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Washington state will continue to pay the highest minimum wage in the country next year with a 15-cent raise for the lowest paid workers.
The state Department of Labor & Industries announced this morning the minimum wage will climb to $9.19 per hour starting Jan. 1.
The increase is a 1.67 percent bump from the current minimum wage of $9.04. Labor & Industries calculates the state's minimum wage based on the Consumer Price Index. The system was approved by Washington voters in 1998 under Initiative 688. Washington is one of 10 states to adjust its minimum wage based on inflation and the Consumer Price Index.
The CPI measures average price changes for goods and services purchased by urban wage earners and clerical workers. The goods and services include basic living costs — food, clothing, shelter, fuels and services such as doctor visits — the announcement explained.
The CPI was announced earlier this month by the federal Bureau of Labor Statistics. That agency attributed the majority of the CPI rise to a jump in gasoline prices, which rose an average of 9 percent of the past 12 months.
Oregon's minimum-wage workers will also receive a 15-cent increase in pay at the start of the new year. Minimum wage there will be $8.95 per hour starting Jan. 1. That is the second highest minimum wage in the nation.
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Students at Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University in Bangkok have complained saying it is unfair that male students are allowed to wear female clothes, but female students are not allowed to wear male clothes.
'When I see that men come to class wearing skirts I just feel that's unfair,' said third year student Jinda Pigulgaew, Bangkok Post reports. 'However, I do understand that in our current society men have more advantages.'
The university has many kathoey (transgender women or effeminate gay men) students who wear skirts, but students who identify as tomboy are not allowed to wear pants.
Lesbian women in Thailand usually identify as either 'tomboy' or 'princess'. Tomboys may also refer to trans men.
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Posted: 10/08/2014 by Carole Fleck | Comments
You've heard this before, I know, and yet it remains as disturbing as ever. Health care costs, along with housing, are likely to be your biggest expenses in retirement. Boston-based Fidelity Investments found that premiums, deductibles and other out-of-pocket expenses could cost a 65-year-old couple retiring today a jaw-dropping $220,000 – and that's in addition to Medicare premiums. Some boomers are heeding that forewarning: In a survey of 1,002 workers age 50 and older, 62 percent say they're socking away money for …
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Staying healthy and how to pay for it are the top concerns for boomers and retirees, a study has found. An overwhelming majority of retirees (81 percent) said that good health is the single most important factor for a happy retirement; financial security, by comparison, ranked a distant second (58 percent), the study found. >> 7 Things to Do in Your Bedroom That Can Save Your Life Boomers said that not being able to pay for health care expenses in retirement was their biggest fear, regardless of their …
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Five years after the Great Recession, many Americans say they're still struggling to get by financially. Nineteen percent of adults ages 55 to 64 say they have no retirement savings or pensions to fall back on, according to a survey by the Federal Reserve. Also troubling was that an additional 20 percent of people age 60 and older say they've given no thought at all to planning for their retirement. That was also the case for about 19 percent of …
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Own Your Tomorrow. OK, so even though that's the tagline for Charles Schwab's new advertising campaign, the message also rings true for the millions of Americans age 50 and older who need to keep their saving for retirement on track and take their financial future into their own hands. As part of an Opinion Leader speaker series at the Washington, D.C., headquarters of AARP, incoming CEO Jo Ann Jenkins and Charles Schwab Foundation President Carrie Schwab-Pomerantz discussed the roles that employers, schools and …
Posted: 01/23/2014 by Carole Fleck | Comments
The road to retirement may seem uncomfortably short, particularly if you're in your 50s and haven't saved much. The latest Federal Reserve data shows that households with people ages 55 to 64 have accumulated a median $120,000 in retirement savings. That amounts to about $400 to $500 a month in income, according to a CNBC report, on top of the average monthly Social Security benefit of $1,294. If you're 10 to 15 years out from your projected retirement date, it's …
Posted: 11/01/2013 by Carole Fleck | Comments
If you've been putting the maximum amount of money into a tax-deferred retirement plan and were hoping to set aside even more next year, you'll be disappointed by the IRS's decision not to increase the limits. The maximum contribution to 401(k) plans in 2014 will stay at $23,000 – $17,500 plus $5,500 in catch-up contributions for people 50 and older. The contribution limit for Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs) will also stay the same for people 50 and older – $6,500 per year, …
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Mitochondria are a valuable resource for studying the evolutionary process and deducing phylogeny. A few mitochondria genomes have been sequenced, but a comprehensive picture of the domestication event for silkworm mitochondria remains to be established. In this study, we integrate the extant data, and perform a whole genome resequencing of Japanese wild silkworm to obtain breakthrough results in silkworm mitochondrial (mt) population, and finally use these to deduce a more comprehensive phylogeny of the Bombycidae.
We identified 347 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the mt genome, but found no past recombination event to have occurred in the silkworm progenitor. A phylogeny inferred from these whole genome SNPs resulted in a well-classified tree, confirming that the domesticated silkworm, Bombyx mori, most recently diverged from the Chinese wild silkworm, rather than from the Japanese wild silkworm. We showed that the population sizes of the domesticated and Chinese wild silkworms both experience neither expansion nor contraction. We also discovered that one mt gene, named cytochrome b, shows a strong signal of positive selection in the domesticated clade. This gene is related to energy metabolism, and may have played an important role during silkworm domestication.
We present a comparative analysis on 41 mt genomes of B. mori and B. mandarina from China and Japan. With these, we obtain a much clearer picture of the evolution history of the silkworm. The data and analyses presented here aid our understanding of the silkworm in general, and provide a crucial insight into silkworm phylogeny.
Mitochondria have a genetic system which is different and distinct from the nuclear genome. They have a rapid tempo of nucleotide substitution and present a special form of maternal inheritance [1]. The domesticated silkworm, B. mori, is the model organism of Lepidoptera, which has been producing industrial silk for humans over a period of more than 5,000 years [2]. It embraces more than 1,000 inbred strains worldwide [3], and has recently been serving as a bioreactor [4]. There are two major populations of B. mandarina: notably the Chinese, with a haploid chromosome number of 28 (equal to those of B. mori), and the Japanese, with a haploid chromosome number of 27. They have different geographic distributions [3]. In 2006 Arunkumar et al. [5] analyzed six complete mt genomes to construct the phylogeny for the Bombycidae family, and although the concurrence of their methods found the Chinese B. mandarina to be the progenitor species of B. mori, some of their methods (ML phylogeny) also tentatively proposed that Chinese and Japanese B. mandarina share a clade, belonging to a single, monophyletic group on the phylogenic tree, distinct from B. mori. Based on the same data, Pan et al. [6] concurred with the consensus of Arunkumar et al., that the Japanese B. mandarina is a more distant taxon from the domesticated silkworm than the Chinese B. mandarina.
A clearer picture for the Bombycidae phylogeny in confirmation of this became desirable. Here, we take advantage of 41 mt genomes (covering both wild silkworm groups and the domesticated silkworms) to again infer the ancestor of B. mori, and arrive at compelling evidence confirming the conclusions of that the apparent progenitor of B. mori is the Chinese B. mandarina, in confirmation of both Arunkumar et al and Pan et al.
The domesticated silkworm has evolved to be completely dependent on humans for survival, and many domestication-related genes have been found to be selected for, when comparing the domesticated silkworm with the Chinese wild silkworm, accounting for 2.9% of the genome-wide genes [7]. This remarkable footprint by selection effect implied a potential selection imprint left in the silkworm mt genome. Moreover, previous studies have demonstrated that variants in mt genome were often subjected to selection [8-10]. With availability of genome-wide resequencing data from 40 silkworms, here we have the opportunity to make numerous comparisons and to investigate the phylogeny of silkworm mitochondria, in order to study whether the silkworm mt population has experienced any expansion or contraction, and to detect the selection effect shaping on the mt genome.
Whole genome resequencing of Japanese wild silkworm
The pupa of a single individual of Japanese wild silkworm was used to extract genomic DNA, based on a standard protocol for genomic DNA extraction. We followed the manufacturer's instructions (Illumina) to prepare DNA library. Briefly, we made it by following the workflow on Illumina Genome Analyzer II system: cluster generation, template hybridization, isothermal amplification, linearization, blocking, and denaturization and hybridization of the sequencing primers. Then the Illumina base-calling pipeline (SolexaPipeline-0.3) was applied to get sequences from the fluorescent images. Short read data have been deposited in the NCBI Short Read Archive under the accession number SRA009886.
Public data availability
Through NCBI Short Read Archive http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Traces/home/ webcite with accession number SRA009208, we downloaded all of the 40 silkworm resequencing data (see Table 1), including 29 domesticated silkworms and 11 Chinese wild ones, detailed information of which can be found elsewhere [7], the silkworm nuclear reference genome sequence was derived from the SilkDB [11] (http://silkworm.swu.edu.cn/silkdb/ webcite or http://silkworm.genomics.org.cn/ webcite). From GenBank http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ webcite we obtained three mt genome sequences (accession numbers AB070264, AY301620, and NC_003395) and their annotations, which were serving as references. We used these reference genomes in all of our consensus assembly below.
Table 1. The detailed information of samples and sequencing summary
AB070264 represents the strain C108, which served as the domesticated population reference. AY301620 was used as the Chinese wild mitochondria reference, which is from Ankang in Shanxi Province of China [6]. NC_003395 is a Japanese wild individual from Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan [12], and we map our resequencing data (Japanese wild silkworm) onto it. Mt genome sequence of Antheraea pernyi (NC_004622) and Eriogyna pyretorum (NC_012727) were also downloaded to be applied as outgroup when reconstructing phylogeny.
Reads alignment and consensus assembly
Although we only included the mt genome sequence in the analysis, we prefer to map raw short reads onto the whole genome [including nuclear DNA sequence and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence], in order to make alignment more reliable. Due to the fact that three sorts of resequencing data of silkworm have been in hand - which are the domesticated group, the Chinese wild population, and the Japanese wild population - there must be three different references to be used by program SOAP v1.09 [13]. So we built three different reference genomes which are the silkworm nuclear reference genome sequence with C108 mtDNA sequence, with Chinese wild mtDNA sequence and with Japanese wild mtDNA sequence. The mapping results showed that Chinese wild silkworms have a higher mismatch rate than the domesticated ones (see Table 1), which suggests a high sequence diversity in Chinese wild group, even in the intraspecific comparison between Chinese wild variety Ankang and the Chinese wild reference (which is also from Ankang in Shanxi Province of China). Followed by SOAPsnp [14], which based on Bayesian theory, we calculate the posterior probability of each possible genotype at every genome position, from the alignment results for each sample. Then the consensus was structured by the highest probability. 41 consensus sequences have been put into the Genbank under accession number GU966591-GU966631.
SNP detection and experimental validation
We used SOAPsnp [14] to call SNPs for each variety. After setting
-u -r 0.01 -m,
six steps were used to filter out the unreliable variants: 1) we set Q20 quality cutoff; 2) two unique reads were allowed at least; 3) the SNPs had to be at least 5 bp away from each other; 4) the approximate copy number of flanking sequences had to be no more than 2; 5) P value of the rank sum test had to be no less than 0.05; 6) the number of unique mapped reads had to be greater than or equal to half of the number of total mapped reads.
To evaluate our SNP calling strategy, we randomly selected 50 sites for PCR-Sanger dideoxy sequencing validation using the AB 3730XL. After manually checking all the intensity trace files, we found that all the sites were confirmed by the PCR-sequencing results.
Linkage Disequilibrium (LD) measure calculation
To measure LD level in the silkworm mt population, we used the normalized measure of allelic association estimate D' [15], which can not be easily influenced by rare alleles examined [16]. We set the parameters in the software Haploview [17] as follows:
-maxdistance 200-dprime-minGeno 0.6-minMAF 0.1-hwcutoff 0.001. Then spot chart was plotted with R scripts which drew averaged D' against pairwise marker distance.
Phylogeny reconstruction
Five silkworm mt sequences (with accession number AB070264, AY301620, NC_003395, NC_004622, and NC_012727) were firstly aligned using MUSCLE v3.7 [18] with default settings, adjusting coordinates for the three resequencing groups. From this, we got 46 mt genomes, after integrating these five sequences and 41 consensus that we have, to perform phylogenetic reconstruction following MEGA v4 [19] by using Neighbour-Joining method and Mrbayes v3.1.2 [20] under the Bayesian theory. In Mrbayes, we chose the GTR+gamma+I model, and set the chain length to 50,000,000 (1 sample/1000 generations) and burned in the first 10,000 samples. Almost identical results were obtained in two independent runs. The quality of being dependable of the NJ trees was bootstrapped with 1000 replicate estimates. To evaluate the confidence level in the tree selection, we applied statistical tests with CONSEL [21]. The site-wise likelihood file is derived from PhyML calculatation [22].
Tests of effective population size
First, using the SNP information of each group, we inferred the mt sequence mismatch distributions for domesticated group and Chinese wild group, where a ragged distribution implies the stable population size, and where a bell-shaped pattern is often related to population growth [23,24]. Further, Tajima's D and Fu and Li's D tests for population size were also performed with DnaSP v5 [25].
Neutrality tests
It became clear to us that, during the domestication process of the silkworm, 354 genes in the nuclear genome bear a strong human selection footprint [7]. The mt genome may therefore also experience selective pressure. In order to examine mtDNA protein evolution, we compare the rate of nonsynonymous to synonymous mutation within and between species in each gene. If these ratios differ significantly, they provide evidence of selection pressure [26]. We then applied Williams' correction to calculate the G statistic [27]. Moreover, we also preformed the two likelihood ratio tests (LRTs), based on widely used branch-site models from PAML 4.2 [28], to detect any positive selection.
Determining mapping strategy and mapping summary
Before applying the strategy of mapping raw reads onto different references, first round mapping was initiated, which only took a single mt genome C108 as a reference to be mapped. After SNP calling, there was an obvious separation among these three groups in phylogeny analysis (data not shown). This impressed us that we should use different reference datasets based on silkworm classification as a reference for each group, so that we can get more realistic genetic variation. Before we clearly acknowledge the separation among these three populations, it is essential to perform these alignments. Here, we just take the mt sequence into consideration; however, we must introduce the nuclear DNA sequence, because there are some similar regions between the mt sequence and nuclear genome. A sequencing read would have more than one hit mapped to the whole genome (the mt genome plus the nuclear genome), while it would be with unique hits to the mt sequence when we excluded the nuclear DNA sequence. The latter, exclusive mt genome situation would interrupt meaningful SNP detection [14].
After aligning short reads onto the reference genome by using the SOAP alignment program [13], we obtained a 2319.56 fold effective depth for all the 41 varieties and each ranged from 8.99 to 165.42 fold. The minimal depth 8.99 fold covering 93.71% of the mt genome (see Table 1) suggests that there was sufficient content to detect the variation. Though this fluctuation in depth was apparent, we found there was no significant difference [Mann Whitney U (MWU), P = 0.36] when one takes the depth between domesticated silkworms and wild ones into comparison.
Mitochondria diversity and the higher polymorphism level in wild silkworm
We then used SOAPsnp package [14], which checks the read quality and mapping positions to detect SNPs. Filtered by the criteria described in Method Section, we identified 88 SNPs when taking 29 domesticated mt sequences as a whole, 231 SNPs in Chinese wild population, and 46 SNPs in Japanese wild group (Table 2). We totally identified 347 SNPs for our 41 samples in brief. The randomly chosen subset of the SNPs was sequenced with PCR, and we found they are all consistent with the genotype calling. The polymorphism level (θπ) of mt sequence among Chinese wild population (6.20 × 10-3 nucleotide differences per site) is more than six times that among domesticated varieties (1.14 × 10-3) (Table 2), the relative larger reduction in polymorphism is most likely caused by inbreeding or population bottlenecking. Similar phenomenon was revealed in the nuclear DNA analyses [7]. However, the Japanese wild population, which only distributes in Japan and Korea [3], has a moderate sequence diversity (2.02 × 10-3), suggesting that it has a small effective population size compared to Chinese wild silkworm. This conclusion must be tempered somewhat by the low Japanese sample number.
Table 2. Statistical summary for three different groups.
No recombination event in silkworm mt genome
It is a point of frequent contention whether the mt genome undergoes recombination or not [29]. We used D', shown to be less sensitive to the effects of the allele frequency variation [30] than others measures, to assess the linkage disequilibrium (LD) rates in the domesticated silkworm and Chinese wild silkworm varieties, and to check whether silkworm mt genome has experienced recombination. No marker in the domesticated group passed all the thresholds set by Haploview, but 146 out of 231 markers have passed all criteria in the Chinese wild group, which could be applied to analyze the allelic association. Of the 10,585 pairs of the 146 polymorphic sites, 8,301 showed the maximum LD rate (|D'| = 1) (Figure 1). High proportion (78.4%) result suggested no evidence for the recombination in the silkworm mt genome.
Figure 1. The relationship between linkage disequilibrium, measured by |D'|, versus distance between sites for all the 11 complete Chinese wild mitochondrial genomes.
Furthermore, there was also no correlation between genome distance and |D'|, and distribution of site pairs with |D'| < 1 were randomly distributed with physical distance (Pearson's correlation coefficient, ρ = 5.31 × 10-3; P = 0.80). Although this is the first investigation for silkworm mitochondria recombination, there seems to be only limited occurrence, making it unnecessary to consider its effect on population structure or evolution.
Phylogenetic analysis
To quantify population structure, we used all the SNPs identified, and all the specific sites among groups, to reconstruct an accurate illustration of population history, which could distinguish the ancestor from which the domesticated silkworm was most recently bifurcated. Both Bayesian and Neighbour-joining methods were used to confirm the topology accuracy of the estimated phylogenetic tree, and similar results were obtained using different approaches. So, we only show here the Bayesian tree in Figure 2A and Figure 2B. Although some efforts have been made to elucidate the phylogeny of silkworms based on mtDNA sequence [5,6], here, it is also essential to perform a genome-wide analysis which includes more individual sequences, and which would get more comprehensive picture of silkworm clade. Using the mt genome sequences of Antheraea pernyi and Eriogyna pyretorum as the outgroup, we can see clearly and conclusively that the domesticated silkworm is closer to the Chinese wild silkworm than to the Japanese wild silkworm. Also, the high bootstrap values in topology provide compelling evidence that domesticated silkworm mtDNA was more recently bifurcated from the Chinese wild group, rather than from the Japanese wild group.
Figure 2. Silkworm mitochondrial phylogeny. (A) Phylogeny in different silkworm groups, based on whole mitochondrial genome. The tree was built using Bayesian method with GTR+gamma+I model. Bootstrap values measured by the posterior probabilities are shown at the nodes. We also reconstructed a Neighbour-joining tree in Mega, using the same consensus sequence. The support values (with 1000 bootstrap replicates) are listed following the posterior probabilities. Except for the outgroup Antheraea pernyi and Eriogyna pyretorum, as well as the domesticated group, each sample is represented by a combination of symbols representing respective silkworm groups (filled circles for Chinese wild group and boxes for Japanese wild group), sample names and sample IDs ("W01" to "W12", "WildAnKang-ref" for the reference genome of Chinese wild group, "WildJapan-ref " for the reference genome of Japanese wild group). The detailed information for samples could be found in Table 1. (B) More fine scale phylogeny for the domesticated silkworm using Mrbayes. For the tree has a very short branch length, only topology was shown in this picture. The posterior probabilities are listed at each node. Each sample is represented by sample names and sample IDs ("D01" to "D29", "C108-ref" for the reference genome of domesticated group).
To evaluate the level of confidence in tree selection, we test whether alternative placements of Japanese wild silkworm among the Bombycidae could be accepted on basis of the approximately unbiased (AU) test and the weighted Shimodaira-Hasegawa (WSH) test [31]. With our dataset, they reject all the alternative scenarios (P < 1 × 10-6). As mentioned in the Method section, the reference of the domesticated and Chinese wild group is from C108 and Ankang, respectively, but another individual from these two lines did not cluster together with its references (Figure 2A and Figure 2B). This result suggests the intraspecific mtDNA sequence diversity would be higher than the interspecific diversity.
Stable population size in domesticated and Chinese wild population
Previous studies have deduced that the domesticated silkworm effective population maintained a stable size posterior to the domestication event [7]. The frequency distribution of pairwise differences for domesticated and Chinese wild group all showed ragged pattern (Figure 3), indicating their effective population sizes remain constant [23,32]. Based on the number of segregating sites and the nucleotide diversity, we further performed Tajima's D [33] and Fu and Li's D [34] tests. They both show no indication of population expansion or contraction in the two groups (Tajima's Dwild = -0.41308, P > 0.10; Fu and Li's Dwild = -0.33548, P > 0.10; Tajima's Ddomesticated = -1.65367, P > 0.05; Fu and Li's Ddomesticated = -2.19707, P > 0.05).
Figure 3. Pairwise difference distribution for domesticated silkworm genome sequences (top) and Chinese wild silkworm genome sequences (bottom).
Positive selection detection
There is no recombination event in the Chinese wild silkworm mitochondria, and the population size of domesticated silkworm and Chinese wild silkworms both remain stable. So it is reasonable to infer selection forces shaping mtDNA by using McDonald-Kreitman test for each gene. The result showed the cytochrome b (cytb) gene had a significant (P = 1.8 × 10-3) deviation from neutrality (Table 3), indicating it has been effected by positive selection posterior to silkworm domestication [26].
Table 3. Number of replacement and synonymous substitutions within and between B. mori and B. mandarina
We also looked for positive selection using branch-site likelihood ratio tests for this gene, showing significant difference (P = 0.014) between the foreground and background. These two kinds of independent tests both show statistical power in this scenario, so we can believe the cytb gene is important to the domesticated silkworm, which will be elucidated in the discussion.
The silkworm is the best-characterized model for biochemical, genetic, and genomic studies of the order Lepidoptera, and for insect domestication. Here we report a full-scale genome-wide mitochondrial map, which includes all the major silkworm classes in Bombycidae, and unveils - at a single base-pair resolution - the distinction between the two wild silkworm subgroups. This map will provide a valuable resource for further study on silkworm mitochondria evolution, and will accelerate the research of functional identification among silkworm genes.
We estimated θπ values for SNPs in mitochondria and found they were 1.14 × 10-3 and 6.20 × 10-3 in B. mori and B. mandarina, respectively, and we also know that θπ values in the nuclear genome were 1.36 × 10-2 and 1.53 × 10-2 in B. mori and B. mandarina, respectively [7]. The relatively larger polymorphism level increase in nuclear genome is mainly due to the background transposable element content [35] and rapid decay of LD [7]. The pattern in humans, whose mutation rate is 2.8 × 10-3 [36] and 0.8 × 10-3 [37] in our mt and nuclear genomes, respectively, provides an interesting contrast to that of the silkworm. But compared to Drosophila simulans, we found a similar phenomenon of a nuclear genome mutation rate (1.8 × 10-2) [38] being higher than the mitochondrial rate (1.1 × 10-3) [8]. This indicated that the insect nuclear genome could tolerate more alteration, and the differential of effective population size between nuclear genome and mt genome would be more distinct in the insect. Although the diversity of mitochondria was smaller than that of the nuclear, the difference between the domesticated silkworms and the wild silkworms was apparent, which suggested they had exclusive genetic background, and local inbreeding had produced more effect on the domesticated population.
In recent years, scientists have only used limited samples or partial genome datasets to infer the phylogenic relationship amongst silkworm clades. The main features of these analyses have been on the basis of incomplete genetic information. Although it is possible for them to reach the conclusion that the true ancestor of the domesticated silkworm is the Chinese wild group, representatives of several basal lineages remain missing. Here, taking advantage of 46 complete mt genomes, we can confidently verify the consensus phylogeny of Arunkumar et al and Pan et al that B. mori was domesticated from the Chinese B. mandarina. Both the AU test and WSH test also provided further support on this argument. We also endeavored to study the major genetic characteristics left by silkworm domestication process, such as the different level of polymorphisms within each group, and the selection force shaping on the mt genome. In the mitochondrion of eukaryotes and in aerobic prokaryotes, the cytb protein is a component of respiratory chain complex III, and is related to electron transfer. Mutation in the site 318 of human cytb gene causes severe deficiency in the respiratory chain enzyme involving in patient exercise intolerance [39]. In silkworms, previous studies also showed that nine midgut-enriched genes related to energy metabolism under selection play a critical role in food digestion and nutrient absorption [7]. The identification of cytb gene indicates that mt genes probably contribute equally to energy metabolism process, and is important to the domesticated silkworm. This is the first time we sort out a gene under positive selection in silkworm mtDNA, and it may provide a new insight into the silkworm mtDNA evolution process.
The constant population size inference for B. mori and B. mandarina in China indicated that the Chinese wild silkworm led diverse and distinct lifestyles in the wild mulberry, and the domesticated silkworm retained and conserved their abundant interspecific polymorphism. These results would pave the way for breeding strategies later.
B. mori is not only well adapted to human handling, but is wholly dependent on humans for survival, in addition to being well differentiated trait-wise from its wild cousin. This makes silkworm domestication a distinctive event in agricultural history, deserving the same attention as domestication of livestock and crop plants; especially as it took place in a different geographical region (Asia vs. the Fertile Crescent) [40], and in a distinctly different culture from the earliest known, and better studied domestication events.
Based on whole genome comparative analysis, with 41 silkworm mitochondrion and 5 other available mt genome sequences, we identified 347 SNPs in the silkworm mt genome. Using this data, we infer that the silkworm mt genome did not undergo recombination, and find it very strongly implied that the Chinese B. mandarina is the most recent ancestor of domesticated B. mori, in confirmation of the conclusions of Arunkumar et al and Pan et al. It is found that, after silkworm domestication and group divergence, the effective population sizes in both groups remained constant, and that identifiable genes underwent powerful selection pressures in B. mori.
These comprehensive overviews will provide new insight into the evolution of the silkworm. It is believed that the silkworm domestication event is of comparative significance equal to the concurrent domestication events of crop plants and animal livestock, during the same time period of human history.
Authors' contributions
DL designed the study, performed the data collection, carried out the molecular genetic studies, drafted and revised the manuscript. YRG and LCT revised the manuscript, and HJS participated in the data analysis. QYX and JW took part in conceiving the study and helped to revise the manuscript. ZHX coordinated the study. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
We thank Dr. Kazuei Mita at National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences in Japan for his kindly providing the Japanese wild silkworm genomic DNA. We thank two anonymous referees providing valuable comments. This work is supported by grants from the National Basic Research Program of China (No. 2005CB121000), the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University (IRT0750), and the Shenzhen Bureau of Science Technology & Information, China (JC200903190764A).
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text:
Jun 26, 2013
Ahmed Humayun
All News, Hardware News
Intel's Ivy Bridge had issues coping with the heat problem which may have been occurred because of the low quality thermal paste under the IHS (integrated Heat spreader). It was actually tested on a 4.5 GHz over clocked i5 3570K and results showed that using a better quality of thermal paste brought a difference of 8 degrees which was used for temperature reduction purpose. If the step taken by Toppc of Coolaler.com is to be believed then Ivy Bridge-E for X79, LGA 2011 will not have to go through the same problem as it has chosen to use much stronger and stable solder, the one Sandy Bridge has got.
May 28, 2015
May 27, 2015
May 26, 2015
May 21, 2015
May 20, 2015
May 19, 2015


text:
Ground Beef Worth a Check
By Dawn House, The Salt Lake Tribune
Jul. 3–Before you fire up the barbecue this Fourth of July, check the ground beef to make sure it hasn't been recalled.
Smith's Food & Drug Stores has removed from shelves in its Utah supermarkets some ground beef products that have been linked to illnesses caused by the E. coli bacteria.
The chain's parent firm, Kroger Co., recalled meat obtained from one of its suppliers, Omaha-based Nebraska Beef Ltd., traced to illnesses in 35 people in Michigan and Ohio from May 31 to June 8.
There have been no reports of illness in Utah.
A spokeswoman for Kroger Co., the nation's largest supermarket chain, said today that as a precaution all ground beef supplied by Nebraska Beef has been removed from its affiliates in about 20 states.
The company does business in Utah under the Smith's Food and Drug and Smith's Marketplace names.
Nebraska Beef has recalled from wholesalers and other processing companies nearly 532,000 pounds of ground beef produced on five dates between May 16 and June 24.
Utah consumers are asked to check for ground beef packaged in plastic foam trays wrapped in clear cellophane with sell-by dates May 21 through July 3; ground beef from the in-store meat counter with sell-by dates May 21 to July 2; and 16-ounce packages of private-selection natural ground beef, with sell-by dates July 11 to July 21. If found, return the beef to Smith's for a refund.
In addition, consumers using their Smith's Fresh Values cards will be notified of the alert at the check-out stand if they had earlier purchased any of the implicated meat.
"Ground beef in stores today comes from other suppliers not involved in the recall," Kroger spokeswoman Meghan Glynn said Wednesday.
The recall does not include ground beef sold in sealed plastic tubes in 1-, 3- or 5-pound packages or frozen ground beef patties sold in Smith's stores.
Symptoms of E. coli infection can include severe stomach cramps, diarrhea, vomiting and fever. Most people recover within five to seven days, federal officials said.
The Associated Press contributed to this story
–Wash hands with warm, soapy water for at least 20 seconds before and after handling raw meat and poultry.
–Wash cutting boards, dishes and utensils with hot, soapy water and immediately clean spills.
–Keep raw meat, fish and poultry away from other food that will not be cooked.
–Eat ground beef or beef patties cooked to an internal temperature of 160 degrees Fahrenheit.
–Color is NOT a reliable indicator that ground beef has been adequately cooked.
–Refrigerate raw meat and poultry within two hours after purchase or one hour if temperatures exceed 90 degrees.
–Refrigerate cooked meat and poultry within two hours after cooking.
Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture.
–Call Nebraska Beef at 402-733-0415 or go to www.fsis.usda.gov.
–Contact Kroger toll-free at 800-632-6900 or online at www.kroger.com /recalls.
To see more of The Salt Lake Tribune, or to subscribe to the newspaper, go to http://www.sltrib.com.
Copyright (c) 2008, The Salt Lake Tribune
Distributed by McClatchy-Tribune Information Services.
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text:
Filipino-American accused of child abuse
AMERICAN CANYON, California—Police on Wednesday arrested a Filipino-American in this quiet city of Solano County on suspicion of child molestation.
Police identified the man as John Edward Gamboa, 38, a Filipino-American Canyon resident. His arraignment was set last Thursday.
In a report filed by Lieutenant Mike Daley of the Benicia Police Department, Gamboa was a youth pastor at a Solano County church and the minor female victim from Benicia was one of his Bible study students. The report did not identify the church in order to protect the victim, but it confirmed it is not one located in Benicia.
According to the report, Gamboa and the alleged victim had known each other for some time, but had begun exchanging text messages in February this year. The child's parents soon discovered the communication and, through the church, were able to speak to Gamboa to warn him about the inappropriateness of his behavior.
In July, apparently after the messaging stopped, the two began texting again, the report said. Then in August, Gamboa sneaked into the victim's Benicia home, where the two engaged in kissing and inappropriate touching.
Five days later, the report continued, the two met again at a business event in Fairfield. The two had exchanged text messages for them to meet in a secluded area in the venue, where, again Gamboa kissed the victim and inappropriately touched the child.
The report said the victim's mother eventually checked her daughter's phone and found text messages that appeared inappropriate. The victim confided to her parents what had happened and they immediately went to the Benicia Police Department to file a formal complaint.
Gamboa was immediately contacted by Benicia Police Officer Aldo Serrano for him to come to the station and provide a statement. The report said Gamboa arrived at the police department around 9 p.m. Tuesday, August 30, and provided a statement admitting to the allegations. He was thereupon arrested without incident and booked into the Solano County Jail on the above charges.
"This illustrates the importance of parents monitoring the behavior of their children and, when necessary, the information on their children's cell phones," aley said.
"Sexual predators who have gained the trust of a child or minor have found texting an easy way to engage young children in conversations at any time of the day or night," he added. "We're thankful the parents came forward in this situation to help us immediately eliminate the contact that had developed in this case."
Unconfirmed reports gathered by FilAm Star in Solano County said that Gamboa, married with four children, originally lived in Southern California before moving to the Bay Area.
The same unverified reports indicated that he joined the church as youth pastor when he was laid off from his job as an IT specialist in an information technology consulting firm on the East Bay. With report from Eduardo Yra
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text: 221 Clubhouse Drive Rockford Place, West Columbia, SC 29172 Status: Off Market MLS#: 310853 Contact Email this listing Share on Pinterest Share on Google+ Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Calculate Mortgage Print Flyer Get Directions Request a Showing Off Market 221 Clubhouse Drive West Columbia, SC 29172 is no longer on the market or has been removed from the MLS. Similar to 221 Clubhouse Drive : Ask an Agent About 221 Clubhouse Drive * Required fields Send Your Question × Monthly Payment Estimator Price: Down Payment: % Loan Amount: Loan Type: 30 Year Fixed 15 Year Fixed 5/1 ARM Interest Rate: % Est. Tax & Insurance: % ($/mo.) Est. Monthly Payment: $478 per month × Email a Listing 221 Clubhouse Drive, West Columbia SC, 29172 From: Name: Email: To: Name: Email: Subject: Message: Take a look at this property I found on ExitREC.com: http://www.exitrec.com/homes/221-Clubhouse-Drive/West-Columbia/SC/29172/22321389/ Send a copy of this message to me Send Email


text:
Calendar One - Simple Cal
500,000 - 1,000,000 downloadsAdd this app to your listsTweets por @Appszoom
If widget doesn't show, try putting it on another free screen, this usually does the trick.
The app supports many languages including English, Deutsch, Italiano and Espanol as well as many other languages.
*The paid version also supports English, Italiano, Espanol and Deutsch and all languages that the free version does, and has a very fast and easy google sync plus many more widgets. Enjoy!
The most simple and easy to use calendar and tasklist!
Paid version with flawless google sync and with many more widgets out now!
It's the perfect calendar app.
Try the free one for the moment! Thank you.
A simple and clean user interface. The main focus for the app is the quick and clean interface to make your business and personal life more effective.
I wanted to create an app that makes setting appointments and keeping a tasklist easy, fast and user friendly without trouble or not knowing how to do.
Only the weekly widget is included in the free app.
The free version doesn't include google syncing options or monthly and daily widgets.
If there are any issues then please send me an e-mail and I will fix it. I cannot answer the comments.
If you like the app then please take a couple of seconds of your time and rate it, thanks.
If you have a TaskKiller App, please lock Calendar One App and let it run in the background, this does not drain any battery. It's for the widget to update properly.
Salient Features of the Calendar One App
1. Calendar with Monthly View, Weekly View and Daily View
2. Add, Edit and Delete Events. Option to mark important and finished events with a preferable colour.
3. Sync Events with Google Calendar (paid version)
4. Informative and easy visible Monthly View with a clean interface.
5. Supports Landscape Mode
6. Add, Edit and Delete Tasks
7. Suppports Multiple Languages
8. Customised Alerts for your Events
9. Wide range of Widgets are available (updates every 30 minutes by itself. Does not drain battery) . (Only the weekly widget is available for the free version. Paid version will feature monthly widget, task widget and daily widget.)
* Permissions
The Calendar one app writes error codes onto the memory/SD card and hence the permission " storage " is required to update the calendar's contents.
Thank you.
Tags: cal simples apk, simple cal apk, simple cal.apk, calendar one apk, un calendario simple cal apk, calendar one simple cal apk, simple cal, agenda simples apk, an cal apk, calendar one .apk.
- Fixed AM/PM issue for longer hours an event would spread across.
(59 stars)
Exactly what I wanted, simple and to the point! And always gotta give kudos to the few noninvasive apps out there who don't feel the need to require unnecessary permissions granting them access to all the private parts of you phone like your texts, contact info, pictures, accounts, etc.
(59 stars)
Can you please put Sunday as the first day of the week
(59 stars)
I wanted a full calendar view on my phone and after sorting through a bunch of them, I found this one. It's simple, functional and a very nice design. I just wanted a full calendar view myself, but this also has a few more features that you can actually use if you want. There are no ads or any junk that you don't need and works offline.
(59 stars)
This is all I needed , keeps me from writing appts on 4 different calendars around the house. Doesn't have to sync to anything or anyone particularly Google Cal. It's easy to use, alerts when appts come up. If I could find something this simple and easy to organize my photos I'd one happy camper. The old KISS principal still applies in many cases.
(59 stars)
(59 stars)
(59 stars)
Very Nice and sweetttttttt


text:
Recent Sharon Reviews
perfect getaway
The lake house was wonderful. We stayed a week this summer. We traveled to Boston all week long, it was wonderful to come home to a quite neighborhood. I am old fashioned, and not very good on the computer, so I was very skeptical to book a home online. I am so afraid of getting there and the house being a shack. But I was NOT disappointed with the lake house, the pictures and description are dead on. Roberta was wonderful to work with and would highly recommend the house to anybody. It is very spacious. We had six adults and plenty of room. The kitchen was beautiful. There was a grocery store close bye and Sharon is a quant little town. And if you are planning on going to Boston to sightsee check into the Boston to go card. (saved us a lot of money).


text:
Polar bear attacks woman in Berlin
A polar bear at the Berlin Zoo attacked a woman Friday when she jumped into the polar bear enclosure during feeding time, the Sydney Morning Herald reported.
The woman, 32, is in intensive care and is being treated for cuts to her arm, back and legs.
After the woman jumped into the enclosure, a bear swam to her and began biting her. Zoo staff arrived immediately on the scene and started to hit the bear across the nose to get him to stop, the Sydney Morning Herald reported.
Zoo workers hoisted the woman out with rescue rings, CNN reported.
Police issued the woman a citation for trespassing, CNN reported.
Berlin Zoo biologist Heiner Kloes told the Sydney Morning Herald that the polar bear reacted normally to the situation. He also said that the zoo staff had guns available to shoot the bear if the situation had warranted it.
The Berlin Zoo's polar bear, Knut, is well-known for being the first polar bear born at the zoo in 30 years, CNN reported. The Sydney Morning Herald reported that the polar bear that attacked the woman was neither Knut nor his mother.


text:
"Me" will be used as the reference point to search from.
Please provide a postal code or a city, or select a city from the directory.
Situated at 202-1416 8th Ave W in Vancouver, British Columbia, Beyer Brown Associates Partnership is an enterprise in the hotel & motel equipment & supplies section of Canpages.ca online directory.
You can call 604-736-8121 to do business with Beyer Brown Associates Partnership that is near your area. Find the directions to this company from your current location. Or, simply add this company to your business favorites at the bottom of this page.
Finally, please share this info with your contacts by using Facebook or Twitter icons. It's also possible to save this merchant information to your Outlook contacts.


text:
3 bed, 3 full bath, 2 half bath. What a great house to call home! Beautiful yard. Quiet street. Each bedroom has its own bath. MasteMore info
3 bed, 2 full bath. Excellent Ingleside Cottage! 3 bedroom, 2 bath with sun room/office area that helps to separate theMore info
2 bed, 1 full bath. Cute and cozy! Precious, one level home on gorgeous lot. Beautiful hardwood floors throughout and tMore info
5 bed, 5 full bath, 1 half bath. Be the Landlord of the Manor with over 7000 sq ft and a double lot in Historic Vineville in a 1922More info
4 bed, 2 full bath, 1 half bath. Gardener's Paradise - 1. 4 acres filled with beautiful plants and landscaping. Two decks overlook tMore info
3 bed, 2 full bath. Step back in time with this 3BR/2BA one level home with large rooms, extra wide hallway, double glaMore info
3 bed, 2 full bath. Large brick home in a quiet, well-established neighborhood. Close to schools, shopping, and restaurMore info
2 bed, 1 full bath. This is a very good starter home and could be great for investor's rental unit.More info
2 bed, 1 full bath. Home needs a little TLC but could make a great starter home.More info
4 bed, 2 full bath, 1 half bath. Fantastic lake home. 4 bedrooms and 2. 5 baths. Granite in kitchen and bathrooms, stainless steel aMore info


text:
LondonUnited Kingdom
Hometown: London
January 26, 2013
Diatonic harmonica.
Unfortunately, I don't have anywhere suitable.
Blues rock, 60s R&B
Preferably SE London. Can do almost any time.
No answer yet
Hi, I mostly play harmonica now that my fingers are too arthritic to do much with my guitars. I occasionally write and record my own material, but would like to play with others.
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text:
When Congress left on its August break five weeks ago, members knew they had a string of fiscal deadlines coming up upon their return — from the budget bill funding the government to a debt ceiling increase. The Syria debate has overshadowed all of that.
Source: NPR
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text:
The Sunshine Through TreesAdd this app to your listsTweets por @Appszoom
It is the best photo collection of chairs in the nature with many calm shots such as a chair in the middle of the green meadow, or the bench in the colorful autumn leaves. They are all refreshing scenes that you may feel as if you are actually hearing the sound of the wind and the stream of the river. It contains 60 photos.
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text:
Machu Picchu
100 años después
by Paul TCB
Comment posted.
anastel says
nice photos ! they make me want to visit this place
posted at 11:39AM Jul 25 PST
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text:
Fredrick & Katherine Sayler
Addedby Patricia Close
Our Grandmother and Grandfather, Katarina Weiss and Fredrick Sayler im-migrated to America just a few months apart, in 1905. Their families had lived not far from each other in Russia but they did not know each other. When they arrived in America they both went to work on farms in North Dakota, and that is where they met.
Katarina's Father, John Frederick Weiss was a carpenter and a Lay Minister. Her Mother, Margaretha Derheim Weiss was a mid-wife who traveled some times for days at a time, doctoring her fellow neighbors.
The Weiss family consisted of twelve children, six sons and six daughters. Only four lived to an old age. All were born in Neudorf, Bergdorf or Odessa, South Russia.
Fredrick's parents were Gottlieb Sayler and Katherina Schmidt Sayler.
The Sayler family, like the Weiss family, was of German descent. Their families migrated to Russia when Catherine II invited the Germans to settle there with "special rights and privileges." "All the families would receive a certain amount of land to build houses and the men and boys would not have to serve in the Army or go to War."
These German Colonists settled mostly along the west side of the Volga River. And our ancestors settled in colonies just above the Black Sea. -- Within a quarter of a century these German Immigrants made South Russia the "Bread Basket of the Czars."
In 1876, under different rulers, the Russian Government took away all the German-Russian Peoples' rights and privileges. They had a choice of migrating to Siberia, where they could buy land and farm as they had before, or immigrate to North and South America.
Luckily for us, Grandma and Grandpa came to North America. They settled in North Dakota, and were married in Hebron on Feb. 22, 1906. They lived in Hebron, Glen Ullin, and Elgin before moving to Missoula, Montana, about 1924. They had seven children and lived out the remainder of their lives in Missoula.
Fredrick passed away in 1937. Katherine lived another twenty-six years. She passed away in 1963. Both are buried in the Missoula County Cemetery.
By: Pat Close
Janelle Kuhns My great grandfather was Christ Sayler - Frederick's brother I believe. Do you have any information from their time in Germany?
Dec 10, 2012 · Reply


text:
Things to see and do - Jaipur
Leaving for India
Jantar Mantar Observatory :
Nearby tourist sites
Nearby hotels
Fortune Select Metropolitan from2550 INRBook
The General's Retreat from2900 INRBook
Hotel Shikha from2199 INRBook
Things to do nearby
Private Tour: Jaipur Sightseeing Including Jantar Mantar, Amber Fort and Elephant Ride
- 83 €
- Book
Jaipur Puppet Show and Dinner with Private Transport
- 43 €
- Book
Private Tour: Pushkar Day Trip from Jaipur
- 67 €
- Book
Jantar Mantar Observatory
Jantar Mantar Observatory : Michelin's recommendations
Passionate about science and astronomy and interested in the theories of Ptolemy, Copernicus and Galileo, the Maharaja of Jaipur, Jai Sing II, had this impressive open-air conservatory built between 1728 and 1733. It houses 17 instruments, many of which resemble contemporary-style sculptures. Each of these has a function, such as the Nari Valaya Yantra, which was used to calculate the time in different parts of the world, and the Brihat Samrat Yantra, the largest sundial in the world.
Useful Information
- Prices : 200 INR
Read also our reports on: Jantar Mantar Observatory


text: SpainExpat The information: living in Spain, moving to Spain, legal aspects like visas and residency in Spain, financial aspects of Spain, lifestyle for expats in Spain, doing business in Spain, and special links for expats. 2015-04-15T00:08:11+00:00 ExpressionEngine Copyright (c) 2013, Dreamer Getting Your University Degree Recognized in Spain: Homologation and Professional Recognition tag:spainexpat.com,2013:spain/information/1.563 2013-03-09T19:24:10+00:00 2015-04-15T00:08:11+00:00 How to get your degree recognized in Spain through the homologation process (homologación) or the professional recognition process (reconocimiento professional). 2013-03-09T19:24:10+00:00 Dreamer email@example.com http://www.tessworldwide.com Spain Returns to the Peseta tag:spainexpat.com,2012:spain/information/1.557 2012-06-28T01:29:10+00:00 2014-10-12T22:20:11+00:00 What would happen in a worst case scenario and Spain were to return to the Peseta? Is this even likely? 2012-06-28T01:29:10+00:00 The Editor email@example.com Finance Camping in Spain tag:spainexpat.com,2012:spain/information/1.555 2012-04-15T07:44:13+00:00 2015-04-14T19:07:14+00:00 This article talks about some basic considerations when looking for camp sites in Spain, and about camping in Spain generally. 2012-04-15T07:44:13+00:00 algrif firstname.lastname@example.com North American Cultural Ambassadors tag:spainexpat.com,2011:spain/information/1.552 2011-09-12T20:37:07+00:00 2012-01-31T00:29:08+00:00 Information about teaching and securing a temporary visa in Spain 2011-09-12T20:37:07+00:00 Sammie firstname.lastname@example.com Working Registering as a Non EU Spouse in Spain tag:spainexpat.com,2011:spain/information/1.547 2011-02-24T15:07:37+00:00 2011-03-15T15:19:38+00:00 Information about how to get a residence and work visa in Spain as a non EU Spouse. 2011-02-24T15:07:37+00:00 Sammie firstname.lastname@example.com Legal Consumer Complaint Forms - Hojas de Reclamaciones in English tag:spainexpat.com,2010:spain/information/1.545 2010-05-03T08:20:20+00:00 2010-11-05T21:23:21+00:00 This article is about what are, and how to use, the official consumer complaint forms, known as Hojas de Reclamaciones, which allow any consumer who has a complaint against a Spanish restaurant, bar, shop, service provider, and many other businesses, to enter the complaint officially and easily. 2010-05-03T08:20:20+00:00 algrif firstname.lastname@example.com Legal Spanish Citizenship and Dual Nationality tag:spainexpat.com,2010:spain/information/1.544 2010-04-18T10:50:34+00:00 2013-03-01T16:53:35+00:00 Information about the different paths to becoming a Spanish citizen, how to apply for Spanish nationality, and issues regarding dual nationality. 2010-04-18T10:50:34+00:00 Dreamer firstname.lastname@example.com http://www.tessworldwide.com Legal Pregnant in Spain! tag:spainexpat.com,2010:spain/information/1.543 2010-04-09T07:16:42+00:00 2010-04-13T18:22:43+00:00 Information about the pregnancy process in Spain, how to get health insurance, finding out your benefits and rights and help for getting the best pre natal and post natal care 2010-04-09T07:16:42+00:00 Sammie firstname.lastname@example.com Living Arraigo: Staying Legal in Spain When All Else Fails tag:spainexpat.com,2010:spain/information/1.539 2010-03-14T18:10:30+00:00 2013-02-21T14:38:31+00:00 Information about obtaining permission to stay in Spain through arraigo social (social ties) or arraigo laboral (economic ties), including what this means, eligibility requirements and application procedures. 2010-03-14T18:10:30+00:00 Dreamer firstname.lastname@example.com http://www.tessworldwide.com Legal The EU Blue Card in Spain tag:spainexpat.com,2010:spain/information/1.536 2010-02-26T19:28:33+00:00 2013-02-21T15:40:34+00:00 Information about the special European Union work and residence visa scheme for highly-skilled non-EU citizens called the EU Blue Card, including the requirements for, the benefits of, and how to apply for the EU Blue Card. 2010-02-26T19:28:33+00:00 Dreamer email@example.com http://www.tessworldwide.com Legal


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K-Mart Bargain Fashions #1029
Release Date: 1/1/1979
Product Code: 1029
Color blocks struck the fashion note in this yellow, red, and sapphire hued tricot short-sleeved shirt. It topped elasticized-waist sapphire hued tricot slacks.
All images and descriptions courtesy of Collector Books, publisher of "Barbie® Doll Fashion: Volume 3" by Sarah Sink Eames.
Production doll may vary from the photo shown above. Mattel reserves the right to modify the fashion/fabrics, sculpt, hair color/style, and accessories. Doll cannot stand alone as shown.
Collector Photos
No one has uploaded any photos.


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Staff Reporter
Council decides to meet Defence Minister A.K. Antony
KOCHI: The Kochi Corporation has decided to seek extension to Navy's permission for dumping garbage near its airstrip at Willingdon Island. The council meeting held here on Thursday decided to seek the help of A.K. Antony, Union Defence Minister, in getting an extension.
Navy gave permission to use the land near the airport till October 31 for garbage disposal. The Corporation was yet to find an alternative solution for disposal of garbage. The Navy's objection was that unscientific dumping of garbage near its airstrip increased bird presence in the area, causing threat to flight security.
The Health standing committee meeting held after the council meeting also could not finalise the tender for transporting the garbage. The lowest quote presented on the last day for submitting tender was Rs.1,790 per tonne.
However, this was not finalised, as the total amount would come up to Rs.13 crore annually. The Corporation was paying around Rs.2 crore for clearing the garbage.
The meeting also decided to seek police assistance in checking unauthorised dumping of garbage at Pashnithodu in West Kochi. It was also decided to convene Health standing committee meeting soon to decide on the re-distribution of contingent labourers.
The council also demanded a Vigilance inquiry into the mistake made in budgetary allocation for works on Stadium Link Road. Councillor T.J. Vinod who raised the issue said the Finance committee approved work for Rs.64 lakh and later it was mentioned in official records that work for Rs.6.14 lakh would be awarded.


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NASA has recently stated that the bright light recorded by the Curiosity rover on Mars was just a 'hot pixel' and not a UFO.
Justin Maki, leader of the team that built and operates Curiosity's navigation camera, said that in the thousands of images that they have received from Curiosity, they have seen ones with bright spots nearly every week and it was the hot pixel that has been around since they started using the Right Navcam, the Huffington Post reported.
He further added that these could be caused by cosmic-ray hits or sunlight glinting from rock surfaces.
PhotographyLife.com has explained that hot pixels occur when a camera's sensor becomes hot during long exposures.
In the first JPL full resolution image, a bright light appeared above some mountains (taken by the rover's Navcam Right camera) and thirty-one seconds later, the rover's Navcam Left camera snapped an image of the light seemingly closer to the Martian surface.


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FX 5900XT Owners
View Single Post
Registered User
Join Date: Jul 2004
Location: ...Twisting the Vertices of Reality...
Posts: 358
Re: FX 5900XT Owners
Originally Posted by
Hi All
Thanks for all the replies, it really helps to get some insight into the diff stuff that one needs to know. Tomorrow I am picking up some better thermal paste and might remove the heat dist cap from the cpu, I think I might have lifted it slightly when I removed the original heatsink as it was quite stuck and had to be removed with some force.
After that I want to get into the Bios mod stuff, really looks interesting all together. Mezkal would you mind sharing the Bios info with me and also maybe the files etc. needed to do the job, it will save me from looking at all the different ones out there and fasttrack the whole thing. I also want to know how I can identify if I have the 2.2 ram, does it mean that if its Leadtek and has Hynix ram its will be 2.2?
No probs at all on supplying the BIOS files for you. I just need to clarify that your card is the same model as mine. It's not the LX model I mentioned in my previous post is it? If not I'll happily send you all the files necessary
Core 2 Duo e6750
Gigabyte N650i DS4 Motherboard
4GB PC 6400 Corsair XMS2 DDR2 RAM
Zalman CNPS 9700 HSF
Thermaltake Soprano Case w/ clear side door and all three fans mounted
Antec TruPower 2.0 PSU
Gigabyte Geforce 8600GTS Fanless
2 x Dvico Hybrid HDTV tuners
1 x Loewe 32" SDTV @ 1440x820 custom res via SVIDEO
(can't afford a new TV just yet)
Originally Posted by
In defense of Cooper Lawrence : "I hate gamers and the gaming community."
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Disclaimer: Both photos are of the same woman.
Kristen Stewart is that rare celebrity who can go from glam to grunge and back again and can rock either look.
Obviously, KStew on the left is the one we're most used to seeing; I'm calling it Kristen's "airport, default, off-the-carpet" look. Kristen's signature non-hair-part and her sunken vampire eyes would normally make anyone else look homeless, but Kristen makes it look model chic.
This photo is from a recent photo shoot with W Magazine featuring a group of make-up free actresses in an article titled, "best performances" because great acting is also signified by a make-up free face.
The photo on the right is from another of Kristen's W Magazine shoots in the past, which features a KStew we NEVER see: Winged tip eyes, frosty lips, giant bouffant hair. Google "Kristen Stewart Glamorous," and the results are either this or one other photo.
She even filled in her eyebrows. Soak it up, because THIS kind of Kristen is a RARE thing.
What do you think Hollyscoopers? Do you like Glam or Grunge KStew? Honestly, Kristen makes greasy hair look good and her makeover on the right puts beauty pageant contestants to shame.


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MINNEAPOLIS — A year after General Mills began seeking partnerships with entrepreneurs, inventors, universities and other food companies as part of its Worldwide Innovation Network, the company is announcing that G-WIN has generated hundreds of concepts for patented technologies and potential products. Progresso Light is one of the innovations resulting from the program. To generate ideas for new consumer solutions in the area of weight management, General Mills created a cross-functional ...
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Home » Local News » Sectarian attacks claim three lives
Posted on 02 February 2013. Tags: attacks, claim, lives, Three, 'Sectarian'
Six people were killed in the city, three of them falling prey to sectarian attacks, police said on Friday. The victims also included an ac
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The Ohio State University
by Emily Keeler - Program Manager & Community Builder
May 21, 2015
Spring is all over campus. Both plants and students are bursting with happiness that the end of the semester/winter is here.(Today's image wasn't found, this is a recent image.)
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Spring has sprung!
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Amid the gleaming, state-of-the-art sports arenas and hotels constructed at great expense for the 2014 Winter Olympics in Russia's Black Sea resort of Sochi is a patch of muddy wasteland where Yevgeny Mzokov's home once stood. "I lived in this house for over 20 years," said Mzokov, his anger tinged with a sadness that seems etched into his face.
"And then they started building for the Olympics." Mzokov's father, Alexander, built the three-storey house in the centre of Sochi in the early 1990s after fleeing civil war in the former Soviet republic of Tajikistan. By 2012, 12 members of the extended family, eight adults and four children, called it home. That spring, with the Kremlin's seven-year construction project for Sochi 2014 in full swing, local Olympic officials arrived at the family's house with some news.
"They told us that they needed to pull down our house to build a road for the Olympics," Mzokov recalled. "We told them 'OK, pay the market price, and no problem.' They agreed."
An independent surveyor carried out an estimate on the 300-square-metre house. But, in a development that human rights groups say has become depressingly common in Sochi in the lead-up to the Games, the Mzokovs received "not a single kopeck" in compensation for their home before it was flattened.
The family, said Mzokov, were "kicked out into the street"; his elderly father dragged out of his home by bailiffs. Local authorities refused to negotiate and offered the family no alternative housing. Mzokov said that their promised compensation was embezzled by corrupt officials in the regional governor's office. He also believes that his attempts to push for justice resulted in his employer being pressured to fire him from his job at a delivery business, as well as police harassment.
"They are trying to put me in jail." Critics of the government insist cases such as this are just the tip of Olympic-related corruption that reaches all the way to a small group of Kremlin-connected businessmen with long-standing ties to President Vladimir Putin. At a cost of 31 billion pounds, three times the price of the much bigger London 2012 summer Games, the two-week long Sochi Games next month will be the most expensive Olympics in history. Kremlin critics have calculated that they will cost more than all previous 21 Winter Olympics combined. The facts and figures behind Russia's spending, as well as the allegations of corruption, have entered national folklore, testimony to what the liberal politician and Kremlin critic Boris Nemtsov calls the "out-of-control, absolutely immoral behaviour of the authorities".
In one case, a 30-mile road built for the Games cost an estimated 5 billion pounds. The Russian version of Esquire magazine has estimated that the road could have been paved with a six-centimetre layer of truffles for the same price. In a damning report on the Sochi Games last year, Mr Nemtsov and a fellow political activist, Leonid Martynyuk, stated that 16 billion pounds of the total cost had been skimmed off by Putin's businessmen friends.
"The Games are nothing but a monstrous scam," said Nemtsov, a former deputy prime minister. Nemtsov's accusations have been echoed by Gian-Franco Kasper, an International Olympic Committee member, who said earlier this month that he believed that about a third of Sochi's multi-billion-dollar budget had been siphoned off by Putin and his friends. He was rebuked for his comments by Russian officials, with Vladimir Yakunin, a close Kremlin ally and head of the Russian Railways company, calling for Kasper to be sued for slander. One man who has benefited from the Games is Putin's childhood friend and former judo-sparring partner, Arkady Rotenberg, whose companies have received orders for construction projects worth 4.5 billion pounds, more than the entire cost of the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics. Rotenberg, 62, has denied consistently that his wealth is connected to his friendship with Putin. But he did suggest in an interview last year that Putin was "sent to our country by God". ("Yes, as the angel of the apocalypse," the opposition joked.) "Putin needs these Games to prove how great he is," said Nemtsov.
"But his friends and the businessmen around him need the Olympics to improve their ratings in the Forbes magazine's richest people in the world listings." When a confident Mr Putin gave a rare English speech in front of IOC delegates in Guatemala in July 2007, he rounded off his country's bid for the Games with proud references to the "new Russia" emerging from the turmoil of the post-Soviet years. Seven years on, Putin is seeking to use the Olympics to showcase what he regards as Russia's resurgence - political, economic and spiritual - under his long rule. In many respects, he has much to be proud of. In the 14 years since he was named acting president by the ailing Boris Yeltsin, Putin has overseen a dramatic increase in living standards in cities such as Moscow and St Petersburg and returned some of the Kremlin's standing in the international arena. But his critics claim that the oil dollars that flooded into Russia in the 2000s were misspent or siphoned off, and that the Games are little more than an expensive "facade" designed to cover up inequality, corruption and political intimidation.
"For Putin, the Olympics are part of his growing geopolitical ambitions," said Ilya Yashin, a political activist and leader of the anti-government protests that rocked Moscow in 2011 and 2012. "He'll spend as much as it takes to make sure the Sochi Games are successful, but he doesn't give a damn about Russia's many social problems." The statistics paint a disturbing portrait. In a report last year, Credit Suisse found Russia's wealth inequality was the highest in the world, with the exception of Caribbean islands with resident billionaires.
"Worldwide, billionaires collectively account for 1 per cent, 2 per cent of total household wealth; in Russia today 110 billionaires own 35 per cent of all wealth," the financial-services company reported. Compare this with some of Russia's neglected regions, such as the southern republic of Kalmykia, where average salaries are pounds 300 a month, about twice as low as in the capital. The problem of wealth inequality pales, however, when compared to Russia's HIV infection rates.
An estimated 1.3 million people are believed to be living with HIV in the country, the highest number in the world outside Africa and India. The World Bank estimates that Russia needs to spend 1.5 billion pounds a year to stop the rise in infections. However, last year, the Kremlin gave just 360 million pounds to HIV treatment and testing, about 80 times less than Mr Putin has lavished on Sochi.
"Spending such a colossal sum of money is nothing more than an act of vanity," Ksenia Sobchak, a socialite television presenter turned opposition figure, said in an interview this month with the Pussy Riot protest group. But there is almost no chance of Pussy Riot or any other Kremlin foes turning up in Sochi to embarrass Putin. Unprecedented security measures that went into force on January 7 have locked down the city and surrounding area. Anyone wishing to pass through checkpoints will have to produce a passport and a "fan document", which can only be acquired by providing personal information to the government-controlled Olympic organising committee.
The security measures are intended mainly to deter militants' attacks, but activists say they will also make it impossible for political activists to travel to Sochi. "The situation in Sochi right now reminds me of when Moscow hosted the 1980 summer Olympics," said Yashin. "Back then, undesirables were simply rounded up and taken out of the city. This time around, the authorities won't let such people into the host city."
In an apparent attempt to make doubly sure that no Kremlin critics stir up trouble, security forces have stepped up harassment of regional activists. Yevgeny Vitishko, an environmental campaigner, was jailed last month for three years. The charges against him related to his alleged spray-painting of a fence he said was erected around an illegally constructed country home belonging to the regional governor, Alexander Tkachev. Back in Sochi, Yevgeny Mzokov is despondent about his chances of receiving the money he says his family are owed. For now, the Mzokovs are being put up by friends.
As for the impending Games, Mzokov is trying his best to ignore them. "I've got no time at all for the Olympics. I'm busy just trying to survive."
Marc Bennetts has lived in Russia for almost 15 years and is the author of a book, "Kicking the Kremlin"


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Uptown VeterinarianRead More• For $12, you get $25 worth of locally brewed beer, soda, or water. • For $12, you get an Uptown Art Fair commemorative print (a $25 value).3131 Hennepin AveMinneapolis, MN US
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Animal Ark Thrift and Pet StoreRead MoreThough it advertises itself as the largest no-kill shelter in the Twin Cities, Animal Ark's homey facility seems more like a relaxing retreat for the more than 1,000 homeless cats, dogs, and rabbits that come through its doors each year. Cats bask in sunlight within feline apartments as dogs lounge atop soft raised beds in their own spacious kennels, sinking teeth into chew toys and treats. Of course, time at Animal Ark isn't all leisure. Canines awaiting their forever homes stretch their legs across a large outdoor play yard, aptly named the Ark Park, where ample trees and greenery mix with park benches where dogs can train their human friends to sit. Potential owners can also get to know adoptable pets online. The website posts a first-person profile of each available animal that lists its breed, personality, and master's degrees.809 7th St ESaint Paul, MN US


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Hispanic Heritage Month
Updated: 10/05/2005 - First Lady Columba Bush joins students as they tour Mission San Louis, part of a learning experience during Hispanic Heritage Month.
Updated: 10/05/2005 - First Lady Columba Bush joins students as they tour Mission San Louis, part of a learning experience during Hispanic Heritage Month.
Updated: 10/05/2005 - Robert Baker, who was shot by Tallahassee Police outside a doctor's office three years ago, was involved in another altercation with officers. They tased him three times.
Updated: 10/05/2005 - The body of an African American woman was found behind a house under construction on Georgia Street in Tallahassee. Police are releasing few details.
Updated: 10/05/2005 - Numbers show more and more women are choosing midwives to help them through their pregnancy.
Updated: 10/05/2005 - The warnings are out. Tropical Storm Tammy is headed for the northeastern corner of Florida.
Updated: 10/05/2005 - The new Hard Rock Cafe in Biloxi, Mississippi was devastated by Hurricane Katrina. Now the Hard Rock's manager, with his wife, seven children and one on the way, has re-located to Thomasville.
Updated: 10/05/2005 - Flu season is back and already your local pharmacies are preparing to give out the vaccines. But will it help prevent the new flu bugs out there?
Updated: 10/05/2005 - Florida A&M University officials broke ground on a new multi-purpose teaching gym.
Updated: 10/05/2005 - Officials with Florida A&M University break ground on a new facility for its developmental research school.
Updated: 10/05/2005 - Gov. Jeb Bush says he wishes he could put a little more diversity in Florida courthouses.
Updated: 10/05/2005 - Former secret service agents are in Tallahassee.
Updated: 10/05/2005 - A ground breaking marks the beginning of what some are calling a labor of love, a place for teens to grow and become leaders.
Updated: 10/04/2005 - The Red Cross has teamed up with Workforce Plus to help hurricane evacuees find jobs in the Tallahassee area.
Updated: 10/04/2005 - 34 year old Donald Warren was arrested this summer, accused of molesting a young boy, and now has been arrested again. LCSO detectives say he had hundreds of sexually explicit photos of children on his computer.
Updated: 10/04/2005 - Police are looking for the man who stole a woman's wallet and managed to used her ATM card, stealing $1000.
Updated: 10/04/2005 - An FDLE inspector finds himself on the other side of the law charged with possession of child pornography.
Updated: 10/04/2005 - Two men have been arrested in connection with a string of attacks on South Georgia migrant workers.
Updated: 10/04/2005 - A decision has been made for Alligator Point Residents concerning their only thoroughfare.
Updated: 10/04/2005 - In just a matter of days, it will become harder for people to declare personal bankruptcy because of changes in federal law.
Updated: 10/04/2005 - October is National Domestic Violence Awareness Month.
Updated: 10/04/2005 - The Seven-Mile Bridge to the Florida Keys is finally open again.
Updated: 10/04/2005 - Thousands of dead fish are tainting tourism along the Panhandle.
Posted: 10/04/2005 - The 48th annual Deep South Fair is in Thomasville this week, and organizers say it's a family event that will also raise money for good causes in the community.
Updated: 10/04/2005 - One of the state's largest utility companies is making plans for a nuclear plant in Florida.
Updated: 10/04/2005 - Jeb Bush is backing his brother's latest choice for the US Supreme Court.


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Wait 'Til You Get a Load of These 10 'Batman' Facts
Before Tim Burton's 1989 Batman movie, Batman was largely known for the campy Adam West/Burt Ward TV series. In fact, they wanted to make a Batman movie based on that show called Batman in Outer Space. Luckily, two movie producers bought the rights and wanted to make a darker version of Batman's story. In the mid-80s, after the success of Ghostbusters, director Ivan Reitman was attached to direct and he wanted to cast Bill Murray as Batman and Eddie Murphy as Robin. These are just some of the facts packed into the latest episode of You Think You Know Movies, which heads to Gotham with the original Batman!
15 Facts You May Not Know About 'Raiders of the Lost Ark'
There's a running joke in Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade that Indy took his nickname from the family dog. That joke has some truth to it though because as George Lucas was developing Raiders of the Lost Ark, he actually named the character after his dog, Jones (the "Indiana" was a riff on Steve McQueen character Nevada Smith). Coincidentally, the same dog was the inspiration for Chewbacca in Star Wars. Need more Raiders of the Lost Ark facts? Throw us the idol and we'll throw you the latest episode of You Think You Know Movies!
I Am Jack's 20 Facts About 'Fight Club'
If you're a big Fight Club fan (and, if so, who can blame you), you might have seen a lot of the subliminal messages cut throughout the film like the many split-second Tyler Durden appearances or the occasional flashes of, ahem, the male anatomy. But, here's something you may have missed: director David Fincher says there is a Starbucks coffee cup hidden in every scene of the movie.
15 Frightening Facts About Ridley Scott's 'Alien'
Alien is now widely considered to be one of the best sci-fi/horror films ever made, but originally Fox didn't want to make it. In fact, it was only the success of another one of the biggest sci-fi films of all-time — Star Wars — that convinced the studio to give director Ridley Scott the greenlight. So, without Chewbacca, there would be no xenomorphs. This is just one of the facts packed into the latest episode of You Think You Know Movies, which focuses on Alien!
Go Into the Light With These 10 'Poltergeist' Facts
If you thought the movie version of Poltergeist was creepy, that's nothing compared to how it was on set. During the film's finale, the production used actual human skeletons instead of props because it was cheaper to buy the real ones. And they wonder why this movie is cursed? This is just one of the facts packed into the latest episode of You Think You Know Movies, which focuses on Poltergeist! All are welcome to watch!
10 'X-Men: Days of Future Past' Facts About Your Favorite Gifted Youngsters
In the original comics version of Days of Future Past, the X-Men travel into the distant future of...2013. Which, of course, is actually before the present day of X-Men: Days of Future Past in 2014 (the movie instead travels to 2023). This is just one of the facts packed into the latest episode of You Think You Know Movies, which goes back to the future with X-Men: Days of Future Past!
10 Fiery Facts About 'The Hunger Games: Mockingjay'
In addition to being an Oscar-winning actress and the lead of a billion-dollar movie franchise in The Hunger Games, Jennifer Lawrence can now add best-selling singer to her resume. The song "The Hanging Tree" was performed by Lawrence in Mockingjay — Part 1 and later released to radio stations where it debuted at #12 on the Hot 100, and on iTunes where it sold over 1 million copies. This are just some of the facts packed into the latest episode of You Think You Know Movies, which travels to District 13 for The Hunger Games: Mockingjay!
10 Fire-Breathing Facts About 'How to Train Your Dragon 2'
When looking to adapt How to Train Your Dragon, DreamWorks looked to one of the greatest movie trilogies for inspiration: Star Wars. While animating the sequel, the creative team was heavily influenced by The Empire Strikes Back. These are just some of the fire-breathing facts packed into the latest episode of You Think You Know Movies, which focuses on How to Train Your Dragon 2!
2015 MTV Movie Award Nominations: 'Guardians of the Galaxy' Leads With 7 Total Nominations
The Oscars can be very confusing and frustrating. So, if you're looking for an alternative, look no further than the MTV Movie Awards, which unveiled their 2015 nominations today. Oddly, they too are confusing and frustrating, albeit for completely different reasons.
15 'Lord of the Rings' Facts to Rule Them All
Nicolas Cage in a Lord of the Rings film? It almost happened, if you can believe that. Cage was offered the role of Aragorn in Peter Jackson's trilogy but eventually turned it down. He would later explain, "[It] shot for a great quantity of time. I had family obligations, so I'm glad I stayed and had those experiences with my family." This is just one of the facts packed into the latest episode of You Think You Know Movies, which travels to Middle-earth for The Lord of the Rings trilogy!
10 'Big Hero 6' Facts About Your Favorite Disney Super Friends
If you saw Big Hero 6, you fell in love with Baymax, there's just no way around it. He doesn't just save the day, he's also lovable and sweet and cuddly. And, that's no accident. Disney animators based a lot of Baymax's look on a young child. His walk was specifically modeled after a toddler with a full diaper. These are just some of the super duper facts packed into the latest episode of You Think You Know Movies, which returns to Disney and Marvel's Big Hero 6!
Boldly Go Through This Video Collection of Leonard Nimoy's Career Highlights
The late, great Leonard Nimoy, who died earlier today at the age of 83, will always be Mr. Spock, second-in-command of the USS Enterprise under Captain James T. Kirk. For a long time, Nimoy was not okay with this. And then, over the years, he embraced the character that defined his career and inspired an entire generation of fans (many of whom became scientists, engineers, and astronauts). But Nimoy didn't just sit back and rest on his Vulcan laurels. When he wasn't wearing those pointy ears, Nimoy was acting, directing, writing, singing, and lending his likeness and distinctive voice to commercials and TV specials. He was a real Hollywood renaissance man, dabbling in high art, low art, and everything in-between.


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Pakket: xtrs (4.9c-3ubuntu2) [multiverse]
Verwijzigingen voor xtrs
Ubuntu bronnen:
Het bronpakket xtrs downloaden:
Please consider filing a bug or asking a question via Launchpad before contacting the maintainer directly.
Original Maintainer (usually from Debian):
- Branden Robinson
It should generally not be necessary for users to contact the original maintainer.
Vergelijkbare pakketten:
emulator for TRS-80 Model I/III/4/4P computers
xtrs is an X-based emulator for the Tandy/Radio Shack line of Zilog Z-80-based microcomputers popular in the late 1970s and early 1980s. It features cassette, floppy, and hard drive emulation, timer interrupt emulation, file import and export from the host operating system, support for most of the undocumented Z-80 instructions, and a built-in debugger. Real floppy drives can be used, and, if an OSS-compatible sound driver is available, application-based sound can be played and real cassettes read and written directly through the sound card or via WAVE files. Several hi-res graphics cards are emulated and, in Model 4/4P mode, mice are supported. There is also real-time clock, sound card, serial port, joystick, and CPU clock speedup emulation.
xtrs requires ROM images from the original machines. The ROMs are copyrighted by Radio Shack and are not freely licensed. (Exception: in Model 4P mode, a freely licensed boot ROM included with this package can be used to boot a Model 4 operating system from a diskette image.)
Andere aan xtrs gerelateerde pakketten
- dep: debconf (>= 0.5)
- Debian configuration management system
- of debconf-2.0
- virtueel pakket geboden door cdebconf, cdebconf-udeb, debconf
- dep: libc6 (>= 2.4)
- Embedded GNU C Library: Shared libraries
Ook een virtueel pakket geboden door: libc6-udeb
- dep: libreadline5 (>= 5.2)
- GNU readline and history libraries, run-time libraries
- dep: libx11-6
- X11 client-side library