over filling wine glasses and slamming food on the table.also removing plates etc before finnished.Calamari was overly greasey and main pasta courses were swimming in sauce and not fit to eat.
I can not get enough of that Pear salad, topped with bluecheese, walnuts and a sweet balsamic vinagrette. I love the pizza too.
Went with some friends on a Sunday afternoon and had a great family style meal with a dish for everyone as ages ranged from 9 to 55 years old. We ordered a salad and pizza family style as well as personal dishes, all were delicious and we will be back !!!
We tried this restaurant twice upon my insistence. Both times ddisappointed.
My wife refuses to go back. She prefers a
Local pizzeria instead.
love the pizza wings are great and choc. cake really good!!!!! clean thin well done crispy crust
Register now for free — and start getting automatic notification of new reviews, responding to traveler feedback, adding new photos to your listing and much more.


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He might have missed out on a hundred but Indian opener Murali Vijay is satisfied that he made a significant contribution of 97 runs against a quality South African attack in the ongoing second cricket Test at Durban.
"Home or overseas, scoring runs makes me happy. I am happy with the way I batted the whole day yesterday. Of course, it is disappointing that I couldn't make a hundred," said the batsman.
"Scoring runs against the number one side in the world is self-assuring. With the kind of attack that they have, and this is not a flat pitch, it is a two-paced slow wicket. So it is difficult to score runs. I thought I batted well," he added at the second day's play on Friday.
When asked specifically about an area that he had worked hard on, Vijay replied, "I have been watching videos before I came on this tour. The one thing that got me out was playing away from the body, and especially in this part of the world that shot, the cover drive, is not on. You may be 100 per cent sure about it, but it is still not on. I just wanted to cut down on that and play straight as much as possible. That was my game plan."
Vijay had a 157-run partnership for the second wicket with Cheteshwar Pujara. But once the two batsmen got out, India folded for 334 runs.
"Yes, we are disappointed about giving away the advantage. MS (Dhoni) and Ajinkya (Rahane) had a little stint in the middle. It was not easy for the new batsman coming in because Dale (Steyn) was reversing the ball well. We should have taken the responsibility and gone through that session."
Steyn took 6-100, three wickets in the post-lunch session and another three after tea, to blow away the Indian batting.
"When play started, I felt there was some kind of dew on the pitch or moisture, it was a little damp. The ball was bouncing a little more than yesterday. And the way Steyn bowled today, the way he gave it all, that is why he's the number one bowler in the world. Pujara told me that Steyn was getting reverse swing. So we wanted to play a bit carefully but unfortunately we couldn't do it."
South Africa finished the day at 82 for no loss, 252 runs behind the Indian total.
"Yes, we gave away those 15-20 extra runs in the final session, but we were waiting for some reverse swing to happen. Let us see how tomorrow goes," he said.
The final question was pertaining to the retirement of Jacques Kallis and the impact his announcement has made on this Test.
"It was shocking news for our dressing room, because in the span of two months, two legends have retired (referring to Sachin Tendulkar). Jacques has done a great job for his country and as a youngster I used to watch him a lot and learnt few things from him in the IPL. Obviously, he's a great cricketer," Vijay signed off.


text:
Square Sunglasses - MensSave on Men's Square Sunglasses at Proboardshop.com! Great selection of sun gear at unbelievably low prices. Proboardshop has been selling Square Sunglasses and outdoor gear for over 30 years and we're proud of it.
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Laughter has the power to relax the whole body, boost the immune system and protect the human heart. That being said, have you ever wondered what the world's funniest joke is?
Latest Tweets
How to Survive Your Darkest Days http://t.co/RfvxJeMGHm via @EntryLevelRebel #entrepreneurship #entrepreneurs #entrepreneur
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text:
Suppliers receive more than 32 million sales leads annually from buyers through Global Sources Online (http://www.globalsources.com ) alone.
Global Sources has been facilitating global trade for 37 years. Global
Sources' network covers more than 69 cities worldwide. In mainland China,
Global Sources has over 2,100 team members in more than 44 locations, and a
community of over 1 million registered online users and magazine readers
for Chinese-language media.
Global Sources Press Contact in Asia:
Camellia So
Tel: +852-2555-5021
Email: email@example.com
Global Sources Press Contact in U.S.:
James W.W. Strachan
Tel: +480-664-8309
Email: email@example.com
Global Sources Press Contact in Asia:
Investor Relations Department
Tel: +852-2555-4777
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Global Sources Press Contact in U.S.:
Christiane Pelz & Kirsten Chapman
Lippert/Heilshorn & Associates, Inc.
Tel: +415-433-3777
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
|SOURCE Global Sources
Copyright©2008 PR Newswire.
All rights reserved


text: Posted 18 Nov 2012 · Report post Today I have pretty low expectations. I really want to see special teams do better under a new coach. I have a good feeling about today but I did have pleasurable bowel movements this morning. Share this post Link to post Share on other sites


text:
As your organisation becomes increasingly international, there are more demands on you. It is not easy to get your message across and convince people with the same background – but the challenge is greater when they have different values and beliefs, organise their world in different ways, and communicate and listen differently.
The Lewis Model of Culture (click here for a multimedia demonstration) is the most practical theoretical approach to classifying cultures, and the easiest to apply to your work:
You may need to:
- get your sales team to implement a new strategy (download article, PDF, 208k)
- recruit the right people for the right tasks (see this article for advice)
- convince your US parent company to modify their approach
- speed up project work outsourced to India
- sell your concept to the Japanese
With us you will find out your own Personal Cultural Profile, get an experiential introduction to the model and learn how to apply it to communication, presentation, negotiation, decision-making, leadership, managerial effectiveness and working in/leading teams.
Your increased self-knowledge and improved understanding of other cultural types will lead you to act in ways which will improve your professional results.
Our New Website for 2014 has now been launched. Please Visit us Here
Cross-cultural consultancy
"Ninety per cent of CEOs believe that if cross-border communication were to improve, profit, revenue and market share would all improve as well. Yet many are not doing enough to address the...
** PLEASE VISIT OUR BRAND NEW WEBSITE FOR 2014 HERE... "We are drowning in...
OECD executive
"We are drowning in...
Online tools
CultureActive is an award-winning site providing valuable online resources for International Business Managers.
If you would like to find out more about CultureActive, click here for a multimedia introduction to the Lewis Model that underpins the online tools.
Riversdown House
Improve your English rapidly in a beautiful, inspiring environment.
Riversdown House
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text:
2003 Mazda B4000Change Make/Model
- $19,975 to $24,150
- 15 City - 19 Hwy
Be the first to rate this vehicle
Popular Tools
2003 Mazda B4000 Summary
The 2003 Mazda B4000 is a 2-door, 3-seat Regular Side, available in 8 trims, ranging from the Base (M5) 4x4 Cab Plus to the SE (A5) 4x4 Cab Plus. Upon introduction, the $19,975 Base (M5) 4x4 Cab Plus is equipped with a standard 4.0L, 6-cylinder, engine that achieves 15-mpg in the city and 19-mpg on the highway. a Manual transmission is standard. The $22,410 SE (A5) 4x4 Cab Plus is equipped with a standard 4.0L, 6-cylinder, engine that achieves 15-mpg in the city and 19-mpg on the highway. an Automatic transmission is standard.
People who viewed the Mazda B4000 also viewed:
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Your monthly car payment is:
|Term (mo)
*Disclaimer: This calculation is based on the information you entered and is for illustrative purposes only. This calculation reflects amounts in U.S. Dollars rounded to the nearest whole dollar. Estimated monthly payments DO NOT include license, doc, emissions, or other possible fees.
All loan figures are based upon non-commercial usage and are subject to credit approval from an independent lending source. Actual down payment and resulting monthly payments may vary depending upon type and use of vehicle, regional lender requirements, and the strength of your credit. Check with your dealer for exact monthly payment.


text:
101 comments found
The preview of this theme is not working, please check the problem and solve it.
Just fixed ithttp://kalemat.code-125.com
The preview of this theme is not working
It's working here
Here the demo linkhttp://kalemat.code-125.com/
Neither preview works.
It's working here
However here is the demo linkhttp://kalemat.code-125.com/
Awesome work
Thanks ashmawy7
Congrats Mostafa Great features in a flexible unique theme
It's nice theme.
But the one click install doesn't works right now. I want to see the magic(!) asap.
Thanks in advance.
Sorry, It has been solved. But looking is quite different with demo. Is that correct?
Please share your link, the import process may change the skins,headers and footers ids so the assigned valued may vary,
it is recommended to install it on a fresh installation.
if you needed anything else please let me know
I've sent an email for installing demo. Please check your email. thanks in advance.
I replied to you, please install your wordpress installation with the front end url is the same url for the admin panel because it is causing a huge conflict.
Thank you sooooooooooooo much! It works very well!! great!!
Hey, Couple more questions. 1. Is there a way to disable all adds so they don't show. I have tried to add my own template but they still show.
2. Is is possible to NOT show the top bar to guest users that are not logged in yet?
Hello there
1- I don't get what is adds ? May be screenshot is good 2- yes u can remove it from theme options -> social settings
Sorry by adds i mean can you remove the advertisement at the top and bottom of the page?
Oh and also by the top bar i mean the wordpress grey bar. http://blinktag.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Disable-Wordpress-3.1-admin-bar-for-all-users-except-administrators-BlinkTag-Inc.jpg
For the ads in ur homepage click on the kalemat theme menu open edit header and edit footer
U should find the code there, just replace it with empty space
And for the top bar it will hide for non registered users
Hi, i tried to clear the code for the ads but there was no where to clear it. There was no box. Here is a screen shot http://www.mediafire.com/view/yvgdl5znycffo5j/Screen_Shot.png
I also managed to hide the top admin bar. So that part is sorted
U should find a text area with the ad code, please try it using another browser and if it didn't work send me ur login at email@example.com
Ah thanks, tried it in Internet Explorer of all broswers and it worked. Thanks for your support.


text:
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IPL Photofacials
Neocutis Skin Care Line
SkinExcellence is a full service aesthetics center using the most advanced cosmetic pharmaceuticals to produce a healthier, more youthful complexion. Most procedures have little to no recovery time, yielding results in as little as a few days.
Procedures offered include:
IPL Photofacials
Hair removal
Dr. Steven Ross is a Board Certified Internist with over 30 years experience, utilizing a whole body approach to health care with an emphasis on prevention and wellness. Dr. Ross is a member of the American Society for Laser Medicine and Surgery and holds advanced degrees in medicine, chemistry and engineering.
SkinExcellence: The Ultimate in Aesthetic Medical Care
Dr. Steven E Ross M.D., P.C.
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text:
A method and apparatus for load leveling of a battery in an electrical power system includes a power regulator coupled to transfer power between a load and a DC link, a battery coupled to the DC link through a first DC-to-DC converter and an auxiliary passive energy storage device coupled to the DC link through a second DC-to-DC converter. The battery is coupled to the passive energy storage device through a unidirectional conducting device whereby the battery can supply power to the DC link through each of the first and second converters when battery voltage exceeds voltage on the passive storage device. When the load comprises a motor capable of operating in a regenerative mode, the converters are adapted for transferring power to the battery and passive storage device. In this form, resistance can be coupled in circuit with the second DC-to-DC converter to dissipate excess regenerative power.
1. A battery load leveling arrangement for an electrically powered system in which battery loading is subject to intermittent high current loading, the system including a battery coupled to supply electric power to a DC link, a load, and a system controller coupled in circuit between the DC link and load for controlling application of power to the load, said battery load leveling arrangement comprising:
a passive energy storage device;
a first bidirectional converter coupled in circuit with the passive energy storage device and the DC link for transferring electrical power between the DC link and the energy storage device;
a second bidirectional converter coupled in circuit between the battery and the DC link for transferring electrical power between the battery and DC link; and
unidirectional conducting means coupling the battery to the energy storage device and poled to conduct conventional current from the battery to the energy storage device whereby battery current can be coupled to the DC link through each of the first and second converters when battery terminal voltage is greater than voltage on said passive energy storage device by an amount at least equal to a voltage drop across said unidirectional conducting means.
2. The battery load leveling arrangement of claim 1 including an electrical resistance circuit coupled to said first bidirectional converter and adapted to dissipate regenerative electric power when said passive energy storage device is fully charged.
3. The battery load leveling arrangement of claim 2 wherein said first bidirectional converter comprises a pair of switching devices serially coupled between a relatively positive and a relatively negative terminal of the DC link, said electrical resistance circuit being coupled between the relatively negative terminal and a junction intermediate the pair of serially coupled switching devices.
4. The battery load leveling arrangement of claim 3 wherein said electrical resistance circuit comprises a thyristor and a dynamic braking resistance coupled in series circuit with said thyristor.
5. The battery load leveling arrangement of claim 4 including a second thyristor and a second dynamic braking resistance coupled in series circuit with said second thyristor between a relatively positive terminal of the battery and said junction intermediate said pair of serially coupled switching devices.
6. The battery load leveling arrangement of claim 2 wherein said first bidirectional converter comprises a pair of parallel coupled converters each substantially identical to said second bidirectional converter and each having a pair of switching devices serially coupled between a relatively positive and a relatively negative terminal of the DC link, said electrical resistance circuit comprising an electrical resistance coupled between junctions intermediate said pair of switching devices of each of said pair of parallel coupled converters.
7. The battery load leveling arrangement of claim 6 including an electronic switching device coupled in series circuit with said electrical resistance.
8. The battery load leveling arrangement of claim 7 wherein said electronic switching device comprises a pair of thyristors coupled in parallel opposition.
9. The battery load leveling arrangement of claim 6 wherein the load comprises an electric motor operable in a propulsion mode and a regenerative braking mode, and a controller responsive to voltage on said energy storage device and on said DC link for controlling operation of said parallel coupled converters by varying switching instants thereof so as to establish a voltage across said electrical resistance and a current therein when the motor is operated in a regenerative braking mode so as to dissipate regenerative electrical power in said resistance.
10. The battery load leveling arrangement of claim 1 wherein the first bidirectional converter is constructed with a power rating twice the power rating of the second bidirectional converter.
11. The battery load leveling arrangement of claim 2 wherein said resistance circuit comprises an electrical resistance serially coupled to an electronic switching device, said switching device and said resistance being coupled in parallel circuit with said first bidirectional converter.
12. The battery load leveling arrangement of claim 11 wherein said switching device comprises a unidirectional chopper.
13. The battery load leveling arrangement of claim 1 wherein said energy storage device comprises an ultracapacitor bank.
14. A method for load leveling of a battery in an electric motor drive system including a power regulator coupled to transfer power between a motor and a DC link, comprising the steps of:
supplying current to the DC link from the battery through first and second DC-to-DC converters, said converters each having a respective predetermined power handling capacity, whenever battery voltage exceeds a predetermined level of voltage on a passive energy storage device; and
operating a dynamic braking circuit when the motor is operated in a regenerative mode and the passive energy storage device is fully charged, to dissipate regenerative power in excess of the power handling capacity of the first converter.
15. The method of claim 14 wherein the first converter comprises a pair of independently controllable DC-to-DC converters coupled in parallel to the DC link, the dynamic braking circuit being coupled in circuit between the pair of converters, and wherein the step of operating the dynamic braking circuit includes the step of varying operating times of the pair of independently controllable DC-to-DC converters with respect to each other so as to control an amount of power dissipated in the dynamic braking circuit.
The U.S. Government has a paid-up license in this invention and the right in limited circumstances to require the patent owner to license others on reasonable terms as provided for by the terms of Contract No.: DEAC07-76-ID01570 awarded by the U.S. Department of Energy.
This invention relates to battery electric power systems and, more particularly, to pulsed load systems such as battery powered drive systems used in battery powered electric vehicles.
Pulsed load systems such as electric vehicle systems currently in use and in development utilize rechargeable batteries, typically lead-acid batteries, to provide electric power. In a vehicle propulsion system, the batteries are connected to a direct current (DC) link which connects to a power control circuit such as a pulse width modulation (PWM) circuit for controlling power to a DC motor or to a frequency controlled inverter for controlling power to an alternating current (AC) motor. The motor, either AC or DC, is coupled in driving relationship to one or more wheels of the vehicle, either in a direct drive arrangement or through an appropriate transmission. Some vehicles are hybrids and include small internal combustion engines which can be used to supplement battery power.
In the operation of an electric vehicle, the battery is often called upon to deliver short bursts of power at high current levels, typically during acceleration of the vehicle. When high current is drawn from conventional batteries, battery terminal voltage drops. Such voltage reduction can interfere with proper operation or reduce efficiency of the switching devices in the power control circuit since the control circuit must be designed to operate at high efficiency at full battery voltage, i.e., when the vehicle is drawing nominal current in a constant speed mode.
One method for reducing the effect of high current requirements on electric drive system batteries is to use an auxiliary passive energy storage device coupled to the DC link such that the device can provide additional power during high current situations. One implementation of this method is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,373,195 issued Dec. 13, 1994 and assigned to General Electric Co., the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. This prior patent describes an auxiliary passive energy storage device which may comprise an ultracapacitor or a magnetic energy storage device and which can be coupled to the DC link voltage by an interface circuit. The interface circuit is a separate DC-to-DC converter having its own control with current feedback, gate drive and protection functions. The energy storage device can be charged either by regenerative braking or from the propulsion battery. In the system disclosed in the patent, the circuit optimizes the energy extracted from the storage device by requiring that the device be de-coupled from the battery and possibly from the DC link. This system requires a power electronics interface and control for each of the battery and the auxiliary energy storage device and further requires that the battery interface circuit be rated for full system power and that the auxiliary device interface circuit be rated for about 2/3 of system power. As a result, the power rating for the interface circuits exceeds the power capacity of the drive system, thus increasing system size and cost.
Among the objects of the present invention may be noted the provision of a motor power system which overcomes the above and other disadvantages of the prior art, and the provision of a battery load leveling system including a passive energy storage device that utilizes a respective converter with each of the battery and storage device so as to maintain the total converter power requirement at a one per unit basis. In an illustrative embodiment, battery loading in a battery load leveling arrangement for an electrically powered system is subject to intermittent high current loading such as may be occasioned by supply of electrical power to electric traction motors in an electrically powered vehicle. The system includes a battery for supplying electric power to a DC link through a first DC-to-DC converter and an auxiliary storage device such as an ultracapacitor bank also coupled to the DC link through a second DC-to-DC converter. The DC link may be coupled through an inverter to a three-phase electric traction motor. If the power handling capacity of the inverter is considered to be the base power for the system, it is desirable to conserve weight, size and cost of the interface converters by reducing their power handling capabilities to a total equal to the power handling capability of the inverter, i.e., to a one per unit base. To this end, the ultracapacitor bank is operated at a voltage substantially higher than the battery voltage during normal load leveling cycles, allowing the converter for the ultracapacitor bank to be designed at a two-thirds per unit power while the converter for the battery is designed for a one-third per unit power. During periods in which the motor is operated at maximum power, such as may occur during long hill climbs, the energy from the ultracapacitor bank may be depleted, thereby dropping its voltage to a level slightly below the battery voltage. A power diode coupling the battery to the ultracapacitor bank effectively couples the converter for the battery in parallel with the converter for the ultracapacitor bank when the ultracapacitor voltage is below the battery voltage level. With this arrangement, both converters may be operated in parallel to allow battery power to be supplied to the DC link on a one per unit basis.
When the electric motor is operated in a regenerative braking mode, power is generated by the motor and returned to the battery and the ultracapacitor bank. If regenerative braking occurs for a long period of time, the ultracapacitor bank and the battery may become fully charged and incapable of accepting additional energy from the motor. Accordingly, a dynamic braking circuit is coupled to the interface converter associated with the ultracapacitor bank. In one form, the dynamic braking circuit may comprise a braking resistance or braking grid serially connected with an electronic switching device coupled across the DC link. In a more cost effective embodiment, the dynamic braking circuit utilizes a thyristor or silicon controlled rectifier (SCR) as a switching device and is coupled to the converter circuit in a manner such that the switching devices in the converter circuit can be utilized to gate the thyristor out of conduction. In still another form, the second converter associated with the ultracapacitor bank is divided into two identical DC-to-DC converters coupled in parallel. The dynamic braking circuit is then coupled between the two converters in a manner that allows the timing of operation of the two converters to be staggered to force a voltage difference across the dynamic braking circuit in a manner that controls braking current through the circuit. This latter embodiment has the further advantage that each of the converter circuits, including the interface converter circuit between the battery and DC link, can be identical or modular and rated at one-third per unit power. Furthermore, the braking circuit can include a pair of reverse parallel coupled thyristors for regulating current through the dynamic braking circuit. Thyristors are less expensive than bidirectional electronic switching devices and can be gated out of conduction by gating one of the switching devices in the converter circuit so as to connect the anode terminals of the thyristors to the negative terminal of the DC link.
An alternative form of the invention utilizes a separate dynamic braking circuit coupled between the converter for the ultracapacitor bank and the positive terminal of the battery. In this circuit arrangement, once the ultracapacitor bank has been fully charged, additional power can be supplied to the battery through the dynamic braking circuit and the converter for the ultracapacitor bank. The additional dynamic braking circuit allows power to be dissipated in the braking resistance while providing boost charging to the battery, i.e., the power from the DC link to the battery can be at a higher level than would normally be available by using only the converter circuit associated with the battery.
The features of the invention believed to be novel are set forth in the appended claims. The invention, however, together with further objects and advantages thereof, may best be understood by reference to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawing(s) in which:
FIG. 1 schematically illustrates an electric vehicle drive system utilizing ultracapacitors and impedance matching boost converters for load leveling of a low voltage battery;
FIG. 2 schematically illustrates a modification of the system of FIG. 1 which enables reduction of the size, weight and cost of the interface circuits between the battery and DC link and the ultracapacitor bank and DC link;
FIG. 3 schematically illustrates the system of FIG. 2 modified to incorporate electrical dynamic braking;
FIG. 4 schematically illustrates a modification of the system of FIG. 3 enabling use of thyristors for switching devices in the dynamic braking circuits;
FIG. 5 schematically illustrates a further modification of the system of FIG. 4 utilizing a modular interface converter circuit;
FIGS. 6A and 6B graphically illustrate switching waveforms for the modular converter circuits of FIG. 5;
FIG. 7 schematically illustrates a further modification of the system of FIG. 5 which minimizes ripple current on the DC link.
FIG. 1 illustrates an electric vehicle drive system of the type described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,373,195 which uses ultracapacitors with dynamic impedance matching boost converters to load level a low voltage battery. In the system of FIG. 1, a battery 10 is coupled to a DC link 12 by means of an interface converter 14. DC link 12 supplies power to, or receives regenerative power from, an electric motor 16 coupled to the DC link in the illustrated example by means of an inverter 18. In this example, the motor is an alternating current or AC motor requiring variable frequency excitation which is derived from the DC link by inverter 18. Motor 16 may comprise any suitable type of AC machine including, for example, an induction machine, a permanent magnet synchronous machine, an electronically commutated motor or a switched reluctance motor. An input filter capacitor Cdc is coupled across DC link 12 for filtering the voltage VDC on the link. Inverter 18 is shown as a 3-phase inverter having two series connected switching devices per phase leg, i.e., devices T1 and T2 form a first phase leg, devices T3 and T4 form a second phase leg and devices T5 and T6 form a third phase leg. Diodes D1-D6 are coupled in anti-parallel relationship across each of the switching devices T1-T6, respectively.
In a conventional manner, switching devices T1-T6 are controlled via a microprocessor-based inverter/motor controller in response to an external torque command. The motor controller may be part of the electrical vehicle drive system control 20. The instantaneous value of DC link voltage VDC is a function of battery parameters (e.g., open circuit voltage, internal resistance, state of charge, temperature) as well as motor characteristics and the magnitude and polarity of the torque command applied to electric vehicle drive system control 20. During low speed, light torque operation, inverter 18 operates in a pulse-width modulation (PWM) mode to chop the battery voltage VBAT in a manner to control current in the motor at a relatively low level. Switching losses in the inverter switching devices T1-T6 are reduced by utilizing a lower voltage battery 10 with higher current capacity coupled to DC link 12 via converter 14. An additional power source such as an auxiliary energy storage device 22 (which may comprise an ultracapacitor or magnetic energy storage device such as a superconducting magnetic energy storage device) is coupled to DC link 12 by a second interface converter 24. Interface converter 24 operates in the same manner as interface converter 14 to decouple energy storage device 22 from the DC link voltage, thereby maximizing utilization of the energy storage device. Furthermore, interface converters 14 and 24 both provide bidirectional energy conversion, allowing for transfer of regenerative energy from motor 16 to battery 10 and to energy storage device 22. An advantage of using interface converters 14 and 24 is that the voltage available from battery 10 or energy storage device 22 can be reduced and the devices replaced by devices providing a higher current density. Interface converters 14 and 24 then allow the voltage from battery 10 or energy storage device 22 to be stepped up or boosted to a higher value on DC link 12. For example, the DC link voltage may be three times the battery terminal voltage although battery current may be three times the value of the DC link current. Still further, it may be desirable to operate energy storage device 22 at a substantially higher voltage than the voltage on battery 10. If the power rating of inverter 18 is selected as a base at one per unit power, interface converter 14 may also have to be rated at the same rating in order that battery 10 can supply full power to motor 16 when energy from energy storage device 22 has been depleted. During shorter load leveling cycles, battery interface converter 14 provides about one-third of the required power of the motor whereas energy storage device 22 can supply about two-thirds of the motor peak power. In such situation, the combined installed power base for interface converter 14 and 24 is about five-thirds per unit power increasing considerably the size, weight, volume and cost of these converters.
As shown in FIG. 1, each of interface converters 14 and 24 typically comprises a DC to DC buck-boost converter (i.e., bidirectional), a well known type of converter having an input filter inductor Lf coupled in series with the parallel combination of a first switching device TB1 and an anti-parallel diode DB1. The parallel combination of a second switching device TB2 and an anti-parallel diode DB2 is coupled between the DC link negative bus and the junction of filter inductor Lf and switching device TB1. The series combination of a snubber resistor Rsnub and a snubber capacitor Csnub is coupled between the negative DC link bus and a cathode of diode DB1. More particularly, switching devices TB1 and TB2 are coupled in series, with the junction intermediate the switching devices being coupled through inductor Lf to a source of power, either the battery or energy storage device 22.
As applied to an electric vehicle drive system, control 20 receives an external torque command from an accelerator or other input device (not shown), motor speed measurements from a tachometer 26, phase current measurements from current sensors 28 and DC link voltage measurements from a voltage sensor 36. In addition, controller 20 receives a signal indicative of the status of DC to DC interface converter 14 and DC to DC interface converter 24. In particular, control 20 receives a signal indicative of the status of DC to DC converter 14 from an interface controller 38 and a signal indicative of the status of DC to DC converter 24 from a boost controller 40. Interface controller 38 and boost controller 40 are substantially the same types of control circuit and, in response to signals from current transformers 15 and 25, respectively, are utilized to provide gating signals to switching devices TB1 and TB2 in each of the respective converters 14 and 24 in order to transfer current between the DC link and the respective battery 10 or energy storage device 22. A more detailed description of interface controller 38 and boost controller 40 may be had by reference to U.S. Pat. No. 5,373,195, which patent also discloses the method of operation of interface converters 14 and 24.
In general, during driving or motoring operation of motor 16, interface converter 14 boosts the lower battery voltage VBAT to the higher DC link voltage VDC. At low speed and light torque, switches TB1 and TB2 are off such that the status of converter 14 is off and the battery voltage VBAT is applied to inverter 10 via forward biased diode DB1. For increasing speed and torque, switching devices TB1 and TB2 of converter 14 are used to boost the battery voltage, maintaining motor operation along a predetermined torque envelope. In particular, when switch TB2 is turned on, current increases in inductor Lf. After the current increases to a controlled level, switch TB2 is turned off, and the derivative of the current in inductor Lf changes sign, inducing a voltage across inductor Lf. As a result, diode DB1 becomes forward biased, increasing the DC link voltage and supplying power to the motor. When the inductor current decreases to a controlled value, switch TB2 is again turned on and the cycle repeats.
During regenerative braking, power from the high voltage DC link is converted to the battery voltage value VBAT, resulting in conventional current flow to the battery. In particular, during regenerative braking, switch TB2 is held off. Switch TB1 is turned on, causing current to increase in inductor Lf. After the inductor current has increased to a controlled level, switch TB1 is turned off, and the derivative of the current in inductor Lf changes sign, inducing a voltage across the inductor. Conventional current flows in a complete circuit from inductor Lf into the battery and back to inductor Lf through forward biased diode DB2. During the time in which TB1 is off, the DC link current charges filter capacitor Cdc. High frequency chopping is utilized in the regenerative braking mode to enable reduction in the size and weight of the passive components in converter 14 and inverter 18. Depending on battery regenerative current limits, switch TB1 could have a lower current rating than that of switch TB2.
Energy storage device 22 is illustrated as an ultracapacitor bank. System controller 20 proportions the instantaneous power between battery 10 and ultracapacitor bank 22 in response to the torque command signal. During regenerative braking, the system divides between the battery and the ultracapacitor bank the power developed by the motor so as to provide additional load leveling of the energy suplied to the battery. This technique reduces the peak power applied to the battery to a level somewhat above the average power of the drive system.
The system of FIG. 1 requires that interface converter 14 be sized to match the power rating of inverter 18 in order to allow battery 10 to supply full power to motor 16 for long periods; for example, if the motor is used in propelling an electric vehicle, such tractive power may be required on long hill climbs. For short hill climbs, more power may be drawn from ultracapacitor bank 22, generally requiring that the rating of interface converter 24 be about two-thirds the rating of inverter 18. As a consequence, power handling capacity of converter 14 and converter 24 in combination must exceed the rated power of inverter 18. Accordingly, it would be deskable to provide a system such as described above in which converters 14 and 24 can be reduced in power handling capacity to thereby allow a decrease in their size, weight, volume and cost.
An improved drive system which allows a decrease in the power handling capacity of converters 14 and 24 of the system shown in FIG. 1 is illustrated in FIG. 2. The circuitry of FIG. 2 includes an additional diode 42 coupled between the positive battery voltage terminal 44 and the positive terminal 46 of ultracapacitor bank 22. In this system, the voltage of the secondary energy storage device, i.e., ultracapacitor bank 22, is controlled above the battery voltage so that a combined one per unit power requirement can be maintained between interface converters 14 and 24. When power is being supplied to motor 16 and ultracapacitor voltage has been discharged to approximately the level of the battery voltage, diode 42 clamps the ultracapacitor voltage to the battery voltage and effectively parallel couples the 5 two interface converter circuits 14 and 24. In this mode, one per unit power can be extracted from the battery by using the parallel combination of the two converter circuits. Approximately one-third of the power can be controlled by converter circuit 14 while two-thirds of the power is controlled by converter circuit 24. Thus, the combined power handling capability of the converter circuits 14 and 24 can be limited to a one per unit value or the same equivalent value as that of inverter circuit 18. When the power flow reverses during regenerative braking, ultracapacitor bank 22 can be charged to a higher voltage at a higher rate while a maximum of one-third per unit power of the maximum inverter power can flow to the battery through converter 14. In applications where full power regenerative braking occurs over extended periods of time, the voltage on ultracapacitor bank 22 may reach its maximum allowable voltage or the DC link voltage before braking is finished. At that instant, the ultracapacitor bank interface converter 24 shuts down or stops charging ultracapacitor bank 22, thereby reducing the maximum instantaneous braking power capability to one-third per unit power. More particularly, if converter 24 is disabled, the controller limits the amount of power which can be supplied to battery 10 by restricting operation of converter 14 to its current rating, for example, one-third the rating of inverter 18. To accommodate full braking during these extended conditions, it would be necessary for battery interface converter 14 to be rated for full power, i.e., the power rating of inverter 18; however, charging battery 10 at high peak current is undesirable from a battery life perspective. Therefore, a dynamic braking resistor circuit should be coupled to the DC link to absorb excess regenerative power during an extended braking interval. Such dynamic braking circuit could include a dynamic braking resistance or braking grid coupled in series with a chopper circuit utilizing, for example, a series coupled thyristor or SCR. The chopper circuit is not bidirectional and is substantially less costly than the interface converter electronics.
FIG. 3 illustrates a modification of the circuit of FIG. 2, capable of extended electrical braking utilizing the above-mentioned dynamic braking circuit. In the embodiment of FIG. 3, the dynamic braking circuit comprises a braking resistance 48 serially coupled with an electronic switching device 50, the series combination being coupled across DC link 12. Operation of switching device 50 is controlled by system controller 20 in response to detection of electrical braking and a shutdown of converter circuit 24. Dynamic braking resistance 48 is preferably sized to two-thirds the rated power of inverter 18 so that during full regenerative braking, resistance 48 can absorb two-thirds of the available regenerative power while one-third of the power is still being applied to battery 10. Electronic switching device 50 may comprise the same type of device as used for devices TB1 and TB2 in converter circuit 24; however, even further cost reduction can be achieved if device 50 is replaced by a low cost thyristor or SCR.
FIG. 4 illustrates a modification of the circuit of FIG. 3 in which the dynamic braking circuit is coupled between a junction intermediate switching devices TB1 and TB2 of converter circuit 14 and the negative DC bus on DC link 12. In this embodiment, switching device 52 is an SCR which can be gated into conduction and, once conducting, remains in conduction until current in the device has been reduced to substantially zero by reverse biasing the anode-cathode junction. This can be achieved in the illustrative embodiment by switching device TB2 into conduction to thereby connect the anode terminal of the SCR to the negative DC bus. FIG. 4 also shows a second dynamic braking circuit connected between positive battery terminal 44 and the junction intermediate switching devices TB1 and TB2 in converter 24. In this second dynamic braking circuit, a switching thyristor or SCR 54 is poled to conduct conventional current from converter 24 to positive battery terminal 44. This additional dynamic braking circuit allows power to be dissipated in a second dynamic braking resistance 56 while at the same time providing boost charging to battery 10. Both SCR's 52 and 54 can be turned off by switching device TB2 in converter 24 into a conducting mode to connect the anodes of each of the thyristors to the negative DC bus. SCRs 52 and 54 can be triggered every switching cycle of interface converter 24 to modulate the power dissipated in resistances 48 and 56 in a manner to regulate the DC link voltage.
FIG. 5 illustrates another embodiment of the invention in which ultracapacitor bank or energy storage device 22 is coupled to the DC link 12 by an interface circuit 58 comprising a pair of parallel coupled converters 24a and 24b, each of which is identical to converter 24 in circuit configuration but reduced in size and power rating to correspond to converter 14. The advantage of this particular combination is that interface circuits 24a, 24b and converter 14 may be identical and sized identically, enabling a modular approach to construction of the system. If each of the interface circuits is rated for one-third per unit power of the total required volt amp switch rating of inverter 18, the combined power (VA) rating of the three modular circuits equals the total power rating of inverter 18.
A dynamic braking resistance 60 is coupled between the two phase legs of converters 24a and 24b. During normal operation, devices TB1 and TB2 in converter 24a and devices TB3 and TB4 in converter 24b are switched at the same instants so that the effective voltage drop across resistance 60 is zero and no current flows through the resistance. Whenever dynamic braking is required, i.e., when ultracapacitor bank 22 has been fully charged, the switching instants of phase legs 24a and 24b are shifted (over an angle β) to produce a controllable voltage across resistance 60. This allows the power dissipated in braking resistance 60 to be controlled independently from the power delivered to ultracapacitor bank 22. The duty cycles of phase legs 24a and 24b are determined by the maximum DC link voltage and the maximum voltage on ultracapacitor bank 22 wherein the duty cycle δ is equal to Vcap/Vdc. The DC link voltage can be increased during dynamic braking to the maximum allowable DC link voltage, i.e., the maximum voltage rating of DC link capacitor Cdc, e.g., 450 VDC.
FIGS. 6A and 6B illustrate switching waveforms for the converter circuits of FIG. 5 when the rated DC link voltage is 300 volts and the maximum allowable voltage on ultracapacitor bank 22 is 300 volts. FIG. 6A shows a limited phase shift where V1 and V2 are the voltages across switch devices TB2 and TB4, respectively, and Vβ is the voltage across resistance 60. FIG. 6B shows a maximum phase shift with two-thirds of the regenerative power transferred to resistance 60. The duty cycle of phase legs 24a and 24b is δ=2/3 and a maximum phase shift of 60� can be realized, producing a maximum RMS voltage of 364 volts across resistance 60, which equals the voltage rating of ultracapacitor bank 22. Given that each converter section 24a and 24b is rated for one-third per unit power, the maximum power that can be dissipated by resistance 60 under the assumed conditions exceeds the power rating of the interface circuit comprising converters 24a and 24b. More particularly, the power that can be dissipated in resistance 60 exceeds the rating of two-thirds per unit power. A disadvantage of this approach is that in normal operation, both converters 24a and 24b must switch at the same instant to prevent losses in braking resistance 60. Consequently, this approach does not allow the DC link current to be minimized by shifting phase of converters 24a and 24b. The approach of FIG. 5 may in fact increase the ripple current on DC link capacitor Cdc.
An alternative embodiment, shown in FIG. 7, allows continuous phase shift operation of both converter phase legs 24a and 24b so as to minimize DC link ripple currents. In this embodiment, parallel opposed thyristors Th1 and Th2 are coupled in series circuit with resistance 60 and are independently controlled so as to control current through resistance 60. By firing thyristors Th1 and Th2 between the switching instants of the phase legs, the current in the resistance caused by phase shifting the switching of the two converter circuits 24a and 24b can be controlled. Thyristors Th1 and Th2 are automatically switched off by operation of switching devices TB2 and TB4 in each of the phase legs every half cycle during normal operation.
While the invention has been described in what is presently considered to be a preferred embodiment, many variations and modifications will become apparent to those skilled in the art. For example, while the invention is disclosed in an embodiment applicable to an electric motor drive system, the invention is also applicable to other forms of pulsed load systems, i.e., systems in which auxiliary power is intermittently required from a passive storage device. Such use may occur, for example, in a battery powered laser system in which stored energy is required to strobe the laser. Accordingly, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the specific illustrative embodiment but be interpreted within the full spirit and scope of the appended claims.
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Majka Burhardt has a passion for creating unusual connections. As an author, professional climber, filmmaker, and entrepreneur, Majka has spent two decades exploring the globe—usually by hand and foot—and her stories of challenge, humanity, and the fine line between extreme and acceptable risk inspire and challenge audiences around the world.
Majka is the author of Coffee Story: Ethiopia and Vertical Ethiopia: Climbing Toward Possibility in the Horn of Africa, Executive Producer of the 2010 film, Waypoint Namibia and Producer of the Lost Mountain project and forthcoming film about Mozambique. She is the founder and lead consultant at Additive Adventure, an organization that pushes adventure beyond exploration to cultural and environmental connections that create a larger conversation of singular and collective human meaning. Curious how to say her name? It's "My-ka."


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"Upon meeting Kelly Jean I had not the slightest clue what to expect. I knew she would help me with a nutrition plan and exercise options but what she gave me was so much more. We began to lay out a nutrition plan where I would write a daily food journal for her to see, alter, and make suggestions to. We then perfected a workout routine that would allow me eat the way she wanted me to and workout how I wanted to. I think it was the balance of her supportive personality and the structure of her methods that made me stick with her program. I knew that she had success with other kids my age (in their teens) and I also found out while talking with her one on one that she went through many challenging obstacles in her own life and was able to rise up against the odds and become the strong woman she is today. I believe those two facts were critical for me to know so that I could open up myself and be inspired to put my trust in her process. I will not sit here and say that it was easy; but then again, nothing worth having comes easily. This was the most challenging thing I have ever been through and in my case all I really needed was a push in the right directions and someone to encourage me, build me up, and tell me that what I am doing is the right thing. Giving yourself over to the process sounds extremely scary and if you are struggling to understand why I was able to trust Kelly Jean when so many professionals before her had failed I can truthfully say that I felt safe in her hands. At first I simply told myself "perhaps I will try it her way for a while and if I don't like it I can always stop" however, after the first difficult week I began to realize that this is what I needed all along. I held control for a very long time in a type of reverse rebellion against my body and I think it was simply time for someone else, someone stronger to take the reins and give me the power to start again."
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CCAC is hosting Dive Certification for kids ages 6-18. This certification will allow them to dive in pools with a depth between 4-5 feet during summer swim meets.
Saturday, AprMore Info
The Oasis Outdoor Pool will open officiall for the summer this Friday, May 29th. Buy your OASIS pass now!!!
It is never too late to celebrate Mom! Mom is free with one paying child admission at the Aquatic Center.
You don't want your child to miss out on our summer specialty camps! Waterlogged Camp, Teen Camp, Dance & Gymnastics Camp, CRPA Fishing Camp, CRPA Harmony Lacrosse Camp, CRPA Fast Pitch SofMore Info
We are excited to announce that our brochure, the Leisure Pursuit, has a new look and a new name! Be sure to check out our summer issue of Play Cherokee. It will be available this Friday,More Info
If you are looking for a larger pavilion (holds up to 100) to rent for a birthday party or other event, be sure to check out our recreation center pavilion! We have a brand new playground and More Info
Registration for Cherokee Youth Softbal Fall Season 2015 will begin June 1, 2015 and will run through July 24, 2015. You must register in person or mail registration. The cost is $130 for all age gMore Info
Come join us for a Family Fun night at the outdoor pool with music, games, and contests for everyone!
The Aquatic Center is hosting special events during Water Safety Week. Monday is Pool Rules Day; Tuesday is Sun Safety Day; Wednesday is Swim with a Buddy Day; Thursday is the Worlds Largest Swim LMore Info


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16 April 2015
WFP is providing school meals in Thi Qar, one of Iraq's most disadvantaged governorates, until the end of May 2015. Improving health and education is a priority for the governorate and daily school meals give parents an incentive to send their children to school and keep them there. Mohamed Jalil is one of 21,000 children benefiting from this.
3 March 2015
Fighting in Iraq has devastated the lives of millions; there are those who managed to flee in search of safety and others who still remain in areas under the control of armed groups. Fighting has even cut connections between families separating hundreds of university students living in Kirkuk City from their displaced families. They were left without money or food.
7 January 2015
Since June 2014, thousands of Yazidis, an ancient religious group living mostly in northern Iraq, have been living in fear and hunger on the mountain Sinjar. Families have been torn apart, enslaved, raped and beaten by militants. The lucky ones who managed to escape now find themselves struggling to survive the winter in camps or unfinished buildings. Keep reading to find out about their daily struggles, through the tears and the smiles of their youngest ones.
29 December 2014
From Ebola-hit countries in Africa to Syria, Iraq and the Philippines, food assistance played its part again this year in helping families get through emergencies. Here are 10 people in 10 different countries who received assistance in 2014 thanks to WFP's supporters – governments, companies and individuals.
22 December 2014
When fighters captured Qaraqosh town in the heat of early August, Basseema had little time to think ahead to winter. Like thousands of other Iraqi Christians who fled the violence, carrying nothing to help them withstand the cold, she faces a painful festive season.
9 December 2014
Since fleeing their home in August, Hanaa and her family have rarely had the chance to choose what food they eat—at least until recently. WFP food vouchers are now giving them and many other vulnerable Iraqi families the power to pick their own meals, bringing a measure of nornality into their lives.
26 October 2014
Trapped in their homes and villages for many weeks, thousands of Yazidi civilians fled the area taking refuge in Duhok Governorate after militant groups killed many of them. The Kurdistan region is home to hundreds of thousands of displaced families fleeing many parts of Iraq. Conflict and political instability have forced 1.2 million people from their homes. Cars, packed with children, have been fleeing into the Kurdish region, where hundreds of thousands of people are already sheltering. Sabri Gheeru is one of them.
19 August 2014
Since violence erupted across Northern Iraq, causing massive displacements in mid-June from Mosul and surrounding towns and villages, the situation has deteriorated rapidly. Conflict and political instability have forced 1.2 million people from their homes. Cars, packed with children, have been fleeing into the Kurdish region, where hundreds of thousands of people are already sheltering.
11 August 2014
In spite of the challenging security situation and the fact that displaced populations are on the move, WFP has successfully distributed food to more than 438,000 people in 10 governorates across Iraq. Hundreds of thousands of people have been displaced by the crisis that first hit Mosul in mid-June and spread to surrounding cities and governorates. In recent days, a rising number of Iraqis have found themselves stranded around Iraq's Sinjar Mountains, fleeing violence. Since 4 August, WFP has set up four emergency kitchens in Dohuk and Lalish, enabling the food agency to assist more than 100,000 people who have fled the Sinjar area.
10 July 2014
When violence broke out in Samaraa city in Iraq's Salaheldin governorate, Umm Ibrahim, an Iraqi woman in her eighties, took shelter with nine other family members inside a relative's garage. Two nights later, they fled to Peramagroon district in the nearby Suleymaniyah governorate, where they now live inside a public school with twelve other displaced families.
- Aid for Syrian Refugees in Northern Iraq Source: Deutsche Welle
- Syrian Refugee Makes a Home Away from Home Source: PBS NewsHour
- Syrian refugees overwhelm Lebanon, region Source: The Washington Post
- Iraq: joint UN report finds that food insecurity decreased significantly over past five years Source: UN News Centre
- IRAQ: Call to adopt modern irrigation techniques Source: IRIN
- 16 January 2015 Syrian Refugees From Kobane Seek Safety In Northern Iraq
- 7 January 2015 Iraq: Yazidis' Escape From Mt. Sinjar


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Prototype GHOST military watercraft claims a world's first
By Ben Coxworth
January 17, 2012
If you combined a stealth jet fighter and an attack helicopter and stuck them in the water, what would you get? Well, according to the folks at New Hampshire's Juliet Marine Systems (JMS), you'd get the GHOST marine platform. Privately developed for possible use by the U.S. Navy, the boat would reportedly be invisible to enemy ships' radar, while also being faster and more economical than existing military vessels. The company's big claim, however, is that GHOST is the world's first super-cavitating watercraft.
Supercavitation, in a nutshell, involves surrounding an object with a bubble of gas, so it can pass through the water with very little friction. In the case of GHOST, the objects in question are its two submerged buoyant tubular foils. Although the company isn't clear on how the process works, presumably the foils would have to be designed in such a way that when GHOST's gas turbines thrust it forward, water is deflected outward at the front of each foil, creating an envelope that closes behind it.
Whatever the case, JMS states that "GHOST is a combination aircraft/boat that has been designed to fly through an artificial underwater gaseous environment that creates 900 times less hull friction than water." Judging by that statement, it's hard to say if GHOST actually does create 900 times less friction, or if that's simply what they're aiming for.
The three-crew-member watercraft is intended primarily to patrol the perimeter of naval fleets, ready to spring into action against attacking small enemy boats. It is also being marketed as a means of protecting commercial vessels against pirate attacks. It can reportedly carry "thousands of pounds of weapons, including Mark 48 torpedoes" in an internal weapons bay, and could incorporate multiple weapons systems, capable of firing on several targets simultaneously.
It could also serve as a quiet, stealthy means of transporting troops to enemy beaches, or as a fast and efficient way of ferrying people and supplies to and from locations such as offshore oil platforms.
While there's presently no word on whether or not GHOST has any takers, JMS claims to be already working with a large international defense company on a 150-foot version of the craft, and on creating an unmanned underwater vehicle that utilizes its super-cavitating technology.
Source: Danger Room
I could swear I\'ve seen this thing before. Looks really familiar anyway.Charles Gaines
With the potential US military cut-backs it doesn\'t stand a GHOST of a chance !!!
Awesome technology !!!BombR76
Charles Gaines. You saw something like this in a Jame Bond movie.Flipider Comm
... and what you saw in the James Bond movie was another American prototype.
As for supercavitation, I guess it works similarly as the Russian Shkval supercavitating torpedo:
In this case, the exhaust of its turbopumps is fed from the point of the torpedo, creating a bubble that surrounds it, and allows it to \"fly\" through water at 400kts.Gavrilo Bozovic
@Charles Gaines : maybe Street Fighter the movie ? As far as I can remember it looked pretty much the same.SanDooo
Looks a lot like US NAVY\'s stealth ship Sea Shadow from \'84. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Shadow_%28IX-529%29Cristi Eftinoiu
My understanding is that supercavitation is very loud through sonar.Alan Belardinelli
It looks like the little mining ship you pilot in Descent :pMack McDowell
My first reaction was a creepy sort of deja-vu.. like the last thing you would see before an attack. ..And Alan, as a musician with some experience in acoustical engineering, I\'d be curious as to why it would be so loud to sonar .. my guess is the air pocket acts as a resonance chamber.. correct?sgdeluxedoc
Looks like Darth Vader from the front! Lets try it out on some Iranian speedboats in the Strait!Doug Gardner
My first thought is if the military doesn\'t go for it, the drug cartels would be standing in line.rhtgind
First, I think the sonar \'footprint\' would deal mostly with HOW you \'distributed\' the air around the hull/cylinder... \"bubbles\" ARE loud, but a \'smooth sheet of air\' might be much less disruptive. I might also suggest that the cylinders be attached at the end of the \'wings\' with VERTICLE connection rather than the current wingtip design. That would put a LOT of the water disruption with the surface on TOP of the cylinder instead of beside it -- where it will \'reflect\' into the water more.
Second, I wonder how \'rough\' the seas can be fore SAFE operation? If it is operating as an escort vehicle to a Fleet, what happens when the seas get very rough --- as the OFTEN do in open water?!
Third, Just HOW fast will it run? Will it be able to out-run an Apache Helicopter? (or \'similar\' attack helicopter from \'opposing forces\'...) And what will the Range be on a single load of fuel? If \"rhtgind\" is right, and drug cartels buy some of these, can WE Stop it from being used by others?
FINAL Question is...would it be COST-EFFECTIVE??! Would we be spending MILLIONS for a piece of equipment with limited improvements of other choices? Would it put the US far-enough \"ahead of others\" to justify this expense in a time of Economic \'crunch\'?relivdallas
Nice to see that US taxpayers are still paying for attack craft to invade countries and grab the goodies for our corporations. Small wonder that US taxpayers (the poor people who actually pay taxes anyway) get to foot the bill for a larger war budget than existed during World War II and that is larger than all the rest of the countries in the world combined spend.
How big a stick does our government really need and why does it have to be gold plated? And then of course the stick is increasingly being used to whack in every sense of the word, US citizens as well as foreign nationals.Calson
Did I miss it? Didn\'t see any mention of how fast it moves.Robert Fox
Can it maintain the bubble while turning or does it only make use of supercavitation in a straight line?
That's the fundamental problem with supercavitation, it enables a vessel to move really fast in a straight line but as soon as you turn out of the low pressure zone at high speed you essentially run into a brick wall.
If it can't tune the envelope or maintain the bubble while turning the boat will be fast but have a gigantic turning radius.Isaac Seidman
Why even be attached to the water? Put wings on it and fly or go ahead and develop that huge Russian ground effects thingamajig.Zappenfusen
To Calson: Private company.
Not government funded, PRIVATE.Darren Johnson
First, it looks familiar because it looks like two or three different attack spacecraft from a couple of the recent (if the last 10 or 15 years can be considered recent) Sci-Fi movies and/or Television shows. Minus, of course, the vertical fin/rudder, whatever. On a more practical note, I wonder if the turning question could be answered by employing a sort of \"Ball Joint\", based on the same principle to allow radical directionality, such as those found on a certain brand of vacuum cleaner? As any of you who\'ve read any of my comments may\'ve deduced, I\'m a firm believer in what might be best termed as \"Cross-Platform Applicability\". In other words, what works in one application, may, with suitable allowances, work in another, seemingly unrelated, discipline. (\"Wheels within wheels are, after all, still \"Wheels\".)Myron J. Poltroonian
Looks really familiar? well i certainly hope so. It only looks like the boat featured in the greatest movie of all time, Thunder in Paradise staring Terry \"Hulk\" Hogan.
It may be loud on sonar, but if you are travelling faster than a torpedo it wouldn\'t matter, and with stealth you would have to get a manual lock on the target to fire other projectiles at it.rwalker
The article has two different physical phenomena mixed up. Cavitation is the word for water flashing into water vapor where the local static pressure is lower than the vapor pressure of the water. It depends on the depth, the water temperature and the pressure distribution on the body going through the water. Propellers typically cavitate near their tips under high loading and/or high speed conditions. Forming a gas bubble around a submerged body is called ventilation. This sometimes occurs accidentally on surface-piercing hydrofoils when air is drawn down onto the submerged portion of the top of the foil by the low pressure there. This vehicle might very well be fast enough to operate supercavitating, but it would certainly not be the first vehicle to do so. It\'s possible, then that they meant to say \"ventilated\" or \"air-lubricated.\" That wouldn\'t be a first either, though, as experimental craft have used that principle before.piolenc
To the commenter who wondered about this boat in rough seas...
I'm assuming by the size that it's meant to work in coastline areas, so the ride won't get too 'Perfect Storm'-ey, and those problems could be solved anyway by making it completely airtight and tough enough to survive anything the sea throws at it (both pretty standard in western navies I believe. Nothing more embarrassing than losing multibillion$ warship in a storm).AngryPenguin
Wouldn\'t this thing go even faster if the cavitation occured on the bottom of hydroplane fins connected to the bottom of the catermaran pontoons?Thomas Aquino
I hope it can submerge and fly and that it can get just big enough to launch missiles.TogetherinParis
It does not elaborate too much on the goings on underneath the vessel but I would think any \"cavitation\" might be possible hydro fins that raise it up above the surface. The shape of the \"wings\" reminds me of wig (wing in ground affect) boat/aircraft where air is trapped under the cupped shape to assist lift. Those two lifting technologies combined may indeed be what allows the vessel to travel super fast (for a water vessel anyway. :-)Will, the tink
I wonder how you keep it from becoming airborne. My professor said that at 55mph a brick will fly. It must have to have control surfaces of some sort.Paul Snelgrove
Its just the boundary layer effect, check out Coander effect by Henri Coander .Michael Maskell
If you throw hard, most people can make two bricks fly at the same time in the same direction. The problem comes with keeping it in the air, Some birds fly in air and some in water. Likewise some fish fly through water and some can fly through air.
Above, there is a good definition of cavitation but perhaps a little too complicated. Think more of a submarine and not a ship or small boat, yacht, dingy. As the propeller turns it exerts a force on the water surrounding it and the water exerts a force on the propeller causing it and the submarine to go. As the propeller spins faster it reaches a speed where the water cannot move through the propeller fast enough in a pure liquid state, this is when cavitation occurs. As the water is forced through the propeller it is compressed to a state greater than the surrounding water. As the water moves through the surrounding water and away from the spinning propeller the compressing forces reduce faster than the water can expand and return to its normal state. This causes the water to expand and create a void (think air bubble); as pressure equalizes these voids disappear, the bubble makes a sound as it collapses or pops.Theadore J Stone
What happened? Comment bumped away. I was saying this was a fancy up of Wing in Ground Effect, which will be extremely desirable in freight or ferry for both civilians and the military. Speed and reach win. Heavy or light, the faster and more carried over water will be a big deal.Russell Day


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Nurse practitioner Lauren Shaw is taking over as the primary care provider for the Twin City Family Health Center under a partnership with the East Georgia Regional Medical Center. "I am excited to be back in the community that I call home and to be working with such a great staff to provide quality care," Shaw said.
View Full Article in:Savannah Morning News (Ga.)


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Troponin T autoantibodies correlate with chronic cardiomyopathy in human C hagas disease
The plates were read in a spectrophotometer using a 450 gm filter ( Microplate Reader Mindray, model MR-96A, Shenzhen, China).
Occurrence and Diversity of Pome Fruit Viruses in Apple and Pear Orchards in Latvia
The absorbance was read at 405�?�492 nm with a dual filter microplate reader Asys Expert 96 (Hitech, Austria) after incubation for 30 min, 1 h and 2 h.
Do natural antibodies compensate for humoral immunosenescence in tropical pythons?
The optical density (OD) of the wells was determined using a plate reader equipped with a 405-nm wavelength filter ( Micro- plate reader , model 680, BioRad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, CA, USA).
PDE type-4 inhibition increases L-type Ca2+ currents, action potential firing, and quantal size of exocytosis in mouse chromaffin cells
After processing, absorbance was read with a 450-nm filter microplate reader (BioRad, Hercules, CA, USA).
Do "infectious�? prey select for high levels of natural antibodies in tropical pythons?
The optical density (OD) of each well was determined using a plate reader equipped with a 405-nm wavelength filter ( Microplate reader , model 680, Bio-Rad).
Toxicological and biochemical analysis of the susceptibility of sylvatic Triatoma infestans from the Andean Valley of Bolivia to organophosphate insecticide. M...
The well absorbances were determined using a spectrophotometric microplate reader equipped with 340, 405, 415, 540, 595 and 655-nm wavelength filters ( Microplate reader , model 680, Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc).
Rapid construction and screening of artificial micro RNA systems in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
The chlorophyll a level of individual strains was measured using multi-mode microplate reader ( Filter Max F5, Molecular Devices, http://www.molecularde vices.com/; excitation at 430 nm and emission at 670 nm), and used to normalize the luciferase activity of individual...
...96-well plate is incubated in the dark for varying lengths of time (1–30 min depending on the experimental needs) at 25°C and the flu- orescence intensity measured using a Bio-Tek Synergy HT multidetection microplate reader ( filter sets of 485 ±...
Stably transfected human cell lines as fluorescent screening assay for nuclear factor KB activation dependent gene expression
d2EGFP/Neo, clone L2, HEK-pNF-κB-EGFP/Neo clones H3 and H6) in the microplate reader ( filter combination 460+508, bottom) after treatment with TNF-α.
Hydrogen peroxide�?induced apoptosis in human gastric carcinoma MGC803 cells
The amount of MTT formazan was quantitated at the absorbance A590 with A630 as refer- ence filter using Microplate Reader (Bio-Rad) (Datta et al., 2002).
Immunopharmacological Activity of the Purified Insoluble Glucan, Zymocel, in Mice
Immediately after the addition of the assay mixture the plate was placed in a filter fluorimeter ( microplate reader MTP-32; Corona Electric, Tokyo, Japan) and the fluorescence was recorded with an excitation wavelength of 365 nm and an emission wavelength of 450...
Nitric oxide detection in cell culture exposed to LPS after Er:YAG laser irradiation
After 5-min incubation at room temperature, the optical density was measured with a 550-nm filter absorbance microplate reader (lQuant; Bio Tek Instru- ments Inc., Winooski, VT, USA).
Autophagy and autophagic cell death are next targets for elimination of the resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors
The fluorescent intensity of MDC-positive cells were measured through a 355-nm excitation filter and a 538-nm emission filter with microplate reader .
Sensitive Terbium Probes for Luminescent Determination of both Alkaline Phosphatase and Codeine Phosphate
This trait can be useful if simple luminescence instrumentation with filters or microplate readers are used for detection.
Ischemic preconditioning ameliorates excitotoxicity by shifting glutamate/γ�?aminobutyric acid release and biosynthesis
Then, ice-cold distilled water was added to give a total volume of 250 ll, and the fluorescence was measured in a filter micro- plate fluorescence reader (FLX800; Bio-Tech Instruments, Inc.) with a wavelength of 340 nm for excitation and 460...