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MHC class II DQB diversity in the Japanese black bear, Ursus thibetanus japonicus
1 Department of Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, the Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Shonan Village, Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan
2 Japan Wildlife Research Center, 3-10-10 Shitaya, Taitou-ku, Tokyo 110-8676, Japan
3 The Kyushu University Museum, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka city 812-8581, Japan
BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012, 12:230 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-12-230Published: 29 November 2012
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes are one of the most important genetic systems in the vertebrate immune response. The diversity of MHC genes may directly influence the survival of individuals against infectious disease. However, there has been no investigation of MHC diversity in the Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus). Here, we analyzed 270-bp nucleotide sequences of the entire exon 2 region of the MHC DQB gene by using 188 samples from the Japanese black bear (Ursus thibetanus japonicus) from 12 local populations.
Among 185 of 188 samples, we identified 44 MHC variants that encoded 31 different amino acid sequences (allotypes) and one putative pseudogene. The phylogenetic analysis suggests that MHC variants detected from the Japanese black bear are derived from the DQB locus. One of the 31 DQB allotypes, Urth-DQB*01, was found to be common to all local populations. Moreover, this allotype was shared between the black bear on the Asian continent and the Japanese black bear, suggesting that Urth-DQB*01 might have been maintained in the ancestral black bear population for at least 300,000 years. Our findings, from calculating the ratio of non-synonymous to synonymous substitutions, indicate that balancing selection has maintained genetic variation of peptide-binding residues at the DQB locus of the Japanese black bear. From examination of genotype frequencies among local populations, we observed a considerably lower level of observed heterozygosity than expected.
The low level of observed heterozygosity suggests that genetic drift reduced DQB diversity in the Japanese black bear due to a bottleneck event at the population or species level. The decline of DQB diversity might have been accelerated by the loss of rare variants that have been maintained by negative frequency-dependent selection. Nevertheless, DQB diversity of the black bear appears to be relatively high compared with some other endangered mammalian species. This result suggests that the Japanese black bears may also retain more potential resistance against pathogens than other endangered mammalian species. To prevent further decline of potential resistance against pathogens, a conservation policy for the Japanese black bear should be designed to maintain MHC rare variants in each local population.


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- Introduction
- Chemistry
- Physics: Metamaterials
- Astronomy
- Eclipses, Equinoxes, and Solstices and Earth Perihelion and Aphelion
- Space Exploration
- Human spaceflight launches and returns, 2013
Physics: Metamaterials
Scientists at the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Md., in May 2013 announced that they had created a lens that could project in ultraviolet light a three-dimensional image of an object. In October physicists at the Foundation for Fundamental Research on Matter, Amsterdam, published a paper about a material that they had created that could give visible light passing through it a nearly infinite wavelength. That same month engineers at Stanford University stated that they had designed a material that could conceal an object with an "invisibility cloak" in regions of the visible and near-infrared light spectrum. All of these unusual substances were examples of metamaterials.
Metamaterials are artificially structured materials that exhibit extraordinary electromagnetic properties not available or not easily obtainable in nature. Since the early 2000s, metamaterials have emerged as a rapidly growing interdisciplinary area involving physics, engineering, and optics. The properties of metamaterials are tailored by manipulating their internal physical structure. This makes them different from natural materials, whose properties are mainly determined by their chemical constituents and bonds. The primary reason for the intensive interest in metamaterials is their unusual effect on light propagating through them.

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To All District 7 and Miami-Dade Residents - Community Town Hall Meeting in Pinecrest with Miami-Dade County Property Appraiser, Carlos Lopez-Cantera
Thursday, Dec. 12th, 2013 - 7:00p
Pinecrest Library 5835 SW 111 Street
Pinecrest, FL 33156
Public meeting for construction affecting Coral Way between SW 13th Ave and SW 37th Ave
State Representative Jose Javier Rodriguez, along with City of Miami Commissioner Francis Suarez will host a public meeting about an upcoming construction project affecting Coral Way between SW 13th Ave and SW 37th Ave. The first phase of this project will involve removal and replacement of trees on Coral Way.
Please join them, along with Florida Department of Transportation representatives, who will be present on Tuesday to explain the project and answer questions; and in particular, those about trees and landscaping. Safe roadways and healthy trees are important to our community. Please attend to learn more about the project.
When: Tuesday, November 19, 2013 6:00 – 7:00 p.m.,
Where: Our Lady of Lebanon Church located at 2055 Coral Way Miami, FL 33145
Public Works and Waste Management traffic advisory for the bear cut bridge and west bridge on the Rickenbacker causeway
Beginning Thursday, October 24, 2013, nightly lane closures for the Bear Cut Bridge Project will change to 8 p.m. and will be in place through 6 a.m. During this time, there will be one traffic lane in each direction the entire length of the Bear Cut Bridge. These lane closures will occur every night through March 2014.
Additionally, on October 25, 2013, the path for bikes and pedestrians located on the west side underneath the West Bridge of the Rickenbacker Causeway will be closed to the public until February 2014.
Demolition of the West Bridge will begin on October 25, 2013. Pedestrian and bike traffic will be detoured to the crosswalks at the Brickell Avenue/Rickenbacker Causeway intersection.
For updates on the Bear Cut Bridge and West Bridge construction activities, visit the project website at www.bearcutbridge.com or call 3-1-1, the County's Answer Center.
FDOT will hold a Public hearing on Wednesday, Oct. 23 for residents of District 7
The Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) District Six is developing plans for a landscaping maintenance project along SR 972/Coral Way, in Miami-Dade County:
State Road (SR) 972/Coral Way/SW 22 Street From SW 37 Avenue to SW 13 Avenue
Project Identification Number: 405610-4-52-01
The meeting will be held on Wednesday, October 23, 2013 from 6-8 p.m.,at the Hispanic Library, 1398 SW 1 Street, Miami, FL 33135
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Commissioner Suarez's response to Miami Today article
In the May 2 edition of Miami Today, in an article entitled "Lobbied County Contracts Prove Need For Sealed Low-Bid Plan," Commissioner Xavier L. Suarez writes about the importance of bidding for County contracts and using the sealed, price-competitive process. Commissioner Suarez believes that the citizens of the County should insist on pure, price-based bidding for all County purchases and contracts.
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In a personal statement, Commissioner Suarez provides his views on County salaries and proposals to cut workers' pay.
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Florida Lotto jackpot rises to $7 million
The jackpot in the Florida Lotto game has grown to $7 million after no one matched the six winning numbers in the latest drawing, lottery officials said Sunday.
A total of 20 tickets matched five numbers to win $8,687.00 each; 1,690 tickets matched four numbers for $76.50 each; and 37,105 tickets matched three numbers for $5 each.
The winning Florida Lotto numbers selected Saturday: 12-13-21-26-46-48.


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The rheological modification of talc-filled polypropylene by epoxy-polyester hybrid resin and its effect on morphology, crystallinity, and mechanical properties.
Polypropylene (PP) is an attractive candidate for many engineering applications because of its excellent chemical resistance, acceptable range of tensile strength and modulus, good impact strength and processability, and low price (1).
Mineral fillers are widely used in PP resins (2). The structural features of fillers such as particle shape, particle size, aspect ratio, and particle size distribution greatly influence the properties of composites. The finer particle size has greater tendency to agglomeration. Agglomerates can be regarded as defects that reduce the impact strength of composites (3), (4) and increase the viscosity of the melts. In is generally the intention to use highest filler fraction with lowest viscosity as dictated by the processing requirements.
Talc is the most frequently used plate-like mineral filler for stiffening of PP resins, increasing dimensional stability, and reducing the production cost (5), (6); however, it shows adverse effects on the ductility, strength, substantial increase in melt viscosity, and deteriorate the processability (7-9).
There are various types of additives that may be used to improve certain properties of composites. The selection of the type of additives for a certain composite depends on the application, the required properties, and the processing method. In producing the complex parts by injection molding process, it is necessary to increase the melt flow of highly filled PP. Lubricating agents are normally used to improve the melt flowability of filled plastics. Lubricants are low molecular weight chemicals, which facilitate the melt flow by migration to outer layer of melt and reduce the friction coefficient with flow channel wall. The migrated lubricant to the surface of parts has diverse effect on the processes such as adhesive bonding, welding, and painting.
In this study, the epoxy resin cured by polyester is used to improve the melt flowability of PP-talc composites. Epoxy resins are polar materials with weak adhesion strength to PP. They inherently interact with the mineral filler particles surface and hence affect the flowability and also thermal stability of the composite by deactivating the metallic impurities on filler surface.
Epoxy resins have been used as modifier with various types of polar (4), (10), (11) and nonpolar polymers (12), (13). The combinations of PP with thermosetting polymers such as epoxy and polyester resins were the subject of some researches (12-14). The reactive melt modification of PP with polyester resin cross-linked by peroxide was studied by Wan and Patel (12). Jiang et al. (13) investigated the mechanical properties, crystallization, and rheological properties of dynamically cured PP/epoxy blends.
Up to now, there are no available released reports or publications considering the using a thermosetting epoxy resin in the talc-filled PP. In this work, the composites of PP with talc, in the presence of the epoxy-polyester hybrid resin, were prepared through reactive mixing in a corotating twin screw extruder. We looked at the need for high stiffness, and therefore high filler fraction with improved melt flowability and improved rheological behavior as dictated by the processing requirements was employed.
Because the melt flow behavior of composites is strongly affected by the presence of mineral filler, the rheological studies can assist in the development of formulations designed to facilitate industrial processability. It is found, in a quite novel way, that the use of epoxypolyester hybrid resin allows to the dispersion of large quantities of talc mineral fillers into PP and increase fluidity of melt at higher shear. The morphology of composites and mechanical performance of formulations were evaluated at different amount of epoxy resin.
Raw Materials
The materials used in this study are surveyed in Table 1. PP was a standard injection grade homopolymer, with MFR of about 15 g/10 min (ASTM D 1238 @ 230 [degrees] C/2.16 kg). The talc used in the experiments was highly lamellar with mean particle size of 10 [micro]m and specific surface area of 3.2 [m.sup.2]/g. The maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene (MPP) with trade name of Fusabond [R] P M613 with MFR (ASTM D 1238 @ 190 [degrees] C/2.16 kg) of 120 g/10 min was used as adhesion promoter. The epoxy resin was a solid resin with equivalent weight of 750 and curing time of 6 min at 190 [degrees] C for 50/50 epoxy/polyester resins ratio. As a processing stabilizer, 0.2 parts of Irganox 1010 per one hundred part of compound was added to all formulations.
TABLE 1. Material used in the study. Materials Grade and description Company PP-homopolymer Ceetec-J801 R Hyundai Tale 1445 Luzenac Coupling agent Fusabond (R) P M613 Dupont Antioxidant Irganox 1010 Ciba Epoxy resin Kukdo YD013 Kukdo Polyester resin Uralac 5142 DSM
Sample Preparation
The compounding of the composites was performed on a Coperion Werner Pfleiderer, ZSK25-WLE twin screw extruder. It is a corotating twin screw extruder, with 25 mm, L/D = 40, modular screw. The twin screw extruder was equipped with a side feeder, which was used to intrude the talc and epoxy resin in the barrel. The ingredients of each formula were weighted and fed to the compound by four Brabender gravimetric dosing units. The antioxidant and PP pellets, according to recipes of Table 2, fed into main hopper and the talc was fed to side feeder. As the amount of epoxy-polyester hybrid resin was different in various formulations, one feeder was allocated to dose this resin. The weight mix ratio of epoxy/polyester resins was 1/1. The epoxy and polyester resins were premixed first, and then the particles were passed through a 20-[mu]m sieve used in the formulations. To study the effect of epoxy-polyester hybrid resin, 2.5, 5, and 10 wt% of resin were added to PP + talc composites with 20, 30, and 40% of filler content. To improve the interfacial interaction of PP + talc and epoxy resin, the MPP were used in an amount of 1.5 wt% to the formulations of PP + 30 wt% talc and PP + 30 wt% talc + 2.5 wt% resin. The epoxy resin curing reaction with the polyester resin release water (15) as shown in Fig. 1. The moisture of talc powder and the water byproduct, generated due to resin curing reaction, were removed efficiently by two free devolatalizing ports followed by one vacuum degassing port. The mixing operation was carried out at 750 rpm screw speed, with approximate residence time of about 4.5 min of the material in the barrel. The temperature profile on the barrel was 170, 170, 180, 185, 190, 200, 195, 195, 195, 190, and 190[degrees]C from the hopper to the die head. The melt temperature was about 215[degrees]C on screw tip.
TABLE 2. The recipes of composites used in this study. Material PP (wt%) Talc (wt%) Epoxy resin (wt%) PP + 20% Talc 80 20 0 PP + 20% talc + 2.5% resin 77.5 20 2.5 PP + 20% talc + 5% resin 75 20 5 PP + 20% talc + 10% resin 70 20 10 PP + 30% talc 70 30 0 PP + 30% talc + 2.5% resin 67.5 30 2.5 PP + 30% talc + 5% resin 65 30 5 PP + 30% talc + 10% resin 60 30 10 PP + 40% talc 60 40 0 PP + 40% talc + 2.5% resin 57.5 40 2.5 PP + 40% tlac + 5% resin 55 40 5 PP + 40% talc + 10% resin 50 40 10 0.2 part of Irganox 1010. per 100 parts of materials was added to all formulations.
Measurement of the Properties
Test specimens for tensile and impact tests were prepared by screw injection molding machine, at the temperature of 185-210[degrees]C, from hoper to nozzle. The tensile tests were carried out on MTS10/M universal testing machine, on five sample bars (type I) at 50 mm/min according to ASTM D 638 test method. The impact strength of the blends was measured according to ASTM D 256A, by a Zwick/Roell B5102 pendulum impact tester, on five samples.
The melt flow index of the composites was determined by a Zwick melt-flow analyzer, according to ASTM D 1238 on the pre dried granules. To evaluate the shear rheological behavior of the samples, two loads of 2.16 and 10 kg at 230[degrees]C were used in the measurement.
The injection molded samples were fractured in the liquid nitrogen. The morphology of fractured and gold-coated surfaces of the samples were studied by Cambridge 360, SEM (scanning electron microscopy), using a voltage of 15 kV.
The thermal analysis of samples were performed by DSC Q1000 of TA with the samples of about 5 mg, in aluminum pans under nitrogen atmosphere. To remove the thermal history, all samples were heated at 50[degrees]C/min, from room temperature to 250[degrees]C. To study the crystallization behavior, the samples were cooled down to room temperature by a rate of 5[degrees]C/min after holding 5 min in 250[degrees]C. The samples were reheated to 250[degrees]C by a heating rate of 10[degrees]C/min, and then their melting behavior was evaluated.
Rheology of Composites
The rheological behavior of composites was studies in the linear viscoelastic range of deformation in this section. The complex viscosity [eta]* and storage modulus G' of PP and composites containing 20, 30, and 40 wt% of talc are shown in Fig. 2.
The complex viscosity curve of pure PP and PP-talc composites without epoxy resin against frequency have shown a Newtonian plateau ([[eta].sub.0]) at very low range of shear rates (Fig. 2a). The zero shear viscosity [[eta].sub.0] in dynamic measurement can be represented by (16):
By increasing the talc content, the viscosity of composites were increased distinctly at low range of shear rates. The nonlinear change of viscosity on filler content implies the significant rise in interparticle interaction (Fig. 2b). By increasing the talc content to 40 wt%, the complex viscosity [eta]* at very low shear rates was sharply increased, which may be due to the presence of agglomerates in the melt. The agglomerates confine part of matrix material in their interparticle voids and decrease the volume fraction of the matrix around and increase the viscosity. The filler reduce the mobility of macromolecules in the interphases and this increases the melt stiffness.
At low and medium range of frequencies, the complex viscosity showed a sharp increase in the vicinity of 30 wt% of talc in the composite. The general behaviors of viscosity-frequency curve for the composites without resin are similar to pure PP resin with a plateau region at very low range of shear rates. Addition of resin to the composites showed a pronounced effect on the rheological behavior of PP-talc system, the Newtonian plateaus disappear and exhibit yield stress. The complex viscosity and storage modulus of composites at various concentrations of talc and resin are shown in Fig. 3.
The existence of yield stress, which must be exceeded for flow to occur, has been indicated as a common characteristic of highly filled polymer melts, associated with interaction between the filler particles (17). The origin of yield stress in highly filled polymer dispersions is reviewed by Malkin (18). The influence of filler type, size, concentration, and geometry on shear yielding in highly loaded polymer melt have considered in several studies (19-22), The observed yield stress in the viscosity behavior of melt revealed the presence of particle-particle interaction in the system that is directly dependent on the size of cured resin particles.
Tanaka and White (23), according to cell model theory (24), showed that for a concentrated suspension of interacting sphere in the matrix with power law type behavior, the viscosity of system directly depends on existence of interparticle interaction energy and hydrodynamic viscose dissipation. It is showed in some research works that (23), (25), (26) when particle size decreases, the yield stress increases at higher filler content.
It is believed that there are not considerable interactions between PP resin and the cured epoxy resin particles. The effect of the solid particles of cured epoxy resin on theological parameters may be attributed to their hydrodynamic effect and also talc-resin interaction.
To evaluate the resin-talc interactions, the viscosity of melts at a reference frequency of 10 ([s.sup.-1]) were selected and are shown in Fig. 3d. It is found that small amount of resin has a significant effect on viscosity of composites. Using 2.5 wt% of resin with PP + 40 wt% talc composite increased the complex viscosity [eta]* from 3800 to 7100 (Pa s).
The comparison of complex viscosity of PP + 40 wt% talc (3800 Pa s) and PP + 30% talc +10% resin (4100 Pa s) in Fig. 3d revealed the stronger effect of cured resin particles on increasing the viscosity. This may be observed due to hydrodynamic viscose dissipation effect of fillers.
The storage modulus G' of composites containing epoxy resin were increased in all range of frequencies. The storage modulus showed greater independency to frequency at lower range of shear rates. A minor amount of resin showed a significant effect on storage modulus. This was more pronounced at higher loading level of talc (40 wt%), which depicts the more solid-like behavior with high elastic energy of composites treated by resin. The loss modulus and damping factor (tan [delta]) of composites at various amount of resin are shown in Fig. 4.
Reactive mixing of resin with PP-talc composite increased the elasticity of melt, and tan [delta] showed a sharp decrease especially at low and medium rang of frequencies. The tan [delta] of PP-talc composites without epoxy resin decreased constantly by increasing frequency and cross the reference line of tan [delta] = 1 at cross over points of 92, 60, 24 ([s.sup.-1]), respectively. Incorporation small amount of 2.5 wt% epoxy resin decreased the tan [delta] by a vertical shift to lower values at crossover points of 38 and 26 ([s.sup.-1]) for 20 and 30% talc-PP composites. For 40 and wt% talc, the storage modulus is ever higher than loss modulus and no crossover point were observed.
By incorporating the epoxy resin, the tan [delta] showed a sharp decrease with a minimal variation in wide range of frequencies. This type of behavior is the evidence of predominance of elastic deformation nature of melts in wide range of frequencies.
The interaction of talc particles with resin for PP + 40 wt% talc composite can be seen in Cole-Cole plot (27), (28) of Fig. 5. The change in overall behavior of G'-G" plot of composites treated by resins is the evidence of interparticle interaction and formation of network structure in the PP matrix.
Modeling of Rheological Behavior
The experimental data of complex viscosity against frequency showed linear Power-Law-like behavior and can be approximated with a line with different slopes in low and high frequency ranges. The following equation is proposed for this type of behavior (14) and fit properly on the experimental data:
[eta]* = [K[[omega].sup.n']/(1 + [[omega].sup.2])[n'-n"/2]] (2)
where K is the [eta]* at [omega] = 1 (rad/sec); and at n' = n", n' is the slope of [eta]*--[omega] plot in the regions of 0 < [omega] < 1, and n" is slope of [eta]*--[omega] in the regions of 1 < [omega] < 100.
The model parameters of K, n', and n" for the composites are shown in Table 3.
TABLE 3. Model parameters for the PP + 40 wt% talc composites. Model parameters Resin content K n' n" 2.5% 29,000 -0.581 -0.617 5% 40,000 -0.712 -0.641 10% 140,000 -0.818 -0.746
The solid lines in Fig. 3c are model predicted trends, according to parameters given in Table 3. It is seen that Eq. 2 can predict properly the complex viscosity behavior of PP-talc composites mixed with various amount of epoxy resin in wide range of frequencies by relevant viscose parameters.
Effect of Filler Volume Fraction on Suspension Viscosity
The measurement of suspension viscosity can be used to characterize the microstructure state of dispersion. The Einstein relationship is well known in the study of dilute suspension of solid spherical particles in Newtonian fluid. Generally, when [phi] > 0.1 ([phi] = volume fraction of filler), the suspensions are considered to be concentrated and unlike the dilute suspensions, the size of the filler drastically change the viscosity behavior of concentrated suspensions.
At very high concentration, Mooney proposed an Arrhenius type equation for the suspension's viscosity. The Maron-Pierce type equation as an empirical expression has been evaluated to fit the entire range of volume fraction by Kataoka et al. (29), Kitano et al. (30), and used by Poslinski et al. (31), (32). This equation is as below:
[[eta].sub.r] = [[eta].sub.c]/[[eta].sub.p] = [1/[(1 - [empty set]/[[empty set].sub.m]).sup.2]] (3)
where [[eta].sub.r], [[eta].sub.c], and [[eta].sub.p] are relative viscosity, the viscosity of composite, and polymer melt viscosity, respectively, [phi] and [[phi].sub.m] are the volume fraction and maximum volume fraction of filler.
When the suspending medium is non-Newtonian, its viscosity change by shear rate and the concentration dependency of relative viscosity could be correlated by modified form of equations and using power law form of equation for [[eta].sub.p]. It is indicated in previous section that the melt behavior of PP and also the composites at higher shear rates can be described by the power law model. In the modified form of Eq. 3, the non-Newtonian behavior of viscosity of suspending medium is considered in the calculations.
[[eta].sub.c] = [1/[(p - [empty set]/[[empty set].sub.m]).sup.2]] x [[bar.k][[gamma].sup.n - 1] (4)
where [bar.k], n are the Power-Law constants of suspending medium and [gamma] is shear rate. The measured viscosities were fitted using Eq. 4 and are shown in Fig. 6. The [[phi].sub.m] and p values were determined and are surveyed in Table 4. The nonlinear dependency of [eta] on [phi] on [phi] implies that the interactions give rise to a significant effect on viscosity.
TABLE 4. [[PHI].sub.m] and P-values calculated according to Eq. 4. Material [[PHI].sub.m] P PP + talc 0.46 0.8 PP + talc + 2.5% resin 0.6 0.6
It is found that the value of [[phi].sub.m] for the composites mixed with 2.5% resin is bigger than PP-talc composites without resin, which can be due to the effect of epoxy resin on the talc-PP interaction and filler particle arrangement.
p is an adjustable parameter, which its value changes by composition and shear rate. The value of [[phi].sub.m] is a measure of the packing of filler in polymer matrix and of the thickness of immobilized polymer adsorbed on the filler surface (33).
Effect of Filler and Resin on Crystallization and Melting
The nonisothermal crystallization curves of composites are shown in Fig. 7. The crystallization of the matrix affects significantly on mechanical properties of composites (34), (35).
The crystallization and melting data of composites are summarized in Table 5. The degree of crystallinity of PP has been determined by:
TABLE 5. The DSC crystallization and melting data of composites. Material [T.sub.m] [T.sub.onset] [T.sub.p] [DELTA]T] ([degrees]C) ([degrees]C) ([degrees]C) ([degrees]C) PP + 30% 166.5 137 129.5 7.5 talc PP + 30% 164.4 130 123.8 6.2 talc + 2.5% resin PP + 30% 163.5 129.5 123.5 6 talc + 5.0% resin PP + 30% 161 130 123.8 6.2 talc + 10 % resin Material [DELTA][H.sub.c] (Cal/g) % PP + 30% talc 88 37 PP + 30% talc + 2.5% resin 96 41.3 PP + 30% talc + 5.0% resin 98.2 42.7 PP + 30% talc + 10 % resin 96 45.6 [T.sub.m], melting temperature; [T.sub.onset], onset temperature of crystallization; [T.sub.p], crystallization peak temperature; [DELTA]T], [T.sub.onset]-[T.sub.p]; [DELTA][H] [T sub.c], heat of crystallization; D.C., degree of crystallization.
D.C. (%) = [DELTA][H.sub.m]/[DELTA][H.sub.T] x 100/[chi] (5)
where D.C. is degree of crystallinity, [DELTA][H.sub.m] is the specific heat of melting, [DELTA][H.sub.T] is the total heat of melting of 100% crystalline isotactic PP, and x is weight fraction of PP in the composites. The [DELTA][H.sub.T] is taken 40.5 cal/g in the calculations (36). The DSC study of pure PP used in this study showed a crystallization temperature of about 113.5[degrees]C with about 40% crystallinity. Talc as a strong nucleating agent increased the crystallization temperature to 137[degrees]C and the degree of crystallinity decreased to 37%. The incorporation of epoxy resin increased the degree and also rate of crystallinity. The range of temperature that crystallization occurred ([DELTA]T) can be used as a measure of crystallization rate. These results revealed that the crystallinity and crystallization rate increased by using epoxy resin in the formulations. The increase in the heat of crystallization may be attributed to the facilitated molecular movement of PP due to the presence of epoxy resin, and sliding in to the lamellas. As it can be seen in Fig. 7, the crystallization curve of composites modified by epoxy resin is located between the curves of PP and PP + 30% talc composite. The epoxy resin interacted with talc powder during the reactive mixing process and changed partially their surface chemistry. This is the epoxy resin particles that play the main role in nucleation of PP.
Using epoxy resin leads to decrease in the melting temperature of composites (Table 5), and the melting temperature [T.sub.m] of composites decreased by increasing resin content. The decrease in [T.sub.m] is the evidence of decrease in crystal size (37), The decrease in crystal size and increase in heat of melting (higher D.C.) can be related to higher crystallization rate (38).
Melt Flowability
Flow behavior of thermoplastic polymer melts is essential for all forms of production and processing methods. It directly depends on viscosity of melt that can be measured by various methods (39). For industrial applications, MFR is widely use as a measure of melt fluidity, while it is usually measure in a certain range of low shear rate. The measurement of MFR by higher applied load than standard provides another data on the flow curve of polymer and will interpret the flowability of melt.
The MFR of the materials at low and high load of 2.16 and 10 kg are shown in Table 6. At 2.16 kg load, the fluidity of melt decreased significantly by increasing the talc and epoxy resin in the composite. There was negligible flow for the composite containing 40% talc and 10% epoxy resin in MFR test and no data were obtained. At high load of 10 kg, the composites treated by epoxy resin showed a substantial increase in MFR.
TABLE 6. The melt flow rate of composite at 230[degrees]C and two loads. Material [MFR.sub.230 [MFR.sub.230 [degrees]C, 2.16 [degrees]C, 10 kg] (g/10 min) kg] (g/10 min) PP + 20%talc 13 174 PP + 30%talc 12 161 PP + 40%talc 10.7 153 PP + 20%talc 4- 2.5%resin 9.8 180 PP + 30%talc + 2.5% resin 7.9 189 PP + 40%talc + 2.5% resin 6.1 208 PP + 20%talc + 5% resin 6.5 184 PP + 30%talc + 5% resin 3.3 196 PP + 40%talc + 5% resin 0.7 217 PP + 20%talc + 10% resin 2.6 232 PP + 30%talc + 10% resin 0.6 240 PP + 40%talc + 10% resin -- 260
It has been reported that for compositions comprising a linear polymer and a certain quantity of a filler, one observes a virtually jump-like increase of the volumetric flow rate within a very narrow range of shear stresses or the so-called flow separation effect (40).
The epoxy resin showed considerable promise as viscosity modifier for highly filled PP-talc composites and even thin-walled complex parts can be easily and completely filled in injection molding process. At low shear rate, the interparticle network between the filler particles strongly increase the viscosity. It is believed that at high shear rates the applied shear energy could breakdown the interparticle network structure, which is weakened due to talc new surface chemistry. The weak interfacial interaction of PP-epoxy resin and new surface chemistry of talc progressively reduce the friction force between PP melt and filler particles and affect the orientation of filler platelets in the direction of flow (41).
Morphology of the Composites
The SEM images of fractured surfaces of the injection molded samples are shown is Figs. 8 and 9. The SEM images were prepared from the cross-sectional areas close to outer surface of samples, because the talc usually aligns itself in the direction of flow in the middle parts of cross section and keeps the random form in the areas close to surfaces (8). The fracture surface of PP-talc composite without epoxy resin is shown Fig. 8a. As it can be seen in this figure, the talc particles are randomly distributed along the cross section close to outer surface and no flow-induced orientation was observed. Adding 2.5 wt% of resin to the formulation changed the rheology of melt, and the talc platelets were aligned in the direction of flow all over the cross section (Fig. 8b). These images confirm the observation in melt flow analysis of melt and jump-like increase of the volumetric flow rate in MFR test with high load. Most of particles in the fractured surface have platelet-like structure oriented in flow direction with various particle sizes. The sizes of big particles are close to mean particle size of talc, which is about 10 [mu]m. There are many other smaller, nanosize, particles with average diameter of about 200 nm, visible in the SEM micrographs of Fig. 9, which are cured epoxy resin particles. Jiang et al. (13), in their study on dynamically cured epoxy-PP blends, reported that the epoxy resin in 70/30 PP/epoxy blend dispersed as spherical particles with 3-4 [micro]m diameter in the PP matrix. The observed spherical shape particles may be because of lower viscosity/equivalent weight of resin that has been used in their study. The shape and size of the cured epoxy resin particles are clear in Fig. 9.
The resin softens and disperses in PP matrix because of applied heat and shear rate in the extruder. The dispersed epoxy resin in PP matrix changed from viscous material to solid particles, through a chemorheological curing process. The resin may react and adhere partially to talc particle surfaces and leads to a good dispersion of filler in PP matrix. The resulting PP compounds are homogeneous and very flowable at high range of shear rate. It is believed that the resin was interacted with talc particle surfaces and changed its surface chemistry. The resin filler interaction and new surface chemistry of talc can be the reason of changing the crystallization behavior and exhibiting an increased MFR at high shear rates. The SEM study revealed that using the resin with PP-talc system improved the dispersion of talc in PP and leads to orientation of filler platelets in the direction of flow. The variation in the morphology may be because of influence of talc on rheology of epoxy-talc mixture. The distinct and clear boundaries of dispersed particles and PP matrix are the evidence of weak interfacial interaction, which leads to lower mechanical properties of composite without using any compatibilizers.
(a) PP+20% PP+30% PP+40% No Resin 36.4 34.6 33.5 2.5% Resin 31.6 30.5 29.5 5% 29.7 29.0 27.3 10% Resin 24.8 24.4 21.5 (b) No Resin 3540 3950 4850 2.5% Resin 3200 3800 4800 5% Resin 3200 3920 4900 10% Resin 3100 4420 5000 (c) No Resin 50 43.5 30 2.5% Resin 50 38 3.0 5% Resin 38.5 32.5 26 10% Resin 33 29 23.5 30% Talc 30 Talc1-1 30% Talc+2.5% 30% Talc+2.5% 5% MPI Resin Resin+15% MPI Tensile 34.5 37.8 30.5 38.5 Strength (MPa) Elastic 3950 3900 3850 3920 Modulus (MPa) Impact 43 58 38 56 Strength (j/m) Note: Table made from bar graph.
Mechanical Properties
The incorporation of filler having a weak interaction with matrix show diverse effect on tensile and impact strength of the composites. Talc is a magnesium silicate hydroxide mineral and does not anticipate interacting with nonpolar PP resin. The epoxy-polyester hybrid resin is a polar material with an inherent tendency to adhere to talc particles, while having poor interaction with PP. The results for tensile strength, elastic modulus, and impact strength of composites are shown in Fig. 10a-c.
Addition of 2.5 wt% resin to PP + 20% talc composite leads to 13.5% decrease in tensile strength, while the tensile strength of PP + 40% talc (33.5 MPa) is only 8% lower than PP + 20% talc composite (36.4 MPa). This distinct effect on tensile strength should not be because of filling effect of the cured resin particles in PP matrix. It is believed that the resin act as stress concentrators and promoted the failure of composites. In multiphase-filled polymer compositions, which may contain mixed filler types or proportions of filler (42) and a fiber or secondary modifying polymer, the spatial distribution of the phases has a direct bearing on the properties of the composite (43), (44). The epoxy resin may adhere to talc particles and be present as discrete droplets within the thermoplastic matrix or coexist in both structural forms.
It has been shown that the spatial location of the secondary modifying polymer can have a profound effect on mechanical properties (430) and may be influenced by the relative chemical affinity of modifying polymer and plastic matrix toward the filler, and also the shear imposed during mixing (17). The aforementioned results revealed different mechanism in stiffening of PP composite in the presence of resin. It is believed that some part of talc can be mixed with epoxy resin in the early stages of reactive mixing in the extruder and two interface formed. One of the interfaces is related to talc with PP, and the other one is connected to cured epoxy resin containing talc with PP. In the end stages of the mixing operation in long twin screw extruder, the resin mixed partially with talc particles dynamically cures and changes to a thermoset. filled resin and thus develops a new solid phase in the composites.
The effect of MPP on mechanical properties of composites were studied and are shown in Fig. 10d. It is found that MPP improved the interfacial interaction of talc and resin with PP in PP + 30% talc and PP + 30% talc + 2.5% resin and increased the tensile strength and elastic modulus. The impact strength of composites has not shown noticeable change in the presence of MPP.
Reactive mixing of epoxy-polyester hybrid resin with PP and talc were carried out on a twin screw extruder. The incorporated epoxy-polyester hybrid resin was cured and changed to solid particles in the materials. Addition of even 2.5 wt% of resin to the composites showed a pronounced effect on the rheological behavior of PP-talc system, the Newtonian plateaus disappeared and exhibited yield stress. A new form of rheological model was used to model the rheological behavior. This model predicts efficiently the complex viscosity of composites with a good correlation with experiment results.
By incorporating the epoxy resin, the tan [delta] showed a sharp decrease with a minimal variation in wide range of frequencies. This type of behavior is the evidence of predominance of elastic deformation nature of melts in wide range of frequencies.
The dynamically cured resin showed a significant effect on flowability of melt at higher range of shear rate, which is attributed to resin-talc interaction and reducing the friction force. The talc particles align parallel to the mold surface all over the cross section from molds surface to center part of molded object. The epoxy resin in the PP-talc composites changed the talc surface chemistry and due to improved mobility of the PP molecules, the rate and also the degree of crystallinity increased. The crystallization study of 30 wt% talc-filled composite revealed that the hybrid resin system increased the degree of crystallinity to about 56.5%.
The cured epoxy resin particles were played the role of stress concentrators and decreased tensile strength, elastic modulus, and impact strength. It is found that MPP improved the interfacial interaction of talc and resin with PP and increased the tensile strength and elastic modulus. The optimum percentage of epoxy resin in the PP-talc composite system, considering mechanical properties and rheological modification, is about 2.5 wt%.
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Yousef Jahani, Morteza Ehsani
Iran Polymer and petrochemical Institute, Faculty of Polymer Processing, Tehran, Iran
Correspondence to: Y. Jahani: e-mail: y.jahani@ippi,ac.ir
Contract grant sponsor: Iran National Science Foundation: contract grant number: 85026/02.
DOI 10. 1002/pen.21294
Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com).
[c] 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
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This post is a follow-up to the Idea Lab article "The Shape of Learning: How Media Consumers Become Media Producers," based on experiments and observations in the TOW (Transom Online Workshop). We can improve the journalism industry by improving journalism: Create stories that consistently win hearts and minds, stir souls, engage brains. How do we produce better stories and […] more »
1989. When the Berlin Wall fell down I was only nine. Yet, I can still remember watching my first newscast while the Cold War was coming to an end. 2010. Steve Jobs announced the iPad in San Francisco — a device that fueled the digital video revolution. When we started working on Watchup we had […] more »
For the past year we've worked very hard to redesign the news watching experience by offering all the best news channels in a personal newscast that's ready when you are. Our partnership with the Washington Post is another step in that direction. Beginning March 13, content from PostTV will become available to Watchup users both […] more »
Imagine an online environment for learning the art and craft of multimedia journalism, a place for media consumers to become media producers. We think this goal realizable because … we're doing it. In the Transom Online Workshop (TOW) a bunch of wanna-be producers come together as a group on Facebook, where a couple of instructors lead them […] more »
How can I best tell the story? That's one of the most important questions I've learned to ask while working at Reese News Lab. I'm a word person. I like news writing, and I dabble in short stories and poetry. There's a huge part of me that says, "You know how to write. Why don't […] more »
How can you explain a war to someone in five minutes and be sure that they would understand? There are few topics as complex as wars. Even more so in the Internet era, where readers are flooded with information (and misinformation). In the daily torrent of news, context is usually absent, which makes it harder […] more »
Ever wanted to watch someone get a face full of pie over and over again with audio and from multiple angles? Thanks to Vine, it's possible. The unofficial NICAR13 "pie-ing" event above was part of a Kickstarter reward for a project to create data journalism educational materials. For the $150 reward level, someone could "smash […] more »
This post was co-written by Bailey Smith, co-creator of Pop Up Archive. When we talk about the changing face of media on the web, archiving isn't generally the first subject to come up. As we were beginning Pop Up Archive, we grappled with the fact that it's hard to show the vibrant, innovative side of […] more »
One of our bold beliefs here at Watchup has always been to iterate fast over users' feedback. Watchup is a Stanford startup, incubated at StartX, the Stanford startup accelerator, and as such we always try to apply the design thinking principles to our work. The latest version 1.4 of your favorite news video iPad app […] more »
The Tiziano Project recently launched our new platform for collaborative storytelling, StoriesFrom. We debuted the platform at the Dokufest International Film Festival in Kosovo, where we simultaneously led a two-week filmmaking workshop taught entirely on the iPad. While The Tiziano Project has been completing field training programs since 2007, this was first program we have […] more »


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|Choo to Reds, Bauer to Indians in 3-team trade
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Center fielder Drew Stubbs was sent from Cincinnati to Cleveland as part of the trade announced Tuesday night.
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'People from lower castes have been facing discrimination for ages'
In a bid to attract the attention of the youth ahead of the Lok Sabha polls, Congress vice-president Rahul Gandhi here on Saturday interacted with a cross-section of students, flanked by two young faces of the party — actor-turned-politician Ramya and Minister of State for Agriculture Krishna Byre Gowda.
Accompanied by Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) chairman Nandan Nilekani, Mr. Gandhi sought to convince students that caste-based reservation in education and employment was required to bring the downtrodden into the mainstream.
"Perhaps you have not been to villages outside the city. The fact is that people from lower castes have been facing discrimination for ages. We cannot say we do not like a particular religion or caste. Regardless of which community the person belongs to we have to make him feel he is part of the system," he said.
Interspersing the one-hour-45-minute programme with views of students from Sriperumbudur, Pune, Kolkata, Allahabad, Mohali, Guwahati, and New Delhi through video conferencing, the Congress vice-president advised the students not to let politicians get away with just making policies. "You must force them to think and give solutions to your problems," he said.
When several students wanted to know why skilled talent from the country was attracted to foreign shores, Mr. Gandhi said: "The answer is not to stop people from going abroad but to give them opportunities that will make them stay in the country. This country has tremendous energy and our ability to think and solve problems is the best. But our systems [political and education] are bad and it is important to change them."
"He listened to all our questions and answered most of them although he did not give specific replies," said Shreoshee Mukherjee from Mount Carmel College.
Keywords: Lok Sabha polls, Rahul Gandhi, UIDAI, Rahul Gandhi campaigning, caste-based reservation, Central College Grounds


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Special Correspondent
Bangalore: Paul Daniel Dinakaran Premkumar was on Friday sworn-in Chief Justice of the Karnataka High Court by Governor Rameshwar Thakur at a function organised at the Glass House of Raj Bhavan here.
Mr. Dinakaran, Judge of the Madras High Court, was elevated to the post of Chief Justice and posted to the Karnataka High Court.
He was administered the oath of office in the presence of the Chief Minister B.S. Yeddyurappa and a galaxy of judges and senior lawyers of the High Courts, including a large contingent of them from Tamil Nadu.
Chief Secretary Sudhakar Rao read the Presidential communiqué appointing Mr. Dinakaran as new Chief Justice. Chairman of the Legislative Council Veeranna Mathikatti, Lokayukta N. Santhosh Hegde, the former Judge of the Supreme Court Shivraj Patil, MLA from Tamil Nadu B. Ranganathan, MLC V.R.Venkatesh, president of the Bangalore Bar Association D.L. Jagadish, President of the High Court Circuit Bench Bar Association, Hubli, B.D. Hiremath and senior bureaucrats of the State Government were present.
Judges of the Madras High Court K. Raviraja Pandyan, D. Murugeshan, K.N. Basha, M. Raghupathi, K. Venkataraman, and N. Kannadasan (Chairman, Tamil Nadu State Consumers Forum, Chennai), and K. Elango (Chairman, Central Administrative Tribunal, Chennai) greeted Mr. Dinakaran on the occasion. Masilamani, Advocate-General of Tamil Nadu; R. Ravindran, Additional Solicitor-General, Southern states; R. Balasubramanian, retired judge of the Madras High Court; N.R. Chandran and R. Viduthalai, former Advocates-General of Tamil Nadu; Raja Elango, Tamil Nadu State Public Prosecutor; R. Shanmuga Sudaram, senior advocate; N.R. Elango, Additional Public Prosecutor; Paul Noble Devakumar, Tamil Nadu Government advocate on the criminal side, and R. Gandhi, President, Madras Bar Association, were present.
Mr. Dinakaran, accompanied by his wife and daughter, went round exchanging pleasantries with the dignitaries and introduced them to Mr. Thakur and Mr. Yeddyurappa.
Speaking to The Hindu, the new Chief Justice said that he would ensure that each and every citizen of the State was happy during his tenure as Chief Justice of the High Court.
The Karnataka State Bar Council felicitated Mr. Dinakarn on taking over as Chief Justice on the High Court premises. Council president Shiva Kumar welcomed Mr. Dinakaran.
Mr. Dinakaran took charge from the senior-most High Court judge and Acting Chief Justice of Karnataka High Court Deepak Verma. High Court judges, the Advocate-General, senior advocates, presiding officers of the lower judiciary, High Court staff and advocates were present on the occasion.


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Goals are easy, but wins hard to come by (regularly) for Avs
Updated: December 7, 2007, 11:43 AM ETBy Terry Frei | Special to ESPN.com
DENVER -- With more expected of them, the Colorado Avalanche have meandered through the first two months of the regular season, raising more questions than they have answered.
After finishing 2006-07 with a 15-2-2 run that just missed securing the franchise's 11th playoff berth in 11 seasons in Denver, and with Joe Sakic still going strong in his late 30s, the Avalanche's July signings of unrestricted free agents Ryan Smyth and Scott Hannan were billed as part of the return to elite status ...
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title.none: Linder, ed., The Jews in the Legal Sources (Scheil)
identifier.other: baj9928.9810.005 98.10.05
identifier.issn: 1096-746X
description.statementofresponsibility: Andrew Scheil, University of Hartford, email@example.com
publisher.none: .
date.issued: 1998
identifier.citation: Linder, Amnon, ed. The Jews in the Legal Sources of the Early Middle Ages. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1998. Pp. 717. $65.00. ISBN: ISBN 0-814-32403-7.
type.none: Review
relation.ispartof: The Medieval Review
The Medieval Review 98.10.05
Linder, Amnon, ed. The Jews in the Legal Sources of the Early Middle Ages. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1998. Pp. 717. $65.00. ISBN: ISBN 0-814-32403-7.
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Amnon Linder has provided a valuable work of scholarship with his The Jews in the Legal Sources of the Early Middle Ages (hereafter abbreviated as JLSEMA). This comprehensive edition and translation of Jewry law from the fifth to the twelfth century is a useful resource for anyone interested in Jewish life in the early middle ages. A long-awaited second volume to Linder's earlier The Jews in Roman Imperial Legislation (Detroit and Jerusalem, 1987) [[1]], JLSEMA presents 142 sources of various types broken down into five divisions: Byzantine texts (twenty-eight sources), western secular texts (twenty-five sources), and three types of ecclesiastical sources: papal decretals (nine), conciliar canons (forty-one; further subdivided into ecumenical and regional councils), and canonical collections (thirty-nine). Linder acknowledges in his introduction that the sources he collects here represent only the formal literate records of Jewry law; customary law pertaining to Jews, transmitted by oral tradition, is generally lost "and the historian is obliged to turn to much later written records or to non-legal evidence in any attempt to gain some knowledge of this type of legal activity" (p. 14). Thus JLSEMA must be used in tandem with other texts and traditions to provide an accurate picture of Jewish life and Christian attitudes toward Jews in the early middle ages. In his collection, Linder aims for "comprehensiveness rather than selectivity" (p. 16), including a broad definition of "legal sources": "A legal text, therefore, was any text considered as such [during the period], whether secular or ecclesiastical, of private or public origin, regardless of the classical format or content criteria" (p. 18). JLSEMA collects all the relevant published material on Jews in print (but often found in editions difficult to obtain), "supplemented . . . with certain texts still unpublished, known from manuscript versions only" (16). It would have been helpful if Linder had noted at this point exactly which manuscript sources he has edited here for the first time: the reader must scan the bibliographical apparatus to find these newly-published texts.[[2]] Linder provides an authoritative introduction to each of his sources, with excellent concise summaries of manuscript distribution, influence, historical context, and any particular problems in using the text. He includes very brief bibliographic annotation for each, intended as "basic pointers for a more extensive bibliographic search" (18). Linder breaks down his 142 sources into 1,016 consecutively numbered, smaller "text units." Each text unit includes a detailed bibliographic reference to the original printed source, the original incipit, rubric, and inscription in translation. Linder then prints the Greek or Latin text of the particular source (and, in one case, Arabic: see text units 309-311), often correcting the earlier printed edition. He also gives an accurate English translation of each text. The organization and layout of the volume, while retaining the same basic parameters of The Jews in Roman Imperial Legislation, seems easier to use, with footnotes instead of endnotes for each source, and a cleaner, more readable typeface.
In order to maximize the usefulness of the collection, Linder has provided a generous context for each specific citation of Jews within his sources. Some text units are thus concise (only a sentence or two), and some are large (often several pages). Linder has "aimed . . . at presenting complete original texts, to the extent that the nature of the documents demanded and common sense allowed" (17). Although Linder's good common sense is certainly to be trusted, there of course remains a certain degree of artificiality involved in extracting this variety of material bearing on Jews from its original context and binding it together between two covers. As meticulous and generous as Linder is, scholars might still wish to consider the broader context of the text units within their own particular sources before making certain types of conclusions. However, collecting these texts together in one convenient volume allows for a powerful concentration of study, rendering broad trends and common concerns easily visible. There is ample evidence here for the standard conclusion that Jews were afforded a measure of political/legal protection absent in the later middle ages (e.g. text units 82, 158, 436, 595, 717, and many others). Linder also includes an extremely useful series of indices: Greek incipits, Latin incipits, persons, places, subjects. The index of subjects reveals a number of recurring points of contention, many of which are well-established areas of inquiry in the study of Jewish-Christian relationships in the middle ages: baptism, conversion, heresy/heretics, holidays (Christian and Jewish), circumcision, intermarriage, property rights, prohibitions and proselytism, rights, slaves, synagogues, taxes, violence, etc. There is fascinating material here for historians, but JLSEMA constitutes an important resource for anyone concerned with the fabric of medieval culture. To take only one example, Christian prohibitions against intermarriage, the sharing of food, bathing with Jews, and accepting medical treatment from Jews (see index of subjects: "Marriage and sexual relations, Christians with Jews," and "Prohibitions on Christians in relationship with non-orthodox") open a window into early medieval cultural taboos of miscegenation and the body that will be of interest to a variety of disciplines.
The text is meticulously edited, with very few errors: the dustjacket reads "in one of the main sources," a misprint for "is one of the main sources;" p. 383 "whose body found grave in the church" should presumably read "whose body found the grave in the church;" p. 389 "Let all learn from their example to keep to king fidelity" should read more idiomatically as "Let all learn from their example to keep fidelity to the king."
Amnon Linder's long-delayed collection will be an invaluable resource for every library collection, and for any scholar working on Jewish-Christian relationships in the middle ages. NOTES: [[1]] Linder explains that "I completed this book in 1987. Various circumstances delayed its publication, but I have been able to update it to 1992 and make use of new studies and critical editions published in the interval" (p. 18). [[2]] Even after such a search it can still be difficult to discern which sources Linder consulted in manuscript. Apparently, these include Hrabanus Maurus, Penitentiale II, (To Heribald) (source 125, text units 1125-1127), and Ivo of Chartres, Panormia (source 141, text units 1229- 1238).


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Flu Vaccine Often Does Not Always Work
March 4, 2013
It has been the constant message from the CDC…throughout this bad flu season. Everyone needs to get a flu shot. But CDC's own study out today shows that surprisingly often the vaccine just doesn't work…even though it matched this year's flu strain.
Topics: Health Medical Pharma, Vaccines, Health, Medicine, Flu pandemic vaccine, Flu season, Swine influenza, Pandemics, Flu pandemic, Influenza, Influenza vaccine, flu


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This iMech classic is back again with improved casting and new box style!
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Roland Deschain
Standard Equipment/Gear
Morals On
In character
Start 50 feet apart
Battle here.
@Strafe Prower Hawkeye
@CadenceV2 Roland Deschain
Standard Equipment/Gear
Morals On
In character
Start 50 feet apart
Battle here.
@BringnIt: Its both. Stephen King and the Team behind the Graphic Novels have stated this is the same as the Book Roland with more added depth.
@Strafe Prower: You go first.
@CadenceV2: I would, but I have no idea who this guy is....lol
@Strafe Prower: Then I will lay it down about Roland.
Roland is the Hero in Stephen Kings Novels the Dark Tower. He is the last living Gunslinger in a world filled with Killers, Sorcerers, Cyborgs, Psychics, Vampires, Mutants, and Demons.
His soul mission since the fall of his Kingdom as a child is to reach the Dark Tower, the Center of the Stephen King Multiverse, and set things right as God.
He carries with him 2 Guns forge from the Dark Tower. He usually travels with a Ka-tet (or group picked by fate) at 1 time or another but has spent most of his travels alone.
His Abilities (Pre Drawing of Three where he lost 2 fingers) and Gear inlcude....
All in all Roland is a Street Leveler Hero who Aims with his Eye, Shoot with his Mind, and Kills with his Heart.
He comes from the Blood Line of Eld (King Arthur) and his family and Kingdom are the baddest warriors in Mid World (Set hundreds of years after the End of our World).
His Training since Birth has been learning how to shoot and deal with the threats of the Old World. Even as a Child Roland was exceptional.
He always reacted and move faster than any other Child in training. His firend Cuthbert in the Scan Below will show just how Fast and Accurate these 14 year Kids are.
Yet Roland was confrimed by both the Teacher and Cuthbert to be much faster than Cuthbert. Thats at the Age of 14!
At the Age of 14 Roland had to beat Cort (the Teacher and respected Gunslinger) in H2H to become a Man. He was the youngest Gunslinger in history at 14 beating his dads record who was 16. This is a full grown man who is very well feared for his skill. Roland beat him with the Help of his choice of weapon, his Hawk David.
Then at the Age of 14 when Traitors and Conspiracy had kill his family and the Adult Gunslingers in a war with the Good Man. Roland at 14 became the Ruler and the Kingdom. He was Force to protect his Kingdom to a Unstoppable force.
He with a Handful of other Kids made Life hell for the Good Mans forces.Then when Gilead fell Roland lead a 9 year Campaign of attacking the Good Mans forces He build up a army with what was left. Unfortunately Ka had other plans. At the Peak of his campaign traitors were once again responsible for betraying the hide out of his army at Jericho Hill.
Even then the basic Gunslinger skill laid low 100 enemies to there one. Numbers won out and all the Gunslingers were Killed. Except...
Roland rose like a Phoenix with a new Mission.
So without further adoo. Roland has fought many Bow users. The Guy has Avoid Bullets many a time. So he would keep moving with his Billy Bumbler at his side.
This is a Billy Bumbler BTW. They are very Intelligent and even understand how to speak to a degree.
While Morals are one Roland having arrows flung at him will treat Hawkeye as any other guys trying to kill him (even tho HE is not trying to lol) and fire back with kill shots. Roland shoots with every shot intended to kill. He was raise and train to make every shot count. His Preternatural Aim has killed entire mobs of enemies.
So I will show scans of this later.
Really simple plan right now. Your Turn.
@CadenceV2: I'll respond to this ASAP. It is obvious Clint has an uphill battle.
@CadenceV2: Sorry about the wait. I was trying to think of the best way to go about this one.
As for the debate, Roland is quite impressive. If this was any other archer, he would most likely kill them in one shot. Fortunately, this is Clint :)
When It comes to accuracy, Clint is simply unmatched. He can literally take any object and throw it with perfect accuracy. That's not to mention the ridiculous feats he has with a bow. He has taken out a small army of archers by himself. That's not to mention his ability to curve arrows and his incredibly useful trick arrows.
When it comes to fighting opponents with guns, Clint is used to it. He has dodged automatic machine gun fire from point blank, put arrows down the barrel of a gun, and has predicted where a bullet would land without being the shooter.
He also has superior reaction timing to any normal human, showing this constantly.
When it comes to Hand to Hand fighting, Clint is also very skilled. He has taken on an army of Hand ninja unscathed, taken out multiple enemies in a small area, taken out Batroc, and has his trick arrows to help.
All in all, I don't see Roland being able to kill Clint with so much cover. I could see Clint surprising the gunslinger and taking him down.
@Strafe Prower: Clint maybe the most accurate with oddball Objects and Arrows. Roland is unmatch in the use of his Guns.
Roland use of these Guns (Made with the very fabric of the Stephen King Multiverse I.E. The Dark Tower) are as accurate as accurate can possibly be and Roland aim is dead accurate.
Also Roland famous battle of Tull. Roland faces a whole Mob at once of 58 people.
He kills everyone with a single shot.
As seen during the battle the Gunslinger dodges a ton of crap with ease for the most part and reloads with super speed.
Another good showing is Roland reacting and killing 5 Sucker Bats at once.
Roland kills 5 Sucker Bats near Simultaneously. Do you know how fast Bats move?
These bats moves too fast for the camera to follow.
Or when he was dehydrated still and weak from weeks of traveling thru the desert kills a pack of Mutant dogs easy.
Eight Desert Dogs charging from all directions and at close distance. Roland gets them all.
Use your keyboard!
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Easy Fractions (Resource Book Only) eBookGrade 1|Grade 2
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A wonderful introduction to fractions! Students will have plenty of practice identifying, drawing, coloring, and dividing basic shapes. Fractions include 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/3 and more!
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From Commander Shepard to the Dark Knight and even Death himself, we look at how the Wii U is handling ports of big games in this debut episode of the RE/PORT!
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This spring, Metro Vancouver residents will be asked to vote on a 0.5% increase in PST to fund the Mayors' Council vision for transit in Metro Vancouver. Although it's ultimately up to the voters to decide whether they support the plan, it is interesting that both the Liberals and the NDP are now urging voters to support a 'yes' vote. The issue, however, is not quite as black and white for those of us who live in South Delta.
Delta is consistently subjected to transit cuts that many in the community, including myself, see as unfair. We lost our heavily used 601 express bus to downtown and now must transfer to the Canada Line. The result is that seniors have stopped going to Vancouver and have become isolated in South Delta. We also can't get to North Delta or Surrey without spending up to an hour and a half on a bus. Recently the 404 bus route was changed; now we need to transfer to a second bus if we want to take a simple trip down Steveston Highway to Ironwood Mall.
TransLink cites low ridership to justify these cuts, but the reality is that if we had an efficient and reliable transit system then people would use it; these types of cuts only drive more people away. And they would like us to forget that the 601 was eliminated in order to increase ridership numbers on the Canada Line, not to make it more efficient and safe to get to Vancouver. Transit users in South Delta are understandably fed up and are hesitant to give TransLink additional funding when we know very little will change to the service levels at home.
Yes, we need to reduce congestion by improving transit in the region: anyone who commutes through the Massey Tunnel on a daily basis knows the problem all too well. Over half of the Delta workforce commutes outside of the municipality, and over ten percent use public transit for their commute. The proposed transit improvements may eventually benefit Delta by getting cars off city roads and shortening our commute: but just think what it would do if light rail transit was part of the Massey Bridge planning? Now that would be worth a 'yes' vote on the referendum.
I should note in fairness that the Mayors' Council plan does offer some local improvements, including better bus service for Highway 17; improvements to the South Delta Exchange and upgrades to the bus network throughout South Delta. Gee it's nice to get the crumbs.
There are good reasons to support a 'yes' vote in other areas of the region but in Delta there is a lot of frustration with TransLink and the need to vote 'yes' is not immediately obvious.
The government has introduced changes to the Police Act that enable them to force municipalities to join integrated policing services.
Today in the Legislature I spoke about Delta Hospital and the community support for its services. The video and transcript of my speech are below:
Yesterday on our day of Remembrance, I delivered the following speech at the Ladner Legion:


text:
holding head up
<3 melissa. sem. baby greysen. lucie puppy <3
Comments (9)
<3 melissa. sem. baby greysen. lucie puppy <3
my guy has been doing that since birth, although still a lil wobbly
Married my soulmate 11/21/11
Big Brother Kalom Zekiah born 10/14/10
Little Brother Avery Jaden born 12/22/12
Emily and Gary - Married 3.14.11 Expecting Evelyn Claire 12.16.12
My lo one has been holding his head up since the day he was born. I think that most women that were on iron supplements have babies that are a little stronger than those that didn't have to take the iron supplements. It's a great mile stone that your baby has reached being able to hold up their own head. It means that your lo is right on track for the first 3 months of development. No it doesn't mean that anyones baby is more advanced than anyone elses, just right on track for their developmental stage, so stay proud mama.... Your baby is doing great!
JJ (12.5.12) so in love with my princess!
CJ (10.19.14) my little man has stolen my heart!
Our sweet boy Abrahm *12.4.12*
Our second sweet boy Owen *6.20.14*


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Welcome to TalkBass, the Premier Bass Player Community and Information Source. Register a FREE Account to post and unlock tons of features!
Easy to use Peavey combo amp's head or the speaker separately
Discussion in 'Amps [BG]' started by fnordlyone, Nov 27, 2013.
Page 1 of 2
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Photo: First Look - New Poster Art for DUMB AND DUMBER TO
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While fans eagerly await the first official trailer for DUMB AND DUMBER TO, debuting later today on NBC's 'Tonight Show,' a new poster has been revealed for the highly anticipated sequel hitting theaters on November 14th. Check it out below!
The film stars Jim Carrey, Jeff Daniels, Rachel Melvin, Kathleen Turner, Brady Bluhm, Laurie Holden, Steve Tom and Rob Riggle. In the sequel, Lloyd Christmas and Harry Dunne embark on a road trip to find Harry's long-lost son.
Peter and Bobby Farrelly return to helm the DUMB AND DUMBER sequel, as well as rewrite the original script written by Sean Anders and John Morris. Oscar-winning HUNGER GAMES star Jennifer Lawrence has signed on for a small cameo in the upcoming sequel as the younger version of Kathleen Turner. THE WALKING DEAD's Laurie Holden, Turner, and Rob Riggle are also featured in the film.
The original buddy comedy was a box office hit, grossing $127,175,374 in the United States, and $247,275,374 worldwide, and topping the holiday season film gross. While initial reception towards the film was mixed, Dumb and Dumber has since obtained a cult following and has spawned a TV animated series, and a 2003 prequel.
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Laurel shines as Blue Eagles win UAAP baseball finals opener
More News from Celest R. Flores
More News from INQUIRER.net
MANILA, Philippines – Matt Laurel hit a homer in the seventh inning and Ateneo blasted defending champion National University, 6-2, in game one of the UAAP season 75 men's baseball tournament Friday at the Rizal Memorial Baseball Stadium.
The Blue Eagle Batters moved into a game of reedeming itself from last season's missed swing at the title against the Bulldogs.
Ateneo also triumphed in the series opener last season, only to wilt in the ensuing matches in the face of fiery efforts from MVP Aries Oruga and the Bulldogs.
Laurel lived up to his title as the league's reigning homerun king, and head coach Emer Barandoc couldn't help but marvel at his ability to make the big plays.
Laurel gave the Blue Eagles a 4-2 lead and never looked back.
"May one-time, big-time siya sa paluan," said Barandoc, who hopes to avoid any meltdowns and wrap the series up in game two set on Tuesday.
"We won't let what happened last year happen again. If we play this way, we have a chance," said Barandoc.
An RBI from rookie Ryon Tionloc in the bottom sixth allowed Ateneo to overhaul a two-run deficit to a 3-2 advantage.
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Chavez's condition improves: Minister
Published on Jan 14, 2013 8:57 AM
CARACAS (AFP) - The health of Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez has evolved in a "favourable" way in recent days, though he still requires treatment for respiratory failure, Communications Minister Ernesto Villegas said.
"Despite his delicate health state since his complex surgery on Dec 11, his general health has improved in recent days and the president is in strict compliance with his medical treatment," Mr Villegas said in a statement broadcast on radio and television.
Earlier on Sunday, however, former vice-president Elias Jaua said the leader is "fighting for his life" after cancer surgery in Cuba,
"The situation is complex and delicate, but it is true that Hugo Chavez has fought and is fighting for his life," Mr Jaua said during a meeting in Caracas of the ruling United Socialist Party.
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They look terrible and hurt like hell. (JFYI, the photos might freak you out.)
Get a Great Beach Body in 3 Days
Start in a lunge position with your right leg in front. Your front knee should be bent so that it is directly over the heel, forming a 90 degree angle. Jump straight up as you switch legs, landing in a lunge position with your left leg in front. Repeat this, alternating legs, eight times.
Start with your feet slightly wider than shoulder width, with your toes pointed out on a diagonal. Squat down with your knees opening wide until they are almost in line with your hips. Hold this position for three seconds and start again, repeating eight times.


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|Haute Hibiscus Rug, 5x8
|No Longer Available
|Haute Hibiscus Rug, 8x10
|No Longer Available


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Kim Kardashian In 3D
The most depth ever displayed by a Kardashian. These are from the upcoming issue of World's Most Beautiful, which will come with glasses and be in 3D. Ironic since most men will use this magazine in a fashion that will render them blind.
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Welcome from another forum newbie.
Welcome from another forum newbie.
welcome to Hammock Forums and hey from high point nc.
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welcome from piney minnesota!!
welcome to the madness
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