text:
VIEWS: 29 PAGES: 82 POSTED ON: 8/27/2011 Public Domain
Tennessee Human Sex Trafficking and Its Impact on Children and Youth 2011 TENNESSEE BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION & VANDERBILT CENTER FOR COMMUNITY STUDIES A MIXED METHODS RESEARCH STUDY PRESENTED TO THE TENNESSEE GENERAL ASSEMBLY 901 R.S. Gass Boulevard; Nashville, Tennessee 37216 www.tbi.tn.gov ~ 1-800-TBI-FIND Letter from the Director The Tennessee Bureau of Investigation would like to present the Tennessee Human Sex Trafficking Study: The Impact on Children and Youth 2011. This study shines a spotlight on a disturbing crime trend that little is known about and is rarely publicized. Human sex trafficking involves the slavery of children and women forced to perform sex acts for money at various locations across the state for the purpose of making money for their captors. Basically, human sex trafficking is sexual slavery at its worst. In 2010, the Select Committee on Children and Youth prepared a public chapter passed by the General Assembly that directed a study on the impact of human sex trafficking in Tennessee and its impact on children and youth. In turn, the committee asked the TBI to conduct the study. With the assistance of Vanderbilt University and survey participation from more than 1,000 law enforcement officers and social service providers across the state who investigate sex trafficking cases or come in contact with victims, the TBI has produced the first-ever research publication on human sex trafficking focused just on Tennessee. The results of the study are shocking. Human trafficking and sex slavery in Tennessee is more common than previously believed possible. Focused specifically on victims between the ages of nine and seventeen, the study pulled together details that found children are moved from city to city in the state and sold as prostitutes. Tennessee, simply because of its geographical position to Atlanta and the large number of interstates that cross the state, is conducive to a traveling business. Many times those promoting prostitution transport the child victims to large entertainment events or sporting venues where people are traveling through or visiting the state. These visitors, often referred to as 'sex tourists', quite often become the clients. The National Incidence Studies of Missing, Abducted, Runaway and Throwaway Children reports that one in four children who run away from home are approached for commercial sexual exploitation within 48 hours of running away. The average age of a sex trafficking victim is 13. Trafficking victims rarely come forward to ask for help on their own because they are drugged, brainwashed, threatened and beaten into believing authorities will abuse them worse than their captors. Many times victims are arrested for crimes they are forced to commit. Inherently, cases against the traffickers are difficult for law enforcement to investigate and a challenge to prosecute. The ability to prosecute human trafficking under Tennessee's law with more serious consequences is needed. Heavier sentences for offenders who subject their minor victims to violence and sex slavery as well as allowing victims to sue their captors under civil laws for damages would put a more stringent penalty on a horrendous crime. I hope you find this publication informational on a topic that little is known about publicly. Sincerely, Mark Gwyn Director/Tennessee Bureau of Investigation Table of Contents Public Chapter No. 1023….…..………………………………………….……………..2 Purpose and Confidentiality Statement……………………………………………...4 Literature Review………………………………………………………………………..5 Methodology……………………………………………………………………….………8 Assumptions and Limitations……………………………………………….………...11 Human Sex Trafficking and the Interstate System……………………….……….13 Survey Analyses ……………………………………………………………….………..15 Focus Group Analyses………………………………………………………..…………25 West Tennessee…………………………………………………….……27 Middle Tennessee……………………………………………….………31 East Tennessee……………………………………………….….……...34 Case Studies….………………………………………………………………….……….39 Carrie's Story………………………………………………….………...39 Rachel's Story…………………………………………………..………..42 Response to Public Chapter 1023………………………………………………..……45 Polaris Project– 2010 State Rating Chart and Definitions……………….….…...49 Appendix……………………………………………………………………….…….…...51 Human Trafficking Service Providers…………………………..…...51 List of Survey Participants………………………………….………...55 List of Study Contributors……………………………………….…….58 References………………………………………………………………..59 Authors………………………………………………………………..….60 "There is not enough awareness of the seriousness of this problem. Many people think it only happens in third world countries." - Rhea County" Public Chapter No. 1023 I have found that the 'trucker' routes and stops are used by the pimps during the day and clubs by night." - Tipton County 2 Public Chapter No. 1023 "Minors who are forced or coerced into the 'sex industry' should have the opportunity of counseling/treatment to help prevent a life-long descent into criminal actions, further impacting area crime rates." - Blount County 3 Purpose and Confidentiality The Tennessee Human Sex Trafficking (HST) Report provides analysis of the impact of human sex trafficking on children and youth in this state. The study was conducted in response to Public Chapter 1023, which called for a comprehensive overview of human sex trafficking, the laws pertaining to it, victim assistance, treatment, and prevention. To accomplish the directive, the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation (TBI), with significant contribution from Vanderbilt Center for Community Studies (VCCS), took a three-pronged approach to the project. The first initiative was a survey/questionnaire sent to the following entities: 1. Tennessee Police Department (PD) representatives 2. Tennessee Sheriff's Department (SD) representatives 3. District Attorney (DA) General Office representatives 4. United States Attorney General (AG) Office representatives 5. Juvenile and Family Court Office representatives 6. Department of Children Services (DCS): a. DCS Case workers b. DCS Group Home managers 7. Guardian Ad Litem representatives The second initiative was conducted through focus group meetings held in West, Middle and East Tennessee. Meetings were held with subject matter experts from law enforcement (LE), the courts, social services (SS), treatment providers, and academia. The attendees were asked to provide input about the following subjects: laws, training, resources/treatment, traffickers/customers (supply and demand), and international/ domestic trafficking. The third initiative was to provide case studies profiling victims of human sex trafficking in Tennessee. The purpose of the case profiles was to shed light on who these victims are, where they come from, and how they became victims. The stories of these victims expose the pattern of abuse, gaps in the current system and the need for comprehensive training for law enforcement, courts, and treatment facilities. The lists of participants for the surveys and focus group meetings have been provided. The names of the victims interviewed are confidential and were not revealed. No portion of this document may be copied without written permission from the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation. Please contact the TBI if there are any questions regarding dissemination. 1-800-TBI-FIND "The fact that the issue is being addressed indicates that society recognizes the problem and will make demands to enforce established laws to help eliminate this injustice to our youth and adults." - Madison County 4 Literature Review Both trafficking for labor and sexual purposes occur in the U.S. among citizens and immigrants alike. But such a hidden crime makes it hard to quantify, which in turn can make it more difficult to create legislation to help a population that is not completely understood or misunderstood. Therefore, our study was an attempt to not only quantify, but qualify, the problem within Tennessee. There are alarming statistics surrounding modern day slavery, especially as it relates to sex trafficking. Twenty-seven million people are believed to be enslaved today (Bales, 2004, p. 8), and there are 800,000 people trafficked across borders annually (State, 2004, p. 6). It is estimated that 1.2 million children are trafficked, not necessarily across borders, for the purpose of sexual exploitation annually (UNICEF, 2007, p. 1). In the United States, there are approximately 200,000 to 300,000 children who are at risk of being exploited for sex commercially every year (Estes & Weiner, 2002a, p. 11). Many forms of prostitution fall under sex trafficking, especially when Every two minutes a child is there are pimps involved who use trafficked for the purpose of force or coercion to keep women sexual exploitation in the working for them. In the cases of United States. juveniles who are trafficked, their age alone makes them victims of —U.S. Department of Justice trafficking regardless of the use of force or coercion. Also, in instances when there is a demand for prostitution and there is no supply, the supply will be created whether by choice or force. If there is no one there by choice, then people will be trafficked to fill that gap as has been the case in many instances, such as big sporting events like the World Cup (Skinner, 2010). The Domestic Issue It is estimated that there are up to three-hundred thousand minors at risk of being sexually exploited annually for commercial purposes in the United States (Estes & Weiner, 2002a, p. 11). In the United States, trafficking victims spend an average of four to five years enslaved (Bales & Soodalter, 2009, p. 5). The numbers in the United States are astounding and prove that it is not just a developing nation problem. The statistics that are widely quoted are also beginning to grow outdated; throughout the first decade of the twenty-first century, economies around the world have struggled including the United States, thus increasing poverty. Therefore, these numbers might be growing yearly. Estes and Weiner (2001, cited in Reid, 2010) indicated that the average age for girls to enter into prostitution is 12 to 14 years of age. Boys are also prostituted, and their average age of entry into prostitution is even younger than girls. Raphael et al. "Answered the best I could since we have not had a case of any kind involving this area. I hope we don't have to work one." - Obion County 5 Literature Review (2010), in their study of women and girls who are prostituted and trafficked in Chicago, discovered that the prostitutes/ trafficked victims they interviewed ranged in age from 16 to 25 years. The Issue in Tennessee People may assume that a crime such as trafficking does not exist in the United States, let alone in Tennessee. However, trafficking knows no community, border or country. In November 2010, a multi-agency investigation that was uncovered by the TBI, lead to a federal indictment of 29 individuals who were affiliated with Somali gangs in the Middle District of Tennessee. They were arrested for trafficking girls as young as twelve across the U.S., including Tennessee (Martinez, 2010). In July 2010, a man in East Tennessee was arrested for having trafficked over four hundred women (Stambaugh, 2010). These are just two, but there are many other cases that promote trafficking within the borders of the state. In this report, you will read two case studies that further demonstrate how trafficking happens in Tennessee and elsewhere. Circumstances that Have Contributed to Slavery's Resurgence Each part of the world varies greatly as to how and why trafficking has been allowed to flourish there. "The trafficking business feeds on conditions of vulnerability, including youth; gender; poverty; ignorance; social and cultural exclusion; political instability, war and conflicts; discriminatory social, cultural and legal frameworks; and ongoing demand." (Wyler & Siskin, 2010, p. 3-4). Trafficking has regained momentum for many reasons. Policies become outdated, people become concerned with other issues, and some even doubt the existence of modern-day slavery. Also, the reason for the growth of this "industry" is simply an economic one. Human trafficking can generate more money, and is less risky for traffickers, than drug trafficking. Also, there is a demand from consumers of the sex industry. Unfortunately, even those who know that the people they solicit are victimized, it does not stop their demand. Farley et al. (2009) conducted interviews with men who admitted they were not deterred from purchasing women for sex despite knowing some of the women were being forced to prostitute. The Experiences of Those Who are Prostituted/Trafficked In the Raphael et al. (2010) study, it was noted that the women started with 2 to 20 "Johns" a day, but that number ranged as high as 40 the longer they were prostituted. These women were slapped, punched, had forcible sex, and were hit with many different objects including a belt, electrical cord, a pool stick, lamp, and bricks. Eighty-five percent of the respondents were verbally abused. Forms of coercion included creating a drug and/or financial dependency, and threats of violence. Coercion is a powerful tool for traffickers. This is especially true among juveniles who are trafficked. A Child Protective Services (CPS) provider indicated to a "Laws need to be more strict and carried out." - Grundy County 6 Literature Review researcher that people who traffic juveniles "are the most brilliant child psychologists on the planet. They know these kids are not credible. They get them addicted to something, anything; then even if the child does rat them out, no one will believe them" (Reid, 2010, p. 158). In this study, Reid referred to the forms of coercion used as a "grooming process" that included both reward and punishment. The good and the bad follow each other immediately in many of these cases, trapping the juvenile or adult in a cycle of abuse. Finally, Reid also discovered that many victims of domestic minor sex trafficking did not have access to services because they were criminalized as prostitutes, perceived as delinquents, or refused to testify against their trafficker. In order for victims to be freed of coercion, they need time and space away from their abuser as well as multiple services, such as psychological therapy. Conclusion This study is an attempt to quantify and qualify the issue of trafficking domes- tically and within the state of Tennessee in particular. In the forthcoming pages, the scale of the problem is discussed using the combined knowledge of law enforcement and social service personnel in every county across Tennessee. There are indications that some professionals blame the victim or see trafficking (as it is federally defined) as a victimless crime. These are barriers to combat trafficking and have been indicated in other studies of sex trafficking. The problem of trafficking is not only a problem of supply and demand, but of understanding and training among professionals who may come across victims or potential victims of trafficking. The analyses of the study provided a great number of facts and figures; how- ever, please take the time to read the case studies that are offered in this report. According to the experiences of TBI staff, these are not uncommon stories of women who have been forced or coerced into prostitution, or were prostituted at a young age (i.e., the very definition of trafficking). These case studies put a face on the problem. In essence, they humanize the victims of human sex trafficking. Written by: Jill Robinson, Ph.D. candidate, and Nicole Garcia, M.Ed. candidate in Community Development and Action, Vanderbilt Center for Community Studies "Human sex trafficking should be treated as a serious felony crime." - Crockett County 7 Methodology The primary goal of this research study was to explore the occurrences of minor human sex trafficking in the State of Tennessee. The study focused on law enforcement, court, and social service members and their experience with human sex trafficking over the past 24 months. A secondary goal of this study was to share the findings with members of the Tennessee Legislature, law enforcement, courts, and social services in order to understand the scope of the human sex trafficking issue within the different agencies in the State of Tennessee. Research Questions The following research questions for the State of Tennessee as posed by Public Chapter 1023 guided this study: 1. To what extent does human sex trafficking exist? 2. To what extent does minor human sex trafficking exist? 3. Are laws sufficient to prosecute perpetrators of human trafficking? 4. Are laws sufficient to protect the victims of human sex trafficking? 5. What is the impact of minor human sex trafficking on youth and children? 6. What services are available to victims of human sex trafficking? 7. Are law enforcement, courts, attorneys, and judges adequately trained to identify, investigate, prosecute and convict traffickers and to refer victims to services? 8. Are social service and service providers adequately trained to identify, refer, and treat victims of human sex trafficking? Research Design The mixed-method design used in this study included a 14 open/closed question survey, which consisted of 12 base questions and two questions, which were constituent specific (i.e., law enforcement/courts and social services), focus groups, which addressed five topic areas, and two case studies (i.e., one document analysis and one interview). Survey The measurement instrument consisted of questions about human sex trafficking cases that agencies reported or investigated in the past 24 months. The definition of human sex trafficking that was included in the survey was "a for-profit sex act that is induced by force, fraud, or coercion OR in which the person performing such an act is under the age of 18 years." "I think Tennessee should really step up crime [enforcement] against human trafficking." - Hardin County 8 Methodology Focus Group The information reported as a result of the focus group meetings is by its nature subjective and reflects the opinions of the participants; therefore, each focus group was presented with the same five subject matters to discuss: 1. Laws 2. Training 3. Resources/Treatment 4. Traffickers/Customers (supply & demand) 5. International vs. Domestic Human Sex Trafficking Case Studies The first case study participant was a middle-age adult female graduate from Magdalene, Nashville, Tennessee, which is a two year, rent-free, housing first, program for women who are homeless, addicted, and have a criminal history of prostitution. The case study participant was selected because of her victimization through human sex trafficking at a young age and her participation in a treatment facility. She is now gainfully employed and no longer associated with that lifestyle. TBI Assistant Special Agent in Charge Margie Quin interviewed the participant on March 24, 2011. The second case study participant was a minor female in DCS custody who was a victim of sex trafficking. Her case study was constructed by a document analysis of her case file and victimization history. The analyses began on March 22, 2011 and concluded on March 25, 2011. TBI Special Agent Melanie Garner conducted the analysis. Sampling Procedures The first phase consisted of telephone calls to individual agencies to REQUESTED PARTICIPANTS identify specific points of contact for study 371 Law Enforcement participations. Law enforcement agencies Representatives were identified by use of the Tennessee 134 Court Representatives Criminal Justice directory and the Ten- 47 Group Home Representatives nessee Court with Juvenile Court Juris- 2,412 DCS Representatives diction listings. The Department of Chil- 1,497 Guardians Ad Litem dren Services (DCS) provided contact in- Representatives formation for group homes that were under contract with the State and DCS case managers. Contact began in mid December 2010 and lasted through February 2011. The second phase was initiated in January 2011 by emailing or faxing each identified contact to participate in the study. Individuals with invalid email accounts were contacted via telephone to secure an alternate email address or fax number. "I believe this is more of a problem than what is known or reported to authorities, especially in outer rural areas…" - Meigs County 9 Methodology Survey Instrument The survey was administered through Survey Monkey, a web-based measurement instrument. An email with a link to the survey was sent on February 09, 2011 to 4,461 people. The Survey Monkey link was scheduled to close on February 23, 2011, however, due to inclement weather, the closure date was extended to February 25, 2011. Based on the low response rate from participants of the Department of Children Services, the closure date was extended a second time to March 04, 2011. All participants were contacted to inform them that the survey timeframe was extended. Data Collection Timeline - The survey was conducted over a 24-day period, and 941 surveys were returned. Twelve surveys were deleted because they were duplicated, leaving 929 surveys, with a 94% re- Almost 300,000 American children sponse rate for law enforcement, 40% are at risk for trafficking into the response rate for courts, 16% response sex industry. rate for group homes and case workers, and 7% response rate for guardians ad —United States Department of State litem, for analysis. Analyses of the Data Survey Monkey was used as the analytical tool. The close-ended question responses were converted into numerical values and exported into an Excel format. Qualitative analyses of the open-ended questions were completed through a process of coding the text to form themes. Statistical analyses were used to explain the summary of the sample and the measures. Graphic analyses illustrated what the data show. NOTE: The quotes at the bottom of each page were voluntarily provided from participants in the study and do not reflect the opinions of either the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation or the Vanderbilt Center for Community Studies. "Counseling must be in place to assist the victims as well as laws to punish the persons behind human sex trafficking to the greatest extent possible." - Knox County 10 Assumptions and Limitations Assumptions This study had several assumptions. The first assumption was that human sex trafficking occurs within the state of Tennessee. Second, there was a tendency for criminal justice and social service agencies to under-report actual cases of human sex trafficking. The third assumption was that participants in the study had some knowledge, training, or experience on the definition of human sex trafficking. Fourth, the underground nature of human sex trafficking prevents thorough quantitative analysis. Historically, the crime is one of secrecy and typically hidden from public view. Often, the crime of prostitution is confused with human sex trafficking. While all individuals arrested for prostitution are not victims of human sex trafficking, the numbers certainly represent some victimization; therefore, the use of a mixed- methods model (i.e., survey, focus group and case study design) was the most appropriate for this type of study. There are girls as young as 5 and 6 years old in the U.S. that are forced to do sexual acts for economic gain by their pimp. -United States Department of Justice Limitations This study had a number of limitations. The first limitation was that the study participants are limited to 4,461 personnel, located only in the State of Tennessee. The results do not represent the entire United States population. Secondly, study participants have specific backgrounds. Therefore, some participants who have limited or no training in identifying human sex trafficking would have difficulty recognizing a minor victim. This may cause the crime to possibly be underreported. Lastly, the conceptualization of human sex trafficking varies among individuals. "Our agency to my knowledge has not received any reports of trafficking. I do believe this to be a serious issue and one that does occur often in numerous jurisdictions." - Humphreys County 11 Human Sex Trafficking Reported by County and its Correlation to the Interstate System Human Sex Trafficking Reported by County and Its Correlation to the Interstate System Counties that reported Human Sex Trafficking Counties that did not report Human Sex Trafficking Total Human Sex Trafficking Total Minor Human Sex Trafficking Total Adult Human Sex Trafficking "Did not realize this was a problem in Tennessee." - Marion County 13 Survey Analyses Survey: Response Demographics Survey Response Sampling (Representing the top, middle, and bottom five responses) 6.4% (59) 4.6% (43) 4.5% (42) 4.4% (41) 2.6% (24) 1.2% (11) 1.1% (10) 1.1% (10) 1.1% (10) 1.0% (9) 0.2% (2) 0.1% (1) 0.1% (1) 0.1% (1) 0.1% (1) Responses to the survey were provided from every county in Tennessee. Respondents to the survey include social services (Department of Human Services and Group Homes), law enforcement (Police Departments, Sheriff Departments, FBI, TBI, Homeland Security, and U.S. Marshals), Juvenile and Family Courts, District Attorneys, and Guardians Ad Litem. The chart above reflects a representative sampling of the total 95 counties. This sampling reflects the number and percentage of total respondents by county broken into the top, middle, and bottom five responses. Survey Responses Courts 07% Law Enforcement 41% Guardians Ad Litem 10% Social Services 42% 100% Response based on Capability Courts (53 out of 130) 41% Law Enforcement (348 out of 370) 94% Guardians Ad Litem (95 out of 1,497) 06% Social Services (387 out of 2,459) 16% "I feel that the increase in this trend is disturbing. If it is involving children it should be caught and prosecuted. I am glad to see you are doing this." - Montgomery County 15 Survey: Frequency of Human Sex Trafficking Frequency of Human Sex Trafficking The response to the frequency of human sex trafficking occurring in Tennessee varied. Forty- two percent responded occurrence to be "rare" to "extremely rare" and 58% responded occurrence to be "happens sometimes" to "happens all the time" with 33% selecting "happens sometimes." State Map—All Trafficking Seventy-eight counties representing 85% of the total counties in the state reported at least one case of human sex trafficking in the last 24 months. "...I have seen an increase in human sex trafficking, but have also seen an increase in enforcement and awareness…" - Lawrence County 16 Survey: Minor Human Sex Trafficking Cases Minor Cases of Human Sex Trafficking Minor human sex trafficking is present in Tennessee. Thirty-five percent of the entities reporting state that they have repor ted or investigated minor human sex trafficking over the last 24 months. There were 16 entities that actually had in excess of 50 cases and eight reported over 100 cases. Note: A case may and often does include multiple persons. State Map—Minor Trafficking Sixty-eight counties representing 72% of the total counties in the state reported at least one case of minor human sex trafficking. The following four counties reported more than 100 cases a) Shelby, b) Davidson, c) Coffee, and d) Knox. "A study well worth its time and effort!!!" - Blount County 17 Survey: Minor Trafficking Convictions Minor Human Sex Trafficking Cases Achieving Conviction Minor human sex trafficking cases have received few convictions in Tennessee. Thirty-six of the 427 respondents received convictions for minor cases investigated or prosecuted over the last 24 months. Of the 36 respondents reporting: 1. Thirty-one (7.3%) represents 1-5 cases 2. Two (0.6%) represents 6-15 cases 3. One (0.2%) represents 16-25 cases 4. One (0.2%) represents 26-50 cases 5. One (0.2%) represents over 100 cases Note: There were no convictions in the category of 51 to 100 cases. Note: A case may and often does include multiple persons. "I believe this to be a state and national problem; however, we have not seen cases of this nature in any significance in our rural area. I am sure that it exists." - Gibson County 18 Survey: Adult Human Sex Trafficking Cases Adult Cases of Human Sex Trafficking Adult human sex trafficking is present in Tennessee. Thirty-one percent of the reporting entities state that they have reported or investigated adult human sex trafficking. Twenty-two entities had in excess of 50 cases with eight reporting over 100 cases. Note: A case may and often does include multiple persons. State Map—Adult Trafficking Sixty-nine counties representing 75% of the total counties in the state reported at least one case of adult human sex trafficking. The following eight counties reported more than 100 cases a) Shelby, b) Madison, c) Lawrence, d) Davidson, e) Coffee, f) Franklin, g) Hamilton, and h) Knox. "This type of crime is probably one of the worst, if not the worst that there is. Any means/resources available for combating this should be used." - Lawrence County 19 Survey: Adult Human Sex Trafficking Convictions Adult Human Sex Trafficking Cases Achieving Conviction Adult human sex trafficking cases have received few convictions. Forty-two of the 426 respondents received convictions for cases investigated or prosecuted over the last 24 months. Of the 42 reporting: 1. Thirty-five (8.2%) represents 1-5 cases 2. Four (0.4%) represents 6-15 cases 3. Two (0.5%) represents 16-25 cases 4. One (0.2%) represents over 100 cases Note: There were no convictions in the category of 51 to 100 cases. Note: A case may and often does include multiple persons. "I believe that human sex trafficking is a larger problem than is revealed by the number of prosecutions in this area…" - Dickson County 20 Survey: Victim Services Offering Victims Services Offering Survey respondents were asked if the victims of cases they investigated or prosecuted involving human sex trafficking were referred to services. Services include counseling, treatment, housing, and healthcare. Thirty-four percent of respondents referred victims to one or more services with 15% referring victims to multiple services. Thirty percent reported they were not aware of services in their geographical area. "I think that human sex trafficking is increasing in the State of Tennessee as a whole." - Cannon County 21 Survey: Frequency, Demographics, and Laws Group Trafficking Frequency Demographics for Group Frequency Based on the structure of this question, some respondents gave the same ranking to multiple groups rather than ranking them based on most trafficked to least trafficked. Those responses (475) were removed in the analysis of this question. The remaining 454 (48%) were analyzed and the rankings are shown in the graph to the left. State Trafficking Demographics and Laws When looking at topics of demographics and laws respondents were asked to respond to questions in the range of strongly agree to strongly disagree. For the purpose of analysis the results were combined to reflect percentage agreeing or disagreeing in their response. Trafficking Demographics HST is increasing 80% agree HST is unchanged but media exposure increasing 42% disagree HST occurs in rural areas (Population less than 50,000) 58% agree HST is most prevalent in urban areas (Population 50,000 +) 80% agree Note: These responses are also supported by the focus group summaries. Trafficking Laws Minors should not be charged with prostitution 53% agree Additional laws are needed to combat HST 90% agree Graduated sentencing should be enacted 81% agree Asset forfeiture laws for pimps/Johns strengthened 97% agree/52% strongly agree Persons convicted should be added as sex offenders 95% agree/56% strongly agree Enhanced penalties for HST in restricted areas 94% agree/52% strongly agree Compassionate custody laws should be enacted 91% agree* Note: These responses are also supported by the focus group summaries. *Given the high response to this question it could be concluded that the question relative to minors not being charged with prostitution may have been misread or misunderstood. "Study should aid in the prevention/awareness and help move toward stricter sanctions against patrons [Johns]." - Grainger County 22 Survey: Training 34.2% 23.6% 21.2% 10.7% 8.7% 1.6% Training Respondents were asked if they felt they were adequately trained to handle cases involving human sex trafficking. Seventy-nine percent of respondents stated they are not adequately trained to handle human sex trafficking. Note: These responses are also supported by the focus group summaries. "...Often, these children are lured in while they are still juveniles to become slaves, not just to sex or other entreaties, but to the encumbrances of prescription medication or other drugs…" - Blount County 23 Survey: Treatment and Minor Recruiting Social Services Systems—Victims Treatment When social service respondents were asked if social services were adequate to support treatment for minor victims of human sex trafficking, 86% of the respondents believe that the current social services system works well, but that there is opportunity for improve- ment. Fifty-seven percent of these respondents state the system needs more service offerings as the existing services are not adequate to address victims' needs. DCS Minor Recruiting other DCS Minors to Human Sex Trafficking When social service respondents were asked to what extent are minors who are in DCS custody receiving services, recruiting other minors who are also in the custody of DCS for hu- man sex trafficking, 71% responded that recruiting does occur between minors in DCS custody. Sixty-four per- cent of respondents believe that recruiting occurs "occasionally" – "seldom" and 7% believe it occurs "often" to "extremely often." Note: These responses are also sup- ported by the focus group summaries. "Human sex trafficking is a serious crime and I imagine it will get worse as time pass[es] in Tennessee." - Crockett County 24 Focus Group Analyses Focus Group Discussion Questions 1. Laws Are State and Federal Laws adequate? 2. Training Are law enforcement and prosecutors sufficiently trained to address the issue? Are social service representatives sufficiently trained to address the issue? What recommendations do you have for how training could be accomplished? 3. Resources/Treatment Do victims need a multiple treatment approach? Are victims being treated in TN, if so, where? 4. Traffickers/Customers Where is the enforcement focus? How should supply and demand be addressed? 5. International vs. Domestic Is the issue more international or domestic? What are the international challenges? "We do not deal with this enough to be able to feel comfortable in investigating or prosecuting these kinds of cases." - Bedford County 25 West Tennessee Focus Group Round Table Discussion Results Memphis, Tennessee February 02, 2011 Laws 1. Current state laws for prostitution and minor/adult sex trafficking are insufficient and not strong enough to deter the crime. 2. Recommendation: State level should work with the Federal level and law to make sure the crime gets prosecuted at the maximum sentencing level. 3. Laws are lacking relative to adequate sentencing. There is a disparity between Federal and State laws. 4. Social Services -When the girls are picked up, they are not charged with prostitution but with runaway. 5. District Attorney - Cases of prostitution are so high—volume that they are treated like traffic violations-Minimal punishment, fines, etc. 6. There is no place to put the victims that need to be treated. Should consider a "Safe Harbor Law." 7. Restitution for the victims is important. 8. Federal law allows for civil suit against the trafficker. Recommendation: Include civil suit action in the state law. 9. Building a partnership with everyone on behalf of the victim to get services and prosecution will enhance success rate. 10. Gangs are usually involved in this crime, but not prosecuted for it. Training 1. Overwhelming response that law enforcement is not adequately trained. 2. Training is needed at all levels: Law Enforcement (LE), Prosecutors, Courts and Social Services. 3. Uniform patrol staff needs recognition training. 4. The training should break the mindset and stereotypes related to prostitution. 5. Add it to Police Officer Standards and Training (POST): Focus on changing mindsets relative to the crime, how to identify minor/adult sex trafficking, and what information officers would need to get from the victims. 6. There is currently a child abuse training section and maybe minor domestic sex trafficking could be added to that area. If it is added to this section, the time must be extended. 7. Work with Chief and Sheriff's and DA Conference groups to make this a priority training session as a part of what they do annually. 8. Target audiences: Law enforcement, juvenile court prosecutors and judges, DCS, child advocacy centers (CAC). 9. Treatment facilities must take a multi-treatment approach. "I believe 'pimps' should be considered sex offenders." - Madison County 27 West Tennessee Focus Group Resources/Treatment 1. Utilize Victim/Witness advocates. 2. DCS advised that if the child is currently in custody—a facility is identified. It was also felt that there are challenges with this option as some facilities that may be used for this population are not on the approved DCS contract listing. Also, the classification of the victim (social services or delinquent) impacts the service and facility provided. 3. The general feel was that most of these victims have multiple issues (sex, drugs, homelessness, hunger, lack of skills, etc.). 4. Some stated they don't know where to get services or treatment. 5. It was noted that each victim will need triage to determine what service/ treatment is needed. 6. Child Protective Investigative Team (CPIT) teams currently do not handle human trafficking cases but may be a resource. 7. Look into CACs as possibility for resources. 8. Need to get a list compiled of all facilities. Traffickers/Customers 1. Historically, the enforcement has been on prostitutes. 2. Currently, because many units are statistics driven, the enforcement focus has been on prostitutes and Johns. 3. Focusing on the trafficker produces lower statistical numbers as there are fewer of them compared to the other two groups. 4. Managing supply and demand: It will be difficult to allocate additional resources to this problem until the laws have been enhanced. The outcome does not equal the sentencing time required to impact this area. 5. We will not be able to break up a big ring with the current laws (i.e., 8 year sentences at 30%). 6. A multi-jurisdictional task force is needed to combat this type of crime. 7. Recommendations to impact demand: Increase education. Enhance the law. Close it to charge Johns. Add convicted Johns to the sex offender registry as violent offenders. "The cases I have been involved with regarding minors and human sex trafficking have involved the minor's parent and/or 'significant other' or another family member." - Dyer County 28 West Tennessee Focus Group International/Domestic 1. Based on cases worked, we are more aware of domestic human sex trafficking because of prostitution arrests. 2. We are aware that internationals are being shipped in but there are cultural and language issues impacting our abilities. They basically can remain invisible within their communities and they have been programmed to not trust law enforcement so they don't reach out to us. 3. All numbers we know will be under represented. Juvenile numbers are often being misreported if reported at all. 4. Atlanta is the number one trafficking hub and is the entry point for most trafficked victims. How does this affect us? It puts it five hours away. "Working with females I have learned that somehow the 'pimps' know where to find girls in DCS custody. Talking to girls I have learned that once they are in that game they are taken all over the US. " - Shelby County 29 West Tennessee Focus Group Attendees Department of Human Services Tennessee Bureau of Investigation—Memphis Regional Absconder Representative Special Agent in Charge-DID Jay Barnes Sandra Norman Assistant Special Agent in Charge-CID Jack Van Hooser Drug Task Force—Highway Interdiction Team Special Agent Rusty Burrow Tennessee State Legislature Children and Youth Special Agent Shawn Crouch Committee Director Cindy Perry Federal Bureau of Investigation—Memphis Supervisory Special Agent Jeremy Baker Tipton County Special Agent Jaime Corman Detective Richard Nessly Special Agent Tracey Harris Sergeant Jeff Thompson Intelligence Analyst Phil LaQuinta Victim Witness Specialist Mychell Mitchell University of Memphis Special Agent Janna White Dr. Wanda Rushing Intelligence Analyst Cathy Williams Memphis Police Department Lieutenant Wilton Cleveland Lieutenant James Howell Mental Health and Development Disabilities Dr. Margaret Aiken Shelby County District Attorney Chief Prosecutor Gangs and Narcotics Ray Lepone Chief Prosecutor Special Victims Unit Jennifer Nichols Shelby County Homeland Security Deputy Michael Harber Officer Juaquatta Harris Sergeant Andrew Rush Shelby County Sheriff Department Lieutenant Detective Larry Vertrees Tennessee Bureau of Investigation Criminal Analyst Larry Anthony Attorney Pam Beck Tennessee Bureau of Investigation—Jackson Special Agent Cathy Ferguson "All agencies need more training in this area." - Hardeman County 30 Middle Tennessee Focus Group Round Table Discussion Results Nashville, Tennessee January 05, 2011 Laws 1. Legal cover between LE and DCS. 2. Compassionate custody. 3. Asset forfeiture laws need to be cleaned up relative to Johns. 4. "Bright Line"….graduated penalties. Under 12 years old – enhanced penalties. 12 to 15 years old – enhanced penalties. 15 to 18 years old – penalties. 5. Designate restricted areas like 1,000 feet of a school, etc. 6. Safe Harbor. 7. Modification to the involuntary commitment law. 8. Mandatory fingerprinting of individuals in states custody. 9. Obstruction of justice charge. 10. Add verbiage to child abuse laws to include trafficking. 11. Positively identify individuals booked into jails. 12. Expand the intercept authority to include prostitution/criminal enterprises. Training 1. Focus group believed that LE, prosecutors, and social services were not adequately trained to address the problem and offered these possible solutions: Mandatory POST training included in the annual 40 hour block. Video/digital tape training. Online/distance training. 2. Road level staff needs the training. 3. The training should break the mindset and stereotypes related to prostitution. 4. Other recommendations included: one hour training session, 10-15 minute video, on-line course on the TBI site, mandatory on-line training, add it to training for new recruits in law enforcement and to POST for others. 5. Target audiences: law enforcement, prosecutors, DCS, group homes, child advocacy centers, and guardians ad litem. "Human sex trafficking is increasing throughout the State of Tennessee at an alarming rate. We are not adequately staffed, trained or qualified to handle the needs of victims of sex trafficking." - Dickson County 31 Middle Tennessee Focus Group Resources/Treatment 1. The state needs to create public/private partnerships to facilitate resources and treatment options for victims. 2. Multiple treatment approach and multiple resources will be needed. The general feel was that most of these victims have multiple issues (e.g., sex, drugs, homelessness, hunger, lack of skills, etc.). 3. People know they have to partner. It takes a long time to rehab. People in this situation have a hard time with authority. If you put them in a program that requires authority, they will do what ever it takes to survive. Emphasis should be on healing not rules. This will take time. Traffickers/Customers 1. Law enforcement advised the group that they are focused on the pimps and Johns in these cases, but they were sometimes difficult to catch and/or prosecute. 2. The focus group believed that there was a significant amount of sex trafficking in the Middle Tennessee area because of the interstate system as well as trade shows and conventions. 3. It is believed that the amount of sex trafficking and prostitution would increase significantly with the opening of the new Nashville Convention Center. International/Domestic 1. There was a difference of opinion of this focus group as to whether there was more international trafficking vs. domestic sex trafficking of juveniles. 2. The focus group agreed that because of cultural issues, international sex traffickers were difficult to infiltrate and prosecute. 3. Most felt like domestic sex trafficking of juveniles was vastly underreported. "There is a need for extended care treatment. Girls who are subjected to this will need treatment even after their 18th birthday. We need to plan an extended care program for those with these needs." - Lincoln County 32 Middle Tennessee Focus Group Attendees Centerstone Research Institute Dr. Sarah Suiter Department of Children Services Regional Absconder Representative Dana Clegg Department of Homeland Security Special Agent Shannon Hope Intelligence Officer Ron Hughes Federal Bureau of Investigation Supervisory Special Agent Randy Bechtel Special Agent Matt Dunn Special Agent Clifford Goodman Victims Advocate Amanda Sutter Franklin Police Department Detective Eric Anderson Metropolitan Nashville Police Department Detective Sheba Cantrell Detective Matthew Dixon Sergeant Detective Jason Duncan Captain Gordon Howey Sergeant Toney Turner Tennessee Bureau of Investigation Special Agent Tracy Allen Assistant Special Agent in Charge Rich Littlehale Special Agent Jason Wilkerson Special Agent Joe Craig Attorney Pam Beck Tennessee Legislature Children and Youth Committee Director Cindy Perry Tennessee Office of Homeland Security Intelligence Analyst Lindsey Johnson US Attorney's Office Assistant US Attorney Carrie Daughtry Assistant US Attorney Van Vincent Vanderbilt University PhD Candidate Jill Robinson "The cases involving minors that we investigated—the minors were compliant, will- ing victims prostituting themselves for money or electronic devices, gift cards, etc." - Rutherford County 33 East Tennessee Focus Group Round Table Discussion Results Knoxville, Tennessee February 22, 2011 Laws 1. Current laws are not adequate. 2. To ensure adequate sentencing would require large fiscal notes and that could be a challenge to getting the laws changed. 3. If you charge minors with a delinquent charge you can hold them longer thereby providing some protection. 4. Sentencing should be heavier on the pimps. 5. We should also look at the Johns for assets as well. 6. We should not criminalize juveniles, they need help. 7. Traffickers are underground and more sophisticated. They are big users of technology. 8. We need a new category for minor victims to track them as traffic victims and not runaways (e.g., Tennessee Incident Based Reporting System (TIBRS). 9. Traffickers and those who patronize should be registered as sex offenders. 10. Develop compassionate custody laws. 11. Focus aftercare on the crime of trafficking rather than prostitution because the needs and treatments are different. 12. Create a tracking category for trafficking so the crime can be accurately reported. (TIBRS). 13. Modify asset forfeiture/Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organization Act (RICO) laws and wiretap law to assist with crime deterrent. Training 1. There is not adequate training. Training is needed at all levels, LE, prosecutors, courts, and social services. 2. Social services are seeing more of it and there is no structure in place to deal with it. 3. Options for training include: free on-line training for law enforcement through FLETC.gov, POST, Safe Haven training, Legal Aid training, and LE conferences (e.g., DA, Sheriff's, Police Chief's, etc.). 4. Add it to POST. 5. "Train from the top downward"….work with Chiefs and Sheriffs and DA conference groups to make this a priority training session as a part of what they do annually. 6. Target audiences: law enforcement, juvenile court prosecutors and judges, DCS, and social service agencies. "There needs to be more preventive/educational type resources out in the community or schools. Children often get 'pulled' into this for 'gifts'." - McMinn County 34 East Tennessee Focus Group Resources/Treatment 1. Resources and treatment are needed for trafficked victims. 2. A protocol should be established for need identification and referral. 3. People receiving victims are not adequately trained. Often they do not know how to treat them so they are released with inadequate treatment. 4. Language is often a barrier to identification and treatment. The state needs a linguist program to deal with crime victims. 5. Victim referrals come from FBI, Coalitions, and 5 domestic violence (DV) Shelters. 6. Resources noted were: FBI Victims Specialist, Safe Haven, and Chattanooga- Emergency Placement (Less than 10 beds), Knoxville-Coordinate with Shelter for Minors. 7. Non-profit organizations (NPO) and non-government organizations (NGO) want to know what LE needs and they will try to provide. 8. Some stated they don't know where to get services or treatment. 9. Communication between NPOs and NGOs should be improved. Traffickers/Customers 1. Historically law enforcement has targeted prostitutes instead of pimps and Johns. 2. The feeling is the punishment for Johns does not equal the crime and is not necessarily a deterrent. 3. Patronizing prostitution is a misdemeanor and should be considered a more severe crime. 4. Model patronizing prostitution after existing driving under the influence (DUI) laws, which become more severe after second and third offenses. 5. Managing supply and demand. 6. Make the crime a felony. 7. Have a restitution clause in the law (criminal fines). 8. Strengthen asset forfeiture for pandering. 9. Make fines reasonable for pimps and Johns. Court dockets are filling up with cases where fines are delinquent or not being paid. It takes time away from prosecuting other crimes. 10. A multi-jurisdictional task force is needed for the greatest impact. 11. Recommendations to impact demand: increase education; enhance the law for charges against Johns; add convicted Johns (who have a minor victim) to the sex offender registry as violent offenders. "We are eager to investigate any crimes that occur in our area. I am not sure that we are equipped or educated enough to do so." - Campbell County 35 East Tennessee Focus Group International/Domestic 1. Language barriers are an issue. Foreign victims and perpetrators stay within their communities, and they are taught to not trust law enforcement or government. 2. Human trafficking rings operate in circuits. 3. There were trafficking rings noted in Clarksville (international), Knoxville (domestic). 4. There is a very large Russian, Polish, Czech, and Ukrainian population in East Tennessee. There is a huge language barrier and a great need for translators during interviews and investigations. 5. 'Task Force' should be formed and additional funds should be allocated. "I think DCS and other [agencies] need training on human trafficking so they know what the signs are and what to look for. I think this [is] happening more and more but we do not know what to look for in these situations." - Knox County 36 East Tennessee Focus Group Attendees Anti-Slavery Ministries and End Slavery in Tennessee International Teams US Kingsport Police Department Director Derri Smith Detective Toby Wells Bristol Police Department Knox County Sheriff's Department Captain Charlie Thomas Detective Roberta Roberts Chattanooga Police Department Knoxville Police Department Sergeant Ponda Foster Investigator Krista Sheppard Investigator Phyllis Tonkin Community Coalition Against Trafficking President Christi Wigle Newport Police Department Board Member Kelly Wyatt Chief J. Maurice Shults Cookeville Police Department Second Life of Chattanooga Detective Sergeant Brent Anderson Program Director Terri Self Major Nathan Honeycutt Senator Overbey's Office Department of Children Services Kim Mantooth Program Director Dave Anderson Special Investigator Ken Hall Sevierville Police Department Chief Don Myers Department of Homeland Security Special Agent Michelle Evans Sexual Assault Center in East TN (Safe Haven) Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner Coordinator Elizabethton Police Department Tracy Blackburn Investigator Chris Bowers Tennessee Bureau of Investigation Federal Bureau of Investigation—Civil Rights Special Agent Chris Bevins East Tennessee—Johnson City Special Agent Jama Rutherford Special Agent Kevin Keithley Tennessee District Attorneys General Conference Federal Bureau of Investigation—Knoxville Assistant District Attorney Andrea Black Victims Advocate Carol Marshall District Attorney General Tony Clark Assistant District Attorney Steve Sword Gatlinburg Police Department Assistant District Attorney Barry Williams Chief Randy Brackins Tennessee Legislature Children and Youth Greene County Sheriff's Department Committee Detective Sergeant Danny Ricker Director Cindy Perry Evidence Tech Angie Weems University of Tennessee Police Department Hamilton County District Attorney Corporal Leshuan Oliver Assistant District Attorney Bret Alexander US Attorney—Knoxville Hamilton County Sheriff's Department Acting US Attorney Gregg Sullivan Organizational Development Specialist Jerry Redman USA—Victim Witness Coordinator Victim Witness Coordinator Susie DeLozier Johnson City Police Department Chief John Lowry "...I suspect there could be cases of human sex trafficking in this city because of the large numbers of hotels and motels...our transient population in the summer can be as high as more than 50,000 persons per night." - Sevier County 37 Case Studies Case Studies Carrie's Story Carrie was born one of eight siblings to a single mother in a county in southern Middle Tennessee. Her name and exact hometown have been obscured to protect her privacy. Carrie told her story brokenly and with frequent tears, even though her life and story began decades ago. Carrie's mother was an alcoholic and very violent. Carrie described severe physical, mental and emotional abuse at the hands of her mother beginning at the age of four. All of her siblings had different fathers, so some were treated better than others. Carrie described her younger siblings getting new shoes every few months, but she did not. Her father was absent and she said her mother hated her grand- mother, and she (Carrie) looked just like her. She blamed the absence of her father and her resemblance to her grandmother for the abuse. She was reluctant to blame her mother; instead, she blamed circumstances and the disease of alcoholism. Carrie said one night when she was thirteen years old, her mother beat her severely and came after her with a butcher knife, cutting her on the arm. She left that night with a girlfriend and they "hitched" a ride with a truck driver to Nashville. Carrie said she and her girlfriend stayed in a house in North Nashville with a number of men and her first sexual experiences were in that house. When asked to describe this, she replied, "…they pulled trains on us." It was what was expected for her room and board. Carrie said her girlfriend didn't stay long, calling her family to come get her. Carrie stayed for more than a week before calling her brother to come and get her. When Carrie got home, her mother beat her so badly, that she, "almost killed me." Carrie immediately left again and hitched her way back to Nashville. She said the men in that house where she had been were tired of her, so she had to move on. Carrie said she went to the sister of a friend, where she stayed for several weeks. She went to night clubs around Jo Johnston Avenue (North Nashville) at night and met a man named Johnny, with whom she would start a relationship. Carrie said Johnny would take her out and very quickly moved them into a motel room, where she lived with him for a few weeks. She said he would buy her things, gave her alcohol, marijuana, and attention. She thought he loved her and she loved him. Carrie said this man was in his mid-20's at the time. Carrie described a night where a woman came to the motel room door and told her that Johnny had been robbed and shot and she needed to come to the hospital. Carrie said that after he got "I believe that DCS should have more training and have more treatment options in Tennessee." - Gibson County 39 Case Studies out of the hospital, she, Johnny, and two other women left Nashville and drove to Washington D.C. It was there that Johnny told her that she would be expected to "work" for money to support him. Carrie was required to make a minimum of $75 per day. She said she started on the corner of 14th street in D.C. Her first "trick" came at the hands of a woman. Carrie said an older woman approached her on the street and negotiated sex with a man for $40. She said the older woman took her to a residence where she was forced to have sex with both the woman and her husband. She said she was raped, "over and over and over" again for three days. Carrie said after three days, they gave her back her clothes and the woman took her and put her on a corner and told her that she worked for them now. Carrie said that the woman negotiated a "trick" for her but insisted on accompanying her on the "date." The "John" refused to allow the older woman to come. He turned out to be the police. Carrie said God was looking out for her that night. She said she was arrested and that Johnny came and picked her up. Carrie said the experience scared her so badly; she refused to go back to the street for a period of time. Johnny then introduced her to more hard core drugs, heroin, cocaine and others. Carrie said she could not tolerate the heroin, it just put her to sleep, and then she could not work. She said that she was probably too young for a drug like heroin. She was fourteen years old. Carrie said she used drugs to medicate herself; she described being very afraid all the time. Johnny also became violent during this period. Carrie said he usually would heat metal hangers and burn her on the back with them. If a woman was lying on her back, you wouldn't see the burns. They moved from D.C. to Norfolk Virginia, where she was expected to produce $200 per day. She said they also worked in Rhode Island, New York, Dallas, Fort Worth, Arlington and other cities and states. Carrie described moving to another pimp once, but Johnny paid to get her back and then he beat her with butt of a shotgun and cracked her pelvis. Carrie said sometimes she would get into a car or truck and she would cry to the John, tell them how young she was and that she didn't want to do this. She said some would give her $20 and let her go. She said that there were two kinds: "flat backin' hoes" and "thievin' hoes." She said one of the other women taught her how to be a "thievin' hoe" by stealing or robbing her tricks. She said "thievin'" got her shot in the leg and thrown off of a bridge, but she survived. By sixteen, she had her first child by Johnny. She left the child with family and went back on the road with him. By seventeen, she was so addicted to drugs that she "We want to deepen our awareness and training within our agency and we are open to collaborative relationships with other agencies." - Hamilton County 40 Case Studies said, "The dope man got all my money." Carrie said by the age of eighteen, she was back in Nashville with no pimp and working on her own. She mostly worked the Dickerson Road and Trinity Lane area and gave all her money to drug dealers for cocaine and crack cocaine. Carrie wanted people to know that she was raped dozens of times by police officers who would demand sex in exchange for not going to jail. Carrie said this happened in multiple cities during her years working the streets. She said she was as afraid of them as anybody else. Carrie said that many nights, she would have preferred to go to jail, she described being so tired. It was clear that despair was a frequent companion. It was also clear that Carrie received few if any offers for help along the way. She said, "Who wants to have sex with 15 or 20 men a day? It was a living fucking hell." The good news is Carrie found her way to Magdalene, a facility for women operated by women in Nashville. Carrie credits the help she got there with saving her life and changing her destiny. Carrie said when she started treatment for the last time, she was so angry. Carrie said she does not know how those women put up with her. She said they just kept hugging her and patting her back and they just nodded when she lashed out. "My destiny now is to have a positive life." Despite several starts and stops, Carrie graduated from the two-year program two years ago. She said the more she talks about it, the more it loses its power over her and she hopes it helps somebody. When asked how and why, she said, "I just wanted any kind of attention...anywhere." "I am not sure of all of the laws that are in place but there needs to be stiffer laws for the men or women who force minors into this type of activity." - Shelby County 41 Case Studies Rachel's Story Rachel was born in a rural Middle Tennessee community and lived with both biological parents as well as a younger brother. At a very young age, Rachel recalls watching as her parents fought continuously over prescription drugs. Her father was familiar to local law enforcement because he was always in and out of jail. Rachel would beg her parents to take her to the doctor when she became ill but they refused. Her only refuge was her maternal grandmother, who she remembers being the only one to actually agree to take her to a doctor's appointment. Rachel's early childhood was very chaotic and unstable. She was the main caretaker of her younger brother and they never knew what to expect at home. Rachel recalls one incident where her mother left the home and did not return for over a week. She worried that her mother might be dead. Eventually, her mom returned with a boyfriend and kicked her father out for three months until the relationship ended and he was allowed to return. At age 11, Rachel was sexually abused by a neighbor who had befriended her. Her parents reported the abuse to the police. By the time law enforcement went to his house to question him he had moved all his belongings and was never seen again. At 13, Rachel's mother was diagnosed with terminal cancer. Rachel worried endlessly about her younger brother and what would happen when her mother died. Shortly after receiving the devastating news that her mother was dying, her father contacted the Department of Children's Services (DCS) and relinquished custody of her. Rachel recalled that her case worker took her to the hospital to visit her mother on her deathbed. After Rachel's mother died, she was bounced around different foster homes. At 15 while at a foster home, she began calling a Nashville talk/date line. Rachel was communicating with an older male for several months. Once he gained her trust he told her he was in prison and calling from a cell phone, but he said all the things she wanted to hear; that he understood her and loved her. He listened to Rachel talk about her mother and how much she missed her and how she was tired of going from place to place. He told Rachel that he knew some people on the outside that would come and get her and take care of her. That same night, Rachel snuck out of her foster home and met a car down a nearby street and climbed in. A male in his 40's and two younger females were in the car. They drove Rachel to a hotel, gave her drugs and began taking pictures for online escort service ads. The older male gave her a pre-paid cell phone and taught her the "rules" about not getting caught by the police. He said if Rachel was going to stay with "Most cases, which are few, that I get are not ones that we can confirm...where parents were allegedly selling their children for drugs." - Campbell County 42 Case Studies them she would have to work. That night, 15 year-old Rachel had her first "date" with another older male two doors down from where they were staying in the hotel. Over the next three months, Rachel had numerous encounters with "Johns." Because Rachel was often high, she does not exactly remember how many "Johns" she had to have sex with. Rachel developed a bond with the 40 year old pimp. He gave her attention that she so desperately wanted and they began having a sexual relationship. The pimp's "bottom bitch" (essentially the top girl) became increasingly jealous of Rachel. She would often pick on Rachel and try to start fights with her. Rachel noted that the third female was often her rescuer and would defend her. The pimp had semi-professional pictures of the girls made by a local photographer. He also had plans in the works with a local information technology professional who was a frequent customer to produce pornographic videos of Rachel and the other girls to stream over the internet. After nearly three months on the run, Rachel was eventually picked up during a police sting. Initially, Rachel lied to investigators. She denied knowing the pimp or being involved with him. The DCS placed her in another foster home that same night. Several hours later, Rachel was on the run again. She was found hiding at a relative's home and the police charged her with prostitution. That was the investigator's only avenue to keep Rachel safe from herself and the pimp who had her. Rachel was locked up in a juvenile detention center until her court date. During that time, Rachel began disclosing what happened to her and admitted she was still "in love" with the pimp. Eventually, Rachel was placed in a DCS group home in another part of the state. During her stay at the group home, Rachel was allowed to volunteer at the local hospital. It was during this time she met another older man. She said there was lax supervision at the hospital and so eventually she would leave the hospital with the male during her volunteer hours and they would go to a nearby friend's house and have sex. Shortly after Rachel turned 16, she took a pregnancy test and it was positive. Additionally, her court date was approaching to determine where she would be placed next. Rachel just wanted to return to her grandmother. A week prior to her scheduled court date, she was told by her case worker that it was unlikely the judge would allow her to go home to her grandmother. Rachel was devastated. With the knowledge of her pregnancy and the fear of what would happen to her next; she borrowed a friend's cell phone and called the man by whom she was pregnant and he picked her up that day. That began several months again on the run. The new boyfriend was also older than Rachel and she described him as crazy. He would beat her in the face and kick "This area is rural. Most human sex trafficking in this area are single women, frequently white, trading for drugs. Much is rumored, but not reported." - Decatur County 43 Case Studies her in the ribs until she could not move. He would hold her down and tell her that he loved her so much and was only doing this because of his love for her. He threatened to kill her more times than she could count. Rachel indicated that he was insanely jealous. After a couple of months, he kicked and beat her so badly that she had a miscarriage. Rachel was not allowed to go to the doctor. She said she was bleeding so badly that he became frightened and drove her to a Knoxville homeless shelter and dropped her off. At the shelter, Rachel lied about her age so that no one would report her to the police. Eventually, she met an older man who was visiting his nephew. She told him that she was older and her boyfriend had beaten her so badly that she had a miscarriage. The man offered her a place to sleep on his couch. Rachel conveyed that this male never expected anything out of her and that he showed her nothing but kindness. He had a girlfriend and they invited Rachel to spend Thanksgiving with his family. She said it was not until a few weeks later that she saw him and his girlfriend smoking crack. She decided to leave and called a friend to send a bus ticket to her. Eventually, she made her way to Nashville and met two women. One was underage and the other in her late 20's. They had a man with them and they wanted Rachel to travel to Arkansas with them. Rachel indicated that the older female seemed to be "in charge." While in Arkansas, she provided Rachel with marijuana and took pictures of her and the younger female for online advertisements for prostitution. Rachel said the male that accompanied them had a legitimate job and was very afraid of getting in trouble because he was on parole. While working in Arkansas, Rachel developed a medical issue that needed immediate attention. The man dropped her off at a local hospital. Shortly after the hospital visit, law enforcement identified Rachel's where- abouts and initiated an undercover sting to recover her. Rachel was transported back to a Middle Tennessee detention center. After several months at the center she was placed in a secure facility for juveniles and has been in a new program until her next court date. "Greater than twenty-four months ago I busted a massage parlor twice believed to be trafficking Asian females. Conviction did occur." - Grundy County 44 Response to the Public Chapter 1023 Response to Public Chapter 1023 1. Collect and organize available data on the nature of human sex trafficking in the state. A survey was distributed with 929 responses that yielded a numeric count of human sex trafficking cases. Structured focus group meetings were held to obtain subjective data and case studies were reviewed that highlighted key problem areas in the current treatment system. 2. Examine collaborative models between governmental and non- governmental organizations for protecting victims of human sex trafficking. Informal evaluations of collaborative models were discussed and shared during focus groups. It was apparent that both governmental and nongovernmental organizations were working together in some areas, but not necessarily in a formal partnership. In some instances, it was apparent that law enforcement and social services were not in communication over cases. It was noted that more communication and formalization would be important to the overall enhanced success of the relation- ship. 3. Examine the progress of this state in preventing human sex trafficking. Based on the data collected through the survey, it is clear that the state is becoming more aware of this crime and expects it to increase. Human sex trafficking is prevalent all over our state and minor sex trafficking is in 72% of our counties. Davidson County was featured on the Cable News Network (CNN) special "Selling the Girl Next Door." Seventy-nine percent of those surveyed advised they were inadequately trained to investigate this crime; therefore, the state is in need of resources (enhanced laws, staff training, personnel, treatment options, etc.) to appropriately move forward in preventing human sex trafficking. 4. Examine the problems associated with identifying victims and establishing adequate sanctuary and rehabilitation opportunities for victims of human sex trafficking. The two most significant problems are crime secrecy and lack of resources. Given the nature of the crime, it is not easily detectable or is incorrectly detected and therefore goes under reported. Resources needed include, but are not limited to, trained personnel to identify victims, trained service/treatment providers, language interpreters, health care, compassionate custody facilities, and safe haven facilities. 5. Analyze current laws for adequacy in protecting minor victims of human sex trafficking and, if necessary, recommend revisions to such laws that specifically address protecting minor victims of human sex trafficking. Laws were discussed in both the survey and the focus groups. It was the general consensus that the laws need to be strengthened and they should include the specific "...Sexual abuse, rape, and rape of a child are reported more often than one would think for such a small town." - Wilson County 45 Response to Public Chapter 1023 crime of human sex trafficking. The majority felt that the punishment did not fit the crime. Recommended laws for consideration include compassionate custody, safe haven laws, enhanced asset forfeiture for pimps and Johns, enhanced penalties for sex trafficking within restricted areas, graduated offender sentencing, persons convicted of patronizing prostitution of minors or human sex trafficking of minors register as violent sex offenders, and victim restitution. 6. Identify available federal, state, and local programs that provide services to victims of human sex trafficking, including health care, human services, housing, education, legal assistance, job training or preparation, interpreting services, English as a second language classes, voluntary repatriation and victim's compensation, and assess the need for additional services including shelter services for human sex trafficking victims. Vanderbilt Center for Community Studies has provided a listing of resources that are available. It was determined that the treatment models currently in place were inadequate to address the needs. A multi-treatment approach was suggested to address all of the needs of victims of human sex trafficking. 7. Evaluate existing and potential programs to increase public awareness of human sex trafficking. Due to time constraints, no evaluation of existing or potential public awareness programs was conducted. What was determined through the focus groups and on-line searches is that the month of January is National Slavery and Human Trafficking Prevention Month. During this month awareness programs are held. Some of the organizations in Tennessee who participate in this awareness process are: Community Coalition against Human Trafficking, End Slavery Tennessee, Cry for Justice, Doctors at War, Free for Life International, Global Women of Blount County, Operation Broken Silence, and 2nd Life Chattanooga. 8. Analyze existing state criminal statutes for their adequacy in preventing human sex trafficking and, if necessary, recommend revisions to such laws or the enactment of new laws that specifically define and address human sex trafficking. Existing criminal statutes in general were discussed at the focus groups and questioned as part of the survey. To address prevention, you have to address demand. The response was that the laws needed to be strengthened and existing laws are not adequate to prevent human sex trafficking. Some revisions mentioned were enhanced asset forfeiture for pimps and Johns, enhanced penalties for sex trafficking within restricted areas, graduated offender sentencing, and register persons convicted of patronizing prostitution of minors or human sex trafficking of minors as violent sex offenders. Specific crafting of statute revision language was not undertaken. "Make every sex related law stronger." - Dyer County 46 Response to Public Chapter 1023 9. Consult with government and nongovernmental organizations in developing recommendations to strengthen state and local efforts to prevent human sex trafficking, protect and assist victims of human sex trafficking and prosecute human sex traffickers, and make recommendations , if any. The recommendations are contained in the focus group meeting notes as well as the survey results. 10. Examine any other issues relative to deterring and preventing human sex trafficking in Tennessee. While the primary focus of this study was human sex trafficking and its impact on youth and children, there were often issues of drug use, gang activity, social service needs (health care, housing, etc.), recruiting methods, enforcement focus and impaired/ incomplete communication mentioned. However, no additional issues were examined. "In 2009, Metro police detectives and FBI busted what they believe is a family-run prostitution ring using underage teens as prostitutes in Murfreesboro, Tennessee." - Daily News Journal, August 18, 2009 "This may be a topic of training for law enforcement in our area in the future." - Dickson County 47 Polaris Project 49 Total 4 and how to recognize the elements of a human sex trafficking crime when it occurs." "There needs to be more information released to the agencies concerning this crime PENALTY - Failure To Enact Basic Anti-Trafficking Provision 10. Civil Remedy - 9. Victim Assistance - Polaris Project 2010 8. No Req. of Force, Fraud, or Coercion X to Prosecute Sex Trafficking of Minors - Hamilton County 7. Safe Harbor - CSEC - 6. Posting and HT Hotline - 5. HT Specific Task Force, Advisory 2010 Committee 4. Training Requirement - 3. Asset Forfeiture - 2. Basic Labor Trafficking Provision X 1. Basic Sex Trafficking provision X TN State Polaris Project "More training is needed for the investigators and the road officers." - Williamson County 50 Appendix Human Trafficking Service Providers "This is the most useless questionnaire to which I have ever been asked to respond." - West Tennessee 51 Human Trafficking Service Providers "We need to intervene BEFORE these incidents take place. We need to fight the vulnerability that leads to them." - Rutherford County 52 Human Trafficking Service Providers "...we successfully prosecuted a young adult for having sex with four minor girls, he was suspected of procuring these girls for prostitution…." - Franklin County 53 Human Trafficking Service Providers "There are not very many appropriate girls' facilities to deal with this." - Lawrence County 54 List of Survey Participants Department of Children's Services District Attorney Generals Offices District Attorney General- 1st Judicial District District Attorney General- 2nd Judicial District District Attorney General- 4th Judicial District District Attorney General- 8th Judicial District District Attorney General- 10th Judicial District District Attorney General- 12th Judicial District District Attorney General- 13th Judicial District District Attorney General- 14th Judicial District District Attorney General- 15th Judicial District District Attorney General- 16th Judicial District District Attorney General- 17th Judicial District District Attorney General- 18th Judicial District District Attorney General- 19th Judicial District District Attorney General- 20th Judicial District District Attorney General- 21st Judicial District District Attorney General- 22nd Judicial District District Attorney General- 24th Judicial District District Attorney General- 26th Judicial District District Attorney General- 27th Judicial District District Attorney General- 31st Judicial District Guardians Ad Litem Group Homes AGAPE Catholic Charities of East Tennessee, Inc. Cedar Grove RTC (Keys) Children's Home/Chambliss Shelter Comprehensive Community Services-CCS Counseling and Consultation Services Holston United Methodist Home for Children King's Daughters' School Meritan Monroe Harding, Inc. Natchez Trace Youth Academy Parkridge Valley Hospital Porter-Leath Children's Center Residential Services, Inc. Rhea County Juvenile Detention Smoky Mountain Children's Home Turn Around Center (TAC) Volunteer Behavioral Health Care System, Inc. Youth Town of Tennessee, Inc. Juvenile and Family Courts Juvenile and Family Court-Bristol, TN Juvenile and Family Court-Brownsville, TN Juvenile and Family Court-Camden, TN Juvenile and Family Court-Centerville, TN Juvenile and Family Court-Clarksville, TN Juvenile and Family Court-Clinton, TN Juvenile and Family Court-Columbia, TN Juvenile and Family Court-Dayton, TN Juvenile and Family Court-Dover, TN Juvenile and Family Court-Dyersburg, TN Juvenile and Family Court-Fayetteville, TN Juvenile and Family Court-Gallatin, TN Juvenile and Family Court-Gainesboro, TN Juvenile and Family Court-Jackson, TN Juvenile and Family Court-Johnson City, TN Juvenile and Family Court-Kingsport, TN Juvenile and Family Court-Knoxville, TN Juvenile and Family Court-Lewisburg, TN Juvenile and Family Court-Linden, TN Juvenile and Family Court-Manchester, TN Juvenile and Family Court-McMinnville, TN Juvenile and Family Court-Milan, TN Juvenile and Family Court-Morristown, TN Juvenile and Family Court-Mountain City, TN Juvenile and Family Court-Oneida, TN Juvenile and Family Court-Paris, TN Juvenile and Family Court-Parsons, TN Juvenile and Family Court-Pulaski, TN Juvenile and Family Court-Shelbyville, TN Juvenile and Family Court-Sparta, TN Juvenile and Family Court-Tazewell, TN Juvenile and Family Court-Winchester, TN Other Law Enforcement Agencies Tennessee Department of Safety Tennessee Bureau of Investigation US Marshals-West Tennessee Tennessee Office of Homeland Security Federal Bureau of Investigation-Victims Advocate-Nashville Federal Bureau of Investigation-Victims Advocate-Memphis "I believe this is a problem in more rural areas than the general public knows. The problem is locating and identifying victims." - Robertson County 55 List of Survey Participants Police Departments Adamsville Police Department Alamo Police Department Alcoa Police Department Alexandria Police Department Algood Police Department Ardmore Police Department Ashland City Police Department Athens Police Department Atoka Police Department Baileyton Police Department Baneberry Police Department Bartlett Police Department Baxter Police Department Bean Station Police Department Belle Meade Police Department Bells Police Department Benton Police Department Berry Hill Police Department Bethel Springs Police Department Big Sandy Police Department Blaine Police Department Bluff City Police Department Bolivar Police Department Bradford Police Department Brentwood Police Department Brighton Police Department Bristol Police Department Brownsville Police Department Bruceton Police Department Burns Police Department Calhoun Police Department Camden Police Department Carthage Police Department Caryville Police Department Celina Police Department Centerville Police Department Chapel Hill Police Department Chattanooga Housing Authority Chattanooga Metro Airport PD Chattanooga Police Department Church Hill Public Safety City of Dickson Park Ranger Division Clarksville Police Department Cleveland Police Department Clifton Police Department Clinton Police Department Collegedale Police Department Collierville Police Department Collinwood Police Department Columbia Police Department Cookeville Police Department Coopertown Police Department Copperhill Police Department Covington Police Department Cowan Police Department Cross Plains Police Department Crossville Police Department Crump Police Department Cumberland City Police Department Cumberland Gap Police Department Dandridge Police Department Dayton Police Department Decatur Police Department Decaturville Police Department Decherd Police Department Dickson Police Department Dover Police Department Dresden Police Department Dunlap Police Department Dyer Police Department Dyersburg Police Department Eagleville Police Department East Ridge Police Department Elizabethton Police Department Elkton Police Department Englewood Police Department Erin Police Department Erwin Police Department Estill Springs Police Department Ethridge Police Department Etowah Police Department Fairview Police Department Fayetteville Police Department Franklin Police Department Friendship Police Department Gallatin Police Department Gallaway Police Department Gatlinburg Police Department Germantown Police Department Gleason Police Department Goodlettsville Police Department Gordonsville Police Department Grand Junction Police Department Graysville Police Department Greenbrier Police Department Greeneville Police Department Greenfield Police Department Halls Police Department Harriman Police Department Henderson Police Department Hendersonville Police Department Henning Police Department Henry Police Department Hohenwald Police Department Hollow Rock Police Department Hornbeak Police Department Humboldt Police Department Huntingdon Police Department Huntland Police Department Jacksboro Police Department Jackson Police Department Jasper Police Department Jellico Police Department Johnson City Police Department Jonesborough Police Department Kenton Police Department Kimball Police Department Kingsport Police Department Kingston Police Department Kingston Springs Police Department Knoxville Metro Airport Authority Knoxville Police Department Lafayette Police Department LaFollette Police Department Lake City Police Department Lakewood Police Department LaVergne Police Department Lawrenceburg Police Department Lebanon Police Department Lenoir City Police Department Lewisburg Police Department Lexington Police Department Livingston Police Department Lookout Mountain Police Department Loudon Police Department Lynnville Police Department Madisonville Police Department Manchester Police Department Martin Police Department Maryville Police Department Mason Police Department Maury City Police Department Maynardville Police Department McEwen Police Department McKenzie Police Department McMinnville Police Department Medina Police Department Memphis International Airport Police Memphis Police Department Middleton Police Department Milan Police Department Millersville Police Department Millington Police Department Minor Hill Police Department Monteagle Police Department Monterey Police Department Morristown Police Department Moscow Police Department Mount Carmel Police Department Mount Juliet Police Department Mount Pleasant Police Department Mountain City Police Department Murfreesboro Police Department Nashville Metro Airport PD Nashville Metro Police Department New Hope Police Department New Johnsonville Police Department New Market Police Department New Tazewell Police Department Newbern Police Department Newport Police Department Niota Police Department Nolensville Police Department Norris Police Department Oak Ridge Police Department Oakland Police Department Obion Police Department "The sentencing for the crime of sex trafficking should not increase as the child's age decreases. It should all be the SAME sentences. Just because a child is 17 does not mean that it will not affect them as much." - Davidson County 56 List of Survey Participants Oliver Springs Police Department Oneida Police Department Paris Police Department Parsons Police Department Petersburg Police Department Pigeon Forge Police Department Pikeville Police Department Piperton Police Department Plainview Police Department Pleasant View Police Department Portland Police Department Powells Crossroads Police Department Pulaski Police Department Red Bank Police Department Red Boiling Springs Police Department Ridgely Police Department Ripley Police Department Rockwood Police Department Rogersville Police Department Rossville Police Department Rutherford Police Department Rutledge Police Department Saltillo Police Department Samburg Police Department Savannah Police Department Scotts Hill Police Department Selmer Police Department Sevierville Police Department Sewanee Police Department Sharon Police Department Shelby County Police Department Shelbyville Police Department Signal Mountain Police Department Smithville Police Department Smyrna Police Department Smyrna/Rutherford Co. Airport Authority Somerville Police Department South Carthage Police Department South Fulton Police Department South Pittsburg Police Department Sparta Police Department Spencer Police Department Spring City Police Department Spring Hill Police Department Springfield Police Department Sunbright Police Department Surgoinsville Police Department Sweetwater Police Department Tazewell Police Department Tellico Plains Police Department Tiptonville Police Department Toone Police Department Townsend Police Department Trenton Police Department Trezevant Police Department Tri-Cities Airport Public Safety Department Trimble Police Department Troy Police Department Tullahoma Police Department Tusculum Police Department Union City Police Department Vonore Police Department Wartburg Police Department Wartrace Police Department Watauga Police Department Watertown Police Department Waverly Police Department Waynesboro Police Department Westmoreland Police Department White Bluff Police Department White House Police Department White Pine Police Department Whiteville Police Department Whitwell Police Department Winchester Police Department Woodbury Police Department Sheriff's Departments Anderson County Sheriff's Department Bedford County Sheriff's Department Benton County Sheriff's Department Bledsoe County Sheriff's Department Blount County Sheriff's Department Bradley County Sheriff's Department Campbell County Sheriff's Department Cannon County Sheriff's Department Carroll County Sheriff's Department Carter County Sheriff's Department Cheatham County Sheriff's Department Chester County Sheriff's Department Claiborne County Sheriff's Department Clay County Sheriff's Department Cocke County Sheriff's Department Coffee County Sheriff's Department Crockett County Sheriff's Department Cumberland County Sheriff's Department Decatur County Sheriff's Department DeKalb County Sheriff's Department Dickson County Sheriff's Department Dyer County Sheriff's Department Fayette County Sheriff's Department Fentress County Sheriff's Department Franklin County Sheriff's Department Gibson County Sheriff's Department Giles County Sheriff's Department Grainger County Sheriff's Department Greene County Sheriff's Department Grundy County Sheriff's Department Hamblen County Sheriff's Department Hamilton County Sheriff's Department Hancock County Sheriff's Department Hardeman County Sheriff's Department Hardin County Sheriff's Department Hawkins County Sheriff's Department Haywood County Sheriff's Department Henderson County Sheriff's Department Henry County Sheriff's Department Hickman County Sheriff's Department Houston County Sheriff's Department Humphreys County Sheriff's Department Jackson County Sheriff's Department Jefferson County Sheriff's Department Johnson County Sheriff's Department Knox County Sheriff's Department Lake County Sheriff's Department Lauderdale County Sheriff's Department Lawrence County Sheriff's Department Lewis County Sheriff's Department Lincoln County Sheriff's Department Loudon County Sheriff's Department Macon County Sheriff's Department Madison County Sheriff's Department Marion County Sheriff's Department Marshall County Sheriff's Department Maury County Sheriff's Department McMinn County Sheriff's Department McNairy County Sheriff's Department Meigs County Sheriff's Department Monroe County Sheriff's Department Montgomery County Sheriff's Department Moore County Sheriff's Department Morgan County Sheriff's Department "...We have seen a steady increase in 'for profit' sex acts with children being caught on the internet." - Hamilton County 57 List of Survey Participants Obion County Sheriff's Department Overton County Sheriff's Department Perry County Sheriff's Department Pickett County Sheriff's Department Polk County Sheriff's Department Putnam County Sheriff's Department Rhea County Sheriff's Department Roane County Sheriff's Department Robertson County Sheriff's Department Rutherford County Sheriff's Department Sequatchie County Sheriff's Department Sevier County Sheriff's Department Scott County Sheriff's Department Shelby County Sheriff's Department Smith County Sheriff's Department Stewart County Sheriff's Department Sullivan County Sheriff's Department Sumner County Sheriff's Department Tipton County Sheriff's Department Trousdale County Sheriff's Department Unicoi County Sheriff's Department Union County Sheriff's Department Van Buren County Sheriff's Department Warren County Sheriff's Department Washington County Sheriff's Department Wayne County Sheriff's Department Weakley County Sheriff's Department White County Sheriff's Department Williamson County Sheriff's Department Wilson County Sheriff's Department List of Study Contributors Other Supporting Agencies Magdalene Tennessee Administrative Office of the Courts-Courts Improvement Division Tennessee District Attorneys General Conference "...the government alleges that members of three local Somali gangs—the Somali Outlaws, the Somali Mafia and the Lady Outlaws—carried out a 10-year conspiracy that includes the sex trafficking of minors...she was told to perform a sex act on a man in exchange for marijuana, and on another man for marijuana and liquor." - James Walsh and Sarah Lemagie , Star Tribune "I investigate crimes against children. I am extremely concerned w/ the growth of human trafficking." - Rutherford County 58 References Bales, K. (2004). Disposable people: New slavery in Stambaugh, J. J. (2010, July 17). FBI: Man admits the global economy. Berkeley, CA: Univer- running sexual delivery service. Knox- sity of California Press. news.com. Retrieved from http:// www.knoxnews.com/news/2010/jul/17/fbi- Bales, K. & Soodalter, R. (2009). The slave next man-admits-running-sexual-delivery- door: Human trafficking and slavery in service/ America today. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. United Nations Children's Fund [UNICEF]. (2007). Children are still being trafficked 200 years Estes, R. J. & Weiner, N. A. (2002a). The commer- after the abolition of the slave trade. UNI- cial sexual exploitation of children in the CEF Press Centre. Retrieved from http:// U.S., Canada and Mexico. Executive Sum- www.unicef.org/media/media_39201.html mary: Of the U.S. national study. Philadel- phia, PA: University of Pennsylvania, U.S. Department of Justice Child Exploitation and School of Social Work. Retrieved from Obscenity Section ( 2009). Retrieved from http://www.sp2.upenn.edu/restes/ http://www.crisiaid.org/ICAPDR/ CSEC_Files/Exec_Sum_020220.pdf Trafficking/traffickstats.pdf Farley, M., Bindel, J., & Golding, J. M. (2009). Men U.S. Department of State [State]. (2004). Traffick- who buy sex, why they buy and what they ing in persons report (4th ed.). Retrieved know. London: Eaves. Retrieved from http:// from http://www.state.gov/documents/ www.eaves4women.co.uk/Documents/ organization/34158.pdf Recent_Reports/Men%20Who%20Buy% 20Sex.pdf Walsh, J., & Lemagie, S. (2010). Somalis gather to decry crimes. Startribune.com. Retrieved Martinez, M. (2010, November 09). Federal crack- from http://www.startribune.com/ down on child prostitution results in 884 local/107526448.html? arrests. CNN. Retrieved from http:// elr=KArksD:aDyaEP:kD:aU2EkP7K_t:aDy www.cnn.com/2010/CRIME/11/08/ aEP:kD:aUiD3aPc:_Yyc:aUoD3aPc:_27EQU us.child.prostitution/index.html Wyler, L.S. & Siskin, A. (2010). Trafficking in per- Raphael, J., Reichert, J., and Powers, M. (2010). sons: U.S. policy and issues for congress. Pimp control and violence: Domestic (CRS Publication 7-5700 RL34317). Wash- sex trafficking of Chicago women and girls. ington, D.C.: Congressional Research Ser- Women & Criminal Justice, 20, 89-104. vice. Reid, J. (2010). Doors wide shut: Barriers to the successful delivery of victim services for domestically trafficked minors in a south- ern U.S. metropolitan area. Women & Criminal Justice, 20, 147-166. Skinner, E.B. (2010 January 18). South Africa's new slave trade and the campaign to stop it. Time. Retrieved from http://www.time.com/ time/magazine/ article/0,9171,1952335,00.html "...I also think that something needs to be started with educating, teenagers and pre-teens, about sex trafficking." - Davidson County 59 Authors Assistant Special Agent in Charge Margie Quin, TBI Special Consultant Patricia Merritt, TBI Special Agent Melanie Garner, TBI PhD Candidate Jill Robinson, Vanderbilt Center for Community Studies With Dr. Annette Tedford, Criminal Analyst, TBI Special Agent Tracy Allen, TBI Amy Allen, Criminal Analyst, TBI Cindy Purviance, Criminal Analyst, TBI Michelle Prickett, Criminal Analyst, TBI Angela Sanders, Criminal Analyst, TBI Pam Beck, Legal Counsel, TBI Alexa Marcotte, Vanderbilt University, TBI Intern Nicole Garcia, Vanderbilt Community Development and Action Program "My experience with human sex trafficking was a father who was abusing his daughter and then letting his friends participate for a fee." - Coffee County 60 Tennessee Bureau of Investigation Authorization No. 348154 (4/11) 800 copies. This document has been promulgated at a cost of $6.21 per copy. All costs of this publication paid with Federal Grant funds
Pages to are hidden for
"Tennessee Human Sex Trafficking and Its Impact on Children and "Please download to view full document


text:
@INPROCEEDINGS{Markert02metonymyresolution, author = {Katja Markert and Malvina Nissim and Buccleuch Place Eh Lw}, title = {Metonymy Resolution as a Classification Task}, booktitle = {In Proc. of EMNLP, 2002}, year = {2002}, pages = {204--213}}
We reformulate metonymy resolution as a classification task. This is motivated by the regularity of metonymic readings and makes general classification and word sense disambiguation methods available for metonymy resolution.
Developed at and hosted by The College of Information Sciences and Technology
© 2007-2015 The Pennsylvania State University

subset: commoncrawl


text:
White Beans Oreganata
22 Aug 2010
|Dried great northern beans
|16 Ounce (1 Package)
|6 Cup (96 tbs)
|Chopped onion
|2 Cup (32 tbs) (About 1 Large Sized)
|Thinly sliced celery
|1⁄2 Cup (8 tbs)
|4 Clove (20 gm), minced
|Bay leaf
|Fresh baby spinach
|6 Ounce (1 Package)
|Chopped fresh oregano
|1⁄4 Cup (4 tbs)
|Chopped fresh parsley
|1⁄4 Cup (4 tbs)
|2 Teaspoon, divided
|Freshly ground black pepper
|1⁄2 Teaspoon
|Olive oil
|2 Tablespoon, divided
|Plum tomatoes
|6 , seeded and chopped
1. Sort and wash beans; place in a large Dutch oven. Cover with water to 2 inches above beans; cover and let stand 8 hours. Drain beans.
2. Combine beans, 6 cups water, and next 4 ingredients in Dutch oven. Bring to a boil; cover, reduce heat, and simmer 70 to 80 minutes or until beans are tender. Discard bay leaf. Stir in spinach, oregano, parsley, 1 1/2 teaspoons salt, and pepper; cook 2 minutes or until spinach wilts.
3. Heat 1 tablespoon oil in a large nonstick skillet over medium heat. Add garlic; saute 1 minute or until lightly browned. Stir in tomato and 1/2 teaspoon salt; saute 2 minutes or until thoroughly heated. Gently stir tomato mixture into bean mixture.
Rate It
0 Comments
White Beans Oreganata Recipe


text:
| Share
Late 1997 Fall Tour
†Scoring in the Merit Showdown and Mixed Doubles is based on total pins.
1998 Winter/Spring Tour
1998 Summer/Fall Tour
Note: The Women's International Bowling Congress Queens tournament is not an official PWBA Tour event.
* The Ladies Professional Bowling Tour (LPBT) officially changed its name to Professional Women's Bowling Association (PWBA) in 1998.
†Scoring in the Philip Morris Showdown and Mixed Doubles is based on total pins.
Information Please® Database, © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
More on PWBA from Infoplease: