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Rockford-City reaching out to minorities to fill some of their openings at the fire department.
Rockford- Aldermen want to put a stop to businesses getting liquor licenses just so they can have video gaming.
Loves Park- Police will monitor twelve intersections to figure out why there have been more accidents within the past year.
Rockford- Winnebago County approves funding of 8 million dollars for MRO Facility at Rockford Airport.
Freeport-Firefighters rescue dog after a Freeport home goes up in flames.
Rockford- Eyewitness News explains why police dedicate a lot of resources to cracking down on prostitution.
By 11-2 vote, elect to keep system for hiring and disciplining both police and fire chief.
Rockford-City proposing to put odd-even ordinance everyday from December 1st to April 1st regardless of snow.
Three women claim David Seaton abused them when they were minors. Bringing a total of five victims speaking out against Seaton.
News- Chicago Little League baseball team is stripped of title.
Rockford- Morrissey wants ordinance giving himself jurisdiction over Rockford's fire and police chiefs.
Rockford- It will now be voted on in council next week. Mayor Larry Morrissey wants the same power over Chief Chet Epperson that he has over other Department Heads.
All suspected of shipping American gear to the terror cell in Syria
Rockford- Heroin was found at Jefferson High School January 16th.
Rockford-5 Pointers Neighborhood Association holds meeting to discuss the Log Cabin Avenue
Rockford- Vigil held for 18 year old Jaylin Shaw
Rockford- Sports ethics expert discusses 'deflate gate'
Rockford-Lloyd Johnston took the stand during Epperson's hearing.
State health officials gearing up for possible outbreak as case confirmed in suburban Chicago.
Local bar says IDOT is not providing patrons easier access to their bar.
ROCKFORD - The hearing between Epperson and the Board of Fire and Police Commission will finally happen.
Two members of the Belvidere school board can not run for re-election after not properly filling out their petitions.
Stateliners get a glimpse of the newest outdoor activity in Rockford.
Beloit-City leaders react to Beloit's first murder. They are hoping to not have a repeat of last year's murder numbers.
Three people shot in all, and officer bitten by dog.
Rockford-City proposing to turn the vacant Trekk Building into a hotel
The City addresses the public in the wake of seven murders since late December.
ROCKFORD - A local resident doesn't take too kindly to home invaders targeting his home.
WTVO/WQRF - Police investigate a murder in a Belvidere subdivision. Police received tips that suspect may have took his own life.
Rockford-Aldermen proposing to build an Alpine Bank at Auburn and North Main roundabout.
Rockford- BP Gas station on 11th street uses a "Wall of Shame" to expose thieves.
Rockford-State Representative John Cabello suggest bringing back death penalty for cop killers and those who commit heinous crimes.
Village officials voted to go ahead with the purchase of the former JC Penney in Machesney Park.
Rockford- Civil War Memorial Statue moving from North Main and Auburn Roundabout to Veterans Memorial Hall
UPDATE -- An update to the death investigation of 75 year-old Mary Coulthard.
Pecatonica-House resolution honors cops who captured accused double murderer.
Rockford-Estate of Mark Barmore settled with the city of Rockford for 1.1. million dollars.
Rockford- Police and fire say the city needs to be more aggressive in pension funding.
Obama administration wants to ease tension between United States and Cuba.
Rockford-Utility Services of Illinois meets with Mulford Wildwoods Subdivision to discuss empty hydrants.
Rockford - The City of Rockford agrees to pay the family of Mark Barmore over $1.1 million following a wrongful death lawsuit.
A Rockford Pastor is organizing a rally to stop police brutality, and take part in a nation wide effort to stop violence against African Americans.
Sportspage Bar gets liquor license back under strict conditions.
Belvidere-Auto dealership Jack Wolf saving money by going green.
Belvidere-Fresh Start Animal Rescue saved sixteen dogs from an out of state puppy mill.
Rockford- Transform Rockford officials say the movement is not losing steam. Looking forward to a productive 2015
Rockford-26th annual Festival of Lights returns to Sinnissippi Park.
Loves Park- in wake of Ferguson shooting, Loves Park Police Chief pushing to equip his officers with body cameras.
Cherry Valley- Water company proposing to raise rates to keep up with inflation.
Rockford- City decides on geopolicing locations


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Home > Archives
Thursday November 10, 2011
AN OPPOSITION MP has claimed that the prices of goods sold at Kedai Rakyat 1Malaysia (KR1M) shops are not as cheap as the Government promoted them to be.
Tony Pua (DAP-Petaling Jaya Utara) said the items bearing the 1Malaysia brand, ranging from canned sardines to dishwashing liquid, were priced higher than certain hypermarkets.
He said the 1Malaysia shops were reportedly selling goods at 30% to 50% lower than market prices.
"While some products are indeed cheaper, the price difference for most 1Malaysia products are far less than the claims of the 30% to 50% discount," Pua said.
"For a one-litre bottle of 1Malaysia brand bleach, the 1Malaysia shop charges consumers RM1.90 for the item, claiming huge savings of 36%.
"However, one can easily purchase the one-litre Carrefour or Tesco brand bleach for only RM1.29, which is 47% cheaper than the one in the 1Malaysia shop," he said.
Another comparison was the one-litre 1Malaysia blackcurrant cordial, which was selling at RM9.50 while the Carrefour product of the same volume sold for RM3.09.
Pua called upon the Domestic Trade, Cooperatives and Consumerism Minister to stop misleading the people with false advertising.
Neighbours heard cries of children being beaten
RM1mil reward offer for information on Dr M's alleged misdeeds
Body of child found buried in kitchen
'Wild' party ends for 51 at popular mall
Money down the drain
Man killed after car smashes into toll booth barrier
Copyright © 1995-2015 Star Media Group Berhad (ROC 10894D)(Formerly known as Star Publications (Malaysia) Berhad)

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'Free To Be You and Me' Turns 40
The project had feminist underpinnings, a message, and Jewish support
There seem to be two groups who know about the album and later the book, play, television special Free To Be…You and Me, a feel-good, clarion call for social acceptance that debuted in 1972. The first group consists of people who were culturally aware at the time of its release 40 years ago–from the teachers and parents who used the material to teach its lessons to the networks and labels that promoted it and the people who watched and listened.
While that implies a pretty broad swath of the population, Free To Be seems to have been a time and place thing (a thing may very well be the best way to describe it) in that it made instructive sense of all that had happened in the previous decade. As Dan Kois writes:
From the album's opening sounds—the jaunty strumming of a banjo on the title track—Free To Be posited a world in which every boy "grows to be his own man," and "every girl grows to be her own woman." The land of Free To Be was a place where girls could grow up to be mommies and doctors, and they didn't have to get married if they didn't want to. It was a place where boys could cry or play with dolls without fear of scorn. It was a place where boys and girls could be friends, no matter what they looked like or acted like—unless the girl was a prissy princess, in which case she would be eaten by a tiger.
I was part of a second group, the Jewish summer camp set for whom the album's music and scenes were force-fed, sang, and reenacted well over a decade after its release. After all, the album (which was the brainchild of Marlo Thomas), featured contributions from musicians, artists, and activists like Mel Brooks, Gloria Steinem, David Greenburg, Dick Cavett, Carl Reiner, Alan Alda, and Diana Ross. What a line-up!
But at a certain point, I never heard it again. And I forgot that I had ever seen it. Possibly because I was still too young, the mention of Free To Be now coaxes out a late-childhood memory, something lodged deep in the recesses, but that cannot be entirely unearthed. Having featured news of the album's 40th anniversary in our Daybreak section last week, I received a very nice synthesis of the meaning of the Free to Be in the context of today's news from one of our readers.
After suffering through the last debate and reading some of the follow-up and being made aware that it is the 40th anniversary of "Free To Be You And Me," I reflected on how far we have come and how little progress we have made.
The 70s were a great time to be a woman as well as a very bad time – we had just had the Roe v. Wade ruling and it seemed we were finally really given control over our own bodies. We did not realize that 40 years later we would be fighting the same battle over and over again. In those days, we had to argue that contraception was not the answer to eliminating the need for abortion; we never thought we would have to fight for the ability to select contraception. We had every hope that the Equal Rights Amendment would become the law of the land – we knew, even if our opponents did not that equal does not mean same – it means having the same worth, having the same value. We truly believed that the glass ceiling would disappear because the world would realize that gender was not the measure of intellect or skill. All of this was reflected in the album and the book. We really believed that we could raise all of our children with expectations that their only limits would be on their own abilities, their own dreams, their own aspirations. Hearing the rhetoric of this political campaign is painful, maybe we should all start singing again; maybe someone will listen to us.
Now I remember a little better.
Free To Be [Slate]
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Originally written on Fox Sports | Last updated 6/29/14
Rams right tackle Jason Smith was carted off the field after getting accidentally hit in the head during the first quarter against the Dallas Cowboys. Smith, who grew up in Dallas and went to college at Baylor, was seen moving his limbs before being placed on a backboard and driven to the locker room for further evaluation. Cameras showed him waving and putting his hands together as if in prayer while being driven out. Smith had run over to the sideline to try tackling Dallas safety Abram Elam after he caused a fumble and was returning it. Smith went for the tackle and Elam's leg whacked Smith across his helmet while Elam was running.
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A multivariable approach for evaluating major impacts on water quality in Murrells and North Inlets, South Carolina.
KEY WORDS: regression, Escherichia coli, estuaries, southeast, septic system
Coastal marshes and estuaries serve as nursery and spawning grounds for numerous aquatic species. For instance, it is estimated that at least 70% of recreationally important and 96% of commercial shellfish and fish of the southeastern United States use estuaries and near-shore marine habitats at some point in their life cycle (Fulton et al. 1993). Specifically, marsh grasses in the wetlands provide shelter and nourishment for growing larvae and juvenile invertebrates and fishes (Charleston Harbor Project 1992). Also, the more than 300 estuaries in the southeastern and Gulf coasts of the United States, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands support $3.4 billion in recreational and over $850 million in commercial fisheries (Fulton et al. 1993). Over the last couple of decades, the United States has become increasingly dependent on imported shellfish. Specifically, United States imports of molluscan shellfish have grown from 20 million pounds in 1970 to 57 million pounds in 1990. In spite of inflation, the actual value of total United States harvests of scallops, clams and oysters has declined from $368 million in 1985 to $360 million in 1989. This pattern has held in spite of restoration efforts such as selective breeding, hatchery operations and oyster reef replenishment (Leonard 1993, Leonard et al. 1991).
In addition, coastal areas of the United States are being rapidly developed. It had been estimated that by the year 2000, 75% of the United States population would live within 50 miles of the ocean coastline and the great lakes (Vernberg et al. 1992). In the southeast, the number of people has more than doubled from 4 million in 1960 to 9.1 million in 1990 (Culliton et al. 1990). Encompassing the South Carolina (SC) study sites, Georgetown and Horry counties experienced a substantial growth in population during recent decades. Based on census data, population figures for Georgetown County in 10-year increments were 34,798 (1960), 33,500 (1970), 42,461 (1980) and 46,802 respectively (1990). For Horry County, analogous population figures were 68,247 (1960), 69,992 (1970), 101,419 (1980) and 144,053 (1990) respectively (United States Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census 1960-1990). This change in population distributions is expected to have a harmful impact on coastal ecosystems. Most believe that, other things being equal, an increase in the concentrations of enteric pathogens is typically associated with increasing densities of human populations (Maiolo & Tschetter 1981). Several large monitoring studies in coastal areas have shown increased contaminant concentrations near urban areas (O'Connor 1996, Daskalakis & O'Connor 1995, Sericano et al. 1993). One impact of urbanization on coastal wetlands is the loading of human bacterial pathogens into wetland waters and the subsequent contamination of aquatic species and the lowering of water quality (Blood et al. 1992, USEPA 1988). Consequently, there have been reductions in the amount of domestic seafood that can be harvested commercially and an increase in our dependence on imported seafood. Similarly, there have been restrictions of recreational uses of these nearshore waters (e.g., recreational gathering of shellfish or swimming; Weiskel et al. 1996, Maiolo & Tschetter 1981).
Urbanization poses a particular threat to those coastal areas of the southeastern United States (i.e., parts of South Carolina and Georgia) where the lands surrounding the wetlands are still undeveloped compared with other regions. The estuaries there also tend to be shallow and the rivers are not of sufficiently large volume to flush out contaminants compared with other parts of the country (Vernberg et al. 1992, Leonard et al. 1991). Problems associated with ground absorption, (e.g., septic systems) and overburdened central treatment facilities have become critical in coastal communities, particularly in the Southeastern United States. This area has been noted as being of major importance in the coastal area management act (CAMA) in North Carolina 1974 (Maiolo & Tschetter 1981). Elevated levels of fecal coliform bacteria have been associated with urbanization and human activities. Some research has showed that fecal bacteria densities were directly related to housing density, population, development, apparent animal density and percent impervious area (Young & Thackston 1999). The coliform group consists of all the aerobic and facultative anaerobic gram negative, rod-shaped, nonspore forming bacteria, which ferment lactose with the formation of gas within a 48 h period at 35[degrees]C (Koren 1991). At the present time, the fecal coliform bacterial group is the standard for fecal pollution in surface waters and is comprised of species that reside in the intestines of warm-blooded mammals and birds (Dufour 1977). This group includes Escherichia coli (E. coli), Escherichia aurescens, Escherichia intermedia, Escherichia freundii, Aerobacter aloacae, Aerobacter aerogenes and the biochemical intermediates between Escherichia and Aerobacter (Koren 1991). Fecal coliforms are important indicators of public health. On the average, [10.sup.10) E. coli organisms are generated per human per day (Edberg et al. 1994). The threat to human health occurs when human and/or animal feces come in contact with and contaminate drinking water supplies, recreational waters and/or growing waters of filter-feeding shellfish (Gersberg et al. 1995, Zonderman & Shader 1993). Shellfish absorb food by means of a filtering process that has a low level of selectivity. Besides food, suspended sediments, toxic algae, bacteria and viruses may also be absorbed. Thus, shellfish can be contaminated with various disease-causing microorganisms residing in overlying water, especially in shallow water localities. These contaminants can become concentrated in molluscs at levels from 3 to 20 times that found in surrounding waters (Koren 1991, Kuenstner 1991, Ballentine 1985, Wood 1976). The degradation of water quality from fecal contamination often leads to the closure of shellfish harvesting waters (ISSC 1997). In the United States, point and nonpoint sources each account for about 38% of all closures of shellfish harvesting areas (Leonard et al. 1991). Pollutants of the latter category may be distinguished from the former because they seep or run off into waterways instead of entering the water through a discrete conduit or discharge (Nadakavukaren 1990). Examples of nonpoint sources of contamination include agricultural runoff, malfunctioning or poorly located septic systems, runoff from vegetated areas (e.g., wetlands) and deposition directly by waterfowl feces (Weiskel et al. 1996). Compared with point sources, nonpoint sources are more difficult to control because of problems in localizing and identifying their origins (Leonard et al. 1991). The most important nonpoint source of pollutants are septic systems, also known as ground absorption treatment, typically found in outlying rural and beach areas (Maiolo & Tschetter 1981). Both sources are associated with a seasonal population influx, an expansion in tourism and development in housing and accompanying infrastructure (e.g., roadways, solid waste and human waste disposal; Leonard et al. 1991).
The measurement of the concentration of fecal coliforms in the vicinity of a given molluscan shellfish bed is currently the major criterion for deciding when and if shellfish harvesting should be approved for human consumption (Dufour 1977). However, the current regulations could be improved by incorporating existing meteorological and land use change data into predictive models. Moreover, they do not anticipate the potential downgrading of approved harvest areas that may arise from high rates of coastal development. What are needed are predictive methods that would correlate information on land use change/development so that downgrades in water quality can be predicted before they occur and corrective development/environmental management approach can be made to prevent water quality degradation. This approach used for this study involved an historical comparison of land use change and fecal coliform bacterial densities on Murrells Inlet (MI) and North Inlet (NI), determining important benchmark development dates, developing a database and appropriate models to which to test hypotheses or investigate research questions and then performing statistical analyses on these data.
Study and Control Sites
Murrells Inlet (33[degrees]33'N, 79[degrees]01'W) is a highly suburbanized, bar-built estuary located approximately 32 km north of NI and 90 km north of Charleston, SC and covers sections of Horry and Georgetown Counties (Fig. 1, Table 1). The northern two-thirds of the estuary consist largely of commercial, residential and tourism related land uses, whereas the remaining part is predominantly undeveloped state park (Newell 1997). MI has experienced a high rate of development in recent years. Its population of permanent residents had increased 230% (from 1,000-3,300 people) during the 1980s and had one of the highest population densities in SC as of 1990. In MI there are neither discharges of standard industrial code industries nor agricultural runoff into shellfish harvesting waters. As a result, MI was selected for inclusion in this study because there is a negligible amount of inputs from these sources. Thus, the vast majority of closures would be because of fecal coliforms from suburban housing, marinas and service industries (Fulton et al. 1993), with wildlife sources being negligible, except on the southern end of the estuary that is maintained as a state recreational area.
North Inlet (33[degrees]20'N, 79[degrees]10'W) served as a pristine reference site, relatively free from human agricultural, urban or industrial development (Fig. 1). Nevertheless, wildlife there has significantly affected the numbers of fecal coliform bacteria that are loaded into the estuary through natural forest runoff. NI is a bar-built estuary that is bounded to the northeast by Debidue Island and to the southeast by North Island (Fulton et al. 1993, Vernberg et al. 1992, Newell 1990). It is made up of stable and temporary habitats that are linked by a tidally fluctuating water height. The major functional and structural habitats of NI consist of a water column (tidal creeks and pools), oyster reefs, a subtidal benthos (the whole assemblage of plants or animals living on the sea bottom) and a vegetated marsh surface and subsurface (Vernberg et al. 1992). NI is rather unique because private institutions (Yawkey Foundation and Belle W. Baruch Foundation) own large tracts of this estuary (Vernberg et al. 1992). NI has also been designated by the national oceanic and atmospheric administration (NOAA) as a national estuaries research reserve (NERR) site. This has limited developmental activity and probably contributed to the overall pristine condition of NI. Because there is a negligible level of industrial or agricultural activity and because red tides are a very infrequent occurrence on the SC coastline, nearly all the closures of harvesting areas in this estuary could be attributed to fecal coliforms that were primarily from wildlife sources (Fulton et al. 1993).
Data Sources
The microbiological and water quality data used in this research covers the period of 1967-1995 and were available on a Storet CD-ROM that was compiled by the SC department of health and environmental control (DHEC) this data was also utilized in (Nelson 1998) from which much of the present work is drawn. Among the parameters obtained were the time and date of sampling, most probable number (MPN) of fecal coliform bacteria, salinity (parts per thousand) and the water temperature (degrees Celsius). Daily rainfall records for the study period have been recorded by the national weather service at Brookgreen Gardens (BG) (near MI and NI) and at Beaufort, SC. These two stations were found to have a high correlation (r = 0.763, P < 0.0001) so it is likely that the precipitation patterns at BG were a better approximation to those at MI and NI because these sites are much closer to BG than is Beaufort. The BG site is approximately 4 km from MI and 28 km from NI. Moreover, the relevant information on the history of urban development of the respective estuaries came from Mary Culberson (Georgetown Water and Sewer) and Charles Newell (DHEC Myrtle Beach). The principal statistical method for analyzing the available data was intervention analysis. Because the data is of a temporal nature, it was important to focus on large-scale events in the developmental history of a given estuary and examine how the response variable (i.e., fecal coliform (FEC) bacteria concentration) was affected by important developmental events. There are several types of intervention models that are summarized in Table 2. Figure 2 A depicts a theoretical example of the Mean-Shift intervention model. This is a sudden-impact model with no trend before the date of interest (the intervention date). The striking feature of this model is that there is no chronologic trend but there is abrupt increase in the parameter of interest (e.g., fecal coliform bacterial density, coinciding with a 1980 intervention). Its form may resemble the following equation:
[log.sub.10] (FEC) = [[alpha].sub.1] Salin + [[alpha].sub.2] Temp + [[alpha].sub.3] [[log.sub.e] (Rain) + [[alpha].sub.4] Il + [epsilon] (1)
[log.sub.10] (FEC) = transformed MPN fecal coliform concentration
Salin = salinity
Temp = water temperature
Rain = rainfall
Il = indicator variable of date (1 if the date occurs after the intervention, 0 otherwise)
The Il term of the equation captures the effect of this jump. Bacterial MPN concentration and rainfall are logarithmically transformed because they are skewed to the right and deviate substantially from normality.
Figure 2B depicts an example of the Trend-Plus-Jump Model.
This is a sudden impact model with an underlying increasing trend. Again, there is an abrupt increase in the parameter of interest mean [Log.sub.10] FEC because of the 1980 intervention. The general equation for this model has the following form:
[log.sub.10] (FEC) = [[alpha].sub.1] Salin + [[alpha].sub.2] Temp + [[alpha].sub.3] [log.sub.e] (Rain) + [[alpha].sub.4] Date + [[alpha].sub.5] Il + [epsilon] (2)
Here, the additional Date term captures the trend effect, whereas the Il term is representative of the sudden increased effect.
Figure 2C depicts the Change-In-Trend model. This model allows for the assessment of a sudden impact and/or change in trend. Figure 2C shows an abrupt increase in the parameter of interest mean [log.sub.10] FEC with the 1980 intervention. At the same time, an increasing pattern of [log.sub.10] FEC ceases after 1980. A general equation for this would take a form as follows:
[log.sub.10] (FEC) = [[alpha].sub.1] + [[alpha].sub.2]Temp + [[alpha].sub.3] [log..sub.e] (Rain) + [[alpha].sub.4]Date + [[alpha].sub.5] Il + [[alpha].sub.6] Il Date + [epsilon] (3)
Here, the interaction term I1Date accounts for the change in trend. Equation 3 is a desirable model for the water quality data because it is the most general and powerful as the following cases demonstrate:
a) If [[alpha].sub.4] [not equal to] 0, [[alpha].sub.5] = 0 and [[alpha].sub.6] = 0, then there is a Constant-Trend Model (no intervention).
b) If [[alpha].sub.4] = 0, [[alpha].sub.5] [not equal to] 0 and [[alpha].sub.6] = 0, then we have a Mean-Shift Model (no trend).
c) If [[alpha].sub.4] [not equal to] 0, [[alpha].sub.5] [not equal to] 0 and [[alpha].sub.6] = 0, then we have a Trend- Plus-Jump Model.
d) If [[alpha].sub.4] [not equal to] 0, [[alpha].sub.5] [not equal to] 0 and [[alpha].sub.6] [not equal to] 0, Change in-Trend Model
After evaluating fecal coliform data compiled before the intervention date of 1980 in MI, it was concluded that the Change-in-Trend Model was the appropriate focus in the analyses because it is the only model that accounts for long-term trends in water quality and short-term changes that are attributable to an intervention. It accommodates the instantaneous and gradual changes that a given intervention would have on the concentration of fecal coliform bacteria. All models used the logarithm transformation for normalizing the right-skewed distributions of coliform bacteria and rainfall. Some of the observations were outside the detectable range of the microbiologic multiple tube dilution test (generally 2 to 2,400 MPN bacteria per 100 mL). For convenience, extreme readings outside the detectable range of the fecal coliform estimates were conservatively estimated by adding or subtracting one unit above or below, respectively, the limits of detection. Thus, a measure that was <2 MPN was coded as 1, whereas a reading that was >2400 MPN was coded as 2401.
On MI, three land use development events in the period 1967 to 1995 were identified as having the potential to affect coliform concentrations (Table 3). The first was the completion and conversion of most of the septic tanks to the central sewer line by April 1980 (Fred Earnhart, Georgetown Water and Sewer, Georgetown, SC, pers. comm.). This would be expected to decrease E. coli concentrations because septic tanks periodically leak and thus discharge fecal coliform bacteria into the waterways. Second, there was a completion of the construction of a large jetty by August 1981 that had begun in September 1977 (Dr. Dave Bushack, Belle W. Baruch Laboratory, Georgetown, SC, pers. comm.). In contrast to the sewer conversion, the jetty construction was predicted to increase coliform and decrease salinity levels by reducing the tidal amplitude of the estuary because the jetty blocks some of the intrusion of clean ocean water into the estuary. Offshore oceanic water dilutes and thus reduces the concentration of fecal coliform contaminants in the estuary. It was not clear which of these events was dominant. Because both events were so close, chronologically, and because there were few samples taken between them, the date 6/15/80 was selected to account for both events. The third key intervention event was the completion of the construction of public boat ramp in January 1986. A boat ramp increased the volume of boat traffic and would probably be an important source of pollutants because many boats may potentially release marine sanitation debris into estuarine surface water. Thus, 1/15/86 was selected as the intervention date for assessing effects of boat ramp construction.
For NI, there has been little anthropogenic activity during the time of data collection. Nonetheless, two potential sources of contamination are outlined in Table 3. These were the completion of the construction of Baruch Laboratory in June 1973. Thus, the date 6/15/73 was selected. Later, the construction of the Debidue housing development began in the middle part of the 1970s. An intervention date of 1/15/77 was selected to approximate the completion of the initial phase of residential development at Debidue Island near NI. Whereas pristine, it is important to realize that adjacent to NI, and to the south is Winyah Bay (WB). Unlike NI, WB is a partially mixed and low salinity estuary that receives fresh water from the Black, Pee Dee and Waccamaw Rivers that drain extensive agricultural areas. The relatively high flow rates of these rivers enables anthropogenic wastes to be readily transported from nearby industrialized Georgetown (Lackland et al. 1982). In the analysis, some water sampling stations on the southern end of NI near WB were excluded because they were located within the tidal node for WB.
Descriptive statistical outputs (monthly/yearly) of fecal coliform bacteria and rainfall data were coupled for NI and MI to indicate the trend in each parameter over time. In addition, regression analysis was conducted to assess the variables affecting fecal coliform bacteria densities such as rainfall and physiochemical water quality.
Yearly Trends in Fecal Coliform Bacteria
It is of interest to visually describe the yearly distributions of mean coliforms for each inlet with the distributions for rainfall at BG. Because BG is close to both study sites, one can see how the distribution of bacteria compares to that of rainfall depicted in Figure 3 and Figure 4. To avoid confusion, it should be noted that the zero bacteria concentration readings for MI in 1968 and for NI in 1969 and 1971 are caused by a lack of measurements taken during those years, rather than pristine water quality. In MI, note that fecal coliform densities were generally higher after the intervention than before. However, levels were not statistically different. In NI, fecal coliform densities were similar before and after the intervention dates. For these graphs, it is a bit difficult to visually assess the intervention. For instance, in MI mean annual bacteria levels were somewhat higher in the period following the intervention. However, the standard deviation for this variable is sufficiently large that one cannot say for certain how bacteria levels were affected by the intervention (i.e., there was no statistically significant response). Because the analytic approach accounts for the potential influence of other variables and underlying trends in the data, it should be given more emphasis than the graphical approach depicted in Figures 3 and 4. These data show inconsistencies regarding the effect of the interventions. For NI, the limited number of sampling years before and after the intervention, respectively, makes it more difficult to draw conclusions about trends in the data. As mentioned, large rainfall events have been observed to elevate bacterial concentrations. The correlation coefficients (r) between loge (rainfall) and [log.sub.10] (coliform) concentrations generally support this observation, although some of these are weak but significant. For the MI station Main Creek at Atlantic Ave Bridge, r was found to be 0.363 (P = 0.0004) and for MI station Main Creek at Mickey Spillane's Home, an r = 0.436 (P < 0.0001) was observed. Similarly, for NI station North Inlet, an r = 0.251 (P = 0.0408) was observed and for NI station Town Creek at Debidue Creek, an r = 0.255 (P = 0.0388) was found. It should be noted that the correlations between rainfall and fecal coliform counts were considerably stronger and more significant for MI than for NI. This is suggestive of a land use effect. In more developed areas rainfall/runoff would have more of an effect than a largely wooded area like North Inlet. Developed areas have more impervious surface coverage and less opportunity for rainfall to percolate into the ground; thus, greater pollution impacts.
Monthly Trends in Fecal Coliform Bacteria
For the monthly trends in fecal coliform bacterial density graphs (Figs. 5, 6), it can be seen that for MI, the before intervention (BI) fecal coliform bacteria densities peak in January, April and July and the after intervention (AI) densities peak in June and October. Rainfall appears to peak in January and the summer, a time when there is peak tourism. In comparison, for NI, the BI bacteria concentrations peak in January, April and September, whereas AI bacteria concentrations peak in March, April and November. The January and April coliform peaks may be attributed in part to winter waterfowl, a high water table condition, high wildlife activity, low wildlife feces degradation rates and a low rate of plant transpiration. Paired t-tests were run to compare the monthly mean coliform concentrations before and after the intervention. For MI, significant differences in coliform levels were found for January (P = 0.0188, BI > AI), March (P = 0.0051, BI > AI), May (P < 0.0001, AI > BI), June (P < 0.0001, AI > BI), October (P < 0.0001, AI > BI) and November (P = 0.0053, AI > BI). For NI, the mean bacterial densities also differed significantly for January (P = 0.0026, BI > AI), March (P = 0.0056, AI > BI), April (P = 0.0058, BI > AI) and September (P < 0.0001, BI > AI). The temporal similarity of January and March differences before and after the intervention indicated that similar variables (e.g., seasonal rainfall, high water table conditions and low feces degradation rates for wildlife) may affect fecal coliform densities in each estuary. Although the months where significant differences in the means varied in each inlet, the interventions seemed to influence the seasonal distributions of coliforms for MI and NI. As with the yearly plots, there were apparently 0 bacterial concentration readings for May and June during the period before the intervention, because no samples were collected for those months.
Analytical Results
The intervention Change-in-Trend model was applied to MI where the individual station data were pooled. Several runs were done for the reduced model and models with different combinations of interactions. The 1986 intervention (boat ramp) proved not to be significant. The criterion that was used for determining a good model fit was a comparatively high adjusted [R.sup.2] (>0.25) and a low P value (<0.05) for the intervention parameter. After running regressions with the reduced model and models involving several interaction terms, the best-fitting model included rain-salinity interaction and found a significant change in trend resulting from the 1980 intervention. Table 4 gives a table of these analytic results. Here, date was significant (P = 0.0001), indicating an increasing trend in bacteria concentration over the period of data collection. I1 Date was also significant (P = 0.0001), suggesting a decrease in the increasing trend of coliform bacteria. I1 was marginally significant (P = 0.0573) suggesting the possibility for an instantaneous decline in bacteria concurrent with the intervention. When the earlier mentioned model was applied to the individual sampling stations, the following sites were found to have significantly changed (decreased fecal coliforms) after the intervention: Main Creek at Marlin Quay Marina (P = 0.0323), Main Creek at Inlet Range Marker (P = 0.0337), Allston Creek at Weston Flat (P = 0.0001), Allston Creek at Pogs Head Landing (P = 0.0017) and Parsonnage Creek at Nance's Dock (P = 0.0008). These stations can be seen spatially in Figure 7. Note that, spatially, most of the improved water quality was observed at stations nearest the mouth of the estuary, closest to clean, higher salinity oceanic seawater. When stratified by locality (inner [farthest], middle and outer [closest]), salinity was observed to increase approaching the open ocean: the mean salinity levels (parts per thousand) were 30.9 (inner), 34.3 (middle) and 35.0 (outer). Although regression analyses point out anticipated changes in water quality in response to a given intervention, in reality one would expect estuarine systems to respond nonlinearly to a given intervention. Figure 8 shows a possible interpretation for how water quality may have changed at Murrells Inlet. Here, a cubic function was used to fit the yearly mean coliform concentrations:
MLFEC = -904078.2 + 1364.51 x Year - 0.686469 x [Year.sup.2] + 0.000115 x [Year.sup.3] (4)
This shows a gradual rather than sudden decrease in bacteria concentrations after the intervention and this seems reasonable given what is known about the geophysical nature of water quality in coastal South Carolina. However, extrapolation outside the range of available data is uncertain because the wide 95% confidence limits for the mean predicted values in the plot illustrate. Figure 9 shows the plot of what MLFEC concentrations would have been assuming that no intervention had taken place. This takes on the following linear function:
MLFEC = -90.96471 + 0.046591 x Year (5)
Compared with the previous figure, it is clear that bacteria concentrations would have been higher in the absence of the septic tank/sewer convergence compared with that of the intervention. In particular, the expected MLFEC for 1995 without the intervention would be 1.98, whereas the corresponding value for the cubic model would be 1.08 with the intervention (a 45% reduction).
The methodology outlined earlier was also applied to NI where all the individual station data of estuaries were combined. Initially, a model was run containing the Date, I1, and I1 Date terms. However, this model had high variance inflation for some of the terms in the model. This indicated a probable multicollinearity among the independent parameters and the results would have to be interpreted with caution. At this point, the sudden impact term I1 was dropped, whereas I1 Date was retained because estuaries would be expected to respond gradually instead of instantaneously to a given intervention. The 1977 intervention proved not to be significant (P = 0.9191). The best-fitting model included rain-salinity interaction and found a marginally insignificant change in trend resulting from the 1973 intervention (P = 0.1189). Hence the 1973 intervention was used, whereas the 1977 intervention was not. The results from the regression model for the 1973 intervention may be found in Table 5. When the earlier mentioned model was applied to the individual sampling stations, only Town Creek at Sixty Bass Creek was statistically significant (P = 0.0285) (Fig. 10). This site is close to the tidal node from Winyah Bay and may indicate an increase in the rate of decrease in fecal coliform densities since 1973.
For MI, the overall inlet results are generally what one might expect. For an urbanized estuary, it was easier to detect improvements in water quality than for a pristine inlet. These results were consistent with the current water quality classification scheme in that rainfall was found to be an important variable in determining coliform concentrations and large rainfall events may contribute to closure of shellfish harvesting waters immediately after an event. When there was such a high level of development, anthropogenic inputs to the system may dominate over natural sources. Vernberg et al. (1997, 1999) found that fecal coliform bacteria in MI bad a much higher percentage of E. coli comprising the coliform group (83%) and only a small percentage of samples were free of coliforms (<5%) when compared with NI (53% E. coli and 23% coliform free respectively). This implies that MI is a greater potential source of human bacterial pollution than NI. Chestnut et al. (2000) have also shown that other urban areas of South Carolina also have high levels of E. coli comprising the fecal coliform group. Thus, the model was able to pick up an improvement in water quality resulting from the septic tank to sewer conversion. Although the jetty construction would be expected to act in the opposite direction (e.g., increase coliform counts caused by poorer flushing conditions), our data suggested that the septic tank to sewer conversion would likely have had a more pronounced impact on water quality than the jetty construction, because fecal coliform counts decreased based on our nonlinear model. Additionally the improvements in water quality in MI were most pronounced at the stations near the mouth of the estuary, near cleaner oceanic water.
Recent research by Kelsey et al. (2003) used multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) at MI to help identify fecal coliform by source. This research suggests that most of the fecal coliform pollution detected in MI estuary may be from nonhuman sources, including fecal coliforms found in areas adjacent to high densities of active septic tanks. For this study, human and pet wasteloads were ascertained for MI and it is estimated that the human to pet wasteload is 0.14. The process by which this figure was found is highlighted in Table 6. It has also been estimated that about 90% of residences in MI are currently connected to sewer lines. The product of these two coefficients is about 0.12 that is strikingly similar to the sudden decrease in bacteria concentrations highlighted in Table 4 (-0.12). This helps to validate our model and shows that manmade changes in land use for MI can affect water quality in spite of the fact that domestic animals and wildlife account for most of the bacteria concentration in this system.
Similarly, the findings at NI were not too surprising. Here, the construction of Baruch Laboratory and Debidue development only accounted for a small number of septic tanks and human inputs into the ecosystem. Thus, the background levels of bacteria contamination from natural wildlife sources would clearly outweigh the magnitude of contamination from any limited watershed development. In analyzing fecal coliform data for NI and MI over the entire 1967 to 1995 period, the fecal coliform density of NI should reflect primarily bacterial inputs from wildlife sources. Based on NI levels of fecal coliform representing wildlife sources (mean [log.sub.10] 0.83), mean fecal coliform densities in urbanized MI (mean [log.sub.10] 1.052) were only elevated by 27%. This implies the anthropogenic sources of fecal coliform bacteria may only account for 27% of the total fecal coliform burden in MI and NI. Also, natural fluctuations resulting from seasonal patterns in rainfall, salinity and temperature would potentially confound the effects from the intervention itself. Evidence of this was seen in the fact that the same monthly differences were seen before and after the interventions in NI and MI (January, March, April and September). Thus, rainfall and water table level(s) should be considered to be major factors affecting fecal coliform densities in each estuary.
Improved data collection and analysis may improve validity and applicability of the models in other ways. For example, localized variability in water currents may have affected how the coliforms responded to an intervention and other parameters, and this may also account for some of the unexplained variation of the models. Utilizing spatial procedures such as kriging could overcome some of these difficulties. Also, excluded variables for which there were no data, could account for much of the unexplained variation. For example, pH can affect the survival of bacteria. Generally, coliforms die more readily under alkaline than acidic conditions. The combination of salinity and the 8.0 pH of seawater contribute to the rapid death of coliforms that enter the oceans via sewage outfalls and land drainage (Carlucci & Pramer 1960). The bactericidal efficiency of seawater is influenced by season, being highest in the summer and lowest in the winter (Vaccaro et al. 1950). Second, deficiencies of the inorganic nutrients of phosphorous and nitrogen are known to limit matter decomposition and bacteria development in sea water. In particular, a medium made of high levels of the inorganic nutrients of [(N[H.sub.4]).sub.2]HP[O.sub.4] and [(N[H.sub.4]).sub.2]S[O.sub.4] enable E. coli to survive (Carlucci & Pramer 1960). It is also well known that coliforms are facultative anaerobic organisms that do not directly depend on oxygen for their survival. Nonetheless, dissolved oxygen may be an important excluded variable because it has a high negative correlation with water temperature and a high negative correlation with time of year (Gross & Folts 1973).
Clearly, the earlier mentioned findings are most applicable to estuaries and intercoastal waterway along the South Carolina coastline. It would be most useful for those regulators in the region who may be concerned that a high level of housing development, over a relatively small area, may lead to a larger proportion of shellfish harvesting water closures. Results from this study have clearly indicated the utility of intervention analysis for assessing long-term water quality trends of fecal coliform pollution in shellfish harvesting areas, in both pristine and urbanized estuaries. The usefulness of this method is quite obvious and the potential to forecast future trends in bacterial water quality may be possible, especially if linkages between fecal coliform density trends and urban census tract data can be established with statistical accuracy. Future studies should attempt to better line (via GIS) fecal coliform trends with other land use data such as percentage impervious surface and percentage vegetative cover data. To be able to apply this methodology to other areas, other information may need to be incorporated into the model such as freshwater input from rivers and streams, toxic chemicals discharged from non-point sources, housing census tract data and other land use data.
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(1) Michigan Department of Community Health, Bureau of Epidemiology Administration, Lansing, Michigan 48909; (2) National Ocean Service, Charleston, South Carolina 29412; (3) Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics and Epidemiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
* Corresponding author. E-mail: email@example.com
TABLE 1. Description of sampling stations at NI and MI. DHEC Location Station# NI 1 Jones Creek at Nancy Creek 2 Noble Slough 3 North Inlet 4 Town Creek at Debidue Creek 5 Oyster Bay near Cut-off Creek 6 No Man's Friend Creek and Mud Bay 7 Jones Creek and Mud Bay 8 Town Creek at Sixty Bass Creek 9 Town Creek at Southern Entrance 10 Jones Creek at Duck Creek 11 Town Creek at Bread and Butter Creek MI 01 Main Creek at Atlantic Ave Bridge OIA Main Creek at Stanley Drive 2 Main Creek at Mickey Spillane's Home 3 Main Creek at Captain Dicks' Marina 4 Main Creek at Marlin Quay Marina 5 Murrells Inlet-Range Marker 6 Allston Creek at Weston Flat 7 Allston Creek at Pog-Hughes Landing 8 Parsonnage Creek at Nance's Dock 16 Parsonnage Creek at Chicken Farm Ditch DHEC Coordinates Station# NI 1 33[degrees]17'34.0", 79[degrees]10'51.0" 2 33[degrees]18'00.0", 79[degrees]11'05.0" 3 33[degrees]19'30.0", 79[degrees]09'50.0" 4 33[degrees]20'02.0", 79[degrees]10'00.0" 5 33[degrees]18'32.0", 79[degrees]12'09.0" 6 33[degrees]18'06.0", 79[degrees]12'12.0" 7 33[degrees]16'15.0", 79[degrees]12'04.0" 8 33[degrees]19'21.0", 79[degrees]11'35.0" 9 33[degrees]19'32.0",79[degrees]11'48.0" 10 33[degrees]18'35.0",79[degrees]10'50.0" 11 33[degrees]19'53.0",79[degrees]11'17.0" MI 01 33[degrees]34'46.0", 79[degrees]00'14.0" OIA 33[degrees]34'30.0", 79[degrees]00'31.0" 2 33[degrees]24'02.0", 79[degrees]01'17.0" 3 33[degrees]33'17.0", 79[degrees]01'49.0" 4 33[degrees]33'10.0", 79[degrees]01'19.0" 5 33[degrees]31'50.0", 79[degrees]02'12.0" 6 33[degrees]32'16.0", 79[degrees]02'54.0" 7 33[degrees]31'48.0", 79[degrees]03'01.0" 8 33[degrees]34'20.0", 79[degrees]03'01.0" 16 33[degrees]32'28.0", 79[degrees]02'53.0" TABLE 2. Types of intervention models. Model Type Equation Mean-Shift [Log.sub.10]FEC = [[alpha].sub.1],Salin + [[alpha].sub.2]Temp + [[alpha].sub.3] [Log.sub.e]Rain + [[alpha].sub.4]I1 + [epsilon] Trend-Plus-Jump [Log.sub.10]FEC = [[alpha].sub.1],Salin + [[alpha].sub.2]Temp + [[alpha].sub.3] [Log.sub.e]Rain + [[alpha].sub.4]Date + [[alpha].sub.5]I1 + [epsilon] Change-in-Trend [Log.sub.10]FEC = [[alpha].sub.1],Salin + [[alpha].sub.2]Temp + [[alpha].sub.3] [Log.sub.e]Rain + [[alpha].sub.4]Date + [[alpha].sub.5]I1 + [[alpha].sub.6]Il Date + [epsilon] Constant-Trend [Log.sub.10]FEC = [[alpha].sub.1],Salin + (no intervention [[alpha].sub.2]Temp + [[alpha].sub.3] effect) [Log.sub.e]Rain + [[alpha].sub.4]Date + [epsilon] TABLE 3. Major anthropogenic interventions that had the potential to modify water quality for Murrells Inlet and North Inlet during the period 1967-95. Estuary Intervention Date Murrells Conversion of Septic Tanks to Sewer Line 6/15/80 Inlet Construction of Jetty 6/15/80 Construction of Boat Ramp 1/15/86 North Construction of Baruch Laboratory 6/15/73 Construction of Debidue Housing Development 1/15/77 TABLE 4. Analytical results Murrells Inlet, 1980 intervention, rain-salinity interaction. Source DF SS MS F P-value Model 7 392.72801 56.1040 116.93 < 0.0001 Error 2018 968.24982 0.47981 Total 2025 968.24982 Adjusted [R.sub.2] = 0.2861 Variable DF Param Est SE T P-value Intercept 1 2.496136 0.16 15.751 0.0001 Date 1 0.000126 0.00 7.348 0.0001 II 1 -0.117380 0.00 -1.902 0.0573 11 Date 1 -0.000130 0.00 -6.27 0.0001 Salin 1 -0.070463 0.00 -19.022 0.0001 Lrain 1 0.364628 0.04 9.537 0.0001 Temp 1 0.011213 0.00 4.703 0.0001 Lrain x Sal 1 -0.008687 0.00 -7.209 0.0001 Variance Variable DF Inflation Intercept 1 0.00 Date 1 11.83 I1 1 3.77 I1 Date 1 7.61 Salin 1 1.62 Lrain 1 30.11 Temp 1 1.05 Lrain x Salin 1 32.18 TABLE 5. Analytical results North Inlet, 1973 intervention, rain-temperature interaction. Source DF SS MS F P-value Model 6 370.25754 61.7096 229.066 -0.0001 Error 1650 444.50507 0.26940 Total 1656 814.76261 Adjusted [R.sub.2] = 0.4525 Variable DF Param Est SE T P-value Intercept 1 2.194261 0.13 16.914 0.0001 Date 1 0.000043 0.00 1.673 0.0946 11 Date 1 -0.000046 0.00 -1.579 0.1146 Salin 1 -0.041880 0.00 -33.782 0.0001 Lrain 1 0.169005 0.02 8.805 0.0001 Temp 1 -0.015172 0.00 -5.077 0.0001 Lrain x Sal 1 -0.004506 0.00 -4.81 0.0001 Variance Variable DF Inflation Intercept 1 0.00 Date 1 39.78 11 Date 1 40.27 Salin 1 1.02 Lrain 1 9.95 Temp 1 2.52 Lrain x Salin 1 10.97 TABLE 6. Wasteload calculations Murrells Inlet (humans and domestic animals) Human All (19,819) = 0.43 x [10.sup.14] MPNs/day Septic tank (1,585) = 0.03 x [10.sup.14] MPNs/day Domestic animals Dogs (3,993) = 1.33 x [10.sup.14] MPNs/day Cats (4,472) = 2.40 x [10.sup.14] MPNs/day Total human and pet wasteload = 2.56 x [10.sup.14] to 2.99 x [10.sup.14] MPNs/day Human/pet wasteload = 0.43/2.99 = 14%
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I've been telling myself I need to read more of the classics. I'm trying to make my way through Uncle Tom's Cabin. The book is pretty dry. It is written in an older style where the author explains everything in painstaking detail. Not detail that we want to know, but what color the flowers were, how thick the mud was, etc.
I have to say my absolute favorite I read within the last year was survivor by chuck palniuk. Wow was that a great book!
I read John Adams over Christmas break. I picked it up after watching one of the episodes on HBO. It has to be one of the best historical books I've ever read. Now that schools back in session I'm reading Aristotle's Physics, a book about metaethics called The Foundations of Ethics, and Describing Inner Experience which is about what we can really know about ours and others inner experience, or experiences of consciousness.
I'm looking forward to reading Crime and Punishment after school's out.
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Currently I am on book six of "The Camulod Chronicles" by Jack Whyte. Excellent exploration of an historic King Arthur, set in the late 4th/early 5th centuries shortly after the Romans left Britain.
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How do you like them Lloyd? (WOT)
I was reading "everything is illuminated", but I was so taken by Factotum that I put a hold on that, and picked up "Post Office." I almost never read the same author back to back, so next is a fight between "Women"(another Bukowski), Slaughterhouse-five (long past due), or back to everything is illuminated(i'm sure i didn't give it what it deserved)...
If your looking for a really good fantasy novel, pick up The Name of the Wind by Patrick Rothfuss. Amazing first book.
I am currently reading a book called "Three Cups of Tea". A guy I work with recommended it and it is really good. Hard to put down and just about finished with it.


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- Our Issues
- Learn More
- Get Involved
- Our Cases
- Newsroom
- About Us
A current and comprehensive list of CCR's press releases, press statements, and case updates dating back to 2003.
This list can be ordered by date or name, and filtered by the issues to which the releases relate.
The search function may be more efficient when looking for specific releases.
February 10, 2009, WASHINGTON, D.C. – Today, attorneys for torture victims abused in the notorious Abu Ghraib prison and elsewhere in Iraq asked the federal Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia to affirm a lower court ruling letting… Read More >>
February 9, 2009, New York – In response to the position Obama's Justice Department took today in a key rendition case brought by the American Civil Liberties Union, Mohamed et al v. Jeppesen Dataplan, Inc., Center for Constitutional Rights (CCR)… Read More >>
"We support the ICC in its pursuit of those who've perpetrated war crimes. We see no reason to support deferral [of the indictment] at this time." — Ben Chang, Spokesman for President Obama's National Security Adviser, February 5, 2009 Read More >>
February 6, 2009, New York – Today, in the case of Khan Tumani v. Obama, attorneys at the Center for Constitutional Rights (CCR) and co-counsel sought emergency relief for a young Syrian detained at Guantánamo. Mohammed Khan Tumani, who was… Read More >>
February 5, 2009, New York – Attorneys for Mohammed al Qahtani, the victim of the "First Special Interrogation Plan" overseen by former Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, filed a motion last night to compel the government to turn over exculpatory… Read More >>
February 5, 2009, Strasbourg, New York, Paris, London – Yesterday, the European parliament passed a cross-party resolution by overwhelming majority calling for European Union member states to accept those prisoners at Guantanamo who are in need of humanitarian protection. The… Read More >>
From: Sabin Willett January 23, 2009 Eric H. Holder, Jr., Esq., Attorney General-designate Mark R. Filip, Esq., Acting Attorney General The Honorable Robert M. Gates Secretary of Defense Re: Uighur detainees at Guantanamo Bay Gentlemen: Read More >>
January 28, 2009, New York – In response to reports of a possible promise by Attorney General Nominee Eric Holder to senior Republican members of Congress that he would not prosecute Bush Administration officials involved in torture,… Read More >>
January 22, 2009, New York – In response to President Obama's signing of new executive orders today, the Center for Constitutional Rights (CCR) issued the following statement: We welcome the beginning of the end of lawlessness. Under the previous administration, executive… Read More >>


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Written on: 15/07/2008 by aerox2 (1 review written)
Good Points
It has a very unique style.
General Comments
I have purchased a Yamaha Aerox for a year derestricted it was very fast i had a standard exhaust on it and it just runs to 50mph very quickly but somone shoved a hosepipe down the exhaust now it dosnoy run the same anyone know what could be wrong on it if so please add a comment.
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" For a first bike. " Read More
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" Good bike " Read More
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Written by beer958
" First moped, didn't expect a 50cc to be so good! " Read More


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VININGS PEAK Apartments100 Woodridge Dr, Atlanta, GA 30339 View On Map (770) 438-4226
For rates, availability, and other information fill out the availability request form and a representative from VININGS PEAK Apartments will contact you shortly
Vinings Peak is located in the Atlanta Area in the 30339 zip code. View this apartment on a map.
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By Christian Viveros-Fauné
Bridget Everett Whacks Rock Bottom at Joe's Pub
By Miriam Felton-Dansky
The Valley of Astonishment Will Leave You...Astonished
By Tom Sellar
By Tom Sellar
By Jessica Dawson
In September, Site-Specific Theater Rules the Day
By Tom Sellar
How Chuck Jones Defined America Through Cartoons
By R. C. Baker
Between Riverside and Crazy Bares Its Wounds
By Tom Sellar
The beginning is a stunner. The doors of two dressing rooms stage right open, and as the light inside streams into the dark studio theater, 10 women pad out on all fours and arrange themselves in a line, butts to us. The doors swing shut behind them. As Amanda K. Ringger brings up the lights, Katy Pyle emerges from a third room and, like a hostess who hasn't expected this many guests, greets us extra-enthusiastically, complimenting various spectators on their attire or good looks. As she moves along the line of women whose faces we've yet to see, she names them, assuring us how happy every one of them is that we're here. Each performer emphasizes Pyle's words by a little wriggle of pleasure or a more exuberant jabber of butt and legs.
The women aren't faceless for long. Dressed in sporty gray stretch-jersey outfits with touches of color, they rise to seethe and vibrate with repressed rage. They growl, wag their tongues, and claw in our direction. They hunker down and grunt as if trying to shit out weeks of constipated rage. But their catfights end in nuzzling and grooming, and they periodically crawl docilely back to the dressing rooms. In one corny lineup, they offer occasionally treacly optimism, like "I am at peace with the universe."
Confidence vies with insecurity, and awkwardness with expertise. Holding a mirror, Pyle riffs brilliantly off the line, "Is it really a person standing in front of you?" The roughhouse sensuality of a duet between Lily Baldwin and Noopur Singha is interrupted by Pyle asking mildly, "What are you doing?" The others cluster and babble the question endlessly while Baldwin saysand finally yells"I don't know!" Pyle, Baldwin, and Toni Melaas grapple with raw vigor, but in ensemble passagesto an array of raucous recorded music by, among others, Four Tet, Dynasty Handbag, and Rod StewartDriscoll deploys loose-flung gestures and vigorous stomping into contrapuntal patterns as neat as any ballet choreographer's. Wow Mom, Wow may go over the top at times, but how could you not love women who scream into pink hairbrushes and say things like "I wish I could give birth to a cat"?
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Yoga Festival Montreal
June 5 - 7, 2015 at Le Conservatoire (4750 Henri Julien Ave)!
Registration for YFM 2015 is open!
Registration for the fourth annual Yoga Festival Montreal is open! The weekend will span over 30 styles and 50 hours of workshops, classes, performances, discussions and panels, guided by many of Montreal's shining teachers.Register
About YFM2015
Yocomo is eagerly getting ready for the fourth annual Yoga Festival Montréal, June 5 to 7, 2015!
Yoga Festival Montreal (YFM) is an opportunity to come together and celebrate as we learn from each other and grow stronger as a community. The programming of the festival will be a reflection of Yocomo's vision: diverse, open to all seekers, empowering, supportive of different practices and lineages, and above all, committed to bringing the community together.


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Google Amping Up Its Retail Shopping Feature
According to a report by the Wall Street Journal, Google is considering an Internet service that would be in direct competition with Amazon.com.
Google is talking with major retailers and shippers to set up an Internet service that would let consumers shop for goods online and receive their orders within a day for a low cost, according to the report.
The move would be in direct competition with Amazon's Prime program, which offers consumers fast shipping for items on Amazon's website for $79-a-year.
The Wall Street Journal said that the Internet search giant is talking with retailers like Macy's, Gap and OfficeMax.
"They've approached us with the idea, but we haven't made any decisions," a Macy's spokesman told the Journal.
The report said that Google plans to combine its search engine's product-search feature that directs consumers to retail websites with a new quick-shipping service.
People familiar with the service told the Journal that Google plans on launching the service in 2012.
Amazon Prime has been a success for the online retailer, and analysts believe that about 40 percent of Google's revenue comes from retail sources.
"We have been in the business of connecting shoppers with merchants and the products they're interested in buying for a long time," Sameer Samat, vice president of product management for Google's commerce initiatives, told the Wall Street Journal.
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Law360, New York (June 29, 2011) -- On April 8, 2011, the U.S. Department of Justice announced that it had reached a settlement with Johnson & Johnson and its subsidiaries for Foreign Corrupt Practices Act violations. Compared to prior FCPA settlements, the DOJ elaborated much more specific compliance measures that it expected Johnson & Johnson to take as part of the settlement.
When considered together with the decline in the number of corporate compliance monitors assigned since late 2010, the Johnson & Johnson settlement may signal that the DOJ is considering the use of enhanced compliance requirements in lieu of independent compliance monitors, even in some cases involving companies with multiple FCPA violations.
Please see full article below for more information.
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Sanjay Guglani, CEO of Silverdale Capital and Praveen Jagwani, CEO of UTI International, debate Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi's progress on economic reforms.
Andrew Stewart, CEO of Xanadu Mines, discusses its flagship Kharmagtai copper-gold project in Mongolia.
In this episode of "Managing Asia," Mark Tucker, Group CEO and President of AIA Group, outlines how he turned around the life insurer and its fortunes to become one of Asia's biggest players.
Amid weak domestic demand, the general outlook for Singapore's economy is not positive, says Roger Tan, CEO of Voyage Research.
Sailesh Jha, chief Asia economist, PBWM at Credit Suisse, says India's financial markets have been "overly euphoric" ever since Prime Minister Modi took office.
To attract foreign inflows, India's economic growth will need to pick up and the government must meet expectations on reforms, says Andrew Holland, CEO of Ambit Investment Advisors.
Euben Paracuelles, executive director and Southeast Asia economist at Nomura Singapore, says the outperformance of Singapore's services sector "lifted the boat" for first-quarter growth.
Paul Gambles, co-founder at MBMG Group, says the gap between China's real economy and its capital markets is getting so wide that it may be approaching a "breaking point."
Robert Brierley, head of Research at Patersons Securities, says China's Baosteel could be interested to take up a stake in Fortescue Metals so as to secure future supplies.
Callum Henderson, global head of FX Research at Standard Chartered, says India's internal and external deficits have been dealt with, but adds that there's still lots to do when it comes to reforms.
Justin Werner, managing director at Nickel Mines, says factors such as access to large amounts of capital make the Singapore Exchange's Catalist board an ideal place for listing.
The lackluster impact from recent economic stimulus suggests that China's "structural problems are getting more intense," says Richard Jerram, chief economist at Bank of Singapore.
Tom Albanese, CEO of Vedanta Resources, explains why the metals and mining conglomerate hopes to resume iron ore mining in the province of Goa.
Speculation about Chinese investments in Fortescue Metals reinforces the fact that the iron ore sector remains "very strategic," says Tom Albanese, CEO of Vedanta Resources.
Sue Trinh, senior currency strategist at RBC Capital Markets, says Fed chair Janet Yellen's comments last week gave the dollar a boost and bolstered the case for a September rate hike.
Simon Cooper, managing director for Asia Pacific at Marriott International, says occupancy rates in Macau are unaffected by the fall in gaming revenues hence the decision to open the 1,000-room JW Marriott.
Rahul Bajoria, regional economist at Barclays, expects key reforms involving the goods and services tax (GST) and land acquisition to be cleared within the next 6-12 months.
Singapore's manufacturing and services sectors expanded in the first quarter, topping expectations for a contraction, alongside strong growth in construction output, says Joseph Incalcaterra, economist at HSBC.
Mark Tinker, head of AXA Framlington Asia, says policymakers are telling markets to move beyond interest rates and start focusing on improving productivity around the world.
James Zogby, president of the Arab American Institute, explains why both the Bush and Obama administrations have erred in the handling of Iraq's state of affairs.
His Royal Highness Prince Khaled bin Alwaleed explains why the U.S. strategy of supplying more weapons to the Iraqi forces isn't the solution to ensure Iraq's stability.
Bill Marmion, Western Australian Minister for Mines and Petroleum, says China's decision to help bankroll a major expansion by Brazilian iron ore giant Vale is a "smart move."
Bill Marmion, Western Australian Minister for Mines and Petroleum, says he welcomes all foreign investments in Western Australia. He also explains why the government doesn't support an iron ore inquiry.
David Lennox, resources analyst at Fat Prophets, explains why the Australian government may be in favor of Chinese companies lifting their stakes in Fortescue Metals.
While Prime Minister Modi has been successful on the international stage, the Indian economy has yet to see a "significant revival," says Rajiv Biswas, Asia Pacific chief economist at IHS Global Insight.
Speaking to CNBC at the World Economic Forum in Jordan over the weekend, His Royal Highness Prince Khaled bin Alwaleed, discusses the influence of his father, Prince Talal bin Abdulaziz.
Vishnu Varathan, senior economist at Mizuho Bank, outlines his expectations for Singapore's first-quarter gross domestic product (GDP) and explains why the nation may continue to see credit constraints.
John Vail, chief market strategist at Nikko Asset Management, remains overweight U.S. equities because he expects a rebound in the U.S. economy.
The key risk for Chinese stocks is when the government decides to pull the plug on policy support, says Eric Robertsen, head of Global Macro Strategy at Standard Chartered.
Until a clearer picture emerges in the case of Greece, the euro will likely continue to stumble, says David Greene, head of Dealing at AFEX Australia.
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In consultation with the FCC and in response to a request from the country's largest school districts, the Universal Service Administration Company has extended the E-rate application window for this fiscal year by three weeks.
Fayette County Schools in Georgia will provide its economically disadvantaged students with free wireless Internet service at home in an effort to close the district's digital divide.
As funding is phased out for some technologies and increased for others, here's how you can get more of what you need.
Students have better wireless access to the Internet at home than at school, according to a new report.
Washington state's Highline Public schools has become the first district to deploy a new service that provides students with mobile broadband access for school work using their Chromebook devices.
With field tests underway, will CCSS reach the same tipping point that the Affordable Care Act has?
With apologies to Jonathan Swift, I approve the telecom giant's acquisition of Time Warner Cable — with one big condition.
High-speed mobile broadband is poised to explode within the next five years. According to a new forecast, by 2019, subscriptions to LTE and LTE-Advanced will reach into the billions.
According to the latest data, video for homework is on the rise; mobile computing is "beyond the tipping point"; and most kids don't use traditional computers to connect to the Internet at home. Those are just three of the major trends revealed in the 2013 Speak Up Survey from Project Tomorrow.
Wisconsin's Green Bay Area Public School District is taking a novel approach to supporting its 1-to-1 Chromebook program. Rather than simply using standard WiFi, the district is providing broadband access via 4G LTE and allowing students to use the network on and off campus.
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Paul VI Catholic School wanted to develop a laptop program that would equip its students and teachers with the right tools to increase classroom learning, prepare their students for college, and to develop the 21st Century skill sets required by today's employers. Download this White Paper to learn about their comprehensive selection process and how they are using their new laptops to revolutionize the learning process.
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17 Flower Craft Ideas: How To Make Paper Flowers, Easy Fabric Flowers and More
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Blooming Irish Flower Pin
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Get in the spirit of St. Patrick's Day with this Blooming Irish Flower Pin. Great for showing off your Irish pride, this ribbon flower is great for accessorizing your jacket, purse, hair, or scarf. Even if it isn't St. Patrick's Day, you can make all kinds of colored roses with this easy-to-follow tutorial. Great for turning into more than just pins, this adorable Irish rose a wonderful way to add a touch of green to your outfit.
- XXL Glue Dots
- Craft Glue Dots
- Green Silk Ribbon by May Arts
- Twine
- Leaves by Maya Road
- Green Leaf Trinket Pins by Maya Road
- Tulle by Maya Road
- Patterned paper
- Pinback
Peel the backing off of an XXL Glue Dot.
Spiral and twist silk ribbon around the XXL Glue Dot by starting in the center and spiraling outward.
Press the ribbon firmly onto the XXL Glue Dot.
Once covered, peel off the clear backing of the XXL Glue Dot and adhere the silk ribbon tail to reverse side.
Adhere leaves and tulle trim around the ribbon tail on the backside of the XXL Glue Dot. Press firmly to secure hold.
Peel off the backing of an XXL Glue Dot and place over the ribbon tail, ends of leaves and tulle (sandwich the ends of the materials between the two XXL Glue Dots).
Punch a circle of patterned paper 2" in diameter to cover the exposed XXL Glue Dots and adhere.
- Use Craft Glue Dots to adhere the pinback to the backside of the flower.
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Margherg5 6179708
Feb 04, 2014
I am having trouble understanding how to make this. Is there a video. Not sure whatXXL glue dots are
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Jan 25, 2014
What width ribbon is this?
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Problem Credit? No Credit?
Auto Financing Made Easy
- Report Date:
- July 02, 2014
- Campaign Number:
- Component:
- Summary:
- Ford Motor Company (Ford) is recalling certain model year 2012-2014 Ford Edge and Lincoln MKX vehicles manufactured September 2, 2010, to November 30, 2013; 2013-2014 Ford Taurus and Lincoln MKS vehicles manufactured August 25, 2011, to November 30, 2013; and 2013-2014 Ford Flex and Lincoln MKT vehicles manufactured September 12, 2011, to November 30, 2013. In the affected vehicles, the halfshaft retention circlip may not have been properly installed, and as a result, the halfshaft may move outward and disengage from the linkshaft while driving and without prior warning.
- Consequence Summary:
- If the halfshaft and linkshaft become disengaged while driving, power will no longer be transmitted to the wheels, increasing the risk of a vehicle crash. Additionally, if the parking brake is not applied before exiting the vehicle, the vehicle may roll away despite the transmission being placed in 'Park', increasing the risk of injury to exiting occupants and bystanders.
- Corrective Summary:
- Ford will notify owners, and dealers will inspect the vehicles to make sure that the halfshaft is properly retained. If it is not, dealers will replace the linkshaft and also replace the halfshaft if it shows evidence of spline damage, free of charge. The recall began on August 4, 2014. Owners may contact Ford customer service at 1-800-392-3673. Ford's number for this recall is 14S10.
- Report Date:
- May 31, 2013
- Campaign Number:
- Component:
- Summary:
- Ford is recalling certain model year 2013 Explorer, Taurus, Flex, Fusion, Police Interceptor Sedan and Police Interceptor Utility vehicles; and certain model year 2013 Lincoln MKS, MKT, and MKZ vehicles. In the affected vehicles, the fuel delivery module may develop a crack, allowing fuel to leak.
- Consequence Summary:
- A fuel leak in the presence of an ignition source may result in a fire.
- Corrective Summary:
- Ford will notify owners, and dealers will replace the fuel delivery module, free of charge. The recall began on July 20, 2013. Owners may contact Ford Motor Company Customer Relationship Center at 1-866-436-7332. Ford's recall campaign number is 13S04.