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Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
© The Author(s) 201410.1007/s00216-014-7690-2
Rapid Communication
An evaluation of sucrose as a possible contaminant in e-liquids for electronic cigarettes by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
Paweł Kubica
Email: email@example.com
Received: 3 December 2013Revised: 31 January 2014Accepted: 11 February 2014Published online: 25 March 2014
The influence of sucrose combustion products on smoking and nicotine addiction is still controversial because the presence of the sucrose may be treated as a source of aldehydes and organic acids. In e-liquids used as refills for electronic cigarettes, which are made primarily of poly(propylene glycol), glycerine and ethanol, sucrose may be present at trace levels, and its impact on mainstream smoke formation, and hence on human health and smoking/nicotine addiction is unknown. An analytical method was developed where high-performance liquid chromatography in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography mode and tandem mass spectrometry were used for fast and simple determination of sucrose and other saccharides in e-liquids for electronic cigarettes. Minimal effort was required in the sample preparation step, and satisfactory results were obtained, and the sample matrix had an insignificant impact. The chromatographic separation was done using an Ascentis Express OH5 column (150 mm × 2.1 mm, 2.7 μm). The coefficients of variation for within-day precision for three concentrations were 2.4 %, 1.6 % and 2.3 %, and the between-day coefficients of variation for a single concentration were 2.1 %, 2.5 % and 1.7 % measured on the next 3 days. The detection limit was 0.73 μg/g, and the sucrose content in e-liquids ranged from 0.76 to 72.93 μg/g among 37 samples. Moreover, with the method presented it is possible to determine the presence of other saccharides such as fructose, glucose, maltose and lactose. However, only sucrose was found in all samples of e-liquids. The proposed method is rapid, simple and reliable in terms of high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry.
KeywordsElectronic cigarettes Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry Carbohydrates
The use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) as an alternative to traditional tobacco smoking and as part of therapy in nicotine and smoking addiction is becoming more and more popular. In our previous research, we proved that not all liquids for e-cigarettes marked as nicotine-free are actually free of nicotine [1]. Sucrose is a popular additive in tobacco products and is commonly used in the production processes and to enhance the taste and flavour of the tobacco. Moreover, sucrose occurs naturally in tobacco leaves [2–4] and can be determined by liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry [5] or by other techniques [6]. The exact mechanism of the formation of aldehydes and organic acids during combustion of sucrose and other sugars in tobacco is still not fully understood [7, 8]. However, it is known that during this process organic acids and aldehydes may be formed [3, 9–12]. Aldehydes coming from sugars during the combustion of tobacco may have the reinforcing effect responsible for increased addiction to nicotine and smoking [9, 13]. The high temperature during the combustion of tobacco (from 600 to 900 °C during drawing) is responsible for the formation of aldehydes and organic acids. The working temperature of the heating element of e-cigarettes is variable owing to the cooling of inhaled air flow [14]. From one point of view, this temperature may seem too low (around 250 °C) to lead to the formation of aldehydes and organic acids, but there are reports [3, 15] indicating fairly quick formation of aldehydes from sucrose during cigarette smoking even at temperatures as low as 200 °C. Furthermore, more than ten different aldehydes were detected in e-cigarette aerosol [16]. Despite this, the temperature is high enough to evaporate the main ingredient, which is poly(propylene glycol), with a boiling temperature of around 188 °C. All of the e-liquids available on the market are based on poly(propylene glycol) (above 80 %), glycerine and even ethanol (from 5 to 15 %) according to the labels attached. What is more, none of the labels of e-liquids on the market state that the products contain sucrose or may contain it at a trace level.
The purpose of the project was to develop a rapid and simple method for the evaluation of sucrose content in e-liquids by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) with electrospray ionization and multiple reaction monitoring. The proposed analytical method allows the determination of the sucrose content in less than 4 min, with minimal effort required for sample preparation.
Materials and methods
Standards of sucrose, glucose, fructose, maltose, lactose and raffinose as well as ammonium formate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, USA). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) grade acetonitrile was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Ultrapure water was obtained with the use of an HLP5 system from Hydrolab (Wiślina, Poland).
Thirty-seven samples from different producers of popular e-cigarettes were purchased on the local market. The labels attached to the products did not contain any information about carbohydrate content.
Preparation of standards and calibration solutions
Stock solutions of sucrose, glucose, fructose, maltose, lactose and raffinose (used as an internal standard) were prepared by dissolving an appropriate amount of each in a mixture of acetonitrile and water (80:20). The final concentration of each carbohydrate was 50 μg/mL. The purity of raffinose, with regard to the presence of sucrose, was tested, and no traces of sucrose were detected. All samples tested were raffinose-free, and therefore use of raffinose as an internal standard is acceptable. Calibration solutions were prepared by dilution of the stock solution with the mobile phase to obtain sucrose concentrations of 10, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 400 ng/mL, whereas the concentration of the internal standard was kept at 400 ng/mL. All solutions were stored in a refrigerator at 4 °C and every week new solutions were made.
Sample preparation and preparation of fortified samples
Fifty milligrams of each sample was added to a 10-mL volumetric flask. Internal standard solution (40 μL) was added, and the flask was filled up to the mark with the acetonitrile–water (80:20) mixture. Fortified samples were prepared as follows: a randomly selected sample with sucrose content below the limit of detection (LOD) was spiked with the appropriate amount of sucrose standard to obtain 10, 20 and 30 μg/g solutions (these correspond to 50, 100 and 150 ng/mL after sample preparation). The fortified samples were used for repeatability and trueness (recovery) determination.
MS/MS conditions
All analyses were performed with a Q-Trap 4000 triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer from Applied Biosystems (Foster City, CA, USA) with electrospray ionization in negative mode, using Analyst® 1.5.2. Analyte-specific multiple reaction monitoring conditions and ion source parameters were determined using an appropriate Analyst® feature, by the infusion of a 200 ng/mL solution of each carbohydrate, and in flow injection mode, respectively. Optimum detection conditions are presented in Table 1.
Table 1
Optimal parameters for the ion transitions monitored and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) operational parameters
Parameters for the ion transitions monitored
Pseudomolecular ion→fragment ion
MS/MS operation parameters
Curtain gas (psi)
Temperature (°C)
Nebulizer gas (psi)
Turbo gas (psi)
HPLC conditions
The chromatographic separation was performed using the HPLC–MS/MS system consisting of a pump, degasser, autosampler and column oven from the Agilent 1200 series. The separation of analytes was achieved in the HILIC mode using an Ascentis Express column (Supelco, Bellefonte, PA, USA; 150 mm × 2.1 mm, 2.7 μm, pore size 80 Å). The column oven temperature was set to 35 °C. The mobile phase contained acetonitrile (solvent A) and ammonium formate buffer (solvent B) adjusted to pH 6.8. The presence of ammonium formate is necessary to obtain narrow and symmetrical peaks. Too high a concentration of buffer will suppress the detector signal, and therefore its concentration was kept to a minimum, i.e. 2 mM. The separation of sugars was performed in the isocratic mode (80 % solvent A and 20 % solvent B) at a flow rate of 0.7 mL/min. The injection volume was set to 5 μL. The total time of the chromatographic run was 3.5 min. Chromatograms of standards (sucrose and raffinose) and chromatograms of selected real samples are presented in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1
Examples of chromatograms obtained in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) mode. From the top: mixture of standards sucrose (100 ng/mL) and raffinose (400 ng/mL), chromatogram of real sample C cherry (sucrose concentration 8.00 μg/g), chromatogram of real sample D coffee (sucrose concentration 40.82 μg/g). IS internal standard
Results and discussion
The possible presence of other sugars in e-liquids
Most of the disaccharides are built of monomers such as glucose, galactose and fructose. This means that they will generate the same pseudomolecular and fragmentation ions during MS/MS. In fact, only the difference in the retention times between different sugars allows their identification. The samples of e-liquids were tested for the presence of two disaccharides (lactose and maltose) and two common monosaccharides (fructose and glucose) in order to exclude their possible coelution with sucrose. The mixture containing each sugar at 200 ng/mL was analysed under the conditions described in "HPLC conditions". The chromatogram presenting the separation of standards is shown in Fig. 2. Under the proposed HPLC conditions, sucrose is baseline-separated from other sugars; hence, they will not interfere with its quantitative determination. None of the 37 samples analysed were found to contain sugars other than sucrose.
Fig. 2
Chromatogram of a mixture of analytes: fructose, glucose, sucrose, maltose, lactose and raffinose (each at 200 ng/mL) detected by negative electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry in HILIC mode
Within-laboratory validation
Analytical figures of merit
A six-point calibration curve was constructed using raffinose as an internal standard, and each calibration solution (see "Preparation of standards and calibration solutions") was analysed in triplicate. The curve was linear in the range of concentrations studied. The LOD was calculated with the equation LOD = 3.3S b/a, where S b is the standard deviation of the intercept and a is the slope of the calibration curve. The limit of quantitation was calculated as three times the LOD. The LOD obtained (0.73 μg/g) is similar to [17, 18] or even lower [19, 20] than the values reported by others. Within-day precision was estimated by replicate (n = 6) analysis of samples fortified at three concentrations (10, 20 and 30 μg/g) on 1 day. Data obtained during the within-day precision investigation were also used to assess the trueness of the method. Intermediate (between-day) precision was verified by analysing the single fortified solution (20 μg/g) for three consecutive days. Again, each analysis was performed six times (n = 6).
As can be seen from Table 2, the recovery values at all spiking levels are close to 100 %, which means that no matrix effects or bias was observed. This allows the use of external calibration instead of a matrix-matched approach. The method also performs well in terms of precision. In no case was the coefficient of variation greater than 2.5 %.
Table 2
Determination of sucrose in fortified e-liquid samples: calibration parameters, trueness and repeatability data
Calibration curve equation (6 point, n = 3)
S a a
S b c
R 2d
LOD (μg/g)
LOQ (μg/g)
y = 0.001746x + 0.0479
Within-day precision (3 spiking levels, n = 6)
Spiking level (μg/g)
Recoveryb (%)
Between-day precision (1 spiking level, 20 μg/g, n = 6)
Recoveryb (%)
Analysis of real samples
All samples were prepared according to the protocol described in "Sample preparation and preparation of fortified samples". Samples were chosen from among the most manufacturers and the popular brands available on the market. The content of sucrose in the samples analysed is presented in Table 3.
Table 3
Concentration of sucrose in e-liquids for electronic cigarettes: analysis of real samples
Concentration of sucrose ± SD (μg/g)
1.11 ± 0.21
2.28 ± 0.11
23.73 ± 0.81
7.315 ± 0.095
5.04 ± 0.28
1.99 ± 0.11
2.31 ± 0.19
10.89 ± 0.14
8.006 ± 0.024
Fruit mix
5.62 ± 0.37
20.15 ± 0.43
10.66 ± 0.55
0.784 ± 0.053
Red Bull
19.06 ± 0.34
1.027 ± 0.093
25.07 ± 0.35
1.211 ± 0.052
8.65 ± 0.36
72.93 ± 0.72
40.82 ± 0.52
9.86 ± 0.28
13.11 ± 0.20
Red Bull
13.46 ± 0.23
8.22 ± 0.14
19.91 ± 0.54
3.40 ± 0.20
0.76 ± 0.12
26.23 ± 0.29
Red Bull
7.74 ± 0.20
22.25 ± 0.46
29.82 ± 0.43
Fruit mix
1.80 ± 0.13
11.67 ± 0.35
Only in four samples was the sucrose content below the LOD or C min used for the construction of the calibration curve. These samples were reanalysed with less dilution (5 mL instead of 10 mL). There is no clear relationship between the sucrose content and the manufacturer. Among the samples of a given brand, one will find e-liquids that are almost sucrose-free together with others high in sucrose. For example, most of the samples from producer B are low in sucrose (less than 1 μg/g), but there is an exception. Chocolate-flavoured e-liquid was found to contain sucrose at a concentration of 7.3 μg/g. The opposite situation can be observed in the case of producers C and D. Here, most of the samples were found to be high in sucrose, but there were a few exceptions. Likewise, no direct relationship was found between the flavour and the sucrose content. Only in the case of menthol-flavoured e-liquids was the sucrose content rather high in each sample.
The purpose of this project was to develop a simple, reliable and sensitive method for the determination of sucrose in e-liquids with minimum effort for sample preparation. The method developed may be helpful in future research on e-cigarettes. The main advantages of the method presented are the low LOD (0.73 μg/g) and the short analysis time, without the need to stabilize the column owing to the isocratic separation mode. The source of sucrose in e-liquids is unknown. One of the possibilities is that sucrose is a component of the flavour/taste additives, or it is a contaminant from the production process. Another possibility is that sucrose is extracted along with nicotine from tobacco leaves, although in such a case reducing sugars such as fructose and glucose should also be present. Still, there is much controversy about the safety of e-cigarettes, and the method developed may be helpful in quality control, or research on the impact of e-liquid content and the composition of e-cigarette aerosol.
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited.
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Investigating Potential Child Abduction Cases.
The concern that people share for the welfare of their own children, as well as for the children of others, illustrates the fundamental value children hold in society. Few relationships are as powerful or emotional as those between adults and children. Parents, families, neighborhoods, and communities strive continually to create programs and practices that provide their children with healthy, secure environments where they can thrive and grow. Due to their physical, emotional, and cognitive dependence on adults, however, children remain uniquely susceptible to abuse, neglect, and exploitation, which make them vulnerable as victims for a variety of differing offenders who abuse and exploit them for such reasons as sex, revenge, and profit. Occasionally, this maltreatment results in missing, abducted, or allegedly abducted children.
The value people place on children makes missing child incidents among the most widely publicized cases encountered by law enforcement. The reported abduction or mysterious disappearance of a child captivates families, neighborhoods, communities, and entire nations. In the 1980s, several highly publicized stranger-perpetrated child abduction cases heightened public and parental concerns and fears and led to the widespread belief that stranger abductions had become increasingly common. This awareness caused parental groups, civic organizations, political representatives, and government agencies to support programs focusing on missing children.
While public fears and perceptions focused on stereotypical stranger abduction, in which an older adult male from outside the community preyed randomly upon an unsuspecting child for sexual gratification, initial research findings painted a different picture. Studies found that abductions by family members represented the most prevalent child abduction type, ranging from 163,200 to 354,100 cases annually. [1] In contrast, the national incidence of child abductions perpetrated by nonfamily members ranged from 3,200 to 4,600 cases annually, with only 62 percent of these cases committed by strangers. [2] Additionally, long-term stranger abductions, where serious risk of victim mortality existed, only accounted for between 200 to 300 cases annually. These statistics included children ranging in age from birth to 18 years and, therefore, displayed diverse victim characteristics and vulnerabilities. Stranger abductions, although a serious and potentially lethal problem, did not appear as widespread as experts beli eved originally. More recent child abduction and child homicide research generally supports these findings.
Contemporary analyses of nationally representative child abduction patterns demonstrate that law enforcement and criminal justice professionals can better understand the dynamics of child abduction by assessing child victimization from a developmental perspective. [3] Simply put, as children progress through life they become more physically and emotionally mature, more independent, and more mobile. As they age, their attributes, vulnerabilities, and accessibility change, and they gain exposure to and become desired by different types of abductors who exploit them for different reasons. Younger, more constantly monitored children (birth to 5 years), for example, generally have a greater risk of victimization by parents or other trusted caregivers who have access to their protective confines. More independent school-age children who experience lapses in supervision by caretakers are more accessible and more often victimized by acquaintances or strangers outside their homes. [4] Thus, during their lives, childr en face different abduction and victimization scenarios and risks.
Why are children abducted? Interpretation of offender motivations and behaviors often is complicated, [5] particularly in abduction cases where children simply seem to vanish. In such cases, the ensuing investigation involves searching for both the victim and an offender who may be a parent, relative, friend, acquaintance, or total stranger. This differs from other scenarios, such as parental abductions, where the identity of the offender and sometimes the location of the abducted child are known, and the offender's motivation is more obvious. [6] Even in the most clear-cut cases, however, law enforcement may have difficulty determining exactly why the offender abducted the victim. The apprehension of the offender and a reliable confession may not even provide law enforcement with the true underlying motive. However, an accurate understanding of the behaviors and intentions of offenders who abduct children and how these crime characteristics change as potential victims get older can provide investigators wit h important insights early in a developing case and allow them to use their resources more effectively.
Research and investigative experience have shown that family abductions, motivated by domestic discord and custody disputes, overwhelmingly represent the most frequent type of child abduction. Short-term, nonfamily incidents where abductors release or return children, often before anyone knows they are missing, constitute another type of child abduction. Short-term cases often involve sexual molestation. Long-term, nonfamily abductions are the least common and those that result in child homicide happen rarely. These cases frequently come to the attention of police as missing child reports and rarely result in quick resolution. Motivations for long-term, nonfamily abductions include: sexual gratification; retribution (e.g., revenge or "collecting" on an unpaid debt); financial gain (e.g., ransom or extortion); desire to kill (this, alone, is reported to motivate and gratify some offenders); and, maternal desire (where an offender desires to possess a child and abducts primarily newborns and infants). [7] Sexua lly motivated abductions represent the most common type of nonfamily abduction and classically pose the highest risk of victim mortality. [8] Long-term, nonfamily child abduction cases shock the public conscience and, because of their potentially lethal nature, law enforcement must conduct expeditious, informed, and well-managed investigations.
Investigators also encounter cases involving false allegations of abduction. Typically, a parent or primary caregiver perpetrates these cases. They report a child as missing or abducted to hide their involvement in the child's death or conceal their knowledge of the child's location. Such was the case of Susan Smith, who fastened her two sons into their car seats and watched the car coast into a lake. Subsequently, Smith told police that an armed carjacker had taken both her car and her children. A timely and thorough investigation conducted by experienced law enforcement personnel ultimately proved the fallacy of this allegation. In another case, a mother reported her teenage daughter missing and claimed to have received a telephone ransom demand. An intensive 3-day investigation located the daughter at a friend's house where she had been staying with her mother's knowledge and approval. An overwhelming need for attention appeared to motivate the mother's false report.
Most long-term abductions are reported to the police, not as abductions, but as missing children. The majority of the 450,000 children reported to police as missing each year are lost or have run away. [9] Most of these children are found quickly and law enforcement resolves their cases with minimal investigative effort. Consequently, determining whether someone has legitimately abducted a child, particularly if the missing child is a teenager, often is not obvious or easy. In short, because most missing children are not abducted and most abducted children are not missing, investigative complacency becomes a statistically understandable response. The investigation of a missing child who possibly was abducted, however, constitutes the most serious and perplexing challenge facing law enforcement agencies. It can rapidly overwhelm and exhaust all available resources (e.g. financial, personnel, logistical) and impose heavy personal and professional burden on investigators, support personnel, and management. Becau se nonfamily abductions are comparatively rare, law enforcement agencies often find themselves unprepared for such demanding and emotionally taxing investigations. [10]
Aware of the patterns and dynamics generated by scientifically sound child abduction research, law enforcement can conduct more efficient and effective missing child investigations. While each case presents unique challenges, comprehending the ways that child abduction cases typically occur and understanding the abduction scenarios most commonly seen within specific age groups can assist in the evaluation process, provide investigators with early intervention strategies, and facilitate the time-critical management of investigative resources prior to expert consultation. To this end, the FBI, the Department of Justice's Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, the Washington State Attorney General's Office, the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children, and the British Home Office [11] have conducted valuable child abduction and child homicide research. Additionally, the FBI's Critical Incident Response Group (CIRG) employs a nationally responsive team of child abduction experts who pro vide investigative support to requesting law enforcement agencies.
The collective research, training, and case experience of CIRG's child abduction experts have resulted in child abduction typologies. These descriptions exclude family abduction cases centered in custody disputes. They illustrate the patterns typically seen in cases where a child is reported to police as missing and potentially abducted. These typologies may not represent all child abduction incidents.
Newborns (birth to 1 month)
Two basic types of child abduction scenarios typically appear in newborn cases. The most common form, "infant abduction" or "maternal desire abduction," generally involves a female stranger abducting a very young victim for the purpose of raising the child as her own. These offenders need children to save a failing or stressed relationship with a significant other, to fulfill their own maternal desires, or the desires (perceived or real) of their partners. Typically, these women abduct newborns from hospitals or from the child's home, and often live miles away from the place of the abduction. Interviews with these offenders indicate that they plan their abductions well, with some offenders effectively feigning pregnancy for months and creating elaborate ruses (posing as nurses, hospital employees, and other child care specialists) to gain access to suitable victims. [12] They often report visiting multiple hospitals prior to attempting an actual abduction, "casing" the facility much like a bank robber does w hen selecting a bank to rob. When selecting a victim, the child's sex is not important, with male and female children at equal risk. However, the victim's race is important, because it generally must match that of the offender or her partner. Recent statistics indicate that hospital abductions have decreased, most likely due to increased awareness and the implementation of safety precautions and procedures in maternity and neonatal departments. As a result, abductions from alternative locations (e.g. victim's home, health clinics) may increase. Abductions from nonhospital settings more often result in violence because the abductor frequently prepares for a physical confrontation with the child's mother, father, or other caregivers. [13]
The 24-hour period following any child abduction is particularly critical; thus, law enforcement must prepare a rapid and intensive investigative response. One of the most effective investigative strategies in infant abduction cases involves the cooperation of media to alert community members and to seek their help in the recovery of the victim. Tips from caring community members resolve many infant abduction cases. Interviews with offenders indicate that media publicity generally does not affect their behavior or additionally risk the child's safety. With guidance from law enforcement, media coverage can focus on sympathetic pleas for the safe return of the child from the victim's parents, grandparents, or respected community members. Minimization of the criminal culpability of the offender and the criminal nature of the abduction is crucial. Cases involving this type of abduction have a high resolution rate, with 9 out of 10 victims returned home safely.
The second form of abduction involving newborns involves victimization for emotion-based reasons (e.g., anger, frustration, revenge, or retribution). Most of these cases do not represent true abductions. Emotion-based abductions include child abuse fatalities resulting in parents claiming abduction (i.e., false allegations), revenge, retribution, and rage-based crimes. Emotion-based offenses may target the child (i.e., primary caregivers with inadequate coping and parenting skills) or serve as a means of punishing the child's parents. These forms of abduction are more common among infant and toddler victims. However, for newborn victims, the biological mother is the most common offender in emotion-based cases, with or without assistance from the biological father. The mother often uses abduction claims to hide the child's untimely death. In instances where the offender attempts to dispose of the victim's body, the remains usually are packaged in some manner (e.g., plastic bag, box), hidden, and disposed of re latively close (within 5 miles) to the victim's home.
Infants (1 to 12 months)
As with newborns, infants also frequently are victims of either emotion-based crimes or maternal desire abductions. However, maternal desire offenses become progressively less common as these children age and emotion-based cases predominate. Because maternal desire abductors generally require newborn victims to play a part in their elaborate maternal fantasy, an infant more than a few months of age may be too old for their purposes. When compared to newborn victims, the dynamics of the infant maternal desire offenses are similar. However, for infant-age victims, who no longer require hospitalization, many abductions occur outside of a clinical setting. Although offenders sometimes use ruses, the risk of violence to mothers, fathers, and other primary caregivers increases. [14]
The most common abduction scenarios involving infant-age children are emotion-based. In such cases, male infants face a higher risk of victimization than females. Generally, males (particularly biological fathers) perpetrate these emotion-based offenses. Offenders often impulsively kill victims in their residences in personal ways that require close physical contact (e.g., blunt force trauma, suffocation) and subsequently report them to the police as missing. Typically, they dispose of victims close to their home (within 1 mile of the offender's residence) in a secure location familiar to the offender. The remains of most victims are found outside, hidden or buried, and in many cases, the offender has placed the child in some type of container (e.g., plastic bag, box) prior to disposal. Most emotion-based offenses occur impulsively and lack detailed planning. The frequent recovery of the victim's remains near the home may reflect either the offender's reluctance to leave familiar territory or, more likely, a hastily prepared disposal plan.
Toddlers (1 to 2 years)
Like their infant counterparts, toddlers are victimized primarily for emotion-based reasons, and the characteristics of these crimes are similar. Although rare, toddlers also are victims of sexually motivated abductions. Like infants, male toddlers face a slightly higher risk of abduction in emotion-based offenses, with offenders usually being biological parents and other family members. The mother's boyfriends and ex-boyfriends also are common offenders. Similar to other emotion-based offenses, these cases appear impulsive and lack extensive planning. [15] Furthermore, precipitating domestic stressors that result in displaced aggression frequently precede them. Accessibility to the victim remains a critical factor in the toddler abduction equation. Toddlers constantly depend on others for their supervision and care. Thus, strangers generally have very limited access to these children.
Sexually motivated abductions of toddlers are rare, which may be due, in part, to the physical immaturity and undesirability of these children as sexual objects. When they occur, however, male offenders with ready access to the locations and routine activities of these children are the primary perpetrators.
Preschool Children (3 to 5 years)
When compared to cases involving toddler victims, emotion-based offenses are less common in preschool children. Sexual crimes, however, occur more frequently. Toddlers, whose increased mobility and desire for independence make them more difficult to control, may cause their caregivers increased stress and frustration. [16] Preschoolers, on the other hand, are often more physically and emotionally developed. This generally reduces dependence and pressure on parents and primary caregivers, decreasing the number of parental emotion-based incidents. Along with their physical and emotional development, however, preschoolers exhibit greater autonomy and experience more prolonged lapses in adult supervision. For example, parents often allow preschoolers to play in their front yards with minimal supervision, providing strangers and acquaintances greater access to these children. Increased ease of access, greater physical maturity, and inherent vulnerability may account for the increase in sexual and profit crimes in volving preschool victims as compared to toddlers. Not surprisingly, strangers and acquaintances are often the perpetrators of sexually motivated and profit-based offenses in preschool children.
For preschoolers, emotion-based crimes are predominately familial with biological parents (primarily fathers) and parental boyfriends/girlfriends commonly responsible for these offenses. Offenders are most often males and their victims primarily female, which differs from the slightly higher male victim population in the infant and toddler groups. In cases where offenders kill victims, approximately one-half dispose of the body within 100 yards of the abduction site (almost always the victim and offender's shared residence). However, some offenders who kill their victim transport the remains greater distances, attempting to separate themselves in time and space from the abduction site.
Sexually motivated abductions, while more common than in toddlers, occur less frequently in preschoolers than emotion-based crimes. When they occur, however, females are usually victims. The race of both the victim and the offender closely matches the demographics of the area where the abduction takes place. Usually, offenders are male and an acquaintance of the victim (commonly neighbors). This represents a drastic departure from the large number of family offenders found in emotion-based preschool cases. Again, the accessibility of the victim appears to be a critical factor in dictating victim-offender relationship.
Preschoolers who are victimized by sexually motivated offenders are often abducted from their yards or neighborhoods by offenders who know them and who have ready access to these locations. These offenders often have a history of previous sexual misconduct. Some of these offenders desire children as their preferred sexual partners (preferential offenders) while others are simply sexually indiscriminate (situational offenders). Almost all sexual abductions of preschoolers occur at or within 1 mile from the victim's home.
Profit-based offenses (e.g., ransom, extortion, robbery, drug related) involving preschool victims are rare. Stereotypical incidents involving young children kidnaped for ransom are especially rare (less than 1 percent). [17] In preschoolers, profit-based abductions generally occur in the context of crimes against older victims, where the abducted preschooler is taken because of a pre-existing parental drug debt or in the course of a carjacking or robbery. A thorough investigation of friends, associates, and subordinates of the child's parents often provides valuable insights into the origins of these crimes.
Elementary and Middle School Children (6 to 14 years)
Child abduction patterns change dramatically when children reach school age. Victimization rates almost triple and, while the sex of a victim generally is not a critical factor in offense patterns involving younger children, school-age females are at least 3 times more likely to be abducted and murdered than school-age males. These trends appear to be related directly to an offense motive. In school-age children, sex represents the overwhelming reason for abductions. Offenders usually are male and select female victims.
The relationship between offenders and victims also changes dramatically for school-age children with most cases perpetrated by acquaintances or strangers. This trend becomes more evident in older school-age children where stranger abductions predominate. Again, changes in victim access, physical maturity, and vulnerability appear to be primarily responsible. When children reach school age, they often acquire more independence and mobility. They become exposed to new environments and situations, often without the guidance and supervision of their parents or primary caregivers. In these situations, they become more accessible to nonfamily offenders who find them physically mature enough to be sexually desirable and vulnerable enough to be easily controlled and exploited. Thus, while younger children are victimized more often by family members and acquaintances in protected circumstances, acquaintances or strangers seeking sexual gratification typically abduct older, more physically mature children outside of the home.
Strangers are responsible for about one-half of elementary school abductions, and acquaintances, such as neighbors, family friends, and adult associates are responsible for the rest. For middle school children, however, strangers are the most frequent offenders. The offenders in these cases often have a history of previous sexual misconduct, impulsive behaviors, violence, substance abuse, and psychiatric treatment. They usually display poor social skills and work habits, and frequently are deemed "socially incompetent." [18] Their inability to interact effectively with others may cause them to obtain victims by abduction. These individuals often reside, work in, or frequent the area where they commit their crimes, which gives them a legitimate explanation for their presence.
Most abductions of elementary school children occur in or around the victim's home, with the vast majority of the victims abducted within 1 mile of their residence. As they age, however, school-age children frequently are abducted from more distant locations such as playgrounds, shopping malls, and other areas of recreation. Disposal sites of the remains also become more distant as victim age increases. In cases where offenders kill the victims, the remains of younger school-age children generally are recovered within 1 mile of the abduction site, although some offenders dispose of their victims over 10 miles away (one-half of these victims are found more than 30 miles away). A larger number of older school-age children are recovered from distant sites. As found in other age groups, these offenders often are familiar with the disposal sites they select and typically make little attempt to hide the victim's remains. These offenders leave most remains unconcealed or superficially cover them with available mate rials--few bury their victims or conceal them in packaging materials.
Compared to the abduction of younger children, emotion-based offenses are much less common in school-age children. As found in emotion-based cases involving younger children, the sex of the victim does not appear to be a critical risk factor. Primarily, offenders are male and familiar with their victims. Victimization occurs typically in the victim's home or front yard. Similar to cases with preschoolers, profit-based offenses are extremely rare among school-age children.
High School Children and Older Teens (15 to 17 years)
While sexually motivated abductions are particularly prevalent in elementary and middle school children, the number of sex crimes decreases in the high school group. Profit and emotion-based offenses, however, become more prevalent. The older child's possession of money or other valuable belongings may contribute to the increase in profit offenses. Also, high school children often have increased exposure to and involvement in drugs and other high-risk activities, which increases the risk for profit-based offenses.
Offense characteristics in sexually motivated abductions involving middle and high school children generally remain similar. High school sex crimes primarily involve female victims and male offenders. Offenders are usually strangers or acquaintances of the victim. Family members rarely commit these abductions. While abductions of high school children sometimes occur in their homes and yards, most are nonresidential, with the majority occurring in public areas outside the victim's neighborhood or in vehicles. Often these offenses occur more than 1 mile from the victim's home. In cases where offenders kill their victims, they typically dispose of the remains within 5 miles of the abduction site. As with sexually motivated abductions of elementary and middle school children, offenders typically do not hide the victim's remains, but might superficially cover them with available materials. Few victims are buried. Concealment in containers or packaging materials is extremely rare.
High school profit-based abductions involve more male victims. These offenses primarily pertain to the sale and distribution of drugs, and offenders are usually strangers or acquaintances. These offenses occur most often in or around the victim's home, with only a few occurring outside of the victim's neighborhood.
High school emotion-based offenses closely resemble adult crimes of domestic violence. They overwhelmingly involve teenage females victimized by boyfriends, ex-boyfriends, and paramours in stalking and domestic-type disputes. Thus, it appears that as children enter their older teen years, their patterns of abduction and victimization begin to resemble those found in adults. [19] The overwhelming prevalence of female victims represents a distinct change from the victimology of emotion-based offenses involving younger children (younger male and female victims were generally at equal risk). Predictably, offenders usually are male and acquaintances or paramours of the victim. These offenders generally abduct their victims in domestic-type disputes, which represents a departure from the familial emotion-based cases typical of younger children. Abductions frequently occur in close proximity to the victim's home, with most taking place within 1 mile. In high school children, abduction-related deaths generally involv e more weapons than abduction-based homicides involving younger children. This may reflect the necessity to subdue physically stronger and potentially adversarial victims. In cases where offenders kill their victims, they generally dispose of the remains within 5 miles of the abduction site.
Crimes against children, particularly those involving abduction and homicide, continue to become problematic both as a social phenomenon and as the responsibility of law enforcement. Although missing child cases frequently are not abductions, law enforcement agencies must prepare themselves for the inevitable life-threatening case by establishing child abduction investigation protocols and memoranda of understanding with adjacent law enforcement agencies. Such planning is effective only when initiated prior to an abduction allegation and the ensuing investigation. Additionally, each agency must provide specialized training to specific investigators who can manage these potentially complex and high-profile investigations. Because of the intense personal nature of these cases, investigators also must master the difficult task of controlling their own emotions to objectively evaluate all possible scenarios.
Child abduction investigations can burden law enforcement agencies, quickly depleting resources and emotionally exhausting personnel. The 24-hour period following an abduction represents a particularly critical time, and law enforcement must prepare to respond immediately and effectively.
At the onset of an abduction investigation, information can be vague. However, when coupled with a thorough understanding of how and why child abductions occur, even limited initial information can provide investigators with avenues for investigation. As children get older and become more independent and mobile, abduction risk levels change and different victimization patterns emerge. Agencies can use their knowledge of these patterns to effectively direct investigative resources. Additional factors, such as identifying the location of the last-seen, abduction, assault, homicide, and remains disposal sites can improve case resolution and solvability. [20] Modern law enforcement technologies, such as computer-aided case management systems, geographic profiling services, [21] aerial-mounted remote sensing equipment, and computer-based interagency communication networks also can supplement classical investigative procedures. Every abduction case presents unique challenges and police investigations must be immedi ate and thorough. Understanding statistical probabilities only represents part of the investigative equation. Thorough investigations include detailed victimology, intensive neighborhood and roadblock canvasses, timely witness interviews, detailed crime scene searches, media coordination, and common sense. [22]
Dr. Lord serves with the FBI's Critical Incident Response Group at the FBI Academy.
Dr. Boudreaux is a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Psychology at the University of California in Los Angeles.
Mr. Lanning recently retired from the FBI's Critical Incident Response Group at the FBI Academy.
(1.) D. Finkelhor, G. Hotaling, and A. Sedlak, "Missing, Abducted, Runaway, and Thrownaway Children in America," United States Department of Justice (Washington, DC: 1990).
(2.) Ibid.
(3.) M. Boudreaux, W. Lord, and R. Dutra, "Child Abduction: Age-Based Analyses of Offender, Victim, and Offense Characteristics in 550 Cases of Alleged Child Disappearance," Journal of Forensic Sciences 44, no. 3 (1999): 539-53; P. Crittenden and S. Craig, "Developmental Trends in the Nature of Child Homicide," Journal of Interpersonal Violence 5 (1990): 202-216; D. Finkelhor, "The Victimization of Children: A Developmental Perspective," American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 65 (1995): 117-193; K. Lanning, "Sexual Homicide of Children," APSAC Advisor 7, no. 4 (1994): 40-44.
(4.) M. Boudreaux, W. Lord, and S. Etter, "Child Abduction: An Overview of Current and Historical Perspectives," Child Maltreatment 5, no. 1: (2000): 63-71; D. Finkelhor, "The Homicides of Children and Youth: A Developmental Perspective," in G. Kantor and J. Jasinski (eds.), "Out of the Darkness: Contemporary Perspectives on Family Violence (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Inc., 1997), 17-34.
(5.) Supra note 3 (Lanning).
(6.) M. Forst and M. Blomquist, Missing Children: Rhetoric and Reality (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1991).
(7.) Ibid.; and K. Lanning, "Child Molesters Who Abduct: Summary of the Case in Point Series," National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (Alexandria, VA, 1995), 17-36.
(8.) K. Hanfland, R. Keppel, and J. Weis, "Case Management for Missing Child Homicide Cases," Office of the Attorney General (Olympia, WA, 1997).
(9.) Supra note 1.
(10.) Supra note 7 (Lanning).
(11.) The British Home Office is the British governmental equivalent of the U.S. Departments of Justice and Interior, combined. The Commissioner of Police reports directly to the Home Secretary, who heads the Home Office.
(12.) L. Ankrom and C. Lent, "Cradle Robbers," FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, September 1995, 12-17.
(13.) A. Burgess and K. Lanning, eds., "An Analysis of Infant Abductions," National Center For Missing and Exploited Children (Alexandria, VA, 1995).
(14.) Supra note 12.
(15.) Supra notes 3 (Boudreaux, Lord, and Dutra) and 4 (Finkelhor).
(16.) Supra note 4 (Finkelhor).
(17.) Supra note 3 (Boudreaux, Lord, and Dutra).
(18.) Supra note 8.
(19.) Supra notes 3 (Boudreaux, Lord, and Dutra) and 4 (Finkelhor).
(20.) R. Keppel and W. Birnes, Signature Killers (New York, NY: Simon and Schuster Inc., 1997).
(21.) D. Rossmo, Geographic Profiling (Washington, DC: CRC Press, 1999), 347.
(22.) The FBI's Critical Incident Response Group (CIRG) employs a nationally responsive team of child abduction experts available to assist requesting law enforcement agencies with investigative support and case consultation services. Additionally, the National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime has published an investigative guide to child abduction investigations, titled "The Child Abduction Response Plan." Copies of this guide are available to law enforcement agencies, at no charge, through their local FBI offices. Informational inquiries and requests for case assistance should be directed to CIRG, FBI Academy, Quantico, Virginia, 22135, telephone number (703) 632-4333.
Remember to Enter Those Children
Federal law requires immediate entry of all missing children into the National Crime Information Center's (NCIC) Missing Person File. The Missing Children's Assistance Act (42 U.S.C. Section 5772) defines a missing child as an individual under 18 years old whose whereabouts are unknown to the individual's legal custodian, and who was either taken from the control of the legal custodian without the custodian's consent or the circumstances of the case indicate that the child is likely to be abused or sexually exploited.
The National Child Search Assistance Act of 1990 (42 U.S.C. Section 5780(2)) states that law enforcement agencies may not observe a waiting period before accepting a missing child report and that each missing child reported to law enforcement must be entered immediately into the state law enforcement system and NCIC.
The Missing Children Act (28 U.S.C. Section 534) clarifies that "any information that would assist in the location of any missing person" should be entered into NCIC, and that the abductor need not be charged with a crime to enter a missing person's report into the NCIC Missing Person File. All children who have been taken from their legal custodian should be entered into NCIC--even if they are with a parent. A child still is considered "missing" when his or her general location is unknown. The child should remain in NCIC until the exact address where the child can be found is determined.
Also, remember to place the child abduction (CA) flag in the Missing Person field in appropriate missing children cases. Specifically, the flag should be used under the following conditions:
* There is a reasonable indication or suspicion that a child has been abducted and is missing under circumstances suggesting foul play or a threat to life.
* A child has been snatched off the street by a stranger.
* A particularly young child disappears from the home or a public place.
* A child is missing with an abusive, suicidal, or homicidal parent.
* A runaway child is known to be suicidal or has a severe, life-threatening medical condition.
Entries with the CA flag are immediately automatically transmitted to the FBI's 24-hour Strategic Information Operations Center (SIOC) and the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children. The SIOC alerts the FBI's National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime (NCAVC) and other appropriate FBI entities. Experience and research have shown that the first hours after an abduction are critical to the resolution of the case. The NCAVC provides operational assistance to federal, state, local, and foreign law enforcement agencies through the following services:
* profiles of unknown offenders;
* crime analysis;
* threat assessments;
* investigative strategies;
* interview and interrogation strategies;
* behavioral assessments;
* trial preparation and prosecutive strategies;
* expert testimony; and
* coordination of other resources, including FBI Evidence Response Teams and FBI Laboratory services.
Reader Opinion
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Chelsea defender Branislav Ivanovic says they'll stop the rot under manager Jose Mourinho.
In each of the last three years, the Blues' form has inexplicably nosedived around this time of the campaign and ultimately led to a string of coaching casualties.
Ahead of this week's Champions League opener at home to Swiss club Basel, the Serbian, 29, said: "I believe we'll have learnt something from what went wrong in the last few years.
"But also the new manager won't let the past affect us mentally. There's no way he'll allow it to happen again.
"The boss is in control of Âeverything here and knows the whole situation at the club. He's been amazing to work with since he came back.
"We have to go step by step and take it slowly but the confidence he gives to all of us is a very big positive.
"What's happened previously is something we have to think about. But if we stay together and focused I'm sure we can be a great success this season."
For the big stories and the banter follow us on Twitter: @tribalfootball


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(Disclosure: I wrote this post in partnership with Kidde, all words and opinions are my own and you can leave a comment at the end to enter the giveaway) A couple of weeks ago we had our neighbors over for dinner and we kind of had a teeny, tiny, small little kitchen fire. Yeah. Probably our neighbors will be declining all further invitations to dine with us. We were incredibly lucky that we were able to get things under control quickly, although it did take the rest of the night to air the kitchen out. We ended up moving our table and chairs outside and dining al fresco so that we could finish our meal in the fresh air. Like I said, our … [Read more...]
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Kristin Hannah is one of my favorite authors. I loved her novel Firefly Lane and was excited to review Fly Away, in partnership with BlogHer. Get to read a book by one of my favorite authors and give away a $100 Visa gift card to one of my readers? Please and thank you. It's totally not an April Fool's joke. The story in Fly Away is centered on friendship, the kind of unbreakable bond that is forged over a lifetime of sharing secrets and the kinds of relationships that remind me of these girls: The friends that stand up with you at the altar to share your joy and stand by you in a hospital room to share your grieving. The ones who have … [Read more...]
Get More Target Coupons with Cartwheel + $1,000 Target GiftCard® Giveaway!
I'm doing cartwheels over my first giveaway for 2014: A $1,000 Target GiftCard®! (Cartwheels. See what I did there? I crack myself up.) As a girl who loves her a good sale, I've been using the new Target Cartwheel app for months. Long before they contacted me about writing this post I was tapping away on my phone to pull up extra coupons. I love mobile coupons because they are so convenient. Plus, I hate using scissors. I cannot cut things in a straight line to save my life, not to mention that I hate how much ink is used when printing out coupons. And mobile coupons means that my "helper" cannot "help" me with my coupons. And by … [Read more...]
12 Days Of Crunchy Giveaway!
On the 11th Day of Crunchy, Spray Pal and The Inquisitive Mom Gave Away... Prize 19 (US Only) Molly's Suds Detergent and Wool Dryer Balls and GreenPaxx Box of Cool Straws, Box of Cool Caps, and Fitness Inspired Pint. I'm joining Spray Pal and The Inquisitive Mom November 14th through the 25th for the 12 Days of Crunchy Event (Enter and RSVP for the twitter part using this link)! Each day leading up to the twitter party, a new blogger will share the details of that day's prize and reveal a new entry for the day. My friends over at Spray Pal asked me to host a day and I'm excited to share today's prize, which includes Molly's Suds … [Read more...]
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Red Sox honor Rivera before last game at Fenway
Including playoffs, Rivera was 15-7 with 64 saves and a 2.59 ERA in 127 games against Boston in his 19-year career, starting with two innings of scoreless relief on Sept. 10, 1995. For him to face the Red Sox again - either at Yankee Stadium or at Fenway - both teams would have to make the playoffs.
"Hopefully it's not the last time," Rivera said before the game, when the Yankees were 11 1/2 games behind first-place Boston in the AL East and 2 1/2 games out in the wild-card race. "We're fighting for something. We want to get to the playoffs. I don't have any thinking about myself."
The 43-year-old Rivera has said he will retire after this season, his 19th in the major leagues, all of them with the Yankees. He has 651 career saves - tops in baseball history - with a 2.22 ERA and even the rival Red Sox called him the greatest closer in baseball history.
"What he's done is remarkable," Red Sox manager John Farrell said before the game. "He's a role model and I mean that in the greatest sense I can say it. Everyone should look up to his life."
Follow Jimmy Golen on Twitter at: Http://www.twitter.com/jgolen .
The Associated Press


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Jack Daniel's Tennessee whiskey
£25.00 (£35.72 per litre)
Brand Price Match - Checked Tesco.com 25/05/2015
Product Summary
Every drop made in Lynchburg, Tennessee. Mellowed for smoothness drop by drop through sugar maple charcoal. Matured for character in our own handcrafted barrels. Tasted for flavour by masters until deemed ready. Awarded for quality and distinction 7 gold medals since 1904.Tennessee sour mash whiskey
Please note that whilst we take every care to ensure the product information displayed on our website is correct, product recipes are regularly changed and this may affect nutrition and allergen information therefore you should always check product labels and not rely solely on the information presented here.If you require specific advice on any Waitrose branded product, please contact Customer Support on 0800 188884 or email firstname.lastname@example.com. For all other products, please contact the manufacturer.This information is supplied for personal use only. It may not be reproduced in any way whatsoever without the prior consent of Waitrose Limited nor without due acknowledgement.
You must be 18 or over to purchase this product.
You will be asked on delivery to verify your age.


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Bangladesh bans foreign charities helping Rohingya
Published on Aug 2, 2012 3:52 PM
DHAKA (AFP) - Bangladesh has ordered three international charities to stop providing aid to Rohingya refugees who cross the border to flee persecution and violence in Myanmar, an official said on Thursday.
France's Doctors without Borders (MSF) and Action Against Hunger (ACF) as well as Britain's Muslim Aid UK have been told to suspend their services in the Cox's Bazaar district bordering Myanmar, local administrator Joynul Bari said.
"The charities have been providing aid to tens of thousands of undocumented Rohingya refugees illegally.
"We asked them to stop all their projects in Cox's Bazaar following directive from the NGO (non-governmental organisation) Affairs Bureau," he told AFP.
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Every day, antibiotics are fed to perfectly healthy farm animals that make their way into our nation's food supply, promoting the development of deadly antibiotic-resistant infections. Please help end this practice by signing the petition telling Congress that, as a matter of good public health policy, we need to stop feeding America's farm animals unnecessary antibiotics.
Do you want to take antibiotics even when you are not sick? In a way, you are. Industrial farms routinely add antibiotics to the food of healthy animals in order to promote fast growth and to compensate for unsanitary living conditions — making an ideal breeding ground for antibiotic-resistant bacteria to spread to the human population.
Bacteria such as Salmonella and E. Coli are becoming increasingly antibiotic-resistant due, in large part, to the handling and consumption of contaminated meat and produce that has been exposed to resistant bacteria in soil and water.
The decreased effectiveness of antibiotics due to antibiotic-resistant bacteria is straining the the U.S. health care system to the tune of $4 to $5 billion per year, causing approximately 300,000 hospitalizations and 5,000 deaths. Now is the time to cut health care costs, not add unnecessarily to them.
This week is the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's "Get Smart About Antibiotics Week," which raises awareness about antibiotic resistance and the importance of proper antibiotic use in humans.
The Preservation of Antibiotics for Medical Treatment Act calls for the withdrawal of 7 classes of antibiotics vitally important to human health from use on industrial farms — unless the animals are known to be sick. Please take a moment right now to urge Congress to end inappropriate antibiotic use on farms.
According to SaveAntibiotics.org, up to 70 percent of U.S. antibiotics go to animals raised on industrial farms that aren't sick; penicillins, tetracyclines, macrolides, sulfonamides, and other antibiotic intended for humans are typically pre-mixed in poultry and livestock feed or added to drinking water, often giving food animals constant low doses of antibiotics over much of their entire lives; and 90 percent of hogs and 97 percent of poultry are grown on factory farms in the United States.
Make no mistake about it. This is a serious public health issue. The Obama administration has stated its support for a ban on the routine use of antibiotics in animal feed. Now is the time to let Congress know that you agree.
Please urge congress to to support the Preservation of Antibiotics for Medical Treatment Act, legislation that would withdraw 7 classes of antibiotics vitally important to human health from use on industrial farms unless animals or herds are sick with disease.
Read more: anti-biotics, e. coli, farm animals, get smart about antibiotics week, health policy, salmonella
Photo: United States Department of Agriculture
Thank you for sharing.
stop shareholders to trade medicaton before any virus even exists,,, geezzzzz nut case!
It just goes to show that human stupidity is much more infinite than the universe. Especially when money is involved.
Why, what purpose does it serve " if farm animals are healthy" What kind of Bacteria is in our food chain & being consumed daily by family's? Perhaps, when we are sick, antiobiotics are no longer effective. We are in trouble!
Carol, you can't just say "and that is a fact," after anything. And when you put them after things that are clearly not factual, you just look stupid. There is nothing fact about God, and especially nothing fact about humans having to eat animals to live. I am a vegetarian and I am alive and well. I would address the rest of your comment but it does not make any sense.
Anyway, the government should be looking into making safer and more healthy conditions where the animals are raised, then they wouldn't have as much of a need for the antibiotics in the first place.
And why do people think it's okay to eat fish and not other meat? (Regina). Fish are over hunted in the oceans, leaving not enough food for the other animals that actually need to eat them. And if fisherman catch some other kinds of fish that they don't need, they kill them anyway and throw them back in the ocean.
We should treat all of the animals gaven to humans to stay alive well no matter what they might be because without them man would not live and that is a fact.
Don't forget God created them for man to live so when man mistreats them we are mistreated God and that is a fact.
Ann ~ Editor of the article
You are only concerned about the anti biotics because of the effect it may have on humans!! What do you mean ~ HEALTHY FARM ANIMALS?? These abused animals are being kept in such appalilng conditions! They should not be there at all!! YOU should not be eating meat ~ then you would not need to worry about your precious self!!
Regina, vegetarians don't eat fish.
It's healthy to eat fish than meat.meat plenty of cholosterol and takes a long time to digest.nice to be a vegetarian...
To Brad King I would like to say that milk is also contaminated... But there is another problem ie. the hormonal treatment to make cows give milk even when they are pregnant. Cows and other animals are treated like living machins.
Disclaimer: The views expressed above are solely those of the author and may
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The last point, avoiding Memorial Day sales, is especially relevant in our consumer culture. Go enjoy…
As Mary said, ALL these questions were asked & answered a hundred times. Looks like you are trying…


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All along it's like a bird who trapped alone inside a cage, love
from Red Hot Chili Peppers – Magpies On Fire Lyrics on Genius
Knowing that their relationship was doomed from the beginning, Kedis likens their entrapment to a bird locked in a cage who, while beautiful and strong, is no match for steel bars. Similarly, the fierce love cannot fight reality, crumbling against the walls.
To help improve the quality of the lyrics, visit Red Hot Chili Peppers – Magpies On Fire Lyrics and leave a suggestion at the bottom of the page


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JD Sports Forum! / Re: JediDefender Fantasy Baseball 2014« on: May 14, 2014, 07:11 AM »
Kershaw is back
If he finds a way to make 4 more of himself by budding or something, you might actually have a shot.
This section allows you to view all posts made by this member. Note that you can only see posts made in areas you currently have access to.
Kershaw is back
By the looks of things on stat tracker, congratulations are in order for Virex. Well done sir, after that rocket out of the gate I didn't think you'd hold on, but well done.
You're still a prick though
Enjoy second.
That's quite the compliment.
Free agency's going to be big this year... gotta find another Mike Trout in the pool.
This really sucks. With everything going on I haven't been able to check my team more than twice since the beginning of the season. I see that I'm basically in the basement with no hopes of recovery. Seriously, my Dutch coworker is in 2nd place!!!.
I hate fantasy sports...
... gotta find another ... Trout in the pool.
Price and King Felix were both in my queue for my next pick. Picking behind Dressel sucks.
They're seriously kicking this new line off with a repacked Cap and repacked Iron Man?


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Latest National Science Foundation Stories
The U.S.
Six jurisdictions have received Research Infrastructure Improvement (RII) Track-1 awards from the National Science Foundation's (NSF) Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCoR).
NSF International Survey Reveals How Confusion About Food Expiration Dates Can Impact Health and Wallets Ann Arbor, Mich.
Validates Disinfectant Power of Clearitas® 350 for Two-Pronged Attack of Persistent Pathogens Such as Legionella in Healthcare Facilities Las Vegas, NV
College Obtains Funding to Support and Promote Engineering Education for Middle and High School Teachers Riverdale, NY (PRWEB) August 05, 2014 For the
A $20 million National Science Foundation EPSCoR grant will establish a Sustainable Ecological Aquaculture Network (SEANET) program in Maine.
Certification addresses athletes' fear of unknowingly testing positive for banned substances and desire for higher quality supplements and nutritional products EDEN PRAIRIE, Minn., Aug.
The National Science Foundation and Popular Science launched their new partnership as co-sponsors of the foundation's long-running Visualization Challenge, now called The Vizzies.
Researchers at Rice University in Houston, Texas are computationally investigating ways to rewire one of desalination's most useful tools: Bacteria.
NSF announces two Frontier-scale projects, part of a $74.5 million investment to support foundational cybersecurity research and education.
Latest National Science Foundation Reference Libraries
National Radio Astronomy Observatory -- The National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO) is a research facility of the U.S. National Science Foundation. They provide state-of-the-art radio telescope facilities for use by the scientific community. They conceive, design, build, operate and maintain radio telescopes used by scientists from around the world. Scientists use their facilities to study virtually all types of astronomical objects known, from planets and comets in our own Solar...
National Solar Observatory -- The National Solar Observatory (NSO) has its primary headquarters in Tucson. NSO telescopes on Kitt Peak include the McMath-Pierce Solar Telescope Facility containing the world's three largest solar telescopes (1.6-meter main and two 0.9-meter auxiliaries), along with the Vacuum Telescope and the Razdow small solar patrol telescope. The National Solar Observatory also operates telescopes at Sacramento Peak, New Mexico, that include the Vacuum Tower...
Cerro Tololo Observatory -- astronomical observatory located on Cerro Tololo peak, Chile, with offices in La Serena, about 40 mi (64 km) to the west. Funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF), it is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA), which also operates such other major national observatories as the Kitt Peak National Observatory in Arizona. The principal instrument is a 158-in. (4-m) reflecting telescope, the largest in the...
Kitt Peak Observatory -- astronomical observatory located southwest of Tucson, Ariz.; it was founded in 1958 under contract with the National Science Foundation and is administered by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy. Its principal instrument is the Mayall 158-in. (4-m) reflector. The observatory's equipment also includes 84-in. (2.1 m), 50-in. (1.3-m), 36-in. (0.9-m), and 16-in. (0.4-m) reflecting telescopes as well as a planned 3.5-m telescope. Used for wide...
Arecibo Observatory -- The Arecibo Observatory is part of the National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center (NAIC), a national research center operated by Cornell University under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation (NSF). The NSF is an independent federal agency whose aim is to promote scientific and engineering progress in the United States. NSF funds research and education in most fields of science and engineering. Additional support is provided by the National...
- Stoppage; cessation (of labor).
- A standing still or idling (of mills, factories, etc.).


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Book Search
The Routledge Sourcebook of the Culture of Animals in Antiquity
Sources and Themes
The Culture of Animals and Antiquity provides students and researchers with well-chosen and clearly-presented ancient sources in translation, some of which may be well-known, and others undoubtedly unfamiliar, but all central to a key area of study in ancient history –the part played by animals in...
To Be Published December 31st 2015 by Routledge
Ctesias' 'History of Persia'
Tales of the Orient
Series: Routledge Classical Translations
Towards the end of the fifth century BC Ctesias of Cnidus wrote his 23 book History of Persia. Ctesias is a remarkable figure: he lived and worked in the Persian court and, as a doctor, tended to the world's most powerful kings and queens. His position gave him special insight into the workings of...
Published August 30th 2012 by Routledge
Greek and Roman Dress from A to Z
Series: The Ancient World from A to Z
Who dressed as a woman in an attempt to commit adultery with Julius Caesar?s wife? How did the ancient Greeks make blusher from seaweed? Just how does one wear a toga? If, as many claim, the importance of clothes lies in their detail, then this a book that no sartorially savvy Classicist...
Published May 15th 2012 by Routledge


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New Church Seeks to Empower People With Purpose:
OAKLAND, Calif., Oct. 31 /PRNewswire/ — Led by Pastor John Lewis, Junior, Emmanuel Christian Assembly will hold its first church service at 9:30 a.m. on Sunday, Nov. 9, at Regal Cinemas Jack London Stadium 9 in Oakland, Calif., with free on-site parking.
The mission of the new church is to empower people to know and fulfill their unique God-given purpose in life. With a centralized location that allows for a diverse audience and unique worship experience, the non- denominational church welcomes people of all ages, cultures, and faith backgrounds to attend.
"At Emmanuel Christian Assembly, your purpose is our purpose," said Pastor Lewis, founder of the church. "We want to help people know their purpose in life and then live it out. That is why I am thrilled to have this opportunity to welcome adults and young people alike to our very first service."
A preacher, teacher, singer, songwriter, musician, and author, Pastor Lewis has been the senior pastor of several churches in the San Francisco Bay area over the past 25 years. After accepting his call into the ministry and receiving his initial training from his pastor at age 21, Pastor Lewis studied at what is currently known as Christian Life College in Stockton, California. He then served as a full-time traveling evangelist before settling in the San Francisco Bay area and becoming a pastor.
Emmanuel Christian Assembly also offers additional meeting times with "Empowered Faith" at 3:30 p.m. on Sundays and "Prevailing Purpose" at 7:30 p.m. on Wednesdays, both at Homewood Suites Hotel in Oakland.
About Emmanuel Christian Assembly
Founded by Pastor John Lewis, Junior, Emmanuel Christian Assembly (http://www.go2emmanuel.org/) is a non-denominational church that exists to empower people to discover, understand, embrace, and fulfill their God-given purpose. The assembly welcomes people of all ages, cultures, and faith backgrounds – with weekly Sunday services at 9:30 a.m. at Regal Cinemas Jack London Stadium 9 in Oakland, Calif.
For more information, contact Pastor John Lewis, Junior Phone: 512.228.8320 -- Email: firstname.lastname@example.com Website: http://www.go2emmanuel.org/
Emmanuel Christian Assembly
CONTACT: Pastor John Lewis, Junior of Emmanuel Christian Assembly,+1-510-228-8320, firstname.lastname@example.com
Web site: http://www.go2emmanuel.org/


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There is just something about a jet…
The governor won headlines for selling the "ultimate symbol of waste and excess," an executive jet purchased by her predecessor, for less than half its purchase price.
It was an unwise acquisition in the first place, and its fire sale during a recession is questionable, but hey, we're talking symbols here.
As a corporate public relations person in the 1970s, it was my responsibility to explain the Lear jet purchased and used by executives of PNM, the state's biggest utility.
Management saw it as a tool. Long before cell phones and laptops, their frequent trips east to raise money meant they were difficult to reach, and the prevailing concern was to minimize their time away.
However, the public and media saw it as an unconscionable luxury at a time rates were rising.
Even though the cost was a flyspeck in the bottom line, it just looked bad.
This kind of tunnel vision seems to be a weakness in a lot of leaders.
Former Gov. Bill Richardson's insistence on buying the jet in 2005 over public objections may be seen as an early sign of an otherwise savvy politician's loss of touch with the people.
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An easy to use wax with combined candelila, natural oils and beeswax, label.m Waxstick allows you to define short styles, texturise, groom or even neaten ponytails.
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Super Label.M Waxstick. Would Recommend.
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I ended up buying this to replace the Toni and Guy X-wax stick which has sadly been discontinued. It is a bit more pricey but the end result is the same. Works pretty well on short cropped hair. Styles easily and is not too heavy or sticky. Overall I think the price is reasonable. I brought the same product at a Toni and Guy in Sydney for AU$ 40 last year. Item arrived within 5 working days and in good condition.


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Full text copy of June, 23, 2010 opinion and order in Viacom v. YouTube, ruling that YouTube is entitled to Digital Millenium Copyright Act (DMCA) protection: "defendants are granted summary judgement that they qualify for the protection of 17 U.S.C. § 512(c) ... against all plaintiffs' claims for direct and secondary copyright infringement."
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Miami! This Saturday November 22nd Come Meet Ya Girl & Get Your Signed Copy of My Latest Book Swing @ The Miami Book Fair International Downtown Miami! Miami Dade College, Wolfson Campus, 300 N.E. Second Avenue, Miami Florida Room 8303. Ticket info and more Details at MiamiBookFair.com XOXO]]>
ATLANTA I will be on the AWC Erotica Panel at this year's Decatur Book Festival Sunday August 31st @ 1:15PM! Come out & Get Your Signed Copy of My Latest Book, SWING! Plus listen to some Juicy Inside Tidbits of the Underworld covered in the Book. And if You're an Aspiring Writer make sure you bring a notepad for the Q&A at the end! See You Soon!]]>
I Hate to Cancel my Philly Book Signing but an Important Family Matter came up that I couldn't miss. I hope you understand & there's no Love Lost 💋 Swing will Still Officially Launch in my City... Just on another date 💎 XoXo]]>
Make Sure you Get Advance Tix!]]>
The Philly Release Party for Swing will be an All White Affair on Saturday June 28th. I Will See You There 💎]]>
Swing is Launching in New York City! Come get your signed copy Wednesday 5/28 @ Mysterious Bookshop 58 Warren St Tribecca Manhattan 6:30-8:30 Drinks & Refreshments provided by Brooklyn Brewery... Hope I see you there!]]>
Swing, my Newest Baby will be Born in the Spring! #NewBookByMi]]>
Come see me at the Brooklyn Book Festival this Sunday... Signing, Reading, Discussing & Introducing... See you there!]]>
He is I & I am Him...]]>
The message in this video is an Important one, Help us get it out there! Click the Link Below to Support the Cause!]]>