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A system and method for authorizing certain aspects of network based transactions between a customer and a merchant is disclosed. The system utilizes an account code for identifying rights to use an account identified by an account number, and a database for storing the account number, account code, and a Signature Phrase. The Signature Phrase is stored when rights to use the account have been positively identified. The customer can complete an e-commerce transaction using the customer's account by providing a Signature Phrase without the Signature Phrase or account code actually residing in the database or being provided to the merchant. The account code, account number, and Signature Phrase may be received through one or more external interfaces with the customer. In some embodiments, the database stores the account number, account code, and the Signature Phrase in a hashed format.
1. A method for authorizing transactions between a customer that is authorized to use an account and an e-commerce merchant, the method comprising:
confirming rights in the account by associating an account code provided by the customer with an account number associated with the account;
establishing a signature phrase for being used in a plurality of transactions;
linking the signature phrase to the account number for use in the transactions;
upon indication from a node associated with the e-commerce merchant that a transaction has initiated, providing an authorization form to a node associated with the customer, the authorization form being from a node associated with an entity separate from the e-commerce merchant;
receiving the signature phrase from the node associated with the customer through a customer response to the authorization form; and
extending rights to the account, normally only associated with the account code, to the signature phrase such that the customer can authorize the transaction made on the account using the signature phrase.
2. The method of
3. The method of
creating a transaction certificate to memorialize a successful authorization.
4. The method of
5. The method of
6. The method of
7. The method of
8. The method of
9. The method of
10. A method for authorizing transactions between a customer and an e-commerce merchant, the method comprising:
receiving, at a credit card authorization system, commerce merchant information and a credit card number of a customer for a first transaction;
determining whether the credit card number corresponds to a credit card account in a credit card database;
creating an authorization form at the credit card authorization system for the first transaction;
displaying the authorization form to the customer via an internet browser;
receiving a first signature phrase from the customer indicating authorization for the first transaction;
verifying that the received signature phrase corresponds to a stored signature phrase in the credit card account;
transferring the internet browser of the user to a node associated with the e-commerce merchant;
receiving, at the credit card authorization system, e-commerce merchant information and a credit card number of the customer for a second transaction;
creating an authorization form at the credit card authorization system for the second transaction; and
receiving a second signature phrase from the customer indicating authorization for the second, transaction, wherein the first signature phrase and the second signature phrase are the same.
This invention relates generally to electronic commerce and, more particularly, to a system and method for authorizing certain aspects of network based transactions.
There are many emerging trends in the communications world, including the increase in network technology and the proliferation of data networks. These trends have advanced the proliferation of e-commerce, i.e., commerce that occurs over an electronic network such as the Internet. E-commerce enables certain customers to purchase goods and services using an account number by contacting a merchant directly over the network. Common e-commerce scenarios include a person at home using a credit card to purchase a product from an on-line store over the Internet, and an employee of a corporation acting as a buyer/authorizer for acquiring resources using a company issued account number.
One difficulty commonly addressed in e-commerce transactions is that, because of potential theft or fraud, customers are reluctant to provide personal and/or confidential information over the network. One common response is to utilize secure network transmissions by using technologies such as Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) or Secure HyperText Transmission Protocol (HTTPS). However, this response is only a partial solution because many customers, although willing to provide some confidential information such as an account number, may still not be willing to provide other confidential information such as a Personal Identification Number (PIN) or other account code. One reason for such reluctance is because the customer would be extremely vulnerable if both the account number and PIN were stolen. As a result, PINs have not heretofore been successfully adopted and used in e-commerce transactions.
PIN and other account code authorization systems are used, however, in many face-to-face transactions, such as at a grocery store. Face-to-face transactions are inherently less susceptible to theft or fraud, making these account code authorization systems less necessary. E-commerce remains more susceptible to theft or fraud than most face-to-face transactions.
The reluctance of the customer to provide a PIN or other type of account code over a network also differentiates e-commerce from other non-face-to-face transactions, such as automated teller machines. With automated teller machines, PINs are typically required, along with a physical credit card, to access a specific account, thereby providing an additional element of security. Automated teller machines, in general, provide customers with sufficient security (actual or perceived) to overcome their reluctance to provide their PIN.
Another difference between e-commerce and face-to-face transactions is that a customer cannot physically "sign" a completed sales event. For example, in face-to-face transactions, a customer is typically given an authorization form such as a paper charge slip, with a final charge amount printed thereon. The customer then physically signs a name on the slip, thereby authorizing the transaction. However, equivalent "signing" procedures for e-commerce transactions are not currently generally available.
For these and other reasons, it is common that account issuers and/or conventional authorization and fraud detection systems will not guarantee payment for e-commerce transactions. As a result, the merchant is often left with the financial loss that occurs when an account number has been fraudulently used in the transaction. Furthermore, some customers are less likely to utilize e-commerce because of a perceived security inadequacy.
What is needed is a system and method that helps to prevent, reduce, and/or eliminate fraudulent acquisition of customer account information used for e-commerce transactions.
Furthermore, what is needed is a system and method that helps to authorize customer account information and prevent fraudulent use of customer account information.
Further still, what is needed is a system and method that allows the merchant to authorize an e-commerce transaction in a relatively simple manner.
Further, what is needed is a system and method that is relatively easy to implement by both the customer and the merchant, and that does not require an excessive amount of keystrokes or actions for any single transaction.
In response to these and other problems, provided is a new and unique system and method for authorizing certain aspects of network based transactions between a customer and a merchant. In one embodiment, the system includes means for identifying rights (such as ownership) to use an account identified by an account number, and a database for storing the account number and a Signature Phrase. The Signature Phrase is stored when rights to use the account have been positively identified. In some embodiments, the means for identifying rights to use the account utilizes an account code. In other embodiments, the means for identifying rights to use the account may access an account issuer or other third party. The account code may be received through an external interface with the customer. In some embodiments, the database stores the account number and the Signature Phrase in a transformed format.
The system also provides a second interface for receiving an account number and Signature Phrase from the customer for comparison with the account number and Signature Phrase stored in the database. In some embodiments, either interface may be through a network and the second interface may include a network-based authorization form. The authorization form may include many custom features, such as a greeting phrase previously provided by the customer to the database and/or a logo identifying the merchant. In some embodiments, the second interface may also receive the account number and the Signature Phrase in a transformed format.
The system also includes a comparator for comparing the account number and Signature Phrase stored in the database with the account number and Signature Phrase received from the customer during the transaction. The comparator may simply be a set of software instructions running on a computer. If the comparison succeeds, the system authorizes the transaction.
The system may also provide a transaction certificate to memorialize a successful authorization. The transaction certificate may be provided to the merchant or elsewhere.
In another embodiment, the system includes a computer engine and a database having a list of linked account numbers and Signature Phrases. The computer engine receives authorization requests from the merchant and processes the requests by verifying rights in the account with the customer-provided Signature Phrase. If verified, the system returns a transaction certificate to the merchant.
The present invention also provides a method for authorizing an e-commerce transaction. The method confirms rights in the account by associating an account code with an account number assigned to the account. If the rights are confirmed, a Signature Phrase is established and linked to the account number. Rights to the account, such as those normally only associated with the account code, can then be extended to the customer, thereby authorizing the transaction made on the account using the Signature Phrase.
An entity other than the customer may also confirm the rights in the account. For example, if the account is shared by members of a family, one member can confirm the rights in the account and then another member can establish and use the Signature Phrase for the transaction. In another example, if the account is shared in a corporation, the corporation may confirm the rights and an employee can use the Signature Phrase for the transaction.
In another embodiment, the method links the account code to the account number to enable the customer to confirm rights to the account. When the rights to the account are confirmed, the customer may create a Signature Phrase linked to the account number. Thereafter, a transaction authorization request for the account can be authorized by linking the Signature Phrase to the account number.
The present invention provides a unique system and method for authorizing certain aspects of network based transactions. It is understood that the following disclosure provides many different embodiments, or examples, for implementing different features. Techniques and requirements that are only specific to certain embodiments should not be imported into other embodiments. Also, specific examples of networks, components, and formats are described below to simplify the present disclosure. These are, of course, merely examples and are not intended to limit the invention from that described in the claims.
A number of items are used herein to describe certain account information.
"Account number" refers to a number that identifies a specific account from an account issuer. One example of an account number is a credit card number issued from a bank or other financial entity. Another example is a corporate charge account number provided by a corporation. Additional examples of account numbers include debit card numbers, organizational card numbers, membership identification numbers, social security numbers, e-mail addresses, and the like.
"Account code" refers to a unique number or phrase that is assigned to a specific account by the account issuer and indicates certain rights, such as ownership, to the account. Often, the account code is used to verify that the user of a specific account number is legitimate. Common examples of account codes include PINs, employee codes, and passphrases.
"Signature Phrase" is a term used in the following disclosure to indicate a new and unique phrase associated with a particular account and that is created either by the user/owner of the account or by the account issuer. The Signature Phrase is not associated with the account, except as provided in the present disclosure. There may be multiple Signature Phrases for a specific account.
"Activation code" is a term used in the following disclosure to designate numbers or phrases that are used to access, activate, or modify a database entry of the present invention that relates to a specific account. An activation code may be an account code or a Signature Phrase.
Exemplary Network
Referring now to
Three nodes 14, 16, and 18 are illustrated as being attached to the network 12. The nodes 14-18 are illustrated as personal computers, but it is understood that each node can actually represent one or more different computing devices, including mainframes, servers, wireless telephones, personal digital assistants, and the like.
Referring to node 14 for example, the node includes a processing unit, a memory, and a network interface, generally represented as computer 14 a The computer 14 a also includes a customer interface, which in the present example includes a monitor 14 b and keyboard 14 c. It is understood that each of the listed components may actually represent several different components. For example, the computer 14 a may actually represent a distributed processing system including different levels of main memory, hard disks, server/client memory, and remote storage locations. Furthermore, it is understood that, in many implementations, the nodes 14, 16, and 18 may be configured differently from each other and/or may have different components.
In continuance with the present example, the node 14 will represent an e-commerce customer who wishes to purchase an item or to otherwise authorize a transaction, and the node 16 will represent an e-commerce merchant willing to sell the item or complete the transaction. The node 18 will represent an authorization system that will facilitate the transaction between the customer 14 and the merchant 16.
In the present embodiment, before the transaction is completed, two preliminary steps may be performed pertaining to the authorization system 18. First, a database 50 of various entries is established. The entries correspond to account numbers and other related information. In one example, account numbers and other related information are furnished by account issuers to the authorization system. In another example, an account number and other related information may be provided by the customer, either before initiating a transaction or during the transaction.
Second, a particular entry in the database 50 must be activated. Once activated, a person or other entity having rights to an account identified by the account number can authorize e-commerce transactions using a Signature Phrase. If the entry is self-activating, as discussed further below, this second step may not be necessary.
Once these steps have been performed, the customer 14 can complete an e-commerce transaction using the customer's account by providing a Signature Phrase without the Signature Phrase or account code actually residing at the authorization system 18 or being provided to the merchant 16. The completion of the transaction may also include a certification process for further authentication. Both the transaction completion and the certification process are individually discussed in greater detail below. It is understood, however, that different embodiments may utilize some steps while not utilizing others. Furthermore, a wide range of modifications, changes and substitutions are intended in the following disclosure.
The Database
Referring also to
In furtherance of the present example, entry E1 includes four records: a header record 52 and three H3 records 54, 66, and 58. These records are filled with various items at different times, and may be expanded or compressed as necessary.
The Header Record
The header record 52 includes an account identifier 60 that identifies a unique account number for a specific account. In the present example, the account identifier 60 includes two items: H1 and H2. The H1 item represents the result of a hash function on a particular account number for the customer 14 (FIG. 1), as represented by the following formula:
The H2 item represents the hash of the account number combined with a bit string, denoted P1, as represented by the following formula:
The header record 52 also includes a SIGPHRASE item that stores the Signature Phrase to be used with, or instead of, the account code previously assigned to the account. For example, since a customer may be reluctant to use a bank-issued PIN in e-commerce transactions, the customer can establish the Signature Phrase to act in lieu of the PIN. As a result, the Signature Phrase works identically to the PIN in e-commerce transactions, but does not work in other transactions such as automated teller machines. The Signature Phrase may be a relatively long alphanumeric string, the extended length of which increases overall security. This item is preferably hashed for security reasons.
Each entry in the database 50 may also include one or more additional items. Certain items may be associated with the header record 52 while other items may be associated with one or more H3 records 54-58. The number and arrangement of items in any particular record is flexible to specific applications and/or preferences. These additional items are collectively illustrated as an OTHER item in the database 50, and may include one, more, or all of the items listed in Table 1, below.
It is understood that all of the items in Table 1 are merely illustrative. Many different items can be used instead of, or in addition to, any of the items herein discussed. Several of these items are provided when the entry is created, either by the issuer or by a specific customer (certain entries can accommodate multiple customers, each with a unique Signature Phrase). Other items may be modified, accessed, or removed at various times, such as is discussed in the "Account Activation and Modification" section, below.
The ISSID item identifies the account issuer. The issuer may be a particular bank or other financial entity, a corporation that has provided purchasing accounts to its employees to allow the employee to incur indebtedness on its behalf, or other similar entity. In the corporation example, the issuer may designate the corporation itself or a specific department in the corporation. In some embodiments, the customer cannot alter this item.
The LOGO item provides a logo that can represent various entities, programs, or the like that are associated with the account number. For example, the LOGO item may identify a particular airline whose logo appears on a credit card associated with the account number. Alternatively, or in addition, the LOGO item may represent a card member status, such as a "gold" or "platinum" member. Further still, the LOGO item may include a Graphics Interchange Format (GIF) sub-item that can be used for visual enhancement. In some embodiments, the customer cannot alter this item.
The NOTE item allows the account issuer to provide specific notifications for authorizations by this account. For example, a corporation may provide purchasing accounts to various employees, yet still desire to exercise a certain amount of control over the account. This NOTE item may indicate, for example, that a notification of all transaction authorizations by this account should be sent to the corporate accounting department. The NOTE item may also be customer-specific, such as allowing the president of the corporation to conduct transactions without notifying the accounting department. Further still, the NOTE item may include an e-mail address sub-item to which notifications may be sent. In some embodiments, the customer cannot alter this item.
The POLICY# item is a reference number to a parameter sheet associated with the particular entry. The parameter sheet may have general formatting and rules that can be applied to the authentication and transaction processes. For example, a corporation can assign a specific class identifier to the customer/employee 14. Employees in class "A" may have one specific group of restrictions, and employees in class "B" may have a different group of restrictions. In some embodiments, this item cannot be later altered by the customer/employee.
The EMAILID item is an e-mail address for communication to the customer 14 or other desired recipients. The e-mail address may be used, for example, when it appears someone other than the customer is attempting to use the customer's account number in a transaction. The authorization system 18 can send an e-mail to the designated recipients informing them of each account usage or only that the account is apparently being improperly used. Another example use of the e-mail address is if a customer with specific restrictions attempts a transaction that contradicts those restrictions, the authorization system 18 can send an e-mail notifying the account issuer of the transaction. In some embodiments, the customer cannot alter this item.
The EMAILOP item is a set of rules to specify when e-mail notification is to occur. For example, certain customers may request notification upon every transaction, every transaction that fails authorization, or every transaction over a certain dollar amount. In some embodiments, the customer cannot alter this item.
The EDITID item is a master-control item that allows the issuer to make changes to the entry. This item may act as an issuer-version password code that allows the issuer to make edits to the entry. For example, a corporation may cancel an account of an employee who is leaving the company. This item is preferably hashed for security reasons. In some embodiments, the customer cannot alter this item.
The GP item is a greeting phrase that is selected by the customer in the activation process and can be used during transaction authorization. For example, the greeting phrase may be "Hello Ms. Smith", or may preferably be a more personalized quote, such as "How about those Dallas Cowboys!" The greeting not only personalizes the transaction, but also serves as a subtle identifier for the authorization system 18. That is, the customer 14 can distinguish the authorization system 18 from other systems that do not have the greeting phrase, as will be discussed in greater detail in the Transaction section below.
The 2ndPH and 3rdPH items are additional, specialized Signature Phrases. These additional Signature Phrases can identify certain transaction restrictions. An example is if the customer establishes a separate Signature Phrase for a child. The child may use the account according to the restrictions. These items are preferably hashed for security reasons. In some embodiments, the customer cannot alter this item.
The 2ndPH$ and 3rdPH$ items are lists of restrictions for a particular customer who uses an additional specialized Signature Phrase 2ndPH and 3rdPH, respectively. One example of a restriction is a money limit per transaction. In some embodiments, the customer cannot alter this item.
The CSTAT item may include generic account status descriptions, such as "live," "dead," or "suspended." In some embodiments, the customer cannot alter this item.
The FSIG item is used for a corporate issuer to mandate a particular Signature Phrase to be used for the account. That is, the corporate issuer does not want the customer/employee to change the Signature Phrase. In some embodiments, the customer cannot alter this item.
The H3 Record
Each of the H3 records 54, 56, and 58 includes a representation of an account code for the account identifier 60 in question. In the case of credit card issuers, the account code may be a PIN. In the case of corporate account issuers, the account code may be an employee code. As will be discussed in greater detail below, the account code can be used as an activation code for initial account activation and accessing the account thereafter.
In the present example, the account code is represented by an item H3, which represents the hash of item H1 combined with the account code, as represented by the following formula:
Each of the H3 records 64, 56, and 58 may be formatted in different ways, and may have different data stored therein. The actual number of H3 records is also flexible. For example, there may be no H3 records at all, or there may be many different H3 records. Data management routines can be used to maintain the number of H3 records to an appropriate amount. In the present embodiment, if there are no H3 records, then some item must eventually be provided to verify a specific customer's use or access to the entry. For example, a corporation may utilize the FSIG item to mandate a particular Signature Phrase to be used for the account entry. In this example, there is no H3 record, only a Signature Phrase and other header record items.
Each H3 record may also include a DATE item and a STATUS item. The DATE item represents the time when the record was entered in the database 50. In some embodiments, this item is automatically updated.
The STATUS item identifies a current status of the respective record. In some embodiments, this item can be altered by the customer or the account issuer. For the sake of example, Table 2 below illustrates possible STATUS values.
Database Population
The database 50 can be populated with entries in various ways. One way is for the database to receive data from one or more account issuers (e.g., banks or corporations). The data may be delivered electronically or may be manually entered, such as through one or more data storage or transmission mediums. The minimum amount of information required to initially populate the database is the account number.
The account issuer, generally, delivers the account number (or hashes H1 and H2) and the account code (or hash H3) to authorization system 18. If the actual account number and/or account code(s) are delivered (preferably by secure means), the authorization system can, in one embodiment, format the data appropriately and perform the hash functions and store the hash values for H1, H2, and H3 in the database. If hash values H1, H2, and H3 are provided by the account issuer, they are stored in the database. Once hash values H1, H2, H3 have been generated and stored, the actual account number and/or account code(s) can be erased. Alternatively, the database could store the actual account number and account code, which would become items H1, H2, and H3 in the database. While this latter embodiment is less secure, it may be easier for the issuer, merchant or customer to implement.
In another embodiment, as discussed in the next section, the customer manually provides the account number, account code, and the Signature Phrase to the database 50 at the time the customer creates/activates the account.
Account Activation and Modification
Once the database 50 has been established, but before the authorization system 18 can be used to complete an actual transaction (discussed in greater detail below), the specific entries of the database involved in the transaction should be activated.
There are various methods for activating the entries in the database 50. For one, the entries may be self-activated. That is, once the data for the entry is provided to the authorization system 18, transactions may use the entries accordingly. For example, a corporation may provide an employee with an account number and a Signature Phrase that is already activated (FSIG, Table 1).
The activation and modification process may be performed by the customer 14 separately from any transaction, or may be initiated during a specific transaction. These and other methods are discussed in greater detail with reference to
Referring to
The site 80 may be accessed, for example, by the customer 14 entering a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) on the customer's computer 14 a. The URL may be provided to the customer 14 in various manners. For example, the issuer of the account may mail the URL to the customer along with the account code. Alternatively, the URL can be provided by the merchant 16, can be linked from the account issuer's own web site, or other possible methods. Upon accessing the site, a screen 81 will appear on the monitor 14 b of the customer's computer 14 a
In the present example, the screen 81 includes a logo 82. The logo may be specific to the authorization system 18, or may instead be specific to the issuer of the account number being activated. Although optional, the logo 82 can provide a certain degree of comfort to the customer 14 that the site is authentic, thereby encouraging the customer to complete an activation and modification process.
The screen 81 also includes instructions 84 and inputs 86 and 88 to receive the customer's account number and activation code (account code (e.g., PIN) or Signature Phrase). Although the illustrated instructions 84 are quite simple, they may be more elaborate to provide more information about the activation and modification process.
In some embodiments, the site 80 includes one or more scripts 90 running in the background of the customer's computer 14 a. The scripts 90 are illustrated in phantom because, although they reside on the customer's computer 14 a, they may not be visible on the monitor 14 b. For example, the scripts 90 may include the hash function (as used equations 1, 2, and 3, above) and other necessary instructions. Once the account number and account code or Signature Phrase have been entered into the inputs 86, 88, the customer may then select the "Access or Activate Account" option 92 to initiate an activation and modification process.
Referring now to
Execution of the activation and modification process is initiated at step 102 by the customer 14 accessing the authorization system 18. In the present example, the customer 14 accesses the authorization system 18 by entering the account number and an activation code for inputs 86, 88 and selecting the Access or Activate Account option 92, as discussed above with reference to FIG. 3.
At step 104, a hash is created for the account number. In the preferred embodiment, the hash is created at authorization system 18. In another embodiment, the hash is created at the customer computer 14 a. At step 106, the H1, H2 values are compared to H1, H2 items in the database 50 (
If the hash values H1, H2 are in the database 50, a specific entry is identified and the authorization system 18 may now erase the actual account number (if any was provided). By erasing the actual account number as soon as possible, the possibility of theft is reduced. Execution then proceeds to step 110, where the authorization system 18 hashes the entered activation code (account code or Signature Phrase) and compares the hash value to the signature phrases (e.g., SIGPHRASE, 2ndPH, 3rdPH) in the account. Should this compare fail, the hash value is compared to the latest H3 record for the account. If at step 111 either compare succeeds, the account may be made available for viewing or update purposes.
Execution then proceeds to step 114 where the authorization system 18 determines if the customer 14 may enter, access, or change items in the account entry. If the customer 14 is allowed to access or change specific items in the entry, execution proceeds to step 116 where the customer may change the specific items (such as in Tables 1 and 2, above) accordingly. An example of one change is activating the account entry if not already activated. The customer 14 may be prompted to provide a Signature Phrase, which is stored in the SIGPHRASE item in the header record 52, if one has not yet been provided. In another embodiment, the account issuer (such as a corporation) may have already provided a forced Signature Phrase (e.g., using the FSIG item in Table 1). Other items may also be accessed, updated, or changed, as allowed by any previous restrictions to the account entry.
As discussed below under "Transaction," the Signature Phrase will act as an authorizing code in the e-commerce transaction. The extended length of the Signature Phrase increases overall security. In the preferred embodiment, a hash of the Signature Phrase is stored in database 50. In the present example, the account number and the Signature Phrase are now activated for transactions.
If the activation code provided by the customer 14 is not found in the specified entry at step 111, then execution proceeds to an error handling routine at step 118. In one implementation, the error handling routine 118 initiates an additional attempt at authorization by using external systems, such as an automated teller machine network. The appropriate entity (e.g., the customer 14) may also be informed of the current situation, be it by error (e.g., the customer typed in the wrong activation code) or other condition. Alternatively, the error handling routine 118 may simply provide a message to the customer 14 to help the customer provide a proper activation code and return execution to step 110. In one implementation, the customer 14 is allowed only two attempts at providing a proper activation code. If two successive attempts fail, the account entry will be locked from further activity for an extended period of time. This effectively eliminates "brute-force" attacks on the activation code.
If an account issuer has not previously populated the database with the account number, then at step 108 the hash values H1, H2 would not be in the database 50. Then, execution would proceed to step 120, where the account number and account code (if necessary) are submitted by authorization system 18 for a separate (and normally external) authorization process. For example, the separate authorization process can be a standard authorization technique of account numbers and account codes, such as is used by automated teller machines for PIN verification. Other separate authorization processes may not require an account code. At step 122, in this example, a determination is made as to whether the separate authorization process indicates a valid account number and account code (if necessary). The customer 14 may be further prompted to update additional needed items for verification, such as a credit card expiration date. If the separate authorization process did indicate a valid account number and account code (if necessary), execution proceeds to step 124 where a new database entry including H1, H2, and H3 (if applicable) is created. Execution then proceeds to steps 114 and 116 described above. At step 116, the customer is prompted to provide a Signature Phrase, which is stored under SIGPHRASE in the header record 52.
Alternatively, the authorization and modification process 100 can provide the account number to a third party (e.g. the account issuer) at step 120, who may authorize the activation of the account. If the account is authorized at step 122, then at step 124 the third party may provide a Signature Phrase for use by the customer 14. The Signature Phrase may be a forced signature, such as is indicated by the FSIG item in the header record of the newly created account entry.
If at step 122 the separate authorization process or third party did not indicate a valid account number and activation code or did not otherwise authorize the account, execution proceeds to the error handling routine 118.
In some embodiments, activation may be an automatic update that occurs immediately upon a match between the activation code and the H3 record or previously stored Signature Phrase (step 111) or upon successful authorization (step 122). For example, once the customer enters the proper account number and account code, the STATUS value for the H3 record of the identified account code, if available, is now set equal to 1 (Table 2). Additionally, the CSTAT value may be set to an active status.
Not only does the activation and modification process 100 allow the customer 14 to activate a pre-existing entry in the database 50, it also allows the customer to access, enter, or change certain items in the entry. In some embodiments, an account entry that is not activated is only accessed with an account code. Once the account is activated, the account entry may be accessed with an account code or a previously created Signature Phrase. The Signature Phrase works similarly to the account code, with any restrictions and permissions that are dictated by the items in the identified account entry.
Referring again to steps 110-114, in some embodiments, a specific account entry may have several Signature Phrases, and permission to enter, access, or change certain items may be different for each subordinate Signature Phrase of the account. For example, a family of customers may have a single account number with different Signature Phrases for different members of the family. Depending on the Signature Phrase provided to access the account entry, certain items may or may not be accessible for review, change, update, and/or deletion. Furthermore, in one embodiment, if the account code, rather than the Signature Phrase, is used to access the account, the customer will not be permitted to view previously established database information, but will be permitted only to create new information. This would prevent an unauthorized person that has obtained a customer's account number and account code from viewing all of the customer's previously established account information.
The Transaction
Just as there are many different types of customers 14, networks 12, and merchants 16, there are also many different transaction scenarios. Referring to
At step 152, the customer 14 selects various items at one or more merchant 16 Internet sites by accessing the merchants over the network 12. At step 154, the customer 14 goes to checkout at the merchant site and fills in the necessary information and at step 155, then customer 14 initiates authorization. At step 156, the merchant 16 prepares and forwards specific information to an authorization process. In one implementation, the specific information is forwarded as "BUY" button 212 (
Referring also to
In the present example, the BUY button 212 is specifically associated with the authorization system 18. The BUY button 212 includes several functional items provided by the merchant, such as one or more of the items listed in Table 4, below.
The CC# item may simply be the actual account number (not preferred for security reasons), or may instead be a representation of the CC# such as with the hashes H1, H2 (equations 1 and 2, above).
The CUSTID item may be used by the authorization system 18 to communicate directly with the customer 14. For example, if the account number is not in the database 50, the authorization system 18 may send an e-mail to the customer 14 encouraging the customer to create and activate an entry for the account number.
The MSIG item represents the digital signature of the merchant and might not be used in every embodiment. Some or all of the Table 4 items in the BUY button 212 are assembled and hashed for use in creating the MSIG item. The digital signing process is described in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/340,853, filed Jun. 28, 1999, and the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference as if reproduced in their entirety. The resulting MSIG item authenticates the information and enables the authorization system 18 to confirm that the information has not been tampered with. Furthermore, certain items collected in Table 4 may be encrypted using public key encryption using the public key of authorization system 18. The public key encryption process is also described in the above-referenced and presently incorporated patent application. The information is then electronically sent to the authorization system 18. On the other end, the authorization system 18 performs applicable signature verification and decryption processes, as described in the above-referenced and presently incorporated patent application.
Referring now to
At step 252, the authorization process receives the information sent from the BUY button 212. The authorization process may check the received MID item (Table 4) to verify the merchant 16 may use the authorization system 18 and, further, may check the validity of the MSIG digital signature against appropriate data provided within the BUY button. In one embodiment, the BUY button 212 has the already hashed account number values H1 and H2, so the authorization process receives the account information as H1, H2. In another embodiment, the BUY button 212 has only the account number. In this embodiment, the authorization process 250 hashes the received account number. In another, less secure, implementation, the account number stored in the database 50 is not hashed. Such a determination is made responsive to the format of the items in the database 50.
At step 254, a determination is made as to whether there is an entry in the database 50 that corresponds with the received account number or hash values. If the account number or hash values are not in the database 50, execution proceeds to step 255 and a RETURN code is returned to the merchant 16. Table 6, below, lists several potential RETURN codes.
If at step 254 there is a corresponding entry, execution proceeds to step 256 where a authorization form is created for display on the customer's computer monitor 14 b. The authorization form is created using data from the BUY button 212 and the corresponding account in database 50. At step 258, the authorization form and any necessary scripts (or other instructions) are provided to the customer's computer 14 a.
Referring now to
The authorization form 300 also includes the custom greeting 306 derived from the GP item. The custom greeting 306 provides a level of comfort and familiarity to the customer 14, and also provides some assurance that the customer is indeed communicating with the authorization system 18. Since valuable information is being considered, some entities (e.g., merchants or thieves) may try to duplicate ("spoof") the appearance of the authorization system 18 as seen by the customer 14 in performing a transaction, to thereby improperly retrieve the customer's Signature Phrase. By having the custom greeting 306, it will be difficult for the entity to duplicate the exact look of the authorization form 300. The absence of the custom greeting 306 will notify the customer 14 that something is amiss.
There are additional ways to help prevent spoofing of the authorization form 300. For one, the authorization form can be provided by the authorization system 18 in GIF format, thereby making it difficult to modify its appearance. Additionally, the authorization form 300 may include instructions (e.g., text or graphical) to direct the attention of the customer 14 to check the current URL of the browser on the computer 14 a. The URL should be from the authorization system 18, and not some other entity (e.g., the merchant 16), thereby further notifying the customer 14 when something is amiss.
The authorization form 300 also includes the merchant's name 308 and total amount 310 derived from the merchant provided data MID and AMT, respectively. Furthermore, the authorization form 300 includes a date/time stamp 312 and a contract clause 314, thereby giving the authorization form the look and appearance of a conventional, paper charge slip. However, instead of executing a physical signature such as on a paper charge slip, the customer 14 executes the authorization form 300 by entering a Signature Phrase in the input 316. Since the Signature Phrase is a very confidential and personal item, it is very much like a physical signature. In another implementation, customer 14 executes the authorization form 300 by entering a PIN or other account code.
In one embodiment, the authorization form 300 can include a script 320 or other calculation module. The script 320 includes the hash function to convert the Signature Phrase or account code provided by the customer 14 into a hash value. Since the script 320 is part of the authorization form 300, it resides on the customer's computer 14 a. As a result, the Signature Phrase or account code itself is never transmitted over the network 12, thereby reducing the likelihood of theft. In other embodiments, the actual Signature Phrase or account code may be securely transmitted over the network 12.
At step 260, the authorization process receives the Signature Phrase or account code, or hash thereof, as discussed above. In the case of an account code hash, the BUY button would have to include the actual account number in order to compute a correct hash to compare to an H3 record in the database 50. This would not be the case if the database 50 stored the actual account code. At step 262, the received data is compared with the appropriate entry of the database 50. According to the comparison, a RETURN code (such as from Table 5, above) is returned to the merchant 16.
Referring again to
Examples of further action may be dependent on the level of information provided to the merchant, such as may be indicated by the particular RETURN code. In the example of Table 5, RETURN codes 1, 2, and 4-11 indicate unsuccessful authorization.
If the RETURN code is 1, 2, or 7, the merchant 16 may wish to operate according to conventional fraud-detection techniques. For example, the merchant 16 can review internal lists of bad accounts or use external service providers to make a decision whether to complete and fulfill the transaction accordingly.
If the RETURN code is 5, the merchant 16 and/or the authorization system 18 can treat the transaction as fraudulent. The attempted transaction can be forwarded to the appropriate entities, such as the police or the account issuer, and/or the recipient(s) identified in the EMAILID (Table 1) can be informed.
If the RETURN code is 6, the customer can be informed of the restriction and a new transaction can be initiated. Furthermore, proper notification to a specific entity, such as to the recipient identified in the EMAILID, can be given.
If the RETURN code is 8-11, software or other correction may be required. In the interim, the merchant 16 may wish to operate according to conventional authorization and fraud-detection techniques.
Transaction Certificate
In some embodiments, the authorization system 18 may provide a transaction certificate to the merchant 16, the account issuer, and/or the customer 14. One goal of the certificate is to provide a self-validating record that authenticates and memorializes a specific execution of the authorization form 300 by the customer 14 for the transaction. Table 6 provides one embodiment of a certificate.
Several of the items in the certificate of Table 6 are discussed elsewhere in the present disclosure. The RETURN code and DATE/TIME value are generated by the authorization process 250. For the utmost accuracy, an atomic clock can be used to provide the DATE/TIME value. The values H1, H2, MID, AMT, and REF may be provided by the merchant 16 to the authorization system 18. The APPCODE may be a traditional approval code, such as provided by conventional credit card authorization or fraud detection systems, and may require external systems to participate in order to obtain this code.
The authorization system 18 hashes certain information included in Table 4 to generate the H4 value. In one embodiment, the H4 value is the hash of the TD item from Table 4. Including the H4 value in the transaction certificate uniquely associates the transaction certificate to the particular transaction description.
The SEQ value is a unique value given by the authorization system 18 for a specific certificate. For the sake of example, every certificate issued by the authorization system 18 may be numbered sequentially, e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4,. . . .
The ROOT value represents a root certificate of the authorization system 18. In one embodiment, the ROOT value includes a public encryption key for the authorization system 18, digitally signed by four separate private keys, whose corresponding public keys are known.
The SIGNATURE value is a digital signature provided by the authorization system 18. The authorization system 18 produces its digital signature by using a private key that corresponds to the ROOT public encryption key (discussed above) to digitally sign the transaction certificate. The process of digitally signing is described in greater detail in the presently incorporated U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/340,853. Some or all of the items in the certificate are assembled and hashed for use in the digital signature. The digital signature thereby authenticates the transaction certificate and enables the merchant site system to confirm that the information included in the transaction certificate originated at the site and has not been tampered with during transmission. Furthermore, the combination of the SIGNATURE and ROOT values makes the transaction certificate self-validating.
When the merchant 16 receives the transaction certificate, the merchant can perform a verification process to check the validity of the digital signature from the authorization system 18. Once the validity is confirmed, the merchant 16 can automatically process the transaction using conventional credit card authorization processing techniques, if applicable. If all tests pass, a record can be formatted and stored per the merchant's specifications.
The authorization system enables customers to affirmatively assert "right-of-use" for a particular account or credit card by using, in one embodiment, a Signature Phrase that is linked to the account by an affirmative activation process that uses the account issuer's specified account code for initial authentication. This, in turn, enables the merchant to complete and fulfill a transaction with a high degree of confidence that the authorizing customer is the account owner, or is at least authorized to use the account on the behalf of the owner. By establishing a Signature Phrase to authorize transactions, customers and merchants alike are more likely to use e-commerce. In some embodiments, the Signature Phrase never leaves the customer's computer, and is therefore not subject to compromise. In some embodiments where the Signature Phrase is provided to the authentication system, the Signature Phrase can be modified through a transformation function and then erased.
Alternatives such as additional Signature Phrases with restriction and notification requirements provide unique flexibility while maintaining a very secure transaction.
The authentication system does not require any unique customer side software for it to operate.
The authentication system provides a charge slip approach to e-commerce. The transaction certificate adds further integrity to the affirmative transaction authorization.
In case of a dispute between the customer and the merchant, the transaction certificate can affirmatively confirm what was authorized.
Since the transaction certificate is complete and self-validating, only the transaction certificate needs to be stored at the authorization system.
It is understood that modifications, changes and substitutions are intended in the foregoing disclosure and in some instances some features of the disclosure will be employed without corresponding use of other features. Furthermore, additional features may be employed without changing the operation of the present invention. For example, the authorization system may periodically check an account code and account number with a separate, commonly external authorization process. Accordingly, it is appropriate that the appended claims be construed broadly and in a manner consistent with the scope of the disclosure.
Patent Citations
Non-Patent Citations
Referenced by
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text:
As a new school year begins, so does a new state technology support system for students, teachers, and parents. The $26 million Home Base system is one of two major technology initiatives taking place in 2013-2014.
As a new school year begins, so does a new state technology support system for students, teachers, and parents. The $26 million Home Base system is one of two major technology initiatives taking place in 2013-2014.
Burke County Public Schools Chief Information Officer Melanie Honeycutt has rejoined the staff of the Morganton, N.C., district to help prepare students for the rapidly changing technological world.
October 27-30, 2013
Orlando, Fla.
October 15-17, 2013
Philadelphia, Pa.
October 2013
September 11, 2013
The city of Chicago is creating ChicagoYouthOpportunities.org, a web portal that will give parents and older students links to the websites of major city agencies and nonprofit organizations that run after-school programs. The link is expected to be live this fall.
Technology is not a silver bullet. While it may seem that there is an app for just about everything, the classroom teacher remains the most significant influence on student achievement.
A $2.2 million project is underway to create solar energy at the St. Clair County Regional Education Service Agency campus in Marysville, Mich. The 2,000 solar panels will produce about 500 kilowatts of energy, which is enough to power about 70 homes.
There doesn't need to be a fight between teaching and technology in the classroom. The right combination of the two can deliver personalized learning to improve kids' understanding and enable success.
The 2010 movie Waiting for Superman highlighted a growing problem in our education system: that students are finding it more challenging to get a quality education based on the current paradigm. While the film raised controversial issues, a thought came to me: Is technology the education sector's Superman?
September 17-18, 2013
San Jose, Calif.
The online diagnostic for reading and math will help New York state school districts and boards of cooperative educational services define student growth for teacher and principal evaluations.
The vast majority of districts in six Central New York counties will start school this week with fewer students than they had a decade ago.
This expansion supports Forsyth County Schools' nationally recognized Bring Your Own Technology (BYOT) program, which encourages students to bring their personal technology tools to school for learning.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
It's time for our annual People Issue!
Santa Fean
celebrates more than 25 locals we love―from
best-selling author Hampton Sides
and nationally acclaimed
poet Arthur Sze
to Oscar-nominated
actress Marsha Mason
cabaret legend David Geist
. Also in this issue, we spotlight
the city's top hair salons
; hit
the best biking trails
; head to
Carlsbad Caverns National Park
; and showcase
Santa Fe's world-class art, shopping, dining, and cultural offerings
in a special supplement,
Canyon Road Magazine


text:
Not a Great Night for Life Ethics
I'm a bit surprised tonight that traditional marriage had so much more success tonight than life ethics.
The latest: Washington State passed its assisted suicide measure by a 57 percent majority.
No response yet from the anti-suicide side, but they knew it was likely to go this way.


text:
Secret Warehouse for The Sims 2Home / Nintendo DS /
This page contains The Sims 2 Hints for Nintendo DS called "Secret Warehouse" and has been posted or updated on Jul 14, 2008 by DNightfall. Let us know what you think of this Hint by thumbs voting.
- Developer: Griptonite Games
- Publisher: Electronic Arts
- Genre: Simulation Virtual
- Release: Oct 24, 2005
- ESRB: Everyone 10+
Secret Warehouse
Feeling a bit silly? If you just bought the Secret Warehouse and don't know where it is, you would. It's by the Government Lab Door. You walk up to the crates and they swing off the ground to reveal a hole. When you get there, you should have a piece of food to give to Bigfoot. It doesn't matter if you don't, as he's harmless, but he does ask for food. There is a plastic fortune telling machine called Zoltron. The paper is the same kind as the one you first received upon entering the hotel. The first message you are likely to receive is a small poem:
Zoltron the wise, plastic sage
Read fortunes for minimum wage,
He foretold rainy days,
Showered people with praise
But could barely afford the rent for his cage.
Stuck on this game? Set a specific, clearly defined question and let others answer your question or view answers to previously asked questions. If you think you are an The Sims 2 expert then please try to help others with their questions.
From: Nikki
Posted on: 01-27-2014
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Posted on: 06-30-2013
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Posted on: 01-28-2013
From: Katie
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Posted on: 06-23-2012
Posted on: 12-05-2011
The Sims 2 - Intro
- May 14, 2014, Views: 214
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text:
In Washington, Millennial Lawmakers Are Reaching Across The Aisle
Thursday, May 08, 2014
Nine of the 147 members of the state legislature in Washington are under 34 years old — putting them in the "millennial" generation.
These millennials are bucking some of the recent polling about their generation — that they don't like traditional politics, or identify as either Republican or Democrat (according to the Pew Research Center), or that they don't trust the government (per a recent Harvard study).
These young lawmakers are trying to encourage other millennials to get involved. And they're also finding some generational common ground across party lines.
From the Here & Now Contributors Network, Austin Jenkins of the Northwest News Network reports.
- Austin Jenkins, Olympia correspondent for the Northwest News Network. He tweets @AustinJenkinsN3.
Source: NPR
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text:
Beta Testing
It's free to register, to post a question or to start / join a discussion
« previous 1 2 3 next »
Likes # 0
Posted January 12, 2009 at 11:45AM
Forum Editor
The subscription runs out after 9 days.
I cannot find any problems with 360, so what happens if I want to continue using it after 9 days.
Likes # 0
Posted January 12, 2009 at 10:24PM
I must admit I do notice no lag or any sort of performance issues with the software, but I have a reasonaly high spec system and wonder what those with a slower system notice.
It seems to work in the background with no problems at all but I do actually wonder if it is actually working properly.
The reason I say this is I am still unsure if Norton is scanning my emails, it says it is set to scan my emails but since theres no record on the bottom of the email such as you get with AVG free I am left wondering if it is actually doing it. I use Outlook 2002 if that makes any difference. I did used to use Outlook Express but since I use Outlook at my new job all the time I feel it is simpler for me to use Outlook at home as well. Maybe it is checking emails, maybe it isn't but it does concern me as I see no real way that I can test it other than except that the Norton program says it is setup to check emails.
I also hated the program adding the toolbar without permission. I have left it and it seems fine but I do not like any software, regardless of what is is doing things like this.
I've tried a few of the extras such as tune up and noticed no difference whatsoever but I keep my system quite well tuned up anyway so this is not unexpected.
The only thing I have not tried yet is the backup.
I do wish I had an older lower spec PC lying about that I could try it on because as far as I am concerned that would be a fairer testbed for me to use.
At the moment I would would describe myself as pleasantly surprised by the software as its inobtrusive and just works away, or appears to.
Likes # 0
Posted January 12, 2009 at 9:27PM
The performance overhead is negligible on my system. Most of the time I don't really notice it's there. However the same could be said for AVG Free I was using prior to this. Also I was only using the Windows firewall.
I'm not keen on the interface although it would be a matter of time before I'm used to it.
The one problem that wouldn't have affected me until recently though is the small fonts. At the moment I'm using a 22" screen with the Windows fonts set to extra large and have set large fonts in my browser and email. Unfortunately this isn't reflected in the Norton interface but my trusty magnifying glass is helping me out.
Likes # 0
Posted January 12, 2009 at 8:55PM
WEll Norton & Symantec are VERY well established institutions & have been for some time, There is a lot of competition out there, i belive Symantec have impressed a good few of us here & although we knew there could be some Blips i think the overall test went very well,
Since i belive Tomorrow is the last day of the test id just like to thank FE & Pca For letting me take part in all this, Its given me a much better oppinion on this product, TY Guys
Likes # 0
Posted January 12, 2009 at 7:16PM
i was using norton 360v2 prior to the beta.
1]problems fixed with the beta are a fast install v2 took ages to install.
2] liveupdate on the beta works perfect, v2 was buggy.
3] i prefer the toolbar layout in ie7.
4] v3 has my vote.
Likes # 0
Posted January 12, 2009 at 6:48PM
those of you who have participated in the beta test forum (and by that I mean those who have actually provided feedback here, in the test forum) will each receive a one year licence for the finished product when it becomes available.
Likes # 0
Posted January 12, 2009 at 6:14PM
Have extended to Feb 4th.
Previous Security has been Norton Internet Security up to 2009. Would change quite happily to 360 at a competitive price. I like the "bells and whistles" and can not generate any problems.
Likes # 0
Posted January 12, 2009 at 5:53PM
To extend your subscription from 14 days to 30 days,
On the Main Screen, click My Account
Click Renew Subscription
Check RENEW NOW and click NEXT
click button to renew
Post #2 click here
Likes # 0
Posted January 12, 2009 at 4:51PM
I've got Kaspersky 2009 and McAfee 2008, both internet suite versions on other computers.
Norton is faster at scanning than either, uses less cpu than either, and from that point of view, it must be the better.
However, interface-wise, it lags behind in my opinion. Firstly, just on "looks" (which probably shouldn't matter, but do), Norton looks washed-out and old. Secondly on available information, I much prefer McAfee's main window, list of options on the left (Home, Update, Scan.... Firewall), with each of those giving a main window of options on the right. Much easier to find settings and...
That leads on to the fact that I find Norton quite difficult to navigate straight to the option I might want, some being four or so clicks away... so there are probably some settings I should have changed/learned about that I have yet to find.
Overall, I think the mechanics of the program are probably great, but the interface is lacking in star quality.
Likes # 0
Posted January 12, 2009 at 4:28PM
I'm thinking particularly in terms of usability and performance overhead: how do you think Norton 360 v3 compares to other brands of internet security software, or even previous Symantec products you've used?
Incidentally, I've got a call in about the nine days thing - you'll know as soon as I do.
Matt Egan
Managing Editor
Likes # 0
Posted January 12, 2009 at 4:26PM
All those of us on the beta test will get the full version, with a years updates, free for participating.
« previous 1 2 3 next »
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text:
The RPG Consortium Free Form Roleplaying Forums Archives
RPer Talk Lounge
> newbie
I'm quite new to roleplay, so if anyone has any tips which would clue me in a bit, that'd be great. :D
By the way, who likes my avatar? I made it myself.
It's hard to see though, it's not zoomed in.
[Edited by amazon_angel on Saturday, November 19, 2005 3:06 AM]
Hello Amazon_Angel.
Yes I like your avatar. If I right click on it and view image, I can see it in it's full glory. :)
The best tip I can give you is to suggest that you do the thing I did when I first joined, which was to read a few of the existing RP's which should give you a feel for how things are done here. There are also usually Newbie Adventure RP's, in which you can join without having to worry about being yelled at for doing things wrong. Kalia and the Roleplaying Sages should be there to help you out if necessary.
If you encounter any problems, or want any more specific tips, don't be afraid to ask as most people here are really friendly and helpful.
See you around...
I'm quite new to roleplay, so if anyone has any tips which would clue me in a bit, that'd be great. :D
Yeah, here's a tip. Don't butt into other peoples threads without permission. You are new so I will try and be nice about this.
If you look at the top right of some of the threads next to where it says what page you on, i.e. 1 of 1, there will be a little box with a drop down for going to an OOC page. Before posting in [i][b]any[/b][/i] thread, check to see if there is an OOC section. If so, you need to read what is there. You may have to get a character sheet approved, or it may be for only a certain level of rp'er, as well as (most likely) giving more information about the thread and the story.
In our case with Beyond the Forest's Edge, I'll quote something from the OOC:
This is a two-person RP for Wolfie and me. We might open it to other characters once we get some momentum going - but for right now, just the two of us will be RPing here.
At the very least you should ask before joining any rp that is already in progress.
I failed to mention something. It's nothing personal, but don't be surprised if your post is deleted after Shall and I talk. It's not an attack on you or any relation to what we think your posting ability is. It was simply a the wrong place to start.
[Edited by lonewolfe619 on Saturday, November 19, 2005 7:54 AM]
The RPG Consortium - http://www.rpgconsortium.com


text:
Sinn Fein president Gerry Adams has offered to meet dissident republicans in an effort to win their support for the peace process.
The offer follows the decision of two of the party's MLAs to quit the party in protest at its imminent moves to endorse the PSNI.
Several leading IRA men are also believed to have left the organisation in recent months because of the policing issue.
Mr Adams has now said that he wants to meet dissident republicans in an effort to convince them that Sinn Fein's policies are the best way to achieve republican objectives.
He says groups like the Real IRA, the Continuity IRA and the INLA have no strategy for delivering Irish unity, no electoral support and their actions are counter-productive.


text:
The American Legion's Twitter account [2] has reached 10,000 followers - a milestone that makes it one of the most-followed veteran and military Twitter feeds on the social networking site.
Subscribe to the Legion's Twitter at http://twitter.com/AmericanLegion [2] and stay updated on veterans issues, Legion news, important legislative updates and all things relevant to the military community. Questions about the organization and its various programs can also be directed to the Legion Twitter account by mentioning '@AmericanLegion' in a tweet.
Additionally, you can follow the Legion's Heroes to Hometowns Twitter account at http://twitter.com/Heroes2Hometown [3]. The Legion also maintains a wide presence on Facebook with its Online Update page [4] and National Headquarters page [5].
[1] http://www.legion.org/print/207266
[2] http://twitter.com/AmericanLegion
[3] http://twitter.com/Heroes2Hometown
[4] https://www.facebook.com/the.american.legion
[5] https://www.facebook.com/americanlegionhq


text:
Bone Crusher ft. Fabo & 2Dola - Transform
Artist: Bone Crusher
Featuring: Fabo
Producer: Mr. Collipark
Album: Planet Crusher
Avg Rating: 2.8 ( 21 votes )
ATL's Bone Crusher is bringing back high-energy party music (for which he's semi-famous) as the once extremely-overweight rapper plans his comeback to the major leagues. On his newest single, Crusher takes the opportunity to Transform into a flashier version of himself to show off at the club. Furthering the overall transformation is a guest spot from D4L's Fabo, who brings in his less annoying alter ego, 2Dola, to deliver a verse as well. Fresh off working with flashy teen sensations, Mr. ColliPark chops up an organ-heavy beat that sounds a bit more like Lil' Jon than his own previous works. Can star power help Transform Bone Crusher back into the charting success he once was?
Written by Burmy on Dec 17, 2007
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Originally written on Diehardsport | Last updated 11/19/14
Michigan State Center Derrick Nix is a big boy to say the least. In an attempt to save a ball from going out of bounds, the 6'9″ 270 pound center lost his balance throwing it back to Keith Appling and landed on a Spartan cheerleader. The crowd's reaction says it all, as they all let out an "Ohhh," as the poor girl was crushed underneath him. #12 Michigan State went on to beat #18 Minnesota, 61-50, in Big Ten action on Wednesday night. No word on whether or not the girl was injured and all Derrick Nix had to say about the game was:R.I.P ta da competition.— Derrick Nix (@DerrickNix25) February 7, 2013[Big Ten Network]
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Robert De Niro casts spotlight on works of his artist father at Sundance
Published on Jan 20, 2014 6:32 AM
PARK CITY, Utah (REUTERS) - Robert De Niro may best be known as an Oscar-winning actor, but in a new documentary he takes on the role of a devoted son as he spotlights his own artist father, Robert Sr., for his influential but not well-known works in the New York City abstract expressionist art movement.
De Niro, 70, who won Oscars for his lead role in Raging Bull and his supporting turn in The Godfather: Part II, attended the Sundance Film Festival in Park City, Utah on Sunday to premiere Remembering The Artist Robert De Niro, Sr., a HBO documentary about his father, who emerged alongside contemporaries including Jackson Pollock and Willem de Kooning.
Robert Sr. grew up in a conservative Italian-American family in New York and married fellow artist Virginia Admiral, with whom he had one child, De Niro. The marriage did not last very long and the couple made an amicable split.
Abstract expressionism came about in post-World War II and was the first notable American artistic movement to define a stylistic era. While Robert Sr.'s works emerged during that time period, his style was not described as abstract expressionist but instead as figurist, often depicting still life "in simple set-ups with no pretension", as described in the half-hour documentary.
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I have:
findall((Place, Cost), costOfLiving(Place, Cost), ResultList),
delete_over(ResultList, Answer_Max).
costOfLiving is in my database and is formed by each place and cost for example:
costOfLiving(germany, 500).
costOfLiving(france, 500).
and so on. So that
ResultList is like
[(germany, 500), (france, 500), ...]
I would like to delete all of the elements of the database which
costOfLiving is over the number
Answer_Max, but my delete_over is not working properly. It is like this:
delete_over([], _).
delete_over([F|T], Max) :-
F =.. [Place, Cost], % it fails here because the F is not a list, but two atoms I think
((id_state(Place), (Cost > Max)) -> deleteState(Place) ; true),
% id_state and id_region checks that the place is defined in the database
% deleteState and deleteRegion calls a specific retractall for the database
((id_region(Place), (Cost > Max)) -> deleteRegion(Place) ; true),
How could I solve it to get what I want? (also in case something else is wrong)
EDITED WITH MY SOLUTION (and with help)
mymake(Answer_Max) :- % I don't need the ResultList, but if needed just add as second parameter
findall( (Place, Cost), ( costOfLiving(Place, Cost), Cost > Answer_Max ), ResultList ),
maketolist([(P,_)|T]) :- % all the elements are for deleting as their Cost is higher than the Max given
(id_state(P) -> deleteState(P) ; true), % deleteState makes a retractall according to my needs on my database
(id_region(P) -> deleteRegion(P); true), % the same for deleteRegion with regions


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It is now clear that the federal E-Rate program is going to be reformed, and it is expected the modernized program will be more focused on installing broadband Internet in schools. In addition, a reformed program could cease payments for outdated technology -- such as pagers -- and increase available funding and improve transparency in pricing, experts speculate.
View Full Article in:T.H.E. Journal magazine (exclusive preview for SmartBrief subscribers)
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Lion King Cast Gives Impromptu Performance [VIDEO]
The cast of The Lion King, while on a flight to Sydney gives a live performance for a group of passengers.
The cast of The Lion King, while on a flight to Sydney gives a live performance for a group of passengers.
Here's the latest video to go viral. Watch this little guy's reaction when he finds out he's getting another sister.
Everyone's favorite bear family will come to life for two big show on Saturday April 12th at The Walter Edge Theater at Atlantic Cape Community College in Mays Landing.
The folks at Disney must be smiling this morning after finding out 'Frozen' has now become the highest grossing animated movie of all time.
In addition to Sam Smith surprising everyone with his US debut performance, 'Saturday Night Live' opened with a hilarious skit featuring President Obama (played by Jay Pharoah) trying to figure out new ways to get people to sign up at Healthcare.gov. With the help of a White House social media expert, he finds himself taking photos with parody versions of Justin Bieber, Harry Styles of One Direction, Kim Kardashian and posing wearing Pharrell's now famous Grammys hat.
Watch this video of a Dad having a intense debate with his adorable little baby girl.
This looks like something that would happen on the set of a movie.
Here's a pretty funny video of a magician pulling a fast one on these adorable dogs by making their treats vanish.
I'm sure everyone reading this has grown up with the Berenstain Bears, and now you can spread their fun and learning lessons with your family, LIVE!!
Taylor Swift spent part of her weekend bringing joy to sick children at Sloan Kettering in NYC.
I can't believe "Wheel of Fortune" has been on the air for over 30 years. Check out this video of a contestant shocking viewers and Pat Sajack by solving a puzzle with just two letters showing..
Here's the first look at Snoopy and Charlie Brown in ''A Peanuts Movie".


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Ethics of eating: Is it possible to eat with a clear conscience?
Is it possible to eat with a clear conscience?
While humanity has traditionally struggled to put any sort of food on the table, most westerners now live in a world today where our food choices are almost limitless. But as our food options multiply, so do the methods of killing, raising, transporting, preparing, and engineering food for our consumption. What we choose to eat may help perpetuate cruel or unjust treatments of animals, utilize natural and social resources that have a profound impact on the well-being of others around the world, and negatively impact the environment in myriad ways.
Is it possible to eat with a clear conscience?
- Reading of suggested materials below
- General understanding of the major issues in question:
- The general number of animals killed annually for food consumption.
- How these animals are typically treated by various types of food producers
- The central issues of the debate on moral protections for animals
- The cost of food that claims to be more ethical
- The general impact of various eating choices on our health system
- The meanings of popular ethcial eating labels used today (e.g. locavore, vegan, etc.)
The resources below are intended to give the reader an introduction to the problem that presents them with some of the major issues of the debate without going into much detail about any specific issue.
General Information:
- Tackling the ethics of eating by Mary MacVean, Los Angeles Times (Apr. 22, 2009)
- The Omnivore's Delusion: Against the Agri-intellectuals by Blake Hurst, The American:Journal of the American Enterprise Instituete (July 30, 2009)
Impact on the Environment:
- The Impact of Industrialized Animal Agriculture on the Environment by The Humane Society of the United States
- Carbon 101 by Jocelyn C. Zuckerman, Gourmet Magazine (Sep. 17, 2009)
- Swallowing Eco-Hype by Christina Gillham, Newsweek (Sep. 23, 2009)
Impact on Animals:
- The Welfare of Animals in the Meat, Egg, and Dairy Industries by The Humane Society of the United States
- Farm Animal Statistics: Slaughter Total by The Humane Society of the United States
- The Case for Animal Rights by Tom Regan
- Factory Farms Research by The Humane Society of the United States
- Bill Moyers interviews Michael Pollan, author of The Omnivore's Dillema Bill Moyer's Journal, Nov. 28, 2008 (Video)
- Top 3 Reasons Not to Eat Fish by PETA (Video)
- KFC Does Chicken Wrong by Al Sharpton for PETA (Video)
Do: Ask students to think about and discuss the following questions:
- Are most people faced with ethical questions about what to eat, or are these questions that concern only the well-enough for whom food choices have little financial impact?
- The western world considers it immoral to kill or eat some animals (e.g. dogs and cats), but not others (e.g. cows and chickens). What is the underlying justification of such a view of our relationship to other animals? Is this a morally meaningless prejudice towards the cute and fuzzy, or do we have good reasons to draw this sort of line between the species?
- What makes a living being worthy of some moral protections?
- Are there moral limits to how we can treat the animals we raise to be killed for food?
- What should one's primary concern when determining how to eat ethically?
- What are some of the environmental implications of our eating choices? How do weigh these against the effects these choices have on animals and other people?
* For additional ideas on assignments and lesson plan you might develop with this material, visit our Suggestions for incorporating lessons ethics into your course page.


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Another round of actors in trouble with the tax man
What do Mary Ann, the Big Lebowski, Arnie Becker, and Cal Hockley have in common? The actors who played them are in tax-related trouble.
May 25 2010
Average Joe or star athlete: The housing slump played no favorites
Rick Mahorn, former Detroit Piston and member of the 1989 NBA championship team, has hit hard times. In the last year Mahorn, 51, and his wife lost their home in Rochester Hills, Michigan, and filed Chapter 7 bankruptcy.
May 18 2010
Child stars learn that growing up can be taxing
It's been a bad year for at least three child stars, even if they are still active in the entertainment industry. It seems fame might not be all it's cracked up to be.
Apr 28 2010
What comes first, tax woes or competing on Dancing with the Stars?
Pamela Anderson shares something in common with a few of her fellow celebrity contestants on Dancing with the Stars. At least three others also have made headlines for being in hot water with the tax authorities.
Apr 19 2010
From country to rhythm and blues to rap: tax trouble has no favorite genre
Grammy winning country singer Dwight Yoakam might have new material for a sad, sad song now that the Internal Revenue Service has filed a lien against him for nearly half a million dollars.
Apr 5 2010
IRS knocks out two boxing legends
Thomas "Hitman" Hearns, who earned more than $40 million in his legendary boxing career, may find himself homeless soon, proving that it's not just ordinary folks who are dealing with the threat of foreclosure.
Mar 31 2010
The prince of DC coffee gets a jolt from the king of sales tax
In Washington, D.C., Nick Cho is a local celebrity – at least among the coffee-loving crowd. He was the owner of a popular Capitol Hill hangout called Murky Coffee. Unfortunately for Cho, he's been gaining fame for a less stimulating reason.
Mar 4 2010
Snoop Dogg, Spears: Potpourri of celebrities and their dealings with the tax man
Rapper Snoop Dogg, nee Calvin Broadus, is in trouble with the Internal Revenue Service again. On January 19, the IRS filed a lien with the Los Angeles County Recorder of Deeds against Snoop Dogg and his wife, Shante.
Mar 1 2010
Hair stylist to the stars gains fame he never wanted
He's not a national celebrity himself, but celebrities like Maya Angelou, Mary Tyler Moore, and Britain's former princess Sarah Fergusson depend on him for their beauty. Now, Teddie Kossof is getting some media attention he'd like to avoid.
Feb 18 2010
How Arnold Schwarzenegger cleared an $80,000 tax lien for twenty bucks
Ten months ago the IRS slapped a lien on California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger for nearly $80,000. Now after paying only $20.50, the debt is cleared. How did that happen?
Feb 11 2010
Brooke Shields, Nicolas Cage, Diego Armando Maradona, back in the news with tax problems
Some celebrities end up in the news whenever they make a new movie or sign a great deal. Others would probably prefer to stay out of the news as their personal lives are strewn across the headlines.
Jan 21 2010
Arnold Schwarzenegger in tax trouble?
An IRS lien – which was filed with the Los Angeles County Recorder's office – says Arnold Schwarzenegger owes $29,047 for tax year 2004 and another $40,016 for 2005.
Dec 1 2009
The taxman comes rapping for rappers Method Man, Nas, and DMX
Clifford Smith, better known as the rapper Method Man or simply Meth, is battling the New York State Department of Taxation over back taxes of $52,503.
Nov 12 2009
Nicolas Cage sues business manager for tax woes
The trouble seems to never end for Nicolas Cage. Now the IRS is after him for $6.26 million in taxes owed on his 2007 income.
Nov 12 2009
Joe Francis free: Was he a victim of accountants gone wild?
In spite of a future that looked pretty dismal, "Girls Gone Wild" producer Joe Francis will not serve another day of jail time for tax evasion.
Nov 11 2009
IRS clerical error... or Senatorial scofflaw? Kerry campaign has tax woes
When Senator John Kerry (D-MA) ran for president in 2004, naturally he had a significant staff helping him. The IRS has taken the position that in the process of hiring and employing these people... the Kerry campaign overlooked one minor detail: They failed to pay payroll taxes on campaign staff. That's why earlier this year in the District of Columbia, the tax agency filed a lien against the campaign in the amount of $819,848. The lien is standard procedure when a tax liability goes unpaid, and is intended as a claim on property to make sure the IRS can collect the debt.
Jun 7 2009
Another celebrity in the IRS spotlight: Robin Givens
More and more, it seems, celebrities are making themselves at home in the arena of tax troubles. The latest entertainer to spar with the IRS over unpaid taxes is Robin Givens, former wife of heavyweight boxing champion Mike Tyson. The 44-year-old actress is being sued by the U.S. Government for what it says is $292,000 in unpaid federal taxes, interest, and penalties dating back to 1996.
May 28 2009
Some California celebrities are in the public eye for owing taxes
California has more than its share of tax cheats, and since so many TV and movie actors call southern California home, a few of them made the rolls of scofflaws this year, and last year, and the year before... some of them have been haunting the tax cheat rolls for a decade. Given the sorry state of California's economy, it would be hard to blame Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger for rattling the saber a little bit at his fellow entertainers who owe back taxes.
May 7 2009
Third promoter of Wesley Snipes's tax strategy faces prison
Jerry R. Williamson, who allegedly promoted tax avoidance strategies to the actor Wesley Snipes and thousands of other customers of the Florida-based American Rights Litigators/Guiding Light of God Ministries (ARL), pleaded guilty to mail fraud in Federal court in Washington DC on Friday April 24 in connection with the schemes. Williamson, who was indicted last year along with Snipes's tax adviser Eddie Ray Kahn and three other associates, faces up to 20 years in prison. Williamson admitted that he that he sent a fictitious "Bill of Exchange" purporting to be drawn upon the U.S.
May 1 2009
Alexis Stewart, Martha's daughter, suing CPA over tax return
Alexis Stewart, the daughter of world-famous Martha Stewart, is suing her accountant over a tax return that she said contained mistakes costing her hundreds of thousands of dollars.A radio and TV host, Stewart, 43, filed a lawsuit earlier this month contending that CPA Michael Mirras, who she hired to do her 2002 tax return, miscalculated the amount she owed the IRS, according to the Washington Post.
Apr 22 2009
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80's and 90's Pop, R&B, Disco and Soft Rock. No Repeats for over 3 Days!! Live Broadcast That's Commercial Free. No Static At All - Steely Dan
Hi, this is Leo B. program director here at Skylyne Radio. Delivering music from Duluth, Minnesota.
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In a shocking revelation, it has come to the light that the crematorium guard Namdev Rokade who raped a BCS college student on Sunday night in Wadgaonsheri, had nine other cases registered against him. But the security agency that hired him did not follow the standard procedure of police verification.
A day after his arrest,Yerawada police checked if Rokade had any previous cases against him and it was found that there were 9 other body offence cases against him since 2009.
Vikas Deshmukh commissioner Pune Municipal Corporation said, "We had decided to suspend Rokade after the media reports but then we found that he was hired by a private security agency Spider Security contracted by the Pune Municipal Corporation. The agency should have conducted proper verification of its guards as it is mandatory. We have asked the agency why it was not done."
The agency in question has 246 guards at its disposal and now stands to lose all the contracts it was awarded by the PMC.
Police Sub-inspector D P Chavan who is investigating the case said, "Spider Security was expected to conduct police verification before deploying its men at public places. We will filing another case against the agency since it is a serious lapse."
The nine cases registered against Rokade since 2009 till 2011 include five non-cognizable offences for assault, and an Arms Act case among others.


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1991 Ford Mustang ConvertibleOwning a classic ford mustang is something that stays withYou the feel of the motor the handling the sound it is... More
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Are you searching for an old friend named Cynthia Castle or trying to verify the address of Cynthia Castle in Philadelphia, PA? Trust PeopleFinders.com to provide you with the most current information, including age and phone numbers. According to our initial results, Cynthia Castle was born in [YOB] and is 51 years old. Find the most recent addresses for Cynthia Castle in Philadelphia, PA.
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This review is from: SNT SNT-SAC3051B 5x3.5" Hard drive in 3x5.25" Bay Hot Swap SAS/SATA Backplane RAID Cage
Pros: Does the job and looks good. Fan doesn't seem all that noisy and keeps the drives sufficiently cool even during heavy IO. Flexible power options, between 3 Molex and 2 SATA power connectors.
Cons: Extremely poor documentation, almost nonexistent support. Locks are pretty flimsy and it seems that a drive could still be popped out with enough force even when locked. One bay on mine is faulty, still waiting for response from manufacturer.
Other Thoughts: To the reviewer complaining about one drive having a different idle LED than other drives, I emailed support and received this response:
Our engineer replied:
1)This is because the new HDD you bought has different access definition. This kind of LED is for both link and access. When the power is on, the signal of this HDD is on. This kind of LED definition makes the LED color looks different. This kind of HDD is few.
2)If you want to have the HDD with all the same LED signal colors, we can only suggest he buy the same brand/model to avoid this kind of difference.
This makes sense, as I'm using 3 ST31000340AS drives and 2 ST31000340NS drives. My idle LED on the AS drives is green, and is amber for the NS drives.
This review is from: Antec Twelve Hundred Black Steel ATX Full Tower Computer Case
Pros: Lots of expansion, high airflow, fans are quiet on low to medium speeds
Cons: Overall case depth is not enough. I found that cabling was very difficult as the motherboard ends right at the back of the 5.25" bays, making for some very tight connections. My previous case, a Lian-Li, was about 2" deeper and this made a world of difference in providing ample room for SATA and power cables.READ FULL REVIEW
This review is from: SNT SNT-SAC3051B 5x3.5" Hard drive in 3x5.25" Bay Hot Swap SAS/SATA Backplane RAID Cage
Pros: Good construction, fan works well with reasonable noise. Latch lock is a nice touch to prevent accidental dislodging of drives.
Cons: Extremely poor documentation. Still trying to determine what an amber LED means for one of my drives. All other drives have a green LED when idle. The drive is in perfect working order with no SMART predictive failure.READ FULL REVIEW
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Date Joined: 10/31/01
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