text:
A radio frequency transponder assembly comprises a passive transponder and an antenna with a matching circuit comprising an inductor and a capacitor which are formed integrally with the antenna components. The antenna is a dipole with legs formed from wire or foil strips, in which case the inductor and capacitor are formed from same material as the antenna legs. The values of the inductor and capacitor are calculated to match the antenna impedance to the equivalent load of the transponder circuit as seen via the power rectification circuits of the transponder.
1. A method of matching an electronic circuit of a radio frequency transponder having a complex input impedance to an antenna, the method comprising:
measuring the complex input impedance of the electronic circuit;
calculating a first matching element value to transform the complex input impedance to an intermediate impedance value;
calculating a second matching element value to transform the intermediate impedance value to a real value corresponding to the antenna impedance; and
constructing a matching network with inductive and capacitive matching elements corresponding to the calculated first and second matching element values, including forming at least one of the inductive and capacitive elements of the matching network integrally with the antenna.
2. A method according to
3. A method according to
4. A passive radio frequency transponder assembly of the kind that extracts energy for its operation from an energizing field, the transponder assembly comprising an antenna; a transponder circuit, the transponder circuit including a power supply circuit arranged to be fed with energy received by the antenna, a logic circuit, and a modulator circuit for generating data signals for transmission by the antenna; and an impedance matching circuit effectively disposed between the antenna and the transponder circuit, wherein the transponder assembly is secured to a substrate, the antenna comprises at least one limb of conductive material supported by the substrate, the impedance matching network includes an inductive component formed from the same material as that of the antenna and attached to a limb of the antenna, and the matching circuit is optimized to enhance the transfer of energy collected by the antenna to the power supply circuit of the transponder circuit.
5. A radio frequency transponder assembly according to
6. A radio frequency transponder assembly according to
7. A radio frequency transponder assembly according to
8. A radio frequency transponder assembly according to
9. A radio frequency transponder assembly according to
10. A radio frequency transponder assembly according to
11. A radio frequency transponder assembly according to
12. A radio frequency transponder assembly according to
13. A radio frequency transponder assembly according to
14. A radio frequency transponder assembly according to
15. A radio frequency transponder assembly according to
This invention relates to radio frequency transponders.
Passive radio frequency transponders derive energy from an interrogation signal which is used to energise them, as opposed to active transponders which include an energy source such as a battery. This makes passive transponders relatively cheap to manufacture. However, the lack of a built-in energy source and the need to extract energy from the interrogation signal limits the effective operating range of such transponders for a given intensity of the interrogation energy field. Conversely, where significant operating ranges are called for, the amount of power which must be radiated by an antenna generating the energy field increases, to the point where it may infringe certain safety regulations or other legislation.
It is an object of the invention to provide a radio frequency transponder arrangement which can operate at increased ranges or with lower power energising fields than prior transponders.
According to the invention there is provided a method of matching an electronic circuit of a radio frequency transponder having a complex input impedance to an antenna, the method comprising:
measuring the complex input impedance of the electronic circuit;
calculating a first matching element value to transform the complex input impedance to an intermediate impedance value;
calculating a second matching element value to transform the intermediate impedance value to a real value corresponding to the antenna impedance; and
constructing a matching network with inductive and capacitive matching elements corresponding to the calculated first and second matching element values.
The complex input impedance may have a negative reactance component, with the first matching element value being inductive and the second matching element value being capacitive.
The method may include constructing a matching network comprising a capacitor in parallel with the antenna and an inductor in series with the antenna and the electronic circuit.
Preferably, the method includes forming at least one of the inductive and capacitive elements of the matching network integrally with the antenna.
Further according to the invention a radio frequency transponder assembly comprises:
an antenna;
a transponder circuit including a power supply circuit arranged to be fed with energy received by the antenna, a logic circuit, and a modulator circuit for generating data signals for transmission by the antenna; and
at least two impedance matching elements, at least one of the impedance matching elements being formed integrally with the antenna.
The transponder circuit may have a complex input impedance, with the impedance matching elements comprising a capacitor and an inductor and together effectively defining an impedance matching circuit between the antenna and the transponder circuit.
Preferably, the complex input impedance of the transponder circuit has a negative reactance component and the antenna is a dipole or folded dipole.
The matching circuit may comprise a capacitor connected in parallel with theantenna and an inductor connected in series between the antenna and the transponder circuit.
Preferably the capacitor is connected between first and second terminals of the antenna in parallel with input terminals of the transponder circuit.
The inductor is preferably connected in series with a first terminal of the antenna and an input terminal of the transponder circuit.
Typically, the antenna has at least one element comprising a first length ofconductive material, and the inductor comprises a second length of conductive material connected between the antenna and the transponder circuit, the inductance thereof being determined by said second length.
For example, said at least one antenna element and said inductor may comprise a conductive metallic foil.
In one version of the invention, the antenna has at least two elements and the capacitor is formed by overlapping adjacent elements of the antenna separated by a dielectric layer.
Said at least one antenna element and said inductor may comprise a metallic wire.
Alternatively, the antenna may have at least two elements, with the capacitor being formed from a length of wire connected to one element of the antenna and wound around another element thereof.
A preferred radio frequency transponder of the invention has an operating frequency in the range of 440 to 930 MHz and an operating range of at least 1 m for an effective radiated power of a reader energising the transponder of no more than 500 mW.
To produce low cost transponders, designers need a simple antenna system to which is connected a transponder integrated circuit containing all the electronic components. Such components would typical comprise the rectifying diodes, storage capacitors, modulator, an internal low frequency oscillator, memory storage and logic circuitry. Typical designs use voltage doubling rectifying circuitry to extract the operating power, and backscatter modulation to relay the transponder's data to the reader This type of design results in only the rectifying circuitry and the modulator experiencing radio frequency excitation,while all other parts operate at a relatively low frequency generated by the oscillator.
Different countries regulate the use of the radio spectrum within their zones according to their regional plans. These plans often limit the strength of energising fields that may be used in their region, and the present invention is intended to allow transponders to operate at a reasonable range from the source of the reader's energising field in those regions where very low energising field powers are permitted.
In order to maximise the energy transfer from the energising field via the antenna to the rectifying circuitry, ideally a matching network is needed between the RF electronic components (rectifiers, modulators, and energy storage), and the antenna. The matching network should convert the actual complex input impedance of the transponder's electronic components to the conjugate impedance of the antenna. In conventional designs this might be achieved using transmission lines, or combinations of inductors and capacitors.Due to the large values needed for the inductors and the capacitors and the poor manufacturing tolerances achieved with integrated circuit manufacture, as well as the effects of temperature on the nominal values of such components, it is not commercially viable to include-these components inside the electronicintegrated circuit.
Without a matching network a typical electronic circuit might exhibit an input impedance of 8.86−j29.67 ohms while a dipole has an impedance ofapproximately 72−j0. At the junction of the antenna and the electronic circuit the imbalance of the impedances would cause 70% of the incoming power to be immediately reflected and not converted to useful energy by the transponder. To compensate the energising field would need to be increased by more than 3.3 times to deliver the same energy to the rectifying diodes compared to that of a properly matched situation.
The present invention provides apparatus that provides the necessary matching cost effectively, and a method that can be used to compute the correct values of the matching network.
FIG. 1 is a simplified schematic diagram showing the main components of a conventional reader and passive transponder;
FIG. 2 shows the connection of a matching network of the invention between an antenna and rectifying circuitry of the transponder;
FIG. 3 shows schematically a method of creating a matching network in order to determine the complex impedance of the rectifying circuitry;
FIG. 4 shows test apparatus used to determine the complex input impedance of the rectifying circuitry;
FIG. 5 shows a Smith Chart illustrating the transformation of the complex impedance of the rectifying circuit by the matching network components to the output impedance of a signal generator;
FIG. 6 shows a matching network of the invention in schematic form;
FIG. 7 shows a Smith Chart illustrating the transformation of the complex impedance of the rectifying circuit of a transponder by the matching network components to the impedance of an antenna;
FIGS. 8a to 8 c show a first embodiment of a transponder assembly of the invention with a dipole antenna having an integral matching network;
FIG. 9 shows a laboratory test set-up to measure the performance of the transponder assembly;
FIG. 10 shows a second embodiment of a transponder assembly of the invention;
FIG. 11 is a graph indicating the power available from a dipole antenna placed in a 915 MHz energising field of 500 mW or 30 W at different ranges; and
FIG. 12 is a graph illustrating the output voltage with frequency of an antenna assembly with an integral matching network of the invention.
FIG. 1 shows the typical arrangement of circuitry for a transponder and interrogator or reader system which relies on the transponder receiving power from the energising field of the reader to power the transponder. This type of transponder is called "passive" as it contains no energy source and extracts power from the energising field to operate.
Referring to FIG. 1, a radio frequency signal from an oscillator 10 operating at the designated transponder operating frequency or carrier frequency is boosted in a power amplifier 12 and radiated via a transmitter antenna 14. This creates an energising field 8. The transponder consists of an antenna 16 and an electronic circuit 36 attached to the antenna. The electronic circuit includes all the functional components of the transponder, such as a power extraction circuit or power rectifier 18 for deriving power from the energising field, a modulator 20 for sending data from the transponder back to the reader, and a logic circuit 22 including a low frequency internal oscillator, typically operating at 10 kHz, memory, and a control logic circuit.
The present invention aims to enhance the conversion of energy collected from the energising field to provide the necessary operating voltage needed for the operation of the transponder, as this parameter has the largest impact on the operating range achievable with a transponder for a given energising field power.
Using well known radio equations, the power at the output of the transponder antenna is
This power is delivered to the transponder at the impedance of the antenna which depends on the properties of the antenna. For example, a dipole has an impedance of 72+j0 ohms, while a folded dipole has an impedance of 300+j0 ohms.
The RMS voltage available at the ports of the antenna is
The equations above apply to the situation where all the available power is converted to voltage and not lost through impedance mismatch.
From the above equations the relationship between delivered voltage and range is
The actual operating current of the electronic circuitry in a transponder of the kind in question is usually very small, for example 10 μA at 1.5 volts, giving an equivalent load resistance of 150 kΩ. By providing a practical impedance matching network to match that impedance, as seen through the rectifying diodes of the power rectifier, to the transponder antenna impedance, it is possible to deliver much higher operating voltages and thereby to increase the range at which the transponder can operate for a given energising field.
FIG. 2 shows a typical power rectification circuit that might be used in a transponder to supply sufficient voltage and current to the equivalent load 24 of the transponder. A suitable matching circuit or network 26 converts the antenna impedance to the conjugate impedance of the equivalent load as transformed by the impedances of the rectifying diodes D1 and D2 and an energy storage capacitor C.
It is possible with sophisticated network analyzers and extensive mathematical equations to compute suitable values for the matching network, However a much simpler practical method of determining these values is possible.
Radio frequency engineers have been using for many years the graphical computation charts called "Smith Charts" (trade mark) invented by Philip Smith prior to 1932 and sold by Analog Instruments. The use of these charts will be known to radio engineers who are taught its operation as part of their training.
The Smith chart graphically shows how impedances are converted from some complex source impedance to a complex load impedance. The chart works for all impedances. Generally a reference impedance is chosen and all values plotted on the chart are normalised to this impedance, with all points being plotted as ratios.
Due to the characteristics of the rectifying circuit 18 comprising the diodes D1 and D2 and the capacitor C, which are dominant compared to the equivalent load 24, and the relatively high impedance of the modulator 20 (typically 10 kΩ when "on" and 1 MΩ when "off"), the impedance of the rectifying circuit and hence the effective input impedance of the transponder circuit as seen from the matching network 26 will lie in the lower half of the Smith Chart in the "Negative Reactance sector" (See FIG. 5). In other words, the input impedance will be complex and will comprise a positive real component with a negative imaginary component. Matching occurs by moving this impedance to the "Positive Reactance sector" by means of a series transmission line or an inductor, and then translating it to the source impedance by means of a capacitor. This process requires two precise elements, the first to move the impedance to a transition point or intermediate impedance value in the correct part of the sector, and the second to move it from the transition point to the load.
FIG. 3 shows the conceptual circuit needed, comprising a parallel capacitor C, and a transmission line 28. There are other ways of matching, but the prime purpose of the invention is to provide a practical way of matching the transponder chip to the antenna and the matching network should preferably therefore be included in the construction of the antenna, preferably using the same materials as used in the antenna, so as to minimise production costs. As the Smith Chart allows the use of a transmission line or an inductor to translate from the Negative to the Positive sector, test measurements can be made accurately using a transmission line and then implemented practically using an inductor. For the purpose of determining the actual input impedance of the transponder circuit in a measurement laboratory, test equipment can be used operating at a different impedance from the eventual antenna circuitry, and once the correct input impedance of the transponder circuit has been determined, a new matching circuit can be implemented to match to any chosen antenna impedance.
FIG. 4 shows a test set-up for implementing the arrangement of FIG. 3, wherein a signal generator 30 operating at the correct frequency is connected to a jig comprising a 50 ohm transmission line 28 and a variable capacitor CL which is connected to the integrated circuit 36 to be matched. Ideally a voltmeter 34 is used to measure the voltage applied to the equivalent load 24. In systems where a voltage output is not available, the functioning of the circuit is monitored and the power from the signal generator is reduced until the circuit just stops working. In this manner the quantitative effectiveness of the matching circuit can be assessed.
By using test matching circuits with different transmission line lengths and in each case tuning the variable capacitor to minimise the signal generator power needed to operate the circuit or supply the same voltage on the equivalent load, it is possible empirically to determine the correct transmission line length and the value required from the tuning capacitor for maximum energy transfer. This maximum will occur when the matching network matches the impedance of the rectifying circuit to the source impedance of the generator. This matching process is shown in the Smith Chart diagram of FIG. 5. From the value of the tuning capacitor and the length of the optimum transmission line, the complex input impedance of the transponder circuit at the operating voltage can be determined.
An antenna system that will be simple to manufacture can be chosen. This might typically be a dipole with an impedance of 72+0jΩ. Using the Smith Chart and now knowing the impedance of the rectifying circuit, a new matching circuit can be designed based on a parallel capacitor C and a series inductor Las shown in FIG. 6. The values of these components are calculated according to the Smith Chart calculation ox FIG. 7. By making a small change to the inductor and the capacitor values, almost any antenna design can be matched with this network. For example, the antenna could be a shortened dipole, or another electrically "short" antenna, with the abovementioned matching process readily accommodating such antennas' complex impedance.
FIG. 8 shows a practical embodiment of an antenna/transponder assembly according to the invention. FIG. 8a shows the components of the assembly, which is based on an integrated circuit transponder chip 36 and a dipole antenna having a nominal 915 MHz operating frequency.
The dipole antenna consists of first and second limbs 38 and 40 formed from a thin metallic foil strip 5 mm wide. In the prototype, a tinned copper foil was used for ease of soldering, but other metal foils or metallic inks or other coatings on a suitable substrate could be used instead. The limb 38 is 80 mm long, while the limb 40 is 100 mm long, but the strips overlap by 20 mm when assembled so that each leg of the antenna is effectively 80 mm in length. Attached to the innermost end 42 of the leg 38 is an inductor comprising a loop 44 formed from 0.5 mm wide foil tape. The loop is folded back on itself and the total length thereof is 21 mm. The loop has a free end 46 which is connected to an input terminal of the transponder chip 36, as described below.
A further component of the assembly is a strip of dielectric tape 48 which is 20 mm long and at least 5 mm wide.
As shown in FIGS. 8b and 8 c, the dielectric tape 48 is attached to the inner end portion 42 of the leg 38 of the dipole, and the corresponding end portion 50 of the leg 40 is placed in position on top of it. The ends 42 and 50 of the respective legs 38 and 40 do not come into electrical contact with one another,and a capacitor is therefore defined between them with a value determined by the area of the overlapping portions of the foil strips and the thickness of the dielectric tape 48 and its dielectric constant. The free end 46 of the loop 44 is soldered or otherwise connected to an input terminal 52 of the integrated circuit transponder chip 36, while a second input terminal 54 of the transponder is connected to the leg 40 of the dipole, close to the zone of overlap with theleg 38. The whole assembly is preferably secured to a substrate in the form of a strip 56 of paper or thin plastic sheet material, for example, to make the assembly mechanically robust. A protective layer 58 comprising a plastics or epoxy-based adhesive can be applied over the central portion of the assembly in order to improve its strength and weather resistance.
This arrangement effectively connects the transponder integrated circuit to a dipole antenna with an inductor in series between one leg of the dipole and thetransponder input terminal and a capacitor connected across the two legs of the dipole. The circuit is shown schematically in FIG. 6.
The transponder in question has a nominal operating voltage of 1.5 volts and draws approximately 10 μA. The effective input impedance of the transponder chip at its input terminals 52 and 54 was measured at 8.86−j29.67Ω ahead of the internal rectifying circuit of the transponder. At 915 MHz, an inductor with a value of approximately 9 nH and a capacitor with a value of approximately 6 pF were required to provide the necessary impedance matching to the 72 ohm dipole, and the above described physical dimensions of the antenna/transponder assembly were calculated to give these values.
FIG. 9 shows a set-up for testing the efficiency of the matching network which allows fine adjustments to optimise the matching network. The transponder assembly is set up at a fixed distance from the transmit antenna 14 of the reader and the output of the power amplifier 12 varied to achieve theoperating conditions of the transponder, ie. an operating voltage of at least 1.5 V. The matching circuit can be fine tuned and the power reduced as optimal conditions are met.
FIG. 10 shows an alternative embodiment of an antenna/transponder assembly according to the invention. In this embodiment, fine enamelled wire of 0.4 mm diameter is used instead of foil strips to form the antenna and the impedance matching components. Again, a dipole antenna having 80 mm long legs 60 and 62 is provided. The inner end 64 of the leg 60 terminates in a loop 66 having an effective length of 21 mm and a free end 68 which connected to the terminal 52 of the transponder chip 36.
This loop defines an inductor in series with the leg 60 and the input terminal 52 of the transponder chip. The other leg 62 is connected at a point 70 to the input terminal 54 of the transponder chip and is extended past the terminal 52 and wound around the inner end 64 of the leg 60 in a coil 72 having ten turns, to form a parallel capacitor. The central portion of the assembly is covered with a protective coating 74 of plastics or epoxy resin, for example. The performance of this embodiment is substantially similar to that shown in FIGS. 8a to c.
The described capacitive/inductive matching network provided an effective impedance for the power to voltage conversion equation
of about 4,500 ohms. Using a signal generator with a 50 ohm output impedance, tests showed that under conditions where 11.2 mW (+10.5 dBm) was required to obtain an operating voltage of 1.5 volts after the transponder rectifier circuit, only 126 μW (−9 dBm) was required when the above described matching circuit was used.
Comparing the operation of a transponder assembly using a standard dipole at a fixed distance from the transmit antenna 14, with and without the matching circuit, the assembly utilising the matching circuit required 19 dB less radiated power for equivalent operation. As indicated in FIG. 11, which shows the power available from a dipole antenna feeding a transponder of the kind in question, this allows an energising field which is within the European requirements of 500 mW effective radiated power (ERP) still to have an effective operating range of 1.6 m at 915 MHz. As shown in FIG. 12 the bandwidth of the matching circuit is almost 100 MHz for a system designed to operate at 860-930 MHz, meaning that the same circuit can be used successfully in different markets where different interrogator frequencies are prescribed.
Although the invention has been described with reference to the use of a dipole antenna, the invention also lends itself to the use of folded dipoles or electrically short antennas.
Patent Citations
Referenced by
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text: HomeAccepts BitcoinPayPal Freezes ProtonMail's Campaign Funds: Yet Another Reason They Accept Bitcoin Neil Sardesai 01/07/2014 Accepts Bitcoin, Bitcoin Business, Bitcoin Interviews, Bitcoin Merchants, Bitcoin Security, Bitcoin Service, Exclusive, News 4 Comments Yet another PayPal horror story… Running an email service is neither easy nor cheap, especially when it's designed to thwart mass surveillance. ProtonMail is a free, end-to-end encrypted email provider based in Switzerland (away from the NSA) and strives to protect its users in an age where privacy has become a commodity. In order to keep its services free, ProtonMail will offer premium accounts to cover the costs of the free accounts, and the team recently launched a fundraising campaign to support the addition of new features. However, after raising nearly $300,000, PayPal surprised the team by freezing their account. "This morning, we received an email and telephone call from PayPal notifying us that our account has been restricted pending further review… No attempt was made by PayPal to contact us before freezing our account, and no notice was given." CCN The Fundraiser On 17 June, the ProtonMail team launched an Indiegogo campaign to raise funds to support the service and bring in new features. Having already surpassed the $100,000 goal, the team hopes to raise up to $1,000,000 to support the features below and ensure that ProtonMail remains free: Encrypted chat and encrypted file storage sound pretty awesome. However, on 30 June, PayPal informed the team that their account had been suspended. PayPal's Reasoning The ProtonMail team swiftly contacted PayPal regarding the frozen funds. This was PayPal's reasoning: "When we pressed the PayPal representative on the phone for further details, he questioned whether ProtonMail is legal and if we have government approval to encrypt emails." That's some pretty bizarre "logic" right there. Email encryption is perfectly legal under both U.S. and Swiss law, so PayPal really doesn't have any reason to freeze the account. Why Bother with PayPal in the First Place? The ProtonMail team is no stranger to PayPal horror stories. The popular payments processor has frequently held funds hostage for many crowdfunded projects. However, three months ago, PayPal updated its crowdfunding policies, causing ProtonMail to believe that they wouldn't have any issues. While trusting PayPal seems to have been a mistake, the team stated, "As much as we wish we could live in a world without PayPal, there's still a staggering high percentage of the world that uses it." Unfortunately, PayPal rules the online payments industry, and few people know of alternatives (like bitcoin…). "If we could we would have done the entire campaign using Bitcoin. Unfortunately, Bitcoin just isn't widespread enough yet." -Andy Yen (ProtonMail Systems Administrator) Bitcoin Remains Unaffected As expected from a company that values privacy, ProtonMail accepts bitcoin donations, and will accept bitcoin payments for premium accounts. Since no central authority controls bitcoin, no one can prevent ProtonMail from receiving BTC contributions. PayPal payments had to be disabled on the Indiegogo page, but bitcoin payments remained unaffected. "Hopefully this incident will do more to raise awareness of bitcoin and steer people AWAY from PayPal." -ProtonMail team The Aftermath Andy: "PayPal just unblocked our account, still no clear reason for why it was blocked in the first place. PayPal Switzerland claims they block all crowdfunding campaigns (simply not true)." Neil: "How damaging would you say this has been to the campaign?" Andy: "Because the block was around 24 hours and we have been able to extract our fund, it is overall not too damaging to the campaign. However, over 100,000 CHF went through PayPal so had PayPal not reversed, this could have been very harmful to our efforts to make email encryption widespread." Neil: "Several members of the Bitcoin community have suggested switching to Coinbase (http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/29iwe5/in_one_swoop_coinbase_can_rescue_protonmail/). However, Coinbase is also centralised and based in the U.S. What are your thoughts on this?" Andy: "Our approach is to take donations by directly providing our BTC address." Neil: "Crazy question, but any thoughts of building your own payments system to avoid issues like these in the future for ProtonMail and other companies?" Andy: "I think we will have our hands full just working on email ;-)" The ProtonMail Indiegogo campaign is still active and needs your support. I just made a contribution of $57 (in bitcoin, of course), that gets me this tshirt: Hopefully more and more companies will start accepting bitcoin, which will put pressure on PayPal and may finally put an end to the all-too-many PayPal horror stories. Updated: July 2, 2014 at 7:41 am CET. Join the free bitcoin trading competition and win 5 bitcoins + more here. encryptionpaypalpaypal bitcoinProtonMail Your Ad Here?

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The first day of baseball is in the books and after a 2-0-1 start with our MLB Free Picks of the Day, the season has started off in a positive direction. Remember while baseball can be a very profitable sport it is a constant grind and in order to win consistently betting on baseball it is important to stay abreast of the latest baseball betting news and notes. Bangthebook.com is your baseball betting headquarters so check the site while handicapping the schedule for the day to get all of the news, trends and of course the free picks of the day.
Make sure to check back on a regular basis as we will post our MLB Picks of the Day!
Here is the MLB Picks for Wednesday April 2nd, 2014.
Minnesota Twins at Chicago White Sox
Let's start with a total in a game featuring the Twins vs. the White Sox. When handicapping totals, one thing that deserves consideration is the umpire. The Over is 10-4 in Dan Iassogna, the umpire in this game when he is behind the plate in his last 14 games behind home plate in a game with Chicago. Felipe Paulino has not pitched deep since 2012 and that means the bullpen will play a big role in this contest. The Twins start Kevin Correia and the he has had his issues on the mound. Both teams will get runs early and often as this game goes over the total.
Free Pick: Over 8 +100
San Francisco Giants at Arizona Diamondbacks
The Diamondbacks lost the first game in the series, but not due to a lack of hitting. The Diamondbacks smacked the ball around and now they will get support from a decent pitcher in Trevor Cahill. Cahill had a difficult start to the season, but has won two straight games when facing the Giants. The Diamondbacks are 6-0 in Cahills last 6 starts as a favorite of -110 to -150 and 5-1 in their last 6 games as a favorite of -110 to -150. The Diamondbacks win a pivotal game in this series with a good outing from Cahill.
Free Pick: Arizona Diamondbacks -115
Boston Red Sox at Baltimore Orioles
In a big game in the AL East early in the season, the Red Sox will attempt to get a win against the Orioles. John Lackey tossed a complete-game two-hitter against the Orioles on Sept. 19 and went 2-1 in four starts against the division rivals last season. However he will regress this season after a great overall campaign a year ago. For as well as he pitched the Sox still struggled when he started on the MLB highway as the Red Sox are 2-5 in Lackeys last 7 road starts. The Orioles got a good job from their pitching staff in the opener. They excelled at stopping rallies and Tommy Hunter got the first chance to close and locked up the save Monday. The Orioles are well coached and they are 35-17 in their last 52 games following an off day. Orioles take down the defending champions for the second time in the series.
Free Pick: Baltimore Orioles -110
Cole Ryan
Cole started off as a part time handicapper and a full time computer programmer. After developing a computer program that consistently provided winners in NFL, NBA, MLB, and college sports Cole went into full time handicapping. The computer program and his knack for winners made him a rising star in the handicapping world. His complex computer program based on algorithms and analytical calculations have led to a 60% ATS rate.


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sailing (30 community guides)
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The charming harbour town of Honfleur has attracted artists since the Impressionists, and is just as popular with food lovers. Join them for a short break or a stopover on a trip to southern France... read more »
Known as the BVI, the British Virgin Islands are truly some of the most lovely places on earth ... read more »
Overview of the delightful Isles of Scilly off the Cornish Coast in the UK. A look at each of the islands, accomodation and activities for all the family.... read more »
In the southwest of France sits Europe's largest sand dune - just one of the many attractions in the unspoilt region of Aquitaine... read more »
Thanks to the recent introduction of a direct flight from the UK, the beautiful islands of the Azores are now easy to get to - and the rewards are fantastic, especially if you want to watch whales... read more »
To a 'townie', the idea of travelling anywhere at 4mph is pure hell and utterly pointless – but for us, sailing our little boat on the Broads at Wroxham was a revelation… and a lesson in relaxation... read more »
Glorious sunshine, tropical seas, beautiful beaches and more culture than you can poke a stick at. Welcome to Eilat and the real Israel... read more »
Along the often deserted coast of North Norfolk are some of Britain's best biggest and most beautiful sandy beaches, punctuated by pretty fishing villages, nature reserves and some excellent hotels... read more »
Fancy more than a tan on your holiday? Try learning to sail in the Greek Islands, and combine chilling out in the sunshine with earning your skipper's certificate... read more »
Rugged and rocky: that's Maine, with a long coastline punctuated by islands large and small. Remote and romantic, most are accessed only by ferry – making them perfect getaways this summer!... read more »
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Cheap PVR to Flores flights
Popular Flights from Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco
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Puerto Vallarta to Flores Flights, Stats and Airplanes
Route information for flights from Licenciado Gustavo Diaz Ordaz Intl. to Mundo Maya Intl..
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PVR - Licenciado Gustavo Diaz Ordaz Intl. Airlines
Browse the most popular airlines servicing the Puerto Vallarta (PVR) airport. Visit their flights pages to learn more about the most popular routes these carriers fly.


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Health/Fitness » Health
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New National Survey Shows Most Women Don't Know Signs of Stroke
A new national survey reveals only 11 percent of women know the female-specific symptoms of stroke, which kills twice as many women a year as breast cancer. Knowing the first signs of stroke is crucial because there's only a three-hour window to get help.
Family Equality Council Announces Natl. Foster Care Month
Family Equality Council has announced its 2015 National Adoption Month Campaign to coincide with the re-introduction of the Every Child Deserves a Family Act in May.
NHelp Supports Contraceptive Coverage Under ACA
The National Health Law Program clarified that non-grandfathered plans and insurers must cover, without cost sharing, at least one form of contraception within each of the 18 method categories of contraception that the FDA has identified for women.
Brewing Up Bacteria? Potential Germs in Your Coffee Maker
Germs love to lurk in coffee machines. Ten Chicago-area families let CBS2 swab their one-cup coffee makers, and reporter Mary Kay Kleist took the samples to Loyola where experts tested them for germs.
Exposing Food Industry Secrets
Experts say that consumers can be tricked into eating certain foods without really knowing what they include. That's the subject of Reader's Digest's latest cover story, "50 Secrets Food Manufacturers Won't Tell You."
New York AG Takes on Transgender Discrimination in Health Care
New York's attorney general has started a program to ensure transgender individuals have equal access to health care.
Mental Health America Kicks of Mental Health Month
Mental Health America (MHA) kicks off its annual observance of May is Mental Health Month and marks the one-year anniversary of the launch of MHA's online screening tools.
Vitamin B3 Could Help Prevent Skin Cancer Threat
There's important news for people at high risk for skin cancer, the most common type of disease in the U.S. Dr. David Agus, director of USC's Norris Westside Cancer Center discusses how the simple vitamin can slash the risk of cancer coming back.
First Baby Born Through Controversial Stem Cell IVF Treatment
A breakthrough in vitro fertilization procedure is giving hope to those struggling to get pregnant. Jericka Duncan introduces us to Zain, the first baby in the world to be born using the controversial stem cell technique, and his proud parents.
FDA Releases Plan to Ease Restrictions on Gay Blood Donation
The Food and Drug Administration is outlining its plan to end the nation's lifetime ban on blood donations from gay and bisexual men, a 32-year-old policy that many medical groups and gay activists say is no longer justified.
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Vacation activity from 5 to 14 october 2012
>3000 CW and >250 RTTY QSOs
Rig: FT-100 with 42m longwire
I don´t need your card!
If you wish card direct please pay postage fees via paypal to my email !
If you wish card via bureau please send me QSL request via email !
SWLs send email with QSOs dates, but NOT same like on DXcluster !!!
Please don´t send your QSL!
Hpe to wkd you from next trip.
Vy 73 de Andreas DL9USA & ex SW9C
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Carotid artery angioplasty with stenting (CAS) is a treatment for carotid stenosis that is intended to prevent future stroke. When an angioplasty is performed, a small balloon at the end of a catheter is inflated in the blood vessel at the blocked area. The balloon pushes against the build-up of plaque and compresses or flattens it. At the same time the balloon widens the blood vessel, the blocked vessel opens up and restores blood flow. If a stent is used, it expands to the size and shape of the artery wall, designed to open the artery, restore blood flow and prevent future blockages.
Combined with optimal medical management, carotid angioplasty with or without stenting has been evaluated as an alternative to carotid endarterectomy (CEA). Carotid angioplasty and stenting (CAS) involves the introduction of coaxial systems of catheters, microcatheters, balloons, and other devices through the femoral artery and into the carotid artery. The procedure typically takes 20–40 minutes. Interventionalists almost uniformly use an embolic protection device (EPD) designed to reduce the risk of stroke caused by thromboembolic material dislodged during CAS. Carotid angioplasty rarely is performed without stent placement.
Proposed advantages of CAS over CEA include:
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have approved carotid artery stents and EPDs from various manufacturers. Examples include:
Each FDA-approved carotid stent is indicated for combined use with an EPD to reduce risk of stroke in patients considered to be at increased risk for periprocedural (occurring just before, during, or just after a medical procedure) complications from CEA who are symptomatic with greater than 50% stenosis, or asymptomatic with greater than 80% stenosis—degree of stenosis being assessed by ultrasound or angiogram with computed tomography (CT) angiography also sometimes used. Patients are considered at increased risk for complications during CEA if affected by any item from a list of anatomic features and comorbid conditions included in each stent system's "Information for Prescribers".
The RX Acculink Carotid Stent System is also approved for use in conventional risk patients (not considered at increased risk for complications during CEA) with symptoms and ≥70% stenosis by ultrasound or ≥50% stenosis by angiogram, and asymptomatic patients with ≥70% stenosis by ultrasound or ≥60% stenosis by angiogram.
FDA-approved stents and EPDs differ in the deployment methods used once they reach the target lesion, with the RX (rapid exchange) devices designed for more rapid stent and filter expansion. The Precise and AngioGuard devices were studied in a randomized, controlled trial (RCT). Other devices were approved based on uncontrolled, single-arm trials or registries and comparison to historical controls. The FDA has mandated postmarketing studies for these devices, including longer follow-up for patients already reported to the FDA and additional registry studies, primarily to compare outcomes as a function of clinician training and facility experience. Each manufacturer's system is available in various configurations (e.g., straight or tapered) and sizes (diameters and lengths) to match the vessel lumen that will receive the stent.
Each benefit plan, summary plan description or contract defines which services are covered, which services are excluded, and which services are subject to dollar caps or other limitations, conditions or exclusions. Members and their providers have the responsibility for consulting the member's benefit plan, summary plan description or contract to determine if there are any exclusions or other benefit limitations applicable to this service or supply. If there is a discrepancy between a Medical Policy and a member's benefit plan, summary plan description or contract, the benefit plan, summary plan description or contract will govern.
Carotid angioplasty with or without associated stenting and embolic protection is considered experimental, investigational and unproven for all other indications, including but not limited to, patients with carotid stenosis who are suitable candidates for CEA and patients with carotid artery dissection.
Risk/benefit ratio of invasive carotid procedures
Endovascular carotid angioplasty and stenting (CAS) or surgical endarterectomy (CEA) for carotid artery disease trades procedure-related harms of stroke and death for the benefit of reduced stroke risk over subsequent years—the balance determines whether either intervention will result in a net clinical benefit. That balance has been scrutinized for CEA although not for CAS; accordingly results from trials of CEA must be extrapolated to CAS.
A series of landmark clinical trials from the late 1980s through the 1990s compared the benefits and harms of CEA to best medical therapies then available in symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals with carotid artery stenosis (North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators, 1991; MRC European Carotid Surgery Trial Collaborators, 1991; Mayberg, 1991; Executive Committee for the Asymptomatic Carotid Athereosclerosis Study, 1995; MRC European Carotid Surgery Trial Collaborators, 1998; Barnett, 1998; Halliday, 2004). The trial results defined the magnitude of risk reduction for stroke, and periprocedural stroke and death rates that can be traded to achieve a net clinical benefit or benefit outweighing harm—30 day rates less than 3% for asymptomatic (greater than 60% stenosis), and less than 6% for symptomatic patients (50–69% or 70–99% stenosis). Furthermore, because periprocedural harms are immediate but benefit is accrued over time, a net clinical benefit is obtained only in those patients surviving long enough to counterbalance the immediate harms. The necessary life expectancy was defined by the trial duration needed to demonstrate benefit—two years for symptomatic patients with 70–99% stenosis, five years for symptomatic patients with 50–69% stenosis or asymptomatic patients with greater than 60% stenosis (summarized in the following Table).
Stenosis (%)
Acceptable Periprocedural Death/Stroke Rate, %
Anticipated Life Expectancy, yr
As an example of the fine line between benefit and harm, Arazi (2008) performed a decision analysis of benefit for patients with asymptomatic stenosis using a base case derived from the Asymptomatic Carotid Surgery Trial (ACST) (periprocedural death or stroke rate of 1.8%) Halliday, 2004). As discussed in paper from Halliday et al., over a five year time horizon, CEA provided four days of stroke-free survival and a net harm when periprocedural death/disabling stroke rates exceeded 2.1% (Halliday, 2004).
Since the landmark trials were performed, there have been considerable improvements in medical care and evidence of substantial decline in stroke rates with medical care in asymptomatic carotid disease (Marquardt, 2010; Naylor, 2008). Current medical therapies including aggressive lipid lowering were inconsistently used in the landmark trials. While indirect, evidence for impact of improved medical care supports a perspective that guidelines for periprocedural death or stroke rates reflect upper limits needed to obtain a net clinical benefit. Surgeons in contemporary clinical trials have also achieved CEA periprocedural death and stroke rates lower than those in pivotal trials. For example, in the Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy versus Stenting Trial (CREST), (Brott, 2010) the death or stroke rates for symptomatic patients was 3.2% and for asymptomatic patients was 1.4%. Accordingly, benchmarks established decades ago might no longer be appropriate upper bounds.
Excluded from landmark CEA trials were patients with significant comorbidities such as those judged likely to cause death within five years that might also increase periprocedural and anesthetic risk for complications. Therefore, CAS has appeal as a treatment option for patients with potentially higher periprocedural risk due to medical or anatomic reasons (e.g., medical factors include severe cardiac dysfunction, requirement for combined coronary and carotid revascularization, severe renal or pulmonary dysfunction, and other characteristics associated with increased surgical risk; anatomic factors include surgically inaccessible stenosis, prior radiation, prior neck surgery, spinal immobility, prior laryngeal nerve palsy, contralateral occlusion, prior ipsilateral CEA, restenosis after CEA).
Although general anesthetic risk is considered a potential reason to use CAS, CEA can typically be safely performed under local or regional anesthesia, (Jordan, 1998) as confirmed by Lewis et al. in the 95-center General Anesthesia versus Local Anesthesia (GALA) trial (Lewis, 2008). Investigators randomized 3,526 patients undergoing CEA to general or local anesthesia and found no difference in 30-day death, stroke or myocardial infarction (MI) rates according to anesthetic approach (risk ratio [RR]: 0.94; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.70 to 1.3) (Lewis, 2008).
Randomized controlled trials of CAS versus CEA
SAPPHIRE: The first major RCT of CAS versus CEA was the Stenting and Angioplasty, with Protection in Patients at High Risk for Endarterectomy (SAPPHIRE) trial (Yadav, 2004). The relevant conclusions are summarized as follows:
SPACE: In 2006, the Stent-supported Percutaneous Angioplasty of the Carotid Artery versus Endarterectomy (SPACE) trial was published.
EVA-3S: The Endarterectomy Versus Stenting in patients with Symptomatic Severe carotid Stenosis (EVA-3S) trial by Mas et al. was a non inferiority comparison of CAS (with EPD in 92%) versus CEA in symptomatic patients at average risk for complications from CEA with ≥60% stenosis of the ipsilateral carotid artery (Mas, 2006).
ICSS: The International Carotid Stenting Study (22) (Erdele, 2010) enrolled 1,713 symptomatic patients at 50 academic medical centers across Europe, Australia, New Zealand, and Canada between May 2001 and October 2008.
CREST: The Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy versus Stenting Trial reported by Brott (2010) was conducted between December 2000 and July 2008, enrolling 2,522 patients at 117 centers across the U.S. and Canada.
Conclusions: The available RCTs enroll a mix of symptomatic and asymptomatic patients and have different selection criteria for participating centers.
Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis of RCTs
A 2004 Blue Cross Blue Shield Association (BCBSA) Technology Evaluation Center (TEC) Assessment and meta-analyses from 2009 through 2011 have been published with similar findings (BCBSA TEC, 2004; Ederle, 2009; Bangalore ,2011; Murad, 2011; Econompoulos, 2011). In average risk symptomatic patients the body of evidence demonstrates worse periprocedural outcomes with CAS compared to CEA. While data reported by Silver (2011) and Touze (2009) show secular improvement in periprocedural outcomes following CAS there is evidence of a net harm compared to CEA. The individual patient data meta-analysis of SPACE, EVA-3S, and ICSS indicates some uncertainty in comparative periprocedural death/stroke rates for younger symptomatic patients. Still, that subgroup result must be considered carefully given the larger body of evidence, lack of stratified randomization, as well as the evidence on restenosis. Meta-analyses have generally found that restenosis is more common following CAS than CEA. In a meta-analysis of 13 trials, among those reporting restenosis rates, Bangalore (2011) reported pooled relative odds for restenosis following CAS compared to CEA of 2.8 (95% CI: 2.0 to 4.0; I2=0%).
Of note was the individual patient data meta-analysis (n=3,433) of SPACE, EVA-3S and ICSS (Bonati, yea2010). In these symptomatic patients the 30-day death or stroke risk (per-protocol analyses) with CAS was 7.7% versus 4.4% following CEA (RR 1.74; 95% CI: 1.32 to 2.30). However, in the subgroup younger than 70 years of age, comparative 30-day death or stroke rates were 5.1% (CAS) and 4.5% (CEA) (RR: 1.11; 95% CI: 0.73 to 1.71); for patients 70 years or older 10.5% (CAS) and 4.4% (CEA) (RR: 2.41; 95% CI: 1.65 to 3.51). However, randomization was not stratified by age in these trials.
In conclusion, the systematic reviews corroborate the results of individual RCTs in reporting that early adverse events are higher with CAS compared to CEA that long-term stroke rates following the perioperative period are similar, and that restenosis is higher with CAS. These data indicate that for the average risk patient with carotid stenosis, CAS is associated with a net harm compared to CEA.
Periprocedural death or stroke rates following CAS
This question was assessed in the October 2009 BCBSA TEC Assessment (BCBSA TEC 2009). Noting again that CAS (like CEA) trades procedure-related risk of stroke and death for a reduced risk of stroke over subsequent years, and limits for periprocedural stroke and death rates that can be traded to achieve a net clinical benefit outlined in current guidelines are less than 3% for asymptomatic and less than 6% for symptomatic patients, this Assessment sought evidence to address the following questions:
1. Is the periprocedural death or stroke rate with CAS less than 3% for asymptomatic and less than 6% for symptomatic patients? Eighteen multicenter prospective registries collectively enrolling 20,194 patients were identified; 11 enrolled patients in accordance with FDA labeling and with 30 day outcomes available for analysis according to symptomatic status (13,783 asymptomatic and 3,353 symptomatic). For nine registries 30 day death or stroke rates were either reported or obtained from investigators; in the remaining two, death or stroke rates were estimated from 30 day death, stroke, or MI, and MI rates. An independent assessment of neurological outcomes was required in all but one registry. For asymptomatic patients, the pooled periprocedural death or stroke rate was 3.9% (95% CI: 3.3% to 4.4%; I2=57%); for symptomatic patients 7.4% (95% CI: 6.0% to 9.0%; I2=59%). Additionally, a subsequent systematic review, without consideration to FDA labeling, reported results consistent with the 2004 BCBSA TEC Assessment (pooled periprocedural death or stroke rates in asymptomatic patients of 3.3% [95% CI: 2.6% to 4.1%; 23 studies; 8,504 patients] and in symptomatic patients of 7.6% [95% CI: 6.3% to 9.1%; 42 studies; 4,910 patients]) (Touze, 2009).
2. For those subgroups defined by a) medical comorbidities or b) unfavorable anatomy, are periprocedural death or stroke rates with CAS less than 3% for asymptomatic and less than 6% for symptomatic patients? Combined data from two registries reported periprocedural death or stroke rates for patients with unfavorable anatomy (Gray, 2009; White, 2006) but included only 371 asymptomatic (30 day death or stroke rate 2.7% [95% CI: 1.5% to 4.9%]) and 60 symptomatic patients (30 day death or stroke rate 1.7%% [95% CI: 0.3% to 8.9%]). No other registry reported results by symptomatic status for those subgroups.
Carotid Dissection
Lee (2006) reported that carotid dissection is uncommon (incidence approximately two per 100,000/year) and occurs generally in younger individuals. With a frequently favorable prognosis, conservative therapy with anticoagulants to restore blood flow is typically employed while surgical intervention reserved for patients whose symptoms fail to respond to conservative care. Some have described CAS as a potential treatment in those instances, however, there are no clinical trials comparing alternative strategies and interventions (Schirmer, 2011; Ohta, 2011). Current guidelines, detailed later in the rationale, rate CAS in for this indication as a CLASS IIb (Level of Evidence: C) recommendation.
Clinical Input Received through Physician Specialty Societies and Academic Medical Centers
While the various physician specialty societies and academic medical centers may collaborate with and make recommendations during this process, through the provision of appropriate reviewers, input received does not represent an endorsement or position statement by the physician specialty societies or academic medical centers, unless otherwise noted. This clinical input strongly supported use of CAS in recently symptomatic patients where CEA cannot be performed due to anatomic reasons, although acknowledging the limited evidence pertaining to this subgroup. The lack of alternative treatments for recently symptomatic patients and the established increased risk of stroke were factors supporting this opinion.
Guidelines Rating
Most current is the 2011 American Stroke Association (ASA), American College of Cardiology Foundation (ACCF), American Heart Association (AHA), American Association of Neuroscience Nurses (AANN), American Association of Neurological Surgeons (AANS),
American College of Radiology (ACR), American Society of Neuroradiology (ASNR), Congress of Neurological Surgeons (CNS), Society of Atherosclerosis Imaging and Prevention (SAIP), Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI), Society of Interventional Radiology (SIR), Society of Neuro-Interventional Surgery (SNIS), Society for Vascular Medicine (SVM), Society for Vascular Surgery (SVS) Guideline on the Management of Patients with Extracranial Carotid and Vertebral Artery Disease (Brott, JACC, 2011; Brott, JNS, 2011; Brott, Circulation, 2011; Brott, Stroke, 2011).
CLASS Categories
Level of Evidence
CLASS I Benefit >>> Risk
CAS is indicated as an alternative to CEA for symptomatic patients at average or low risk of complications associated with endovascular intervention when the diameter of the lumen of the internal carotid artery is reduced by more than 70% as documented by noninvasive imaging or more than 50% as documented by catheter angiography and the anticipated rate of periprocedural stroke or mortality is less than 6%.
Selection of asymptomatic patients for carotid revascularization should be guided by an assessment of comorbid conditions, life expectancy, and other individual factors and should include a thorough discussion of the risks and benefits of the procedure with an understanding of patient preferences.
CLASS IIa Benefit >> Risk
It is reasonable to choose CEA over CAS when revascularization is indicated in older patients, particularly when arterial pathoanatomy is unfavorable for endovascular intervention.
It is reasonable to choose CAS over CEA when revascularization is indicated in patients with neck anatomy unfavorable for arterial surgery.
When revascularization is indicated for patients with TIA or stroke and there are no contraindications to early revascularization, intervention within two weeks of the index event is reasonable rather than delaying surgery.
CLASS IIb Benefit ≥ Risk
Prophylactic CAS might be considered in highly selected patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis (minimum 60% by angiography, 70% by validated Doppler ultrasound), but its effectiveness compared with medical therapy alone in this situation is not well established.
In symptomatic or asymptomatic patients at high risk of complications for carotid revascularization by either CEA or CAS because of comorbidities, the effectiveness of revascularization versus medical therapy alone is not well established.
Carotid angioplasty and stenting might be considered when ischemic neurological symptoms have not responded to antithrombotic therapy after acute carotid dissection.
Except in extraordinary circumstances, carotid revascularization by either CEA or CAS is not recommended when atherosclerosis narrows the lumen by less than 50%.
Carotid revascularization is not recommended for patients with chronic total occlusion of the targeted carotid artery.
Carotid revascularization is not recommended for patients with severe disability caused by cerebral infarction that precludes preservation of useful function.
Key to Levels of Evidence:
A—Data derived from multiple randomized controlled trials or meta-analyses; multiple populations evaluated.
B—Data derived from a single randomized controlled trial or non-randomized studies; limited populations evaluated.
C—Only consensus opinion of experts, case studies, or standard of care; very limited populations evaluated.
Major Ongoing Randomized Trials Comparing CAS versus CEA
There are no ongoing or direct comparisons of CAS versus CEA in patients at increased risk for CEA complications (Hopkins, 2008). Particularly problematic is the lack of adequate data, from either randomized or non-randomized studies, to separately compare outcomes of the alternatives (CAS versus CEA versus current optimal medical management) in symptomatic and asymptomatic increased-risk subgroups.
A substantial body of RCT evidence compares outcomes of CAS with CEA for symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with carotid stenosis. The evidence does not support use of CAS in carotid artery disease for the average risk patient, since early adverse events are higher with CAS and long-term outcomes are not better. Data from RCTs and large database studies establish that the risk of CAS exceeds the threshold set to indicate overall benefit from the procedure. Therefore, for patients with carotid stenosis who are suitable candidates for CEA, CAS is considered experimental, investigational and unproven.
However, based on limited data, clinical input, an indirect chain of evidence, and unmet medical need, CAS may be considered a reasonable treatment option in recently symptomatic patients when CEA cannot be performed due to anatomic reasons. For this population, CAS may be considered medically necessary. It is considered experimental, investigational and unproven for all other indications, including carotid dissection.
Disclaimer for coding information on Medical Policies
Procedure and diagnosis codes on Medical Policy documents are included only as a general reference tool for each policy. They may not be all-inclusive.
The presence or absence of procedure, service, supply, device or diagnosis codes in a Medical Policy document has no relevance for determination of benefit coverage for members or reimbursement for providers. Only the written coverage position in a medical policy should be used for such determinations.
Benefit coverage determinations based on written Medical Policy coverage positions must include review of the member's benefit contract or Summary Plan Description (SPD) for defined coverage vs. non-coverage, benefit exclusions, and benefit limitations such as dollar or duration caps.
00.40, 00.41, 00.42, 00.43, 00.44, 00.45, 00.46, 00.47, 00.48, 00.61, 00.63, 433.10, 433.11, 433.30, 433.31


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The Korean tech giants have agreed to end all pending litigation in an effort to wash their hands of the affair.
The Audiophiliac rounds up some of his favorite pint-size speakers, priced from rock-bottom to extravagantly expensive!
Trialing might be the purest expression of passion for the Land Rover Defender -- man and machine pitted against nature in a muddy arena. XCAR got their hands dirty.
When Google unveiled its smart and controversial eyewear three years ago, some early tech adopters tried to do their part by eagerly pushing for Glass acceptance. The world pushed back.
Lyft claims Uber is trying to lure away its drivers by ordering and then canceling thousands of rides.
Ever wonder what happens inside your dishwasher after you close the door and press Start? So did someone else, and he filmed it with a GoPro camera.
You thought it was just governments who used drones? No, no. PETA claims its "Air Angel" drones will seek hunters who get up to nefarious, cruel, or just plain stupid activity.
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After much hype and a match that disappointed many, we have a new champion. But as per usual, the Internet is the real victor.
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I prefer this kind of thermometer for an aquarium or terrarium. You merely attach it to the glass. It is accurate to within one degree. And it is really inexpensive ... you can get them for around three dollars.
Pros: Unbreakable; accurate
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@Knuckles Thanks, I've been interested in buying Snake Eater on Japanese 3DS for a while but between the limited edition 3DS and a retail version. Both options were too expensive for me to jump on just yet.
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LPD2E Brochure Final
LPD2E Final Brochure
The Laboratory for Product Design, Development & Evaluation The Laboratory for Product Design, Development & Evaluation (LPD2E) was established in January 2011 as a component of the research and teaching infrastructure within The University of Toledo College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences (UTCPPS). The GMPcompliant Core Laboratories operate within the Industrial Pharmacy Division of the Department of Pharmacy Practice. The LPD2E provides a network of expert resources and capabilities that spans the spectrum from fundamental research concepts and the initiation of new formulations and their production paradigms, to providing GMP-compliant products for related clinical investigations and patient trials. Any component or mix of components from these collaborations could be brought to bear on problems which may be of interest to the private sector. Besides basic research activities, collaborations could involve any type of `needs assessments' and/or contractual arrangements that could be geared toward the advancement of specific technologies. Collaborations might include assisting small companies that can benefit from LPD2E's expertise or capability in navigating the development stages of a project. Likewise, larger companies, having considerable resources already engaged in multiproject scenarios, might desire interactions for exploratory high-risk research projects or to develop potential spin-off areas without the need for internal corporate resources. Similarly, broad and/or specific interactions with either large or small businesses might be envisioned to simply tap the intellectual diversity afforded by the LPD2E network in order to gain different perspectives at any stage of product design and development. THE LABORATORY FOR PRODUCT DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT & EVALUATION General Capabilities � � � � � � � Solubility enhancement of poorly soluble drugs Flavor masking Nanoparticle drug delivery Microemulsion drug delivery Dematological drug delivery Placebo tablet & capsule production API clinical trial production Manufacturing Equipment � � � � � � Tablet machines (3) Ointment mills Homogenizers Lipstick and suppository fillers Solution mixing and filtering Ointment filler Evaluative Capabilities � � � � � Dissolution testing- tablets, capsules, and ointments Powder characterization Product stability determination Taste testing panels Ingredient compatibility testing Product Design and Development � Oral and topical solutions Suspensions Emulsions Dermatologicals Capsule formulations Tablet formulations Extended release formulations Parenteral products Ophthalmic products Effervescent powders and tablets Cosmetics Personal care products Toothpaste � � � � � � � � � � � � Analytical Capabilities � � � � � � � � � � � UV-Vis spectrophotometer Surface tension analysis Viscosity determination TGA-DSC-TMA analysis Dynamic light scattering PXRD FTIR Scanning electron microscopy Fluorescence analysis Moisture determination HPLC analysis Contact LPD2E The University of Toledo College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory for Product Design, Development and Evaluation 3000 Arlington Ave Toledo, OH 43614 Phones: 419.383.1988 ; 419.383.1990; 419.383.1981 FAX: 419.383.1950 www.utoledo.edu/pharmacy/depts


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Home Technology Mobile Reviews Cherry Mobile BLAZE: Price, Specs andFeatures
Cherry Mobile BLAZE: Price, Specs andFeatures
Android ICS smartphone called Cherry Mobile BLAZE! For only Php6,499 (SRP), the Cherry Mobile BLAZE boasts a 1GHz dual-core processor, a dual-SIM, dual-standby capability, an 8MP autofocus camera with dual LED flash and runs Android 4.0.4 Ice Cream Sandwich as its OS.
Cherry Mobile BLAZE Specifications (Not official)
- Dual SIM / Dual Standby
- 4.7″ FWVGA (854×480) Capacitive display
- 208ppi with ?-point multi-touch feature
- Android 4.0.4 (Ice Cream Sandwich)
- 1GHz Dual-Core MT6577 Processor
- PowerVR SGX531 GPU
- 512MB of RAM
- 4GB of internal storage
- microSD card slot up to 32GB
- 8MP autofocus camera with LED flash
- 720p HD video recording
- VGA (0.3MP) front-facing camera
- WiFi b/g/n / WiFi Hotspot
- GPRS / EDGE / 3G capable
- GPS with A-GPS support / Bluetooth
- Motion Sensor / Proximity Sensor / Light Sensor
- 3.5mm audio Jack / MicroUSB v2.0 / FM Radio
- Battery ?
- Price: Php 6,499 (Official SRP)
- Availability/ Release Date: Available!


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Sonia Kashuk Chic Luminosity Highlighter Stick Review
Allow me to introduce you to Sonia Kashuk Chic Luminosity Highlighter Stick in Sparkling Sands which is an ideal dupe for Benefit Watts Up at a fraction of the cost!
Check this out!
Allow me to introduce you to Sonia Kashuk Chic Luminosity Highlighter Stick in Sparkling Sands which is an ideal dupe for Benefit Watts Up at a fraction of the cost!
Check this out!
NYX Born to Glow Liquid Illuminator in Gleam is one of two new liquid highlighters that NYX launched for Spring. I already told you about and loved the other shade from this launch, Sunbeam.
I've likened these too NARS Illuminator so if you like Orgasm Illuminator you'll love Gleam! Especially at the seven dollar price tag!
Winning!Read More...
Recently I got my Etude House Sweet Recipe Chocolate Highlighter from the new Etude House Sweet Recipe Collection. I rarely use highlighters however, I am a magpie so sparkly, pretty powders are one of my biggest downfalls.
I couldn't resist purchasing this little highlighter especially since it's shaped like a brick of white chocolate.
Take a look!Read More...
NYX Born to Glow Liquid Illuminator is available in two shade selections and dare I say a great dupe for NARS Illuminator. At $7 a tube it's a far nice option than NARS' own $30 version.
I think you'll particularly like Sunbeam which could be an easy replacement for Copacabana.
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Here's a really cute something something to pick up next trip to Sephora. The new Sephora Pastel Pop Air Fresh Face Luminizing Powder is a retake on Sephora's traditional LARGE face disks. You know how Sephora always introduces those massive highlighting powders seasonally? Well the Air Fresh Face Lumizing Powder is cut down in size and in price at a mere $14.
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GOVERNMENT CAMP, Ore. -- A climber who fell on Mount Hood Thursday had some prior climbing experience but failed to bring along an ice axe -- a key piece of equipment in his quest to reach the summit, according to the Clackamas County sheriff's office.
Gary Morgan, 52, of Clarkston, Michigan, fell just before 9:30 a.m., near the Hogsback, an area close to the summit along a route favored by most climbers.
Morgan hurt his arm and hip during the fall. He also had a number of cuts over his body. He was safely carried to the top of the Palmer lift, then transferred to a Snocat that took him to Timberline Lodge.
Sgt. Adam Phillips outlined what climbing equipment Morgan was using -- a daypack, leather hiking boots, crampons, a hiking pole and a bicycle helmet.
There was no evidence that Morgan registered for the climb, Phillips said. The step includes leaving pertinent information about departure time, expected return time, route and contact information.
He did not have an ice axe, and was never able to stop his fall with a procedure called a self-arrest, Phillips said. The standard list of climbing equipment for Hood includes an ice axe, he said.
Morgan fell for an unknown reason, Phillips said. He slide about 500 to 600 feet, fast enough to fly over a crevasse near the end of his slip.
Rescuers with Portland Mountain Rescue were also climbing nearby and reached Morgan quickly to provide support. They said he was conscious and talking.
The PMR climbers themselves were on the mountain to help spread the ashes of a climber who died in the same area just one week earlier after a 1,000-foot fall.
More: Climber Mark Cartier dies in fall on Mt. Hood
Mike Claypool saw Morgan fall Thursday. He was descending Mt. Hood after he decided it was too soft to safely summit.
All of a sudden, we hear, 'falling!' and we see the body coming down and everybody's yelling 'arrest, arrest,' Claypool recalled. I'm still shaking, kinda. I've never seen anything like that.
He was breathing, so that was a good sign and the guys on the ridge were calling 911 already, added fellow climber Russ Backs.
Conditions were sunny and clear on the mountain Thursday, but experts said that's not always a good thing.
As the weather warms on the mountain, the snow changes texture, Phillips said. You just have to be really prepared for the surface changes.
In the fatal accident just a week earlier, experienced climber Mark Cartier, 56, was descending the mountain when he lost his footing and fell.
Cartier's son was among the climbers who had gone up the mountain this Thursday, to spread Mark's ashes in his honor.
Mark's wife, had said that Mt. Hood was his favorite mountain and described it as his special playground.


text:
The name's Dre Eastwood when I'm packing a gun
from Dr. Dre – A Nigga Witta Gun Lyrics on Genius
Clint Eastwood is an American actor known for many western movies, where he always plays a very good gunman. Dre compares himself to Clint to emphasize that his shooting skills are also that good.
To help improve the quality of the lyrics, visit Dr. Dre – A Nigga Witta Gun Lyrics and leave a suggestion at the bottom of the page


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Hotel ibis Styles Nice Aéroport Arenas - Nice
127 Boulevard René Cassin - Nice
Free breakfast is just one of the great amenities you'll find at ibis Styles Nice Aéroport Arenas, an excellent choice for guests looking for business-friendly hotels in L'Arenas near the boardwalk.
Your 3 star L'Arenas hotel in Nice offers free Wi-Fi, a roundtrip airport shuttle and dry cleaning/laundry. Don't forget your swimming goggles and swimsuit as this hotel features a seasonal outdoor pool. Guests wishing to relax with a drink will surely want to visit the bar/lounge.
This hotel has a 24-hour business center. Enjoy free newspapers in the lobby, where you will also find a safe at reception for your valuables. Other amenities include an elevator (lift), beach/pool umbrellas, laundry facilities and a computer station.
I missed facilities in the room to make tea and coffee. I liked the bottle of wate...Venere Guest, Netherlands
These reviews have been left by customers who actually stayed at this hotel
Check Availability at Hotel ibis Styles Nice Aéroport Arenas
Breakfast at Hotel ibis Styles Nice Aéroport Arenas
A free buffet breakfast is available between 6:30 AM and 10 AM.
Hotel Facilities at Ibis Styles Nice Aéroport Arenas
- Bar
- Luggage room
- Multilingual staff
- Newspapers
- Front desk - safety deposit box
- Front desk - 24 hour
- Laundry service
- Lift/elevator
- Laundry room
- Pets accepted
- Beach umbrellas and deck loungers
- Shuttle service from and/or to the airport
- Outdoor swimming pool
- Internet/Email services
- Business Center
Know before you go
- This property offers transfers from the airport. Guests must contact the property with arrival details before travel, using the contact information on the booking confirmation.
Check-in: after noon.
Check-out: before noon.
PolicyExtra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
- No onsite parking is available.
City tax and/or any other fees charged by the hotel
The following fees and deposits are charged by the property at time of service, check-in, or check-out.
- Pet fee: EUR 6.00 per pet, per night
The above list may not be comprehensive. Fees and deposits may not include tax and are subject to change.
You'll be asked to pay the following charges at the hotel:
- A tax is imposed by the city: EUR 1 per person, per night. This tax does not apply to children under 19 years of age.
We have included all charges provided to us by the property. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.
National ratingThis hotel has received its official star rating from the French Tourism Development Agency, ATOUT France.
Hotel ibis Styles Nice Aéroport Arenas is also known as
All Seasons Nice Aeroport
All Seasons Nice Aeroport Hotel Nice
All Seasons Nice Aeroport Hotel
All Seasons Nice
Ibis Styles Nice Aéroport Arenas Hotel reviews
- August 2013
- Venere Guest
- Single traveller
- Netherlands
I missed facilities in the room to make tea and coffee. I liked the bottle of water that was provided.
- June 2013
- Venere Guest
- Couple
- Greece
It is a great disappointment that you need to pay 14 euros/day for the underground car park. I believe it is too expensive, a normal price would for example 20 euros/three days... If you don't have a car it's a bit far from the city centre...
- June 2013
- Venere Guest
- Couple
- Australia
This room worked for us as a place to catch up on sleep after a long flight from Australia via Heathrow, and the breakfast was terrific. The receptionist was welcoming. The room was clean and neat but very cramped. The interior design might appeal to some but the heavy red curtains are overpowering and the image of a large detail of a chunk of old aeroplane ugly and similarly overpowering. It is close to the airport, but definitely not a convenient walk if you have much in the way of luggage. There's a shuttle every 30 minutes. Don't stay here if: you would like access to a meal--the only option is the Novotel. It's a bus journey to the old city and its restaurants. Don't stay here if: fluffy towels and toiletries matter to you--all you get is multipurposes soap. Only tissue is toilet paper. Towels are strikingly threadbare. Don't stay here if you are at all claustrophobic. Don't stay here if you don't find red sleep-inducing!
- December 2010
- Venere Guest
- United Kingdom
The breakfast was good. However it really should have a restaurant.
- May 2010
- Venere Guest
- Single traveller
I loved this hotel - efficient, clean, great amenities, free breakfast and a pool. I wish I could have stayed longer!
- October 2009
- Venere Guest
- Single traveller
- Spain
Will use again Convenient for train and airport both within walking distance
- September 2009
- Venere Guest
- Single traveller
- Spain
Good Business hotel within easy walking distance of airport and train station
- March 2014
- Venere Guest
- Couple
- July 2009
- Venere Guest
- Single traveller
Loading reviews in other languages...
- January 2010
- Venere Guest
- Couple
- Italy
- September 2013
- Venere Guest
- Couple
- France
- October 2010
- Venere Guest
- Not Specified
- Argentina
- July 2014
- Venere Guest
- Couple
- Italy
Ibis Styles Nice Aéroport Arenas Hotel reviews by TripAdvisor
Room Details
Book your business-friendly accommodation at the 91-room ibis Styles Nice Aéroport Arenas. Guests can unwind at the end of a long day and enjoy plasma televisions with cable channels. Business travelers visiting the Nice Airport area will have access to free wireless high-speed Internet access.
Bathrooms are outfitted with hair dryers. Rooms also include soundproofing and air conditioning.
Irons/ironing boards can be provided on request.
Accommodation Services
- Air conditioning
- Baby cots/cribs available
- Soundproof rooms
- Ironing facilities on request
- Hairdryer in each room
- Cable TV
- Wireless Internet access
Distances from Hotel Ibis Styles Nice Aéroport ArenasAsian Art Museum - 0.2 km / 0.1 mi
Phoenix Park - 0.2 km / 0.2 mi
Charles Ehrmann Stadium - 1.6 km / 1 mi
Palais Nikaia - 1.6 km / 1 mi
Base Nautique Beach - 2.1 km / 1.3 mi
CAP 3000 Shopping Center - 2.1 km / 1.3 mi
L'Esplanade-des-Goelands Beach - 2.3 km / 1.4 mi
Foundation Lenval Children's Hospital - 2.9 km / 1.8 mi
Archet Hospital - 3.2 km / 2 mi
Saint Laurent Port - 3.2 km / 2 mi
L'Entree du Port Beach - 3.3 km / 2.1 mi
Nice Museum of Fine Arts - 3.8 km / 2.4 mi
Saint-Antoine de Ginestiere Church - 4.2 km / 2.6 mi
Allianz Riviera - 4.5 km / 2.8 mi
Renoir Museum - 4.7 km / 2.9 mi
The closest major airports to ibis Styles Nice Aéroport Arenas are:
Nice (NCE-Cote d'Azur) - 0.4 km / 0.2 mi
Monte Carlo (MCM-Monaco Heliport) - 17.4 km / 10.8 mi
The preferred airport for ibis Styles Nice Aéroport Arenas is Nice (NCE-Cote d'Azur).
Distances are calculated in a straight line from the property's location to the point of interest or airport and may not reflect actual travel distance.
Distances are displayed to the nearest 0.1 km and mile.
Transportation services Hotel ibis Styles Nice Aéroport Arenas
- Shuttle service from and/or to the airport
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text:
Cub Scout Family$5.99Guidebook for the Cub Scout family program. Learn More
Cub Scout Family, Spanish$5.99This book has been written for the Spanish speaking household. This is a series of activities designed to help strengthen them as families - whether 2-parent, single parent, or non-traditional. All family members are encouraged to participate and may earn the BSA Family Award. Learn More
Scout Skits$5.99This pamphlet is a collection of more than 100 favorite campfire skits. Listed at the beginning of each skit are the number of participants required and any props which may be needed. The dialog between participants is in plain text, while instructions for actors are listed in italics. An index is available at the end of this book which references skits by Scouts. "Scout Skits" catalogs most of the skits that are popular today as well as some new skits. Learn More
More...Scout Skits$5.99Due to the popularity of the first book of Scout Skits, the second collection of 75 more campfire skits is now available! This pamphlet is an excellent guide to successful campfires that get everyone involved. Includes skits, cheers, introductions, riddles, and Scouting legends. 108-page book can be used as an excellent starting point for a new Scoutmaster or as a source for new ideas for the experienced leaders. Learn More


text:
Actuallly there are things that give me pause but those are not the major ones for me. For example explain to me how we can have 18 guys on IR last year and we have 17 on IR this year with 2 games left. That is 35 guys over the 2 year including roughly 10 starters. Given the close losses and bad luck we have had, is there some kind of bad luck juju that has followed Rivera and McDermott here. I wonder how they can be playing at such a high level starting guys who just 2 weeks ago were on the practice squad.
Yeah, we have a different view on things, but that's okay. It would be a boring world otherwise.
As to the IR question, some of it is probably due to us being out of contention early in the last few seasons. So if you are already in week 8, for example, and a guy has a 6 week injury, you are probably better off getting a look at a younger guy and just putting the starter on the shelf. It's not like you have to save him for the playoffs. Some of the guys we've put on IR probably could have come back later in the year had we been in a position in which it would matter.
And finally, I don't get it either on some of these new guys performing like vets. DJ Campbell has played as well at SS in his limited time as Godfrey, if not better. Dockery seems to be outperforming Norman by a good bit. Thomas has made the loss of Gamble barely noticeable. Are these young guys really that good, or is something else going on (maybe it's just fresh legs late in the year)?


text:
View a sampling of our online before & after photos, designed to help you evaluate the results our surgeons are able to achieve. You must be at least 18 yeas of age to view this material.
Many women choose to surgically modify their breasts. Breast surgery can enhance your appearance and your self-confidence, and can make you feel more comfortable with your body.
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text:
Louis Vuitton frames cover the scars that go with stardom
from Slaughterhouse – Get Up Lyrics on Genius
Louis Vuitton is a luxury brand, they cover up Joe's inner demons to the public.
See how sad he looks?
To help improve the quality of the lyrics, visit Slaughterhouse – Get Up Lyrics and leave a suggestion at the bottom of the page


text:
Mediterranean Palmiers
Photo: psfreeman
Community Recipe from
Recipe Time
Prep Time:
Cook Time:
Thaw: 40 Minutes
Chill : 45 Minutes
Cool: 10 Minutes
- 1 package(s) (17.3 ounces) Pepperidge Farm® Puff Pastry Sheets, thawed
- 1/4 cup(s) prepared pesto sauce
- 1/2 cup(s) crumbled feta cheese or goat cheese
- 1/4 cup(s) finely chopped sun-dried tomatoes
- 1/4 cup(s) walnuts, chopped (optional)
- • Unfold 1 pastry sheet on a lightly floured surface. Spread 2 tablespoons pesto on the pastry sheet to within 1/2 inch of the edge. Top with 1/4 cup cheese, 2 tablespoons tomatoes and 2 tablespoons walnuts, if desired. Starting at the long sides, fold the pastry towards the center, leaving a 1/4-inch space in the center. Fold one side of the pastry over the other, making a 4-layer rectangle. Repeat with the remaining pastry sheet. Cover the pastry rectangles with plastic wrap and refrigerate for 45 minutes.
- • Heat the oven to 400°F. Cut each pastry rectangle into 15 (1/4-inch) slices. Place the slices, cut-side down, onto 2 baking sheets.
- • Bake for 15 minutes or until the pastries are golden brown, turning the pastries over once halfway through baking. Remove the pastries from the baking sheets and let cool on wire racks for 10 minutes.
December 2013
This recipe is a personal recipe added by psfreeman and has not been tested or endorsed by MyRecipes.
My Notes
Only you will be able to view, print, and edit this note.Add Note
Mediterranean Palmiers Recipe at a Glance
- COURSE: Appetizers
- CONVENIENCE: Entertaining
- CUISINE: Mediterranean
- MAIN INGREDIENT: Rice/Grains
- COOKING METHOD: Bake
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Hundreds of Cincy Magazine readers weighed in on their top picks for the best places to eat, shop, and have fun on the East Side. Now it's your turn to join the fun and decide who comes out on top.
Admission is $30.00 in advance ($35.00 at the door) and includes two drink tickets, sampling of food and products from the Best of the East finalists, and a ballot to vote for the businesses you love most.
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Think of a tag as a keyword or category label. Tags can both help you find products on the Amazon site as well as provide an easy way for you to "remember" and classify products for later recall.


text:
Origin's histogram plot graphically summarizes the distribution of a single
variable dataset, allowing you see its:
These features provide strong indications of the proper distributional model
for the data.
Histogram Graph Options
Stacked Histogram Example
Origin's histogram chart can be created from 2D or 3D (matrix) data.
When matrix data is used as input, the whole matrix is viewed as a single variable dataset.
To obtain a histogram,
the range of the input data is splitted into equal-sized bins (automatically
or by user specification). Then for each bin, the number of points from
the dataset that fall into each bin are counted. The result is a plot
of Frequency (i.e. counts for each bin) on the vertical axis vs. response
variable on the horizontal axis.
In addition to the option of specifying
the bin size, the user has the option of specifying the
bin minimum and bin maximum.
A Curve overlay option
is provided as well. Choose from Normal, Lognormal, Poisson, Exponential,
Laplace, or Lorentz. Or, use the "Bin" worksheet
and fit the data to any model you desire using Origin's Nonlinear
Fitting capabilities.
A Stacked Histograms
plot template is also provided (see figure), allowing you to view the
distribution for one or more variables or one or more instances of the
same variable in one convenient display.
Example plots from our Graph
[click on the image to see original graph]
Histogram Uses
The histogram can be used to answer the following
Basic Data Plot Properties
All of the basic data plot properties of a Column/Bar plot can be updated
for Origin's Histogram chart. This includes:
When a curve overlay is included, additional options
are provided to edit the Line plot. Learn
to view the details of a specific graph type.
to view the details of a specific graph type.


text:
Blogs@Columbia Law School allows student organizations to quickly and easily maintain their own blog, post comments, and do much more.
The blogging service is available to faculty, student organizations, and administrative departments that serve students.
To request your blog, please send an email to email@example.com. We'll be in touch shortly to help you get started.


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Man overboard
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Telstar 28
Join Date: Mar 2006
Location: New England
Posts: 43,290
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A better example of how difficult it is to see an MOB is toss a coconut overboard an look for it... It is about the size of a human head and about as easy to spot... which is to say almost impossible. Wearing bright colors, red, orange, yellow, chartreuse, will help a lot. People who buy foul weather gear in blue, green, black or white are just asking to become statistics.
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Telstar 28
New England
You know what the first rule of sailing is? ...Love. You can learn all the math in the 'verse, but you take
a boat to the sea you don't love, she'll shake you off just as sure as the turning of the worlds. Love keeps
her going when she oughta fall down, tells you she's hurting 'fore she keens. Makes her a home.
Cpt. Mal Reynolds, Serenity
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PSEi seen to hit 5,500 this year
popular .
The local stock barometer will likely hit 5,500 this year as the Philippine economic growth story will continue to support a double-digit growth in corporate earnings and attract large funds seeking higher yield in a low-interest rate environment globally, according to fund managers at Bank of the Philippine Islands.
"The Philippine economy will remain resilient this year despite external headwinds," said Maria Theresa Marcial-Javier, BPI senior vice president and head of BPI asset management and trust group. She said the country could grow 4.2-4.7 percent this year, accelerating from the modest 3.7-percent expansion last year, on the back of greater government spending.
"Fiscal flexibility will be used to boost the economy but it's still aligned with the government's drive to improve fiscal position," Javier said.
"It's not unlikely that we will touch investment grade this 2012. We still have to retrace our best years but I think the direction is favorably pointing toward improving revenue and tax effort that contribute to further positive view for credit-rating agencies," she said.
Javier added that the country's inflation rate would likewise remain benign—averaging 3.5-4 percent this year, leaving the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas with enough room to extend its accommodative monetary policy.
Domestic consumption would also remain robust, Javier said, supported by remittances. While growth in remittances could soften to 5 percent this year from 7 percent last year as this segment was "already tapering or maturing," she said a "sunrise" industry for the Philippines would be business process outsourcing.—Doris C. Dumlao
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Love you too!
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Petal Down the Lane Flat in Sage
Details & Measurements
Details & Measurements
The first thing on your mind when you opened your eyes today was the relaxing enjoyment of a casual morning bike ride. After slinging a messenger bag over your shoulder, you slip your pedal-pining feet into these vegan faux-suede, pastel green flats, enhanced with pearl-white floral, symmetrical embroidery. A casual frock, boasting a dotted, posy print perfects your outdoor style - making you smile as you look down at your dashing shoes!
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