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Mortal Kombat X moves forward with a snappier version of the previous game's fighting and some cool new characters, but the story and other features around the edges feel a bit rough in spots.
The ways that Axiom Verge resembles Metroid help set up and drive home the ways that Axiom Verge is most definitely not Metroid.
Hotline Miami's thrillingly brutal gameplay is stretched to the point of breaking in this aesthetically pleasing, but otherwise disappointing sequel.
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consists of 3 releases.
Released Mar 21, 2006
Necessary to sustain life in organic creatures, the crimson fluid known as blood tends to make appearances when the body's structure is compromised in some way, a very, very common occurrence in videogames.
Games that are based upon books or novels.
A point within the game whereby the game saves its current state whether it be for the purpose of a more convenient respawn point or a gameplay design (such as in racing).
CQC and CQB are close range combat techniques.
A person serving time in prison or an escaped criminal on the run from the law.
The main line of distinction between victory or failure in video games, death is the process of a biological being ceasing to be alive.
Sometimes you want a challenge, sometimes you wanna coast.
Digital Distribution is the concept of purchasing digital media via the internet and having it sent to the user directly via the internet. No physical representation of this content is given but the content resides on the users hard drive and is legally owned by them.
A powerful release of energy. This energy is usually expelled in all directions very quickly, typically giving off orange or red flames.
Flashbacks take a player into a flashback sequence. Often playable, but not always.
A characteristic present in game characters with a superior state of mind reflected in how they solve problems and their way of approaching situations.
Most modern shooting games add the realistic touch of rendering shots to the cranium instantly fatal. Glorious for the shooter, kind of a bummer to the shootee.
Health is a value that gauges how much damage players can take in a game before they die or pass out. Also known as life in some games. Health is usually represented by a bar or a percentage instead of an exact amount. Found in most non sport games
Hostages exist to be saved, guarded, and occasionally executed.
A Human Shield is a form of cover in which a player uses a body to absorb damage like that of a shield. It's usually found in first and third-person shooters.
From Beat-em-ups to fighting games to modern FPS, one dude hitting another has made an enjoyable pastime.
Murder is the act of ending the life of another living thing against its will without the sanction of a higher governmental authority, such as the casualties that result from acts of war. It is generally intentional, at least in a legal meaning, but not necessarily.
The National Security Agency is an agency that is responsible for analyzing and gathering foreign communications and intel. The NSA is also responsible for keeping the US government's own network and communications secure.
Who needs 2D when we've got 3D? 3D, or 3 dimensions, is what we're used to seeing in almost every game these days, letting us do all sorts of awesome stuff like run in circles!
A way of attempting to control a population via media.
A weighty real-world issue that some games comment on, often through allegory. Unfortunately, other games can offend players in their depiction of different ethnicities, whether intentionally or not, thus becoming part of the issue themselves.
Video game combat in which combat actions are performed in real-time, rather than through a turn-based structure.
Reloading is the action of replacing the ammunition magazine inside a gun. It adds a touch of realism to most modern shooters, and a certain amount of tension when a player is forced to reload while under fire.
A shadow is an area where direct light from a light source cannot reach due to obstruction by an object.
Eliminating a target with a long-range rifle.
Elite and specially trained/equipped military troops and law enforcement tasked with carrying out specific and dangerous/sensitive objectives beyond the remit of regular military personnel. Many games feature special forces operators or units as protagonists or enemies.
Using stealth often requires the player to accomplish their objective without being detected by enemies. Methods of detection can vary from game to game, and can be based on an enemy's line of sight, how quiet the player is, or even how the player interacts with the environment.
Stealth kills are special kills in video games that usually occur when the AI is not aware of the threat of the player.
Throwing weapons include knives, shurikens, axes, darts or even explosives such as grenades and molotov cocktails.
Levels that take place in or on a train or subway.
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Learn more about Jacksonville Jaguars NFL Iphone Case:
Manufacturer: Caseys
Mfg Part#: 5460321419
Sku: 245878236
See more in Manufacturer Authenticated
|This one piece NFL faceplate features the teams primary logo and silhouetted pattern of the team name. The case is made of a hard sturdy plastic. Will fit the iPhone 4 and 4S.

subset: commoncrawl


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February 20, 2015 - Product News
Knight Transportation has chosen the Zonar 2020 Mobile Tablet as the new telematics platform for its fleet.
Tags: Telematics, Zonar, Knight Transportation, Tablets
August 1, 2014 - Industry News
Vikas Jain, formerly an executive with Omnitracs, has been named the new chief operating officer for Zonar.
Tags: Zonar, People, Omnitracs, Vikas Jain, Telematics, Information Technology
September 18, 2013 - Industry News
Building on the success of its Virtual Technician product, Daimler Trucks North America is going full-bore ahead with telematics. It unveiled the Detroit Connect On-Board Tablet, which not only integrates with Virtual Technician and the Visibility fleet back-office software, but also offers hours of service, pre-and post-trip inspections, two-way messaging and navigation.
Tags: Telematics, Information Technology, Detroit Diesel, Zonar, Daimler Trucks North America
May 22, 2013 - Industry News
"CSA has had an effect on safety, but people want to make sure their scores are correct and fair," said Rob Abbott, vice president of safety policy, American Trucking Associations during an update on the program at the recent Zonar user's conference held in San Antonio last week. Also part of the update, Commercial Vehicle Safety Alliance head Steve Keppler went over the top CSA violations.
Tags: FMCSA, CSA, Zonar, CVSA
May 16, 2013 - Industry News
You'd better be getting ready for new hours of service rules that go into effect July 1, to be followed by proposed rules for electronic logs. That, along with an emphasis on enforcement, was the message from Jack Van Steenburg, chief safety officer for the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, in his keynote speech for Zonar Systems' inaugural users' conference.
Tags: FMCSA, Technology, Information Technology, Zonar, Events, Safety & Compliance
January 29, 2013 - Industry News
Zonar, a provider of fleet telematics, remote diagnostics and mobile onboard computing, is holding its inaugural annual conference on May 14-16 at the Grand Hyatt Riverwalk in San Antonio, Texas.
Tags: Zonar
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Record 360 Provides Real-Time Asset Conditions
Routist Calculates Routes for Drivers in the Field
Slider50 Hooklift Designed for Speed and Weight
TQL's App Features Voice Search Capability


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This gorgeous Limoges Porcelain Butter Pat has a very ethereal design of Daisies, in white, pink and blue with fresh green leaves. It has a lavish hand painted gold relief molded decoration around the rim and is a fine quality porcelain. It was made by Charles Field Haviland, Limoges, France, with the GDA mark used from 1900-41, this would be from the earlier part of that period. It was made for Chas Meyer & Co. in Indianapolis, USA and measures 3 1/4" across, and in excellent condition with nice fresh colors and damage of any kind. There is a tiny rough spot where the glaze has missed, in one of the indents on the rim, easier to feel than to see, it would be original to the piece and does not detract in any way.
Another shopper has this item in their Cart or Wish List.
Antiques and Collectibles, Fine China, Porcelain, Cups and Saucers, Egg Cups, Wood Carving, Advertising, Head Vases and more.


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About Schools in Lemont, PA
Lemont offers a range of educational opportunities with one elementary school.
Contact a Coldwell Banker® real estate agent to learn more about the schools and school districts in Lemont, PA.FIND AN AGENT
Lemont, Pennsylvania is located in Centre County. Nearby cities and towns include Houserville, State College, Boalsburg, Toftrees, Park Forest Village, Pleasant Gap, Pine Grove Mills, Centre Hall, Unionville, Bellefonte, Julian, Ramblewood, Milesburg, Zion, Stormstown, Baileyville, Mingoville, Barrville, Port Matilda, Potlicker Flats, Mount Eagle, Spring Mills, Milroy, Church Hill, Belleville, Hublersburg, Lumber City, Reedsville, Jacksonville, Siglerville, Howard, Snow Shoe, Snydertown, Yeagertown, Madisonburg, Clarence, Burnham, Moshannon, Highland Park, Millheim, Nittany, Coburn, Allensville, Lewistown, Strodes Mills, Juniata Terrace, Aaronsburg, Lamar, Grassflat, Granville, Petersburg, Blanchard, Eagleville, Orviston, Maitland, Rebersburg, Alfarata, Monument, North Philipsburg, Philipsburg, Hawk Run, South Philipsburg, Beech Creek, Sandy Ridge, McVeytown, Chester Hill, Mattawana, Kylertown, Longfellow, Birmingham, Pine Glen, Alexandria, Allport, Northwood, Morrisdale, Huntingdon, Osceola Mills, Wagner, Tyrone, and Atkinson Mills. Lemont is a rural community with a population of 2,364. The median household income is $87,552. In Lemont, 47% of residents are married, and families with children reside in 35% of the households. Half the population of Lemont commutes 12 minutes or less to work, with 49% of residents holding white collar jobs and 51% residents holding blue collar jobs. The median age of homes in Lemont, PA is 25 years, with 72% of those homes owned, 25% rented, and 3% not occupied. In the previous year, 14 Lemont properties were sold. The median sale price of a home in Lemont in the previous year was $210,496.
Lemont offers a range of educational opportunities with one elementary school.
Contact a Coldwell Banker® real estate agent to learn more about the schools and school districts in Lemont, PA.FIND AN AGENT
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Community information and market data Powered by Onboard Informatics. Copyright ©2015 Onboard Informatics. Information is deemed reliable but not guaranteed.
This information is provided for general informational purposes only and should not be relied on in making any home-buying decisions. School information does not guarantee enrollment. Contact a local real estate professional or the school district(s) for current information on schools. This information is not intended for use in determining a person's eligibility to attend a school or to use or benefit from other city, town or local services.


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Volume 39, Issue 5, May 2012
- point/counterpoint
- medical physics letters
- task group report
- radiation therapy physics
- radiation imaging physics
- radiation measurement physics
- magnetic resonance physics
- nuclear medicine physics
- optical physics
- ultrasound physics
- tissue measurements
- anatomy and physiology
- radiation protection physics
- correspondence
- books and publications
Index of content:
Volume 42 (2015)
Volume 41 (2014)
Volume 40 (2013)
Volume 39 (2012)
Volume 38 (2011)
Volume 37 (2010)
Volume 36 (2009)
Volume 35 (2008)
Volume 34 (2007)
Volume 33 (2006)
Volume 32 (2005)
Volume 31 (2004)
Volume 30 (2003)
Volume 29 (2002)
Volume 28 (2001)
Volume 27 (2000)
Volume 26 (1999)
Volume 25 (1998)
Volume 24 (1997)
Volume 23 (1996)
Volume 22 (1995)
Volume 21 (1994)
Volume 20 (1993)
Volume 19 (1992)
Volume 18 (1991)
Volume 17 (1990)
Volume 16 (1989)
Volume 15 (1988)
Volume 14 (1987)
Volume 13 (1986)
Volume 12 (1985)
Volume 11 (1984)
Volume 10 (1983)
Volume 9 (1982)
Volume 8 (1981)
Volume 7 (1980)
Volume 6 (1979)
Volume 5 (1978)
Volume 4 (1977)
Volume 3 (1976)
Volume 2 (1975)
Volume 1 (1974)
To develop a simple and robust method for inverse-planned total-body irradiation (TBI) that is more comfortable and has better dose homogeneity than the conventional forward-planned techniques and that can be delivered in a standard-sized treatment vault.Methods:
Modulated-arc TBI (MATBI) utilizes an arc of static open-field beams to irradiate patients as they lay on a stationary couch beneath the gantry, with cerrobend blocks suspended over organs at risk to provide shielding. Prior to treatment, full-body computed tomography(CT)images are acquired of each patient and imported into thePINNACLE3 planning system, which modulates the monitor units for the open-field beams to optimize the body dose uniformity. The volume of the body within 10% of the prescription dose, V(±10), is used as a metric to evaluate the dose uniformity. For comparison to MATBI, the dose distribution of a conventional forward-planned treatment is also calculated. Quality assurance measurements are acquired before treatment by delivering the plans to a phantom and during treatment with an ionization chamber inside a buildup block, placed between the patient's ankles.Results:
For MATBI, the achieved values of V(±10) were 75.8%, 90.2%, 84.6%, and 79.8% compared to 60.3%, 77.4%, 65.6%, and 68.5% for the conventional TBI technique, respectively. The pretreatment ion chamber measurements in the phantom had an average error of 1.2%. Those acquired during treatment had larger errors, with most points being within 3% of predictions.Conclusions:
MATBI provides better dose uniformity and comfort than the conventional forward-planned TBI techniques. In addition, the technique can be implemented on most linacs, in standard-sized vaults, without the use of a translating couch.
The use of bismuth breast shields for CT should be discouraged39(2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.3681014View Description Hide Description
Increasing the oscillation frequency of strong magnetic fields above 101 kHz significantly raises peripheral nerve excitation thresholds39(2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.3702775View Description Hide DescriptionPurpose:
A time-varying magnetic field can cause unpleasant peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) when the maximum excursion of the magnetic field (ΔB) is above a frequency-dependent threshold level [P. Mansfield and P. R. Harvey, Magn. Reson. Med. 29, 746–758 (1993)]. Clinical and research magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) gradient systems have been designed to avoid such bioeffects by adhering to regulations and guidelines established on the basis of clinical trials. Those trials, generally employing sinusoidal waveforms, tested human responses to magnetic fields at frequencies between 0.5 and 10 kHz [W. Irnich and F. Schmitt, Magn. Reson. Med. 33, 619–623 (1995), T. F. Budinger et al., J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 15, 909–914 (1991), and D. J. Schaefer et al., J. Magn. Reson. Imaging12, 20–29 (2000)]. PNS thresholds for frequencies higher than 10 kHz had been extrapolated, using physiological models [J. P. Reilly et al., IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. BME-32(12), 1001–1011 (1985)]. The present study provides experimental data on human PNS thresholds to oscillating magnetic field stimulation from 2 to 183 kHz. Sinusoidal waveforms were employed for several reasons: (1) to facilitate comparison with earlier reports that used sine waves, (2) because prior designers of fast gradient hardware for generalized waveforms (e.g., including trapezoidal pulses) have employed quarter-sine-wave resonant circuits to reduce the rise- and fall-times of pulse waveforms, and (3) because sinusoids are often used in fast pulse sequences (e.g., spiral scans) [S. Nowak, U.S. patent 5,245,287 (14 September 1993) and K. F. King and D. J. Schaefer, J. Magn. Reson. Imaging12, 164–170 (2000)].Methods:
An IRB-approved prospective clinical trial was performed, involving 26 adults, in which one wrist was exposed to decaying sinusoidal magnetic field pulses at frequencies from 2 to 183 kHz and amplitudes up to 0.4 T. Sham exposures (i.e., with no magnetic fields) were applied to all subjects.Results:
For 0.4 T pulses at 2, 25, 59, 101, and 183 kHz, stimulation was reported by 22 (84.6%), 24 (92.3%), 15 (57.7%), 2 (7.7%), and 1 (3.8%) subjects, respectively.Conclusions:
The probability of PNS due to brief biphasic time-varying sinusoidal magnetic fields with magnetic excursions up to 0.4 T is shown to decrease significantly at and above 101 kHz. This phenomenon may have particular uses in dynamic scenarios (e.g., cardiacimaging) and in studying processes with short decay times (e.g., electron paramagnetic resonance imaging, bone and solids imaging). The study suggests the possibility of new designs for human and preclinical MRI systems that may be useful in clinical practice and scientific research.
Functionality and operation of fluoroscopic automatic brightness control/automatic dose rate control logic in modern cardiovascular and interventional angiography systems: A Report of Task Group 125 Radiography/Fluoroscopy Subcommittee, Imaging Physics Committee, Science Council39(2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.4704524View Description Hide Description
Task Group 125 (TG 125) was charged with investigating the functionality of fluoroscopic automatic dose rate and image quality control logic in modern angiographic systems, paying specific attention to the spectral shaping filters and variations in the selected radiologic imaging parameters. The task group was also charged with describing the operational aspects of the imaging equipment for the purpose of assisting the clinical medical physicist with clinical set-up and performance evaluation. Although there are clear distinctions between the fluoroscopic operation of an angiographic system and its acquisition modes (digital cine, digital angiography, digital subtraction angiography, etc.), the scope of this work was limited to the fluoroscopic operation of the systems studied. The use of spectral shaping filters in cardiovascular and interventional angiography equipment has been shown to reduce patient dose. If the imaging control algorithm were programmed to work in conjunction with the selected spectral filter, and if the generator parameters were optimized for the selected filter, then image quality could also be improved. Although assessment of image quality was not included as part of this report, it was recognized that for fluoroscopic imaging the parameters that influence radiation output, differential absorption, and patient dose are also the same parameters that influence image quality. Therefore, this report will utilize the terminology "automatic dose rate and image quality" (ADRIQ) when describing the control logic in modern interventional angiographic systems and, where relevant, will describe the influence of controlled parameters on the subsequent image quality. A total of 22 angiography units were investigated by the task group and of these one each was chosen as representative of the equipment manufactured by GE Healthcare, Philips Medical Systems, Shimadzu Medical USA, and Siemens Medical Systems. All equipment, for which measurement data were included in this report, was manufactured within the three year period from 2006 to 2008. Using polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) plastic to simulate patient attenuation, each angiographic imaging system was evaluated by recording the following parameters: tube potential in units of kilovolts peak (kVp), tube current in units of milliamperes (mA), pulse width (PW) in units of milliseconds (ms), spectral filtration setting, and patient air kerma rate (PAKR) as a function of the attenuator thickness. Data were graphically plotted to reveal the manner in which the ADRIQ control logic responded to changes in object attenuation. There were similarities in the manner in which the ADRIQ control logic operated that allowed the four chosen devices to be divided into two groups, with two of the systems in each group. There were also unique approaches to the ADRIQ control logic that were associated with some of the systems, and these are described in the report. The evaluation revealed relevant information about the testing procedure and also about the manner in which different manufacturers approach the utilization of spectral filtration, pulsed fluoroscopy, and maximum PAKR limitation. This information should be particularly valuable to the clinical medical physicist charged with acceptance testing and performance evaluation of modern angiographic systems.
Dose calculation for photon-emitting brachytherapy sources with average energy higher than 50 keV: Report of the AAPM and ESTRO39(2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.3703892View Description Hide DescriptionPurpose:
Recommendations of the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) and the European Society for Radiotherapy and Oncology (ESTRO) on dose calculations for high-energy (average energy higher than 50 keV) photon-emitting brachytherapysources are presented, including the physical characteristics of specific192Ir, 137Cs, and 60Co sourcemodels.Methods:
This report has been prepared by the High Energy BrachytherapySourceDosimetry (HEBD) Working Group. This report includes considerations in the application of the TG-43U1 formalism to high-energy photon-emitting sources with particular attention to phantom size effects, interpolation accuracy dependence on dose calculation grid size, and dosimetry parameter dependence on source active length.Results:
Consensus datasets for commercially available high-energy photonsources are provided, along with recommended methods for evaluating these datasets. Recommendations on dosimetry characterization methods, mainly using experimental procedures and Monte Carlo, are established and discussed. Also included are methodological recommendations on detector choice, detector energy response characterization and phantom materials, and measurement specification methodology. Uncertainty analyses are discussed and recommendations for high-energy sources without consensus datasets are given.Conclusions:
Recommended consensus datasets for high-energy sources have been derived for sources that were commercially available as of January 2010. Data are presented according to the AAPM TG-43U1 formalism, with modified interpolation and extrapolation techniques of the AAPM TG-43U1S1 report for the 2D anisotropy function and radial dose function.
Exploring 57Co as a new isotope for brachytherapy applicationsa)39(2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.3700171View Description Hide DescriptionPurpose:
The characteristics of the radionuclide 57Co make it interesting for use as a brachytherapysource.57Co combines a possible high specific activity with the emission of relatively low-energy photons and a half-life (272 days) suitable for regular source exchanges in an afterloader. 57Co decays by electron capture to the stable 57Fe with emission of 136 and 122 keV photons.Methods
: A hypothetical57Co source based on the Flexisource brachytherapy encapsulation with the active core set as a pure cobalt cylinder (length 3.5 mm and diameter 0.6 mm) covered with a cylindrical stainless-steel capsule (length 5 mm and thickness 0.125 mm) was simulated using Geant4 Monte Carlo (MC) code version 9.4. The radial dose function, g(r), and anisotropy function F(r,θ), for the line source approximation were calculated following the TG-43U1 formalism. The results were compared to well-known 192Ir and 125I radionuclides, representing the higher and the lower energy end of brachytherapy, respectively.Results:
The mean energy of photons in water, after passing through the core and the encapsulation material was 123 keV. This hypothetical57Co source has an increasing g(r) due to multiple scatter of low-energy photons, which results in a more uniform dose distribution than 192Ir.Conclusions:
57Co has many advantages compared to 192Ir due to its low-energy gamma emissions without any electron contamination. 57Co has an increasing g(r) that results in a more uniform dose distribution than 192Ir due to its multiple scatteredphotons. The anisotropy of the 57Co source is comparable to that of 192Ir. Furthermore, 57Co has lower shielding requirements than 192Ir.
Development of a video-guided real-time patient motion monitoring systema)39(2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.3700734View Description Hide DescriptionPurpose:
The authors developed a video image-guided real-time patient motion monitoring (VGRPM) system using PC-cams, and its clinical utility was evaluated using a motion phantom.Methods:
The VGRPM system has three components: (1) an image acquisition device consisting of two PC-cams, (2) a main controlcomputer with a radiation signal controller and warning system, and (3) patient motion analysis software developed in-house. The intelligent patient motion monitoring system was designed for synchronization with a beam on/off trigger signal in order to limit operation to during treatment time only and to enable system automation. During each treatment session, an initial image of the patient is acquired as soon as radiation starts and is compared with subsequent live images, which can be acquired at up to 30 fps by the real-time frame difference-based analysis software. When the error range exceeds the set criteria (δmovement) due to patient movement, a warning message is generated in the form of light and sound. The described procedure repeats automatically for each patient. A motion phantom, which operates by moving a distance of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, and 1.0 cm for 1 and 2 s, respectively, was used to evaluate the system performance. The authors measured optimal δmovement for clinical use, the minimum distance that can be detected with this system, and the response time of the whole system using a video analysis technique. The stability of the system in a linear accelerator unit was evaluated for a period of 6 months.Results:
As a result of the moving phantom test, the δmovement for detection of all simulated phantom motion except the 0.1 cm movement was determined to be 0.2% of total number of pixels in the initial image. The system can detect phantom motion as small as 0.2 cm. The measured response time from the detection of phantom movement to generation of the warning signal was 0.1 s. No significant functional disorder of the system was observed during the testing period.Conclusions:
The VGRPM system has a convenient design, which synchronizes initiation of the analysis with a beam on/off signal from the treatment machine and may contribute to a reduction in treatment error due to patient motion and increase the accuracy of treatment dose delivery.
Breast radiotherapy in the prone position primarily reduces the maximum out-of-field measured dose to the ipsilateral lung39(2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.3700402View Description Hide DescriptionPurpose:
To quantify the potential advantages of prone position breast radiotherapy in terms of the radiation exposure to out-of-field organs, particularly, the breast or the lung. Several dosimetric studies have been reported, based on commercial treatment planning software (TPS). These TPS approaches are not, however, adequate for characterizing out-of-field doses. In this work, relevant out-of-field organdoses have been directly measured.Methods:
The authors utilized an adult anthropomorphic phantom to conduct measurements of out-of-field doses in prone and supine position, using 50 Gy prescription doseintensity modulated radiation therapy(IMRT) and 3D-CRT plans. Measurements were made using multiple MOSFETdosimeters in various locations in the ipsilateral lung, the contralateral lung and in the contralateral breast.Results:
The closer the organ (or organ segment) was to the treatment volume, the more dose sparing was seen for prone vs supine positioning. Breast radiotherapy in the prone position results in a marked reduction in the dose to the proximal part of the ipsilateral lung, compared with treatment in the conventional supine position. This is true both for 3D-CRT and for IMRT. For IMRT, the maximum measured dose to the lung was reduced from 4 to 1.6 Gy, while for 3D-CRT, the maximum measured lungdose was reduced from 5 to 1.7 Gy. For the proximal part of the ipsilateral lung, as well as for the contralateral lung and the contralateral breast, there is little difference in the measured organdoses whether the treatment is given in the prone or the supine-position.Conclusions:
The decrease in the maximum dose to the proximal part of the ipsilateral lung produced by prone position radiotherapy is of potentially considerable significance. The dose-response relation for radiation-induced lungcancer increases monotonically in the zero to 5-Gy dose range, implying that a major decrease in the maximum lungdose may result in a significant decrease in the radiation-induced lungcancer risk.
Improvements in dose accuracy delivered with static-MLC IMRT on an integrated linear accelerator control system39(2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.3701778View Description Hide DescriptionPurpose:
Dose accuracy has been shown to vary with dose per segment and dose rate when delivered with static multileaf collimator (SMLC) intensity modulated radiation therapy(IMRT) by Varian C-series MLCcontrollers. The authors investigated the impact of monitor units (MUs) per segment and dose rate on the dosedelivery accuracy of SMLC-IMRT fields on a Varian TrueBeam linear accelerator(LINAC), which deliversdose and manages motion of all components using a single integrated controller.Methods:
An SMLC sequence was created consisting of ten identical 10 × 10 cm2 segments with identical MUs. Beam holding between segments was achieved by moving one out-of-field MLC leaf pair. Measurements were repeated for various combinations of MU/segment ranging from 1 to 40 and dose rates of 100–600 MU/min for a 6 MV photon beam (6X) and dose rates of 800–2400 MU/min for a 10 MV flattening-filter free photon (10XFFF) beam. All measurements were made with a Farmer (0.6 cm3) ionization chamber placed at the isocenter in a solid–water phantom at 10 cm depth. The measurements were performed on two Varian LINACs: C-series Trilogy and TrueBeam. Each sequence was delivered three times and the dose readings for the corresponding segments were averaged. The effects of MU/segment, dose rate, and LINAC type on the relative dose variation (Δ i ) were compared using F-tests (α = 0.05).Results:
On the Trilogy, large Δ i was observed in small MU segments: at 1 MU/segment, the maximum Δ i was 10.1% and 57.9% at 100 MU/min and 600 MU/min, respectively. Also, the first segment of each sequence consistently overshot (Δ i > 0), while the last segment consistently undershot (Δ i < 0). On the TrueBeam, at 1 MU/segment, Δ i ranged from 3.0% to 4.5% at 100 and 600 MU/min; no obvious overshoot/undershoot trend was observed. F-tests showed statistically significant difference [(1 − β) =1.0000] between the Trilogy and the TrueBeam up to 10 MU/segment, at all dose rates greater than 100 MU/min. The linear trend of decreasing dose accuracy as a function of increasing dose rate on the Trilogy is no longer apparent on TrueBeam, even for dose rates as high as 2400 MU/min. Dose inaccuracy averaged over all ten segments in each beam delivery sequence was larger for Trilogy than TrueBeam, with the largest discrepancy (0.2% vs 3%) occurring for 1 MU/segment beams at both 300 and 600 MU/min.Conclusions:
Earlier generations of Varian LINACs exhibited large dose variations for small MU segments in SMLC-IMRT delivery. Our results confirmed these findings. The dosedelivery accuracy for SMLC-IMRT is significantly improved on TrueBeam compared to Trilogy for every combination of low MU/segment (1–10) and high dose rate (200–600 MU/min), in part due to the faster sampling rate (100 vs 20 Hz) and enhanced electronic integration of the MLCcontroller with the LINAC. SMLC-IMRT can be implemented on TrueBeam with higher dose accuracy per beam (±0.2% vs ±3%) than previous generations of Varian C-series LINACs for 1 MU/segment delivered at 600 MU/min).
Generation of a novel phase-space-based cylindrical dose kernel for IMRT optimizationa)39(2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.3700403View Description Hide DescriptionPurpose:
Improving dose calculation accuracy is crucial in intensity-modulated radiation therapy(IMRT). We have developed a method for generating a phase-space-based dose kernel for IMRT planning of lungcancer patients.Methods:
Particle transport in the linear acceleratortreatment head of a 21EX, 6 MV photon beam (Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA) was simulated using the EGSnrc/BEAMnrc code system. The phase space information was recorded under the secondary jaws. Each particle in the phase space file was associated with a beamlet whose index was calculated and saved in the particle's LATCH variable. The DOSXYZnrc code was modified to accumulate the energy deposited by each particle based on its beamlet index. Furthermore, the central axis of each beamlet was calculated from the orientation of all the particles in this beamlet. A cylinder was then defined around the central axis so that only the energy deposited within the cylinder was counted. A look-up table was established for each cylinder during the tallying process. The efficiency and accuracy of the cylindrical beamlet energy deposition approach was evaluated using a treatment plan developed on a simulated lung phantom.Results:
Profile and percentage depth doses computed in a water phantom for an open, square field size were within 1.5% of measurements. Dose optimized with the cylindrical dose kernel was found to be within 0.6% of that computed with the nontruncated 3D kernel. The cylindrical truncation reduced optimization time by approximately 80%.Conclusions:
A method for generating a phase-space-based dose kernel, using a truncated cylinder for scoring dose, in beamlet-based optimization of lungtreatment planning was developed and found to be in good agreement with the standard, nontruncated scoring approach. Compared to previous techniques, our method significantly reduces computational time and memory requirements, which may be useful for Monte-Carlo-based 4D IMRT or IMAT treatment planning.
Variations in dose distribution and optical properties of GafchromicTM EBT2 film according to scanning mode39(2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.3700731View Description Hide DescriptionPurpose:
The authors aim was to investigate the effects of using transmission and reflection scanning modes, the film orientation during scanning, and ambient room light on a dosimetry system based on the GafchromicTM EBT2 film model.Methods:
For calibration, the films were cut to 3 × 3 cm2 and irradiated from 20 to 700 cGy at the depth of maximum dose using 6 and 10 MV photon beams in a 10 × 10 cm2 field size. Absolute dosecalibration of the linear accelerator was done according to the TRS398 protocol. An FG65-G ionization chamber was used to monitor the dose while irradiating the films in solid water. The film pieces were scanned with an EPSON Expression 1680 Pro flatbed scanner in transmission and reflection modes. Authors investigated the effect of orientation on films and examined the optical properties of EBT2 film using an ellipsometer and an ultraviolet (UV)/visible spectrometer to explain the dosimetric dependence of the film on orientation during the scanning process. To investigate the effect of ambient room light, films were preirradiated in 6 and 10 MV photon beams with intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) quality assurance (QA) plans, and then exposed to room light, either directly for 2 days in a workroom or for 2 months in a film box. Gamma index pass criteria of (3%, 3 mm) were used.Results:
The dose response curves based on net optical density (NOD) indicated that the reflection scanning mode can provide a better dose sensitivity than the transmission scanning mode, whereas the standard deviation of the dose is greater in reflection mode than in transmission mode. When the film was rotated 90° from the portrait orientation, the average dose of the EBT2 film decreased by 11.5–19.6% in transmission mode and by 1.5–2.3% in reflection mode. Using an ellipsometer, variation of the refractive index of EBT2 film—the birefringence property—was found to be the largest between 45° (1.72 and 1.71) and 135° (1.8 and 1.77) for 300 and 800 cGy. Absorption spectra of EBT2 films measured with spectrometer were the function of film orientation. The readings in reflection scanning mode were more stable against room light than those in transmission scanning mode, although dose readings increased in both modes after the films were exposed to room light.Conclusions:
The transmission scanning mode exhibited a strong dependence on film orientation during scanning and a change in optical density resulting from room light exposure, so a constant scanning orientation and minimal exposure to light can reduce uncertainty in the measured dose (23 ± 3%). The angular dependence was analyzed using Jones matrices and optical properties of EBT2 film were obtained using an ellipsometer and an UV/visible spectrometer. The reflection scanning mode has relatively good stability with respect to room light and film orientation on a scanner, although the large standard deviation of dose is a disadvantage in measurements of absolute dose. Reflection scanning mode can offer a potential advantage for film dosimetry in radiotherapy, although transmission scanning mode is still recommended for dosimetry as it provides better uncertainty results.
Automated beam placement for breast radiotherapy using a support vector machine based algorithm39(2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.3700736View Description Hide DescriptionPurpose:
To develop an automated beam placement technique for whole breast radiotherapy using tangential beams. We seek to find optimal parameters for tangential beams to cover the whole ipsilateral breast (WB) and minimize the dose to the organs at risk (OARs).Methods:
A support vector machine (SVM) based method is proposed to determine the optimal posterior plane of the tangential beams. Relative significances of including/avoiding the volumes of interests are incorporated into the cost function of the SVM. After finding the optimal 3-D plane that separates the whole breast (WB) and the included clinical target volumes (CTVs) from the OARs, the gantry angle, collimator angle, and posterior jaw size of the tangential beams are derived from the separating plane equation. Dosimetric measures of the treatment plans determined by the automated method are compared with those obtained by applying manual beam placement by the physicians. The method can be further extended to use multileaf collimator(MLC) blocking by optimizing posterior MLC positions.Results:
The plans for 36 patients (23 prone- and 13 supine-treated) with left breast cancer were analyzed. Our algorithm reduced the volume of the heart that receives >500 cGy dose (V5) from 2.7 to 1.7 cm3 (p = 0.058) on average and the volume of the ipsilateral lung that receives >1000 cGy dose (V10) from 55.2 to 40.7 cm3 (p = 0.0013). The dose coverage as measured by volume receiving >95% of the prescription dose (V95%) of the WB without a 5 mm superficial layer decreases by only 0.74% (p = 0.0002) and the V95% for the tumor bed with 1.5 cm margin remains unchanged.Conclusions:
This study has demonstrated the feasibility of using a SVM-based algorithm to determine optimal beam placement without a physician's intervention. The proposed method reduced the dose to OARs, especially for supine treated patients, without any relevant degradation of dose homogeneity and coverage in general.
Characterization of a novel two dimensional diode array the "magic plate" as a radiation detector for radiation therapy treatment39(2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.3700234View Description Hide DescriptionPurpose:
Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) utilizes the technology of multileaf collimators to deliver highly modulated and complex radiation treatment. Dosimetric verification of the IMRT treatment requires the verification of the delivered dose distribution. Two dimensional ion chamber or diode arrays are gaining popularity as a dosimeter of choice due to their real time feedback compared to film dosimetry. This paper describes the characterization of a novel 2D diode array, which has been named the "magic plate" (MP). It was designed to function as a 2D transmission detector as well as a planar detector for dose distribution measurements in a solid water phantom for the dosimetric verification of IMRT treatment delivery.Methods:
The prototype MP is an 11 × 11 detector array based on thin (50μm) epitaxialdiode technology mounted on a 0.6 mm thick Kapton substrate using a proprietary "drop-in" technology developed by the Centre for Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong. A full characterization of the detector was performed, including radiation damage study, dose per pulse effect, percent depth dose comparison with CC13 ion chamber and build up characteristics with a parallel plane ion chamber measurements, dose linearity, energy response and angular response.Results:
Postirradiated magic plate diodes showed a reproducibility of 2.1%. The MP dose per pulse response decreased at higher dose rates while at lower dose rates the MP appears to be dose rate independent. The depth dose measurement of the MP agrees with ion chamber depth dose measurements to within 0.7% while dose linearity was excellent. MP showed angular response dependency due to the anisotropy of the silicondiode with the maximum variation in angular response of 10.8% at gantry angle 180°. Angular dependence was within 3.5% for the gantry angles ± 75°. The field size dependence of the MP at isocenter agrees with ion chamber measurement to within 1.1%. In the beam perturbation study, the surface dose increased by 12.1% for a 30 × 30 cm2field size at the source to detector distance (SDD) of 80 cm whilst the transmission for the MP was 99%.Conclusions:
The radiation response of the magic plate was successfully characterized. The array of epitaxialsilicon based detectors with "drop-in" packaging showed properties suitable to be used as a simplified multipurpose and nonperturbing 2D radiation detector for radiation therapy dosimetric verification.
Beam properties and stability of a flattening-filter free 7 MV beam—An overview39(2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.3703835View Description Hide DescriptionPurpose:
Several works have recently focused on flattening-filter-free (FFF) beams of linear accelerators of various companies (in particular, Varian and Elekta), but no overview as yet exists for the flattening-filter free 7XU beam (Siemens Artiste).Methods:
Dosimetric properties of the 7XU beam were measured in May and September 2011. We present depth dose curves and beam profiles, output factors, and MLC transmission and assess the stability of the measurements. The 7XU beam was commissioned in the Pinnacle³ treatment planning system (TPS), and modeling results including the spectrum are presented.Results:
The percent depth dose curve of the 7XU beam is similar to the flat 6X beam line, with a slightly smaller surfacedose. The beam profiles show the characteristic shape of flattening-filter free beams, with deviations between measurements of generally less than 1%. The output factors of the 7XU beam decrease more slowly than for the 6X beam. The MLC transmission is comparable but slightly less for the 7XU beam. The 7XU beam can be adequately modeled by the Pinnacle³ TPS, with successful dosimetric verification. The spectrum of the 7XU beam has lower photon fluence up to approximately 2.5 MeV and higher fluence beyond, with a slightly higher mean energy.Conclusions:
The 7XU beam has been commissioned for clinical use after successful modeling, stability checks, and dosimetric verification.
Anatomy structure creation and editing using 3D implicit surfaces39(2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.3702467View Description Hide DescriptionPurpose:
To accurately reconstruct, and interactively reshape 3D anatomystructures'surfaces using small numbers of 2D contours drawn in the most visually informative views of 3D imagery. The innovation of this program is that the number of 2D contours can be very much smaller than the number of transverse sections, even for anatomystructures spanning many sections. This program can edit 3D structures from prior segmentations, including those from autosegmentation programs. The reconstruction and surface editing works with any image modality.Methods:
Structures are represented by variational implicit surfaces defined by weighted sums of radial basis functions (RBFs). Such surfaces are smooth, continuous, and closed and can be reconstructed with RBFs optimally located to efficiently capture shape in any combination of transverse (T), sagittal (S), and coronal (C) views. The accuracy of implicit surface reconstructions was measured by comparisons with the corresponding expert-contoured surfaces in 103 prostate cancer radiotherapy plans. Editing a pre-existing surface is done by overdrawing its profiles in image views spanning the affected part of the structure, deleting an appropriate set of prior RBFs, and merging the remainder with the new edit contour RBFs. Two methods were devised to identify RBFs to be deleted based only on the geometry of the initial surface and the locations of the new RBFs.Results:
Expert-contoured surfaces were compared with implicit surfacesreconstructed from them over varying numbers and combinations of T/S/C planes. Studies revealed that surface–surface agreement increases monotonically with increasing RBF-sample density, and that the rate of increase declines over the same range. These trends were observed for all surface agreement metrics and for all the organs studied—prostate, bladder, and rectum. In addition, S and C contours may convey more shape information than T views for CT studies in which the axial slice thickness is greater than the pixel size. Surface editing accuracy likewise improves with larger sampling densities, and the rate of improvement similarly declines over the same conditions.Conclusions:
Implicit surfaces based on RBFs are accurate representations of anatomic structures and can be interactively generated or modified to correct segmentation errors. The number of input contours is typically smaller than the number of T contours spanned by the structure.
Evaluation of the geometric accuracy of surrogate-based gated VMAT using intrafraction kilovoltage x-ray images39(2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.4704729View Description Hide DescriptionPurpose:
To evaluate the geometric accuracy of beam targeting in external surrogate-based gated volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) using kilovoltage (kV) x-rayimages acquired during dose delivery.Methods:
Gated VMAT treatments were delivered using a Varian TrueBeam STx Linac for both physical phantoms and patients. Multiple gold fiducial markers were implanted near the target. The reference position was created for each implanted marker, representing its correct position at the gating threshold. The gating signal was generated from the RPM system. During the treatment, kV images were acquired immediately before MV beam-on at every breathing cycle, using the on-board imagingsystem. All implanted markers were detected and their 3D positions were estimated using in-house developed software. The positioning error of a marker is defined as the distance of the marker from its reference position for each frame of the images. The overall error of the system is defined as the average over all markers. For the phantom study, both sinusoidal motion (1D and 3D) and real human respiratory motion was simulated for the target and surrogate. In the baseline case, the two motions were synchronized for the first treatment fraction. To assess the effects of surrogate–target correlation on the geometric accuracy, a phase shift of 5% and 10% between the two motions was introduced. For the patient study, intrafraction kV images of five stereotactic body radiotherapy(SBRT) patients were acquired for one or two fractions.Results:
For the phantom study, a high geometric accuracy was achieved in the baseline case (average error: 0.8 mm in the superior–inferior or SI direction). However, the treatment delivery is prone to geometric errors if changes in the target–surrogate relation occur during the treatment: the average error was increased to 2.3 and 4.7 mm for the phase shift of 5% and 10%, respectively. Results obtained with real human respiratory curves show a similar trend. For a target with 3D motion, the technique is able to detect geometric errors in the left–right (LR) and anterior–posterior (AP) directions. For the patient study, the average intrafraction positioning errors are 0.8, 0.9, and 1.4 mm and 95th percentile errors are 1.7, 2.1, and 2.7 mm in the LR, AP, and SI directions, respectively.Conclusions:
The correlation between external surrogate and internal target motion is crucial to ensure the geometric accuracy of surrogate-based gating. Real-time guidance based on kV x-rayimages overcomes the potential issues in surrogate-based gating and can achieve accurate beam targeting in gated VMAT.
Evolving treatment plan quality criteria from institution-specific experience39(2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.4704497View Description Hide DescriptionPurpose:
The dosimetric aspects of radiation therapytreatment plan quality are usually evaluated and reported with dose volume histogram (DVH) endpoints. For clinical practicality, a small number of representative quantities derived from the DVH are often used as dose endpoints to summarize the plan quality. National guidelines on reference values for such quantities for some standard treatment approaches are often used as acceptance criteria to trigger treatment plan review. On the other hand, treatment prescription and planning approaches specific to each institution warrants the need to report plan quality in terms of practice consistency and with respect to institution-specific experience. The purpose of this study is to investigate and develop a systematic approach to record and characterize the institution-specific plan experience and use such information to guide the design of plan quality criteria. In the clinical setting, this approach will assist in (1) improving overall plan quality and consistency and (2) detecting abnormal plan behavior for retrospective analysis.Methods:
The authors propose a self-evolving methodology and have developed an in-house prototype software suite that (1) extracts the dose endpoints from a treatment plan and evaluates them against both national standard and institution-specific criteria and (2) evolves the statistics for the dose endpoints and updates institution-specific criteria.Results:
The validity of the proposed methodology was demonstrated with a database of prostate stereotactic body radiotherapy cases. As more data sets are accumulated, the evolving institution-specific criteria can serve as a reliable and stable consistency measure for plan quality and reveals the potential use of the "tighter" criteria than national standards or projected criteria, leading to practice that may push to shrink the gap between plans deemed acceptable and the underlyingunknown optimality.Conclusions:
The authors have developed a rationale to improve plan quality and consistency, by evolving the plan quality criteria from institution-specific experience, complementary to national standards. The validity of the proposed method was demonstrated with a prototype system on prostate stereotactic body radiotherapy(SBRT) cases. The current study uses direct and indirect DVH endpoints for plan quality evaluation, but the infrastructure proposed here applies to general outcome data as well. The authors expect forward evaluation together with intelligent update based on evidence-based learning, which will evolve the clinical practice for improved efficiency, consistency, and ultimately better treatment outcome.
Using spatial information about recurrence risk for robust optimization of dose-painting prescription functions39(2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.4704499View Description Hide DescriptionPurpose:
To develop a robust method for deriving dose-painting prescription functions using spatial information about the risk for disease recurrence.Methods:
Spatial distributions of radiobiological model parameters are derived from distributions of recurrence risk after uniform irradiation. These model parameters are then used to derive optimal dose-painting prescription functions given a constant mean biologically effective dose.Results:
An estimate for the optimal dose distribution can be derived based on spatial information about recurrence risk. Dose painting based on imaging markers that are moderately or poorly correlated with recurrence risk are predicted to potentially result in inferior disease control when compared the same mean biologically effective dose delivered uniformly. A robust optimization approach may partially mitigate this issue.Conclusions:
The methods described here can be used to derive an estimate for a robust, patient-specific prescription function for use in dose painting. Two approximate scaling relationships were observed: First, the optimal choice for the maximum dose differential when using either a linear or two-compartment prescription function is proportional to R, where R is the Pearson correlation coefficient between a given imaging marker and recurrence risk after uniform irradiation. Second, the predicted maximum possible gain in tumor control probability for any robust optimization technique is nearly proportional to the square of R.
Cumulative sum method in nonzero fixed action level setup correction strategy: An application of statistical process control for targeted prostate radiotherapy39(2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.4705349View Description Hide DescriptionPurpose:
This study aims to incorporate a statistical process control tool, the cumulative sum (CUSUM) method, in the nonzero fixed action level setup correction strategy for the detection and correction of systematic shifts in prostate position during prostate image-guidedradiotherapy.Methods:
A daily nonzero action level setup correction strategy using CUSUM chart was proposed and tested retrospectively on 34 nonrandomized patients with prostate-implanted fiducial markersin situ plus daily localization via stereoscopic electronic portal imaging. A cumulative error index, which monitors a cumulative process index over time, was implemented in parallel with the localization offsets of the prostate. A value of this index exceeding a decision interval H indicated that a systematic change in the mean value of localization had occurred. When a value of the index exceeding H was recorded, the magnitude of the systematic shift was estimated and the subsequent prescribed offsets were corrected to account for the new setup positions. With the new protocol, the authors produced simulated treatment histories in which the detection of systematic shifts and the frequency of localization offset exceeding action level were evaluated. The protocol was examined against three levels of mean systematic shifts of localization for detection (μ1) of 3, 5, and 7 mm.Results:
The overall rates of detection of systematic shifts using this algorithm were relatively high. The level μ1 = 3 mm resulted in the highest rate of detection of systematic offset change, in 42% of the charts. For larger values of μ1, the overall detection numbers fell to 18% and 12% of the charts for μ1 = 5 and 7 mm, respectively. The mean magnitude of change in systematic offset at time of detection was 3.1, 4.4, and 5.2 mm for μ1 = 3, 5, and 7 mm, respectively. By adapting the setup position for any change in systematic localization offset over a course of treatment using the new protocol, it has been shown that the frequency of localization offsets exceeding action levels was reduced. For the optimal choice of intervention levels for correction and μ1, the number of localization offsets exceeding action levels has been reduced by approximately half.Conclusions:
The nonzero fixed action level setup correction strategy incorporating CUSUM charts has been shown to provide an objective method for (i) detecting a systematic shift of a patient localization offset, (ii) quantifying the magnitude of a systematic change based on previous observations, and (iii) correcting the prescribed offset by accounting for the systematic shift(s) in patient setup position.
Dosimetric comparison of treatment plans based on free breathing, maximum, and average intensity projection CTs for lung cancer SBRT39(2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.4705353View Description Hide DescriptionPurpose:
To determine whether there is a CT dataset may be more favorable for planning and dose calculation by comparing dosimetric characteristics between treatment plans calculated using free breathing (FB), maximum and average intensity projection (MIP and AIP, respectively) CTs for lungcancer patients receiving stereotactic body radiation therapy(SBRT).Methods:
Twenty lungcancerSBRT patients, treated on a linac with 2.5 mm width multileaf-collimator (MLC), were analyzed retrospectively. Both FB helical and four-dimensional CT scans were acquired for each patient. Internal target volume (ITV) was delineated based on MIP CTs and modified based on both ten-phase datasets and FB CTs. Planning target volume (PTV) was then determined by adding additional setup margin to ITV. The PTVs and beams in the optimized treatment plan based on FB CTs were copied to MIP and AIP CTs, with the same isocenters, MLC patterns and monitor units. Mean effective depth (MED) of beams, and some dosimetric parameters for both PTVs and most important organ at risk (OAR), lung minus PTV, were compared between any two datasets using two-tail pairedt test.Results:
The MEDs in FB and AIP plans were similar but significantly smaller ( P s < 0.001) than that in MIP plans. Minimum dose, mean dose,dose covering at least 90% and 95% of PTVs in MIP plans were slightly higher than two other plans ( P s < 0.008). The absolute volume of lung minus PTV receiving greater than 5, 10, and 20 Gy in MIP plans were significantly smaller than those in both FB and AIP plans ( P s < 0.008). Conformity index for FB plans showed a small but statistically significantly higher.Conclusions:
Dosimetric characteristics of AIP plans are similar to those of FB plans. Slightly better target volume coverage and significantly lower low-dose region (≤30 Gy) in lung was observed in MIP plans. The decrease in low-dose region in lung was mainly caused by the change of lung volume contoured on two datasets rather than the differences of dose distribution between AIP and MIP plans. Compare with AIP datasets, FB datasets were more prone to significant image artifacts and MIP datasets may overestimate or underestimate the target volume when the target is closer to the denser tissue, so AIP seems favorable for planning and dose calculation for lungSBRT.
Inverse-planned modulated-arc total-body irradiation39(2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.4705366View Description Hide DescriptionPurpose:
To develop a simple and robust method for inverse-planned total-body irradiation (TBI) that is more comfortable and has better dose homogeneity than the conventional forward-planned techniques and that can be delivered in a standard-sized treatment vault.Methods:
Modulated-arc TBI (MATBI) utilizes an arc of static open-field beams to irradiate patients as they lay on a stationary couch beneath the gantry, with cerrobend blocks suspended over organs at risk to provide shielding. Prior to treatment, full-body computed tomography(CT)images are acquired of each patient and imported into thePINNACLE3 planning system, which modulates the monitor units for the open-field beams to optimize the body dose uniformity. The volume of the body within 10% of the prescription dose, V(±10), is used as a metric to evaluate the dose uniformity. For comparison to MATBI, the dose distribution of a conventional forward-planned treatment is also calculated. Quality assurance measurements are acquired before treatment by delivering the plans to a phantom and during treatment with an ionization chamber inside a buildup block, placed between the patient's ankles.Results:
For MATBI, the achieved values of V(±10) were 75.8%, 90.2%, 84.6%, and 79.8% compared to 60.3%, 77.4%, 65.6%, and 68.5% for the conventional TBI technique, respectively. The pretreatment ion chamber measurements in the phantom had an average error of 1.2%. Those acquired during treatment had larger errors, with most points being within 3% of predictions.Conclusions:
MATBI provides better dose uniformity and comfort than the conventional forward-planned TBI techniques. In addition, the technique can be implemented on most linacs, in standard-sized vaults, without the use of a translating couch.


text:
This story has its origins in an earlier story I wrote for the Guild Hall... but with the release of Nightfall and Eye of the North, I felt compelled to break it completely down to the foundation and rebuild it. This construction bears little resemblance to its forbearer, but I hope it ends up just as good.
We shall see, I suppose.
The Throne of Pandemonium
Chapter One
It is sometimes said that there is no such thing as "pure" fiction; that even the most outrageous children's stories contain within them even the smallest shred of truth. Perhaps that is a fallacy, but in this case, it is all too accurate, and once again, the world teeters in the balance. How many more times can Tyria face the end of days?
How many more times can I?
This was harder than it looked.
Devona was having an increased respect for the farmers that kept people fed. Her muscles were as sore as if she had just finished a prolonged battle… and this was only the first day of the first planting session of the year.
And to think that the farmers who chose to remain in Ascalon with their king had to work twice as hard and twice as long for half the yield that they received in the North Kryta Province… the warrior had to fight back a sympathetic shudder.
She had been exempt from the farm chores up until this point, having to put her talents to other duties in order to keep the refugee people of Ascalon safe from harm. But with the Abaddon dead, his subordinates either dead or scattered, as well as the Great Destroyer defeated and its minions mindless and hunted… there wasn't much for a warrior to do to ply her trade.
Devona knew she had no one to blame but herself, after all. She was the one who insisted to the elders of the camp she do something useful. And so her hammer became a rake; her sword, a spade. Unfortunately, the pain and fatigue seemed universal.
"That's enough for today, Devona." The farm master declared from behind her, and her fighter instincts nearly introduced her rake to the elderly man's face. "Ya did good for a first day. Get some rest, because we're doing double tomorrow."
"Joy…" She groaned, rolling her shoulders and ignoring the sore protest of her joints, slung her rake and spade up and steadily strode back to the humble settlement.
"Could I have a moment of your time?" A dour voice asked from behind her, causing the warrior to whirl about quickly… only to see nothing but air.
"Down here, bookah."
If the prompting to turn her eyes downward hadn't been enough of a clue, the nickname would have been. Just beneath her normal line of vision, the Asura genius Vekk was standing almost right on her feet, staring up at Devona with uniform black eyes that never seemed to blink quite enough.
"Vekk!" Devona yelped, trying hard to suppress her astonishment. "This is a… pleasant surprise."
"Yes, I'm sure you're positively charmed." The Asura droned. "Please, spare the pleasantries. I am in plentiful amounts of haste."
Devona had mixed feelings about Vekk in the time they allied to fight the Great Destroyer and his minions. On one hand, she liked his "to the point" nature; yet on the other… he could be so damned condescendingly obnoxious.
"Fine, then why are you here?"
"I need an audience with your king. I have the understanding you have the connections to make that possible."
Devona blinked, wondering what would bring the Asura to make such a request. "My king?"
Vekk took a deep breath and sighed. What was it about humans that prompted them to ask stupid questions?
At one time, he had mused that humans spoke without really saying anything because they only had the intellect to either move their mouth or think, and if they stopped talking, their brains would start working… but eventually rejected that thought for being unnecessarily cynical.
"You're Ascalonian, correct?" Vekk finally asked.
Devona nodded slowly. "Yes…"
"Then you should know who I'm talking about… unless the Kingdom of Ascalon has two kings; which I highly doubt from what I know of the land."
"King Adelbern."
"I see you're gathering the thrust of the conversation oh so quickly." Vekk drawled, his eyelids shifting, indicating he was rolling his eyes. "I need to speak with your King Adelbern as promptly as possible on a matter of great importance to both our people. I am told you have the ability to garner such an audience."
"Even if I could… why should I?" The warrior asked, now beginning to sense that in a roundabout way she was being insulted.
"It would be more efficient to tell my story once with all relevant parties present than multiple times to everyone individually. I would hope in our time as allies you would have learned that I am not one to make such bold requests for trivial reasons." The Asura straightened in a vain attempt to make himself look taller, and repeated, "I trust I can count on your assistance in this matter."
Devona shook her head. "I think you overvalue my worth in the King's eyes. I was a captain in his military, nothing more."
"If by 'nothing more', you mean the consort and betro…"
Vekk felt Devona's hand slap over his mouth, and his instincts kicked in, sinking his small yet dagger sharp teeth into the flesh.
The warrior yelped, and yanked her hand away. "You little beast!" She snarled, then noticed that Vekk was no longer paying attention to her; the Asura spitting and hacking while smacking his lips distastefully.
"That was vile." He complained between spasms. "How do you humans bear being next to each other? What a horrible, putrid, and hideous…. Ugh! It'll take me a week to wash the taste out of my mouth."
"How in Grenth's name did you know?" She demanded before nursing the now bleeding bite marks on her hand.
Vekk turned his gaze upward again. "I have my ways. The Asura may have been hidden, but we make it our habit of knowing things."
"Nonetheless, that was a long time ago." Devona answered, "And I'd rather you and your kin to not start spreading long dead news about. It means nothing anymore."
"You sound so certain…"
At that moment, the farm master approached at a slow jog from the fields. "I heard a scream." He said, his pitchfork at the ready and his eyes scanning for any threat, yet seemingly oblivious to Vekk as the old man's eyes passed over three times. "Is something wrong?"
"Oh no, dear sir." Vekk began, a mischievous grin beginning to spread across his face as he again looked up at Devona. The warrior caught the expression, and scowled as the Asura continued, "She was just a little surprised by my appearance. However, since you are here, I suppose that I should tell you that Devona is…"
"… Taking Vekk here to Ascalon for an important meeting with King Adelbern." the warrior finished hastily, inwardly furious that she had been… guided… into that particular answer. "I'm afraid that it must take priority, and I will not be able to assist tomorrow with the harvest."
The old farmer exhaled. "No offense, but you won't exactly be missed. Half your load had to be discarded because you plucked it wrong. Go play hero… I know you're good at that."
Vekk started to chuckle, but Devona's glare quickly silenced him. "Thank you, Farm Master Howell." She said with a bow, even as her pride stung from being so casually dismissed by that dirty, simple old man. Vekk followed suit, then took stride behind Devona, having to pick his pace to a run occasionally to keep up with the human's longer legs.
Nonetheless, it didn't stop him from uttering cheerfully, "I do so love it when a plan comes together."
* * * * *
When Devona was traveling and fighting whatever force of evil came her way, all she could think about was a time where she could be at peace and live a "normal" life.
And yet, after one month of that "normal" life, she couldn't help but notice the spring in her step as she prepared for traveling once again.
"Are you ready yet?" Vekk asked from outside Devona's hut, his voice reflecting impatience.
"Gods save you, Vekk. I've only been in here ten minutes." She shouted back. On second thought, traveling with that Asura was quickly draining her excitement.
"Well, that's ten minutes of my life wasted then. However, I wasn't talking to you."
Devona's eyebrows turned downward, and her mind shifted in reverse. Hastily snapping her backpack shut and slinging it over her right shoulder, she took three strides to the door, flung it open, and began to ask, "Then who…?"
"You were going to go on a nice vacation, and you didn't invite us?" Cynn's teasing voice reflected her haughty posture. "We're hurt."
"Cynn! You can't travel in your condition!" Devona protested. Being with child was a great responsibility not to be risked, and the road to Ascalon was perilous at the best of times, ironically much worse now then ever before since the Deldrimor abandoned their kingdom in the Shiverpeaks.
"I'm not giving birth tomorrow, for the gods sake." Cynn answered with a roll of her eyes. "I've already had this fight with Mhenlo, and I'm not going through it again."
"Yes, please… don't go through it again." Mhenlo said with a forlorn groan.
"Agreed, you wouldn't want Cynn doing to your home what she did to theirs during their… disagreement." Aiden answered. "After that, the village elders were about to demand Cynn leave before she set the whole settlement ablaze."
Cynn grunted in disdain. "You light a few crows on fire to make a point, and people think you're a menace. Isn't that what the farmers want anyway? Besides, I wasn't the one that animated their skeletons and sent them into the settlement center. That was Eve's doing."
"The screams were delightful… although I have to give credit to Adam. It was his idea, not mine." The necromancer said with a voice that was bordering on wistful.
"At any rate, soon after our decision was made for us. The elders asked us none too politely if we could find somewhere more useful to be." Mhenlo finished with a defeated sag of his shoulders.
Devona began to understand why the group was being asked to accompany her on her journey; the settlement wanted to get them out of the vicinity before they burned it to the ground.
"If it assuages your concerns any, my travel plans include an Asura Gate to just underneath what was once Thunderhead Keep." Vekk added. "It will cut our travel time immensely."
The young warrior sighed in surrender. "I suppose there's nothing to do about it, is there? It'll be like old times… for good or for ill."


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Home > Middle School > Middle School Community
Tiffany6170 December 3, 2009
My daughter just began 6th grade. She is 11 years old, will be 12 in a couple months. She is a very good kid. She is very open and honest with me and is just a joy to have around. She is also a tomboy. She watches wrestling and would rather play with boys than girls. She has nothing in common with them. She has no interest in doing her nails or her hair or any of the other girly things the other girls her age are in to. She has cried to me on several occasions lately because she says she feels "alone" at school. She says she sees other girls run up and hug each other or gather around their lockers and she doesn't have this. She desperately wants friends and this is really becoming an issue for her. She is very quiet at school (she is not even close to being quiet at home!!!) and I think this is because she lacks self-confidence. I've already suggested that she talk to some of the girls and kind of hang out with them in class and maybe ask one or two of them to come to her house for a sleepover. She's scared to do this. What else can I tell her to do. I'm hoping that as the year goes on (schools been in for about 4 months) she will get to know the kids better. She usually makes friends with the boys pretty fast, but she isn't able to make friends with them either. I wish I had the answer, but I don't know what to tell her. HELP!!!!
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Staff Correspondent
Seer expresses concern over dwindling numbers of native breeds
Hosnagar Ramachandrapura Math has established cow banks in six districts It will establish Go Raksha Parishats in each district The numbers of the Deoni breed have decreased by over 75 per cent in the last decade
Bidar: A swamiji heading a campaign for preservation of native Indian breeds of cattle has urged farmers not to sell away cows as soon as they get old.
Sri Raghaveshwara Bharati Swamiji of Hosnagar Ramachandrapura Math urged farmers to rear cows till they die, as their urine and dung that have medicinal value, were as valuable as milk. He was addressing a public meeting in Bidar on Sunday.
"We cannot blame slaughter houses for the decreasing numbers of native breeds of cattle. A cow gets killed the moment a farmer thinks it is old and he should sell it," he said. "No one snatches the cow from the farmer's shed. It is the farmer who sells it to the slaughter house. We should all introspect on this aspect," he said.
"Farmers are yet to realise the real value of a cow. While cow's milk sells at Rs. 15 a litre, its urine sells at Rs. 150 a litre," the swamiji said. A laboratory established in the Math's headquarters in Hosnagar had proved that cow's urine could cure several diseases. The Math planned to set up units to process cow's urine to extend its shelf life. The Math was also promoting use and sales of urine-based products such as soaps, cream and mosquito repellents.
The swamiji urged farmers not to develop a craze for exotic breeds, as though they yielded large quantities of milk, their urine and other products did not have medicinal value. It was also uneconomical to maintain an exotic breed than a native breed, he said.
He said the Math would establish "Go Raksha Parishats" in each district that would take up protection and preservation of native breeds and create awareness among farmers about these breeds. He urged farmers not to sell aged cattle to slaughterhouses, but to leave them to the care of such parishats.
He expressed serious concern about the dwindling numbers of native breeds such as Krishna Valley, Amrit Mahal, Deoni and Malenad Gidda.
According to government figures, the population of the Deoni breed unique to Bidar district had decreased by over 75 per cent in the last decade alone, he said.
The swamiji felt that the preservation of indigenous breeds was impossible by implementing the law alone. "The anti-cow slaughter bill has come up before Parliament nine times but has never been passed. Our campaign can achieve results only with the active participation of farmers and the common man," he said.
The Math had established cow banks in six districts. One such bank would come up in Bidar. This would take up the preservation of the Deoni breed of cattle apart from other breeds. It would work with the Karnataka Animal Husbandry, Veterinary and Fisheries University headquartered in Bidar.


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- Spa Comfort 24-Inch x 36-Inch Kitchen Mat in Brown
- Categories: Kitchen > Kitchen Linens > Kitchen Rugs & Mats
Sizes: 24" X 36", 24" X 60"
Ergonomically designed for all day comfort, the durable Spa Comfort Kitchen Mat helps minimize back, leg, foot, and ankle fatigue. Its innovative closed cell foam construction with protective polyurethane coating is slip-resistant and easy to clean.
- Zadro™ Luma Step-N-Shave LED Lighted Water-Resistant Footrest
- Categories: Bed & Bath > Bath Accessories > Spa Accessories
Enjoy a more comfortable and smooth leg shave when you use the Luma Step-N-Shave LED Lighted Water-Resistant Footrest. Simply place your foot on the cushioned footrest while the LED light illuminates your leg for shaving.


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Tigers Partner with Kroger to Offer $5 Tickets for Season Opener
Aug. 22, 2014
Click Here for a Map of Participating Kroger Stores
MEMPHIS - For the second year in a row the University of Memphis has joined forces with 42 area Kroger stores to sell $5 football tickets for the Tigers' season opener in support of the "Million Meals Challenge."
Memphis will face Austin Peay on Aug. 30 at Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium. Game time is slated for 6 p.m.
The University Athletic Department will donate $1 from each ticket sold at the Guest Services desks of area Kroger stores for this special charitable event. If all 10,000 tickets that have been allocated to Kroger are sold, proceeds will result in 80,000 meals for needy families.
"Our desire is for the University of Memphis football home opener to become an annual community event," Director of Athletics Tom Bowen said. "We are proud to partner with our friends at Kroger to offer $5 tickets to our fans and make a donation to our friends and neighbors who are in need at the same time."
The University of Memphis again joins with the University of Mississippi and Mississippi State University, as well as area Kroger stores, in the third annual "Million Meals Challenge". The Tigers have won the challenge the last two years. More importantly, the friendly competition has raised enough funds, food items and volunteer hours to provide over one million meals for those less fortunate in our communities in each of its first two years of existence.
Tickets for the opening game will be on sale at Kroger stores throughout the Memphis area Aug. 22 through Aug. 30 while they last. Last year, many store locations sold out of tickets prior to game day. Fans are encouraged to purchase their tickets early and follow @TigersAthletics on twitter for updates on ticket availability at specific store locations throughout the week.
Game day festivities on Aug. 30 will begin at 2:30 p.m. at the stadium with live music, inflatables, Tiger Walk, games, giveaways and all the traditional tailgating festivities.


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Quotes & Info
|MUX > SEC Filings for MUX > Form 8-K on 16-May-2014
|All Recent SEC Filings
Submission of Matters to a Vote of Security Holders, Regulation FD Disclosure,
McEwen Mining Inc. (the "Company") held its annual meeting of shareholders on May 15, 2014. Of the 297,159,359 shares outstanding and entitled to vote at the meeting, including exchangeable shares not held by the Company or its affiliates, 209,128,393 shares were voted, or 70.38% of the outstanding shares entitled to vote.
At the annual meeting, the shareholders elected the eight individuals nominated to be directors, approved the compensation of the named executive officers as described in the proxy statement, and ratified the appointment of KPMG LLP as the Company's independent registered public accounting firm for the year ending December 31, 2014.
Election results for the directors nominated at the meeting are as follows:
Shares Voted Name of Nominee For Withheld Broker Non-Votes Robert R. McEwen 140,089,849 605,731 68,432,776 Michele L. Ashby 140,056,004 639,576 68,432,776 Leanne M. Baker 140,036,634 458,946 68,432,776 Donald R.M. Quick 140,108,286 587,294 68,432,776 Michael L. Stein 140,122,457 573,123 68,432,776 Allen V. Ambrose 134,076,877 6,618,703 68,432,776 Richard W. Brissenden 112,649,675 28,945,905 68,432,776 Gregory P. Fauquier 140,154,856 540,724 68,432,776
Election results for the advisory vote on executive compensation are as follows:
For Against Abstain Broker Non-Votes 138,427,690 1,398,953 868,974 68,432,776
Election results for the ratification of the appointment of KPMG LLP as the independent registered public accounting firm for the year ending December 31, 2013 are as follows:
For Against Abstain Broker Non-Votes 207,607,113 1,042,439 478,841 0
On May 16, 2014, the Company issued a press release announcing results of its annual meeting. A copy of the press release is attached to this report as Exhibit 99.1. In addition, a copy of the PowerPoint slides presented at the meeting is attached to this report as Exhibit 99.2. A video of the 2014 annual meeting can be viewed at:
The information furnished under this Item 7.01, including the exhibits, shall not be deemed "filed" for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, nor shall it be deemed incorporated by reference in any filing under the Securities Act of 1933, except as shall be expressly set forth by reference to such filing.
(d) Exhibit. The following exhibits are furnished with this report:
99.1 Press release dated May 16, 2014.
99.2 Annual Meeting Presentation Slides


text:
2009 Raggambi Family Vacation
Whistler, Victoria and Vancouver
by Andrea Raggambi
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2010 3/4 Raggambi European Vacation
Published January 08, 2011
The Rainbow's End
Published July 12, 2008
Start your own book today from US $3.99.
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Tactical Green Laser Sight
Item # G3KW-282926
- Google+
- Details & Specs
Tactical Green Laser Sight is day / night-BRIGHT for intense accuracy. BIG BUCKS OFF!
Get on target super FAST! Up to 100 yds. of pin-point targeting in broad daylight. Plus a 300 meter range at night! Along with a tactical pressure switch for easy operation in challenging situations. Now's the time to focus on this dynamite discount deal!The bullet follows the glow:
- Green Laser offers up to 300m visibility at night, 100 yds. in daylight
- Tactical on / off pressure pad with 14"l. cable saves precious seconds and battery life
- Rugged aircraft-grade aluminum body is lightweight, compact and shockproof
- Reinforced internals means no "rattling" off target
- Easy X and Y-axis finger adjustment for windage / elevation
- Includes Picatinny-style rail mount and shotgun barrel / scope mount
- Also includes 3V CR123A lithium battery. 4 3/4"l, 9 ozs.
Take aim at this truly impressive, true daylight Laser Sight!
- Reviews
Tactical Green Laser Sight is rated out of 5 by 19.Rated 4 out of 5 by bpknives from Great laser for the money. I mounted this laser on my Accelerator 22 mag. I took it to the range the other day and got it dialed in. Set up was a breeze and the green dot was clearly visible at 100 yards in broad daylight. My only beef is that it was a cold day and the light was fading in and out. I credited this to the low quality battery that came with it. I will install a quality battery and see if this doesn't solve the problem.Date published: 2014-11-17Rated 5 out of 5 by JAMES from This is even better than the previous other brand I bought. The light is extremely bright even in daytime and has a great spread at night the farther your distance. Love this laser. Top quality and the included barrel mount has standard mount surfaces on each side for adding flashlights or other devices. This is a great mount and light.Date published: 2014-08-06Rated 5 out of 5 by JAMES R from Great ItemDate published: 0001-10-09Rated 5 out of 5 by JERRY L from Haven't got it zeroed in as yet but it has great visibility at a good distance.Date published: 2014-03-16Rated 2 out of 5 by GEORGE from Believe mine was defective - green laser could not be seen at distance of 25-30 ft inside normally lit home - VERY dim! But mountings and general appearance was good. Returned for replacement, will see how it works.Date published: 2014-01-31Rated 5 out of 5 by MARGARET from Simple and easy to use - just what I needed to help with pig hunting.Date published: 2014-01-25Rated 4 out of 5 by JAMES W from Great laser, ships with an intermittent only (no steady "on") corded button is my only drawback.Date published: 2014-01-20Rated 1 out of 5 by KEVIN from not a good unit, yes i know the price is cheap, this unit has a bad switch assembly, when you press the tailcap switch, it presses out of the tail cap and the battery presses in more, does not work for the switch is no longer touching the body. this unit is also very touchy to temperature ( i believe) for any time it is under 60 degrees it doesn't work or doesn't work right. will buy a better red laser or a really expensive green laser..Date published: 2013-12-08

 what is the difference between this laser and part # WX2-423691, They look the same.

Asked by: PAUL 1

 We would like to work with you one on one with this issue. Please contact us at email@example.com and we will respond as soon as possible.
Answered by: Customer Service

Date published: 2015-05-20

2015-05-25T17:42CST

bvseo_cps, prod_bvqa, vn_cps_3.1.3

cp_1, bvpage1

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Firefield Tactical Green Laser SightNon-Members $49.99 Buyer's Club $44.99
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HQ ISSUE Green Laser SightNon-Members $49.99 Buyer's Club $44.99


text:
|Crowne Plaza Hotels Langhorne hotels are listed below. Search for cheap and discount Crowne Plaza Hotels hotel prices in Langhorne, PA for your family, individual or group travels. We list the best Crowne Plaza Hotels Langhorne hotels/motels so you can review the Langhorne Crowne Plaza Hotels hotel list below to find the perfect place.
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I make games. I make games BIG!
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Latest tweets from @velocivision
Been to busy making Creation Zero perfect, that I have forgotten to come on here and talk about it. It is SO much further along now. Soon..
Apr 13 2014, 9:34pm
@davidscottjaffe what is your advice to a new guy like myself for getting in to the business? I'm trying hard to make a big indie game.
Feb 14 2014, 6:08pm
I know I am extremely late on that class article, but it's for good reason! Now we have a fully customizable chapter and quest system in!
Feb 3 2014, 8:36pm
House stuff has been more hectic than originally planned, but Creation Zero is STILL in development and WILL NOT be cancelled. More to come!
Dec 19 2013, 9:49pm
News post about classes will be coming soon to Creation Zero on indiedb!
Nov 20 2013, 7:56am
Hopefully this house stuff will be settled by the 9th, but regardless, Creation Zero will be back in full development soon!
Nov 2 2013, 4:39am
Getting ready to move in to a new house. Updates on Creation Zero will pick up soon!
Oct 26 2013, 2:08am
Eye colors can now be changed in CZ and it looks awesome! Also, the player has been altered and is now taller! Check back for a screenshot.
Oct 14 2013, 4:32am
Wanted to post an article today but if I posted it at 4:00 PM, it wouldn't be confirmed until about 12:00 AM. Tomorrow, I'll try at about 1.
Sep 30 2013, 5:38pm
Going to try and have CZ updates on indiedb at least once a week (every Monday) if possible. Keep an eye out for them!
Sep 28 2013, 1:48am
No one is friends with Velocivision awww. You should invite your mates to the site, or make new ones.


text:
Bank of New York Mellon
U.S. Bancorp wasn't the only conviction buy that Berkshire Hathaway made in the banking sector -- the other was Bank of New York Mellon ( BK). And like USB, BNY Mellon's best attributes are the factors that make it different from the other banks on the market. BNY Mellon is one of the biggest custody banks and asset managers in the country, catering to financial firms' back-office needs rather than lending cash to retail and commercial banking customers.


text:
25 Free Craft Projects for Every Crafter - The Ultimate Craft Guide
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My Friendship Bracelet Maker
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My Friendship Bracelet Maker
Gifted by Choose Friendship Company
Reviewed by Melissa Conner, Editor, FaveCrafts.com
One of my favorite childhood memories is going over to my neighbor's house and making friendship bracelets. We'd grab some yarn or string from her mom's craft box and sit outside knotting and braiding bracelets for hours. I marveled at the awesome designs we could make by simply tying one string to another. So when I heard about the My Friendship Bracelet Maker, I was eager to try it out.
First off, I wish I had owned one of these when I was a girl because the My Friendship Bracelet Maker is the ultimate threading machine. This kit comes with everything your daughter needs to make bracelets for herself or her friends. The string holder's convenient design holds threads firmly in place so you can knot and braid away without your work. There's also a cute butterfly clip to help secure the string while you knot and tie. When I was a kid, I had to pin the knot to my jeans.
This all-in-one kit has tons of features that would make any child excited to craft. The My Friendship Bracelet Maker comes with 56 threads, each measuring 60 inches, so there's no cutting needed. Choose from 14 colors of thread that arrive, neatly stored, in a 15-slot drawer so kids can start making bracelets right away. Built for travel, the My Friendship Bracelet Maker keeps kids occupied during long car rides, field trips, and more.
Bright, colorful, and easy to use, the My Friendship Bracelet Maker allows little ones to express their creativity. Help your daughter cut down on the screen time while learning a new skill that she can show her friends. Once she's mastered the basics, she can try more advanced patterns like beaded bracelets. Relive some of your childhood memories and help your little girl create new ones with the My Friendship Bracelet Maker.
BONUS! Enter to win a My Friendship Bracelet Maker here. Contest ends 5/31/15.
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Feb 01, 2013
I would love to win this for my 7yr old granddaughter! She spend every free moment crafting with whatever she can lay her hands on ands she's become very good!
- WAS THIS HELPFUL? YesNo
tldiemert 6695559
Nov 29, 2012
this would be a great way for my daughter to teach me how to make freindship bracelets, she has been doing it for years and still does, as well as many other projects. Thanks TerryLee
- WAS THIS HELPFUL? YesNo
Aug 17, 2012
I would love to get this for my granddaughter. I have been unable to find it anywhere in the Zanesville, Ohio area. I've tried Michaels, Walmart, & K-Mart. I'd appreciate a list of stores that sell this.. maybe I can order one. Thanks
- WAS THIS HELPFUL? YesNo
Feb 07, 2012
This is so much easier than the loose thread method because, never fail - I would tangle my threads LOL.
- WAS THIS HELPFUL? YesNo
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Is the Active Cruise Control with Stop & Go a must?
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Chuck W.
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Location: Agoura Hills (LA) CA
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Mein Auto: 12 BMW 535I MS Alpine Wht
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So much depends on what you plan on doing with the car when you build it. Based on what you posted, I would say it is a must.
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