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Oral History Transcript — Dr. Richard L. Garwin
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Interview with Dr. Richard L. Garwin
Richard Garwin; December 20, 2012
ABSTRACT: Autobiographical profile of the experimental and theoretical physicist, Richard L. Garwin, focusing first on his contributions to thermonuclear weapons (1950-1952), supplemented by observations on various of his Los Alamos colleagues at the time, and extending to related and unrelated work during his later career at IBM. Subjects covered include: Werner Heisenberg, Edward Teller, Teller-Ulam report, Stan Ulam, Enrico Fermi, Hans Bethe, John von Neumann, radiation, Marshall Rosenbluth, SEAC, Cornelius Everett, Frederic de Hoffmann, Leo Szilard, Robert Richtmyer, Conrad Longmire, John Wheeler, Carson Mark, Norris Bradbury, Marshall Holloway, Rod Spence, George Cowan, transition to IBM, work on computer memory, gravity wave detection, Andre Landesman and John Tukey.
Single brackets are used to designate omitted words or for clarification. Double brackets are used to provide citations to published books, papers, and reports.
Ford:Well, Dick, just to repeat the date, its December 20, 2012. And thank you very much for being willing to talk with me. I know youve been interviewed a great many times, and this will cover ground youve talked about before. There are three broad things I want you to talk about. One is your own work on the H bomb. Second is what you know about other peoples work [on the H bomb], and third is what you remember about the role of computing [in the H-bomb development].
Garwin:OK. I went to Los Alamos first in the summer of 1950, probably arriving June or so and stayed until September. I was an instructor in the Physics Department at the University of Chicago, and I had just gotten my Ph.D. degree in December 1949 with Enrico Fermi [for] an experimental thesis on beta-gamma angular correlation following beta decay. I had used the reactor at the Argonne National Laboratory to prepare my samples. Lois [Garwins wife] tells me that I had told Fermi some ideas for nuclear weapons, and Fermi told me, well, he couldnt talk about them there, but I should come to Los Alamos. So he arranged for me to be a consultant in the summer of 1950, and I went with my wife and our six-month-old son and lived in the Chapel Apartments, which are on the Los Alamos Mesa not far from well, I was actually working the first summer in P Division, Physics Division, headed by Jerry Kellogg. First I went to the classified report library and I read in the first week all of the progress reports during the war from 1943 and afterwards up to 1950, so I was pretty current on what people were doing. I was interested first in getting better values for the reaction cross sections of D-D and D-T because they [researchers in P Division] were working with 1939 data. So I started building an apparatus to accelerate deuterons up to 120 kilovolts with a variable acceleration voltage and also a target that was at the high negative potential. The ion source was grounded, and then we had an analyzer, which was connected to the ion source so that we could measure the energy of the deuterium ions — the deuterons — that traversed the gas cell, so we could measure the energy loss in a front window — a very thin plastic window — and the rear window of the cell, and the energy loss while the cell was filled with deuterium or tritium gas because the cross section was such a steep function of the energy that we really had to measure the energy very well. So I designed that experiment and started building it. After I went back to Chicago, the Laboratory decided that was a good thing to do, and they created a team to do the experiment. They brought Jim Tuck, who had gone back to England after his couple of years at Los Alamos during the war, brought him back to head the experiment. And then it was Arnold, Sawyer, Stovall, and Tuck, I guess, who published the results in 1954. [[W. R. Arnold, J. A. Phillips, G. A. Sawyer, E. J. Stovall, Jr., and J. L Tuck, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, University of California, Los Alamos, New Mexico, Cross Sections for Reactions D(d, p)T, D(d, n)He3, T(d, n)He4, and He3(d, p)He4 below 120 keV,Phys. Rev. 93, 483-497 (1954).]] But I was doing some other things. I was looking at diagnostics, at the fluorescent response of air to ionization so one could use fast cameras, framing cameras, 4 per microsecond, and streak cameras, that I helped the people in the optical engineering part of Los Alamos to improve, in order to do detailed diagnostics by fast photography of nuclear explosions, looking right at the case of the bomb or at
Ford:I want to interrupt with one quick question, Dick, excuse me. In the summer of 50, was the Greenhouse [Test] Series for the following May already in the planning stage?
Garwin:Well, yeah, sure it was in the planning stage. And so there were Greenhouse Item, which was the first boosted fission bomb, and Greenhouse George, which was a thermonuclear burning experiment. I was much involved in 1950 talking to the people who were doing diagnostics on Greenhouse George and understanding how that was supposed to work. I talked to people from the Radiation Laboratory at Berkeley and Naval Research Laboratory because they had to build the apparatus. These were about gamma-ray diagnostics of nonequilibrium thermonuclear burn, and neutron diagnosticsneutron and gamma-ray both. So I did a lot of work on that. And I devised a couple of techniques myself. One was the stable isotope addition where you would put a little pellet or, if you were looking for some integral, you would alloy some material. In this case it was arsenic and Ill get it in a minute arsenic and nickel, two of the particular tracers. And so if you were interested in an average, then you could put a number of these things around, and after the explosion they would have been activated by the neutron fluence, some of them with threshold detectors so that they discriminated between fission neutrons and [neutrons from] thermonuclear burning, particularly 14-MeV neutrons. That became a very useful technique for future experiments. It was used in Greenhouse George in order to determine the characteristics of burn — not only the total amount of tritium burned, but also, I guess I can say, its compression. So there was a lot of that involved, and I understood Greenhouse George thoroughly and the radiation transport and stuff like that. In fact, I later published a paper, not about that but about something else, because in radiation transport you have a highly non-constant linear behavior of the medium, and its opacity decreases rapidly as you go to higher temperature; in stellar atmospheres it is called Rosseland mean. [[R. L. Garwin, Calculation of Heat Flow in a Medium the Conductivity of which Varies with Temperature, Review of Scientific Instruments 27, 826-828 (1956).]] But it turns out and so you can integrate the opacity, or the inverse of the opacity, with respect to temperature and find the temperature analytically, or easily, anyhow, as a function of position in the steady state. And as an experimenter working in cryogenics, I needed to calculate heat transport from room temperature down to low temperatures. The thermal conductivity of materials varies rapidly with temperature. I remember [later] Charlie Townes was driving me to work from Riverdale to Columbia one day and telling me that his boil-off of helium reduced very substantially when he went to a lower temperature, probably [he said] because the thermal conductivity of the stainless steel dropped. And I said, no, no, it cant be, because its the integral of the conductivity with respect to temperature precisely which determines the heat flow. And since nobody knew that, I wrote it up and published it. And then it turned out that a mechanical engineering friend of mine had published it in a different journal a year or two earlier. So, anyhow, I worked on those things. And I was familiar with the Classical Super, which I characterize as a long cylinder of liquid deuterium. Of course the Classical Super has the problem that theres a certain potential energy generation per unit volume, the potential reaction energy of the deuterium. And then theres the energy loss from the hot ions, if you manage to get them hot one way or another, to electrons, and from electrons to the radiation bath, except its not really a radiation bath — its not in thermal equilibrium, you hope. And then those X-rays escape. And its better to have them escape because if they dont escape then there are a lot of them, and the electrons are degraded in temperature because of their frequent collisions with the photons.
Ford:The so-called inverse Compton effect?
Garwin:Yeah, except its not really inverse, but anyhow So the whole idea was to have a bare cylinder of deuterium. If its too big then the photons collide on the way out, and thats not good because they cant escape, so it has to be built quite small. If its too small, then the energy escapes, and it wont [burn] Anyhow, its a big problem. And in 1950, I shared an office with Enrico Fermi for the whole summer —
Ford:If I could just back up for a moment I dont like to stop the thread of your conversation, but On Greenhouse George, how much can you say about the actual physical arrangement thats not classified? Ive forgotten exactly.
Garwin:I dont think you can say anything except it was a cylindrical design and a very, very big high explosive [that] used an awful lot of highly enriched uranium. But its still classified, and [it] has never been revealed exactly how the deuterium-tritium was heated and compressed by the fission explosion. So I cant talk about that.
Ford:Well, there was a second test at Greenhouse called Item, I believe.
Garwin:Item was a spherical normal implosion weapon. It was a boosting system, so it had only a small amount of tritium deuterium-tritium. And that was the first boosted fission explosion. You can say a good deal about boosting. Boosting has a charge of D-T, typically. And of course the fission explosion is linear; that is, once you have a supercritical mass of plutonium or highly enriched uranium and you put in a neutron, then, you know, youve been able to calculate since 1942 or earlier what would happen. You have a chain reaction, and the exponentiation rate for the chain is something of the order of 100 per microsecond because thats the collision rate of neutrons. And you need also they knew the number of neutrons per fission. Of course the critical mass is determined by the escape probability of the fission neutron before it causes another fission. And thats what Peierls and Frisch got right and what Heisenberg got wrong. Heisenberg said, well, you know, you have to have enough fissile material so that the neutron stays in there for the fifty generations or so thats required to go from one neutron and one fission energy to fissioning the whole mass, so an exponentiation of 1024 or so, [which is] 80 [doublings]. The fact is that all that neutron escape does is to reduce slightly the number of neutrons per fission. So the neutron has to stay in there just for one generation, not for eighty. The radius is nine times smaller — that is, the square root of eighty, eighty-one, times smaller — and the mass is nine times eighty-one, seven hundred thirty times smaller. So thats why Heisenberg had tons for his critical mass, and Peierls and Frisch had that divided by seven hundred, perhaps [a] few kilograms, which was also wrong, but [it was actually] about sixty kilograms for the bare critical mass of uranium-235. So all of that was known, and there were [a] few people who were working with Edward Teller on the Classical Super, but it wasnt a big program at the lab. It was interesting, especially in Theoretical Division. So, now I go to summer of 1950. I shared an office with Enrico Fermi in T Division because P Division had kicked me out. They decided that [chuckles] they would rather have me in Theoretical in T Division. That was fun. And I kept our classified notebook; Fermi would occasionally write in that because he didnt want the problems of caring for the classified notebook. We had a safe to which we both had the combination. Now in May of 1951 (actually April 27-May 23, 1951), I had just been for a month in Japan and Korea with Joe Mayer from the University of Chicago because the Air Force had created the Tactical Air Command, and they wanted to know what kind of what their advisors — Zacharias, Oppenheimer, Rabi, Charlie Lauritsen — they wanted to know what kind of technology would be useful for the Air Force and what kind of laboratories they could build. So I went over there and looked at applications of flexible radios, pulsed-light rangefinders, bomb sights, fan-jet engines — a number of things — image intensifiers. We gave a report when we got back and then soon after I went to Los Alamos again. There I asked Edward Teller, whom I knew very well because he was at the University of Chicago, too, and we would go to seminars and talk about things I asked him what was new, and he told me about the Teller-Ulam radiation implosion concept and then pointed me to the March 9, 1951 Heterocatalytic Detonations uh, lets see, what was the subtitle anyhow, it was Hydrodynamic Lenses and Radiation Mirrors or something like that. [[On Heterocatalytic Detonations I. Hydrodynamic Lenses and Radiation Mirrors]] So its title is unclassified. Its a secret document. So I read that. And Teller wanted me as an experimenter to devise an experiment that would be absolutely persuasive that this would really work because the Classical Super had just gone along, and nobody could show it would work or, well, wouldnt work and it would be a big thing to try. You could always make it work by putting in enough tritium. But we didnt have the tritium. So now when Stan Ulam and we know more about this now because in 1979 Edward Teller dictated whats called his testament, twenty or twenty-one pages of typescript that was only transcribed in 1983 or so he had called Jay Keyworth to bring a recorder, a tape recorder, and he wanted to straighten out the history of the atomic bomb and the hydrogen bomb. And so he talked about Seth Neddermeyer and the implosion approach for the fission bomb and the radiation implosion approach for the thermonuclear weapon. So I pieced together from Edwards testament and from his memoir that Stan had come to him in February of 1951 and said, Look, Edward, I have a good idea. Lets use a fission explosion the energy from a fission explosion to compress material. And he wasnt very specific as to whether this would be a way to bring a large amount of fissile material, supercritical, or fusion material. But he was going to use the shock from a nuclear explosion to do this. And he would use hydrodynamic lenses, which are what they used in the Trinity-Nagasaki weapon. So that 1945 nuclear weapon was a charge of uniform, high-performance explosive, and around that there were thirty-two lenses. The lenses were a combination of slow explosive, baratol barium-loaded explosive and fast explosive. You can calculate the shape of the heavy the slow insert in order to get the spherically diverging waves from each of the detonators and explosive boosters converted into a segment of the spherically converging detonation wave that would then ignite the surface of the sphere of high-performance explosive. That was brought from Britain [but] was really not the best way to do it, by far. And there is a document an official document called RDD-7 — seven is the most recent from the year 2001 — which is the official Department of Energy record of declassification decisions (maybe its RDD and the seventh edition). [[RESTRICTED DATA DECLASSIFICATION DECISIONS1946 TO THE PRESENT (RDD-7); January 1, 2001; U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Declassification.]] And so it says that the United States has used ring lenses, which are much smaller in radial extent, and air lenses and other systems for getting the spherical, or approximation to a spherical, detonation wave. But to go from one fission explosion with an outgoing spherical shock wave to one converging spherical explosion [its] not obvious how to do that. And if you could have thirty-two fission explosions that all went off at the same time, then you could have the shock waves you could imagine having the shock waves all form a spherical explosion. But youre not going to have an explosive material. You really are using passive focusing, not a detonation wave, but sound focusing shock focusing. Edward had two responses. One, compression wont help with thermonuclear fuel. He had a theorem, which went back to the early 1940s Edward was a fine theoretical physicist, very ingenious you know, when you could pin him down to one idea at a time, he could really do a lot of working it out. So, he said to Stan Ulam, Look, Ill show you Ill write it up. And the reason it doesnt work is that everything, in his theorem, is bimolecular. So if you compare liquid deuterium at normal density and deuterium at a thousand-fold density, well, the reaction everything per unit volume goes as the square of the density, and the time then goes inversely with the density because [of] the amount of material per unit volume. So the reaction goes to completion a thousand times faster, the transfer of energy from a hot ion to an electron goes a thousand times faster because there are a thousand times as many electrons, and the transfer from the electron to the X-ray, since its bimolecular, goes a thousand times faster. That was Edwards theorem.
Ford:Dick, do you know if he ever wrote that up?
Garwin:He never wrote it up he says he never wrote it up.
Ford:Theres no report, as far as you know?
Garwin:No, no.
Ford:explaining that
Garwin:Absolutely not.
Ford:that principle
Garwin:His false theorem?
Ford:Yes, right
Garwin:No, no, no. And he says he never wrote it down.
Ford:I see.
Garwin:And when he was asked to write it down — by Konopinski, I guess — he pulled out a blank sheet of paper because, you know, something was telling him that this theorem wasnt right. And he wasnt going to Edward is not quite so intuitive as I am [that] is, he could actually write things down, calculate things but he wouldnt do it unless he saw the end was appropriate. So he never wrote it down. And this was the time when he was going to write it down to show Stan Ulam that his idea wouldnt work. And, first of all, Edward says theres a very limited range of refractive indices that is available for shock waves because everything is fully ionized. And so the sound velocity is just dependent upon the number of electrons per atomic mass. And that goes for hydrogen, you know, from two particles per unit atomic mass, to uranium, in which case there are ninety-three particles for two hundred thirty-eight. So 2 to 1 up to 2.5 to 1, something like that. Thats not a very big bending of a shock wave that you could imagine to try to convert. Itd be a very big thing that youd be talking about, a long focal length of this hydrodynamic lens. On the other hand lets see Stan Ulam really wanted in that era to do something with a nuclear explosion. And so Edward said, well, how about the radiation? Youve got all this radiation coming out. And there I think everybody, including Edward, had goofed. Any of us, in my opinion, could have — should have — thought about this if we werent so wrapped up with the Classical Super. And everybody knew that things would go faster. There are two things involved here. One is the pressure of radiation, and the other is the energy flow of the radiation. And theyre, of course, very simply related by the velocity of light and, like pressure and energy for even for gases, which are related by factor gamma, gamma minus one. So what should have been apparent to everybody is that if you increase the density, then you increase the potential reaction energy per unit volume. And you can increase that so that even at thermonuclear burning temperature for the ions, which might be 5 kilovolts or so, the energy in the radiation bath is σT4 times 4/3 or whatever, 4/π, divided by c, is the energy per unit volume. And everybody can calculate that. And as you ask to increase the density when you dont need to react very much deuterium in order to satisfy the radiation bath, and if you compress more, then radiation content at 5 kilovolts is no bigger, but the reaction rate and the reaction energy are larger. So thats one thing that says, yes, it does help to compress. It can solve your problem. And the other is how to compress. Thats what is in the now — unclassified term radiation implosion. There the radiation itself has sufficient pressure when its incident on something that either absorbs it or reflects it. And anything absorbs soft X-rays, of course, and reflects it depends on the temperature distribution. If the material is sufficiently opaque, then it will come to a high temperature on its surface and reflect, and thats a factor two in the pressure that drives the material. Now you didnt want to heat the fuel, so you have to surround it with something heavy and use the radiation or its consequences to compress. So, I talked to people from the time I got there in the summer of 1951. And I asked myself how I would demonstrate this. And of course everybody knows about radiation pressure, and you can calculate this whole thing, more or less. But you really couldnt calculate for sure what goes on at fission explosion radiation densities. You cannot demonstrate it unless you have a fission explosion. And theyre limited in their size. You cant have a tiny one and have high temperatures. So I decided that the best approach would be to design it full size. That would be most convincing. And of course the people at Los Alamos the capabilities at Los Alamos were so enormous and Id been at Chicago, I had worked with the cyclotron there, and I had liquid deuterium and liquid hydrogen targets that Id made myself. So [it] wasnt any problem to me to design a test that would have liquid deuterium and liquid hydrogen. So I just went ahead and designed what seemed to me to be the simplest to understand and had the highest probability of working. And, you know, I had talked with everybody about their views, and there were only a few people, really, who had views of a practical configuration. I include the cryogenics when I said a practical configuration. And so I wrote up a paper. Its title is unclassified. Its Characteristics of a Sausage Based on Ideas Current at [added by RG, post-interview: July 25, 1951, LAMD-7416, Some Preliminary Indications of the Shape and Construction of a Sausage, Based on Ideas Prevailing in July 1951.]
Ford:Are these ideas unclassified now?
Garwin:The document is classified, but the titles not classified.
Garwin:Its a four-page memo, July 25th, 1951, with a big foldout, maybe because the thing was a cylinder, and I drew it to scale maybe three eight-and-a-half by eleven-inch pieces of paper. And so that was the idea. And there was at that time the Theoretical Megaton Group that would meet every week or so.
Ford:Do you know if it was a successor to the Family Committee or in addition to the Family Committee.
Garwin:I think it was in addition to the Family Committee. I think [the] Family Committee was smaller than [the] Theoretical Megaton Group. I have the minutes of a couple of meetings of the Theoretical Megaton Group. Theyre redacted, but I came across them when I was trying to reconstruct some of this timeline. So Fermi was there that summer [1951], and he and I went to the TMG. Hans Bethe was in charge [at] that time. I dont know whether Hans had seen the memo first or whether we just used foils for projecting and that was his first acquaintance with it; I dont remember that. But he could see that it would work, and I could explain how it worked pretty well and magnitude of you have to have a radiation case (radiation case is [an] unclassified term) and so there was a radiation case that kept the radiation in. Its not really a radiation mirror, but indeed it does get up to a high temperature on its inside so
Ford:I would assume the outer case is steel, is that correct?
Garwin:Yeah the outer case was steel, but then you would line it with lead or uranium or whatever to do a better job of keeping the radiation in. And, of course, everything is vaporized at the several-hundred-volt, or kilovolt, temperature that you get by dividing the energy of the primary by the volume of the space accessible to radiation. And then you have to calculate how the radiation flows in the space between the radiation case and the thing that you want to compress.
Ford:In your initial design, did you envision it as empty or full of some lightweight, low-atomic-mass material.
Garwin:At first, it was going to be empty, but then there was a concern that the radiation case or the tamper would vaporize and impede the flow of radiation. So I had liquid hydrogen. I could calculate it with hydrogen better than anything else. I knew about other things. I was using Styrofoam in my experiments at Chicago, so I knew about that. Styrofoam has carbon in it and maybe a little bit of nitrogen. But I was in a hurry, so I used liquid hydrogen. Then, of course, you have a problem because liquid hydrogen is cold. Good, because liquid deuterium has to be kept cold. But liquid hydrogen has a vapor pressure, one atmosphere at at its normal boiling point, and so you have to work out a boundary, a closure at the top the whole thing is vertical so you need a closure for the liquid hydrogen at the top of the liquid, and that would keep the fission bomb from getting cold. You cant explode high explosive even at nitrogen temperature. And so I designed that, too. I had beryllium plates, despite all the problems you have with beryllium. Now it turned out that this was accepted, as Edward Teller says in his testament, and built just as I had designed it. And it worked. At this meeting, Hans Bethe worried about the case being thick enough. I pointed out that it only had to be half as thick as you might imagine because theres a shock wave which is driven by the radiation pressure on the inside, and the ablation, it goes through the radiation case and blows off the outside of the structural steel. But nothing happens. Nothing is visible from the inside until the rarefaction gets back through this steel. Hans didnt take that into account, and its a factor two in the thickness and so ran up the weight a lot [but] it wasnt worth arguing about.
Ford:Now, were the dimensions that you visualized very close to the final dimensions of Mike?
Garwin:Yes. And I calculated the heat leak and the evaporation rate of liquid hydrogen. I worked with Ferdinand Brickwedde of the National Bureau of Standards, which took the responsibility of building liquefiers in Boulder, Colorado for both hydrogen and deuterium, and the transport vessels, and refrigerators, and all that. And he told me later that the heat leak had been somewhat less than I calculated, so that was a reasonable job, too. So thats what I did in the early part of the summer of 1951. But I learned some other things in preparing for, I think, the fiftieth anniversary [of the lab] in 1993 For the Sixtieth Anniversary, 2003 [yes, sixtieth] there was a panel on the early days of the thermonuclear weapon. Harris Mayer and I and Conrad Longmire and Michael Bernardin, whos head of Theoretical Nuclear Weaponry now (to some approximation, anyhow) had a classified panel discussion before a packed auditorium. And I wanted to get it right because I knew only what I had done. I wasnt in doubt what I had done, but I didnt know what other people had done and vice versa, especially, since I was only a summer consultant. So somebody, in preparing for the sixtieth anniversary, wrote me a letter. And he said, You should look at a classified handwritten letter from Stan Ulam to John von Neumann. This was a secret letter I wrote it down someplace of February 23rd, 1951. So Stan had written Johnny, who was a good friend of his, and Klari [John von Neumanns wife] also, that Stan was anxious to see him because he had had an idea, and he was worried now about the validity of the idea because it seemed to be popular. It was to use an auxiliary nuclear weapon to prepare a main charge, and
Ford:Is that the letter in which he said, to von Neumann, Edward likes this, so it must be wrong?
Garwin:Thats right. Edward likes it, so I have my doubts. Thats right. Exactly. In fact, that letter had been translated from the handwriting by somebody who didnt know all that much about the subject, so that was a typed version. I was able to decrypt a few more words from the handwritten version. But I knew that he had written this to Johnny. And, of course, Edward eventually says that Stan doesnt deserve credit for this — radiation implosion — why? Because he didnt support it. That is, after the program began, Stan wasnt enthusiastic about actually building the hydrogen bomb and so doesnt deserve credit for it. Now, my own view is that this could have happened any time over the years, especially after 1945 when people had more leisure. And the fact that it didnt was just a blind spot on the part of all of us. Hans Bethe says that its a kind of miracle, this radiation implosion, this idea. Carson Mark wrote that anybody who would have sat down to ask what were the consequence of Stans suggestion would have found that the radiation got there first, and it would have been obvious. So Carson says [that] Teller didnt do anything. Bethe says its a wonderful idea. Teller says Stan didnt do anything. And I think that it wouldnt have happened for, oh, a year, two years, whatever, if Stan hadnt come to Edward and said, I know that it would help to compress. And Edward says, You can waste a lot of time talking to Stan, and so I decided to work it out.
Ford:Theres an interesting remark in Ulams memoirs in which he indicates that he spent about two hours at that meeting with Edward and that Edward took a while to come around to realizing that implosion was a good idea, provided one did it with radiation.
Garwin:Yeah, yeah. I think thats right. And in the actual document, the March 9, 1951 document, the entire writing is by Edward Teller. Stan couldnt have worked out any of that. Stan was not a physicist, he was a mathematician. He was a very smart guy. But its all Edward, you know, ranging from the propagation of the shock waves on the hydrodynamic lenses side, the calculation of the containment time, and the loss of radiation into the solid materials on the radiation mirror side. In fact, the title is Heterocatalytic Detonations: I, as if there was going to be a second; but [there] never was. So thats the [story of the] design of what would become Mike.
Ford:Just one or two more questions, if I could. You have mentioned the outer steel case in your design, and I would assume an inner uranium cylinder, and inside of that, deuterium. How much of that is unclassified, and are you able to speak about the actual dimensions of the actual arrangement?
Garwin:No, no, I dont even remember the dimensions. But thats it. Thats all that can be said. There was an inner cylinder of uranium — it might have been depleted uranium — surrounding the deuterium. There might have been a liner just to keep the deuterium away from the uranium. And there was the outer steel structure and an inner layer [on the steel] of what was going to be uranium, but was, I think, eventually lead. Now, Richard Rhodes book [[Dark Sun: The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996).]] has a lot detail in it, probably provided by Jay Wexler. But thats not officially declassified, and I cant comment on it. I cant comment on whats in the deuterium, either.
Ford:Right. OK. Well, two more questions. One is a simple human one, which is why do you think that Edward turned to you, a twenty-three-year-old guy, I guess you were? Did he know you well enough personally
Garwin:Oh, sure.
Ford:to know you would be a good choice
Garwin:Oh, yeah.
Ford:to try to do this?
Garwin:In fact, there was a memo — I dont know whether I sent it to you — that Edward had sent Bradbury in 1949, when Edward was trying to round up the team.
Ford:Oh, I saw that, yes. Fermi says here [you were] the best graduate student he ever had.
Garwin:That thats right. So
Ford:And Teller had seen that.
Garwin:Yes. Well, Teller and Fermi were together at Chicago, and I was at Chicago since 47. And so by then wed had a good deal of interaction. I was an experimenter, but I knew enough about the theory that I could be useful there.
Ford:My second question is, was lithium-6 deuteride an option in your design, or was it not even considered?
Garwin:Well, I thought about it, but (a) its complicated, and (b) we didnt have it. I wanted something that I could really figure. I couldnt have done all those [other] things myself. I could figure deuterium, I could figure hydrogen, but I couldnt do the others. But we really knew that we could use other fuels. I learned later from Herb York, who sent me the manuscript of a book that he was writing, maybe it was in [the] 1970s, on Oppenheimer, Teller, and the Superbomb [[The Advisors: Oppenheimer, Teller, and the Superbomb (San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1976).]], that the AEC had taken Well [heres the story.] After July 25th [1951], I had some time at Los Alamos, and so I designed a deliverable, cryogenic version of Mike that would lie down rather than stand up. You know, for a physicist, that makes no difference, but this thing has to be supported. And the insides weigh a good many tens of tons, so you need long steel bolts, long so that they have less heat leak. You could have bolts that go straight through holes bored in the case, or whatever, but that would conduct too much heat. And so you have, in this steel case, long holes that are drilled, and diagonal bolts that go down. Not only do they have to support the inner parts, the uranium cylinder against gravity, but they have to support it against eight times gravity, which is a design requirement for airplanes in case the thing is bumpy on takeoff or has to land with the bomb inside. You worry about the heat leak because you cant have a refrigerator connected all the time, so what is the pressure rise in the deuterium if you valve it off, and all that. So I designed that, too. And they built six of themthe Emergency Capability Weapons (named Jughead) — that were ready before, well about the same time, I guess, that Mike was fired. They were ready before that. They were available, and theyd been seen on airplanes, ready to take off and drop these things untested on the Soviet Union. But, yes, so in 1952. [But first] what else did I do in 1951? Well, I worked a lot on diagnostics for Mike and other thermonuclear weapons and these included things like boring holes part way through the outer case and using fast photography there or electronic detectors to look at the breakout of radiation-driven shocks so that you could tell what the temperature was on the inside, in the channel, and determine the equation of state for the steel or whatever you would like to put in this little experimental hole, which had a planar shock coming through it. I consulted with other people who had come to the Lab about diagnostics that they were preparing — again, the Berkeley group and later to become Livermore — Harold Brown, Herb York, Hugh Bradner and then people from NRL [Naval Research Lab] — Ernst Krause and Montgomery Johnson, I remember. And the radiochemists, because by then the stable isotope addition for determining fluence and spectrum at various points, which I had published (in Secret documents) in 1950, had become standard. I had to do the cryogenic design for Mike by myself. I went to the head of the Cryogenics Group there, Ed Hammel, who said that they were all really burned out because they had all worked on George — Greenhouse George — so hard that they had to go back to physics and publishing papers and things like that. So that was just an additional task. I was fully capable of doing that. Now in the summer of 52 I went back [to Los Alamos]. Of course, we didnt know exactly when Mike would be tested, but it was tested on November 1, 1952. I worked on some other things, but I cant talk about them, for ordinary nuclear weapons. And then I went to Washington with Marshall Rosenbluth. We worked nights on the SEAC, which had mercury delay line memory. And we were doing calculations of alternative fuels and alternative dimensions for
Ford:Do you remember whether this was June, July, August, what part of the summer?
Garwin:No. Lois and I and our son Jeffrey had gone from Los Alamos to Cleveland and dropped off Lois and Jeffrey with my parents there while I was in Washington. I could probably reconstruct that. I think it was probably July. [Added after by Garwin: I still havent found Loiss letters to my mother, but I will.] So we were working on alternative fuels, and Marshall was master of the code. I contented myself with helping him decide what examples we should use and which potential fuels. I remember I liked ammonia — nitrogen trideuteride, ND3, instead of NH3 — which has a lot of deuterium in it and works quite well. But, of course, it doesnt have the contribution of lithium — we did lithium, of course, too. And there you have a choice. You have normal lithium deuteride, you have depleted lithium deuteride, lithium-7 deuteride, and lithium-6 deuteride. In fact even as late as January 1952, according to Herb York, the Atomic Energy Commission hadnt made up its mind whether they were going to fuel Mike with liquid deuterium or with lithium deuteride. And, of course, thinking about lithium-6 deuteride: When you have the DD reaction, half of which goes to a proton and tritium, and 4 MeV of reaction energy, and half of which goes to a neutron and helium-3, then the helium-3 has such a big cross section for neutrons, even neutrons in the 10 kilovolt range, that it eats up the neutrons and it regenerates tritium. Lithium-6 does the same thing because lithium-6 plus a neutron gives you tritium, which is how we make our tritium anyhow. So thats a good thing to do. [Theres] a lot more lithium-6 to begin with than there is helium in there, which is a reaction product itself.
Ford:Did you help Marshall do the actual programming for the SEAC or just advise on the physics?
Garwin:No, no, just the physics.
Ford:It is so startling to me that I dont remember this, because I was working that summer on the SEAC at night, the graveyard shift, and only with deuterium as fuel. We were just trying to
Garwin:When were you there?
Ford:Well, it was about a six-month period — early 1952, late winter, up until probably one or two months before Mike. So its quite astonishing that somehow Marshall was there, and I was there, yet we didnt interact with each other or if we did, I dont remember.
Garwin:Well you remember Marshall, right?
Ford:Oh, sure. Is he still living?
Garwin:No. He died about four years ago [on September 28, 2003] from pancreatic cancer.
Ford:Oh, too bad.
Garwin:He was diagnosed, and he was then very sick very quickly, but he lasted several years and in quite good health. He and his second wife, Sara, would travel all over the world to plasma physics conferences because Marshall was highly regarded as the dean of plasma physics. So the summer of 52, well
Ford:And you spent days? Or weeks? How long were you in Washington?
Garwin:Two weeks. It was pretty hot in the summertime Ill find out when I was there. Ill let you know. I would walk from the Bureau of Standards out on Connecticut Avenue, I guess, to my hotel (the Park Central, 17th and G NW) in downtown Washington. It wouldnt be safe in some of the intervening years, but it was OK then. Anyhow, it turned out all right. So I was in Los Alamos essentially only in the summers because I was an academic, or quasi-academic, and that was enough. And besides I wanted to take the family there, who all have fond memories of Los Alamos. So we were there every summer through 1958, and then in 5960 we were at CERN so werent in Los Alamos either summer and then for a couple of summers in the 1960s. I worked on other things, but they werent so exciting. I worked on the nuclear rocket, some, but it wasnt so exciting as the hydrogen bomb. And in 1954 I wrote the first paper — its still secret but presumably doesnt have any reason to be — on electromagnetic pulse from nuclear explosions. I started from the beginning. The problem is that if you have a nuclear explosion in vacuum, and you have a spherical explosion, then you dont get any transverse sources for electromagnetic waves, which are transverse waves. Yet people from the very beginning had seen electromagnetic pulses, radio pulses, from nuclear explosions and from ordinary high-explosive explosions, too. And you [think about] this, and you can ask how it happens. Well, the explosion itself may be spherically symmetric, but the propagation for electromagnetic waves may not be. For instance, you may have a non-spherical case, you may have a nuclear explosive thats sitting on the ground, and so you only get Compton electrons going up; the ones going down are shielded. Then, of course, you have the problem of the atmosphere because the atmosphere is ionized at some point, and so the propagation is damped. Take a space nuclear explosion, and now if you have an asymmetric case, even for a spherical nuclear explosion, then you cant see the electromagnetic source, the Compton electrons that are inside the aluminum-foil case. And so you can have a lot of asymmetry as a result, not just a tiny amount. Its going to be a big asymmetry. But even so — this was 1954 — as you calculate, you dont get a very big signal. Why? Because in space when you drive Compton electrons out from the case theres nothing beyond that, so the case becomes positive — all the electrons are being driven out — and after it gets up to a few million volts, then the electrons can no longer get out. Theyre projected by the Compton effect, they start off at, say, two million volts, then they turn around because theyre in this field of the positive case with respect to infinity. So they may go out a meter or something like that. So the source is limited to an MeV-meter, thats the dipole source, and in the radiation zone it goes down as 1/r because [theres] constant energy flux in the radio waves of successive spheres. And so if you have an MeV per meter at one meter, then at a megameter, a thousand kilometers, youre going to have one volt per meter. Well, we had some space nuclear explosions in 1958 — two kilotons, three of them — [over] the South Atlantic. But I dont think anybody measured the electromagnetic field, the electromagnetic pulse. Then in 1962, Starfish, Starfish Prime, was 1.4 megatons at 400 kilometer altitude [over] the Pacific, and people were set up to measure the EMP at a distance of 1,000 kilometers — Hawaii, for instance.
Ford:Is this the Christmas Island tests? Im trying to remember.
Garwin:I dont remember. If you just look up Starfish on the Web, it tells you all the details. But in fact, Hans Bethe apparently advised the experimenters as to how they should set their attenuators, amplifiers, and what not. And they looked. I think he must have repeated the calculation I had made because there was a similar calculation by Karzas and Latter [[W. J. Karzas and Richard Latter, The RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California, Detection of the Electromagnetic Radiation from Nuclear Explosions in Space, Phys. Rev. 137, B1369B1378 (1965).]] just before the tests in the context of detecting space nuclear explosions for verification of treaties. And they had the same value. But when people actually did the test, and they recorded the signal on the ground or in airplanes, it was not 1 volt per meter, it was 10 kilovolts per meter. That factor of 104 in voltage is a factor 108 in power in the radio wave. This was a great puzzle for many months. Conrad Longmire was worrying about it and was giving some lectures in 1963 in Albuquerque at the Air Force lab there. And it suddenly came to him what was happening — that is, these radio waves seemed to come from the bomb, but they dont. They come from the upper atmosphere at 60 kilometers or so where the gamma rays from the bomb are converted into Compton electrons, mostly forward. And then another miracle happens because that doesnt give any radio signal because its a longitudinal polarization, and you need a transverse polarization. Another miracle happens. The tiny Earths magnetic field, 1 gauss, bends all these trajectories the same way. So you have an acceleration of this pulse of electrons. And another miracle happens because the conversion region is spread out over 10 kilometers, and 10 kilometers involves 30 microseconds rather than hundredths of a microsecond. So how do you get a sharp pulse in the multi-megahertz range from something which is converted gradually over 30 microseconds? Well, its because in proper time at the observer, who is straight ahead on the radius, all of these things add up. The speed of the gamma ray is the same as the speed of the radio wave in this rarefied atmosphere. And so when you figure it, thats what you get. I still work on that, actually, because there was the EMP Commission — the Electromagnetic Pulse Commission — in the early 2000s that was worried about such things. And it can be a big effect. I didnt work much with others. I observed Fermi and Ulam in 1950, doing calculations on the Classical Super — the infinitely long cylinder of liquid deuterium. You know, my desk was here, Fermis desk was there, we were facing one another, a window behind him, [the] door to the room behind me. And Stan Ulam would come in in the morning and pull up a chair and pull out the slide on the desk. First theyd look at graphs. They would graph the previous days work that had been done by a computer — the computer was Miriam Caldwell, and she would take away the spreadsheet that Fermi had filled in the first few lines of to make sure that it worked. And he would use a slide rule for multiplication, division, exponentials and logarithms, and a motor-driven Marchant desk calculator for addition and subtraction.
Ford:By the way, she became Miriam Caldwell in the fall of 1950, having been Miriam Planck before that.
Garwin:Thats right. Thats right. Id forgotten her name. But she was Caldwell then. I knew her through David Caldwell as well. And so every day they would have [this session]. It isnt what Fermi did all day because people would come in and talk to him about other things. But thats what they would do in the morning. Then they would decide what other cases to run, what parameters to run. Fermi would fill out the spreadsheet — time going down the spreadsheet, radius going across.
Ford:This was summer of 50? or 51?
Garwin:50, yes. (It was clearly 1950. I did not share an office with Fermi in 1951, and he and Stan would not have been calculating the Classical Super after the March 1951 Teller-Ulam paper.) At this point, RG examines the following written question provided by
Ford:What do you remember about the contributions of others in 1950-52?
Ulam and Everett
Ulam and Fermi
Fermi, alone and with Miriam Planck
de Hoffmann
Wheeler and his gang
von Neumann
Foster and Cerda Evans
OK. So I knew Cornelius Everett; I would see them [Ulam and Everett] together sometimes. Wed go to the Ulams home and he was often there. Ulam and Fermi Ive told you about. Ulam was a very ingenious person. He invented a lot of things like iterated functions. You would have the sort of thing that Mandelbrot and others popularized, and strange attractors, or whatever. But he didnt have any graphics. He would apply a function to a starting point and get a curve; then youd have other curves [and so on]. Then Fermi. Well, I knew Fermi very well. And when I was learning about nuclear weapons, for instance, I said to Enrico, well, we all know, theyre very sensitive to neutrons, particularly the gun. Which is why in 1944, when plutonium started arriving from Hanford, and they were measuring its properties — it was the first time that they had multiple grams of plutonium — Emilio Segrè was measuring its properties, and he found that it was a copious emitter of neutrons, more than they had imagined from the cyclotron production of plutonium-239. And thats because when you produce it by neutron capture in a reactor, you get the uranium-239 that goes to neptunium-239, and, in two days, its plutonium-239. But then the plutonium-239 sits there, and it has a substantial cross section for capture. So some of it gets burned up in fission, and some of it — about one-quarter — of what gets burned up goes to plutonium-240, which has a few (actually 6.5) thousand years lifetime plutonium-239 is twenty-five thousand years or so. Plutonium-240 doesnt decay significantly faster — 8,000 years — but it has a big, spontaneous fission probability — a short spontaneous fission lifetime. So they had designs for Little Boy, which was to have 60 kilograms, more or less, of uranium-235, but within a tamper that gave you more than two critical masses. And the critical mass of plutonium, instead of being 60 kilograms, is about 10 kilograms. And so they had Thin Man. Thin Man was the plutonium gun that instead of using 60 kilograms would have used 10 kilograms, and so it could be a lot smaller. But they had to abandon that because it would have given only a tiny fissile yield of only a few tons of high-explosive equivalent. And thats where the implosion came in for assembly of plutonium. Little Boy and Fat Man started, in the beginning, in the Berkeley summer study in June [1942]. This is in the Los Alamos Primer, in Bob Serbers lecture notes, which were put together really on the basis of the summer study. And so there was the gun-type assembly, and then there was an implosion assembly. And that can work with higher neutron background because the assembly time is shorter, because you have many hundreds of kilograms of explosive pushing on a small amount of heavy metal arranged in a shell. What counts is the thickness of the explosive and the thinness of the heavy metal. So the velocity is a lot higher than is the smokeless powder assembly of a large mass, where you have a little bit of powder pushing on a large mass. And it makes all the difference, even though the probability of pre-detonation — pre-initiation by background neutrons in the Trinity and Nagasaki weapon — was on the order of 10 percent.


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Naples attorney Joe Davidow announces bid for Congress
Naples attorney Joe Davidow, a Republican, has announced his candidacy for Congress in Florida's 14th district, an office currently held by Rep. Connie Mack IV, whose term expires next year.
Davidow has launched a website and outlined a platform that includes tossing out regulations for businesses and allowing "companies to fail regardless of size." He supports remaining in Iraq and Afghanistan until they are stable and calls for the creation of a flat tax.
"People are tired of getting vague answers to direct questions," he said in a written statement. "On my website, I clearly state my stance on a variety of issues, from taxes and health care to immigration, Social Security and congressional reform. It's time for us to promote economic growth, get people back to work, and take affirmative steps to Protect the Future of America."
The 14th District in the U.S. House of Representatives includes Naples and Fort Myers.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Cleaning Up After Cyclone Evan
When Cyclone Evan hit the Pacific in December 2012, schools, health centres, homes and infrastructure in most of the Northern and Western Division of Fiji were badly damaged.
UNICEF New Zealand, with help from the New Zealand Government, supported the Fiji Ministry of Health to coordinate and monitor the health activities as part of the early recovery. We also supported the provision of training in health and hygiene awareness and disaster preparedness for hundreds of community workers to support the early recovery process and strengthen preparedness at the community level. The community trainers were able to reach 157 villages - an estimated total population of 150,000 people – with health and hygiene messages.
UNICEF NZ also supported the rebuilding and cyclone-proofing of a damaged school.
preparing for disaster
Disaster readiness is also a big part of what UNICEF does, which is why it also has pre-positioned supplies for water containers, water purification tablets, nutritional supplements and "school in a box" kits in key locations around the Pacific, ready to be rolled out when needed.
With the help of the New Zealand Government, UNICEF NZ has installed a mobile desalination unit in Fiji for use throughout the Pacific region so we can respond quickly to environmental emergencies in the Pacific.
In an emergency situation, the desalination unit can be quickly deployed to any location using the folding solar panels. A tube fitted to the unit is put into the sea, and an output tube starts delivering 240 litres of fresh drinking water per hour which is collected in UNICEF water containers.
This is important because sources of fresh water in low-lying atolls are easily contaminated with sea water. In such instances water purification tablets are insufficient, and may be refused for cultural reasons.
Like to help? Donate to a current UNICEF NZ project.


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text:
How Much Do the Items in 'The Twelve Days of Christmas' Actually Cost?
The cost of Christmas is going up.
The cost of Christmas is going up.
How does it work? Louisiana Tax Free Shopping allows international visitors to get cash back for taxes at participating stores throughout the state.
Want to find some really neat things to buy but you only have a little bit of money to spend? Here are five incredible products that cost a lot less than you'd ever dream of paying.
Christmas is a time for joyous giving and families coming together and singing and eggnog. But we all know that on some level it's all about the presents.
These business are the backbone of the communities they serve. They are the local entrepreneurs who have decided that your town is the best town to do business. They were there before the big boys were. They were the ones that would come to your home to deliver a purchase if necessary. Their name was their guarantee to you that you would get your money's worth
Citizens are reminded to report all suspicious persons or situations by calling 911.
What do shoe shoppers, skydivers and people who love haunted houses all have in common? It can be addictive so be careful how you use it.
The cola wars seem to have ended in a draw.
The state of Louisiana is offering consumers a sales tax holiday today and Saturday. What items are exempt from the state sales tax of 4%? We've got the answers.
A remodel will start in March and is set to be completed in November.


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Something to think about. End result over enjoyment of play. Of course, I actually enjoyed it cause I was Monking and I actually did have stuff to do the entire time, I was nearly the only one that had something to do the entire time. Oh and, we arn't exactly the only ones that ever did that... Much much later, probably even to the time of when pRp was around.. Pravus Phasmatis [Prav] was still abusing that to hold. Of course they didn't have their build designed for it, they just used it when they had to. Their build was like.. Interrupt-way, from what I remember.
But back not too long ago, if you were running a build like one of Brehon's early choking gas ones. 1 Assassin, 2x choking gas, 3x monks, 1x rit, 1x spirit spammer ranger (I think that was the build...), and come up another team like yours.. Thats going to be a long, long match. (That is if both teams are about the same skill level.)


text: Temporary Impairment May Be 'Disability' Under ADA By Laurie A. Petersen and Samantha J. Wood 2/21/2014 Permissions A temporary impairment may be a covered disability under the amended Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), the 4th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals ruled, the first federal circuit court to apply the ADA Amendments Act's (ADAAA) expanded definition of the term "disability." To prove a violation under the ADA, a plaintiff must show, among other things that he or she suffered from a "disability." Under the ADA, a "disability" may take any of the following forms: 1) a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities, 2) a record of such an impairment, or 3) being regarded as having such an impairment. In 2002, the U.S. Supreme Court in Toyota Motor Manufacturing, Kentucky, Inc. v. Williams adopted a strict construction of the term "disability" and suggested that a temporary impairment could not qualify as a disability under the ADA. In response, Congress passed the ADAAA in 2008. The legislation abrogated the Toyota decision, providing that the definition of disability "shall be construed in favor of broad coverage of individuals … to the maximum extent permitted. …" 42 U.S.C. Section 12102(4)(A). While traveling for work, Carl Summers, a senior analyst for the Altarum Institute, fell and sustained serious injuries to both of his legs. Doctors forbade Summers from putting any weight on his left leg for six weeks and established that he would not be able to walk normally for seven months at the earliest. Without surgery, bed rest, pain medication and physical therapy, Summers alleged that he would likely not have been able to walk for more than a year after the accident. While hospitalized, Summers contacted Altarum human resources to obtain short-term disability benefits and inquire about working from home as he recovered. The Altarum representative agreed to discuss accommodations that would allow Summers to return to work but suggested that he first take short-term disability and focus on getting well. Summers also sent e-mails to his supervisors regarding returning to work and suggested a plan in which he would take short-term disability and then start working remotely part-time. Altarum never followed up on Summers' request to discuss his return to work. Instead, after a month and a half, Altarum simply terminated Summers. Summers filed a complaint in the Eastern District of Virginia for failure to accommodate his disability and wrongful discharge on the basis of his disability. The district court dismissed both claims, reasoning that although Summers suffered from a serious injury, the injury did not constitute a disability because it was temporary in nature and expected to heal within a year. On appeal, Summers only challenged whether Altarum illegally terminated him because of a disability. The 4th Circuit reversed the decision of the lower court, reasoning that the ADAAA specifically overruled Toyota in favor of broad coverage of individuals. Further, Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) regulations clarify that "effects of an impairment lasting or expected to last fewer than six months can be substantially limiting" for purposes of proving an actual disability. The EEOC Appendix also states that although "impairments that last only for a short period of time are typically not covered," they may be covered if "sufficiently severe." Applying the expanded definition of a disability, the 4th Circuit held that although Summers' injury was temporary, such an injury, which rendered him completely immobile for more than seven months, was "surely" severe enough to qualify as a disability under the ADA. Summers v. Altarum Inst. Corp., 4th Cir., No. 13-1645 (Jan. 23, 2014). Professional Pointer: Employers should not assume a temporary condition is not a disability. Instead, they should carefully apply an individualized assessment and evaluate an employee's impairment as it would manifest without treatments such as medication, mobility devices and physical therapy, to determine if it is "sufficiently severe" to constitute a disability. Laurie A. Petersen and Samantha J. Wood are attorneys at Lindner & Marsack, S.C., the Worklaw® Network member firm in Milwaukee, Wis. Permissions Related Content Md.: Governor Signs Law Protecting Unpaid Interns from Discrimination N.C.: Industrial Equipment Company Agrees to Pay $65,000 in Retaliation Lawsuit 4th Cir.: Fired Employee with Social Anxiety Disorder Raises Triable ADA Claims Increasingly Popular, Telemedicine Faces Legal Hurdles Va.: Password Protection Law Continues Trend Toward Increasing Protection of Personal Online Accounts TOP PICKS: ADVANCE YOUR CAREER HR Jobs Time to advance your career: Find your next job here. SHRM Certification Get certified and set your self apart from the competition. Hire an HR Leader Published by SHRM: Learn what employers are looking for in HR candidates. HR Business Partners Develop skills needed to be an effective HR business partner. Be an Awesome HR Pro Robin Schooling on having a wildly successful HR career, SHRM Annual Conference session. Avoiding HR Extinction E-Learning: Reinvent your role. Forget a Mentor, Find a Sponsor Best-selling book on fast-tracking your career. Available from the SHRMStore. Succeed in the C Suite Webcast, featuring Dr. John Ullman, May 28, 2 p.m. ET/11 a.m. PT Assurance of Learning Credentials for new HR professionals. Swipe enabled! ADVERTISING LINKS


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Prime Minister Narendra Modi on Monday expressed his sadness over passing away of BJP leader Tapan Sikdar. He described his contribution in building the party as rich.
The prime minister wrote on Twitter: "Shri Tapan Sikdar will be remembered for his rich contribution in building the BJP & his years of dedicated public service."
"Tapan Sikdar ji's demise is extremely saddening. May his soul rest in peace," he added.
Sikdar, 70, one of the tallest leaders of BJP's Bengal unit, was admitted at All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) on May 29. He died there this morning.
Sikdar, a two-time Lok Sabha member, had served as a minister in the Atal Bihari Vajapyee government from 1999 to 2004.
Former Union minister of state for telecom Tapan Sikdar who had won twice from Dum Dum seat died at AIIMS on Monday morning.
He was 70 and was a bachelor. He had kidney ailments and even he was dialysis for twice a week he contested the parliamentary polls of 2014 from Dum Dum.
He was the popular face of the BJP in Bengal, because he helped BJP to make its footing in Bengal amid the Left regime, when BJP men were often attacked by the ruling party cadres.
Sikdar was full of optimism and for that he decided to contest the polls in 2014, though he had a failing health. "He was optimistic about his win and he campaigned a lot during the polls, as he was much popular among the border district residents and refugees for whom he was a messiah," said Rahul Sinha, BJP state president.
During his tenure as a BJP state president he used to tour the districts and could reach out to the people in distress.
Tapan Sikdar was airlifted to AIIMS on Thursday as his condition deteriorated in Kolkata. He was a popular leader and even a MOS for telecom he was dynamic as he introduced several path breaking steps in mobile networking. He was known for his nature to help people and was a mass leader, BJP leaders said.
He was a minister in AB Vajpayee's government. People close to him felt that during the last two months poll campaign further worsened his health and for that he turned critical.
Sikdar was born in Jessore in Bangladesh and later his parents moved to Bengal after the partition.
BJP state leaders felt that when BJP was making a rapid progress in Bengal, at that time it was a great loss for the party as he could have helped much in the organization of state BJP.
Babul Supriya, singer and BJP MP from Asansol too expressed his condolence. Bikram Sarkar former MP also expressed his condolence and said that it was a great loss for the Bengal BJP, as he could have guided the party as it is gaining ground in Bengal now.
Tapan Sikdar was a Union minister of state in the National Democratic Alliance government of India and a Bharatiya Janata Party politician. He was born on 20 September 1944 in Jessore.
His father Dr.DN Sikdar was a physician. His mother's name was Smt. Bela Rani Sikdar. He was member of 12 and 13 Lok Sabha representing Dum Dum in West Bengal.
Here's a timeline of his work:
1998 Elected to 12th Lok Sabha
1998-99 Member, Committee on External Affairs and its Sub-Committee-III; Member, Committee on Finance; Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Water Resources
1999 Re-elected to 13th Lok Sabha (2nd term)
13 Oct. 1999-2002 Union Minister of State, Ministry of Communications
10 Jan - 30 June 2002 Union Minister of State, Ministry of Communications and Information Technology
1 July 2002 -2004 Union Minister of State, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers (India)
He was Union Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India). Later he was Union Minister of State, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers.
He unsuccessfully contested the Dum Dum Lok Sabha constituency in the 2009 general election where the All India Trinamool Congress (an earlier National Democratic Alliance ally) candidate (who won and became the MP) got 458,988 votes whereas the Communist Party of India (Marxist) candidate got 438,510 votes) and he polled only 55,679 votes.
Read more: Narendra Modi expresses sadness over Tapan Sikdar's passing


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Medidata Solutions (NASDAQ: MDSO), a leading global provider of cloud-based clinical technology solutions that enhance the efficiency of clinical development, today announced its financial results for the fourth quarter and full year 2012, and provided detailed financial guidance for the first quarter and full year 2013.
"Our stellar fourth quarter, strong execution in 2012 and accelerating growth highlight Medidata as the leading cloud-based platform provider in the life sciences industry," said Tarek Sherif, Medidata's chief executive officer. "The Medidata Clinical Cloud is becoming a de facto standard for life science organizations, helping them transform their clinical development activities by improving decision making and productivity. Our market is dynamic and growing with many life sciences companies emerging from a prolonged period of retrenchment, once again focused on aggressively developing new drugs. In this environment, our existing cloud offerings and ability to innovate, coupled with our customer-centric focus and great execution, position us for continued success."
Full Year and Fourth Quarter Highlights
- Full year revenues increased to $218.3 million, up $33.9 million, or 18%, year-over-year.
- Application services backlog grew to a record $186 million, up 38% year-over-year, compared with a 23% increase for the comparable period last year.
- Non-Rave revenues increased 135% year-over-year to $31.1 million, or 14% of total revenue.
- Medidata's customer base grew to 350 in the fourth quarter of 2012, up 27% from the end of 2011. Medidata added 28 new customers in the fourth quarter.
- At the end of 2012, 38% of customers had committed to multiple products, an increase of 46% over the previous year.
- Medidata's revenue retention rate for the year was over 98%, with a 100% renewal rate for all enterprise customers in 2012.
- New and enhanced modules were made available in the Medidata Clinical Cloud in the fourth quarter, including new budgeting capabilities, enhanced clinical trial management system (CTMS) integrations, and new functionality for clinical supply logistics in complex studies.
Sherif added, "Our aggressive investment strategy in 2012 has changed our growth trajectory. We are starting 2013 with strong momentum based on our solid backlog and recognition that we are leading the industry in solving critical problems that help our customers plan and execute the clinical trials of the future."


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Nintendo's Wii U Summer Tour advertising familiar character...
Nintendo is stepping up its efforts to advertise the Wii U by making appearances at popular venues like Disneyland.
32GB white Wii U & other accessories headed to Japan
Nintendo has announced a new 32GB white Wii U and other accessories for release in Japan.
Developer Shin'en says Wii U GPU ahead of current gen
Developer speaks about their time developing for the Wii U and the current state of hardware compared to Nintendo's new console.
Nintendo reveals Best Buy locations for E3 demos
Nintendo has unveiled the full coverage for the Best Buy E3 demo promotion.
Nintendo UK recaps 30 years of Luigi
Nintendo UK gives us a look at Luigi's various designs over the past 30 years.
eBay Germany promoting Wii U after Xbox One privacy concerns
eBay Germany has begun promoting the Wii U in a new way.
Wii U sales rank jumps 875% after Xbox reveal on Amazon UK
The Xbox One reveal has created a massive influx of Wii U sales on Amazon's UK website.
"This year, it's all about the games." [Trailer...
Fan-made trailer showcases all the games we're expecting to see at E3 this year.
Microsoft is selling the Wii U better than Nintendo
Microsoft utterly blew their big Xbox One reveal and it's done more to sell the Wii U than anything Nintendo has so far.
Would you rather have Mario Galaxy 3 or a brand new 3D Mario at E...
With E3 just around the corner, we're eager to know what you want to see from Nintendo's "3D Mario" announcement!
EA backtracks, says they are working on Wii U games
EA's CFO backtracks and says the company is developing for Wii U, but has bigger plans for Xbox One and PS4.
Nintendo launches Crowdfarter campaign for Game & Wario
Nintendo releases their own take on "crowdfunding" with a Wario twist.
Ubisoft has full confidence in Nintendo to grow the Wii U
Ubisoft reiterates their commitment to Nintendo and their faith that Nintendo will turn the Wii U's fortunes around.
Nintendo announces exclusive Sonic: Lost World in partnership wit...
Nintendo announces exclusive partnership with Sega to bring Sonic: Lost World to Wii U and 3DS.
The Wonderful 101 coming September 15 to US, August 23 to EU
The Wonderful 101 finally has a release date for both western regions.
Nintendo announces games to be playable at Best Buy the week of E...
Nintendo have announced that games shown at E3 will be playable at certain Best Buy locations the week of E3.
Next week's Wii U virtual console update is all about Kirby
Three new Kirby games are coming to the Wii U virtual console.


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AICPA's Online Calculator Estimates Yearly Taxes Paid to All Sources
by AccountingWEB on printer friendly
By AccountingWEB Staff
The American Institute of CPAs (AICPA) has launched the Total Tax Insights calculator, a comprehensive calculator that was developed as a tool to enable taxpayers to estimate the amount they pay each year for the most common federal, state, and local taxes.
"The AICPA has a long-standing commitment to helping Americans take accountability for their financial health. One critical step in achieving financial well-being is to understand your tax payment and how it impacts your financial decisions. We have introduced this new calculator to help Americans grasp how much they are paying in combined federal, state, and local taxes," said Barry C. Melancon, CPA, CGMA, AICPA president and CEO.
"Our recent national poll showed that taxpayers do not know the percentage of their income that goes to pay taxes or how many types of taxes they pay annually. AICPA's goal is to make federal, state, and local taxes more transparent, and the Total Tax Insights calculator does that," Melancon said.
Reducing Taxes - Quick Tips
- Have your tax return checked by a professional. Chances are excellent you are missing opportunities to lower your tax bill
- Review last year's tax return. Use last year's tax return as a guide to help you remember all the items you reported the year before.
- Clump medical expenses. Try to clump as many medical expenses as possible into one tax year in order to take advantage of the itemized medical deduction.
- Deduct automobile property taxes. If you pay property tax on your automobile when you purchase it or renew your plates, this counts as an itemized deduction on your federal income tax return.
- Give to charity. Even if money is tight, you can still be generous and get a tax deduction if you give noncash items to charity.
- Keep track of your miles. When you drive your car for charitable purposes, you are entitled to increase your deduction for charitable expenses by 14 cents per mile for each mile you drive.
- Keep track of job search expenses. If you are looking for a new job, you may qualify for a deduction of certain expenses you incur in a job search, as long as this isn't your first job and as long as you are looking for a job in the same occupation as your last job.
Source: Surviving Financial Downsizing: A Practical Guide to Living Well on Less Income by Gail A. Perry, CPA
Although the average American may pay more than twenty different taxes during the course of a year, an AICPA poll showed that a majority (54 percent) estimated they pay less than ten different taxes. Only 11 percent of those surveyed said they had recently added up the total amount of annual taxes they pay to federal, state, and local governments.
The poll also showed that two-thirds (67 percent) said they could not accurately estimate the percentage of income they paid last year in all taxes to federal, state, and local governments. That number is even higher among those who make less than $100,000 a year; nearly three-quarters (72 percent) said they could not come up with an accurate estimate.
"CPAs know better than anyone how important it is for taxpayers to understand what they are paying in taxes. This new tool is designed to increase awareness of how much people pay in taxes and the importance of factoring this knowledge into everyday financial planning. Using the Total Tax Insights calculator is a simple step taxpayers can take to gain greater control over their financial future," said Edward S. Karl, CPA, AICPA's vice president for taxation.
Only basic information is required to use the free Total Tax Insights calculator. At a minimum, visitors to the website input the county or city in which they live, their marital status, their federal adjusted gross income, and their number of dependents. Based on the information provided by the user, the Total Tax Insights calculator estimates what that taxpayer is paying on an annual basis for approximately twenty different taxes, and it provides a pie chart that shows the percentage of their total tax bill by category. A user's privacy is protected – the Total Tax Insights calculator does not require individuals to identify themselves in any way, and the data is erased when a user leaves the website.
The AICPA encourages taxpayers to use the Total Tax Insights information and resources to improve their overall tax and financial well-being. The calculator only provides estimated amounts, and a taxpayer's actual taxes may vary significantly depending on his or her particular situation. For example, income tax calculations do not take into consideration certain deductions, credits, or other adjustments. The Total Tax Insights calculator is not a tax preparation tool or a substitute for the expert tax and financial advice of a CPA.
The AICPA will periodically update the calculator to reflect the most recent changes in federal, state, and local taxes. Taxpayers should consider using the calculator several times a year to get the most accurate estimate of their current situation.
Visit the Total Tax Insights website for more information.
Related articles:
- IRS Unveils New Version of Smartphone App
- Opportunities Exist for CPAs to Better Leverage Emerging Technology
Survey Methodology
Clarus Research Group conducted the telephone survey on behalf of the AICPA within the United States between April 24 and 25, reaching a nationally representative sample of 1,000 adults aged eighteen and older by landline and mobile phone. For full results and methodology contact Diane Zyats at (202) 434-9266 or email@example.com.
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Bellicum Founder, President and Chief Medical Officer, Kevin M. Slawin, M.D., stated, "This first clinical trial of BP-GMAX-CD1 is designed to establish proof of principle for our core iCD40 technology, which has been engineered to overcome the critical potency limitations of previous cancer vaccine strategies. Dosing the first patient is an exciting and significant milestone in our quest to deliver safer and more effective therapies to patients with advanced cancer."
The small-molecule dimerizer, AP1903, and the ARGENT(TM) cell-signaling regulation technology underlying BP-GMAX-CD1 were licensed from ARIAD Pharmaceuticals, Inc. AP1903 is designed to bring together two proteins and activate them. In the case of BP-GMAX-CD1, administration of AP1903 to patients leads to controlled activation of the ARGENT-regulated protein iCD40. AP1903 was previously shown by ARIAD to be well-tolerated with defined pharmacokinetics in a Phase 1 clinical trial.
"This is an exciting application of ARIAD's dimerizer technology, with the potential for therapeutic benefit linked to precise control of signaling events inside cells," stated Timothy P. Clackson, Ph.D., Senior Vice President and Chief Scientific Officer of ARIAD. "We congratulate Bellicum on this first application of the dimerizer technology in cancer patients."
About Bellicum Pharmaceuticals
Bellicum Pharmaceuticals, Inc. is developing next generation therapeutic vaccines and other immunotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of cancer and chronic infectious diseases. Bellicum's novel approach is to utilize precise knowledge of the signaling pathways that regulate the immune response to target specific factors that can influence the potency and duration of this response. The company's lead product, BP-GMAX-CD1, a genetically modified, pharmacologically regulated autologous vaccine, is in clinical development for patients with advanced,
|SOURCE Bellicum Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Copyright©2009 PR Newswire.
All rights reserved


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Tomorrow I expect to sit with my extended family at my sister's house and consume copious quantities of yummy food. After that, my and her kids will... More.
Measles makes a comeback
December 5, 2014 | 10:35 am
I haven't written about measles in over two years, but unfortunately it's in the news again.
Measles is a very contagious viral illness that causes a high... More.


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Richard Dawkins gets it right. Sarah Wollaston misunderstands.
By ERIC MACDONALD - CHOICE IN DYING
Added: Mon, 20 Aug 2012 13:18:08 UTC
Richard Dawkins has put up a new essay on assisted dying over at richarddawkins.net, in response to the High Court's decision in the case of Tony Nicklinson and someone named simply AM, who is in a similar situation to Tony Nicklinson. He begins it with these words:
I can hardly bear to see poor Tony Nicklinson's face as he hears the news that he is not allowed to die. I am ashamed of my country and its laws.
The question is: how can anyone see Tony Nicklinson's face as he breaks down at the news that his judgement about the value of his continued life will not be respected, and that he must find some other way to end his torment?
The crucial decision of the court is expressed in these words:
78. A court hearing an individual case, concentrating rightly and inevitably on the dire circumstances of the claimant, is not in a position to decide such broader questions, but its decision would create a precedent which would affect many other cases.
79. As to constitutionality, it is one thing for the courts to adapt and develop the principles of the common law incrementally in order to keep up with the requirements of justice in a changing society, but major changes involving matters of controversial social policy are for Parliament.
And then the judgement goes on to quote "ample support for that proposition." Amongst the supports is the judgement by
Lord Reid [who] said in Shaw v DPP [1962] AC 220, 275:
"Where Parliament fears to tread it is not for the courts to rush in." [para 79]
That, however, is a remarkable statement, for the courts are there precisely to protect citizens in the case that Parliament fails to act in respect of issues that concern matters of justice, defence or rights and compassion. Parliament has so far failed to act. There is absolutely no reason within the common law that a precedent could not be set, and the precedent, as I suggested yesterday, could have been protected from uncontrolled ramifications by giving Parliament the time and the opportunity to act in respect of issues raised by the judgement. That is precisely what Madam Justice Lynn Smith did in the Carter decision in British Columbia, thus showing that she was much wiser than the judges of the High Court in London. Justice Smith made a limited judgement that Gloria Taylor had legal permission to receive help to die, and gave Parliament a year to adjust the law to reflect the protection of rights that is now being denied to those who are in Gloria Taylor's situation. What the High Court could have done, and, in my view, should have done, is to have given Tony Nicklinson and AM the relief that they sought, while at the same time putting Parliament on notice that they must bring the law up to date in such a way as adequately to protect the rights of others so situated, whilst at the same time protecting those who might, in the opinion of some, be put at risk by the recognition of such rights to die.
Does this set a record for smug...
Richard Dawkins - RichardDawkins.net Comments
Does this set a record for smug nastiness?
Blasphemy Laws Exposed: The...
- - human rights first Comments
Blasphemy Laws Exposed: The Consequences of Criminalizing "Defamation of Religions"
Pregnant teen dies after abortion ban...
Rafael Romo - CNN Comments
Mississippi church refuses to marry...
AP - CBC News Comments
A Mississippi couple says the church where they planned to get married turned them away because they are black.
Dominican Republic abortion ban stops...
Rafael Romo - CNN Comments
In the Dominican Republic, a ban on abortion is preventing a teenage girl from receiving treatment for a life-threatening disease.
Former Argentinian dictator says he...
Tom Hennigan - IrishTimes.com Comments
ARGENTINA'S FORMER military dictator said he kept the country's Catholic hierarchy informed about his regime's policy of "disappearing" political opponents, and that Catholic leaders offered advice on how to "manage" the policy.
Why there is almost certainly no god
Eric MacDonald - Choice in Dying 30 Comments
Duking it out over The God Delusion
Eric MacDonald - Choice in Dying 30 Comments


text: Elio Martinelli's ingenious lights have gone on to become 20th century design icons. As testaments to his enthused vision and refined approach, they boast timeless simplicity and a tangible appreciation for the wide range of materials he utilised. Martinelli's vintage pieces are sought-after gems for collectors and are constantly inspirational.Read More


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Staff Reporter
Students are allowed to submit applications online this year
Sale of applications from February 9Students can submit them online
HYDERABAD: The Andhra Pradesh State Council of Higher Education (APSCHE) issued the Engineering, Agricultural and Medical Common Entrance Test (EAMCET) - 2007 notification on Thursday.
Students will be allowed to submit applications online this year. Candidates need to purchase the application form from the identified post offices or the e-seva centres paying Rs. 250. Each form will carry a serial number and a unique code number. The application form will also be available on the web and while submitting online they need to enter the serial number and the code number.
APSCHE Secretary M.D. Christopher said candidates need to fix the photograph and sign across it on a detachable slip attached to the application form. This slip has to be scanned and attached to the online application. They can also scan at any Internet centre and send the form. After submitting online, every student would get an acknowledgement and a registered number immediately.
"While submitting online, students can be sure of their applications reaching the Convenor apart from saving the postal expenses," he said.
Last date
The EAMCET would be held on May 4 with the engineering test scheduled from 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. and the medicine stream test from 2.30 p.m. to 5.30 p.m.
Applications would be on sale from February 8 and the last date for submission is March 8. Last date for submission with a late fee of Rs. 600 is March 23. However, the late fee facility is not extended to those submitting online.


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Poway City Council election offers seven candidates
St. Lucas said he put his name on the ballot this year because, while life in Poway is generally good, city officials have been slow to respond to issues raised by citizens, such as the dealership-related complaints.
"I just think (life) could be a little bit better for the everyday people," he said. "We shouldn't have to wait five or 10 years to get our issues resolved."
If elected, St. Lucas said, he would work to solve traffic problems and protect the general plan, which St. Lucas described as a good one. Creating more parks and recreation areas would also be a priority, he said.
All seven candidates signed the city's code of fair campaign practices, which is voluntary. Election winners will take their oaths in December and serve four-year terms.
Contact staff writer Andrea Moss at (760) 739-6654 or firstname.lastname@example.com .


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Property Details
Townhome, 1 Bedrooms, 1 Baths, 4 Sleeps
Only a 3 minute walk to the beach! "Nueva Kima" is a spacious single-
level, 1-bedroom triplex unit located on the beach side of Hwy
98 . . . no roads to cross! We provide you with a handy wagon for
transporting your toddlers to the beach!
Attractively furnished with a light, beach decor. Vaulted ceilings
and ceiling fans throughout. Berber carpet with ceramic tile floors
in kitchen and bath. Relax in the recliner and enjoy cable TV or a
movie from our video/DVD library. The queen-size sofabed has an
innerspring mattress PLUS there is a foam topper, mattress pads, and
a "Bar Blocker(TM)" for your added comfort. All linens are provided.
The large bedroom features a King-Size bed with a "World Class"
Simmons Beautyrest Mattress. Two closets with mirrored doors provide
over 12' of storage space.
For the children : A High Chair and Pack n Play Crib.
A screened and carpeted porch room provides a convenient place for
keeping all of your beach accessories or fishing supplies.
The rear garden area of our unit has an 18 ft x 18 ft ground
level sundeck with picnic table, deck chairs, and a charcoal BBQ
grill. The outdoor shower has HOT & cold water and a privacy
No pets are allowed at this unit.
Smoking in outdoor areas only.
***** NOTE: PLEASE CHECK "CALENDAR" LINK (in blue) AT TOP OF PAGE
Please CALL US for the fastest response to your questions about
rates, availability, and reservations.
About the Owner
0 Reviews
Be the first to review this listing!
Activity and Interests
The BEACH !!
Rental rates
- Weekly Rate: $480 - $600
Get the information you need fast:
PLEASE TELEPHONE Parker Realty (phone numbers at top of listing)
to inquire about rates, availability, and reservations.
Please make sure you specify Unit ID "NUEVA KIMA" with your inquiry.
***** NOTE: PLEASE CHECK "CALENDAR" LINK (in blue) AT TOP OF PAGE
Rates: JAN - MAR $600/month plus utilities
APR 1 - AUG 31 $600/week
SEP 1 - Oct 31 $480/week
* Available monthly only JAN-FEB-MAR for $600/month* plus utilities
***** NOTE: PLEASE CHECK "CALENDAR" LINK (in blue) AT TOP OF PAGE
+ Florida Tax
+ reservation fee
+ $5 for extended phone service to Panama City, Tyndall, & Wewa
$200 refundable Security Deposit
Rental week is Saturday to Saturday
Rentals are a minimum of 7 days unless prior arrangements are approved.
- 12
- Available
- 12
- Unavailable
- 12
- Today
Property Type
- townhome
- Family
- Air Conditioning
- Internet
- children welcome
- non smoking only
- pets not allowed
Location Type
- Beach View
Local Services & Businesses
- ATM/bank
- groceries
- laundromat
- 1 Bathroom
- Bathroom 1
- 1 Bedroom, Sleeps 4
- Bedroom 1
- Outdoor Grill
- Central Heat & Air ELECTRONICS: Free High-Speed Internet Access: DSL modem with Ethernet Cable and a "secured" Wireless Netgear Router (WiFi) 100+ VHS/DVD video library 37" Flat Panel LCD TV with separate VCR/DVD Combo in Living Room 20" Color TV/VCR/DVD in Bedroom Bookshelf Stereo with iPhone charger/player 2 Telephones with Answering Machine LAUNDRY: Full-size Washer & Dryer Iron & Ironing Board KITCHEN: Well equipped with everything you'll need for meal preparation. Electric Range & Dishwasher Full-size Refrigerator with Ice-Maker Small appliances include: Toaster - Microwave - Blender - Mixer - Coffee Maker EXTRAS: Folding Beach Chairs Umbrellas Children's Wagon High Chair Pack N'Play Play-yard (crib) LINENS: Some guests choose to bring their own linens (sheets & towels); however, if you wish to use the linens provided, we ask that you please launder them before you leave. Housekeeping does not provide laundry service and will charge you for that service if not completed before you vacate. We provide the following: 2 Sets of King-Size Sheets with Pillowcases 2 Sets of Queen-Size Sheets with Pillowcases 8 Bath Towels Wash Cloths & Hand Towels You will need to bring your own beach towels.


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Memorial Day is a time to get together with friends and family for food, fun, and memories.
Nothing beats a big bowl of cool, creamy potato salad at your cookout.
Delicious recipes, party ideas, and cooking tips! Get a year of Allrecipes magazine for $7.99!
Watch how to make this sweet, spicy salsa.
Salsa! An inventive way to use seasonal cranberries.
See what fire-roasting the tomatoes does for this simple salsa.


text:
Blowing Whistles, and Other Indoor Sports
Imagine youre a gay male prostitute. And lets say one day you have a break from all of your sexing, and youre flipping channels, and you come across a televangelist preaching the evils of homosexuality with the sin and the Sodom and the Gomorrah and all that. You find out this televangelist is the head of the National Association of Evangelicals, an organization that regularly consults with the White House. The kicker: You recognize this televangelist as one of your regular -- ahem -- clients. Yowza! What do you do? If youre a hooker named Mike Jones, you suck it up (so to speak), and you write a book called I Had to Say Something: The Art of Ted Haggards Fall, all about your three-year relationship with this preacher, detailing the gay sex and drugs and such.
Fans of evangelical hypocrisy can hear excerpts when Books & Books hosts Mr. Joness reading tonight at 8:00. Seriously, much of our modern history has unfolded because of the work of whistleblowers -- whether they be heroes (like Enrons Sharon Watkins) or jerks (for example, Linda Tripp). Say what you want about hookers; Mike Jones has balls. Wait, can we say balls?
Thu., July 5, 8 p.m.
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the gloucester road
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by sara metelerkamp
A painter's view of her locality.
Sara Metelerkamp is an artist using photography as a source of inspiration for painting.
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text:
Dancing on a Dime at KSUPosted Nov, 17, 2009
Dance Faculty Present World Premiers
Kent State University's School of Theatre and Dance will present new choreography by dance faculty members and performed by dance majors and minors on Dec. 4-6. "Dance '09: Dancing on a Dime" will be presented at 8 p.m. on Dec. 4 and 5 and at 2 p.m. on Sunday, Dec. 6 in E. Turner Stump Theatre in Kent State University's Music and Speech Center. Ticket prices range from $8 to $16 and may be reserved with credit cards by calling the Box Office at 330-672-2497 or through www.tix.com.
Modern Dance and Jazz works by Kimberly Karpanty, Erin LaSala, Joan Meggitt, Darwin Prioleau, Judith Peck Richner, Andrea Shearer and Barbara Allegra Verlezza will be featured along with "Temazcal," a musical work by Javier Alvarez that integrates pre-recorded music and live performance on maracas by Bill Sallak, the dance music director.
The theatre is located on the corner of Theatre Drive off Horning Road in Kent. Ample free parking is available and the theatre is fully accessible.
Dances Consider the Economy
Barbara Allegra Verlezza's "News Blues" uses energetic music from the 1930s and 40s to evoke images of newsboys selling their wares on street corners. "Prospect and Refuge: Stray" by Antaeus Dance Company's Artistic Director Joan Meggitt examines the concept of "risk vs. safety" and is set to an original score by Bill Sallak, while Kim Karpanty's "WAKE" explores dream and waking states, and includes appearances by the "monster under the bed."
They will be joined by Erin LaSala's family story from "64-19 Metropolitan Avenue," and Judith Peck Richner's "We Three," a trio for three women set to a traditional carol. Andrea Shearer's "TBD" will invite the audience to provide additional musical accompaniment to that provided by Bill Sallak.
Traditionally used as a catharsis for hurt and anxiety the blues are source material for former Dance Coordinator Darwin Prioleau's "Beggar for the Blues" which features a cast of four talented soloists.
A Joint Effort
Dance '09 is a collaboration between faculty and students in the Dance and Theatre Divisions and involves more than 75 dancers, designers, faculty members, crew members and staff. The concert will be hosted by Chuck Richie, associate professor of theatre, who will provide background information and insights about each piece prior to its performance.
Media Contact: Effie Tsengas, firstname.lastname@example.com, 330-672-8398


text:
Bob Hairstyles: This Season's Hottest Celeb Cut
Bob hairstyles are a big look this season, with short hair being favoured by fashion's finest. Where long bed heads and swept-over curls used to be the style of choice, the low-maintenance and casual benefits of bobs are encouraging more and more stars to try out the trend.
While it's understandable to be wary of a super-short pixie crop, bobs are flattering and versatile - and the possibilities are endless. Go for a layered long bob hairstyle like Rosie Huntington-Whiteley, or, for more of an edgy look, try a textured short bob hairstyle like Emma Stone.
Even when it's cut, the styles aren't limited. You can go sleek and neat a la Rose Byrne and Marion Cotillard (who works a chic bob hairstyle with a fringe), choppy like Sienna Miller's, or even experiment with retro-look victory curls like January Jones.
Our favourite length was the long bob, as seen on the the likes of Alexa Chung and most recently convert Rosie Huntington-Whiteley, but Sienna's new short cut has got us all considering a drastic chop.
Check out all these different short hair ideas and let the immaculately-styled stars show you how fabulous bob hairstyles can be...