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http://www.carleton.ca/~bgordon/Rice/papers/zeng98.rtf HUANG-LU RICE IN CHINESE HISTORY ZENG, Xiongsheng Research Institute of History in Natural Science, Scientifica Sinica, Beijing PR CHINA (Agricultural Archaeology 1998(3):292-311. Transl./interpreted by W. Tsao, Ph.D. 10/10/01; ed. by B. Gordon) ABSTRACT The pronunciation of huang-lu (yellow rapid-ripening rice), an historic Chinese variety, suggests it existed in northern Wei Dynasty (386-543), but was not very popular until Song Dynasty (960-1279). Since then, the southward economic shift saw many new land uses like paddies and dikes, but due to natural conditions and human activities were weak; e.g., liable to waterlog and flood. But huang-lu"s fast ripening and water resistance permitted proper ripening, surpassing actual need. It could also use the limited time before and after flooding to complete growth from sowing to harvesting. These traits met economic needs and natural conditions; e.g., land reclamation from water. Hence, huang-lu promotion and popularity played an important role in grain supply and population growth after Song Dynasty. I compare the famous early ripening drought-resistant champa rice introduced by Song Emperor Zhen Zong (998-1022) from Fujian in the year 1012, and suggest huang-lu influence in Chinese history exceeds champa. This is because paddy fields were larger than mountain ones, and flood resistant varieties are better in cultivation than dry ones after Song Dynasty. INTRODUCTION: A not-yet-noticeable rice variety Though recorded in "Qi min yao shu", huang-lu (huang=yellow; lu=fast-ripening)* is a rice variety whose pronunciation appears to have attracted general attention only after Song and Yuan Dynasties The most noticeable Song Dynasty variety is none other than zhan-cheng (champa in Japanese), first introduced by Song Dynasty Emperor Zhen Zhong in 1011. History states "As Yangtze, Huai and east and west Zhejiang paddy rice always suffered severely under drought, Emperor Zhen Zhong sent envoys to Fujian to retrieve 30,000 hu** of zhan-cheng seeds, so-called dry paddy rice(1)", which was planted in higher fields. Its promotion by the Emperor was well recorded in history and popularized in folklore. In addition to its historical implication, zhen-chang rice also met the needs of rice production methods. The production of early season xian rice also paved a solid foundation for the development of dual-season rice(2). Song and Yuan Dynasty agricultural books on southern rice production say zhan-cheng was less influential than huang-lu; e.g., 138 years after importing zhan-cheng, Chen Fu"s "Nong Shu" (Nong=agriculture; Shu=book) written in Shao Xing 19th year (1149) indicates he was "dwelling in seclusion as an hermit" and "farming by his own hands" in Xishan. He also mentions he once visited Hong Xinzhu in Yiezhen. After the book was finished, some scholars * For huang-lu the Kang Xi Dictionary uses the Chinese character lu as an infrequent classical word denoting plants started later but ripening earlier than others; jiu as a kind of medicine grass; qui as general grain crop –note by WT. ** hu is a corn measure nominally holding 10 dou or pecks used in terrace development, altering dry land for paddy, etc., and natural (dry) southern conditions - note by WT. 1 believed he lived in Xishan, Yangzhou(3) (Jiangsu Province), while others believed Xishan, Hangzhou(4) (Zhejiang Province), due to his description of mulberry tree cultivation in Anji County, Zhejiang(5). No matter in Jiangsu or Zhejiang, both are where zhan-cheng was promoted by Emperor Zhen Zhong, and zhan-cheng is absent in his book. Does this mean there was no need for it in his limited living environment? Apparently not, because zhan-cheng is suitable for higher fields. Although he states he was cultivating "dry paddy rice" in "high fields"(6) in Xishan, its growing period of "5-6 months (150-180 days) from planting to harvest" does not match true early-variety(7) rice. As we know zhan-cheng has a "growing period of 100-110 days and is a popular variety in Zhejiang, Fujian and Huainan(8)", it is evident his dry paddy rice in high fields is not zhan-cheng. Zhan-cheng is also recorded in Song and Yuan Dynasty"s "Wang Zhen Nong Shu" showing southern rice production concerns a variety of dry paddy rice. It says "As zhan-cheng is suitable for cultivating in higher Fujian fields, farmers call it hen zhan (hen=dryland; zhan=first word of zhan-cheng). Except for its big tasty grain making a good early-variety, data on place of import, suitable fields for cultivation, etc., appear to be quoted from previous books. However, "Song History, Section of Food and Merchandise" shows it "compares to typical Chinese rice, but zhan-cheng has longer spikes and awnless, with little difference in grain size". Two possible reasons exist for grain size discrepancy in both books: (1) obvious error by Wang Zhen, author of "Wang Zhen Nong Shu"; and (2) rice imported from Fujian is another zhan-cheng variety, which was only in Fujian when Wang was writing his book. Obviously, neither "Chen Fu Nong Shu" nor "Wang Zhen Nong Shu" recorded the famous zhan-cheng imported by Emperor Zhen Zhong of Song Dynasty. The long lost agricultural book "He Pu" (He=growing grain crop; Pu= clan record) has the first record of zhan-cheng in Section "San Bian" (San=three; Bian=to distinguish): "Now, Xichang has early and late Zhan he (Zhan=first word of zhan-cheng; he=growing grain crops), originating from Zhan Cheng State in Nanhai, imported to China 40-50 years ago"(9). As "He Pu" was completed between 1086 and 1094, 70-80 years after zhan-cheng importation, this matches the timing of zhan-cheng cultivation in Xichang (now Tahe, Jiangxi Province). Of the 44 rice varieties in "He Pu", chi mi zhan he is likely the only one belonging to zhan-cheng. In Song and Yuan Dynasty, agronomists are relatively more familiar with huang-lu, their southern agricultural books detailing its seeding, harvesting, suitable area and biological traits, making it more important than zhan-cheng at that time. It"s different names in various areas imply cultivation throughout Jiangnan, the main rice production area. Unfortunately, as huang-lu research is far less than zhan-cheng this paper emphasizes the former, starting with its name, biological traits, historic implications based on land development, food production and population growth. It unavoidably compares it with zhan-cheng. 1. The Name Huang-lu (yellow-fast-ripening) is first mentioned in "Qi Min Yao Shu" (ca. 620 AD) by Jia Sixie of north Wei Dynasty, with lu (land) having a different Chinese character (* page 1): "Now, we have rice varieties huang-weng (yellow-jar), huang-lu (yellow-land), qing-bai (green-tar), Yuzhang qing-dao (Yuzhang green rice), wei-zi (purple-tail), qing-zhang 2 (green-stick), fei-qing (flying dragonfly), chi-jia (red-shell), wu-ling (black-hill), da-xiang (great-fragrant), xiao-siang (small-fragrant), bai-di (white-ground); dual-season gu-hui (mushroom-ash) and you-shu (high-glutin)"(10). As huang-lu (yellow-land) biological traits are ignored, scholars believe it is the same huang-lu (yellow-fast-ripening) popular in Jiangnan in Song and Yuan Dynasty, based on its similar pronunciation(11). "Xing Tang Shu" (New Tang Dynasty Book) states huang-lu mi (mi=rice grain) and wu-jie mi(12) were two articles of tribute, with the same huang-lu mi also mentioned in famous Tang poems(13). The character lu in "Xing Tang Shu" resembles that in huang-lu (yellow-land), but has the he (grain) radical, the latter having the "fu" (hill) radical. The character lu in huang-lu mi and huang-lu (yellow-early ripe) differ but are interchangeable in classical literature. Mi can be da mi or xiao mi (big or small grain), but in the classical jiu gu liu mi (jiu=nine; gu=grain; liu=six; mi=rice grain), only the first 6 of 9 (millet, panicle millet, rice, sorghum, gourd, soybean, hemp, cardamom) bear grain. As the dominant Yangzhou clay is suitable for cultivating rice, huang-lu mi is likely huang-lu. Another huang-lu record is in "Ji ji" (Ji=worshiping; ji=story) by Xu Chang: "When lu rice ripens, farmers worship it on the 9th day of the 9th month"(14). As huang-lu traits described later emphasize lu, its above use is obviously identical to huang-lu. "He Pu" (1086-1093) by Zhen Anzi of north Song Dynasty was the first to record huang-lu (yellow-fast-ripening) in Song and Yuan Dynasty: "Early Jiangnan huang-lu is harvested on the July 23Dashu festival, with a second crop planted immediately and harvested on October 23 Shuangjiang festival"(15). Huang-lu (rapid-ripening) was later written in Chen Fu"s "Nong Shu" (pre-1149) as huang-lu (yellow-green) rice: "the Zhou Li (Zhou=Zhou Dynasty; Li=doctrine) book says it "grows in swampy areas and planted at Mangzhong", with dual meaning of the latter. Zhen State used mangzhong as seed (zhong) with awn (mang), as in huang-lu (yellow-green) rice; the other refers to planting after Mangzhong (June 6). As heavy rain falls between Xiaoman (May 21) and Mangzhong festivals, huang-lu is planted in paddies at Xiazhi (June 21), taking 60-70 days from sowing to harvesting, and allowing planting after early flooding"(16). Huang-lu (yellow-fast-ripening) rice records also occur in local south Song Dynasty topographies: Kuaiji in Jiatai 1st year (1201) says: "A variety planted in the 7th month and ripening at the first frost is called huang-lu (yellow-fast-ripening, the word lu like the word "land" but with a he radical)". In one of the most complete character books, "Shuo Wen" (shuo=discussion; wen=written character), lu refers to late-sown early-ripening plants"(17). Besides Chen Fu"s use of huang-lu (yellow-fast-ripening) rice in "Nong Shu", it is twice mentioned in Yuan Dynasty"s Wang Zheng "Nong Shu" (1300), showing it was suitable for low flooding fields, taking ca. 60 days from sowing to harvesting to avoid early season flooding"(18). Briefly, four ways to write huang-lu are: huang-lu he (yellow-fast-ripening plant), huang-lu gu (yellow-green rice grain), huang-lu dao (yellow-fast-ripening rice) and huang-lu dao (yellow-fast-ripening, lu resembling land but with he radical). While absent in official Ming and Qing Dynasty agricultural papers(19), it has many name variations in local topographies (Table 1). Why does huang-lu have so many name variations? Where did he and gu originate? How can different lu be used for the same variety? These are confusing questions needing answers. (note by translator WT) 3 Table 1. Various Names for Huang-lu Rice Name* Distribution Remarks Source huang-lu dao Songjiang (Jiangsu) Also chan-ming (cicada singing) dao, ban-xia Songjiang local topography, Vol. 6, (lu=land) (half-summer) dao etc., based on local dialects (1631) huang-lu gong Fengyang (Anhui) Also huang-hua (yellow-flower) dao Di Xiong Ji lue, Vol. 3 (1599) (lu=land) huang-lu gong Fengyang (Anhui) In market, also zhang po ke (swell to break Fengyang New Book, Vol. 5 (1621) (lu=six) shell) huang-lu gong Wuhe (Anhui) Wuhe County Topography, Vol. 2 dao(20) (lu=egret) (1673) huang-lu gong Luan (Anhui) Luan Prefecture Topography, Vol. (lu=dew) 1(1555) huang-long dao Wuli, Jiasan, Pinghu, Xian rice, like reed (lu) is able to grow in Huzhou Prefecture Topography, Vol. (long=dragon) Huzhou (Zhejiang) flooded place, also called lu xian 32 (1874) huang-long Yueqing, Pingyang Rice with black awn is called wu mang long, red (long=dragon) (Zhejiang) awn as hong mang long, etc., huang-lu he Yugan (Jiangxi) Field dries after the 7th month, for late rice, Yugan County Topography, Vol. 2 (lu=six) huang-lu, wu-gu, etc. are more suitable (1669) Lu-he (lu=six) Sien (Guangxi) Lu-he, also called lu-hong glutinous rice(22) Laibing County Topography, Vol. 1 (1937) huang-lu Jiangdu, Ganquan, Jiangdu County Topography of Keng (lu=fast-ripening, Dongtai, Tongzhou. Xi period (1662-1722) as land ) (Jiangsu) huang-lu dao Xiaoshan (Zhejiang) Planting in 6th month and harvesting in 8th Xiaoshan County Topography, Vol. 3 (lu=fast-ripening, month (1557) as land)) huang-lu Dinghai, Pujiang For planting in high areas, seeding in early 4th Pujiang County Topogarphy, Vol. 9 (lu=fast-ripening) (Zhejiang) month and harvesting at end of 5th month (1776) huang-lu geng Ningguo (Zhejiang) Also called xiang geng, hong-lu geng, etc. Ningguo County Topography, Vol. 3 (lu=fast-ripening) (1812) Lu-he Sien (Guangxi) Dry land rice planting early, in 4th month, and Sien Prefecture Topography, Imported (lu=fast-ripening, ripening early, in 7th month from Jiangnan as land) Lu gu Sien (Guangxi) Seeding in late 3rd month and harvesting in 7th Sien Prefecture Topography, Imported (lu=fast-ripening) month from Jiangnan *no variation exists in huang (yellow) in various names, while lu is phonetically identical. When a third character exists, dao= general rice plant; gong=lord (respecting rice); he=growing grain plant; geng=stem (representing plant). While gu translates as "valley", it represents another character gu meaning cereals-note by WT. Geographic philologists explain why dao is also gu or he in local history and geography. The latter were used in southern dialects before Chinese language unification; e.g.s, gu is preferred in local dialects in upper Yangtze basin, Kunming, Quging, Zaotong, and Wenshan in Yunnan, Huajie and Guanlin in Guizhou, and Guanxian and Zhongxian in Sichuan. He is preferred on the SE coast, Zhangle and Puchen in Fujian, Wenzhou, Ningbo, and Jiaxing in Zhejiang, Shanghai, Suzhou in Jiangsu, Dengmai and Qiongshan on Hainan Island, Yangshan, Taishan, Xinghuai, Guangzhou and Maixian in Guangdong, Tongxing, Qingzhou, Yueling, Guiping and Zhongshan in Guangxi, Genxhou, Jian and Nanchang in Jiangxi, Shanghong, Zhangding, Jianning and Shaowu in Fujian, Hengyang, Xiangxiang and Changsa in Hunan, etc. Northern dialects prefer dao(23). As "He Pu"s author was born in Xichang, Jiangxi, it is reasonable to believe the varieties popular there also occur in the book, the same reason why a book noting varieties is called "He Pu" (He=growing grain crop; Pu= clan record), and huang-lu dao also occurs as huang-lu he. It is unimportant whether Chen Fu, author of "Chen Fu Nong Shu" farmed in Xishan in Jiangsu or Zhejiang because gu is preferred in both, as are names like huang-lu gong (lu=land), huang-lu gong (lu=six), huang-lu gong (lu=egret) transferred from huang-lu gu. Further, long in huang-long dao is dragon, stressing this rice"s water adaptation, 4 with the long sound like lu. While "Wang Zheng Nong Shu"s author was from east Shandong, he once served as a southern court official but preferred the northern dialect, his mother tongue. His book covers north and south agricultural businesses, but is in official language, using huang-lu dao instead of huang-lu he or huang-lu gu. As geng was used often to represent rice, huang-lu geng was also used in certain places. One must understand why lu changed from "rapid-ripening" to "green" in "Chen Fu Nong Shu", and to "land" with a he radical, "six", "ergot", etc., in local topographies. I believe the so-called lu (6) varieties in the "Nong Shu" section: "Conditions suitable for lu (6) varieties"(24) are actually lu or dryland crops; and with some reservations(25) my teacher, You Xiuling agrees...##. Chen Fu also says: "this book was completed in Shao Xing 19th year (1149), with unavoidable mistakes after years of reprinting"(26). Could lu variation be an unnoticed mistake in the final print(27)? If this went unnoticed by renowned scholar Chen Fu, no wonder other similar sounding characters occur in local topographies; e.g.s, lu (6) he, lu (rapid-ripening) he, lu (rapid-ripening) gu, etc., on the same variety in Guangxi Province(28); Wan-lu (late land) dao in Yong Zheng period (1723-1736), but wan-lu (late 6) dao in Dao Guang peiod (1821-1851) for the same variety in Liuzhou(29). This is because only the word"s phonetic sound occurred when local topographies were completed. 2. Huang-lu Traits Although its name varies, huang-lu traits are unique, reflecting on the word lu. Lu was used in crop variety names as early as the Book of Odes(30) (31). "Mao Heng Zhuan" (Mao Heng= person"s name; Zhuan=biography) states: zhi is a grain crop planted earlier than others, zi later than others, zhong ripening slower than others, and lu ripening faster than others. "Zhou Li" says: "Last spring, the queen gathered all the servants in the palace to plant Zhong-lu variety, offering the harvest to the King as a gift"(32). While Zhong-lu is recorded together in local topographies, it is actually two different rice varieties, zhong and lu. According to "Shuo Wen" lu ripens rapidly, indicating huang-lu is a fast-ripening variety, its biological traits listed below. (1) Timing of late sown huang-lu coincides with local conditions and cultivation. Before its introduction, historic data shows it was usually seeded in late 3rd-early 4th lunar month (Table 2). Table 2. Rice Seeding Dates Recorded in Ancient Agricultural Documents Source Text Equivalent dates Lan Sheng Zi Shu Sowing starts 100-110 days after "winter solstice". ca. April 10 Si MinYue Ling Planting keng (japonica) rice in 3rd month mid April-mid May Qi Min Yao Shu 3rd month is considered best for sowing, first part of 4 th month mid/late March-early average, and post-mid 4th month inferior April Song Hui Yao Gao As 2nd & early 3rd month southern soil is warm, ca. 2" high Early to mid March to seedlings are transplanted. This is delayed in colder Huainan early April He Pu Planting early varieties at the beginning of spring and Early varieties planted harvested under slight to high warmth (festivals). Imported ca. beginning to mid early variety in Jiangnan is planted in 1st and 2nd month February; late ones planted in early April. ## for philological variation, You and Zeng"s opinion of lu is not directly relevant to this article and is omitted–note by translator WT). 5 "Lan Sheng Zi Shu" and "Qi Min Yao Shu" describe sowing dates for northern varieties, usually ca. 3rd lunar month, with mid-late 4th lunar month not ideal. It is sown much earlier under southern warmer climate, with possible dual-harvests. Earlier varieties are usually sown in 1st or 2nd lunar month, 1-2 months earlier than northern rice. Those sown in 3rd lunar month are not considered true early varieties, and there is absolutely no early variety sown in 4th lunar month. Historic records show late varieties usually sown in early 4th lunar month in the south, with huang-lu dao sowing "after Mangzhong festival (ca. June 6)" until "weeding is finished at Dashu festival (ca. July 23)"; 2-5 months later than other varieties. As huang-lu dao can be sown later, it was usually considered and treated as late-season. Possible derivatives are hong lu wan dao(33) (hong=red, lu=fast-ripening, wan=late, dao=rice), popular in Zhejiang in Ming and Qing Dynasties, and wan lu he(34) (wan=late, lu=six, he=growing rice plant) popular in Guangxi in Qing Dynasty. (2) Lu means early-ripening (p.1 footnote). Huang-lu dao grows quickly and can be sown late, with harvest at the same time or earlier than other varieties. "Chen Fu Nong Shu" says huang-lu dao can be harvested 60-70 days after sowing, with "Wang Zhen Nong Shu" saying even faster at <60 days. Growing periods for this variety in other documents are given below (Table 3). Table 3. Growing Period of Huang-lu Rice Sowing date Harvesting date Growing days Source Da Shu festival, Shuang Jiang festival, 90 He Pu July 22 -24 October 23-24 th 7 lunar month First frost 90 Xiaoshan Topogarphy, Jiajin (Ming dynasty) Early June August 60-90 Xiaoshan Topography, Jiajin (Ming dynasty) Early April End of May 60 Pujiang Topography, Qianlong (Qing dynasty) It appears huang-lu dao growing period is 60-90 days, very short compared with Song and Yuan Dynasty or modern varieties. Historically, huang-lu dao has probably the shortest growing period of all varieties. Many classics show Song Dynasty varieties are usually harvested around Shuangjiang festival (October 23-24), except huang-lu dao; e.g.s: "harvesting rice in 10th month"(35) in Book of Odes; "harvesting rice after Shuangjiang"(36) in "Qi Min Yao Shu"; and "rice grain like new pearls in paddies at the end of each 10th month"(37) in a Tang Poem. If rice was generally sown in 3rd month, it took ca. 200 days before harvest in 10th month. The classic "Za Yin Yang Shu" says rice growth is >150 days: "Rice begins germination simultaneously as willow buds, flowers ca. 80 days later and ripens 70 days after"(38). North Song Dynasty (960-1126) records say growth is 150-165 days for early varieties and 180-200 days for late ones(39). As early south Song Dynasty (1127-1278) "Chen Fu Nong Shu" says "early rice growth in high fields takes 5-6 months", it took much longer than huang-lu dao. 6 One must stress the true meaning of lu is fast or early-ripening, not late-planted. Zhi in the Book of Odes means late-planted when used with lu; but lu began implying late-planted and early-ripening to stress fast-ripening in later farming. Thus, Song Dynasty huang-lu dao was mostly planted after flooding as a replacement or late-planted crop. It was called true early variety due to environmental and economic change. Yuan Dynasty Wang Zhen"s "Nong Shu" records it as early-crop before predicted flood (40), and some Ming and Qing Dynasty farmers valued it together with famous dai li gui (dai=to bring; li=plough; gui=return)(41), also called "60 days", and "sown in 3rd month and harvested in 5th month"(42) as early variety, or "early autumn planting"(43) as late variety due to its fast-ripening. (3) Huang-lu dao grows well in high groundwater or permanently submerged fields. It is also called huang-long dao (yellow-dragon rice) because dragon represents rain mythologically, lu xian(45) (reed rice) or lu zhong(46) (reed variety) because the reed (Phragmites communis) grows well in submerged areas. As xian implies early ripening(47), lu xian was called early-ripening variety in local topographies(48). Huang-lu dao can also endure drought, as seen in Pujiang topography: "Pujiang is a hilly area often experiencing drought due to lack of irrigation, implying huang-lu or tuo li gui is suitable for planting in higher places"(49). From the above, huang-lu dao is fast-growing and ripening, flood and drought resistant and sewn after early variety harvest for famine-relief. It also has these special traits: (1) direct sewing as restorative crop, (2) yellow to beige color; later bred to red to black(50) (51) and (3) obvious awn. 3. Varieties like Huang-lu When huang-lu dao gained popularity in Song and Yuan Dynasty, similar varieties also appeared; e.g.s, "60 Days"(52), "80 Evenings"(53), "100 Days"(54), etc.(55) also had short growing periods or were named by color (black or red), early ripening (lu), obvious awn (mang dao) or direct sowing (sa miao; sa=broadcast; miao=seedlings). While having different names, all had specific huang-lu dao traits or the same variety with different names; e.g.s, typical wu gu (wu=black; gu=rice grain) and hong dao (hong=red; dao=rice). Wu gu is also called wu gu zi (gu zi=rice grain), wu kou dao(56) (kou=mouth; dao=rice), leng shui jie (leng=cold; shui=water; jie=bearing seed), leng shui dao (cold water rice), hei dao (hei=black; dao=rice) or wan wu dao (wan=late; wu=black; dao=rice)(57). First reported in south Song Dynasty(58), it was popular in various places in Jiangsu(60) (61) (62) (63), Zhejiang(64), Jiangxi(65) and Hubei. Typically, it was "black shelled with noticeable awn" and sown very late in 7th lunar month or early to mid autumn according to local topographies. Based on its typical late variety 9th-10th harvest months, wu gu growth was 60-90 days, and thus valued like "60 Days", a variety like huang-lu dao in some local topographies(66). Wu gu was often used as second crop in dual-cultivation for its late sowing quality and as restorative after autumn flood for water resistance. He jiao wu (he=crane; jiao=leg; wu=black) is like wu gu with huang-lu dao traits and was popular in Jiangsu(67) in Qing Dynasty. To distinguish color difference but with other trait parallels, it was often cited in local topographies together with huang hua dao (huang=yellow; hua=flower; dao=rice), a huang-lu dao synonym. 7 Although wu gu is named from its black awn, its red grain inspired it also as "red rice" or chi mi (chi=red color; mi=rice grain). Song Dynasty records show red rice or chi xia mi (chi=red; xia=rosy clouds; mi=rice) is not top grade, but was planted "in higher fields because it ripened rapidly and endured dryness"(69) (70) like wu ou dao. Chi mi was still used in Ming and Qing Dynasty, with more names added in Hubei(71), Guangdong(72) and Jiangsu(73) (74) (75). When introduced to Zhejiang in late Ming Dynasty, chi mi was called chi xian, chi ban xian (chi ban=red spots) or jiangxi xian and taizhou xian(76) from its origin. Ming Dynasty agronomist Zhang Luxian said it "is a late-sown early ripening variety"(77), drought-resistant and once considered a mutant huang-lu dao variety(78) (79). When taken to Japan chi mi kept its original early ripening suitability for low and wet field growth. Japanese literature says it was popular coastally under Ming Dynasty contact, with steady production even without fertilization. It is ancient as it needs only coarse cultivation compared to modern varieties(80). Many other rice varieties with huang-lu dao qualities existed in Ming and Qing Dynasty. Some can be sown directly((81), some planted very late(82), some planted in low fields(83) and some sown very late directly in lower fields(84) or as a famine-relief crop(85). 4. Huang-lu Popularity Huang-lu dao"s many names suggest its historical popularity, appearing in literature as early as north Wei Dynasty, but only becoming popular after Song Dynasty when its special qualities were needed for economic and environmental change. China"s economic and population centre began moving south in Tang and Song Dynasty, with the northern political centre depending on the south to provide national food needs. Rice became the most important top-5 grain crop, with Ming Dynasty Song Yinxing saying "70% of the national population lives on rice and only 30% on wheat, barley, sorghum and millet"(86). To meet rice production needs, southern paddy field development became unavoidable. After years of growth, most southern land suitable for rice was cultivated, leaving only hills and swamps. Hills were developed using terraces and the popular zhan-cheng (champa) rice, while swamps were used for huang-lu dao and related varieties. In lacustrine and riverine areas farmers first used primitive hu tian (hu=lake; tian=fields), sa tian (sand fields) or tu tian (road fields) on lake beds, sandbanks or along banks at ebb tide, then more advanced wei tian (diked fields) or ju tian (boxed fields). Seasonal waterlevels in many lakes like Tai and Poyang on the middle and lower Yangtze change noticeably. Poyang floods in late March-early July, with Gang, Fu, Xing, Yao and Xiu River feeders submerging in May-June and emerging and resuming inflow in October-March drought, with dry land in December-January. Modern floodlevels to 22 m increase lake surface to 2935 km2, while droughts decrease levels by 1 m and surface to 340 km2, a change of 2595 km2 or 88%. The resulting large area comprises a small sandy beach, larger muddy bank and hu tian, a grassy shoal just above waterlevel that is exposed 250-327 days annually(87). 8 Hu tian may include wei tian (diked fields) in some literature(88), but there are differences. Wei tian is an agricultural field protected by dikes, while hu tian on the dried lakebed is unprotected(89) (90) and easily flooded, therefore used mainly for growing water chestnuts, lotus roots and other aquatic crops and not ideal for rice(91). Sa tian (sand field) is "a cultivated field formed by river sand on a bank or dried bed, protected by reeds and found along the Yangtze and Huai Rivers"(92). As these easily flooded fields change shape and size, their land tax is irregular(93) (94), and farmers must grow drought-resistant quick-ripening crops. To manage land change, Song Dynasty farmers invented ji yang (ji=to lodge at; yang=seedling), where "seedlings from rice sown at the beginning of summer are temporarily kept in high fields until floods subside".(95) As flooding is hard to predict and the use of high fields uneconomic, "Shen Si Nong Shu" (Shen"s Agricultural text) says Tai Lake farmers had good results by buying seedlings from other areas(96). As this involved much labor and cost, it was affordable only by rich farmers(97) and was unable to solve late planting problems, making selection of fast-ripening varieties very important. As huang-lu dao was perfect for flood resistance, it was planted in shallows and popular in hu tian in Wuchen, Jiasan, Pinghu, Tai Lake, etc.(98). Its fast growth allowed ripening before flood or post-flood restoration(99) in Ming and Qing Dynasty and was regularly grown at Poyang Lake after flood(100). Similar varieties are wu gu zi (wu kou dao(101), etc.), mian yu dao, chi xian, mang cai, san miao, etc., also cultivated in Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Zhejiang and Anhui. Of these, chi xian attracted the most attention from agronomists and topography authors due to its success in the 1908 flood. Chi xian likely originated in Jiangxi, Jiangsu, etc., and taken to Tongxian, Zhejiang in Ming Dynasty Wanli period (1573-1620) and then to Haining and nearby areas. Records beyond Haining Topography say: "most Haining rice are late varieties, some with red grain. Official records state the Wanli 35th year (1608) flood destroyed all rice seedlings. A Jiading official distributed red xian seeds to farmers…with a good autumn harvest"(103). Other stories exist. Hu tian are only used in dry years or after flood. As it has no dike, rice growing always faces flood danger with no harvest guarantee. The higher tan tian (tan=shoal; tian=field) is similar and submerges later. Diking around hu tian and tan tian converts them to wei tian and permanent rice paddy. Chen Fu"s "Nong Shu"says: "As lower areas submerge readily, farmers must survey natural features and build dikes at higher points"(105). Similar description is in Yuan Dynasty Wang Zhen"s agricultural textbook (106) (108). Ju tian (ju=counter; tian=field) resembles wei tian but with higher dikes. Wei tian and ju tian are obviously more advanced man-made fields than hu tian and tan tian. Wei tian prolongs hu tian"s rice growing limitations and provides a chance for huang-lu dao and other fast-ripening varieties. Some authors exaggerate by saying huang-lu dao "always has good years and no flood damage". As diked wei tian developed from hu tian, it remained low and flood damage persisted. "Luling Liudu Topography" says, "Farmers worried about flooding but not drought because water can be transported from nearby lakes and rivers, while flood submerges whole areas…"(109). Wang Guodong, a Qing Dynasty prefecture in Hunan, reported to the Emperor: "In spring and summer, Dongting Lake waterlevel rises to submerge the whole area, 9 while in autumn and winter it falls, exposing thousands of hectares of good field. Nearby farmers build dikes to farm, but flood danger persists because the whole area is low, so they build stronger dikes"(110), but higher thicker dikes does not guarantee protection. As some wei tian "readily submerge in flood, farmers only harvest once or twice in ten years"(111); e.g., Poyang Lake in Jiangxi(112). As farmers had to construct or repair dikes under flood, a rapid growth rice was very beneficial. While wei tian did not alter the need for fast-growth drought-resistant rice, its increased area lead to such varieties. As fields flooded near rivers and lakes, wei tian dikes extended fields, but flood damage grew more after wei tian if dikes broke. Wei tian was also labor-intense. The above is theoretical; the actual situation is much worse. Uncontrolled wei tian growth lowered reservoir and water conservation capacity, flooding even more. A Song Dynasty Shaoxing 23rd year (1153) official reported: "Tai Lake originally benefitted a large area of west Zhejiang, but recently, soldiers built ba tian (ba=dike; tian=fields) on its shore. Water was only used for irrigating ba tian in drought and unavailable to farmers, while in flood the whole area submerged, seriously damaging nearby farmland"(115). Thus, Song Dynasty officials debated wei tian"s benefits and damages at Tai Lake(114) (115) and other areas(116) (117) (118) (119). As riverbed and lakeshore farmland needs rose with increased Ming and Qing Dynasty population, it even included small ponds(120), their location extending from Tai, Poyang and Dongting Lakes on the middle Yangtze River, and especially those in Jiangxi, Hunan, and Guangdong, with expected rise in flood frequency; e.g., Poyang County had 88 floods, 61 in Ming and Qing Dynasty. Of these, 25 were in 276 years of Ming Dynasty (1368-1644; once every 11 years) and 36 in 226 years of Qing Dynasty (1644-1875, from Shunzhi to Tongzhi, once every 6.3 years). Ming scholars thoroughly understood the link between flood and wei tian. Famous author and philosopher Gu Yanwu said: "water conservation is corrupted when farmers covetous of water benefits occupy emerged land along the river and irresponsible officials profit from it, as water has nowhere else to go"(121), a situation true in both Yellow and Yangtze basins(122) (123). Original wei tian enlarged farmland to produce more food for increased population, but irresponsible planning sometimes caused more damage than benefit, as Gu Yanwu repeated(124). Paddy flood damage is not stopped by jia tian (jia=frame; tian=fields) or feng tian (feng= an aquatic grass; tian=field). Chen Fu"s agriculture text says: "In deep water areas, farmers work on flood-impervious wood-framed paddies" floating on feng, the root of aquatic grass gu (now called jiao bai). After much time, the thick floating root mass became feng tian, first seen in Tang Dynasty poems(125), but pre-existing in Yizhen, Jiangsu, as early as Jin Dynasty (265-419)(126). While the grass seed gu mi (gu=aquatic grass; mi=rice) was also eaten, the cultivated rice, though unspecified in literature, was water-resistant, possibly huang-lu dao or its ancestor. The above historic floods stem from: (1) creation and (2) enlargement of hu tian, wei tian, etc., which broaden uncontrolled flood; and (3) diking. Their combination increased flood frequency, replacing drought historically and popularizing huang-lu dao and like varieties. 10 The need for wei tian, ju tian, hu tian, sa tian and tu tian differed with rice variety. Diking to protect farmland changed hu tian"s vulnerable situation by delaying flood damage and allowing diked wei tian time for production. Flood-susceptible wei tian not only allowed huang-lu dao varieties for flood restoration but also an early pre-flood harvest. Generally, the lower the elevation and earlier the flood, the shorter the growing period of the variety needed. Early ripening varieties were sown at spring onset to avoid summer drought and harvested before the end of summer to avoid autumn flood(127). In pre-1950 Jiangsu, varieties became particularly popular to farmers in the large area north of Yangtze River (except the coast) and the Huai-Yang hilly area, where floods occurred frequently due to Huai River damming(128). In Yangzhou, "…in lower Jiangzhou, farmers plant mostly "40, 50 & 60-day", qu qian wu, wang jiang nan and other early varieties"(129). As farmers in low areas like Gaoyou, Jiangsu, "…can hardly rest during highwater and may lose their homes in autumn, they plant mostly early ripening varieties…"(130), with only one harvest "before the 1950"s"(131). In Qing Dynasty Qianlong period (1736-1796), "40, 50 & 60-day" and 6 other early varieties grew(132), still inadequate to satisfy need. Another early variety, "30-day", bred in Daoguang 15th year (1835)(133), was later grown throughout Jiangsu, and remained a good variety in the 1950"s(134). Although many early rice varieties were successfully bred historically, Song and Yuan Dynasty huang-lu dao did not disappear, as Ming Dynasty records show this variety was still grown in fields of Fengyang County, Anhui Province(135). 5. Huang-lu Implications He Bingdi"s Early Ripening Rice Varieties in Chinese History said the 11th century "agricultural revolution" was a rapid basic population growth initiator, with "dry-resistant zhan-cheng (champa) rice import the top fast-ripening variety, extending growth to lowland, valleys, riverbanks and hills…changing land use and doubling rice growing. These varieties greatly influenced food supply and directly increased population"(136). His point is well accepted(137). Zhan-cheng was also suited to highlands, with increased food production and population, but after Song Dynasty, rice growing rose not only via terraces, but to even lower places (wei tian, jia tian, etc.); i.e., farmland growth was not confined to land but extended to water. Several questions are worthwhile. What did terraces offer in China for food supply? Is food produced more from hilly land or rivers or lakes? I think higher food production and population increase is tied mainly to farmland made from rivers and lakes. While terracing grew after Song and Yuan Dynasty and solved the food supply for mountain people, terrace rice was minor nationally; e.g., SE hilly Fujian with heavy terracing did not become a major granary, though "terraces were everywhere and irrigated from nearby creeks", such that "not a drop of water was lost nor a single inch of land unused"(138). As zhan-cheng was first cultivated here, supplementary food came from other provinces(139), and I therefore conclude zhan-cheng import did not change the fundamental food supply. 11 Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasty food sources concentrated around Tai, Poyang and Dongting Lakes in the middle and lower Yangtze basin. Despite its high population, much food was sent to other areas, provoking post-Song-Yuan period sayings like "Suzhou and Huzhou crops ripen, so things will be adequate elsewhere", and similar ones voiced in Suzhou, the Lake area and Guangdong. Rice there was mainly on wei tian and not terraces. As aforementioned, rapid uncontrolled wei tian growth devastated the original ecology, enhanced flooding and faced strong opposition. But large scale construction never stopped in Song Dynasty because it supplied food throughout China. In Chunsi 11th year (1184), 1489 wei tian or >7200 qing (1 qing=100 mu, or English acre) and >480 li (like English mile) of dikes (140) (141) (142) existed in west Zhejiang. Such immense diking needed accurate survey, detailed calculation, large labor force and material, organized work load and long term governmental planning (143) (144), plus individual cooperation. Ming and Qing Dynasty wei tian expanded further; e.g., 15172 zhang (zhang=ca.10") of dikes and 21000 mu wei tian in Xianyin County, Hunan in 1644, expanded by 1746 to 123766 zhang and wei tian to 167000 mu, providing even more farmland. Massive wei tian growth increased rice production, consolidating Jiangnan"s position in the national granary(145). Thus, farmland from riverbed and lakeshore was the major factor in population growth(146). Like paddy in dry areas, wei tian cannot escape drought or flood. Thus, fast-ripening drought-resistant varieties like huang-lu dao are more suited than zhan-cheng for growing in hu tian and wei tian and played a more important role than zhan-cheng in population increase. REFERENCES 1. History of Song Dynasty, Vol. 173, Zhong Hua Book Store, 1977 2. Zhen, Xiongsen: Influence of Zhen-cheng rice on ancient Chinese rice cultivation, Research of Natural History, Vol. 1, p.61-67, 1991 3. Wen, Guoding: Introduction on "Chen Fu Nong Shu", Agricultural Pub. Co., p.7, 1965 4. Jiang, Yian: Two questions in Chen Fu Nong Shu, Research of Agricultural History, Vol. 4, p.108, 1984 5. Chen Fu Nong Shu, 2nd Volume 6. Chen Fu Nong Shu, 1st Volume 7. Rice with 120-130 day growing periods are early or early ripening varieties, 120-160 days are mid or mid-ripening varieties, 150-160 days are late or late ripening varieties. 8. You, Xiuling: Questions on Zhen-cheng rice, Essays on Rice Cultivation, Chinese Agricultural Technology Pub. Co. p.158, 1993 9. Cao, Suji: Notes on "He Pu", Chinese Agricultural History, Vol. 3, p. 79, 1985 10. Qi Min Yao Shu, Vol. 2, Chinese Agriculture Pub. Co., p,99, 1982 11. See 9. 12. Xing Tang Shu, Vol. 41, Topography No. 31 13. You Xiuling: History of Chinese Rice Cultivation, p. 85, Agricultural Pub. Co., 1995 12 14. Xu Chang (unknown period), introduced in "Tai Ping Yu Lan", p. 3751, Zhong Hua Book Store, 1963 15. See 9. 16. See 6. 17. Kuaiji Topography of Jiatai 1st year (1201), Relics in Chinese Agriculture, Vol. 2, p. 206, Agricultural Pub. Co., 1993 18. Wang Zhen (Yuan Dynasty): Wang Zhen Nong Shu, p. 188, Agricultural Pub. Co., 1981 19. Xu Guangqi (Ming Dynasty): Complete Book in Agricultural Policy 20. Only the name "huang lu gong" rice was recorded in Wuhe County Topography (1673). In the 1893 topography, however, it was said to be "yellow when ripe". See also 17. 21. Wuqing County Topography (1760), Vol. 2. See also 17. (Reference No. 21 was Not found in original Chinese text-Note by WT) 22. To classify Lu-he as glutinous rice is ambiguous, but the variety lu-shi is a true lu variety. 23. You Lujie: Origin and propagation of Asian cultivated rice based on linguistics, Research in Agricultural History, Vol. 2, 1983 24. Zhen, Xiongsen: The six ways, the first cultivation and the six varieties, Research of Natural History, Vol. 4, p.359-366, 1994 25. Personal communication, 1994 26. See 5. 27. Jiang, Yian: Questions in Chen Fu Nong Shu, Research of Agricultural History, Vol. 1, p.101-105, 1991 28. Li, Yanzhang (Qing Dynasty): Early rice varieties in several provinces. See also 17. Vol. 1, p. 410-411 & 424-425 29. Guangxi Topography (1733), Vol. 31, See also 28, P.409 30. Book of Odes. Seventh Month 31. Book of Odes. Songs of Lu 32. Zhou Li (Ways of Zhou Dynasty) 33. Wukong County Topography (1550), Vol. 4, See also 17., p. 104 & 193 34. See 28. 35. See 30. 36. See 10., p. 100 37. Complete Collections of Tang Poems, Vol. 398, p. 4465, Zhonghua Book Store, 1960 38. See 10., p.225-227 39. Zhen, Xiongsen: Variations of Jiangxi Rice Varieties in Song Dynasty, Chinese Agricultural History, Vol. 3, p. 48, 1989 40. See 18. 41. Pujiang County Topography (1776), Vol. 9, p.247, See also 17. 42. Songjiang Prefecture Topography (1663), Vol. 4, p. 58. See also 17. 43. Jingjiang County Topography (1669), Vol. 6, p. 113. See also 17. 44. Reference Not found in original Chinese text. 45. Huwai Prefecture Topography (1874), Vol. 32, p.140. See also 17. 46. Additional notes of Gangzhi Topography (1935), p. 201. See also 17. 47. Li, Shizhen: Ben Cao Gang Mu (Complete Book of Vegetation), Vol. 2. 48. Shenghu Topography (1874), Vol. 3, p. 37. See also 17. 49. See 41. 50. Zhejiang Geographic Topography (1918), p. 187. See also 17. 13 51. Xiushui County Topography (1685), Vol. 2, p. 198. See also 17. 52. Qinchuan Topography (1253-1258), Vol. 9, p. 98 53. See 17., p. 206 54. Yufeng Topography (1251), p. 94 55. Wu Yong: Essays on Promoting Agriculture, Shang Wu Printing Co., p. 176-385 56. Huang, Shengzheng (Ming Dynasty): Rice Varieties. 57. Congming County Topography ((1929), p. 76., Also see 17. 58. See 52. 59. Changsu County Topography (1499), p. 98. See also 17. 60. Wu, Chang, and Yuan Counties Topography (1908), p. 89. See also 17. 61. Susong County Topography (1828), p. 296. See also 17. 62. Taiping Prefecture Topography (1673), p. 291. See also 17. 63. Dongtu County Topography (1695), p. 291 64. Topics of Wuqing (1688) , p. 190 65. Yugan County Topography (1669), Vol. 2, p. 308 66. Jinjiang County Topography (1669), Vol. 6, p. 113. See also 17 67. Dongtai County Topography (1816), Vol. 19, p. 130 68. Topics of Emperor"s Home Town (1599), Vol. 3, p. 300 69. Cheng, Dachang: Yen Fen Lu, p. 66 70. History of the South, Vol. 34, p. 894, Zhong Hua Book Store, 1975 71. Suizhou Topography (1790), Vol. 3, p. 500 72. Zhou, Dajun (Qing Dynasty): New Affairs in Guangdong, Vol. 2, p. 51, Zhong Hua Book Store, 1985 73. Jintan County Topography (1683), Vol. 6, p. 117 74. Changzhou Prefecture Topography (1694), Vol. 9, p. 38 75. Danyang County Topography (1750), Vol. 10, p.115 76. Nong Shu-Addendum, Vol. 2, p. 191. See also 17 77. Zhang, luxion: Complete Essays of Mr. Yang Yuan, Vol. 17 78. Jiaxan County Topography (1893), Vol. 12, p. 199 79. Xiaogan County Topography, Vol. 5, p. 489 80. See 13. P. 114 81. Rugao County Topography (1683), Vol. 6, p.133 82. Changde Prefecture Topography (1813), Vol. 18, p. 439 83. Hanyang County Topography (1868), Vol. 9, p. 470 84. Hanyang Prefecture Topography (1747), Vol. 28, p. 487 85. Wuhe County Topography (1893), Vol. 10, p. 304 86. Tian Gong Kai Wu (All things start from heaven), Vol. 1, p. 11, Guangdong People Pub. Co., 1976 87. Xu, Huailing, Dike construction around Poyang Lake in Ming and Qing Dynasties, Agricultural Archaeology, No. 1, p. 202, 1990 88. Hunan Provincial Topography (1757), p. 386 89. Ma, Duanling, Complete Study of Classic Literature, Vol. 6, p. 71, Hongzhou Classic Literature Pub. Co., 1988 90. Huzhou Prefecture Topography (1874), Vol. 22, p. 140 91. Beihu Topography (1808), p. 44 92. See 18., p. 194 14 93. Er Ya (a classic Chinese literature) 94. See 92. 95. See 86., p. 14 96. Zhang, luxion (Qing Dynasty): Addendum to Notes on Nong Shu, Agricultural Pub. Co., p. 73, 1983 97. See 96., p. 172 98. Pinghu County Topography (1886), p. 202 99. Zhejiang Provincial Topography (1736), p. 139 100. See 65. 101. Jinguan County Topography (1742), Vol. 11, p. 107 102. Not found in original Chinese text 103. Ningzhi Affairs (1786), Vol. 4, p. 164-168 104. Not found in original Chinese text 105. See 6., p. 25 106. See 18., p. 186 107. See 18., p. 188 108. Yang, Wanli: Chen Xu Ji, Vol. 32, p. 345-1160 109. Luling Liudu Topography (1763), p. 33 110. Survey of water and mineral resources, Vol. 152, p. 3546, Shang Wu Pub. Co., 1937 111. See 88. 112. Not found in original Chinese text 113. History of Song Dynasty, p. 4184 114. See 112,, p. 4188 115. See 112., p. 298-589 116. Xu, Song, Essays on water resources 117. See 112., p. 4183 118. Important Documents of Song Dynasty, Vol. 8, p. 4940, Zhong Hua Book Store, 1957 119. See 118., Vol. 3, p. 4936 120. Yang, Houfu (Qing Dynasty): Policy on not turning lakes and ponds into fields 121. Ri Zhi Lu (On Daily Life), p. 990, Classic Literature Pub. Co., 1985 122. Sun, Xun: Essays on water resources, Vol. 66 123. Gaiyang Topography ((1522-1567), p. 3 124. See 121., p. 777 125. Qin, Xi: Jinghu Old Man"s House, in The Complete Tang Poems, Vol. 260, p. 2896 126. Li Ji, p. 16 127. Yanchen County Topography (1895), Vol. 4, p. 50 128. Jiangsu Provincial Topography (1926), p. 2 129. Jiangdu County Topography (1921), Vol. 7, p. 124 130. Gaoyou Prefecture Topography (1783), Vol. 1, p. 126 131. Gaoyou Prefecture Topography (1922), Vol. 1, p. 44 132. See 130., p. 125 133. The "30-day" variety was mentioned in several topographies 134. See 133. 135. New Book on Fengyoung (1621), Vol. 5, p. 301 136. He, Bingdi: Fast-ripening Rice Varieties in Chinese History, Agricultural Archaeology, No. 1, p. 119, 1990 15 137. Chang, T. T.: Origin, Evolution, Dissemination and Diversification of Asia and African Rice, Euphytica 25 138. Fang, Shao (Song Dynasty): Essays on Water Houses, Vol. 3 139. Yang, Siqi, et al (Qing Dynasty): Essays from Famous Court Officials in Chinese History, Vol. 247, p. 94-440, Shang Wu Pub. Co. 140. See 112. Vol. 173 141. See 112. Vol. 173 142. Shen, Gua (Song Dynasty): Chang Xing Ji, Vol. 9, p. 295-297, Shang Wu Pub. Co. 143. Zhen, Xiongsen: Nine Chapters on Mathematics and Agriculture, Research on Natural Scientific History, No. 3, p. 214-215, 1996 144. See 142 145. Wu, Jinsheng (Ming Dynasty): Notes on Maps, Internal Edition 146. Bao, Shichen: A Letter to the new Governor of Jiangxi Province (1836), included in Agricultural Policy of Prefecture and County, Agricultural Pub. Co., p. 104, 1962 147. Deng, Yunche: Chinese History of Famine Relief, Shang Wu Pub. Co., p. 1-62, 1993 148. Chen, Guanlong & Gao, Fan: Investigation of Agricultural Natural Calamity in Ming Dynasty, Chinese Agricultural History, No. 4, p. 9, 1991 149. Zhang, Guoxiong: The Situation of Drought and the Economy of Wei-Tian Development in Jiang-Han Plain during Ming Dynasty, Chinese Agricultural History, No. 4, p. 29, 1987 150. See 136. 151. Jin Shu. Biography of Hermits 152. Local dialect "In Jiangnan, keng rice is called xian" 153. Luo, Yuan: Er Ya Yi, see 17. 154. See 8. 155. Wuyi County Topography (1698), p. 246 156. Taiping County Topography (1540), Vol. 2, p. 237 157. Li, Yenzhang: Promoting Rice Planting in Jiangnan 158. See 157. 159. See 86. 16
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Course Descriptions
Day G - Information and Agenda
Let's Get Real: Tackling Dilemmas Faced by Adults with Social Learning Challenges
Course Outline, Objectives, Speakers, Agenda, Contact Info
Course Outline
Day G is the second day of the Day F workshop, with a continued emphasis on exploring and teaching children and teens the Social Thinking concepts and skills they will need as they emerge into adulthood. Teachers and parents of school-age students have described this workshop day as essential for helping them orient their teachings toward encouraging "success" in the adult years.
In this workshop our focus moves into the world of adult work, the social-emotional expectations that exist in the workplace, and what it takes to live as an independent adult. We set aside diagnostic labels and discuss the broader concept that we all live within social boundaries that encourage others to include us and show they value us, whether or not we realize it.We introduce the 5 Steps to Social Thinking Psychology and also the Social Thinking Social-Emotional Chain Effects to which we all subconsciously react and respond. Through review of dilemmas encountered by "bright" adults who have fallen off career tracks, we demonstrate where social learning breakdowns happen and discuss strategies to avoid them, including coping skills and how to work as part of a team.
In addition, we redefine what it means to function as an "independent adult" and provide strategies to determine where to begin the Social Thinking treatment process. Remarkably, even college-educated, scientifically or artistically gifted adults who are living "on their own" may still not be able to manage all adult expectations until we teach them how to function independently. We will also address the complex issues that parents of these adults face.
Prior to attending this workshop, please feel free to read a blog written by Michelle Garcia Winner and a parent of an adult with social communication challenges:
Adults: Becoming the Directors of Their Own Treatment Teams and Treatment Plans
Intended audiences: speech-language pathologists; therapists (MFTs; LCSWs; OTs; PTs); teachers; autism specialists; clinical, educational and developmental psychologists; clinical and educational administrators; physicians; nurses; nurse practitioners; social workers; paraprofessionals; parents and other family members and caregivers of students with social thinking challenges.
Populations to be discussed: Individuals with high-functioning autism, PDD-NOS, Asperger syndrome, NLD, ADHD and related disabilities, focusing on those with near normal to far above normal verbal intelligence (verbal IQs above 70). Strategies will concentrate on teenagers and young adults and adults; however, the content will provide guidance for the treatment direction we should provide for school-age students.
Please scroll to the bottom of this page for the agenda.
Objectives of Day G:
- Participants will be able to describe the meaning of "Social Thinking nuance and sophistication" of the adult mind and how this influences our expectations and related intervention strategies.
- Participants will be able to list in order, from most fundamental to most appreciated, the four skills we have in mind when we refer to someone as functioning independently as an adult.
- Participants will be able to describe three elements related to the Social-Emotional Chain Effect and how this awareness impacts our own communicative interpretation and responses.
- Participants will be able to explain why in Social Thinking we describe everyone as having "social paranoia" and how this affects what we teach based on our own social responses.
- Participants will be able to define the term "emotional compression" and how this relates to what we teach students and how they process others' responses.
- Participants will learn how to review with a teen/adult his or her relative learning strengths and weaknesses, to help the client put social learning challenges in context when compared to the client's other learning systems.
The Reason for This workshop
When we released our book, Socially Curious and Curiously Social: A SocialThinking Guidebook for Teens and Young Adults, we were flooded with requests for a workshop to teach Social Thinking to adults. Many adults were writing us, requesting we address their specific issues, while many counseling and psychology groups approached us to present on our treatment methodology. There is little comprehensive information offered in conferences to address the needs of our "smart" but at times "clueless" adults, many of whom were never diagnosed and have received few concrete treatments. As a result, we developed this two-day workshop to meet these pressing needs.
STTSC Members Available to Present Day G:
Michelle Garcia Winner
Pamela Crooke
Register and use appropriate social skills to chat and find a seat! The conference begins at 8:30
Explain social learning challenges as they relate to adults and explore the connection to mental health. Redefine the concept of independence to determine a starting place for setting treatment goals.
Review how the ILAUGH Model of Social Thinking relates to adults in the workplace and community; explain Social Thinking nuance and sophistication in workplace and community settings.
Break for Lunch
Discuss where to begin and Social Thinking paradigms for adults: the Social-Emotional Chain Effect and the five steps of adult social emotional thought processes; explore related treatment strategies
Continued discussion of strategies to help teach self-awareness and self-monitoring of key Social Thinking concepts and related skills for use in the workplace and community; examine issues related to dating
If you have questions, please contact:
Social Thinking
3031 Tisch Way, Suite 800
San Jose, CA 95128
Phone: (408) 557-8595 ext. 302 Fax (408) 557-8594
website: www.socialthinking.com

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Wednesday, September 24, 2014 Studio Soundtracks: BOSCO
A few days ago, we caught up with BOSCO, the multi-talented artist who supplied our Shoe Cult ad with some serious sound. Her music video for "Names" just dropped, so we got the inside scoop on her creative process, what flew into her mouth while shooting the video, and why Lisa Frank will always reign supreme. — Chris Rellas
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Tuesday, September 16, 2014 Studio Soundtracks: Bleached
Sisters Jennifer and Jessie Clavin have been making music together since they were pre-teens, banging out their first notes on their dad's acoustic guitar in their childhood San Fernando Valley home. The two spent high school playing in bands together, most notably Mika Miko, the most interestingly named Dead Banana Ladies, and later played in a few bands apart before they came together to form Bleached. The Clavins took their mutual love of the '60s era girl-group sound and The Ramones and Misfits-style punk rock and put out a string of beloved 7-inches and music videos before finally releasing their first full length Ride Your Heart (which is now available, along with a ton of other records, on our site) last April.
Since then Bleached has toured the world, playing alongside the likes of Haim, Best Coast, and Black Lips. To celebrate the release of their newest 7-inch For The Feel, which drops today, we talked vinyl, aesthetics, and the importance of a good album cover.
Wednesday, August 27, 2014 Studio Soundtracks: Nasty Gal's FYF Podcast with Joyce Manor, Mac DeMarco, and More
FYF was hot and crowded and hectic and loud—thus the perfect place to test drive my new podcast! Armed with my extensive knowledge of podcasts (AKA listening to "WTF with Marc Maron") and thorough band research (Google on my iPhone), I hit the pavement at the fest and grabbed some of my favorite acts including Joyce Manor, Mac DeMarco, Jessy Lanza, and Alanna Gruesome of Joanna Gruesome, to have a chat with them about how their music was going, their festival highlights, and the situation in the Middle East (just kidding). Miss Steaktooth joined me for a few of the interviews, and together I'm pretty sure we managed to make every single interviewee uncomfortable. Yay!
Listen below to enjoy my prepubescent boy voice and charming nervous laugh. – Yasi Salek
Friday, August 22, 2014 Studio Soundtracks: Countdown to FYF! Pt. 5
For our fifth and final installation of our FYF-themed playlist, we bring you Kelela, Kindness, Joanna Gruesome, and Jessy Lanza. Listen up and get your game face on—the fest starts tomorrow!
Thursday, August 21, 2014 Studio Soundtracks: Countdown to FYF Fest! Pt. 4
Part four of our FYF countdown playlist—chock full of Earl Sweatshirt, Caribou, and Jaime XX—is sure to put a very goofy, very Mac Demarco-esque grin on your face.


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Term three at youth group had us making billy carts with the Yarra Glen and Districts Men's Shed.
Welcome to Heartland Church
Heartland is your church. It isn't a building, but a group of people who value others and share a common journey. It is the local church for today that continues to grow organically, looking at new and relevant ways to love and support this town and to raise leaders who impact this town, this state, this country and the world.
Heartland church is a caring community, and welcomes you, regardless of your life situation, or faith position to begin a life journey of worth, purpose and destiny.
Heartland's Sunday gathering is a great place to explore the Christian faith for yourself. Join us this Sunday, 10 a.m in the McCoombe Room at the Yarra Glen Memorial Hall.
Please navigate our site to find out about the Heartland ministries, values and faith.
Mike Baimbridge, Senior Pastor


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Obama's multilateral march to war: strategic choice or rushed improvisation?
- By Colum Lynch
Colum Lynch is Foreign Policy's award-winning U.N.-based senior diplomatic reporter. Lynch previously wrote Foreign Policy's Turtle Bay blog, for which he was awarded the 2011 National Magazine Award for best reporting in digital media. He is also a recipient of the 2013 Elizabeth Neuffer Memorial Silver Prize for his coverage of the United Nations.
Before moving to Foreign Policy, Lynch reported on diplomacy and national security for the Washington Post for more than a decade. As the Washington Post's United Nations reporter, Lynch had been involved in the paper's diplomatic coverage of crises in Afghanistan, Iraq, Lebanon, Sudan, and Somalia, as well as the nuclear standoffs with Iran and North Korea. He also played a key part in the Post's diplomatic reporting on the Iraq war, the International Criminal Court, the spread of weapons of mass destruction, and U.S. counterterrorism strategy. Lynch's enterprise reporting has explored the underside of international diplomacy. His investigations have uncovered a U.S. spying operation in Iraq, Dick Cheney's former company's financial links to Saddam Hussein, and documented numerous sexual misconduct and corruption scandals.
Lynch has appeared frequently on the Lehrer News Hour, MSNBC, NPR radio, and the BBC. He has also moderated public discussions on foreign policy, including interviews with Susan E. Rice, the U.S. National Security Advisor, Gerard Araud, France's U.N. ambassador, and other senior diplomatic leaders.
Born in Los Angeles, California, Lynch received a bachelor's degree from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1985 and a master's degree from Columbia University's Graduate School of Journalism in 1987. He previously worked for the Boston Globe.
- colum.lynch
- @columlynch
It was fitting that President Obama's abrupt decision this week to back a U.N. resolution paving the way for a military assault on Muammar Qaddafi's forces culminated with a vote in a closed-door Security Council session. Washington's decision-making was as lacking in clarity and transparency as the council meeting itself.
Before the council vote, it remained unclear who was leading the effort to pass the resolution, who would participate in the subsequent intervention, and whether the real aim of the mission was to protect civilians, as stated, or, more likely, to force Qaddafi from power.
Even more of a mystery was why the United States, which had seems so skeptical about the virtues of military intervention in Libya, had suddenly signed off on a risky new military intervention in the Arab world.
But one thing was made clear. The U.S. would use force to save lives in Libya only if it had the U.N. Security Council's imprimatur, and only if it had clear commitments that the U.N. Secretary General Ban Ki moon and a coalition of countries, including the Arab League, would play a central role in the mission.
A generation ago, Presidents George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton had pushed for similarly deferent provisions in U.N. negotiations, calling it a policy of "assertive multilateralism." But both administrations had their hopes dashed by deadly setbacks in Somalia and Bosnia, respectively.
Never again, Democratic and Republican politicians proclaimed, would the U.S. subcontract its foreign policy to the United Nations or grant a U.N. Secretary General authority over U.S. forces' ability to use force, as happened with Boutros Boutros-Ghali in Bosnia. Indeed, President Clinton subsequently insisted that U.N. mandates have clear and achievable goals and exit strategies — conditions that could not be fulfilled in the case of Rwanda on the eve of that country's descent into genocide in 1995.
But in weighing its first new military undertaking, the Obama administration has insisted that the U.N. and the Arab League be at the center of the military effort. U.N. Security Council Resolution 1973 — which establishes a no-fly zone over Libya and grants sweeping authority to foreign militaries to protect civilians in Libya — requires that states intending to use force consult with Secretary General Ban Ki moon and the Arab League chief, Amr Moussa on their operations. Susan E. Rice, the U.S. ambassador to the United Nations, further insisted in a closed door meeting of the Security Council that the U.S. would only participate in enforcing a no-fly zone over Libya if Arab governments also participated.
U.N. observers said the U.S. strategy reflected its long-stated preference for multilateral engagement, particularly at a time when U.S. forces are deployed in Afghanistan and Iraq. But the march to conflict also appears to have developed on the fly, they said. "This smacks of something done in a rush," said Carne Ross, a former U.N.-based British diplomat.
Ross believes that the failure to rally support for the resolution from five key members — Brazil, China, Germany, India and Russia — could potentially "weaken the political legitimacy" of any military operation, particularly if it is protracted and messy. "If all goes well next week and Qaddafi flees into exile nobody will mind. But if it goes badly and international support starts to erodes those five countries will feel very little obligation to support" the effort to squeeze Qaddafi.
Britain and France, by many accounts, both took the initiative in developing a resolution that would authorize a no-fly zone. The U.S., according to one council diplomat, appeared "semi-detached. We're still trying to work out ourselves what was really happening with the United States."
On Monday, that changed. During a closed door session of the U.N. Security Council on Monday, Rice, welcomed the Arab League's call for a no fly zone, saying it "merits urgent and serious consideration," according to a council member who heard her remarks. But she said U.S. "willingness" to support the Arab League initiative "will depend on serious participation by Arab states."
Libyans "deserve our active protection against indiscriminate mass killings and executions," she said, according to the council diplomat. "We should all keep in mind the no-fly-zone on its own is unlikely to protect civilians on the ground."
On March 15, Rice appeared more tentative in a closed-door session, questioning other council members about whether there would be Arab League participation, suggesting a no-fly zone would not change the dynamics on the ground. Her brief sounded skeptical and lawyerly, according to a council diplomat.
"We had the feeling that they had no idea what their policy was going to be," said a Security Council diplomat.
But the following day, Rice signaled it was prepared to take action. Following a closed door Security Council meeting, Rice told reporters, "The U.S. view is that we need to be prepared to contemplate steps that include, but perhaps go beyond, a no-fly zone at this point, as the situation on the ground has evolved, and as a no-fly zone has inherent limitations in terms of protection of civilians at immediate risk."
Mark Kornblau, Rice's spokesman, challenged the characterization of U.S. policy as detached, noting that the US engaged swiftly in the council on the need to seriously consider a no-fly zone and other action to protect civilians.
"The United States made its position very clear in the Security Council negotiations and there wasn't any doubt about our intentions because of the way Ambassador Rice laid it out, very plainly and clearly."
Edward Luck, the senior vice president at the International Peace Institute, who serves as a part time advisor for the U.N. secretary general, said it was inevitable that the planning for the no-fly zone would appear a bit murky to the outside world because there is no obvious country with the national interests and military wherewithal to take the lead in carrying out such an operation. "It's not because people want to be opaque but because there is no natural leader," he said.
But he defended the U.S.'s more low-key multilateralist strategy, saying it made it easier to convince other states to support a pair of sweeping resolutions that imposed severe sanctions on Qaddafi's regime, triggered a war crimes investigation, and opened the way to the use of military force to protect civilians.
"Historian have to look backward at the fact that the United States not being in the vanguard may have been helpful in the sense that it didn't look like a U.S. effort to dominate Libya and intervene in the Islamic world," Luck said. "It made it easier for others to get on board."
Follow me on Twitter @columlynch
Related Stories
The U.N.'s High Stakes Gamble in LibyaMarc Lynch
Marc Lynch is associate professor of political science and international affairs at George Washington University, where he is the director of the Institute for Middle East Studies and of the Project on Middle East Political Science. He is also a non-resident senior fellow at the Center for a New American Security. He is the author of The Arab Uprising (March 2012, PublicAffairs).
He publishes frequently on the politics of the Middle East, with a particular focus on the Arab media and information technology, Iraq, Jordan, Egypt, and Islamist movements.| Marc Lynch |
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How Obama turned on a dime toward warJosh Rogin
Josh Rogin covers national security and foreign policy and writes the daily Web column The Cable. His column appears bi-weekly in the print edition of The Washington Post. He can be reached for comments or tips at firstname.lastname@example.com.
Previously, Josh covered defense and foreign policy as a staff writer for Congressional Quarterly, writing extensively on Iraq, Afghanistan, Guantánamo Bay, U.S.-Asia relations, defense budgeting and appropriations, and the defense lobbying and contracting industries. Prior to that, he covered military modernization, cyber warfare, space, and missile defense for Federal Computer Week Magazine. He has also served as Pentagon Staff Reporter for the Asahi Shimbun, Japan's leading daily newspaper, in its Washington, D.C., bureau, where he reported on U.S.-Japan relations, Chinese military modernization, the North Korean nuclear crisis, and more.
A graduate of George Washington University's Elliott School of International Affairs, Josh lived in Yokohama, Japan, and studied at Tokyo's Sophia University. He speaks conversational Japanese and has reported from the region. He has also worked at the House International Relations Committee, the Embassy of Japan, and the Brookings Institution.
Josh's reporting has been featured on CNN, MSNBC, C-Span, CBS, ABC, NPR, WTOP, and several other outlets. He was a 2008-2009 National Press Foundation's Paul Miller Washington Reporting Fellow, 2009 military reporting fellow with the Knight Center for Specialized Journalism and the 2011 recipient of the InterAction Award for Excellence in International Reporting. He hails from Philadelphia and lives in Washington, D.C.| The Cable |


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I believe Jeff Dunham is the devil, out to destroy humour. Also Dane Cook. What a bunch of fags.
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Check out our range of this seasons Sweatshirts including just in party wear, casual looks and pretty prints for all occasions.
Discover our massive range of mens jeans from premium brands including Duck & Cover, RNT Jeans and CipoBaxx. Choose from our wide collection.
Get your new outfit started with our range of t-shirts including print tees, striped or various plain colours.


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The energy assistance funds are designed to help qualifying households pay their energy bill while providing the consumer education needed to reduce their dependence on future government assistance.
The funds were part of $123.9 million awarded to 51 cities, counties and nonprofit organizations through the department.
The department annually assists more than 68,000 low income Texans through CEAP services, helping low income households meet their immediate energy needs and to encourage consumers to control future energy costs through case management and consumer education. To apply for help with fuel bills, contact Bee County Action Agency at 361-358-5530.


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As most of you know, YouTube recently launched several new video advertising products as well as some new tools and resources that are aimed at helping businesses jump into the world of online video marketing. As part of this, they released an e-book called the "YouTube Advertiser Playbook" which is specifically geared toward companies who want to use video to market their business, but don't know exactly where to begin.
While we plan to cover their Advertiser Playbook in-depth in the coming weeks (and we've already covered part 1 here), we thought we would use this week's Creator's Tip video to provide a summary and overview, as well as to highlight a few of the tips and ideas that this playbook contains.
YouTube's Advertiser Playbook Cliff Notes Edition
There are four basic parts to the YouTube Advertiser Playbook:
- Getting Started with Video
- Managing Your Videos
- Promoting Your Business
- Tracking Your Success
Getting Started:
This section is fairly basic and geared more towards individuals who don't have a lot of experience creating and posting videos on YouTube, although it is worth the time to skim through it as it may remind you of something you are not currently doing or an idea you have not yet implemented with your videos.
Managing Your Videos:
Again, this section does have a lot of basic information, especially if you regularly upload videos to YouTube, however, if you haven't made any recent changes to your channel, we do suggest reviewing this section again to find ways that might refresh the look and feel of your channel and give you additional ideas on how to make your content more engaging.
For example, there is a great section under here called "Four Ways to Build Your Community on YouTube". The tips are:
1. Respond to comments. Engage in what people are saying around your video, encourage them to be a part of it, and start forming that community around your content.
2. Subscribe to relevant channels. Stay on top of what other people are doing in your niche on YouTube. Stay engaged with that community.
3. Make a schedule for creating new videos. You want to make it easy for individuals who subscribe to your channel to know when you will have fresh new content.
4. Promote your videos outside of YouTube. YouTube has devoted an entire section of the playbook to this exact topic.
Promoting Your Business:
This section gives a lot of information as well as a step-by step tutorial on how to us Google's AdSense for video. It gives you ways to set up TrueView ads for your videos, pre-rolls on videos, etc.
One of the best tips we found in this section was to utilize QR codes to help promote your video. These can be put on any promotional material you put out, business cards, newsletters, etc.
Tracking Your Success:
This takes you through how to use YouTube Analytics and Analytics on your AdWords for planning your video campaign. It is pretty basic and fundamental but it does go into understanding the raw data and how to use that information to plan future campaigns and content for your videos.
In case you haven't done so already, you can and should download YouTube's Advertiser Playbook - HERE.


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We are fully-insured, veterinarian recommended and conveniently located off the 695 Gerelock Road Exit - 10 minutes from just about anywhere in Syracuse! (Left off the exit then Right on Horan Rd).
To our customers, Canine Clubhouse is considered a home away
from home for their 4-legged kid(s) - a safe, secure, fun and meticulously clean
facility where their dog can play hard and go home tired!
Our Clubhouse members are closely supervised at all times by
our experienced and trained pack leaders, and no expense has been spared in
providing a stimulating environment designed to encourage safe play and
exercise. We have a wide selection of
playground equipment and daycare appropriate toys designed specifically for
dogs so they will never get bored!
We have 3 separate playrooms at The Clubhouse, and the dogs
have free access to a huge, securely fenced-in yard. All the playrooms are equipped with sealed rubber
flooring designed specifically for dog daycares, which provide cushioning for
joints and muscles while preventing slips. We also have hospital grade walls that are bacteria resistant, as well as chew and dent proof. Fresh water is always available in our custom made Stainless Steel water troughs throughout the facility. An UltraVation UV air filtration system has been installed to help eliminate airborne viruses and bacteria. Come take a tour for more details about our facility and behind the scenes action...Must call to schedule the tour.


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Madeira Restaurante
2 Guildford Crescent, Cardiff, United Kingdom CF10 2HJMap
+44 29 2066 7705
Neighborhood: Adamsdown
Refurbished and modernized, the Madeira Restaurante is styled like a Portuguese restaurant, but instead of being 100 per cent authentic, the menu merely draws on Portuguese influences. The result is an array of colorful meat dishes with highly flavored sauces. Try the peppered rib steak or the fiery chicken vilao, which is laden with chillies. Vegetarians pretty much have to make do with omelette amd pasta, which although freshly prepared and very tasty, are less exciting than the choices for non-vegetarians.
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Turkey Roll Provencale
|Turkey roll
|2 Pound (1 Piece)
|6 Ounce
|1⁄4 Teaspoon
|1⁄4 Teaspoon
|1 Clove (5 gm), chopped
|Anchovy fillets
|Black olives
|Chopped parsley
|4 Tablespoon
|Chicken bouillon
|1 Cup (16 tbs)
|2 1⁄2 Pound
|3 Tablespoon
|Pepper white
|1⁄4 Teaspoon
1. Preheat oven to 350°F.
2. Peel and rinse potatoes. Slice potatoes and put them in very cold water. Remove and pat with paper towels. Heat butter in a skillet and brown potatoes quickly.
3. Spread the potato slices evenly on the bottom of an ovenproof dish. Salt and pepper.
4. Chop the anchovies and the olives finely.
5. Mix garlic, anchovies, and olives until smooth. Work into a roll and put in wax paper in a cool place.
6. Remove the skin from the turkey roll and cut the roll into thin slices. Brush with bouillon.
7. Place the slices of turkey on the bed of potatoes and brush again with bouillon. Cut the aromatic roll in thin slices and place between the turkey slices and on top.
8. Cover the ovenproof dish with foil and place in a 350°F oven for 20 minutes until the potatoes become soft.


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The Daily Caller recently reported on a "shocking government program" where the Department of Veterans Affairs is disarming American vets by getting them put on the FBI's background check list.Read More
(Washington, D.C.) – Rep. Buck (R-CO) is a strong, vocal defender of gun rights. So is Rep. Trey Gowdy of South Carolina.Read More
Congressional Republicans are pushing a bill to block the feds from forcing gun buyers to disclose their race in applications, saying the government should be "color blind" when it comes to the Second Amendment.Read More
It worked with Indiana's Religious Freedom Restoration Act. It worked with Ferguson. It's being used to bludgeon hapless Associate Justice Anthony Kennedy into submission. And now it's being used to try to overcome Second Amendment opposition to the confirmation of Loretta Lynch.Read More
Senator Mitch McConnell
Majority Leader
United States Senate
317 Russell Senate Office Building
Washington, D.C. 20510-1702
On April 29, a homeowner in East Knox County, Tennessee, reportedly awoke to the sound of glass breaking, drew a bead on the alleged intruder, and blew the suspect out of the house with one shot. When police arrived, they found him dying on the porch.Read More
A homeowner shot and killed an intruder who broke into his home early Wednesday morning.Read More
On April 23, an alleged 18-year-old home invader "chose the wrong house" for a daylight robbery in Arlington, Texas, and was shot and killed by the homeowner, who was in the residence at the time.Read More
A couple walked into their kitchen early Saturday morning to have their morning coffee, and were immediately confronted by a man who held them at gunpoint.Read More
A 24-year-old man with a concealed firearm was walking out of a Kroger grocery store when he noticed a group of 7 people surrounding an elderly man, and at least on of them was attacking him.Read More
NASHVILLE, Tenn. (May 4, 2015) – On Thursday, Tennessee Gov. Bill Haslam signed a bill to prohibit the...
Former Florida Gov. Jeb Bush declared Wednesday that 11 million immigrants in the country...
Cruz Surges Following Candidacy Announcement Raleigh, N.C. – PPP's newest Republican national poll...
Calling it the "civil rights battle" for millennials that will decide who controls the the country for the...
With Somali terrorists threatening this past weekend to attack the Mall of America, the nation's...


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AT&T hits 4G LTE deployment plan for 2012 early
Verizon may be rolling out its 4G LTE network at an alarming rate, but today AT&T is showing us that it can play ball too. The company announced today that it doubled the size of its 4G LTE network during 2012, and the year isn't over yet. AT&T will continue rolling out 4G LTE through the end of the year and into 2013, so AT&T customers are only going to see their coverage get better.


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The Bengali food fest, at The Dream Hotel, promises to be a culinary discovery
Say 'authentic' cuisine, from whichever part of the planet or the universe for that matter, this 'one' gets goosebumps. All those hybrid and unidentifiable 'dishes' assault the senses and therefore it is with trepidation that one approaches an 'authentic' food festival.
At the Dream Hotel we were in for a surprise, thankfully of the pleasant kind too. Keshia is playing host to the food fete, 'Bengali Thali'. We were introduced to the nuances of Bangla cusine by Kevin Wilkins, the F&B manager, the best person for the job. Why? Because he belongs to Kolkata, simple! There is a technique, a protocol to approaching food. After all we are talking about food of the connoisseurs.
The thalis arrived. I for one was expecting a steel thali and the proverbial half-a-dozen katoris. This was a day of surprises. The meal was a thali meal but it was not. Our food arrived in white porcelain plate and white porcelain bowls. Our plate was full, literally.
Sitting pretty on the plate were rice, luchis, chops, pappad, some greens predominated by a very green chilli which are common for the vegetarians and the 'nons'. The chops are different, there was mangsher chop (crumb fried spiced lamb) and vegetable chop (ditto as before only vegetarian). The 'chops' are plumper, denser cutlets and filling as they are. We are told that the typical way of starting the proceedings is first eating the papad by dipping it in a combination of mango and dates which tastes sweeter than the date pickle we get with biriyani.
The next 'course' was Begun Bhaja (pan-fried aubergine marinated in spices) something like our 'mezhukkupuratti' before the era of 'masalas' (courtesy 'margin free' and super markets). The vegetarian thali (Rs. 550) came with the subtle paneer malai curry (cottage cheese cooked with coconut milk), masoor dal, a mixed vegetable curry and an aromatic dish made of raw banana ('raw banana' dum, aloo dum's cousin?). The non-vegetarian thali (Rs.650) is a veritable feast for the meat lover. There was 'Macher Paturi' (fish marinated in mustard, turmeric, wrapped in banana leaf and steamed) which is something like our 'Meen Pollichathu', 'Bati Jhingri' (prawn cooked in onion gravy), a chicken curry and 'Kosha Mangsho' (lamb cooked in spices). The 'Macher paturi' was the winner, hands down. No fishy taste or smell and the mustard infused marinade just enhanced the flavours.
It was one culinary experience. The food was the culinary equivalent of 'breath of fresh air'. Spices there were, but never spicy or oily for that matter. One could taste the subtle flavours of the spices – clove, cardamom, bay leaf etc and taste the food. The food was nuanced almost delicate, the aroma of the food was satiating. Even the chops, laced as they were with the heavy spices and therefore the flavours, it was not jarring. Probably this what they mean when they talk about flavours tangoing!
To round off the meal there is 'payesh', yes, our 'paalpayasam'. Actually like ours only that the rice is not cooked to the consistency it is in our version, it is a treat nevertheless.
It was as if someone had wished us (and meant) 'bon appétit'. The food fest concludes on July 14.
Keywords: Bengali food


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Select Local Merchants
Fitness InvasionRead MoreThere are as many exercise goals out there as there are exercisers, and Fitness Invasion has the classes and know-how to help every one of them become a reality. The studio offers both personal training with its team of professional trainers and group classes that get students moving and sweating in unison. Students looking to bulk up in the muscle department can sign up for a kettle bell class, while those hoping to slim down might choose dance-based Zumba or High Intensity Interval Training for their fun, high-energy atmospheres.3435 South Delsea DriveVineland, NJ US
Peace Love YogaRead MoreBeginning yoga students and experienced yogis alike meet at Peace Love Yoga, where small group classes can be adapted to challenge all skill levels. Instructors help students link body movements with breath as they move through various postures together. Power yoga and meditation classes are also available, as well as kids' sessions that incorporate games and animal yoga poses.1016 South Delsea DriveVineland, NJ US
Yogi Power YogaRead MoreThough she took her first yoga class when she was a teenager in 1992, it wasn't until Piera Chodorow Meil discovered Baron Baptiste's style of power Vinyasa yoga in 2006 that she began to seriously pursue her practice. After training under notable yogis such as Bill Raup and Bikram Choudhury—the founder of Bikram yoga—Piera opened her own studio, Yogi Power Yoga, to share her passion with students of all experience levels. Performed in a heated space to foster detoxification and help muscles to sink into deep stretches, the dynamic style of power yoga challenges practitioners to link a series of flowing postures with deep, mindful breaths. This idea of mindfulness extends to Yogi Power Yoga's physical practice space—environmentally friendly practices are used whenever possible, and much of the interior, including flooring, furnishings, and paint, consists of reclaimed or sustainable materials. Committed to helping its community, the studio offers donation-based classes and often partners with charity organizations, with initiatives that have included raising funds for the Farm Sanctuary, a rescue and refuge network for North American farm animals279 Egg Harbor RoadWashington Township, NJ US
Washington Township Fit Body Boot CampRead MoreWashington Township Fit Body Boot Camp combines dynamic resistance exercises with energetic trainers who hold clients accountable for their progress. The fitness experts also supply nutritional guidance, creating a comprehensive program that can help clients lose weight, live healthier lifestyles, and deal with issues such as high cholesterol.800 Holly Dell CtSewell, NJ US
Active FitnessRead MoreActive Fitness prides itself on its friendly, welcoming atmosphere, and for the last 20 years, patrons have noticed. A team of certified personal trainers stands at the ready throughout the spacious fitness center, helping guests buff up on the weight-training equipment or burn calories on the rows of more than 50 cardio machines. Their goal is to make each guest feel like they're part of a team, rather than just another membership number, which they stress in their small-group classes. Their classes include VastForce, an intense circuit-training class that combines elements of rock climbing, suspension training, and rowing, in which they coach each exerciser to complete the routines at their individual fitness levels. They also helm personal-training sessions, in which they push patrons toward their fitness goals—from running a marathon to losing a few pounds to flying 2 feet—with tailored routines and nutrition counseling.309 Fries Mill Rd.Sewell, NJ US
Cycle On StudioRead MoreTaking a road bike in a spinning studio may seem like a recipe for pedaling into a wall, but at Cycle On Studio, it's a recipe for a more realistic workout. During the studio's Kinetic Rock and Roll training sessions, cyclists work out on their own bikes, which they lock into indoor-appropriate frames that provide lifelike side-to-side rocking to challenge the same muscles engaged on the biking trail. This is just one of the studio's many classes that cast off one-size-fits-all workouts. Even during traditional spinning sessions on NXT stationary bikes, students can opt to wear a MYZONE belt that monitors and tracks all of their exercise activity in order to make the classes more efficient. With or without the belts, instructors infuse these workouts with high-energy climbs, interval training, saddle work, and virtual rickshaw rides.3101 Rt 42Sicklerville, NJ US


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Kenny Chan
Honored in these specialties:
Hospital Affiliations:
From the Doctor (Sponsored)?
Dr. Kenny Chan is a fellowship trained, board certified pediatric otolaryngologist dedicated to the treatment of medical or surgical problems of the ear, nose and throat at Children's Hospital Colorado. Dr. Chan specializes in chronic ear disease, cochlear implantation, sinusitis and anterior skull base tumors. His extensive experience and exemplary care have been recognized nationally with numerous honors and awards. His goal is to deliver the most advanced, evidence-based evaluation and management for children and their families.
Dr. Chan currently serves as Chairman of the 9-physician Pediatric Group at Children's Hospital Colorado and is also a Professor with the University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology. His group at Children's Hospital Colorado adds depth and breadth to the subspecialty, and are engaged in teaching and research. Dr. Chan's research has been widely viewed and published.
Dr. Chan is a member of American Academy of Otolaryngology, American Society of Pediatric Otolaryngology, American Academy of Pediatrics and the Triological Society. He was recently elected as President-Elect for the American Society of Pediatric Otolaryngology.
Children's Hospital Colorado pediatric otolaryngology group treats the common diseases:
- Ear infection
- Tonsillar and adenoid infections and enlargement
- Neck masses
- Noisy breathing
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if you kill yourself the last act you did while on earth was to murder someone even if it is you.You will end up in a worse place than now i am sure.
Why thinking of that as hell heaven or hell both are not like a thing to think of now...you have all of your life out there and killing yourself...will make hell comes into heaven so no hell for anyone ever...no killing of yourself :(.
Thanks as you are a oone of a kind girl...so smack these thoughts out of your mind and blow to moon :P.
Don't be selfish
I think you are "trying" to be helpful with your comment.... HOWEVER - I find it incredibly ignorant too. IF (big if) - if this person is serious, then she is likely clinically depressed. That is mean she is "sad", it is a CHEMICAL issue within her body. It is not something she could **reason** (IE being selfish). Suicide because totally reasonable.
Trust me on this one.
I know. I had depression once, I had suicidal thoughts. I was being selfish for thinking those things, that's my personal opinion. She asked this question and I was just stating my opinion.
Yes.....but so much later. I mean...once in the world of truth, may be you'll disagree with your decision, as there you'll perfectly know what was your mission on this planet and will feel sad as you didn't gare. It's the hell...a spiritual condition that is not said will be forever. (If your avatar is you...your eyes are not hellish). Try to live and understand the meaning of this life. It may be a wanderful adventure....who knows?
I can only tell you what I experienced. No. I was brain dead for 24 hours. My only memory of that time was that I was in total darkness, no sound, no sense of touch, sight or smell, only consciousness in a black void. I'll never do that again. Hope you don't either.
well apparently not, I came back
No you won't be going any where, you will be grounded for a long time
Is this a rhetorical question ?
That is for God to decide. Just as it is for him to decide if you do NOT kill yourself.
I think a lot of people would miss you ! It would be sad for the people, that loved you in this life & you look very young
Um, why do you want to kill your self...
broadly speaking, yes.
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