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Multinomial logit model of occupational choice: a latent variable approach.
Economists and other social scientists have had a long-standing interest in studying the different aspects of an individual's occupational choice. An important issue in this regard is an econometric analysis of the determinants of occupational choice. A rather well-known example of such a work is Schmidt and Strauss (1975) which uses a maximum likelihood procedure to estimate a multinomial logit model (MNL) where occupational choice is determined by an individual's education, experience, race and sex. Regarding the above genre of models (as, in fact, in the parallel and closely related literature on earnings functions), one is often interested in ascertaining the unbiased marginal effect of education on the dependent variable. Not only these estimates allow tests of the human capital theory against alternative hypotheses, they also have important public policy implications particularly for the developing countries which are typically contemplating expansion of their educational sectors. However, these estimates may become biased in the event that a relevant regressor is left out of the specification. Particularly difficult problems arise when such an excluded variable is a latent (or unobserved) one.
Using the Schmidt-Strauss multinomial logit model of occupational choice as its starting point, the present paper:
(a) Motivates inclusion of a latent variable as one of the relevant regressors.
(b) Shows how the omission of such a latent variable may bias the maximum likelihood estimates of the coefficients of included variables. Further, the conditions under which the direction of such a bias can be ascertained are noted and finally, this paper.
(c) Describes a methodology that would provide unbiased coefficient estimates given that certain conditions are met. The proposed procedure requires data on siblings.
In the last ten to fifteen years, a problem similar to the one described above has been considered in the context of the human capital type of (log-linear) earnings functions. One aspect of this literature dealt with the question of how the OLS coefficient estimates of the various included variables would become biased if a relevant latent variable were omitted. See Taubman (1977), Griliches (1979); Behrman et al. (1980) and Shabbir (1987). However, compared to the treatment of the omitted variable problem for the (log-) linear regression model, the issue has not been analysed much for the class of descrete probability models. (1) However, Lee (1980) is one of the few studies dealing with the question of the omitted variable bias in MNL models. (2) Though Lee's results are not explicitly derived for the case of the omitted variable being a latent one, the present paper is able to extend his analysis to this case as well.
Rest of the paper is organised such that Section I outlines the essential features of the Schmidt-Strauss type of MNL model of occupational choice while Section 2 briefly presents the maximum likelihood estimation procedure for this model. Section 3 considers the implications of omitting a relevant latent or unobserved variable in the specification for the above model and Section 4 presents a procedure to handle this problem. This procedure requires data on siblings. Finally, Section 5 contains some concluding remarks and comments.
Consider a model of occupational choice where individuals choose one amongst the L > 1 alternatives facing them. Their behaviour can be represented in terms of a ordered polychotomous response variable y = 0, 1, 2,.... L which has (L + 1) mutually exclusive and exhaustive categories where the occupational alternative 0 has the lowest rank and L has the highest one. Let X be a (jx1) vector of an individual's characteristics (such as schooling, job experience, family background, etc.) which affect the occupational choice and let [[alpha].sub.i] be a (lxj) vector of coefficients attached to X. Then, a Multinomial Logit Model (MNL) of occupational choice can be specified as follows:
P(y = i | X) = exp([[alpha].sub.i]X)/1 + [L.summation over (k=1)] exp ([[alpha].sub.k]X) ... ... (1.1)
P(y = 0 | X) = 1/1 + [L.summation over (k=1)] exp ([[alpha].sub.k]X) ... ... (1.2)
where i = 1, 2, ..., L
In the above context, we would further require that the probabilities add up to unity i. e.
{P(y = 0 | X)+ [L.summation over (i-1)] P(y = i | X)} = 1.
The MNL model given by (1.1) and (1.2) can be equivalently written in the so-called "odds" form as follows:
ln P(y = i | X)/P(y = 0 | X) = [[alpha].sub.i]X = 1, ..., L ... ... (2)
where occupational category 0 is being used as the 'numeraire' category and ln represents natural logarithm.
The estimation of the parameters of the Multinomial Logit Model (2) [with selection probabilities given by (1.1) and 0.2)] can be carried out by using maximum likelihood procedures. (3) Such estimates will be consistent and efficient asymptotically provided that MNL model is correctly specified. (4) These estimates can then be used to calculate the appropriate selection probabilities.
The maximum likelihood estimates of the [alpha] coefficients from (2) may be biased if relevant variables have been left out of the specification. Such omitted variables can be measured or unmeasured, i.e. latent. In this paper, however, we focus on the latent variable case.
Reconsider the MNL model described in (2) with the simplifying assumption that X consists only of a scalar, x. Then the ith equation from (2) is given as below:
In P(y = i | x)/P(y = 0 | x) = [[alpha].sub.i0] + [[alpha].sub.i1] x = i = 1, 2, ..., L ... ... (3)
Now consider the possibility of (3) being misspecified because it excludes a variable z which represents family background that may be defined as 'everything that siblings born and raised in a given family share together'. The variable z is often treated as a latent variable since direct measures of it are not readily available. Incidentally, other studies of the determinants of earnings and other measures of the socioeconomic achievement of individuals have shown latent variables similar to our z to be important influences on the regressand [for instance, see Taubman (1977) and Behrman and Wolfe (1984)]. In any event, exclusion of z would entail that (3) would represent a misspecified model while the true MNL model would be given as follows:
ln [P.sup.*](y = i | x,z)/[P.sup.*](y = 0 | x,z) = [[alpha].sub.i0] + [[alpha].sub.i1] x + [[beta].sub.i]z ... ... (4)
where i = 1, 2, ..., L
or in an equivalent form:
[P.sup.*] (y = i | x,z) = [exp([[alpha].sub.i0] + [alpha].sub.i1] x + [[beta].sub.i]z)/1 + [L.summation over (i=1)] exp ([[alpha].sub.i0] + [[alpha].sub.i1] x + [[beta].sub.i]z)] ... (4.1)
[P.sup.*](y = 0 | x,z) = 1/1 + [L.summation over (i=1)] exp ([[alpha].sub.i0] + [[alpha].sub.i1] x + [[beta].sub.i]z) ... (4.2)
where [P.sup.*] represent the correctly specified logistic probability function. Also, note that since z is latent, we can define its (arbitrary) units such that its coefficient is unity. We also assume that z is continuous.
If the misspecified MNL model (3) is estimated rather than the true model (4), than [[??].sub.i] the maximum likelihood estimates of [[??].sub.i] may be biased; (i=1, ..., L). In particular, we will concentrate on [[alpha].sub.i1] i.e. the estimated 'slope' coefficient. In order to investigate the bias question more closely let us consider the following definitions:
(i) Definition: "Unconditional independence of z and x."
If E(zx) = 0, z and x are called unconditionally independent. Unconditional independence implies [r.sub.1] = 0 where [r.sub.1] is the coefficient estimate of x in the (auxiliary) regression of z on x, i.e., z = [r.sub.0] + [r.sub.1] x.
(ii) Definition: "Conditional independence of z and x."
If E(zx | y) = 0, z and x are called conditionally independent. Conditional independence implies [[delta].sub.1] = 0, where [delta].sub.1] in the coefficient estimate of x in the auxiliary regression of z and y, i.e., z = [[delta].sub.0] + [[delta].sub.1] x + [[delta].sub.2] y.
Proposition 1: Sufficient Condition for Unbiasedness
Conditional independence of z and x as defined in (ii) above, is sufficient condition for [[??].sub.i1] to be unbiased.
Proposition 2: Necessary and Sufficient Condition for Unbiasedness
When the omitted relevant variable, z, conditional on y and x is normally distributed, the sufficient condition, i.e., conditional independence of z and x is also a necessary one for [[??].sub.i1] to be unbiased
Proposition 3: Direction of the Bias m [[??].sub.i1]
The asymptotic bias in [[??].sub.i1] is given by:
Plim([[??].sub.i1] - [[alpha].sub.i1]) = [[delta].sub.1] [[beta].sub.i]
where [[beta].sub.i] is the coefficient (in the ith equation) of the omitted (latent) variable z and [[delta].sub.1] is the association of z and x, conditional on y (see definition (ii) above).
The direction of the bias in [[??].sub.i1] can be determined if we make the assumption that conditional on y and x, z is normally distributed. Then, if the latent explanatory variable z is omitted from the true MNL model as given in (4), the maximum likelihood estimates, [[alpha].sub.i1], of the included explanatory variable x will be:
(a) Unbiased if and only if either [[beta].sub.i] = 0 or conditional on y, z is independent of x;
(b) Biased upward if either [[beta].sub.i] > 0 and [[delta].sub.1] > 0 or [[delta].sub.1] < 0 and [[beta].sub.i] < 0; and
(c) Biased downward if either [[beta].sub.i], > 0 and [[delta].sub.1] < 0 or [[beta].sub.i] < 0 and [[delta].sub.i] > 0.
As noted above, the maximum likelihood estimates, [[??].sub.i1], will be biased if the (misspecified) MNL Model (3) is estimated. (5) This bias arises since a relevant variable, z, is omitted from the specification and conditional on y and z, it is associated with x. However, it is still possible to get unbiased [[??].sub.i1] if we estimate the following 'within-family deviation' version of the misspecified model given in (3):
ln ([P.sup.w.sub.i]/[P.sup.w.sub.m]) = [[alpha].sub.i0,m] + [[alpha].sub.i1,m] [DELTA]x i, m - 0, 1, ..., L ... i > m ... (5)
where the superscript w refers to 'within-family' (as against the individual level variables described earlier) and the subscript m refers to the values of the relevant variables for the 'numeraire' or 'reference' sibling defined here as the one whose occupation has the lowest rank amongst his/her siblings or 'within' that particular family. Then, for each individual, [DELTA]x = (x - [x.sub.m]) represents the deviation of his/her x value from the corresponding value, [x.sub.m], where the latter is the value of x for the 'numeraire' sibling. Note that whereas the 'numeraire' occupational category was fixed (and set at 0) for the individual level version of the MNL Model (3), in the above 'deviation-form' version (5), the numeraire category, [P.sub.m], could vary across families.
(a) Comments on the 'Deviation' Form vs. Individual Level
The following two comments are pertinent to the above discussion of the two estimation methods i.e. Deviation Form and Individual Level.
Estimation Method
Comment 1: The most significant point about the MNL Model (5) is that the maximum likelihood estimates of [[alpha].sub.i1] (i.e., [[??].sub.i1m]) would now be (asymptotically) unbiased since z is assumed to be identical across all siblings in a given family which implies [[DELTA]z = (z - [z.sub.m]) = 0. Thus, there would be no omitted variable in (5) and hence no omitted variable bias to contaminate [[??].sub.i1].
The above point can be further elaborated by considering the following three models together which have, in fact, been already introduced separately:
ln ([P.sup.*.sub.i]/[P.sup.*.sub.0]) = [[alpha].sub.i0,0] + [[alpha].sub.i1,0] + [[alpha].sub.i2,0] z i = 1, ..., L ... (6)
ln ([P.sub.i]/[P.sub.0]) = [[alpha].sub.i0,0] + [[alpha].sub.i1,0] x i = 1, ..., L ... (7)
ln ([P.sup.w.sub.i]/[P.sub.m.sup.w]) = [[alpha].sub.i0,m] + [[alpha].sub.i1,m] [DELTA]x i, m = 0, 1, ..., L i > m ... (8)
Note that (6) is nothing but the correctly specified MNL model already introduced as (4) while (7) is the (misspecified) model based on individual level data and was introduced as (2) and finally, (8) is the deviation form model, we just finished introducing as (5). Regarding, the subscript notation for the parameters in (6)-(8) note that for [[alpha].sub.is,t,] i = occupational category chosen, s = sequence number of the regressand in the ith equation and t = the 'numeraire' occupational category used in the ith equation.
Further, note the following about the models (6)-(8).
[P.sup.*.sub.i] = True probability of an individual choosing the occupational category i since it is estimated from the true Model (6).
[P.sub.i] = (Incorrect) probability of an individual choosing the occupational category i as estimated from the Model (7) above.
[P.sup.w.sub.i] = Probability of an individual choosing the occupational category i when 'deviation-form' version of (8) is estimated. Note that under the assumption [DELTA]z = 0, [P.sup.w.sub.i] = [P.sup.*.sub.i].
Let us now compare individual level estimates from (7) to the 'deviation-form' equation set (8) when m = 0 and i = 1, ..., L. These latter estimates [MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] would be unbiased and comparing them to the corresponding ones obtained from the individual level estimates using (7) would give us a (point) estimate of the extent of the bias due to the omission of z.
Thus, given our assumptions about z and its relationship to y and x, the methodology of 'within-family deviation form' maximum likelihood estimation of MNL model of occupational choice gives us asymptotically unbiased estimates of [[alpha].sub.i1] where i = 1, ..., L.
Comment 2: Existing Related Literature: The above methodology of employing 'within-family deviations' to flush out the latent omitted variable has also been used. in some of the earlier studies. However, mostly such studies dealt with models where the regressand, y, was a continuous variable such as (log) earnings or years of schooling. [For instance, see Taubman (1977); Behrman and Wolfe (1984) and Shabbir (1989)]. However, there are relatively few studies where y is discrete. One notable exception is the discussion by Chamberlain (1984) of a binary logit model due to Rasch (1960) and a multinomial logit model based on McFadden (1974). The 'within-family' deviation methodology in the above noted studies is based on taking differences between pairs of siblings.
(b) Concluding Remarks/Empirical Research in Progress
We have outlined the possibility of a bias in the coefficient estimate for the included explanatory variable(s) if a latent variable that is equally shared by siblings in a family is omitted from the specification of MNL model of occupational choice. (6) However, under certain assumptions regarding the latent variable z, in particular, that it is purely familial, (7) we can estimate a 'within-family deviation' version of the MNL model where the maximum likelihood estimates would not be biased. The next step would be to conduct an empirical estimation of this model using data on siblings.
Comments on "Multinomial Logit Model of Occupational Choice: A Latent Variable Approach"
We all know that in a standard linear regression model, the omission of relevant explanatory variables introduces bias in regression coefficient estimates. Furthermore, orthogonality conditions are readily available (between omitted and included regressors) under which biases disappear. In general, the directions of bias can also be related to the directions of correlations between omitted and included regressors. If there is no correlation (the orthogonality condition) between these two groups of variables, the bias is equal to zero.
Dr Shabbir's paper explores these issues in the context of a multinomial logit model--an interesting model with vast practical applications and containing substantial complications, vis-a-vis the standard linear regression model, which prevent a straightforward translation of the results I have enumerated in the preceding paragraph. Thus, Dr Shabbir's analytical results regarding bias and directions of bias in estimated "slope" coefficients on a multinomial logit model when relevant variables are inadvertently excluded indeed represent a significant contribution to the literature on econometric methodology.
There is also practical importance in Dr Shabbir's results. The use of sibling data, which he proposes in the paper, provides an operational procedure for modifying the estimator to erase bias. In a related study reported in Mariano, Reyes and Lim (1989) dealing with measurement errors in qualitative response models, corrections for bias in estimated slope coefficients can lead to substantial changes in the estimated relative effects of explanatory variables. For example, this is one major observation we arrived at in our analysis of farmers' decisions in the Philippines regarding the adoption of modern technology in agriculture. Differential effects of price subsidies, extension work, type of farm ownership and other factors change in character once corrections are introduced for biases due to measurement errors. Modern technology in our example concerns high yielding varieties of rice, fertilizers and pesticides.
Note that, through appropriate transformations to what we would call canonical form, we can show that the problem of omitted variables can be treated equivalently in terms of measurement errors. Thus, the practical lessons coming out of our study of the latter carry over, with appropriate transformations, to the study of the former. Incidentally, this same comment applies to the analytical phase of Dr Shabbir's study. The analytical results reported in Tayyeb's paper, can also be derived through the interpretation of the problem in terms of measurement errors. Incidentally, related analytical results are also reported in Yatchew and Griliches as well as in Kiefer.
Moving on to other technical issues regarding the paper, let me first point out that there is some ambiguity in the literature in the use of the phrase "multinomial logit model". The model that Tayyeb labels in the paper as multinomial logit is indeed the appropriate one--it allows for changes in factor effects across alternatives or choices. That is, his model described in his Equation (1.1) has [alpha]-coefficients which are subscripted by "i".
In models of this type, we can have x-variables which are constant, regardless of choices made. Examples of these are characteristics of individuals such as educational background, income, gender, and so on. On the other hand, there are other variables which vary across choices. These are attributes related to the choices themselves, such as, for example, compensation for the occupations covered in Tayyeb's study. If the [alpha]-parameters in the model do not change across choices, coefficients of variables in the first category will not be identifiable.
The next technical issue that I would like to raise concerns model estimation. There are various procedures that can be used. One is the approach discussed in this paper-least squares based on the linearity of the log odds ratio vis-a-vis the explanatory variables. A second procedure is a weighted least squares variation of the first. The log odds ratio itself is not observable and before relationships, like (3) in the paper, can be estimated, estimates of the log odds ratio must be calculated from the data (basically subsample proportions). These calculated values are then used as "observations" for the dependent variable in (3). The fact that these are estimates introduces heteroskedasticity in the version of (3) for the estimated log-odds ratio.
A third method of estimation is the maximisation of the "pseudo" likelihood function based on the model as specified. I call the likelihood a "pseudo" contstruct because this is not the correct likelihood that corresponds to the appropriate data generating process if the model has been misspecified (because of omission of variables).
All three procedures are distinct from each other. And they would be affected by omission of variables in different ways.
It would be interesting for Tayyeb to work out the analytical bias expressions for these three estimators and to show, in his empirical applications, how these three estimates differ from each other and from the bias-corrected least-squares procedure that he proposes.
Ladies and gentlemen, it is my pleasure to have served as discussant of Tayyeb's paper. Let me conclude my comments by stating once more that Tayyeb's paper presents new analytical results which are important not only on their own technical merits but also in their practical implications in the econometric study of occupational choice and other processes dealing with qualitative and other limited dependent variables.
Roberto S. Mariano
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.
Mariano, Roberto S., C. R. Reyes and P. C. Lim (1989) Measurement Errors in Limited-dependent Variable Models-Theory and Applications to Adoption of Technology in Philippine Agriculture. Philadelphia: Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania. (Mimeographed.)
Author's Note: An earlier version of this paper has benefited from very valuable comments by Paul Taubman, University of Pennsylvania and Fatah Ullah Bagheri, University of North Dakota.
Behrman, Jere R., and Barbara L. Wolfe (1984) The Socio-economic Impact of Schooling in a Developing Country. Review of Economics and Statistics 65:2.
Behrman, Jere R., Z. Hrubic, Paul Taubman and T. Wales (1980) Socioeconomic Success. New York: North Holland.
Chamberlain, Gary (1984) Panel Data. In Z. Griliches and M. D. Intrilligator (eds) Handbook of Econometrics. Volume 2. New York: North Holland.
Crawford, D. L., and R. Pollak (1988) Order and Inference in Qualitative Response Models. Discussion Paper, NBER.
Griliches, Zvi (1979) Sibling Models and Data in Economics: Beginning of a Survey. Journal of Political Economy 87:5.
Lee, L. (1980) Specification Error in Multinominal Logit Models: Analysis of the Omitted Variable Bias. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Center for Economic Research, Department of Economics, University of Minnesota. (Discussion Paper No. 80-131).
McFadden, D. (1974) Conditional Logit Analysis of Qualitative Choice Behavior. In P. Zarembka (ed) Frontiers in Econometrics. New York: Academic Press.
Nerlove, M., and J. Press (1973) Multivariate and Log Linear Probability Models in Econometrics. Center for Statistics and Probability, Northwestern University. (Discussion Paper No. 1.)
Pindyck, R., and D. Rubinfeld (1981) Econometric Models and Economic Forecasts. New York: McGraw Hill.
Rasch, G. (1960) Probabilistic Models for Some Intelligence and Attainment Tests. Copenhagen: Denmark's Paedagogiske Institute.
Schmidt, P., and R. Strauss (1975) The Prediction of Occupation Using Multiple Logit Models. International Economic Review 16: 471-486.
Shabbir, Tayyeb (1987) Across and Intrahousehold Effects in a Model of Earnings and Schooling with Controls for Latent Factors. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.
Shabbir, Tayyeb (1989) Latent Structure of Earnings Models. The Pakistan Development Review 28:4.
Taubman, Paul (ed) (1977) Kinometrics: Determinants of Socioeconomic Success Within and Between Families. New York: North-Holland Publishing Company.
(1) This extension from continuous (earnings functions etc.) to discrete dependent variable (MNL etc.) is not merely a question of extending the scope of a particular methodology since, as a is shown in this paper, there are significant differences in the analytical results in the two eases e. g. in the ease of discrete dependent variable, the direction of the bias cannot be determined without additional assumptions (of normality) regarding the distribution of the latent variable, z. Also, whereas the assumption of 'unconditional independence' was enough in the continuous dependent variable case to obtain unbiased estimates here we require 'conditional independence'.
(2) Some of the analysis presented in Lee (1980) is based on the results derived in Nerlove and Press (1973).
(3) In this regard, the appendix of Schmidt and Strauss (1975) gives further details.
(4) For an interpretation of these coefficient estimates, see Pindyck and Rubinfeld (1981). However, there may be an inference problem in such models when, as is the case here, there are more than two occupational categories to choose from. For a discussion of the above and related problems as well as some suggested solutions, see Crawford and Pollak (1988).
(5) In our particular model where z is a latent variable which is constrained to have unity coefficient, the nature and the direction of bias in [[??].sub.i1] would then depend only on [[delta].sub.1], which is the coefficient of x in the auxiliary regression of z on x, and y (i.e., y is also being controlled for).
Now, it is likely that [[delta].sub.1] > 0. With reference to the specific MNL model given as Equation (4) in the text, let us interpret x as ED or years of schooling and interpret z as a measure of ability such as IQ or a dimension of shared family environment such as parental schooling levels. Since the regressand y is really different occupational categories, then [[delta].sub.1] is simply a measure of within occupational category (linear) association between ED and IQ (or the latent variable z, to be more exact).
Thus, if we agree that [[delta].sub.1] > 0 and since [[beta].sub.i] = 1 by virtue of our choice of the units of measurement for z, we will expect [[??].sub.i1] the coefficient estimate of x to be upward biased.
(6) See the discussion in footnote 5 given earlier.
(7) In fact, the structure of z may be more complicated; it may also contain individual specific components which would require more complicated, model specification and more complex estimation techniques than those suggested in this paper. In the context of the related literature on earnings functions, some of these issues have been discussed in Griliches (1979) or Behrman et al. (1980). However, I feel that such relatively more complicated models that arc able to ask finer questions often can do so only after making correspondingly heuristic assumptions.
Tayyeb Shabbir is Senior Research Economist at the Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.
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We are offering a marvelous hand-hammered antique Navajo spoon for you to consider. The spoon measures 4 15/16 inches long and the is 1 1/8 inches wide at the bowl. It is heavy gauge silver and was well made by somebody who knew what he or she was doing. This type of spoon was always made from ingot silver by the Navajo Indians (Din-eh) of Arizona and New Mexico for the tourist trade at the turn of the last century. They were never marked for silver content. The design elements are all hand-stamped into the piece. This spoon is special because it is jam-packed with design elements. There an eagle element a wearing whirling logs design, a free stamped whirling logs design, an arrow symbol, a squash blossom symbol, and several other unidentified designs. (For those of you unfamiliar with the whirling logs, while resembling the swastika, the design predates the Nazis and was considered by native peoples to be a symbol of good fortune.) The abundance of symbols makes this a special item. The reverse side shows the hammering and filing marks that should be present with an item such as this. The bowl of this spoon has a delicate design hammered around the rim. The spoon is in excellent condition with no metal fatigue cracks as are commonly found on old pieces of hammered silver. There is a beautiful glowing patina that covers the whole piece. Overall, this spoon is a gem and priced well-below the going market for such unique pieces. This is guaranteed to be a true piece of Navajo folk art and not a knock off made by a commercial manufacturer which is what so many of the "Navajo spoons" are that are being sold today.
Note: We have a second spoon definitely made by the same individual based on the design elements and die-stamps that were used. Although it is slightly larger that the spoon offered here, the relationship is clear. It is in our inventory as AntNS-609. If you wish to purchase these two spoons together, we can give you a special price.
If you collect Navajo spoons then this spoon is for you. It is a nice elegant edition to your collection. If you do not collect these spoons then it is time to start. Their value is skyrocketing since the release of the book by Cindra Kline. You can shop with confidence at Sweetpea Cottage. YOUR SATISFACTION IS GUARANTEED. If you wish to return your purchase for any reason we gladly refund your purchase price minus shipping. Within three days of receiving your item, simply notify us by email that you wish to return it. Once we receive it in original condition in a timely fashion, then we will refund the full purchase price minus shipping charges. International buyers must complete this transaction using PayPal.
Sweetpea Cottage-Specialists in Norwegian antiques, Artisan jewelry, Navajo art, & Goberg ironwork!
Make An Offer on anything that you like and be sure to consider our "Lay-a-way" plan.


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GMC Sierra 3500 HD Questions
All GMC Sierra 3500 HD Questions
Ask a Question
truck was running fine,until plastic turbo hose came off and I lost power put it back on made sure lock was in place took off and no power and only 2400 rpm and only have 30% engine response with pedal,r&r mass air se...
Bought van won't start. Put new battery in it an wipers run with no key in switch. Van won't turn over. All dash lights work. Left frt. running light stays on.
The check coolant level warning came on; shortly afterwards the truck's engine shut off. We put coolant in and the engine started, however, now the truck will not move forward or backward and a symbol that looks like...
pulling it up like a 6% grade it will overheat and I have to pull over and let it cool down??
when docking trailer, low revving and slow moving steering becomes non-power. Brakes are quite often "soft" even when steering seems fine. Mechanic says rotors are fissured and needs new pads. Pump is leaking. Is this...
Tech 2 code listed injection pump? Hoping it's only a Injection valve replacement?
Service my 4wd came on on my dash after a guy installed a snow plow on my truck. Could he have shorted out something? There was no problem before he installed the snow plow.
The servcie trailer brake system light just came on and i'm not towing anything.


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On June 13, 2014, the Department of Conservation ("Department") issued a public notice and posted the latest version of the proposed regulations for the use of well stimulation in oil and gas production ("Revised Proposed Regulations"). These are revisions to the permanent regulations that will go into effect on January 1, 2015. The Revised Proposed Regulations include the following, significant changes:
Most of the changes appear to be designed to address criticisms from environmental and other groups opposed to hydraulic fracturing and well stimulation, such as the seismicity study requirement and applying the regulations to offshore well stimulation treatments. Other changes appear to be designed to correct ambiguities in the original draft regulations concerning the mechanics of compliance, especially with regard to the surface neighbor notification requirements. A 45-day public comment period on the Revised Proposed Regulations began June 13, 2014. Interested parties may submit comments via email to the Division of Oil, Gas and Geothermal resources ("DOGGR") by July 28, 2014.
Additionally, DOGGR will host multiple public hearings across the state over the next 45 days. See the full list here.
DISCLAIMER: Because of the generality of this update, the information provided herein may not be applicable in all situations and should not be acted upon without specific legal advice based on particular situations.
© Stoel Rives LLP
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Latest 2007–08 San Jose Sharks season Stories
Goalkeeper Evgeni Nabokov stopped 24-of-25 shots Saturday, leading San Jose to a 4-1 win over Anaheim, spoiling the Ducks' season-opener. A three-goal, first-period outburst easily allowed the Sharks to seize the early momentum, with goals coming from Evgeni Nabokov, Patrick Marleau (shorthanded, unassisted)
Veteran center Jeremy Roenick is expected to announce his retirement at a news conference the San Jose Sharks have called for this week. Comcast SportsNet Bay Area reported Tuesday multiple NHL sources say Roenick will announce Thursday he is concluding his playing career after 20 years in the league. Roenick, 39, managed just four goals and nine assists in 42 games last season, the worst of his NHL career.
Patrick Marleau's overtime goal Saturday lifted the San Jose Sharks to a 3-2 win over Anaheim in Game 5 of their Western Conference quarterfinal series. Marleau's game-winner at 6:02 of the extra stanza cut top-seeded San Jose's deficit against the eighth-seeded Ducks to 3-2 with Game 6 scheduled for Monday at Anaheim. Joe Thornton (power play) and Devin Setoguchi also scored goals.
Jonas Hiller made 42 saves on 44 shots Sunday to lead the Anaheim Ducks to a 2-1 win over San Jose and a 2-0 lead in the Western Conference quarterfinal series. Bobby Ryan, Andrew Ebbett and Drew Miller scored for the Ducks -- who beat the top-seeded Sharks for a second straight game on San Jose ice. Ryane Clowe and Jonathan Cheechoo scored for the Sharks -- who came into the series with a 32-5-4 regular-season home-ice record and captured the President's Trophy for putting up the best NHL...
A third-period goal by Peter Harrold made the difference Saturday in the Los Angeles Kings' 4-3 win over San Jose. Wayne Simmonds, Alexander Frolov and Michal Handzus also scored, and Jonathan Quick stopped 27 shots for the Kings (34-37-11), who will miss the playoffs. Devin Setoguchi, Joe Pavelski and Patrick Marleau scored, and Evgeni Nabokov gave up four goals on 24 shots for the Sharks (53-18-11) -- who, despite the loss, wrapped up the President's Trophy for best regular-season record in...
Scottie Upshall and Peter Mueller had a goal and assist apiece Thursday, leading the Phoenix Coyotes to a 4-1 win over San Jose. The Sharks had already clinched the top seed in the Western Conference playoffs after the Detroit Red Wings lost 4-3 in a shootout with Nashville Thursday.
San Jose's Joe Pavelski scored the only goal in an overtime shootout Tuesday to notch a 1-0 Sharks win over the Colorado Avalanche. Pavelski fired a wrist shot in the first San Jose attempt that ruined what had been a solid 30-save night for Colorado goalie Peter Budaj. Budaj withstood a furious San
Jonathan Cheechoo's power-play goal with 6:41 remaining Sunday lifted the San Jose Sharks to a 3-2 victory over the Anaheim Ducks. Jeremy Roenick and Joe Pavelski scored the other goals for San Jose, which is three points ahead of Boston in competition for the President's Trophy, which goes to the NHL team with the best regular-season record. Petteri Nokelainen and Corey Perry scored for Anaheim. Winning goalie Brian Boucher turned back 19 shots. Jonas Hiller had 23 saves for the Ducks, who...
Bobby Ryan had two goals and Ryan Getzlaf set a franchise assists record Saturday to lead the Anaheim Ducks to a 5-2 win over San Jose. Getzlaf had four assists to run his season total to a club-best 64.
Evgeni Nabokov allowed only a second-period goal Thursday and San Jose equaled the team's single-season victory record with a 2-1 win over Edmonton. Nabokov made 24 saves in lifting the Sharks to their 51st triumph of the season, tying a franchise record set two years ago. San Jose also moved six points in front of Detroit for the best record in the Western Conference and stayed three points ahead of Boston for the best record in the NHL.
- To say in too many words; to express verbosely.
- To express in too many words: sometimes used reflexively.
- The leading idea or a repeated phrase, as of a song or ballad; the refrain; burden.


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(Capital STEEZ, Rest in peace)
from Pro Era (Ft. Capital STEEZ, CJ Fly & Joey BADA$$) – Like Water Lyrics on Genius
Pro Era, released a video to this track (30-05-13), to honor Steez.
In the beggining of the Musicvideo version, Statik Selektah and the P.E crew added in this:
"Capital Steez, Rest in peace"
Which also rhymes, not sure if that's on purpose but kinda ill, anyways, Steez was a legend and should be remembered.
"Capitalizing the name "Capital STEEZ" is now as good as remembering any credible historic leader leading a militant army of troops. "Like Water" is the visual stepping stone to what STEEZ lead for the listeners of revolutionary music."
To help improve the quality of the lyrics, visit Pro Era (Ft. Capital STEEZ, CJ Fly & Joey BADA$$) – Like Water Lyrics and leave a suggestion at the bottom of the page


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Date: 10/08/2011
Time: 1:00 PM - 5:00 PM
Location: Katherine E. Nash Gallery, Regis Center for Art
Cost: Free
Fall Art Tour: October 2011
The eighth annual Fall Art Tour will take place on Saturday, October 8, 2011 from 1-5 pm.
Free buses will run between ten local college and university art galleries, allowing visitors to tour art exhibits at nine participating institutions.
The curators and gallery directors from the College Art Gallery Collaborative invite you to this year's free "neighborhood" gallery crawl including exhibition receptions, refreshments,
music and free shuttle buses.
Participating Galleries:
Bike the Art Tour: Grab a NICE RIDE bike and check out the art galleries. www.niceridemn.org
Parking is available in the 21st Avenue Ramp, hourly or special event rates will apply.
More information: http://art.umn.edu
Disability Options:
To request disability accommodations, please contact Mary Moreno Lien, Art Department, email@example.com, 612 625 5297.


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Leave a Review
Best Strogonaff. Stuck close to the recipe except I used rib-eye instead of filet and made extra sauce. Added a cup of peas for color (I add them to everything cuz they're so good). Cut back on the Dijon because my wife's not a big fan, but I would have like the full amount. No egg noodles so I used penne which was just fine.
I only like to cook things from scratch so when I came across this recipe it sounded great. It is amazing and my hubby and son request this all the time.
I had some leftover potroast so I sliced it up up and used it instead of the tenderloin. Since it wasn't as juicy I added more creme fraiche to get the right consistency and it was just as tasty. Well not as tasty as tenderloin, but it was delicious nonetheless.
A Russian New Year with friends so we splurged on the meat and got the beef tenderloin. So good. Very tender. Expensive for sure! But so worth it. I wouldn't do that for a weeknight meal! I doubled the sauce, did not double the meat. It was so delicious. We were a little short on brandy, so augmented with dark rum, did not negatively impact flavor. Used a recommendation from an earlier review and used a can of beef consommé in addition to the broth. I made the recipe as directed, but we were not ready to eat, so I waited until we were ready to eat to put the meat back into the sauce so it wouldn't overcook. In keeping to our Russian theme, I served this over red potatoes that I had cubed and boiled then pan fried in a little olive oil to brown the edges. Holds the sauce nicely. I didn't combine them, but had the potatoes in one bowl and the Stroganoff in another. We then plated them family style at the table. Would definitely make again.
I would like to preface my review by stating that my mother made this recipe as stated from the original magazine when I was a little kid, and it was absolutely delicious as is. Now that I am a poor graduate student living away from home, I made the recipe using 1/2 pound of thinly sliced flank steak for the tenderloin, doubling the mushrooms, a splash of wine for the cognac, and sour cream for the creme fraiche. Yes, I know that is a lot of substitutions, but I can say that it is just as delicious.
*Cooked in Dutch oven. Prepped only 2 lbs. of beef (top sirloin was fine). Didn't reduce stock/broth all the way, which left more juices for sauce. Added paprika when adding crème fraîche. Added 4 Tbs. butter to sauce at the end and only 2 Tbs. butter to noodles. Doubled noodles for leftovers!!
Yeah. This recipe is fantastic. I made the recipe as written with the following modifications. * Double the sauce (This is a must.) * Added 2 T flour to the shallot & mushroom mixture then browned it for 2 minutes. * Used slightly less Cognac (about 1/3 less) * Used a Dutch oven. * Used frozen beef stock from the butcher. Next time, I'll likely reduce the beef to only 2 pounds. Indeed, Beef Tenderloin is very expensive... a real treat if you can splurge. Truly a wonderful rich flavor. Dill, Dijon, Cognac all blend together for a very wide taste.
At $23 per pound, I looked for a beef substitute. Simmered browned beef loin/boneless sirloin steak with sautéed shallots and mushrooms in unsalted beef stock for 1.5 hours. Turned out super tender, albeit not filet tender. Reduced stock and followed the recipe from there (although reduced butter amount in the egg noodles). To rave reviews.
Perfectly and exquisitely filled with the authentic stroganoff tastes, a keeper! Served over buttered spaetzle, yum!
I agree this recipe is a guide not to be used verbatim. Dill and mustard would have been overpowering if I had not reserved half. Not enough liquid to make sauce, added more sour cream and some of the cooking liquid I had reserved from the noodles. The paprika is indeed a good addition, in fact I added both when I was sauteing mushrooms (by mistake because I misread recipe when it called for pepper) and again at end. Used smoked paprika. But yes I would make it again and know it will work.


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Prep boys golf: Monroe Match
16 holes, par 63
Team scores: Snohomish 368, Arlington 373, Mount Vernon 376, Monroe 388, Lake Stevens 394.
Arlington: Nick Rothrock 68, Anthony Allen 69, Cody Mclane 76, Aiden McCann 79, Bishop Tyner 81. Lake Stevens: Nate Slater 71, Anthony Guerrero 73, Erik Lundquist 82, Scott Blumenfeld 82, Brayden Webb 86. Mount Vernon: Kyle Frederick 72, Miles Witt 74, Dane Hewitt 76, Tanner Weymouth 77, Tyler Visten 77.Snohomish: Luke Kuna 69, Michael Siderious 70, Tanner Perry 73, Austin Willis 77, Keegan Willis 79. Monroe: Owen Fenner (medalist) 65, Michael Fretz 77, David Garrison 81, Zach Reynolds 82, Chris Peterson 83, Jake Job 83.
Like our high school sports page on Facebook, follow @HeraldNetPreps on Twitter and look for updates on our Prep Zone blog.Story tags » • Arlington High School • Lake Stevens High School • Monroe High School • Snohomish High School • High School Golf • Mount Vernon High School
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Privacy and Cookies
China Eastern is the first customer to sign up for the second-generation Rockwell Collins drop down dPAVES in-flight entertainment system offered on Boeing's 737 Sky Interior.
The carrier is already a dPAVES customer, and plans to take delivery of the aircraft featuring the latest system upgrades in 2011. Rockwell Collins and Boeing announced the agreement to feature dPAVES in the new Sky Interior in July of this year.
Luxair Luxembourg Airlines has also selected the next generation of dPAVES for three Next Generation 737s.
New elements of the second generation of dPAVES include 160 gigabytes for audio and video content, integrated pre-recorded announcements and embedded Airshow 3D moving map functionality in a four modular component unit box. The large capacity high definition media server stores entertainment content for multiple play periods.
Aircraft | Aerospace | Aviation | Military | Business aviation | MRO | General aviation | Space | Airports | Engines and propulsion | Flight tests | Accidents and incidents | Flightglobal blogs | E-newsletters |
Flightglobal dashboard | ACAS | MiliCAS | Ascend Fleets | Flightglobal Insight | ICAO | CapStats | Airport charges | Ascend Values | Aviation Exchange | Aircraft Ratings | Helicopter Fleets | Market Commentaries | FlightMaps Analytics | Industry resources
Browse by job role | Career advice | Jobs by email | Jobs search | Recruiter services
Airline Strategy Awards | Air shows | Conferences | Exhibitions | Flightglobal events
… part of Reed Business Information Copyright © 2015


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MOVIEmeterSEE RANK
Down 1,945 this week
Out of the Clouds (1955)
A busy day at London Airport. Follow the lives and loves of the crew and passengers.
Director:Basil Dearden
Writers:John Fores (adapted from "The Springboard"), John Eldridge (screenplay), 2 more credits »
Stars:Anthony Steel, Robert Beatty, David Knight | See full cast and crew »


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Easter Eggs: Easter Egg Designs, Tips for Perfect Hard Boiled Eggs, Egg Recipes
Bonus: Get our newsletter & special offers for free. We will not share or sell your email address. View our Privacy Policy
Easter Pyramid Candy Bag
By: Shiho Masuda
We are adding the craft to your Craft Projects.
The project was added to your Craft Projects.
Click here to view your Craft Projects.
Make your own treat bags for Easter using this video tutorial. You can turn scrapbook paper into a cute Easter pyramid bag to hold candy and other goodies with these Easter craft ideas.
- Decorative Paper
- Cellophane Bag or Wrap
- Ribbon (Narrower than 5/8" width)
- Ruler
- Scissors
- Glue Stick
- Craft Knife
- Clear Tape
- Cutting Mat
- Circle Cutter
- Double Sided Tape
- Decorative Scissors
- Cut paper 4.5" x 7.5"
- Place the paper upside down, fold over one of the short ends about 1". Fold the other short end to overlap the first fold about a quarter inch.
- Unfold the paper and cut out a 1.5" diameter circle in the center of the two folds, about 3/4" away from one of the long sides.
- Cut a square of cellophane a little larger than the circle, cover the circle and tape the sides to secure.
- Refold the paper and seal with glue.
- Trim the bottom of the package with decorative scissors and glue to seal the end. Let glue dry before moving to the next step.
- Fill the bag with sweets and close the bag by pushing the top sides together to form a pyramid shape.
- Place ribbon along the top of the package using double sided tape. Make sure the end of the ribbon is facing the front of the package and there is enough length to tie a bow.
- Place a strip of double sided tape all along the edge of the package and fold the top down to seal.
- Tie a bow on the top of the pyramid and cut the ends at an angle.
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|« Back to Article
Answered: New Houstonians' most common questions
By Craig Hlavaty | June 20, 2014
Photo By Steve UeckertQ: When will there be another Rendez-vous Houston? I only moved here because I thought it was an annual event."
A: Yeah, uh, thanks for sticking around this long but it's probably not coming back, unless the Free Press Summer Fest people figure something out.
Photo By James Nielsen/HC staffQ: Why doesn't the city dye Buffalo Bayou cool colors?
A: Great idea! It could be like a citywide mood ring.
Photo By Greater Houston PartnershipQ: What does this mean?
A: It means that your rent is going up.
Q: All my co-workers know all of the words to this song about being a baller. Should I learn the words to fit in?
A: You really had to be here in 1999 to get it. Sorry.
Photo By CHRISTOF STACHE/AFP/Getty ImagesQ: Why is there always a random carnival going on in various parking lots all over town?
A: If you don't like it you can leave.
Photo By James Nielsen/StaffQ: So you guys are really serious about this rodeo thing, huh?
A: Serious as the heart attack you'll get from eating rodeo carnival food for a month straight.
Photo By Eric Kayne/For the ChronicleQ: Why all the murals?
A: Can't really answer that one. You should just take as many Instagram pictures of them as you can.
Q: Do people really live outside the Inner Loop? In the parts of the map in between here and Austin?
A: They sure do. There are dozens, even thousands of people out beyond the 610 Loop. They even have their own schools, yoga studios, and grocery stores. Legend has it that some of them even have fulfilling lives.
Q: Is Bun B really our mayor? The rap guy?
A: Yes, Annise Parker is just a figurehead.
Photo By Jerry Baker/FreelanceQ: How do you pronounce Kuykendahl?
A: Never had a reason to, actually.
Photo By Kerwin Plevka/ChronicleQ: Why do we call ourselves Clutch City? Is a car thing?
A: It's a sports thing. Don't you have Wikipedia?
Q: I love this place, but what is the proper way to pronounce it? Waterburger?
A: Sure.
Photo By Jody Schmal/Houston ChronicleQ: Do I really need to buy a pair of cowboy boots? They are uncomfortable.
A: Yes, you do. And you should suck it up.
Photo By Marie D. De Jesus/StaffQ: Why don't you guys use mass transit? You have too many cars!
A: Get. Out.
Photo By James Nielsen/Houston ChronicleQ: Why isn't Galveston closer to Houston?
A: Well you see, millions of years ago, when the tectonic plates were shifting, Tilman Fertitta....
Photo By Jerry Street / Pro AireQ: Why is there just an empty field across 610 from where the Texans play?
A: Way back when there used to be an amusement park called AstroWorld, with a waterpark called -- get this -- WaterWorld attached to it. Lots of us are scarily obsessed with it for some reason.
Photo By Nick de la Torre/StaffQ: I heard a rumor that a bunch of rock bands used to do drugs at Lakewood Church. Is that true?
A: Sorta. Before it was Joel Osteen's place, it was the Compaq Center, and before that, The Summit. The Houston Rockets, Houston Aeros, and even the Texas Terror played their games in there. It also hosted concerts. So yes, it's quite possible that rock bands like Led Zeppelin and Metallica partied hard within feet of where you drop your tithes in an offering plate.
Photo By ERIN TRIEB/FOR THE CHRONICLEQ: What's the deal with the guy from C&D Scrap Metal and $2 bills?
A: "Originally my plan was to irritate people with it, as I was told that $2 bills were unlucky. It was to get people to start talking about the business, and I am fortunate that it became a good branding hook. We also use the dollar coins too," says Dennis Laviage, owner of the scrap business. In the years since introducing the $2 bills, he's trademarked the phrase.
"An armored truck brings us about $20,000 in $2 bills a week," Laviage says.
Houston is teeming with "Newstonians" -- a term coined by Mr. Houstorian, James Glassman, for new Houstonians -- and some of them have burning questions about Houston culture that they might be afraid to ask grizzled locals.
For example: "What's up with the C&D Scrap Metal guy and $2 bills?" or "Why is there just an empty field across 610 from where the Texans play?"
If you're a Newstonian, what have you always wanted to know about your new city but have been afraid to ask? And before you ask, yes, it will pretty much be this temperature outside until early October.


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January 2014, TruckingInfo.com - WebXclusive
By SAF-Holland
SAF-Holland shares some tips for inspecting a rigid-mount, air cushioned pintle hook, primarily used for double and triple trailer configurations using converter dollies, as well as straight trucks such as dumps that pull rigid tongue equipment trailers.
Tags: Trailers, SAF-Holland, Pintle hook, Tech Tip
We offer e-newsletters that deliver targeted news and information for the entire fleet industry.
The expert, Mark Betner from CITGO, will answer your questions
The expert, Rence Oliphant from Hendrickson, will answer your questions
Record 360 Provides Real-Time Asset Conditions
Routist Calculates Routes for Drivers in the Field
Slider50 Hooklift Designed for Speed and Weight
TQL's App Features Voice Search Capability


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New Bear Family Series Exemplifies Country Music From 1945 to 1950
- Barry Mazor introduced the new Bear Family series Country & Western Hit Parade: Dim Lights, Thick Smoke And Hillbilly Music in his most recent column for NoDepression.com. The first six volumes are structured around a given year from 1945 through 1950 and attempt to gather songs that represent that year without necessarily relying on by-the-charts hits.
- Marty Stuart on the response his TV show has been getting:
"The viewer response is off the charts," Stuart said. "There are stacks of mail, as well as email. A lot of people have longed for this kind of show again."
"This kind of show" follows a formula set by Show Biz Inc., the Nashville company that produced the Wilburn and Wagoner shows, among others.
"The Show Biz model was specific — a gospel song went here, a comedian went here — and it's timeless," Stuart said. "I wanted to update that, and reignite it, because people respond to it."
- After failed negotiations, Warner Music Group ordered YouTube to remove all music videos by its artists.
- Since releasing Waylon Forever, Shooter Jennings feels like he's finally free from the pressure of fitting into country music. He also reveals that the title of the album came from watching Batman re-runs.
- The Tennessean's Cindy Watts has a brief Q&A with Rory Feek in which he discusses the story behind "Cheater Cheater" and his favorite method of writing a song.
- Congratulations to MikeKY, Friday's winner in our 12 Days of Christmas giveaway. After a bit of a technical glitch over the weekend, the giveaway is back today, with the weekend's prizes all rolled into one.
- Artist David Liverett has a new book being published this week titled Those Grand Ole Country Music Stars. It includes a full page biography on more than 200 country music artists along with a Liverett's trademark sketches. "Using pointilism — essentially dots that complete a portrait — his detailed pen-and-ink illustrations can each take up to 12 hours to finish."
- Ladies and gentlemen, meet John Rich's wedding ring.
- Trent Tomlinson's new single, "That's How It Still Oughta Be," is being released for digital download via Play MPE today, making him the second artist to release material on Disney Music Group's new imprint, Carolwood Records.
- Country Universe's Kevin J. Coyne listed 25 of his favorite songs by Dolly Parton.
- Lori McKenna performed six shows during her three-night stand at Club Passim in Cambridge, Mass. The Boston Globe correspondent Jonathan Perry reviewed her final show:
McKenna's voice, bristling with tang and twang that was much more rural country than college-town coffeehouse, was like an open hand: trusting and nakedly exposed; a lined palm of ridges and peaks; softly calloused from years of hard work and harder-won freedoms. Thus, plangent selections like "Make Every Word Hurt" and "Your Next Lover" felt, as much as sounded, almost regal in their sorrowful strength and humanity.
- On Friday, the RIAA announced it has abandoned its policy of suing people for sharing songs protected by copyright and will work with Internet service providers to cut abusers' access if they ignore repeated warnings.
- The list of good things that Chet Flippo is savoring from 2008 runs the gamut from Taylor Swift's songwriting progress and career acumen to album releases from Kathy Mattea, Tom Petty's former band, Mudcrutch, and Shooter Jennings.
- Be sure to catch up on the current edition of "Quotable Country" since it'll be on hiatus next week.
6 Comments
now that is a solid news day mi compadre!
Good for Marty Stuart man, I'm stoked for his show. They really need to either put episodes online, offer a dvd set, or hurry up and get some network to pick it up because I'd really like to see it.
John Rich has good taste in everything.
WMG are fools. So desperate for the revenue they need, they's bitten off their nose to spite their face. And the RIAA just took a hard right turn at about the same time. The twists and turns as result of the recession are fascinating, to say the least.
that first sentence should say "they've."
What's sad is that labels were putting alot of that content up, not unauthorized fans. They'll agree to some sort of licensing deal shortly….
Not very many CD releases make my mouth water, but those new Bear Family compilations sure do. The post WW-II 40's were a golden era for country music by my reckoning. Sadly it seems the mindset these days is that "real" country music began with Hank Williams Sr. and the artists predating his success can be ignored, which is a cryin' shame.
I would love to see Marty Stuart's variety show but we don't get RFD TV on out cable TV system out here. An artist like Amber Digby would make a perfect guest and the show's audience is the sort of folks she's trying to reach. Amber should pull her Momma's strings connected to Connie Smith to get on the show when she's in Nashville in late January.
I always enjoy reading interviews with Rory Feek as he is just so down home and straight up. I'm glad to see them getting some chart success with "Cheater, Cheater" and hope any follow up singles also garner decent radio airplay.
Chet Flippo's savoring the vocal phrasing at the Colbie Caillat concert is still my favorite off his list. Maybe Jewel should return to her roots and vocal style of her first album to really give Chet a thrill in 2009.
Current Discussion
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- Dave W.: Just read the news here. Will miss E145 very much - love this site. All the best to you Juli …
- Leeann Ward: Oh, dang! This is real. Farewell to the most generous, informative, quality, intelligent, consistent, ethical country music blog! You …
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- Both Kinds of Music: I hope people appreciate the irony that one of the best "Americana" albums is titled Metamodern Sounds in COUNTRY Music.
- Barry Mazor: I would not rule out that possibility..There's a different set of voters involved..
- Dana M: Does anyone else think that Brandy Clark actually has a good chance of winning since this isn't a country awards …
- Juli Thanki: UPDATE: Brandy Clark got a Best New Artist nom. BEST AMERICANA ALBUM: Rosanne Cash -- The River & The Thread John Hiatt -- Terms …
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Privacy and Cookies
As V Australia readies to inaugurate Sydney-Los Angeles service on 27 February, the Virgin Blue subsidiary has applied for regulatory approval to sell belly cargo to Virgin Group subsidiary Virgin Atlantic Airways.
Virgin Atlantic will use the capacity on flights between the United States and Australia, or it will sell the space to third parties, the companies tell the US DOT.
V Australia will operate Boeing 777-300ER aircraft on the city pair, which was supposed to start on 15 December 2008.
However, the Boeing machinist strike delayed the long-haul launch.
The belly cargo application comes as V Australia received its air operator's certificate (AOC) today, clearing the way for next week's inauguration.
V Australia, which has just received its first of six -300ERs on order, says it is the first Australian airline to have that aircraft type on its AOC. In addition to aircraft on order, V Australia has also secured one leased -300ER from International Lease Finance Corporation.
After the airline begins thrice weekly flights, it will increase offerings to daily on 21 March following the delivery of an additional -300ER.
In the meantime, V Australia will launch Brisbane-Los Angeles connections on 1 March, followed by Melbourne-Los Angeles links on 15 September.


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- Albania
- Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Bulgaria
- Croatia
- Kosovo
- Macedonia
- Montenegro
- Romania
- Serbia
- All Balkan Countries
For the first time since Kosovo declared independence in 2008, leaders of Kosovo and Serbia have sat down at the same table.
Serbia's Prime Minister, Ivica Dacic, sat down at the same table with his Kosovo counterpart, Hashim Thaci, in Belgium on Friday - in spite of the fact that Serbia has an arrest warrant out for the Kosovo leader.
The historic meeting took place in Brussels on Friday with the EU foreign policy chief, Catherine Ashton. Before the joint meeting, the two Balkan officials met Ashton separately.
Ashton issued a statement saying the topic of the meeting was the continuation of EU-mediated Serbia-Kosovo talks, which started in March 2011.
"We agreed to continue the dialogue on normalisation of relations between the two sides and both are committed to working together," the statement reads.
According to the statement, the joint meeting took place in a good and constructive atmosphere. "We will meet again soon," the statement added.
Dacic told the Serbian media after the meeting that Serbia had not changed its position on never recognising Kosovo's independence.
But, he added: "I think it's time for a historic agreement, and we are ready for final status talks."
The joint meeting came as surprise, as Serbia bitterly opposes Kosovo's independence, proclaimed in 2008, and has since boycotted any events where Kosovo officials represented themselves under the name of "Kosovo".
Paradoxically, the first top Serbian official to meet Thaci was the former right-hand man of the late Serbian strongman Slobodan Milosevic, who fought a war with NATO to keep the mainly Albanian then province of Kosovo inside Serbia.
In Serbia, the Kosovo leader was sentenced to ten years in prison for terrorism.
In July, Thaci and Boris Tadic, the former Serbian President, shook hands at a Croatian summit in Dubrovnik.
At the time, Dacic was critical of the move, noting that Thaci was suspected in Serbia of links to organ trafficking. "Boris Tadic's move is an absolute enigma to me," Dacic said back then.
At the latest Belgrade-Pristina talks in Brussels, Kosovo agreed not to unilaterally privatize companies in the mainly Serbian north without seeking the consent of the community.
In a new report, Kosovo Minister Edita Tahiri says Belgrade is to blame for the slow pace of implementation of the Brussels Agreement in almost all fields except justice.
After a prolonged halt to their talks, Kosovo and Serbia in Brussels have signed an agreement on integrating the courts in Serb-run nothern Kosovo into the Kosovo judicial system and agreeing on their ethnic structure.
Top officials from Serbia and Kosovo are meeting in Brussels as the dialogue on normalising relations between Belgrade and Pristina resumes after ten months of standstill.
After months of delay, Kosovo and Serbia are willing to continue the EU-mediated dialogue early next year in Brussels.
A new report on Kosovo-Serbia deals shows that only a quarter of the agreements reached in Brussels have been fully put into action.
New momentum is needed in the Kosovo-Serbia dialogue after the timeout caused by elections in both countries, a report by Kosovo and Slovak think tanks suggests.
Four political parties aspiring to form the new government in Kosovo have handed management of the crucial EU-led talks with Serbia to the nationalistic Levizja Vetevendosja party - well known for its opposition to the dialogue.
Kosovo's representatives in talks with Serbia do not have the mandate to reach agreements because Pristina still has no government three months after national elections, analysts say.
As a condition for supporting an opposition coalition seeking to form a government after recent polls, the nationalist Vetevendosje Movement wants EU-backed dialogue with Belgrade to stop.
Hashim Thaci and Ivica Dacic, leaders of Kosovo and Serbia, reached an agreement in Brussels on the police in northern Kosovo.
Serbia is threatening to quit negotiations with Kosovo after the authorities in Pristina banned Serbian officials from traveling to Kosovo during the election campaign there.
The election commission has stepped in to calm a row over the logo on ballot papers for Kosovo's local polls in November which had threatened to discourage Serbs from voting.
The success of the local elections in Kosovo on November 3 pose a crucial test both for Belgrade and Pristina, UN officials said.
The 15th round of negotiations between Belgrade and Pristina ended on Tuesday without a final agreement on the ballots to be used in the November local elections, or on telecommunications and energy.
Belgrade and Pristina finally agreed on the future of Serb-run North Kosovo in the tenth round of EU-led talks on Friday.


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USA: Torgau flops in California.
Formerly trained by Giles Bravery and now handled by Jenine Sahadi, Torgau was slowly into her stride under Chris McCarron and, after stalking the pace, dropped to the rear of the field.
The Grade 2 contest went to Classy Cara, ridden by Igi Puglisi, who got up late to beat Kumari Continent by three-quarters of a length.
Winning trainer Doug O'Neill said: "I've had some good horses but never one as good as Classy Cara."
Postponed caused an upset in the Grade 2 Peter Pan Stakes at Belmont Park on Saturday when defeating market leaders Unshaded and Globalize.
Jockey Edgar Prado took the winner to the rail inside the straight and got to the front inside the furlong marker to outsprint his more-fancied rivals, from whom he was receiving 10lb.
Winning trainer Scotty Schulhofer, who won last year's Belmont Stakes with Lemon Drop Kid, said: "If everything is right we'll consider the Belmont, but he'll have to pick up a lot of weight for that race."
Welcome Surprise, a half-sister to Summer Squall, was a 19-1 winner of the Grade 3 Dogwood Stakes for three-year-old fillies at Churchill Downs. The winner, ridden by Francisco Torres and trained by Neil Howard, came late to beat Lady Melesi by a head in the extended mile race.
Peach Flat took the Grade 3 All American Handicap at Golden Gate Fields under Jose Valdivia.
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Glaserian artery
Glaserian artery --> anterior tympanic artery
(Science: anatomy, artery) origin, maxillary; distribution, middle ear; anastomoses, tympanic branches of internal carotid and ascending pharyngeal and stylomastoid.
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'Bling' clothes, 'peacocks' of SONA irk Santiago
More News from Maila Ager
More News from INQUIRER.net
MANILA, Philippines—Senator Miriam Defensor-Santiago said she could not stand watching legislators and their spouses took turns displaying "bling" clothes and jewelry during President Benigno Aquino's fourth state of the nation address (SONA) Monday.
So on Tuesday, Santiago said she would file a resolution, prescribing an official uniform for Congress members attending the annual SONA to prevent a repeat of Monday's event "where male and female lawmakers took turns displaying "bling" clothes and jewelry, and acted as endorsers of expensive designers."
"I watched TV and could not stand it," she said in a statement.
"The SONA event should be a serious time for the Congress to pick up policy directions indicated by the President. It should not be treated as Oscar night in Hollywood, with a red carpet, where peacocks spread their tails and turn around and around, as coached by media in a feeding frenzy."
Santiago said the clothes should merely indicate membership in the Senate and House of Representatives, to separate them from those who are not members.
Flashy women, flaky men
"The highlight of the SONA is the President. It is not the flashy women. Now the flaky men are even getting into the act. They also parade, sometimes with photogenic arm candy, into the session hall and preen like their female counterparts. Enough!" she said.
For women, Santiago said, the uniform should be a short pencil skirt, paired with a simple short-sleeved barong blouse. Jewelry should be a single strand of Philippine pearls.
For men, it should be a plain long-sleeved barong, she said.
"Both men and women could wear a ceremonial ribbon with the Congress logo. For the gallery, it should be office attire," said Santiago.
"Most important of all, the attitude should not be frivolous and giggly. The attitude should be serious and business like," she added.
Not the proper venue
Santiago, who failed to attend the SONA due to acute chronic fatigue, has decried for the last few years, the expensive floor-length gowns worn by Congress members and even by their spouses, many produced by high-end designers.
"I was once a clueless participant in those mindless events. Don't get me wrong. I am very proud of our local fabrics and our local designers, some of whom are world-class. But the SONA event is not the proper venue for their talents," she said.
She also reminded lawmakers that the law "frowns on conspicuous consumption which she called "the obsession to bling."
The senator cited the Civil Code, Article 25: "Thoughtless extravagance in expenses for pleasure or display during a period of acute public want or emergency may be stopped by order of the courts at the instance of any government or private charitable institution."
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DSI Graduates from Accenture's DSDP, Diverse Supplier Development Program
Nov. 08, 2012 "Diversified Systems' extends its warmest gratitude of appreciation to the Accenture organization for selecting DSI to participate in this prestigious world-class program," said Archie Williamson after receiving the graduation award in a ceremony conducted at Accenture's Headquarters … Continue readingDecember 12, 2012
October 29, 2012 – DSI Awarded New IT Services State Term Schedule
A new IT Services state term schedule, numbered 534371, has been awarded to Diversified Systems, Inc. as of 10/29/2012 and is effective through 06/30/2013. The new contract is posted on the State Procurement web site and is available to state … Continue readingOctober 29, 2012
Williamson now Chairman of COWIC Board of Directors
Archie Williamson takes the lead as Chairman of COWIC Board of Directors (Columbus, OH – August 23, 2012) – The Board of Directors of the Central Ohio Workforce Investment Corporation (COWIC) has elected Diversified Systems Executive Archie Williamson to serve … Continue readingSeptember 18, 2012
June 22, 2012 – DSI Awarded Five-Year GSA Schedule 70
Diversified Systems, Inc. has been awarded a Schedule 70 federal acquisition vehicle from the United States General Services Administration. Schedule 70 is an indefinite delivery indefinite quantity (IDIQ) multiple award schedule, providing the federal government direct access to IT Services provided … Continue readingJune 26, 2012
DSI at the Toyota Opportunity Exchange
Archie D. Williamson, President and CEO of Diversified Systems, Inc. speaks with the Reverend Jesse Jackson, a keynote speaker at the Toyota Opportunity Exchange. CINCINNATI, Nov. 16, 2011 — /PRNewswire/ — Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America (TEMA) held … Continue readingNovember 17, 2011
DBS at the NMSDC Business Opportunity Fair in Atlanta
The Diversified Business Systems Booth at the National Minority Supplier Development Council annual Business Opportunity Fair October 30th through November 2nd in Atlanta Georgia. Diversified Business Systems, a division of Diversified Systems, offers customers valuable business assessments and strategic business … Continue readingNovember 7, 2011


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- BBA Hofstra University
- MBA State University of New York at Albany
- New York
- District of Columbia
- New Jersey
- Military Law
- Security Clearance Representation
- Federal Employment Law
- Appellate Law
- Criminal Defense
- Family and Matrimonial Law
- New York
- New Jersey
- United States Supreme Court
- Federal Court of Claims
- Court Of Appeals for the Armed Forces
- Army Court of Criminal Appeals
- U.S. District Court for the Northern and Southern Districts of New York
- US Court of Appeals for the 1st 3rd 6th 7th and 8th Federal Circuits
- Albany NY
- Washington DC
Greg T. Rinckey, Esq.
Founding Partner
Greg T. Rinckey is one of Tully Rinckey PLLC's two founding partners. He worked with Founding Partner and fellow Hofstra University alum Mathew B. Tully in 2004 to build the firm from the ground up into the coast-to-coast, full service powerhouse that it is today. As founding partner, Greg collaborates with Mat in all areas of strategic planning and law practice management to develop and deploy innovative business solutions that continue to grow the firm.
As a practicing attorney, Greg focuses on military law, federal employment and discrimination litigation, and national security clearance representation. His representation in national security and security clearance cases range from high level military officers to covert operation officers of the CIA, NRO, FBI, DIA and various other intelligence agencies. During his previous tenure as an attorney with the U.S. Army Judge Advocate General's Corps, Greg prosecuted and defended military personnel in over one hundred felony cases, with charges ranging from drug possession to murder. He has represented federal and private sector employees in investigations and cases in front of the Merit Systems Protection Board, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and the Office of Special Counsel.
Greg has become a recognized leader in the military, federal employment law and security clearance representation sectors. Greg is frequently asked by local and national media outlets to offer his legal commentary on military and employment discrimination matters. Additionally, Greg co-authored the book Strategies for Military Criminal Defense: Leading Lawyers on Understanding the Military Justice System, Constructing Effective Defense Strategies, and Navigating Complex Cases.
Greg is a member of the New York State Bar Association Committee on Veterans. Greg has also been appointed to the Committee on Character and Fitness for the State of New York Appellate Division's Third Judicial District. In this capacity, he personally interviews prospective attorneys before they are allowed admission to the New York State Bar.
In addition to serving as an attorney in the U.S. Army Judge Advocate General's Corps (JAG) Greg was selected to serve as an Assistant U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of Virginia. In that capacity, he prosecuted hundreds of felony and misdemeanor cases arising on federal property in the Hampton Roads, Va. area.
Greg's last military active duty assignment was at the Defense Appellate Division in Washington, D.C., where he wrote criminal appellate briefs and argued appeal cases. Greg was honorably discharged from the Army JAG Corps in April 2004.
Before becoming an attorney, Greg retired from the East Meadow, N.Y. Fire Department where he served as a firefighter/emergency medical technician. In 2011, he received his MBA from the State University of New York at Albany.
Greg Rinckey's Speaking Engagements:
- January, 2012, Understanding Veterans' Rights Under USERRA. Presented at the New York State Bar Association's Special Committee on Veterans, New York, NY.
- January, 2012, What to Do When a USERRA Case Comes to Your Firm.Presented at the Reserve Officers Association 2012 National Security Symposium, Washington, DC.
- October 2011, Veterans' Rights. Presented at Albany Law School, Albany, NY.
Case Victories
- Greg T. Rinckey - Garcia v. Department of State Marc - A. Garcia petitioned for review of an initial decision denying his request for corrective action. Garcia was granted the petition and the original decision was vacated. Held that the board could adjudicate claims of USERRA violations prior to the statute's enactment.
- Greg T. Rinckey - Savage v. Savage - Successful Supreme Court appeal in which lower court decision which found client to be in willful violation of a child support order was reversed and reimbursed counsel fees.
- Mathew B. Tully and Greg T. Rinckey - Collins v. Department of the Agriculture - Filed an appeal alleging that while employed by the Department of the Agriculture he was charged military leave even on non-work days which caused him to use annual, sick, or leave without pay to perform military duties from 1989 -2000. Based on USERRA, the agency was ordered to correct its records and to pay appellant the back pay that was owed.
"Our experience was wonderful" –M.V.
Our experience with your law firm was wonderful. It was a leap of faith to call your office from California knowing nothing about your firm, but we didn't know what else to do. We just knew we had to help …
"Professional Service and Advice" – R.G.
"I wanted to take the time to take you for your professional service and advice. I would not have been successful with proving my innocence with this case. I commend you and your staff on a job well done, and …
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"Mr. Rinckey was a life saver. I really gave up that there were no lawyers out there that were familiar with military regulations. Greg was very familiar with military law and was very good keeping me informed with his phone …
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Greg Rinckey Provides Insight on the Bowe Bergdahl Case for the LA Times
Army Sgt. Bowe Bergdahl, 'a case nobody wants to see go to trial' By David Zucchino April 28, 2015 Every year since America's current overseas wars began 14 years ago, hundreds of Army soldiers have abandoned their units — …
Greg Rinckey Comments on Two Year Probation Sentence for Petraeus Military Leak
Petraeus Sentenced to 2 Years' Probation for Military Leak By: Mitch Weiss and Jonathan Drew April 24, 2015 CHARLOTTE, N.C. (AP) — His outstanding career in the military and national security has been ruined; so have his political aspirations, …
Greg Rinckey Says Bergdahl Case May be Tough to "Prove Beyond Reasonable Doubt"
Military: Bergdahl may face life in prison if convicted Sgt. Bowe Bergdahl – A U.S. official says Bergdahl, who abandoned his post in Afghanistan and washeld by the Taliban for five years, will be court martialed on chargesof …
Read All
Greg Rinckey Provides Insight on the Bowe Bergdahl Case for the LA Times
Army Sgt. Bowe Bergdahl, 'a case nobody wants to see go to trial' By David Zucchino April 28, 2015 Every year since America's current overseas wars began 14 years ago, hundreds of Army soldiers have abandoned their units — …
Greg Rinckey Comments on Two Year Probation Sentence for Petraeus Military Leak
Petraeus Sentenced to 2 Years' Probation for Military Leak By: Mitch Weiss and Jonathan Drew April 24, 2015 CHARLOTTE, N.C. (AP) — His outstanding career in the military and national security has been ruined; so have his political aspirations, …
Greg Rinckey Comments on Bergdahl's Sentencing
Bowe Bergdahl could get lesser sentence for desertion, legal experts say By Jacqueline Klimas Thursday, March 26, 2015 Sgt. Bowe Bergdahl's time as a Taliban prisoner of war and questions …
Read All
Tully Rinckey Steps Up Efforts to Aid Homeless Veterans
The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development recently reported the findings of a one-night survey taken last January that over 636,000 people were homeless nationwide, down 2.1 percent from a year earlier. Veteran homelessness declined even further since January …
VA Can't Say Definitively Its Nursing Homes Have Bucked Deficiencies: GAO
By Greg T. Rinckey The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs still cannot provide assurances that patient care problems identified years ago at some of its 132 nursing homes have been resolved, according to the federal government's watchdog agency. In a …
House Passes Bill to Extend Hostile Work Environment Protections to Service Members
By Greg T. Rinckey Service members who felt vulnerable after a federal appellate court earlier this year ruled the Uniformed Service Employment and Reemployment Rights Act (USERRA) does not protect them from hostile work environments now have reason to be …