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Couple Looking for Threesome with Bifemale in Kentucky
Both Bi Couples Only
I only wish I could meet a BI female as a GF become a solid couple and then meet up with other BI couples for great sex. Ive done the MMF a few times, Who ever said threes a crowd never had a threesome!!! OMG the best!! Id like to be sucking off the man while looking over at my girl with her face buried between another woman's legs!! xoxo
Lesbian Need To Try Men For 1st Time
My first threesome was with an bisexual couple, both women. They weren't really lesbian, although they would sleep together occasionally, and each would hook up with men, too.
I got to know one of them pretty well, we had hooked up a couple of times through work. We worked different places, but got together after work a few times. We liked each other's personalities, and at the time I was a thin, strong pro athlete and sought after by lots of women (not bragging, but aware of it by reflection some now 30 years later). She was great sexually, and I learned a few things from her - I was still young and wild then, as you might guess.
After a party one night, she asked me to stay, which was not unusual. But when we locked the doors and moved into her bedroom, her friend was already there waiting for the both of us. I learned a lot that night about pleasing women, lessons that I took to heart and continue to apply to this day. We shared ourselves sexually several more times, but soon we all drifted away from each other and that was that.
I would love to find another couple of women who would like to teach me a few new things.
with two women focused on each other and finding ways to include me (that is, I was not the center of attention) was extraordinarily freeing. What I would give to experience that again.
Couples With Bisexual Men
We are looking for a bi couple to be playmates with in the collinsville ala area or we will travel to you if not to far..........if you are that couple or want to be that couple email us
2 Girls 1 Guy
Looking to have some will love to have a threesome I'm in Memphis
2 Girls 1 Guy
Hi I'm looking for a female to cum in our bed, we really need a threesome. I wanna eat pussy and do everything
2 Girls 1 Guy
I had dream of having a threesome but never became a realityI hope one day it can make come through
2 Girls 1 Guy
Um, any couples out there that want threesome roleplay I'm good with any scenario
, Foursome or Moresome, I
I much prefer a mix, but I'm nearly always Up for one on one with any gender or any combination there of
2 Girls 1 Guy
Looking for a sexy bisexual woman to have a threesome with me and my husband. We live in jewett TX and we want this ASAP! We r very horny!
Couple Looking For Couples
We love to play as a couple.Nothing better than an open couple sharing sex with another.Playtime for both!!! We've been in the full swap scene for awhile and we always get off with couples.Of course we are somewhat newbees to the bisexuall sharing couples,we still are working toward that.I am very open to that and my gal lets me enjoy.So is there a couple here that is ready to share like we are?
2 Girls 1 Guy
I'm bi curious my boyfriend is straight looking for a sexy fun female to help me experience my first threesome . We live in San Antonio Texas and we are just looking to have some fun no strings attached .
Men Fucking Men While Women Watch
We love doing this when we have a threesome with another bi man. She loves to watch us fuck each other bareback and shoot our cum in each other. Sometimes, instead of watching, the guy being fucked will be licking her pussy and clit giving her orgasms.
Men Sucking Dick With Women Participating
Hi new to the site and have had the pleasure of joining a couple for fun. enjoyed sharing and being shared. hope to meet a couple to explore more
Bisexual Couples Having Sex
Hello all! We are a bi couple looking for another bi couple in the PA area to get together with for some great times. If interested e-mail us.
Boytoys For Couples
Every Couple Ought To Have At Least One!
(a couple backups aint a bad idea.....)
Have Fun & Be Happy
2 Girls 1 Guy
I am bi curious never been with a woman looking to meet a sexy woman to make my man fantasy of a threesome come true
M-F-F Threesome
A fond memory was a relationship I had with a bisexual FF couple. What they taught me could fill books! They were so sweet and caring. The sex was great, but more importantly I learned how NOT to be the center of attention.
If only I could find another couple like them . . . .
5ft6 bifemale iso fem bifemale between 30-38 for sexual fun
Am a 40 year bi curious male looking for bi couple or bi curious couple or bi woman or bi curious female for friendship friends with benefits or a long term relationship with a bi couple or bifemale am Puerto Rican my name is willie am about 5'2 or 5'3 am I waiting is 144lb I am new to this writing about myselfso sorry about thatI'm just trying to live a new lifestyle explore the new lifestyle aint gain new experience
I am a well built professional man looking to meet a couple become friends and have a threesome with either two women or woman and male. I would like to be introduced into this magnificent pleasure by a comfortable and sincere couple.
We are a fun spirited couple that likes to play. We are looking to watch others, and maybe a threesome with another woman.
I finding myself bi-curious in the past year. I have had a couple of experiences with a threesome were the two men played with each other, I would like to further my experience.
We are a young couple interested in exploring our sexual desires. I'm a female who has had a few threesomes and loved it! My boyfriend has never had a threesome and I would like to experience that with him.
Overall we are easy going, like to relax and enjoy life no matter what it brings us. She is 5'6" 180lb 38DD natural Red Hair (originally Brown) bifemale and switch She loves to be tied up and used sexually. She's easy going just don't push her before she gets to know gets to know you. She loves to read fantasy books / Play piano / and fishing. He is 6'9" 300lb Short black hair Bimale and is Dom. He normally into everything. He is into building things / computers / and Shooting Guns
We are a very loving and devoted couple, looking to explore our sexual interests. We are new to this lifestyle but understand our needs, wants, fantasy, and desires. Very open minded to try new things. Interested in exploring her sexual desires to be with another woman and to share her in a threesome.
hot wife looking for well hung male for threesome
Straight male, bi-curious female Want to have a threesome for the first time want to have fun
I am a healthy clean male looking to fullfill my fantasy of a bisexual threesome with a couple. I have never been with a man or been with anyone but my wife. This is something that I wanted to do some time back with my wife but it did not go well with her but now many years later I would like to fullfill my fantasy in a discreet way with the right open minded couple to see where we can take it. It is a great fantasy of mine to turn on an attractive women by making it with her man and having her encourage and coach us along enjoying the show and then jumping into the action if she desires. And I would like to be with both the women and the man but would be ok to perform for her as just man to man sex if that is her pleasure and would be a big turn on for me either way. Or, she would encourage me to pleasure her man only while he pleasured the women only. I am also open to sexually explore with only a man and no women present if the right situation came along. It is all new to me at the moment, so there are a lot of options. I think that sex is fine with the opposite or the same sex partner as long as it feels good for both so why not explore
Easy going professional male who would like to enjoy the company of a single bi-sexual male or a couple where the man is bi-sexual. I've experienced a threesome with a bisexual male who enjoyed oral sex and also was a top. We had a great time but would also like to explore the possibility of meeting someone who enjoys oral sex and being a bottom. I'm not out to pressure anyone into doing anything they're not comfortable with....but also don't have alot of time meet people who only think they might be interested. Please drop me a note if anything you've read so far peaks your interest and we'll go from there.....Thanks!
I am a very considerate and passionate, fun loving bi-threesome partner. Extremely clean and desire the same
6'4" tall/180 lbs.bald,semi-muscular,long /thick cock.would like to have my first threesome MMM OR MFM OR FMF.get together somewhere quiet and out-of -the -way,to talk and get to know each other,and see what happens from there. wife is not into bi lifestyle at all.she is totally against it
I am a sexual human bieng that is intrested in being the top when it comes to M/M sex. Otherwize I like regular and anal sex with women. I can be very oral with women also. Tho I haven't expierinced it yet, I would like to try a threesome (mfm) where the guy is submissive bi.
Bi mairded male looking for bi male for threesome
I am a 53 year old professional who travels a lot. I have a office in the LA area and would be available for lunch and afternoons. I am married but my wife is not into this anymore. I have had MFM threesome and would like to experience them again. I like mutual masturbation and strip poker. I would like to meet beforehand for lunch and cocktails. I am not looking for commitment but to have an enjoyable experience on all parties once or twice a month. Discretion is a must.
Searching for a bi-couple with bimale or bifemale for a threesome.
we live in busy ky.we are a couple looking for a bifemale to have fist ffm threesome with. if interested mail us back.
hello we are a couple near lake of the ozarks seeking a bifemale or couple with bifemale , if anyone is interested please contact us,,,,,
I know another couple looking for a bifemale to have a threesome with or a bi-couple for a fousome. Well if you read our profile then you will know that we are serious and waiting to hear from someone. If you are within quick travel distance we can come and meet you or if you want you can meet us. We are located in SW Missouri. Drop us an email and we can get back with you.
we are a fun las vegas experienced couple looking for a bifemale to join in a fmf threesome. No experience is necessary, but an attitude to explore is. We are looking for females only, NO couples. We are clean and love to have FUN.
upstate new york couple looking for bifemale to assist in his first time threesome.... come on girls lets show him a good time
we are a married couple looking for a bifemale to live with us we have a private apartment for her.
it has one bed, living room kit. and bathroom.
or a bifemale for a long term relationship.
if interested email us.
Me and my boyfriend are looking for a bifemale to have a threesome with us. I've never done a threesome before and I really want to try it.
we're a couple wanting a threesome with a bifemale. check out the profile and serious inquiries please. i wanna get this at least in the bag before the trial runs out. mainly i would love it if friends were made and were more comfortable with the situation and person. please ladies help us out......it'll be well worth it i promise!!
Hello! I am a bifemale with a straight husband looking for a bifem or couple with a bifemale. We are new to this and very eager to meet new people. We live in Birmingham and are looking for people living close to us. If you want to know more just ask! Hope to hear from people soon!!
So hard to get a threesome going on. Let alone find a sexy bifemale
looking for a bifemale to be with me one on one and with hubby and me (threesome) If ya interested send us a message!
He never had a threesome and i wanna give him one im a bifemale i been with a girl twice if intereated hit me up we will talk first and then meet and see where it goes thanks
We are looking for a Bifemale for a M-F-F threesome. No Disease and drugs a must. In the NOVA area. Looking for ages 23-30. Send us a message if interested!
seeking a bifemale for first time threesome. not sure what will be like but i am excited to try. not in hurry to do this would like to get to know the person a little, talk to each other a while and if we get along and decide to go further
then thats a good thing.
bi male in southcentral kentucky looking for like minded guys or a couple who wouldnt mind a guy that is very very oral....for the right guy,might just let him do whatever he wants
Wife seeking to set up a hookup for 4/11/12 with bi-male, bi-male couple, or bi-couple in following or surrounding areas Effingham,IL, Terra Haute, IN, Indianapolis,IN, Lafayette,IN, Cincinnati, OH,Dayton,OH Louiseville, KY, or Lexington,Ky. We will be traveling to Kentucky. Please e-mail. Only serious hook-ups please apply! For all out fun!
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Hi Folks, Just wanted to let you know I hooked up with a young couple in Va. last Monday, for my first threesome. It was theirs also, and it was a most wonderful time. We could not have done it without this site. We spent the whole day together doing exactly what we all wanted to do and plan more meetings in the future. Through this site we were able to share pic's and get to know each other well enough to be completely comfortable with each other. When we met at their house everyone was very satisfied that we belonged there. Just a note of thanks for making this tool available so we can contact others safely and with confidence.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
I have been working with DS4.0 for some time and have just about got used to it. Using the Autofit bypass routine has solved the proplem with losing Morphs when using the Autofit routine, which was a real pain. I have also "mastered" the GenX routines, including the setting up of the icons.
Browsing thru the DAZ forum in Rendo, I noticed that it was claimed that DAZ4.5 solves the Morph losses problem with Autofit. Upgrading frightens me to death, particularly when the unexpected happens which is not in the script. However, I have now taken the plunge and installed the latest 4.5 which went without a hitch! And it is true that in 4.5 Autofit does not destroy the Morphs anymore. Hurrah!
I also picked up the claim that you don't have to use Genesis with DAZStudio4 and can pretty-well make use of most of your old DAZ3 Content using it. So I looked into this and found that It is also true that you don't have to use Genesis and you can use older content with DS4 without bothering with Genesis.
Which really begs the question - what exactly is the point of Genesis? I think I must be missing something here.
This is a serious question and I am not trying to be facetious. I am now genuinely confused!


text:
Oral History Transcript — Dr. Kenneth T. Bainbridge
This transcript may not be quoted, reproduced or redistributed in whole or in part by any means except with the written permission of the American Institute of Physics.
This transcript is based on a tape-recorded interview deposited at the Center for History of Physics of the American Institute of Physics. The AIP's interviews have generally been transcribed from tape, edited by the interviewer for clarity, and then further edited by the interviewee. If this interview is important to you, you should consult earlier versions of the transcript or listen to the original tape. For many interviews, the AIP retains substantial files with further information about the interviewee and the interview itself. Please contact us for information about accessing these materials.
Please bear in mind that: 1) This material is a transcript of the spoken word rather than a literary product; 2) An interview must be read with the awareness that different people's memories about an event will often differ, and that memories can change with time for many reasons including subsequent experiences, interactions with others, and one's feelings about an event. Disclaimer: This transcript was scanned from a typescript, introducing occasional spelling errors. The original typescript is available.
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K. T. Bainbridge; March 16, 1977
ABSTRACT: Includes information on his pre-Harvard education and postdoctoral experience; pre-World War II work at Harvard with students and in building of the cyclotron; wartime work on radar in U.S. and Britain; move to the Manhattan Project and responsibility for Trinity Test site; return to Harvard and start of new cyclotron building.
Session I | Session II
Sopka:This is Katherine Sopka speaking. I am visiting today, the 16th of March, 1977, with Professor Kenneth Bainbridge. We are meeting in my office, in the Lyman Laboratory of Physics, since Professor Bainbridge is presently in the process of moving from his old office in Lyman to a new location in the Jefferson Laboratory. In the interest of compiling a history of the Physics Department in recent decades, Professor Bainbridge has kindly consented to share with me today his recollections and perspective on developments within the department since he joined it as an assistant professor in 1934. Professor Bainbridge, perhaps we can best begin by asking you to comment upon the circumstances surrounding your coming to Harvard.
Bainbridge:I was at MIT as an undergraduate, and then I had one graduate year in electrical engineering. During that year I took physics mainly with [Manuel] Vallarta and Hans Mueller, and then I was admitted to Princeton University for graduate work in the Physics Department at a time when Karl Compton and Dean Andrew Fleming West and Paul van Dyke were there. I completed work at Princeton in 1929, and then went to the Bartol Research Foundation in Swarthmore, Pennsylvania, after I had looked at the possibility of going to MIT or going to Caltech as a National Research Council Fellow. At Bartol, I was there for two years as a National Research Council Fellow, and met Professor Street there and Dr. E.C. Stevenson. Tom Johnson was Assistant Director of the laboratory of which William Francis Gray Swann was Director. After two years there, as a National Research Council Fellow, Swann asked me to stay on as a Bartol Research Foundation Fellow. And then, after two years, I applied for a Guggenheim and went to the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge University. While there, I received an offer of a position at MIT, and another offer from Harvard University. I believed, although Ive never discussed this with Professor Street, that he had suggested my name to the Department, and I remember seeing Harlow Shapley over there when he made a trip to Cambridge and interviewing him about the possibility of coming to Harvard. I must say I enjoyed it there. Rutherford was very kind to me, and I had the pleasure of meeting Cockcroft, and Blackett, and J.J. Thompson, among other people. After that year was over, actually fifteen months, a somewhat trying time because the baloney dollar came along at that time [laughter], and letters of credit dropped by 30-40%, something like that, so I decided to come to Harvard, and arrived here around September 1934, as an assistant professor. I had been four years out from my PhD, and started work on mass spectroscopy, which was aided greatly by the kindness of Professor Street and Professor Harry Mimno, who had, while I was in England, helped put through the shop here a design for a new type of mass spectrograph, which I had designed in England, and shipped the drawings to this country. Street and Mimno looked after them through the shop, so that I started off fairly rapidly in research, thanks to their saving me a good many months of work. The other possible job — Id had an offer —was from Cornell, Professor [R.C.] Gibbs, but it wasnt really a job offer. He would say, How would you like to come to Cornell? Of course, we dont really have the money now, but we are thinking of you [laughter] and that sort of stuff which doesnt increase your confidence too much in a place as a place to work.
Sopka:You came to Harvard just about the time that President Conant was taking office as head of the university. Is that right?
Bainbridge:Yes. I remember with interest reading an account in Time, a copy of which I still have, of Conant and his plans for Harvard, and how he was going to see there was proper housing for the faculty, and that sort of thing. So he was here a year ahead anyway, and then the fall that I came, Professor Van Vleck and Professor Furry came that fall. Street had come a year or two earlier.
Sopka:There were several new faces in the department.
Bainbridge:There were three new faces that fall in the department. And although I had had essentially no contact with anybody here except Street, the impressive thing to me was how kind people were to a young assistant professor coming with a wife and an eight-month old son arriving on the scene.
Sopka:A lot of problems in getting settled.
Bainbridge:The Saunders, Margaret and Ted Saunders, [Edwin C.] Kemble, Olive and Percy Bridgman, Katherine and Otto Oldenberg, the Chaffees, Leon Chaffee and his wife, G.W. Pierce — everybody was so very helpful and friendly to a new youngster coming into the department, which eased the way a great deal.
Sopka:Who was it who handled the actual making of the offer to you? Was it Lyman or was it Saunders who —?
Bainbridge:Saunders was Chairman of the Department, and so it was his asking. Of course, one of the great friends here was Blanche Woodward, who was the secretary of the Department, Saunders secretary, and ran the office in the far corner of Jeff, actually, where it is now, today, in that office there.
Sopka:Its one of the few things that hasnt changed.
Bainbridge:Yes. Well, that was the story here. I think the department had had sort of a traumatic experience in losing Slater three or four years before, I guess 1930 or 31. And so an unofficial treaty had been set up between Harvard and Tech so there wouldnt be any raiding of people, and this lasted until well into the 60s, maybe into the 1970s before there was any raiding one way or the other.
Sopka:Thats interesting. I hadnt realized that. I know that Slater did continue to give a course here for a couple of years after he was officially down at MIT.
Bainbridge:Kemble, of course, would know this story, and Oldenberg. But I think that Conant had the idea of spending more effort in the direction of nuclear research than in the direction of spectroscopic work where already there was a strong group in Saunders (Russell-Saunders coupling), and Oldenberg, and Kemble (in some theoretical work in quantum mechanics in a report he had written, I think, for the National Research Council), Van [Vleck] being very close to such things, and with Franzo Crawford also. And of course, the man who was there who was well ahead of his time was Curry Street as a research leader in cosmic ray research, and this was just the most exciting time from 34 to 37, where he and Stevenson, Young, and Woodward, and other associates were working towards the discovery of the muon, the mu-meson, in competition with some very strong competition: Blackett, who went wrong on this, and [Carl] Anderson and [Seth] Neddermeyer, who did a superb job, but did not really identify the particle as Professor Street did when he got essentially the charge-to-mass ratio of it. I have a letter from Cockcroft discussing Blacketts thoughts on this thing, asking me to talk to Street and let Cockcroft know where Street was. That ought to be someplace in this record. I think thats really very interesting.
Sopka:I see. Is that letter still in your possession, or have you deposited it at the —?
Bainbridge:I meant to bring it in and have a Xerox made for you. Its going to be deposited, yes, but its very interesting. Street was on the right track, and did the things which really identified the particle first before anybody else got the idea. And this opened up the whole field of intermediate mass particles, mesons, hyperons, what have you, which came along so rapidly after 1947 — it took a long time. Well at that time there was no Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences: G.W. Pierce, Mimno, King later.
Bainbridge:Yes, Chaffee, of course. I must not forget Chaffee and his wife who were closer to the Physics department, I think, than any of the others in that group. And of course, Paul Donaldson was working in photography and collaborated with G.W. Pierce on photographs of his ultrasonic work with insects and so on. And it was a very interesting time. And then a few years later there was a split-up, and Chaffee belonged to both departments. I think Mimno did too, but Im not sure.
Sopka:Yes, I believe that Mimno remained a member.
Bainbridge:Mimno had put a great deal of effort into the design of the new building, the present Lyman Laboratory of Physics. When I first came, there was an enormous amount of empty space on the fourth floor, and so we had a ping pong table up there.
Sopka:You mean up on this level where we are now?
Bainbridge:Yes, across the hall from here. And at that age, when youre young, and everything is going well in research, Street and Stevenson and I and others would relax sometimes and have a half hour of ping pong in the afternoon [laughter]
Sopka:Thats a good idea.
Bainbridge:which was a habit we had gotten into maybe at the Bartol Research Foundation. But life was very simple, less complex. There were fewer students by far than weve got now. There may have been twelve students in all in the Physics Department.
Sopka:Graduate students.
Bainbridge:Graduate students, yes. Among undergraduates we had tutorial work. And I remember a few years when I was the Chairman of the Board of Tutors, which meant you had to help organize examinations, particularly the final examination of the students in their senior year, and organize who tutored whom and that sort of thing. And I dont think anybody particularly cared for it, because under the rules of the game, you were not allowed to tutor a student in any subject in which courses were given. Seeing as how the Department was conscientious in trying to give courses in anything of real interest, it didnt improve these tutorial hours too much. But I do remember with pleasure when A.C. Helmholz, Carl Helmholz, who was Chairman at Berkeley years later, and was a Henry Fellow at Cambridge I guess he got his PhD at Berkeley I remember tutorial work with him was a pleasure. There he went into an experimental study of track plates years before track plates were as fancy as they were in 1946 and 1947 when Powell and Occhialini used them for discovering the pi meson.
Sopka:He did this as an undergraduate?
Bainbridge:As an undergraduate, as a little research. And we got plates which are impregnated with boron and lithium salts, and we got some slow neutrons. We could look at the tracks of the lithium, well, helium 3, helium 4, that sort of thing, and lithium 7, helium 4 from the boron breakup. That was fun.
Sopka:Excuse me, was tutorial optional or required for undergraduates at this point?
Bainbridge:Tutorial was required. There was no carrot attached to it. If you had a good student, why, ok, he put some effort into it. But there were no marks on it. There was no — it appealed maybe to some of the better students, but to the other ones it was a bore, and I think it was to some of the faculty, including myself. [laughter] It was not all that great as it sounds to have this intimate relationship with the students. It wasnt that clear. Its more difficult, I think, in physics, or math, or chemistry to do tutorial work than it is in history, or English, or poetry, or art or something like that. There the students have the language to some extent. In physics and in math theyre developing it, and its tougher to get in then, in something really interesting.
Sopka:I see. It was more important for the Radcliffe girls to have had tutorials available at that time, because they didnt have all the courses available that Harvard had, and that was the reason that we were given, that tutorial was important for us, that it was a chance to do work that you didnt have a course in to become equivalent to the Harvard counterparts.
Bainbridge:Well, I remember the Radcliffe students. We would sometimes give the same course. I gave a course called Physics XII, which was Atomic and Nuclear Physics. I gave it here and there was a lab attached to it, and I gave it over there.
Sopka:Oh, all the courses at Radcliffe were also given at Harvard. Its the converse that wasnt always true.
Bainbridge:Yes, and sometimes, when I couldnt do it in Spring, Hudson, working with Professor Duane, did this. It was, I found, sort of deadly giving the same course twice in the same day, and amusing in a way, because I would give it first at Harvard, and it might take me fifty-five minutes. Id go over to Radcliffe and I would be through in forty minutes [laughter]. Everything was so much better organized [laughter] and at the tip of my tongue! Well, I remember in 1940 — so many things happened. I was Chairman of the Board of Tutors. There were a lot of tutorial meetings over in University Hall, yes, University Hall, and then we were starting a new course, a two-year course for concentrators in physics, and for pre-engineering students, and Professors Street, Furry, Jack Livingood, and I were in charge of this. I was in charge of it the second year, I think. And Curry [Street] or Wendell [Furry] was in charge the first year. And we had to build up laboratories. We wanted new laboratories so it wouldnt be so deadly for the students to try to get better experiments. I remember I was just one step ahead of the sheriff. I would finish a new experiment, get six copies of it set up and so on, and then have to prepare one for next week, while giving the lectures, and running the tutorials.
Sopka:Was this the sequence of course that were called F and G at that time? Is that what youre talking about?
Bainbridge:Yes, yes. And Id been in charge of the first cyclotron construction, and then that was pretty well over by 40 and was a growing concern from 39 on. And then in 40 Id agreed to give some lectures in Philadelphia at the Wagner Free Science Institute, and I managed to survive until spring vacation and I got awfully sick. [laughter] I waited until I had a week free, and then recovered and went back. I was trying to do too much that year, and people were pouring stuff on me, and I guess that made me a little shy later about saying yes to anything that came along with some new duty to carry out.
Sopka:Would you want to comment a little on the cyclotron activity, because that certainly was a big event in the development of the department.
Bainbridge:Well, Conant came in and wanted to change things around, and I think he was looking to Street and I to change things around, more towards nuclear physics and so on, although Street was in what you might call high-energy particle physics at the time. And Curry and I had discussed this by letter while I was in England, and when I got over here we looked into the Van de Graaff machine, a linear accelerator of the Snell type, which they had been working on in Virginia I think, and a cyclotron, which had been doing so well for Lawrence. And I know Curry and I went to see President Conant and asked, Supposing we do go for a Van de Graaff machine, where can we put it? A nice place to put it would be Memorial Hall. [laughter] And Conant said, Well, this is going to raise hell with the alumni, but if you decide on the cyclotron, Ill try to help you get it in Memorial Hall. And we finally, I think, made the wise choice and went for a cyclotron. And Lawrence was a fantastically generous person. This doesnt come out in this book, Lawrence and Oppenheimer, which was sort of a hatchet job I think on Lawrence to some extent. But Lawrence was generous about it, and he offered to send me drawings of the 37-inch cyclotron they had at Berkeley, which he did. Then, well, we wanted something a little better, and it was just the time, when they were working on bringing the beam out so you could bombard things externally. You could also put a probe in and get much larger currents internally. And so we decided instead of the 37-inch we would go to a 42-inch. And I guess the actual diameter of the poles made it 45, but the diameter of the chamber was 42 inches. And we would bring things out. And we had the help of Livingood, who had been at Berkeley, and had some experience, and Lou Fussell who had been a student at MIT, who had done his doctoral thesis in electrical engineering under Street, a beautiful job on shower formation, where you split up lead plate and each one about a radiation length thick, and you get a multiplication phenomenon of showers according to Oppenheimer-Carlson theory, which was simultaneous at the same time. This was beautiful work. He worked on the oscillator with Hickman, and Street was busy on the mu meson, but he was very helpful in criticizing and commenting and suggesting things. Roger [Hickman] managed to get the power supply, which he had worked on in World War I under John Hays Hammond on Hammonds project for radio-wireless control of torpedoes. And so this gave us a high voltage power supply. I think it was 20,000 volts and 2 amperes, or something like that, which was about the right power range, but a little high on voltage, for the oscillator for the cyclotron. And then I designed a magnet and built a tenth-scale model, tested that, and then we designed the big thing. In those days the companies were much more interested in helping things at universities than they are today. It didnt seem so expensive. It didnt take Their prime people may not have been doing much anyway and they were glad to help. And then Harvard helped. The people in the Geology Department, [Donald] McLaughlin and others, helped get free copper for us in the form we wanted it. I tried to get a discount from GE in making the coil, and tried to get help from some alumni working on ______ [AuCo??]. Anyhow, the whole thing, I think cost us about $55,000 to make this cyclotron, and the most active people were Hickman, Street, and Fussell, myself, and, later, Livingood, Rubby Sherr who is now at Princeton. Livingood is out at Argonne, and Binks Curtis who is at Michigan. I probably left out some people there. There were about nineteen of us.
Sopka:Now Professor Purcell was one of your graduate students at this point?
Bainbridge:Yes, he was my first graduate student, and he did a very nice job on an automatic method for keeping the cyclotron in tune. Its a resonance phenomenon, and the oscillator may drift, or the magnetic field may drift, and so its nice to have it automatic. And so he arranged a phase-sensitive device which would change the frequency of the oscillator, so that even if the magnetic field drifted, the frequency was right, so it was in resonance and you got the beam out. And I suppose this would be frowned on today. I lived over on Shepard Street — I could turn my radio onor over on Irving Street, I forget which — I could turn the radio on and turn it to ten megacycles, and really could determine what trouble the boys were having with the cyclotron by the way the frequency wandered around [laughter], when they shut it off, and so on, and whether it arced inside or whether it had drifted off slowly and they gave it abrupt increasing frequency. [laughter] It was not exactly bugging me all the time. Of course, everybody else was probably bothered by the same radiation. Well, this is a very cute scheme, and I thought it was an amusing thing that four leading scientists devised methods of automatic control — four or three. Anyhow, one was Ed Purcell on automatic control, maintaining the resonant condition of the cyclotron. Another one was Street and Johnson; when he was at the Bartol, Curry had an idea for an automatic regulating voltage regulator, which was necessary in counting experiments so you eliminated one source of drift. And another fellow was Alf Nier, A.O.C. Nier, who as a graduate student devised a method for maintaining the constancy of the magnetic field in his mass spectrometer when he was a graduate student at Minnesota. And Ive often thought this was a good test of a supremely good physicist. [laughter] He invented some way of automatically keeping his apparatus going so that he could go home once in a while. [laughter] Exceptional ability.
Sopka:Do you remember a group called Associates for the Physical Sciences that was organized under Conants jurisdiction?
Bainbridge:Well, I remember Associates, and I probably — I dont have the history right, but it was my idea that there were Associates. It was a similar scheme which was started later, I think, at Caltech. I remember Roger Hickman telling me that there were these people and, to get money for the cyclotron, [he] went after these people to pledge a thousand dollars each towards the cyclotron. And somehow I think we got about $25,000 from the university, and the other $30,000 we raised or begged or borrowed from individuals. But the Associates did contribute to this.
Sopka:I thought it was interesting to note that the ways in which the first cyclotron was funded in contrast to the post-war period when funding came from other sources. The first cyclotron, I believe, was funded entirely on a low profile and by primarily individual contributors with whom the university had some personal connections.
Bainbridge:Well, Id like to add something to that. At that time in science, and this was true all over this country and abroad until the war, maybe a little before the war, what really was happening was there wasnt that much money around for such things. This was a huge sum, $55,000. You really took it out of the sweat and hides of the people who were interested in having it. I mean, Street and Hickman and myself and others who went in, and there were nineteen in on this thing finally working with the cyclotron. They spent the time in going to the shop and building these things, and going to the companies and trying to get special dispensations here. I dont think this stopped until, oh, just 30, just about that time at the Cavendish Laboratory, where theyve always worked on an absolute shoestring. I think Cockcroft was given the job to raise money by Rutherford, and they got a lot of money from one of the big motor manufacturing company heads. Then they went to Phillips and bought Cockcroft-Walton outfits, which were being made commercially at that time. But Lawrence, you see, he got his first magnet by saving a Trans-Pacific oscillator — radio-oscillator-type magnet at that time — from the melting pot just at the last minute, odd-ball shaped — the Federal Telephone and Telegraph Co. had. So he went in and was building the first cyclotron with anything he could scrape up. And it wasnt until after the war that this was sort of given up and you went to companies. Companies were devised to supply these things, and then gradually You did all your own circuits. Professor Street, Professor Pound, both supreme in circuit design. They had to be to do their research. Well, then the years go by, you get Techtronics and Hewlett Packard, and all these ways in which you can do these things for a price. The first cyclotron disappeared and went out to Los Alamos.
Sopka:Were you aware of the fact that it was going? Or was this a surprise to you?
Bainbridge:I knew what was up. They never told me, but I know that with all the effort of scientists who were going into war work, we closed the cyclotron down in 1940. I have the old log books, and Im going to get these to the archives here, if I have some assurance they wont throw them out. And its quite interesting. Every hour, day and night, that people were working on the thing and what happened is quite amusing. Anyhow, I have those old log books, and we closed down, I think, in the summer of 40 because things were beginning to pop, and there were some people working on it then: Livingood, and Binks Curtis, and various others there. But people were beginning to drift. The NDRC had been formed that Spring, that June. And then youve got Bush, and Conant and Compton, and Schlichter, and Jack Tate, and all these people, Roger Adams, trying to get things going. And they had already been working on this in their minds in Washington for a year or two before that, as you can find out from Bushs account in Pieces of the Action. Anyhow, they began to recruit people for one thing or another. And I remember that September I got a cable from Cockcroft in Halifax saying he was coming through Boston. I was up in New Hampshire. I came down and saw him for a couple of minutes on the train going to Washington, and I saw him again later and met his group, which was the Tizzard Mission, Sir Henry Tizzard, Cockcroft, Bowen, I think it was Taffy Bowen, E.G. Bowen, yes, and a Colonel Wallace, Lt. Col. Wallace, whod been at Dunkirk and was an authority on anti-aircraft weapons and German plane tactics — Cockcroft and Tizzard, and Bowen, whose main thing at that time was to start work on radar in this country, microwave radar. They actually had a fear that they would be overrun. The Battle of Britain had started. They werent sure what the Germans had in mind, and so they put some of their biggest secrets in a box on top of a cruiser and came over with it. [laughter] If the cruiser had been sunk that was the first thing that went overboard was this box containing sample magnetrons. Anyhow, NDRC had an idea of working on radar before they came over, but they had no hint at all of microwave radar. And so when they came by, I saw Cockcroft; he wouldnt talk to me, of course, about anything in the war effort. But I did meet them, and we all went out to Alfred Loomis for an evening, for drinks and supper, and Ernest Lawrence was there at that time.
Sopka:Was that the location of Tuxedo Park?
Bainbridge:No, in Dedham. This was in Dedham.
Sopka:Oh, at that time Loomis had a home here?
Bainbridge:He had a home in Dedham, and a home in Tuxedo Park. And the first thing I know, I was invited by Karl Compton to come down to Washington in early October. Oh, Lawrence came by Harvard late September and asked me to walk around the yard with him. He told me about radar development.
Sopka:Was this 1940?
Bainbridge:Yes, this was 1940. And he told me about radar development. And then a week later Compton called me, and said, Were all going down to Washington. He didnt tell me what for. Come down there. And I said, Well, I havent been cleared. And he said, Well, yes youre cleared. And at that time, Bush and Compton and Conant simply cleared people saying, Well, Ive known this guy for years. I think hes an honorable, loyal American, so OK, were not going to wait six months [laughter] and let [?] the idea to look at his teeth and so on [laughter]. And so we met down in Washington, and it was fantastic, because we went to the Naval Research Laboratory. They had a working radar there, a very good one. And we could watch the planes come into Boeing Field, and it was good for almost fifty miles. It had a funny sweep in that it had a double sweep in the plane, the little pip would run along like this and drop down and come back, and so it went across twice to get the whole fifty miles in, and then you could look out the window and here was the plane landing.
Sopka:That must have been quite exciting.
Bainbridge:Yes it was, it was terrifically exciting. And that was October. Then the microwave committee met, and this was set up by Bush and Compton, and Loomis was made chairman of that, because he had been working on Doppler radar — continuous, not pulse, radar. And then I remember going to a meeting in Washington after that at which there were people from Sperry, Western Electric, Westinghouse, General Electric — company representatives in on this thing too — and decided that Dubridge would be the chairman of this new laboratory. And then my job — I was still trying to give lectures here — but my job was to try to find a place to start this laboratory. And Compton said, Well, there must be space at MIT, and if theres not, we can build more. You go down to MIT and look around and see how much space you can get. [laughter] So I rattled around there, and we got enough to get started on.
Sopka:Compton was President of MIT at that time, so in a sense he was inviting you rather than sending you.
Bainbridge:Yes, yes. But you know, I looked at the Steam Lab, and looked at places in Building 6, and finally we got a little space in Building 10. And we started up there, and we had about 100 square feet per person at the start.
Sopka:Thats not too much.
Bainbridge:No, it was terrible trying to do anything. And then there was talk of going elsewhere, to Washington, but it was better to be either at Harvard or Tech, or some university where you had shops, and could get going, and could push people around to get space in a nice way, and so this worked out [incomprehensible mumble]. So that was the beginning of the Radar Laboratory there. In late October, about the first of November, there was a nuclear conference of some sort held at MIT, so this brought people from all over the country for this conference. And a lot of them never went back home [laughter] because they were recruited for the Radiation Laboratory and stayed there, and sent back for their wives and children. They had a crazy idea at the beginning that a few key people from each university would work together there, and take a look at the problem, divide it up, go back to the universities and do it there, but there still would be a little core at MIT which would take the space. Well then, this soon looked ridiculous. It was too big for that, and this would slow things down too much, and you needed the contact of everybody. And so in a matter of a week or two the old scheme was scrapped, and MIT went ahead and recruited people. And I remember trying to find places for people to stay in Boston, and welcoming [I.I.] Rabi, whom Id met in 1936, coming up and Slater saying, Well, MIT has a new apartment house along the river, and theyre going to change that into a dormitory and apartments for married students. Theres lots of room over there; take him over there. Well, I took Rabi there, and it was terrible, because it was just the worst sort of cabbage atmosphere in the corridor, and it was filthy dirty, and so on. It hadnt been cleaned up or repaired at all. And so I apologized for everything, and said, Well, youre going to stay here tonight, but Ill get you something better tomorrow. [laughter] And we went over to the Continental Hotel, or the Commander, yes, the Commander was the best we could do, yes, the Commander Hotel. In the Continental, the rooms were smaller, but we got in there. And finally it opened up — they had a housing office, and they managed to get people houses, and then they sent for their wives and children and so on. Most of the people were younger than Rabi and I were, and so generally didnt have children. But Wheeler Loomis, who was Associate Director of the Lab, in order to make people happy saw that they had decent salaries, and so immediately, there was quite a — in a very few months — a great increase in the number of automobiles, and in another six or eight months there was a great increase in the number of children [laughter] because people could afford children. It was really very amusing.
Sopka:Now, the setting up of the Radiation Lab actually was well under way, if not completed, by the time that Pearl Harbor came around and got us into the War actively.
Bainbridge:Oh, yes. Yes, the organization went ahead very rapidly. And Alfred Loomis had been in England for a trip, and on that trip, he had been, through the NDRC, he had been given three jobs which the — or had been told three things which the English felt were the primary, most important things to be done in radio or radar or electromagnetic war. And one of these things was he wanted a gun directing outfit, which would pinpoint a plane, and the shorter the wavelength the better resolution you could have, and he wanted that. And they had figures on how well their anti-aircraft things had done: instead of 20,000 shells to bring down one airplane, they had gotten to 2,000 to bring down one airplane, but that still wasnt very impressive. [laughter] This was called a GL3, Gun Lane 3, radar and the one they planned to make using microwaves. And then the night fighter, they were worried, quite naturally, about night bombing. There hadnt been too much of that in the fall, but then in the winter of 40-41 they had the Baedeker Raids, I guess, in the day time, and then they came on London at night. And they wanted fighters which, through radar, could control, find the enemy in wartime. And then the third thing was long-range navigation systems, so that the bombing squadrons far from the shores of England could know where they were, and ships at sea, to keep convoys together and so on, could, just by listening to two stations, determine exactly where they were. This, of course, is all through the world now, and its pretty good. At the time, I think they were hoping for plus or minus a few miles. But I think its better than that now, any place on the earths surface. I was selected to be the first one at the technical level for American radar to go over there. In the fall, Bush and Conant had decided that someone ought to go over there and set up an office with the NDRC in London. And in Conants book he has a chapter on this, and its really quite amusing. I saw him over there, because he went over and started this thing in, I think, February with Carroll Wilson, who had been with Bush and Compton, and Fred Hovde, who was later president of Purdue, and I think was connected with Rochester University at that time. Anyhow, Fred Hovde, Carroll Wilson, and Conant started this office over there, and when I was over there I did have dinner a couple of times with Conant at the Grosvenor Square Hotel, or Grosvenor House, where we were staying.
Sopka:And at the time, may I just interrupt to ask whether people like Conant, Bush, and yourself, were you convinced that the United States would become actively involved? Was this activity thought of as a preparation for the American future, or as assistance to the people that we were sympathetic to in Europe, in the hope that, by helping them that
Bainbridge:I dont know — of course this was Churchill and Roosevelt, and certainly the idea was that you couldnt let England be overrun. If England was overrun, we were next, so dont wait until Englands overrun; do what you can now. And this, of course, would be entirely illegal unless there was some vote of Congress to allow the exchange of information, classified information, at that time. And this was gotten through by Bush working, presenting the facts to Roosevelt and Hopkins, and Roosevelt and Hopkins working on through their pals in Congress, and so this went through, that you could do this, which was unique. You could exchange vital information, even though you were not at war with Germany. And so this saved an enormous amount of time. And I remember when I was over there in the spring of 41, I went over in the latter part of March and April, all of April, I went to a meeting in which the British RAF heads were there, Portal and the big shots of the time, and Harriman who was, I dont know whether he was ambassador or whether he was there just as a special agent for Roosevelt, discussing what it would mean to get the same radio sets and everything in American or British planes. They were all going to be one — now this was almost nine months before we were in the war — and how this would save time and effort, and simplify manufacturing, and replacement of stuff, and so on. And the thing that shocked me at the time was somebody, a British representative, said that in order to supply just the planes which you, the United States, are building for us with radar and identification systems and radio systems would take the entire output of the Radio Corporation of America and they couldnt make anything else! I thought, my God, this is some idea of the magnitude of what was involved. Lets see, where were we? Well, the cooperation between the British and Americans was very close, and they sent people over to this side, including R.H. Fowler, who was Rutherfords son-in-law, a famous theoretical physicist, [Charles Galton] Darwin, who was a famous British theoretical Physicist, to get things for Britain. And of course there was the Lend-Lease thing in the spring of 41 and the destroyers and bases for the United States and so on. And I remember when I went over on a terrible boat, it was the Export Line, the SS Siboney which the American Export Line had leased from the Cuban Mail and Steamship Line to get refugees out of Portugal and to get Americans over to Portugal. They leased this boat, and I remember a day out of Bermuda, it was very nice to see a PBY with an American insignia on it fly around and around our boat, because it was just at the time when the Lease-Lend thing had been signed. And a doctor on board this boat who was Im sure the most depraved character in the world, a German doctor, and he was very upset. I had to go down there to get a small pox vaccination, which I had missed and needed before I could land in Portugal and go to England, and that was very disagreeable — that guy. And there were only twenty-four passengers on the boat going over, and there were three of us, Warren Weaver, Ed Poitras, and myself from the NDRC. There was a young fellow from the embassy who was going to the American embassy in England. And there was the young Bjoerling of the Metropolitan Opera going over with an entourage with three or four girl friends and three or four managers and treasurers and what have you. [laughs]
Sopka:It must have been interesting.
Bainbridge:And then there was a fellow E Phillips Oppenheim who stayed out with a dispatch case on a chain to his wrist. So we had the ship to ourselves practically, and the machines and the saloon. Bjoerling and his party would stay up late at night, and I remember with great amusement one morning they came down about noon, and there had been a fight. Someone had creamed him during the night with a baseball bat. [laughter] He had a big patch of adhesive plaster on his head. And he had a terrible time when we landed in Bermuda, because they just took the place apart, except for people on State Department passports, as was the case with Weaver and Poitras and myself. We were allowed to run around the island all day and had a wonderful time, but the other people, they just went through their luggage, their clothing, everything they had because some of them were going to Germany. I think Bjoerling, was actually going through Germany to get to Sweden, and they didnt want to play with them carrying anything over to the enemy.
Sopka:The ship was flying under an American flag. Is that right?
Bainbridge:Yes, it was flying under an American flag. Well, it had been an American line anyway. The Cuban Mail and Steamship Line was an American line, you know, the Andrea Doria line.
Sopka:Oh, I see. I didnt know.
Bainbridge:So the American Export Line was doing all they could to get people out of Portugal, and the other people who were doing it were lines which went to Mexico where the Portuguese and refugees from other countries fleeing Portugal went to Mexico. And they were worried in Portugal that they might be overrun, and I know when we were there, we heard from a fellow who was in the American Export Lines that the Germans had shown their movies of the invasion of Poland to some of the Polish [Portuguese?] politicians, which normally had been a step to say, Well, here, its no good standing up against us, because heres what we can do, just to soften them up before there might be some military action. Well, anyhow, the cooperation was very close between Britain and the United States, and after I was over there, others went over, and finally they built a laboratory over there, and Street was over there, and Preston was over there. And Norman Ramsey followed me over. He was the next one after I was there. Sam Goudsmit was no, Sam went over on the ALSOS mission. And then they sent people who worked at the Radiation Laboratory such as Dennis Robinson who was the president of High Voltage Engineering. And this went on throughout the War, and then they finally went to France with units, and they had field units to convert sets for some new application, at the last minute to put in some trick and so on, and it was a very successful cooperation. And the fellow who did a lot of this work in England, organizing it and so on, was Cockcroft who had seen the development of the ground-controlled interception stations which would give you a plan position indication of where all the German planes were and you could send up British planes to shoot them down, and that sort of thing. And he put up the radars along the British coast which could pick up the low-flying planes. Previously they could only pick up the high-flying planes. And Cockcroft, a great deal fell on him. Well, Id heard about a project in the West. It was known as Shangri La. No one ever mentioned bombs or uranium or anything like that, and this Shangri La was a beautiful place out in the West. And sometime around 41 or 42, Ed McMillan came to the laboratory and wanted to see the cyclotron, and I was told about this. Actually, of course, this meant that the Manhattan District wanted the cyclotron, and they were sending one of the leading cyclotron fellows, Ed McMillan, around to look at different ones and see which one they might pick up, and how did they work, and so on. And so, the fellows who had closed it down opened it up again, got it going, gave a demonstration, showed the log books to McMillan and so on, so he had a pretty good idea that it worked fairly well, and it had enough current and high enough voltage, and was in shape where it could be used. And so, I think, this, of course, had Conant in there too. He knew that I couldnt stand up and say, No, you cant have it. [laughter] And so the cyclotron finally was boxed up and shipped out there. And then, there was this amusing thing. We had a reel of lead-covered wire which we were particularly fond of because we could just lay it on the ground and it was protected against moisture, and they wanted that too, and we said, Well, if you dont need it, for gosh sakes, send it back. Its vital in this location to use it. And sure enough, time went on, and we were told the cyclotron was going out to the Saint Louis Engineering, or St. Louis Hospital, or something like that, Medical Center. Well, we got this roll of wire back from Santa Fe, New Mexico, and so [laughing] we knew something was fishy. But, well finally, Bob Bacher came up to me in the spring of 1943, and said, How about coming down to Washington in early May? Oppenheimer wants to talk to you. And he said, Im going down. So we went down to Washington, and Oppenheimer met us at the National Academy of Sciences. And again, you walk around outside where you wont be overheard and he told me about the project, and he said, Think it over, and invited me out. And I guess the time to come out was July, over the fourth. There was some meeting and Hans Bethe and Fermi, Oppie, Bacher, and some others were going to be there. Bacher spoke to me and I wanted to go out there. You know, the radar business, the government had about every type that they needed, and there were some fancy ones coming along which Alvarez had thought up which were ready finally for the final push, the invasion. But beyond that, it was through, and here was something where if you could get there first, why you were going to be out of trouble. I remember climbing up a local mountain there, Valle Grande, with a storm, and hail stones, and you didnt want to get under some 200 foot or 150 foot Ponderosa Pine, because of the lightning [laughter]. And you didnt want to stand out in the open because of the hail stones. We did find a little, not a cave, but a big rock to stand under. And I said Id come out there, and then I had to close up things at the lab, and hand over my work. The gum shoes came around and asked neighbors. They went twice to the Rabis and they asked who this guy Bainbridge is, Do you know where hes going? and Hes leaving, I hear. Do you know where hes going? — partly to check them, and partly to see if I had talked at all. Of course, this attracted attention. I had a lot of things going on at the lab, and saw a lot of people in the Army and Navy in Washington and sets we were building, and then you suddenly disappear. Well, I dont know. And so I went out there, leaving the family behind, because there was no place for them to stay, and finally we did get a place to stay in September, I guess, late August they came out.
Sopka:That would have been what year then?
Bainbridge:1943. When I first arrived in Los Alamos there werent very many people there, but it was quite clear in Oppenheimers mind that the original plan of having a hundred people or so was ridiculous. It would take a much bigger show than that. And so very soon I, among others, was recruiting people from other projects. This was not easy to do, because the people working elsewhere had entered that particular work because they wanted to do something for the country. They believed in what they were doing. And we were not allowed to say what we were doing, and this was made quite clear by the personnel manager that you could just say the important war project was going on up there, and if you joined you wouldnt regret it, and so on. You couldnt say what we hoped to do was find out whether or not an atomic weapon can be made. So I found in all the recruiting I did that no one ever turned me down. They all came. Even though this meant in the case of Fussell, for example, who was an enormously valuable out there; Lou Fussell was head of a considerable project. Well, I did try to get Bright Wilson, but Conant said, No, you cant get Bright Wilson, but you can get somebody else there, one of his lieutenants or something. And, so when I talked to Bright Wilson and hed been approached, I guess, by Conant because Don Hornig came out. We needed someone who had been doing some underwater work with explosives, because this was part of the agenda to try to figure out from model experiments what would happen if one of these things went off in a harbor such as Bremen or New York or Southampton, what it would do to the harbor, to the shipping, and to the people. And so Hornig was recruited on that basis, and I got a young fellow from Washington who was keen on radar work, because DuBridge set up a limit pretty quickly on a number of people who would go from Radiation Lab, because McMillan, Alvarez, Bacher, Willie Higginbotham, myself, a gentleman who was head of the nuclear lab at Cornell, and a lot of other people had disappeared. And he finally said Nix! You recruit people someplace else — Ive had it.
Sopka:You mentioned before that they had thought of the Radiation Lab as being organized as a small corps with projects in various universities, but that idea was abandoned. In contrast, the Manhattan Project was very much organized on multiple-site basis, wasnt it, with very strict secrecy among them.
Bainbridge:This was the military idea of how to achieve security, that as few people as possible know the whole story. And the cheapest way of doing that is to segregate people in different phases of the project, and dont let people talk to each other. Now this is quite opposite to what any physicist or scientist believes, that if you really want to make progress, let the people get together, talk, interact, exchange ideas, argue things out, and so on, and youll get there a lot faster. Well, this, of course, was the basis on which Oppenheimer ran Los Alamos. We had a Monday afternoon meeting of people with responsible jobs. This meant maybe 100-125 people: the Division Heads, Group Heads, leading individual workers, probably all of the theorists, particularly a young fellow like Feynman, just a kid, but extremely vital to the whole thing. And then there were night meetings, where more people were allowed in, individuals in particular groups and divisions. And then there was a Tuesday or Wednesday night thing, which was called the Governing Board, which was only eight or nine people finally. And I didnt reach that level until September of 44. I had been working on getting a site and preparing for the test really starting in sometime that spring of 44, I guess around March 44. Wed located the site finally by September of 44, and then it was time to build a camp there, and build roads, and prepare the groundwork, and put in the wires and everything else for the test. And so sometime — this was — Oppenheimer was naturally head of it. Cyril Smith for metallurgy, Hans Bethe for theory, Kistiakowsky for explosives, Bacher for Physics, and myself for the test, and there were some others. But these were the sort of division head people. And so you had three — but everyone pretty much knew everything. I know at one time Oppenheimer wanted me to go around and visit Oak Ridge, Hanford, Chicago, Cornell, any place which was working on this project, and Manley, Teller, and I were meant to be sort of a committee of three. We were meant to go around and learn everything. Well this was impossible because you also had six jobs here. So I never went out. I think Manley may have gone out on one or two carefully defined missions by Oppenheimer. Teller wanted to be on this group, but I dont think Oppenheimer particularly wanted him to be. They didnt get along too well, because as you know, Teller was not much of a team player in this thing. He didnt — well, I wont go into that, but its in print.
Sopka:Yes, a lot has been written about those personalities.
Bainbridge:And I was in on — I dont know, it was much more, I guess peripatetic is the word (I hope I know what it means), than the Radiation Laboratory, because Oppenheimer would change his mind quickly. One week youd be doing something, and the next week, by golly, youd be off in another direction. I got hell for a while; I was with Serber on the water boiler and then for a while I had to do electronics, get set up for doing the tests for the Hiroshima type bomb out at a mesa. Well, when this was set up, it is interesting. If you look at the letter which Conant and Groves sent to Oppenheimer asking him to head up this project, its very, very interesting, because it shows that Conant and Groves had the idea in their minds which was first presented by Eddington about 1920, in which Eddington, considering atomic energy, considered the chance of a run-away reaction which, in 1921 or 22, Aston took over and looked at it again. And that on the basis of their sort of prediction of what might happen, they wanted this thing in a remote spot. They wanted it under military command. Now, the people who were going to be recruited would come there and would learn what it was about, and if they didnt want to go into uniform by January 1, 1944, they would be allowed to leave. I never believed that. I never believed that for a minute. But I know that those people who had been at the Radiation Laboratory knew how difficult the military were to get along with if you were in the chain of command. If you were on an equal basis as a civilian, they were lovely people to get along with, and liked criticism, and advice. They lapped it up. But if you were in the chain of command you couldnt do a damn thing. So the idea of having some Brigadier General, who was head of the whole thing, Groves, with some sort of a full Colonel in charge of the site, with Oppenheimer, say, as a Lieutenant Colonel, and the rest of us in uniform, was hopeless. Of course, Dubridge, Rabi, and Bob Wilson, everybody who could get at Oppenheimer, including Alvarez, worked on Oppenheimer and said This just wont go. Forget it. It cannot be a military camp. Now there were very few people who left at any time. I think they would let them go, because they could arrest them or shoot them if they talked too much. But I feel that General Groves had this in his mind from the very beginning that this thing might run away. And Conant went along with this. And the reason I say that is when Groves was talking about the test, he said that he went to the base camp, and General Thomas Farrell stayed at the South 10,000 observation point, because in any situation of danger wed arranged that wed do this so they wouldnt both get blown up at once. And he had this on his mind. In his book there are sentences there that show that they werent quite sure that these crazy physicists knew what the hell they were talking about when they said this thing would go so far and then quit. And this was reexamined by Konopinski and Bethe in the spring of 45, quite late in the spring, and they were worried that Eddington and Aston had maybe under the energies, pressures, conditions, there might be a runaway reaction involving hydrogen, nitrogen, or something like that. So this was there. This explains, I think, why they wanted people in uniform why they had a chance to get out before they really got into the heart of the matter.
Sopka:Its an interesting development in the way that the relations evolved in contrast to during World War I. Apparently, most of the people, the physicists who were cooperating with the World War I effort were in uniform, like Theodore Lyman who was actually commissioned before he went. Of course, he was in a completely different kind of operation. It wasnt these laboratories as it was in WW II, but the thinking of how the civilian physicists should help the war effort evolved.
Bainbridge:Yes, of course in World War II, the Radiation Lab members who had business in the combat zone, went in uniform, but they had assumed a simulated rank. Heres Street, John Trump, Lee DuBridge, Bill Preston, all in uniform and so on. No bars or stripes or anything. They had a simulated rank, and theyd haul out a card saying, Im a Lieutenant Colonel, or Im a General, and this gets them on airplanes, military airplanes, and allows them to eat in messes, and it allows them to get through the sentries to see the head man, and that sort of thing. They solved it quite differently.
Sopka:Oh, I see. Thats interesting. I hadnt heard about that.
Bainbridge:The ordinary chain of command was hopeless. In the Navy it was pretty good. I have a lot of admiration for the Navy, because here were young men, lieutenant commanders who had tremendous responsibility, and could make decisions and spend hundreds of millions of dollars, and they generally did it very well. While in the Army, if you wanted to get a new radar through, you started down with a lieutenant or captain, and he passed it on, up, up, up, each guy in turn diddling it, until it got up to the head man in the Pentagon, and he sent it back down on the chain of command until by the time it got back, six months had gone by and the thing couldnt be recognized, and they didnt get it. And finally, they got wise, and they finally got things by saying, Well, I like that air interception radar the Navy has. How about asking Philco to make 500 more for us? And they got them. And they didnt diddle it this time. [laughter]
Sopka:Well, I guess then that you stayed at Los Alamos until the cessation of hostilities, and then for a little while afterward winding things up before coming back to Harvard.
Bainbridge:Yes. The job of the test was to see what was going on inside the thing, and, if anything went wrong, what went wrong. So there were lots and lots of experiments, and everybody had a chance to toss some in. Fermi was free in the fall [spring?] of 45 to devise new nuclear things, and there were a tremendous number of experiments. One of the better ones was a combination of Purcell, Rossi, and Bob Wilson; they had one for measuring the time between the initiation of the implosion and the growth of the neutrons and fission, you know, how many microseconds, if its microseconds, does it take to do this. And that was quite a tricky experiment. And there were lots and lots of experiments, and lots of duplication, and some didnt work for one reason or another. One thing which always impressed me was some of these things where people were looking for gamma rays or light intensity as a function of time, that sort of thing. You had lead houses, excavated land and put in lead bricks, thick enough to stand your prediction of what the radiation values would be, and the equipment put in there and everything was sealed over. Well, after the test you couldnt look at these things for months because the ground was so radioactive but finally, when you got there and opened these things up — this worries me about shelters like subways, if people in a nuclear war should be in some place like that — the hot gases loaded with radioactivity just went in through the tiniest crack, got in there and cooled, left the radioactivity, so everything inside was cooked with radioactivity. And the same thing would happen in any shelter or any hardened missile site, or anything else. If the stuff can get in, it will get in. Well, that wasnt a very pleasant note.
Sopka:No, but its a realistic one, Im afraid.
Bainbridge:Well, after this thing was over on July 16th, I stayed on for about a week at the camp because Williams and I had to clean up things. We didnt come back till oh, early sometime, August. I have the pass I got to go in there from Captain Bush. And we went in to recover equipment. Then I didnt get back again until September when Groves had a bunch of newspaper men come down there to see the place, because there had been newspaper accounts after Hiroshima that the radioactivity on the ground killed a great many people, and we wanted to show — which, in fact, was not true, it wasnt radioactivity, it was just people got killed by neutrons, by blast, and by light and the radioactivity never hit the ground — just to show the radioactivity at the site there, where the thing had only been 100 feet up in the air, was not all that much. And then I had to write a report on this, plus all the group leaders, and so that report took until November. That report has now come out. Theyve left out a lot of stuff, but still. And they say that I — they had the stuff I wrote, but they also say I was editor, which isnt true, because I left early. I left about November 20th. Dave English, who was out at the University of Massachusetts, edited the thing. He stayed on for years, so I — A lot of people hadnt gotten their section in by that time, so I said hell with it. Lawrence asked me to come to Berkeley, so I went to Berkeley and saw the big synchrocyclotron and the betatron and the synchrotron and that sort of thing going on there, and then came back here in January, 1946.
Sopka:What did happen to the first cyclotron, the one that was sent to Los Alamos? It was not brought back to Cambridge.
Bainbridge:The first cyclotron went to Los Alamos, and was hauled up the hill along with the Wisconsin Van de Graaff, and Illinois betatron, and all these other things went up the hill. And its quite amusing that no one was meant to know what these things were, but in order to get good mechanics for the place, they got the instrument makers from different universities throughout around the country. All of these fellows worked on these things. They knew right away something funny was going on. I mean, security gets beaten so easily in so many ways. The mechanics knew exactly it was going to be something about nuclear physics. Well, that cyclotron, Bob Wilson agreed to come to Harvard, and I was very happy that Id helped recruit him to come to Harvard, because everybody had been after him: the University of Chicago, Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge University, all over the place, Cornell, all over the place they wanted Bob Wilson, and we were lucky enough to get him. This is something I want to talk about later that I take pride in the people Ive brought to Harvard at one time or another. I feel Ive contributed something. Well, Bob did agree to come here, and so we talked about what we were going to do. Shall we bring back the Harvard cyclotron and do physics with it, or shall we try and get something bigger and better? Well, our first reaction was OK, well get the Harvard cyclotron back, and Bob signed up the crew who had been working for him. Hed been in charge of it out there. The crew that had been working for him was a nice bunch of young men, some physicists, some working as mechanics, untrained academically but very clever at running the machine. And then we sort of thought about it, and decided, well, this thing is really getting pretty old; its six, seven years old. And every time you go to a higher energy something new happens, so maybe wed better go to a higher energy. So then we came back here to Harvard and we talked to Curry and the department head. We talked to Earnest Lawrence, and he said, Well, I think youre right that you ought to get a bigger one. And I said, Well, we dont have any money. He said, Well, Ill see what I can do. They need that machine, Harvard machine at Los Alamos, and I think you ought (and this was typical Lawrence) to get half a million or a million dollars for it, and with that you can build a nice one. We said, Fine, but how are we going to do this? It turned out that I guess we finally agreed that it would be better to have a higher energy one, and Wilson and I would work on it. And we designed a building, and started to design a new machine, and Lawrence said he would help us and gave one of his design men to work in Berkeley. And Bob wanted to stay in Berkeley anyway to do some proton scattering, and so Bob would stay there and work on the design for the chamber, and I would stay here and work on the design of the building and the magnet and the auxiliary stuff. And so he was signed up and agreed to come to Harvard, but he had to first turn off working out there. And then Lawrence got Bob Thornton and General Nichols, and somebody else, a committee of three, to put a price on the Harvard cyclotron, and the price put on it was, I think, $250,000. Lawrence thought it was a steal, and in a sense, it was true. It was worth all of that. But anyhow, we got $250,000, and then talking with Conant and so on and the Office of Naval Research, we got the money from the Office of Naval Research to build the big one, which is still over there, and the building. I guess Harvard had to put the money into the building. The $250,000, though, we used partly for the building there, partly to get nuclear physics started in the medical school, and partly for something in this department.
Sopka:I see. Well, it was good seed money, anyway, for whatever else you did.
Bainbridge:Yes, and then we had money from the Navy for the machine. Yes. Well, Harvard had done very well on the seed money idea, because they had Conant who had done a very bright thing, I thought. At first Conant wanted to pay the salaries of everyone who was in the war. He was going to give these men to the United States Government. Harvard would pay for them. Well, I think the Corporation said, Mr. Conant, youre a bright boy, but youre crazy this time. [laughter] And he let the government hire the people and let them pay it. Well, then Harvard said if you had some job in the government which didnt pay your full Harvard salary, they would supplement it to bring it up 80% of your Harvard salary. But the thing I thought was so bright was that the salary of Street and Purcell and all these people, Kistiakowsky, Bright Wilson, and Baird Hastings, anybody, regardless where they were in Harvard, was put into a kitty. The corporation took this money which would have gone to us, because they didnt have to pay to us, because we were employed elsewhere, and put it into a kitty, I hope at 5 1/2 percent interest or something, as not exactly seed money, but as rehabilitation money. So once the war was over and the boys got back, they would have enough money to get going in research in a reasonable time. And this was I thought
Sopka:It sounds like a very wise
Very good, yes.
Session I | Session II


text:
...not to implement Vista due to interoperability issues. According to Taylor, pressure from the Commission and other policy makers has forced Microsoft's hand.
"Microsoft only does things when it has absolutely no choice, and here it has no choice," said Taylor. "Becta officially recommended that UK education doesn't upgrade to Office 2007, and referred Microsoft to the Office of Fair Trading over OOXML last October. The European Commission has confirmed its investigation into OOXML. We've known for a long time the direction the Commission is going, and it's getting more and more vocal."
According to Taylor, Microsoft supporting ODF is a sign both of economic and political pressure.
"If Microsoft doesn't support ODF it will lose more," said Taylor. "There's also political pressure — in the UK central government and various government departments are looking into open source. It's a sign of the times."
Microsoft's not supporting OOXML until Office 14 was "very strange", Taylor added. "It really is leftfield. It does look like a tacit acknowledgement that the OOXML issue is too hot to handle. After all, the British Standards Institution is in the high court at the moment over it. Maybe this is a calming gesture."
Other members of the open-source community are also sceptical about Microsoft's move. Pamela Jones, founder of Groklaw, said she would believe Microsoft was moving towards open source only when it provided more proof it was becoming genuinely interoperable.
"I wish I could wholeheartedly applaud the Microsoft announcement about native support for ODF, but I can't," wrote Jones. "Of course, it's better to have native support for ODF, no matter what motives may have influenced Microsoft's announcement, and I'm glad about that for the sake of end users. But it hasn't happened yet. Was the word 'vapourware' not coined for Microsoft? In any case, I'm in the 'I will believe it when I see it' category."


text:
Wearable thermoelectric generator could extend your smartwatch's battery life
April 14, 2014
Researchers at the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) have developed a lightweight, flexible and high-efficiency thermoelectric generator that can harness your body heat to generate a small amount of electricity. The device could be used to extend the battery life of low-power wearable devices.
The big names in personal electronics are constantly pushing for thinner and thinner devices, and while that certainly gives us much sleeker and attractive designs, it also invariably leads to compromises in terms of battery life.
Previous attempts to generate additional power for personal electronics include solar-powered mobile phones and piezoelectric generators that create energy when pressed or bent (the latter was also developed at KAIST). But there is also another way, which may be ideal for low-power wearable devices; and that is to harness the waste heat your body naturally gives off 24/7 through a thermoelectric generator.
The thermoelectric generators developed so far have been based on either organic or inorganic materials. The former are very flexible, but highly inefficient, while the latter have a higher output, but also tend to be heavy and rigid.
Prof. Byung Jin Cho and colleagues at KAIST have managed to harness the best of both worlds by developing a generator that is both flexible and has a comparatively high power output. The researchers did so by first creating liquid-like pastes of n-type and p-type thermoelectric materials, and then embedding them within a flexible and lightweight glass fabric. The materials permeated the glass and formed hundreds of microscopic n-type and p-type dots, orderly arranged next to each other.
The main advantage of this new design is that the device doesn't need additional thick, external layers to mechanically support the structure. In previous designs, this was exactly what made thermoelectric generators bulky, heavy, rigid and inefficient. Instead, in this new design, the glass fabric encloses the thermoelectric materials without sacrificing thickness, flexibility or efficiency, opening up interesting new applications in wearable electronics.
The researchers say that a wristband with an area of 10 x 10 cm (4 x 4 in) using their technology would only weigh about 13 g (0.45 oz) and, at room temperature, output 40 mW of power. Admittedly, that's not a staggeringly high number for most personal electronics (for reference, an iPad 2 requires about 3 W), but it could make a significant difference in low-power wearable devices such as e-paper smartwatches and fitness trackers, but also perhaps smart collars and smart clothing.
Professor Cho also said that the technology may find applications beyond personal electronics, and particularly in automobiles, factories, aircraft, vessels, and systems where a large amount of thermal energy is being wasted.
A paper describing the device has been published in the journal Energy & Environmental Science.
Source: KAIST
This is excellent. I thought this existed already, as Seebeck effect is well known and only problem for smartwatches is the power. We need better batteriy technology of better energy harvesting technology, there's no way around it. No sensible person would ever want to recharge their watch, ever.
I've experimented with piezo shoes and peltier wristbands, but without 100 million dollars there's no way to build any new technology.Tuppe
If a smartwatch was located on the shoe, then it would be easier to invent some kind of generator which is works when person is walking :) Or perhaps a sleeve which is powered by movement of the elbow? Or even better a self powered smart glove. Controlling the display would be done with movement of the fingers in certain sequence. I would like to have a cycle gps integrated on my cycle glove.Haykey Kaariainen
My watchband is made of of steel segments what is the problem with rigid components?Slowburn
this on the inside of my Nike+ wristband would be perfect.Jason Rodriguez


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