text:
A programmable desk type calculator has a display and a keyboard having a first group of keys for entering numerical values, a second group of keys for entering instructional values including subroutine designators, and a key for causing the calculator to display an extended precision result. The calculator also has a first memory for storing instructional and numerical values, a second memory for storing a plurality of fixed control words, each of which has a plurality of control fields and an arithmetic unit for operating on numerical values in accordance with a series of control words selected in response to an instructional value for producing a result which is displayed directly.
Claims available in
Description (OCR text may contain errors)
United States Patent 11 1 Wang et al.
[ 1 Sept. 18, 1973 [75] Inventors: An Wang, Lincoln; Harold Stanley Koplow, Peabody; Shu-Kuang Ho, Chelmsford, all of Mass.
[73] Assignee: Wang Laboratories, Inc.,
Tewksbury, Mass.
22 Filed: Jan, 12, 1971 21 App]. No.: 105,875
[52] US. CI. 235/156, 340/172.5 [51] Illl. CI G06 15/00, GOGf 15/02 [58] Field OI Search 235/156, 159, 160,
235/I64; 340/324 R, I725, 365 R [56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,389,404 6/1968 KOSIBI' 340N725 3,346,853 10/1967 KOSICI' 6! al. 340N725 3,389,379 6/1968 Erickson et al 235/]68 X 3,428,950 2/1969 Chang 1 a] 340 72.5
FROM 2G2 FROM 244 FROM 24B FROM 252 F t -DATA +1171 KBl) (236] l 1 1 1 l l 1 l l l l l 1 1.
FROM 246 3,487,369 12/1969 King et al. 340/1725 3,533,076 l0/l970 Perkins et al. 340/1725 3,588,841 6/l97l Ragen 340M725 Primary ExaminerEugene G. Botz Assistant Examiner-David H. Malzahn Attorney-Martin Kirkpatrick [57] ABSTRACT A programmable desk type calculator has a display and a keyboard having a first group of keys for entering numerical values, a second group of keys for entering instructional values including subroutine designators, and a key for causing the calculator to display an extended precision result. The calculator also has a first memory for storing instructional and numerical values, a second memory for storing a plurality of fixed control words, each of which has a plurality of control fields and an arithmetic unit for operating on numerical values in accordance with a series of control words selected in response to an instructional value for producing a result which is displayed directly.
16 Claims, 13 Drawing Figures TO Y'DlSPLAY TO X-DlSPLAYlM) MEMORY FROM 262 AND 258 PATENTED 3.760.171
sum mar 11 CORE MEMORY /l2 KEYBOARD CENTRAL DISPLAY PROCESSOR |6 TAPE I86 O /l84 FIG 3 PATENTED W973 3.760.171
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QE EEESE H H H mam 92E QOQQOQOOOOQEGEM 2 250300000803 0 o C Q Q o m 8008880088 gm 32E 880888032 H m u M J 0 250880308? Sm 03E QQQQOOOQQOOSSQ w H q q a H PAIENTEUSEM 81975 sum 10 or 11 oooooeoooooooooo cooooooooooooooo ooooooooooooooco oooooooooocooooc 00000800000008 08000008000000 oooooooooooooooo oooooooooooooooc mmoumwbwm mmflo mm hmnufimwbmm mwfio mm mmoomzmmgm mmflo ma hmmo mfiwmxmmfio mo 0080000080800 8800080000000 08800000000000 80008000000000 080082000080 880080000008 oooooooooooooooo oooooooooooooooo .ESfimwpQifio \Lm mmaumdqmwbwmammfio H mwaugmmwwmzmmfio 5 mmaufimwpwmqmmfio B s 00000080008000 oooooooooooooooo oooooooooooooooo 80000080000000 00000009600080 00808000000000 oooooooooooooooo oooooooooooooooo mmmum qmmfiwsmmfio mm mm m mw mm m mmoogmmbwmzmfio 3 finofimwvwm mwflo we oooooooooooooooo oooooooooooooooo 0080800000008 00000000800080 00000000008008 oooooooooooooooo oooooooooooooooo ooooooooooooocoo mmaomafimmzmwfio mm E mEmwSQ mwS mm mmmomdwmwbmmzmmfio 5 mmaomzmwgmnmwdo mo oooooooooooooooo oooooooooooooooo oooooooooooooooo 00000000000880 00000003008000 oooooooooooooooo oooooooooooooooo oooooooooooooooo mmaumwmmbwmimfio 1m mmmomzmwk mzmmfio aw mmaum qmwbmmwmmfio i Emom mw$mm3 :0 00800000080000 oooooooooooooooo oooooooooooooooo oooooooooooooooo ooooooooooooocoo oooooooocooooooo oooooooooooooooo oooooooooooooooo mmaumd mmimjmfio mm @mmugmmbwmzmmfio mm mmoomdxmwvwmsmmfio ma mmau mwhwmzmwfio mo 00000080800000 oooooooooooooooo oooooooooooooooo oooooooooooooooo oooooooooooooooo oooooooooooooooo 00080080000000 00000000088000 mmoufimmbmm mmdo mm mmaomfiwpwmxmfio mm finomdmwbwm mwfio NH mmoom mbomzmwfio mo oooooooooooooooo oooooooooooooooo oooooooooooooooo ooooooooooeooooo oooooooooooooooo oooooooooooooooo 00880000000000 80000080000000 mmaumd mwbmmzmmfio Hm mmmom mm$mw8 Hm mmaumlmwpmmammfio 3 mmmomzmiwm mmfio 3 80800000000000 00008000000008 oooooooooooooooo 00000008000800 08000000008000 oooooooooooooooo oooooooooooooooo ooooooocoooooooo Hfiu mfimm mmfio on mmaofimmwumqmgo om ,mmmumfiwwwwmsmwflo 3 fiaumdwmwbmmsmwfio oo 1 PROGRAMMABLE CALCULATORS HAVING DISPLAY MEANS AND MULTIPLE MEMORIES This invention relates to calculating apparatus, and more particularly to compact (desk top) programmable and keyboard responsive calculating apparatus.
Keyboard responsive calculators have the ability to perform many of the complex mathematical manipulations of which large general purpose computers are capable. Recently, such calculators have been provided with means for storing a sequence of commands selected by the operator, and for executing this sequence, or program, on command. It is an object of this invention to provide a novel and improved keyboard responsive electric calculator that is easy to operate, that can be programmed using the keyboard, and that permits the user to perform a wide variety of data manipulations in a versatile manner.
Further, since it may be desirable to execute a particular portion (subroutine) of a stored program many times during the execution of the entire program, while at another time it may be desirable to execute that particular portion of the stored program independently of execution of the entire program, the capability of storing such subroutines and accessing such a subroutine in response to a single address-independent command originating either at the keyboard or within another stored program is a very useful feature of a calculator. Additionally, since different users of a calculator, or a single user at different times, may need a different selection of such subroutines, some of them suited to very specific computational tasks, it is desirable for the user of a calculator to be able to simply and easily replace one or more subroutines with others without necessarily replacing all the stored subroutines. It is also desirable for a calculator to be simply and easily provided by the user with individually designed subroutines not provided by the manufacturer of the calculator.
In addition, in certain uses of a calculator it may be desirable to work with greater accuracy than that provided by the usual display of the result in a single register. The capability of storing and displaying, in response to a single command, an additional portion of the result containing as many digits as the initial display, making possible double-precision arithmetic, is therefore a desirable feature of a calculator.
[t is therefore a further object of the invention to provide a compact programmable keyboard responsive calculator that can store subprograms and can address such a subprogram in response to a single addressindependent command. It is a further object of the invention to provide such a calculator with the capability of accessing such a subroutine in response to a command originating either from the keyboard or from a stored program, and the further capability of retaining information representative of such origin for controlling the further operation of the calculator after completion of a subroutine.
Another object of this invention is to provide a keyboard responsive calculator that can provide additional accuracy of results as desired, by generating and storing a result that exceeds the normal display capacity of the calculator for display in response to a single command by the operator, together with the normally displayed result portion.
Additionally, it is an object to provide these features in a calculator that is easy to use, compact, of simple design and of relatively low cost.
In accordance with the invention there is provided a programmable desk type calculator comprising a keyboard having a plurality of manually operable key elements for entering numerical values, a plurality of manually operable key elements for entering instructional values, computation means having a plurality of registers for storing numerical values and an arithmetic unit for operating on the numerical values in accordance with the instructional values and producing a result, display means having a predetermined number of display positions for displaying the result of an operation by the computation means, a first memory having first register means for storing the value displayed by the display means, second register means for storing a series of instructional values, and third register means for storing second register means address information, and a second memory for storing a plurality of predetermined control words. Each control word includes a plurality of computation means control fields and a further field for determining the next control word to be processed, and the computation means is responsive to the fields of said control words for controlling its operation. A series of control words are selected in response to an instructional value and cause the computation means to perform the operation specified by the instructional value.
In a particular embodiment the calculator includes status indicator means for preventing response of the computation means to an instructional value specified by one of the key elements, means responsive to actuation of one of the instructional value key elements for selecting a first control word in the second memory and for setting the status indicator means and means responsive to a field of one of the control words for cle aring the status indicator means and enabling the computation means to respond to another instructional value entered by one of the manual key elements. The first memory further includes means for storing a predetermined number of digits of a result produced by the computation means greater than the number of said display positions, and the keyboard includes a manually operable key element for selectively displaying the stored digits of said result in excess of the predetermined number of display positions.
Also in a particular embodiment, each control word includes a first field for determining the source of one input to the arithmetic unit, a second field for determining the source of a second input to the arithmetic unit, a third field for determining the destination of data transferred from the arithmetic unit, and a fourth field for specifying the mode of operation of the arithmetic unit, and a fifth field for controlling transfer of data to and from said first memory; a plurality of reference storage means, including status register means, for storing a plurality of current status reference quantities; and address setting means responsive to the said further field in said control words and to a current status reference quantity stored in the reference storage means for determination of the next control word. Further, the stored sequence of instructional values in the calculator may include subroutine indicators (initial sequence designating values,) the keyboard includes a manually operable subroutine key element for entering a subroutine value, corresponding to a stored subroutine indicator, and means responsive to the keyboard entered subroutine value for finding in the first memory the corresponding subroutine indicator and for initiating operation of the calculator according to the stored subroutine corresponding to the designated subroutine indicator. The first memory also includes means for storing an operating status reference quantity that has a first value representing operation of the calculator in response to a subroutine value entered through said keyboard, and a second value representing operation in response to a subroutine value stored in the first memory.
The status register is set in response to the control words and to the stored operating status reference quantity and provides a particular current status for determining successive control words to be executed by the calculator. A value representing the location within the first memory of the instructional value currently accessible for controlling the operation of the calculator is also stored in the first memory and in response to a subroutine value and the operating status reference quantity the stored current instruction location value is modified. Upon completion of the specified subroutine, the modified value is used to select successive control words for subsequent operation of said calculator.
A preferred embodiment of the invention is a selfcontained desk top electronic calculator constructed with integrated circuits on snap-in replaceable printed circuit modules. It contains six system elements, a keyboard, a dual register display, an arithmetic unit, a magnetic core memory, a read only memory, and a casette tape transport. The core memory contains X and Y registers used for arithmetic operations and data transfers, a plurality of additional data registers and a capacity for storing several hundred program steps. Each register has a capacity for storing twelve decimal digits with sign and a two digit exponent with sign. The display exhibits the contents of both X and Y registers. Information in the core memory may be recorded on tape for later use and conversely the information on tape can be loaded into core memory.
The keys on the keyboard enter numbers into the X register and initiate a variety of arithmetic functions, transfer functions and mathematical manipulations, each with a single keystroke. Further, sixteen special function keys are provided to address specific stored programs. The stored programs which are called out by these keys can be changed directly from magnetic tape casettes. Typical series of such programs include programs designed to provide trigonometric functions such as sine, cosine, tangent, and conversion of angle values from degrees to radians; statistical programs; bond analysis programs; surveying program, etc. Further extended precision arithmetic can be performed through the use of the recall residue key, the calculator in response to that key providing a display of an additional twelve digits of accuracy. The invention provides an easy to operate powerful and versatile electronic calculator which can be programmed using the keyboard, and operates in response to single keystroke commands.
Other objects, features and advantages of the invention will be seen as the following description of a particular embodiment progresses, in conjunction with the drawings in which:
FIG. I is a perspective view of the exterior of the calculator of the invention;
FIG. 2 shows the calculator keyboard;
FIG. 3 is a schematic block diagram of the internal structure of the calculator;
FIG. 4 is a schematic block diagram, in greater detail, of a portion of FIG. 3;
FIG. 5 shows the format of a portion of the permanent control storage of the calculator;
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of the access means for the control storage of the calculator.
FIGS. and 7b shows selected portions of the permanent control storage contents;
FIGS. 8a, 8b and 8c shows the contents of selected work and memory registers of the calculator during execution of the instructions represented by the control storage portions shown in FIG. 7; and
FIGS. 9a and 9b shows the entire contents of the calculator memory after a particular program of commands has been stored therein.
Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, the programmable desk calculator 10 of the invention provides a keyboard 12, a two-register display 13 and a tape drive unit 15. The keys of keyboard 12 are used to enter information and instructions into the calculator. The calculator display 13 consists of an X work register display 14 and a Y work register display 16. Both the X and Y Registers are displayed simultaneously by half-inch nixie-type tubes. Each register has a 1 sign and 12 digit mantissa followed by a two-digit exponent with a range of 99 to +99, of the form:
:l:-XXXXXXXXXXXX;I;XX (Y-Register) =l;-XXXXXXXXXXXXXX (Y-Register) M T mantissa exponent l floating decimal i sign of mantissa sign 0! exponent Calculator 10 has four different modes of operation. Keyboard 12 includes a group of 4 mode switches 18, 20, 22 and 24; switch 20 places the calculator in LEARN mode, in which a program is loaded into the calculators core memory; this may be done directly by depressing a series of operation keys in turn, or indirectly from a tape. Switch 18 places the calculator in RUN mode, in which an operation or series of operations is actually carried out. Switches 22 and 24 are used only in connection with an optional output printing device not shown in this embodiment.
If a tape is to be used, a group of 4 tape control keys 26, 28, 30 and 32 control the tape drive mechanism 15.
The RELEASE button 26 allows the operator to remove or insert his tape casette (not shown). The Forward button 28 moves the tape in a forward direction. The Tape-ready button 30 places the head of the tape reader in contact with the tape and conditions the calculator for an instruction transfer operation.
The Rewind button 32 rewinds the tape.
In the lower half of keyboard 12 are four groups of operation keys. On the far right are five keys which, because of their functions, cannot be programmed on the calculator. These include the PRIME key 34 which is used to initialize the calculator, by clearing the x and y register displays 14 and 16, resetting a program counter and resetting certain error-indicators. The operation of PRIME key 34 will be explained more fully below as part of a detailed explanation of the operation of the calculator.
The SET PC key 36 allows the user of the calculator to address and set a Program Counter which indicates which program step, from 000 to 959, is to be executed next. The Verify Program key 38 decimally adds the high-order and low-order digits of program codes stored in the calculator memory and displays the sum in X register display 14 for checking by the user. The Record Program key 40 is used to transfer a program from the calculator memory to magnetic tape. The STEP key 42 allows the user to step through a program one step at a time.
Grouped with these five non-programmable keys are keys representing certain programming controls. These include the LOAD PROGram key 44, used to transfer a program block to memory; END PROGram key 46, which signals the end of a program block; the GO key 48, used to continue the program at the next step after a STOP instruction; STOP key 50, which signals the end of a program; four SKIP keys 52, 54, 56 and 58, used to accomplish decision-making within the program; MARK key 60, which generates a code used together with a name code to mark the start of a program in memory; RETURN key 62, used in branching within a program; and the SEARCH key 64, which initiates a search for a particular combination of the MARK instruction with a name. The GROUP 1 and GROUP 2 keys 66, 68 are used for addressing optional peripheral equipment.
The group of keys to the left of the group just described include ten number entry keys 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, and 88, and a decimal point key 90, used for entering a number into the X register display 14. The SET EXP key 92 enables the exponent value of X to be set with the next two successive keystrokes. SET EXP key 92 automatically aligns the decimal point in the left-most position of X register display 14. The CH SIGN key 94 changes the algebraic sign of the mantissa or exponent ofX. The CLEAR X key 96 clears the X register display 14.
Arithmetic operation keys are provided for addition (key 98), subtraction (key 100), multiplication (key 102), and division (key 104). The number in the x display will be squared by depressing key 106, or its square root will be taken by depressing key 108. Further arithmetic operation keys provide the values of l/x (key 110), absolute value of x (key 112), log x (key 114), log, x (key 116), l0 (key 118), and e (key 120). Depression of key 122 replaces the number in the 1: display with the integer part of the number only.
Three keys (124, 126, and 128) are used in programming to control the output of a printer or other output device.
Key 130 causes the values displayed in the x and y registers to be interchanged. Key 132 moves the value of 1: into the y display, leaving the x display unchanged. Key 134 moves the value of y into the x display, leaving the y display unchanged. Key 136 sets the value of 11' into the .1 display. Key 138, Recall Residue, is used in performing double precison arithmetic, in a manner to be explained more fully in what follows.
The remaining keys are used together with the four toggle switches 140 and the row of special function keys 142 in performing arithmetic operations with numbers stored in the memory of the calculator. A register in which a number may be stored is identified by a combination of toggle switch settings and indexing of special function keys. The Store Direct key 144, followed by the register number, is used to store a number in the identified register. Depression of Recall Direct key 146, together with a register number, recalls a number from the designated register into x-register display 14. The Add Direct (148), subtract direct (150), multiply direct (152), and divide direct (154) keys are used to perform the designated operation upon the number in x-register l4 and the number in the designated storage register. The result is stored in the same storage register and the contents of x-register l4 and y-register 16 remain unchanged. The Exchange Direct key 156 is used to exchange the number in x-register 14 with the number in the designated storage register.
The remaining keys are used for indirect addressing; in this mode, y-register 16 displays the address in the register being addressed; the command is performed on the number in x-register 14 and the result is placed in the designated storage register. The Store indirect key 158 stores the number in x-register display 14 into the memory register designated by the number in y-register display 16. The Recall indirect key 160 recalls a number to x-register display 14 from the register designated in y-register display 16; the number also remains in the storage register (non-destructive recall). Exchange indirect key 162 exchanges the number in x-register display 14 with the number in the memory register designated by y-register display 16. The Add Indirect key 164 adds the number in x-register display 14 to the number in the designated register, and stores the sum in the same register; the number in .r-register display 14 remains unchanged. The Subtract lndirect (166), Multiply lndirect (168) and Divide indirect (170) keys similarly perform the designated operation upon the number in x-register display 14 and the number stored in the designated register.
Each programmable operation of the calculator is represented by a numerical code. Since the internal operation of the calculator is carried out in the binary number system, the basic unit of information within the machine is a bit, which may be either zero or one. Eight bits make a byte, divided for convenience into two half bytes of four bits each:
The value of each half-byte can range from 0 to l5 in decimal notation. For convenience these decimal numbers may be represented in hexidecimal notation, that is, with a base of 16 instead of 10; to do this, the letters A through F are used to represent the numbers 10 The numerical codes for the operations of the calculator may therefore be represented either as two twodigit decimal numbers or as one two-digit hexidecimal number. Both values are given in Table 2.
TABLE 2 code key hexidecimal decimal 40 0400 DIRECT 41 0401 DIRECT 42 0402 X DIRECT 43 0403 DIRECT 44 0404 STORE DIRECT 45 0405 RECALL DIRECT 46 0406 DIRECT 47 0407 SEARCH 48 0408 MARK 49 0409 GROUP 1 4A 0410 GROUP 2 4B 041 I WRITE AC 0412 WRITE ALPHA 4D 0413 END ALPHA 415 0414 STORE Y 41- 0415 RECALL Y 50 0500 INDIE 51 0501 INDIR 52 0502 X INDIR 53 0503 INDIR 54 0504 STORE INDIR 55 0505 RECALL INDIR 56 0506 ZINDIR 57 0507 SKIP if Y z X 58 0508 SKIP if Y X 59 0509 SKIP if Y-X 5A 0510 SKIP if ERROR 5B 0511 RETURN SC 0512 END PROG 5D 0513 LOAD PROG SE 0514 GO SF 0515 STOP 60 0600 61 0601 62 0602 X 63 0603 64 0604 1 6S 0605 1 66 0606 TI 67 0607 1X1 68 0608 INTEGER X 69 0609 11' 6A 0610 Log X 6B 061 1 Lo X 6C 0612 6D 0613 10 6E 0614 e 6F 0615 ll;
70 0700 71 0701 l 72 0702 2 73 0703 3 74 0704 4 7S 0705 76 0706 6 77 0707 7 78 0708 8 79 0709 9 7A 0710 SET EXP 7B 0711 CHANGE SIGN 7(. 0712 DECIMAL POINT 7D 0713 X 7B 0714 RECALL RESIDUE 7F 071 5 CLEAR X The code representing each command is generated by depressing the appropriate operation key on keyboard 12. Alternatively, any code may be also generated by setting the toggle switches 140 and indexing one of the special function keys 142. The special function key is used to define the low-order (hexidecimal) digit and the combination of toggle switches is used to define the high-order digit. The special function keys are also used to address storage in the direct and indirect operations, as previously described.
In addition, the special function keys 142 are used to address a variety of subroutines. A set of 64 operation codes is reserved for this purpose. A complete list of these reserved codes (in decimal form) is given in Table 3.
TABLE 3 When a number of subroutines are stored in the memory of the calculator, each subroutine being addressable by use of a special function key 142, a label strip 172 may be removably secured to calculator keyboard 12, providing designation of the stored subroutines. Such subroutines may be provided as a group and read into memory from a tape cassette, or may be individually stored into memory by the user of the calculator. The subroutines may be accessed either from the keyboard by depression of the appropriate special function key 142, or from a stored program by use of the appropriate numerical code, as will be more fully explained in what follows.
The internal structure of the calculator comprises (FlG. 3) a core memory 180, a central processing unit 182, and a read-only memory 184; input may be from keyboard 12 or from a tape 186, and output may be to devices such as a display, a typewriter or a plotter, for example.
Read-only memory 184, whose construction is described in US. Pat. Application Ser. No. 74,369, filed Sept. 22, 1970, and assigned to the same assignee as this application, contains 2048 prewired instructions in the form of control words, controlling the operations of central processor 182 and other parts of calculator 10. The calculator has the capacity to access these stored instructions non-sequentially in response to commands entered through keyboard 12 or tape 186, permitting varied and complex operations, involving decisions determining the sequence of instructions, to be performed automatically. Each control word contains 43 bits and is divided into 13 fields. Fields within a word, to be more fully described in what follows, direct the various internal operations of the calculator to permit the carrying out of the command. A command is entered as a two-digit code, as previously described, which is decoded within the calculator and causes branching to the addresses of a sequence of appropriate control words within the read only memory, in a manner to be described.
Central processing unit 182, which includes an arithmetic logic unit 188 and several registers, is shown in FIG. 4. All registers are four bits wide, except as described hereafter, as are all transfer lines.
Input and output between keyboard 12 (or other external devices) and central processor 182 are through the external communication registers Ka (I) and Kb (192). The T, U, and V registers (194, 196, and 198) are address arithmetic registers. The L, M, and N registers (200,202, and 204) are memory access address registers; M and N are 4-bit registers, while L is a 2-bit register in this embodiment, although it may contain 3 or 4 bits in other embodiments. L, M, and N may be set by the parallel transfer of the contents of T, U, and V or by transfer of V to N and constant values to M and L, as will be described. All memory access selection in the present embodiment of the calculator is performed by using the bit contents of L, M, and N to select a byte in memory 180.
Registers C, and C, (206, 208) are memory communication registers. Data can be sent to these registers from the address in core memory 180 specified by the contents of LMN registers 200, 202 and 204, or data can be sent from registers 206 and 208 to that address. Registers R and R, (210,212) are memory access registers (buffer registers). The contents of R and R are displayed to the user of the calculator when the calculator is in Run mode.
S register 214 is an internal status register, containing four status bits in the arrangement S3, S2, S1, S0. These may be set in response to the status field (stat) in the current control word, or may be set with the output of ALU 188.
Register D (216) is an external status register. It is set by depression of one of mode buttons 18, 20, 22, and 24 and indicates internally what mode has been selected by the user.
The contents of registers S (214), TUV (194, 196, and 198), K, and K, (190 and 192), and C, and C, (206 and 208), can be transferred via the A-bus 218 to arithmetic logic unit 188 (ALU) through pass-through inhibit switch 220, under the control of a control word in Read-only memory 184, as will be described.
The contents of registers D (216), C, and C, (206 and 208), K, and K, (190 and 192), or a constant value specified by the current control word in a manner to be described, can be sent via the B-bus (222) to ALU 180 through switch 224. Pass-throughlinhibit/complement selection switch 224 controls the transfer of the data on B-bus 222 or its complement to ALU 188.
Binary or decimal adder selector (B or D) (226) determines whether ALU 188 will operate in binary or decimal mode; B or D 226 also controls the type of complementation in switch 224. Other inputs to ALU 188 are the saved carry value (SC) (228) and a plus one source (P1) (230).
Output from ALU 188 via the Z-bus 232 may be to the S (214), TUV (194, 196,198), Ka and Kb (190 and 192), or Ca and Cb (206 and 208) registers. Output to memory 180 is via the R-bus 234.
The KBD, OFLO, and 0 bits (236, 238 and 240) are status bits. KBD bit 236 is set on directly when the operator operates the keyboard of the calculator and is set off by a field (stat=l 001 in the control word. While KBD bit 236 is on, further keyboard input will be disregarded by the calculator. OFLO bit 238 is set on by a control word field (stat-=1 I00) and off by ALU 188. The 0 bit is set in response to the memory operation field in the control word. The values of the OFLO and 0 bits may (rarely) be used in determining the address of the next control word to be accessed. Further details of the types of logic incororated in portions of this calculator may be had with reference to US. Pat. No. 3,509,329, issued Apr. 28, 1970, to An Wang et al.
The operations of central processor 182 and memory 180 are controlled by the 2048 control words wired in the read-only memory 184. The control word format 242 is shown in FIG. 5.
The 3-bit ai (A input) field 244 determines the source of input to A-bus 218. The ai field values and the resulting sources for the A-bus may be any of the following:
binary value decimal value source 000 O S register (214) 001 l T register (194) 010 2 U register (196) 01 l 3 V register (198) 4 K8 register (190) 101 5 Kb register (192) l 10 6 Ca register (206) ll! 7 Cb register (208) The 3-bit bi (B input) field 246 determines the source of input to B-bus 222. The bi field values and resulting sources may be any of the following:
binary value decimal value source 000 0 (unused) 001 l constant field in control word 010 2 D register (216) 01 1 3 (unused) 100 4 Ka register (190) 101 5 Kb register (192) 6 Ca register (206) 1 ll 7 Cb register (208) The 3-bit 20 (Z output) field 248 determines the destination of data transmitted from ALU 188 on z-bus 232, and has the same values and corresponding registers as at field 244.
The 3-bit aop field 250 determines ALU operations; it has the following possible values and corresponding operations:
hexibinary decimal mnemonic value value operation a 000 0 Add A-bus (218) and B-bus (222) inputs in 001 1 Add the A-bus and B-bus inputs and the Plus One generator output (230) ac 010 2 Add the A and B bus inputs and save the resulting carry (it any) in SC (228) C00 011 3 Add the A and B bus inputs and the contents of SC (the previous saved carry); save resulting carry in SC int 100 4 Add the A and 8 bus inputs and the plus one generator output; save resulting carry in SC and I01 5 Logical AND of the A and B bus inputs xor l 10 6 Logical exclusive OR of the A and B bus inputs half 1 l l 7 110 following by shift right one bit. Contents of SC fills from the left; the lost bit is sent to SC, and current carry (halve circuit; shifl right).
The one-bit bd field 252 controls BorD selector 226. A value of 0 in this field directs ALU 188 and complementer 224 to operate in the binary mode; a value of l directs them to operate in the decimal mode.
The one-bit ac field 254 controls input on A bus 218 to ALU 188; a value of 0 inhibits input on this line; a value of l pennits input.
The two-bit be field 256 controls the complement function and input on B bus 222 to ALU 188 and has the following possible values and corresponding operations:
decimal binary operation 0 00 inhibit all input from B bus to ALU l 01 pass all input on B bus to ALU 2 l0 set 0's in 8 bus and send The four-bit mop field 258 controls memory access by controlling the loading of the LMN address selection registers 200, 202, and 204, controls reading from and Writing into memory 180, and controls transfer of data to and from external devices. This field may have the following values and corresponding operations:
mnemonic WI'G operation Transfer the ALU output on the R-bus to register R,; then logical exclusive OR the contents of registers R, and R. with the byte of storage whose address is currently pointed to by LMN Same as 0000, except that R-bus transfer is to register R,
Memory readout: Transfer the contents of TUV to LMN; then transfer the contents of the byte of storage pointed to by LMN to registers R. and R,; at end of operation, transfer the contents of registers R, and R, to registers C and C., respectively. Storage readout is destructive. When rd! is followed by wm or wrb, storage is rewritten (restored or altered) Same as 0010, except that nothing goes to registen C, and C registers R, and R, are refilled. This has the effect of clearing a byte of storage after loading LMN from TUV Transfer four binary ones to register L; transfer the contents of the CS constant field (kit) to register M; transfer the contents of register V to register N; then transfer the contents of the byte of storage pointed to by LMN to registers R, and 11,; finally, transfer the contents of R, and R. to C, and C, respectively. Readout is destructive. When followed by wra or wrb, storage is restored or altered Same as 0100, except that nothing goes to registers C, and C registers R, and R. are refilled General input: accept a byte from an external device into registers K, and K.
General out ut: deliver to an external vice the contents of registers K. and K,
No memory access ration Transfer the carry 0 the current ALU o ration to the 0 bit (or SC to Tape input: accept the next bit from the tape cassette. Calculator will interlock until transmission is complete. Bit agpean in low bit of register K ach two bits are separated by a timing bit.)
Ta output: deliver a bit value ound in the low bit position of K, to the tape cassette for output. In addition to data bit values, timin bits between data bits will be elivered by this function Does nothing at microcode level. turns tape motor on/ofl' wrb 000] 1 rd! 00 l 0 2 rdv (H00 4 null ulq Iln lUlU lOll B lull! The prewired four-bit constant kk field 260 may have any four-bit configuration.
The four-bit stat field 262 determines the setting of six status bits, four in Status register 214 together with the KBD and OFLO bits 236 and 238. The possible values of this field together with the resulting operations are:
hesibinary decimal mnemonic value value operation 0000 0 Do not set status bits 50 0001 l S] 00l0 2 Set the appropriate bit of S2 0Ol l 3 register S on unconditionally S3 0100 4 Z0 0101 5 21 0| 10 6 Set the appropriate bit of Z2 0| 1 l 7 register S off unconditionally 23 1000 8 2K l00l 9 Set the KBD bit of! SN 1010 A Set $0 on if the ALU output is non-zero S2 101 l B Set S] on if the output ofthe ALU is zero OVF 1 W0 C Set the OFLO bit on ZA 1 K11 D Set all the bits of register S off unconditionally 1 l 10 E Sets parity error bit 1 l l 1 F (unused) The last three fields, jad, jh and jl (264, 266, and 268) are used to determine the address of the next control word to be accessed in read-only memory 184. The nine-bit jad field 264 contains the high-order jump address, and the two 3-bit fields 266 and 268 are interpreted to provide the last two bits of the address.
FIG. 6 shows schematically the read-only memory 184 and its 11-bit Control Storage Address register 270, which contains three fields, bad, bh, and bl (272, 274, 276). The jad field 264 in the currently accessed word is loaded into the bad field 272 of storage address register 270, while the jh and jl fields must be evaluated to determine the inputs to bh (274) and bl (276).
The possible values of these address fields and the resulting values set into the bit and bl fields are:
jh: 000 set 0 into bh unconditionally 00! set 1 into bh unconditionally Ol0 set S register bit S] into bh responsive to stat field 0ll set S register bit S3 into bh I00 set OFLO bit value into bh, set OFLO off l0l if the current ALU output had a carry, set bit to I; otherwise set to 0 l 10 set contents of KBD bit into bh l l l (unused) jl: 000 set 0 into bl unconditionally 001 set 1 into bl unconditionally 010 set S register bit into bl 011 set S register bit S2 into bl l00 if the ALU output is zero, set bl to l;
otherwise set it to 0 101 set contents of Q bit into bl 1 l0 set contents of SC bit into bl l l l (unused) A single control word may specify several different functions to be performed by the hardware. Therefore an order must be specified in which these functions will be performed. The following sequence is followed:
1. Set the memory access address registers LMN (200, 202, 204) if required by MOP field 258.
2. Perform tape input or output, general input or output, read from memory or clear memory if specified by MOP field 258.
3. Select A-bus (218) and B-bus (222) sources and Z-bus (232) destination according to the A], Bl, and Z0 fields respectively (244, 246, 248).
4. Select binary or decimal operation according to BD field 252.
5. Perform A and B input controls as specified by the AC and BC fields (254, 256).
6. Select the operation to be performed on the inputs as specified in AOP field 250, and pass the A and B inputs through to ALU 188.
7. Calculate the jump address from the .IAD, III, and
.IL fields (264, 266, 268).
8. Pass the output of ALU 188 along Z-bus 232 to its destination.
9. Save the carry if AOP field 250 requires it.
10. Set the status according to STAT field 262.
l 1. Perform SETQ, write into memory, gate RA/RB into CA/CB if specified by MOP field 258.
I2. Fetch the next control storage word.
When the calculator is turned on, or when the PRIME key 34 is depressed, the calculator automatically accesses and executes a sequence of control words which clear x and y displays 14 and 16 and in other ways prepare the calculator for operation, as more fully to be described. The calculator then automatically branches to a DISPLAY cycle of operations, during which the x and y displays continue to show zeros; during this cycle, a sequence of executed control words causes the calculator continually to test the KBD bit 236 and the mode storage D register 216. When a key is depressed on keyboard 12, KBD bit 236 is automatically set to 1. When this is detected by the calculator, the KBD bit value, together with the settings of the D register 216 in response to the mode keys, are used to determine branching to the DECODE sequence of control words. Further operation of the calculator is determined by the accessing of appropriate control words in response to the particular command that has been input.
The functioning of the control words and the manner of decisional branching from one word to the next is best understood by following through a specific example in detail. In the description that follows, a hexidecimal number appearing without quotation marks, such as 383, refers by address to a particular register, whereas a number appearing in quotation marks, as 3AF", refers to the contents of a register, either in memory or in the central processor, whose address or name is in general a number different from the contents. Control word" refers to the numerical contents of a format like that shown in FIG. 5. The name of each control word is generally a combination of letters and numerals, the letters referring to a particular routine in which the word appears (such SEARCH AND RE- TURN, represented as SAR), while the numbers (such as 523) refer to a sequential listing of statements including all control words, not given here. Statement refers to a line of print including, generally, the name and address of a control word, the word itself, and various comments representing in mnemonic form the operations specified by the numerical values of the control word fields. "Command" refers to operations and number entries that are represented by codes and may be initiated by depressing appropriate keys on keyboard I2; instruction" refers to internal operations directed by control words as the calculator performs the command.
FIG. 7 shows the listing of a sequence of control words which cause execution of the operation PRIME, initiated by turning on the calculator or by depressing PRIME button 34 (FIG. 2). This operation is employed to initialize the calculator before use; the particular portion of the operation to be described here results in clearing the x and y display registers in memory 180.
The fields of each control word are numbered as in FIG. 5. In addition, column 302 shows the address of each control word in readonly memory 184. To the right of each word are comments, giving, in abbreviated mnemonic form, symbols representing the operation of ALU 188 in column 304, the A and 13 bus sources and 2 bus destination in column 306, the memory operation in column 308, the status bit settings in column 310, and (in conditional form, to be explained), the name of the statement to be accessed next in the read-only memory 184 in column 312. The numerical contents of the fields in the control words are given in hexidecimal numbers and in equivalent binary representation. Numbers in the control word name are in decimal notation.
In general, four kinds of addresses are represented in column 312: no address, unconditional, one condition, and two conditions. First, if no address field appears in the current control word, the next control word to be accessed is that appearing in the next address in the read-only memory; that is, access is sequential. In this case, no address appears in column 312.
Control words may be grouped in pairs, their addresses differing only in the value of one of the two loworder bits in the address. Such pairs are labeled as TWOI-I" if the choice between the two words is conditioned by the value of the next-to-last bit (bh); they are labeled as TWOL if the choice between the two words is conditioned by the value of the low-order bit (bl). Further, control words may be grouped in four, their addresses differing in the value of both the two low-order bits in the address. Such words are labeled as a group FOUR, and appear in read-only memory 184 in a sequence corresponding to the low-order bit values of the addresses:
Branching to any of these grouped control words may be unconditionally specified by the current control word; for instance, if jh contains 1 and j] contains 0, the branch address will contain 1 and 0 in the two low order bits, without reference to any operating condition of the machine. Such an address may be that of a word in either a pair or a group of four.
Third, the value of either jh or jl may be such as to require the next address to depend on some operating condition, such as the value of a status bit, or the existence of a carry from the current ALU operation. In column 312, the latter branch condition, for example, is represented as PR2, CC
in which PR2 represents the TWOH pair of control words PR2 149 and PR2 150. The choice between these two control words depends upon the next-to-last bit in the address, as shown in column 302, and the value of this bit is determined by reference to the existence or non-existence of a carry (CC).
Finally, the branch address may be represented as depending upon two conditions; for example (not shown in the PRIME routine),
This address refers to a group of four control words RX6, and the choice among them depends upon the current values of the status bits S1 and S0.
Beginning with control word PR1 147, and referring to the required sequence of operations (p. 24 and the commands associated with the field values (pp.l9-24 A1 states that S register 214 is the A-bus 218 source; B1 1 states that constant field 260 of control word PR1 147 is the B bus 222 source; 20 3 states that V register 198 is the Z bus 232 destination. AOP 6 states that ALU 188 is to perform a logical exclusive OR of the two inputs. AC 0 requires the A bus input to be inhibited; BC 1 permits information to pass to ALU 188 on the B line; BD 0 states that the ALU operation is in binary mode. MOP D causes the tape motor 15 to turn off. KK F gives a constant field 260 value of (decimal) 15; ST D sets all bits of S register 214 off unconditionally.
The operation directed by the control word PR1 147 results in no input to ALU 188 on A bus 218 (inhibited); constant field 260 of the current control word is input to ALU 188 on B bus 222, and the logical exclusive OR of the two inputs, which is the data on the B bus, is sent to V register 198 on Z bus 232. This results in a value ofF (decimal l") being set into V register 198. The comment column represents this operation in mnemonic form as MVE F, V.
The value .111 1 requires a value of l in the next-tolast bit of the address of the next control word, and JL 0 requires a value of 0 in the last bit. The address field of the next control word therefore contains which is divided from the right into 4-bit groups to obtain The first two zeros are ignored; the remaining bits have an equivalent hexidecimal representation of which is the address of control word PR2 150.
The pair of control words PR2 149 and PR2 150 are together denoted in the comment column as "TWOH". This represents a pair of control words together called PRIME 2, either of which may be accessed, depending on the value set into the next-to-last bit of the address in response to the JH field of the current control word. (H refers to "high order"). In proceeding from word PR1 147 to word PR2 150, a value of JH=1 requires that this bit be 1, thus addressing control word PR2 150.
In control word PR2 150, the memory operation required by MOP 4 is first performed (see p. 24 four binary l 's (decimal are sent to L register 200. Since L register 200 holds only two bits, this results in setting a value of 3 into this register. The value of constant field 260 is set into M register 202, and the contents of V register 198 are sent to N register 204.
The byte of storage located at the address that has been set into memory address registers LMN (200,202,204) is next read out into memory access registers Ra and Rb (210 and 212) and then into memory communication registers Ca and Cb (206 and 208).
This read-out is destructive and has the effect of clearing that byte of storage. The mnemonic representing the memory operation is RD XY", where XY" stand for an address in storage whose contents are cleared. A value of APS states that V register 198 is the A bus 218 source; B1 0 states that no B-bus 222 input source is used; 20 3 states the V register 198 is the destination of output from ALU 188. AC 1 passes the A bus 218 input to ALU 188; BC 2 requires four binary 1's (decimal l5) to be sznt to ALU 188; DD 0 requires the ALU operation to be in binary mode. AOP 0 requires ALU 188 to add the input on A line 218 to the input on the 8 line 222.
During the first execution of control word PR2 150, for example, V register 198 contains the value 15 (decimal), set there by the execution of previous control word PR1 147. The addition is performed in binary mode;
As only the right-hand four digits are retained, the result is a value of 14 (decimal) which is sent to V register 198 on Z bus 232; thus the result of the operation is to reduce the value of V register contents by 1. Note that this is done after the initial V-register contents are sent to N register 204. The mnemonic representing this ALU operation is A, V,-,V", representing Add contents of V to the complement of 0 and set result into V."
The address fields in ontrol word PR2 contain the values 1H 5, JL 0. JH 5 states that if the current ALU operation resulted in a carry, a value of l should be set into the next'to-last bit of the address of the next control word; if there was no carry, this bit is set to 0. JL 0 states that the last bit of the address is set to 0 unconditionally. If there is a carry, the address that results is 001 1 1101 1010, which is the address of control word PR2 150; that is, control word PR2 150 is executed repeatedly until a carry results from the ALU operation, resulting in a value of 0 in the next to last bit of the address, which gives as the result 0011 1101 1000, the address of control word PR2 149. The mnemonic representing this is PR2,CC", indicating that one of the pair of words called PR2" will be accessed, depending on the carry.
Control word PR2 149 thus is accessed only after control word PR2 150 has been executed repeatedly (looped). in control word PR2 149, A1 0 states that S register 214 is the source for A bus 218; Bl l states that constant field 260 (KK 1) in the current control word is the source for B bus 222; 20 4 states that Ka register is the destination of Z bus 232. MOP 8 indicates that no memory operation is performed. AC 0 inhibits the A bus, BC 1 passes the contents of the B bus, DD 0 indicates a binary operation; and AOP 6 requires ALU 188 to perform a logical OR of the A and B inputs. ST 3 sets status bit S3 on in register 214.
As is indicated by the mnemonic MVE =1,KA, a value of I from constant field 260 is set into Ka register 190 by this operation.
The address field gives 11-] 1 and JL 1. This re sults in values of l for each of the last two bits of the address of the next control word. This address is now
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McCann Investigations Offering Private Investigations in the Austin Market
Digital security firm offers range of traditional and high-tech investigations services
Austin, TX (PRWEB) November 07, 2013
McCann Investigations, a firm based in Texas, recently announced that it now delivers its high-quality private investigations services to clients located in the Austin market.
Those services cover a wide range of areas, including digital and network forensics, embezzlement investigation, property theft investigation, background checks, traditional surveillance and many other tasks as needed for each individual client.
"McCann Investigations is known for its quality of private investigations, and we are fortunate to have many skilled investigators located in Austin that have years of experience," said Daniel Weiss, Managing Partner at McCann Investigations. "All of these investigators have been thoroughly trained and maintain a complete devotion to their clients. The tools and methods they use give them an edge in every case they cake on."
Many different types of firms, large and small, seek out McCann Investigators for its private investigations services. McCann has taken on cases in matters of family law, criminal defense, prosecution and more.
In addition to the investigative methods used by McCann, the experts at the firm are also available to give expert testimony in court cases. They are able to explain with great clarity the tactics of investigation they used and the evidence that they uncovered by using them.
"There's a good reason why all of our investigators are highly sought after, both for their investigations and their expert testimony," said Weiss. "It's because they're consummate professionals who are really good at what they do. We're pleased to be able to bring our services to Austin."
For more information about the services provided by McCann Investigations in the Austin area, visit the company's website at http://www.mccanninvestigations.com and follow the company on Twitter at @mccangi.
About McCann Investigations
McCann Investigations is a Texas-based private investigations practice focused on comprehensive investigations incorporating digital forensics, surveillance, undercover work and background checks for clients in various case types. Service areas include intellectual property theft, non-compete enforcement, fraud, embezzlement and family law. McCann Investigators are experts in the latest computer forensics tools and are licensed with the state of Texas. McCann examiners have provided expert testimony and reporting in hundreds of cases across the state.
For the original version on PRWeb visit: http://www.prweb.com/releases/private-investigations/mccann-2013-austin/prweb11297918.htm

subset: commoncrawl


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Film Notes: Pats' D-line peaking
Big bodies up front doing their best work in playoffs; should Manning be worried?
Originally Published: February 3, 2012By Gary Horton | Scouts Inc.
After breaking down film, Scouts Inc. gives its take on what to watch in Super Bowl XLVI:
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Secrets of Success< Secrets of Success Main Page
All Secrets that Sparked TOADJODE
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Storage Containers Help with Portion Control
I invested a small amount of money in several sets of inexpensive plastic storage containers, especially the smaller ones that are equal to single serving sizes of 1/3 cup, 1/2 cup and 1 cup. When I am storing food, I fill the smaller containers to know automatically how much food is available for future portions.
- Submitted by STRONGFORLIFE 2/25/2011 in Cooking | 2 Comments
I tried the suggestion of Judith Beck, PhD, (The Beck Diet Solution) to serve myself the entire meal and spread it out in front of me. Seeing all the food helps me 1) feel more satisfied and 2) judge whether the portions are reasonable. In the past I've often eaten one item and then get the next item and so on. Putting it altogether helps me realize how much I am eating.
- Submitted by SLENDERELLA61 2/23/2011 in Weight Maintenance | 2 Comments
When I moved, I had a ton of books that I really didn't need anymore, but still wanted new ones. I found a site- swap.com, where I can list the books I have and the books I want and it sets up a trade between members. All you do is pay for shipping. I like it a lot. I've gotten some things I really wanted, while getting rid of some books I no onger had interest in.
- Submitted by KELLYAM42 2/21/2011 in Everything Else | 6 Comments
It's emotional torture to me to look at a closet full of clothes I can't wear. I take the things that are too small (or too big!) and try to sell them at a consignment shop. Whatever they won't take goes to Goodwill. These two places are where I buy my current sizes as well. I only allow myself to keep a few exceptions, but they must pass these rules: 1) I really love them and 2) I don't think I'll be able find them again once I reach goal weight. Why keep a too small plain blue T-shirt?
- Submitted by CATSDONTPRAY 2/21/2011 in Everything Else | 1 Comment
If you drop your cell phone in lets say a bucket of water/the sink, put the cell phone in a bowl of uncooked rice. The rice will absorb the water.
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If your zipper gets stuck zipping up or down, rub a bar of soap on the teeth and voila! it'll work smoothly.
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i have found that if i let a few close friends know that i am working on myself, i am more motivated and positive with the situation and more apt to stay on track. When i didn't tell anyone, and attempted to do it myself, friends didn't know and offering me a large piece of cake or donut was nothing. Now that those close friend know that i'm working on myself, they don't offer me the big piece of cake but offer encouragement instead. Keep those close friends closer during this time.
- Submitted by THECOZE 2/19/2011 in Staying Positive | 0 Comments
If you get alot of headaches, it could be your bodies way of telling you, drink more water.
- Submitted by KMS2011 2/14/2011 in Staying Healthy | 2 Comments
I asked Coach Nancy if she could recommend a good low-priced pedometer, and sure enough, she did! She said it's an Omron Pedometer, and I could get it at Walgreens. Sure enough, it was on sale 1/2 price and I got it for $9.99!!! It works GREAT! (I got it beside the blood pressure products by the pharmacy)
- Submitted by LITTLEFARMMOMMA 2/10/2011 in Product Reviews | 10 Comments
Skinny Cow Dulce de Leche low fat ice cream
150 calories, 4 g fiber in a single serve 5.8 fl oz container. Such a delicious an satisfying treat A great secret weapon when I am trying to avoid other really bad dessert options.
- Submitted by JJSWBS2 2/5/2011 in Product Reviews | 5 Comments


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Resolution: standard / high
Figure 8.
Gene expression changes of common Wnt signaling targets in the E18.5 Pygo1/Pygo2 null kidney. Microarray analysis was performed in triplicate on wild-type and Pygo1/2 compound null E18.5 kidneys. Possible Wnt targets were selected from those compiled at [39]. An initial gene list of 82 Wnt targets was created and then reduced to a total of 40 genes using an expression level restriction requiring the raw expression intensity to be >100 in at least 3 samples. Pygo1 and Pygo2 probes were included to demonstrate significant changes in expression levels.
Schwab et al. BMC Biology 2007 5:15 doi:10.1186/1741-7007-5-15


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Episode 1.02 The Big Bran Hypothesis
Started by Tripper , Sep 17 2007 02:40 PM
Posted 17 April 2012 - 08:37 AM
Great gif's from a very funny episode thanx
Posted 09 September 2012 - 03:18 AM
Some gifs:
Awesome gifs! The one with Leonard holding aloft his lightsabre got me laughing..!
Posted 30 March 2013 - 01:17 PM
This is my favourite episode to date. Just perfectly executed and sooo funny.
"If you have time to lean, you have time to clean." - instant classic.
Posted 01 April 2013 - 12:00 PM
This is my favourite episode to date. Just perfectly executed and sooo funny.
"If you have time to lean, you have time to clean." - instant classic.
I agree with you. I just watched it hundred of times and every time I enjoy as it is first time I watch it.
- Berliner likes this
Posted 25 June 2013 - 06:06 AM
This is the best episode of Season 1 for me. I lauged so hard *LOL*
my favourite dialogues:
Howard: (speaks a phrase in Russian). (he said: Ты очень красивая девушка -> You´re a very pretty girl (I think it was nice but I know how horny Howard was *LOL*)
Penny: I'm sorry?
Howard: Haven't you ever been told how beautiful you are in flawless Russian?
Penny: No, I haven't.
Howard: Get used to it. (*LOL* Howard Howard Howard :D)
Penny: Yeah, I probably won't,
and I loved this one about Superman:
Sheldon: You realise that scene was rife with scientific inaccuracy.
Penny: Yes, I know, men can't fly.
Sheldon: Oh no, let's assume that they can. Lois Lane is falling, accelerating at an initial rate of 32 feet per second per second. Superman swoops down to save her by reaching out two arms of steel. Miss Lane, who is now travelling at approximately 120 miles per hour, hits them, and is immediately sliced into three equal pieces.
Leonard: Unless, Superman matches her speed and decelerates.
Sheldon: In what space, sir, in what space? She's two feet above the ground. Frankly, if he really loved her, he'd let her hit the pavement. It would be a more merciful death.
Leonard: Excuse me, your entire argument is predicated on the assumption that Superman's flight is a feat of strength.
Sheldon: Are you listening to yourself, it is well established that Superman's flight is a feat of strength, it is an extension of his ability to leap tall buildings, an ability he derives from Earth's yellow Sun.
Howard: Yeah, and you don't have a problem with that, how does he fly at night.
Sheldon: Uh, a combination of the moon's solar reflection and the energy storage capacity of Kryptonian skin cells.
Penny: I'm just going to go wash up.
Leonard: I have 26 hundred comic books in there, I challenge you to find a single reference to Kryptonian skin cells.
Sheldon: Challenge accepted. (Tries door.) We're locked out.
and this one:
Leonard: Okay, her apartment's on the fourth floor but the elevator's broken so you're going to have to (delivery man leaves) oh, you're just going to be done, okay, cool, thanks. I guess we'll just bring it up ourselves.
Sheldon: I hardly think so.
Leonard: Why not?
Sheldon: Well, we don't have a dolly, or lifting belts, or any measurable upper body strength.
Leonard: We don't need strength, we're physicists. We are the intellectual descendents of Archimedes. Give me a fulcrum and a lever and I can move the Earth, it's just a matter… (starts to move package) I don't have this… I don't have this I don't have this.
Sheldon: Archimedes would be so proud.
Leonard: Do you have any ideas?
Sheldon: Yes, but they all involve a green lantern and a power ring.
Time shift, Leonard and Sheldon are now lowering the package onto the bottom of the stairs.
Leonard: Easy, easy (package falls) Okay! Now we've got an inclined plane. The force required to lift is reduced by the sine of the angle of the stairs, call it thirty degrees, so about half.
Sheldon: Exactly half.
Leonard (snarkily): Exactly half. Let's push. Okay, see, it's moving, this is easy, all in the math.
Sheldon: What's your formula for the corner.
Leonard: What? Oh, okay, uh, okay, yeah, no problem, just come up here and help me pull and turn.
(Sheldon heads up the stairs. The package slides back down to the bottom.)
Sheldon: Ah, gravity, thou art a heartless bitch. *LOL*
and this one was funny:
Sheldon: No, it hurt… (looking around) Great Caesar's Ghost, look at this place?
Leonard: So Penny's a little messy.
Sheldon: A little messy? The Mandelbrot set of complex numbers is a little messy, this is chaos. Excuse me, explain to me an organisational system where a tray of flatware on a couch is valid. I'm just inferring that this is a couch, because the evidence suggests the coffee table's having a tiny garage sale.
Leonard: Did it ever occur to you that not everyone has the compulsive need to sort, organise and label the entire world around them?
Sheldon: No.
Leonard: Well they don't. Hard as it may be for you to believe, most people don't sort their breakfast cereal numerically by fibre content.
Sheldon: Excuse me, but I think we've both found that helpful at times.
and I loved their "cleaning Pennys apartmen while she was sleeping action" (Sheldon is just crazy *LOL*)
and this one:
Sheldon: You have a sarcasm sign?
Leonard: No, I do not have a sarcasm sign.
Sheldon: Do you want some cereal. I'm feeling so good today I'm going to choose from the low fibre end of the shelf. Hello, Honey Puffs.
and one of my favourite moments was as Leonard was holding up the sarcasm sign *LOL*
And I loved the Raj/Howard hug (and I thought these two are kinda gay :D)
and this one was funny:
Penny: Guys, this is actually really simple.
Howard: Hold on, honey, men at work. *LOL*
- Berliner likes this
Posted 03 August 2014 - 02:34 PM
This episode for me is the true starting point for the show because all of the characters are on their way to becoming true to form. Penny with her (justifiably) firecracker temper who then later realizes that Sheldon (particularly Sheldon!) and Leonard aren't typical guys and shouldn't be treated as such. Leonard with his 'why me?' vulnerability and loyalty to his off-center roommate and Sheldon being his anal retentive self. And how can we forget conceited! 'I have no peers.' Just awesome!
What I loved was the differing dynamics between how Leonard sees/deals with Sheldon and how the rest of the world does via Penny's point of view. Leonard knew that cleaning Penny's apartment was insane (and illegal) but decided to assist Sheldon--and that's what I love about Leonard in the early seasons. His submission is not a weakness on his part; he knew there was no logical way to get Sheldon out of the apartment so he might as well ensure that the job gets done quickly--and hopefully without the involvement of the police! He could have just left Sheldon there but he doesn't. He won't abandon his friend, even in the midst of lunacy.
It made me wonder what else Leonard had done over the previous two years of knowing Sheldon, what other 'crazy', illegal activities had the singer of classical music to lima beans committed with his whackadoodle roommate? As much as Sheldon's idiosyncrasies provide humour for the audience I'm quite sure there's at least a part of Leonard that gets a kick out of it, all exasperation aside. There's a warmth to their relationship because he understands Sheldon more than any person on the planet besides Mary Cooper. He takes care of Sheldon, which is why in a later season finale it's fitting Leonard is the last one to release the apron strings to let Sheldon stand on his own two feet.
Penny's reaction to the violation is normal--but this is where normal comes face to face with the paradigm of Sheldon Cooper which is more concerned with order than legality. Penny's jaw drops, her anger becomes disbelief, at Sheldon's inquiry into her outrage: was her objection solely to their presence in the apartment while she was sleeping or was it merely an imposition of a new organisational paradigm? We know which one weighs more heavily in Sheldon's world. The other requires a discussion with his roommate.
This episode allowed us access into Sheldon's world (and Leonard's suffering one) but more importantly it showed us how Penny's world alters. In the real world, intruders are burglars and rapists, She realizes that in the world of 4A intruders can also be heroes combating a messy apartment. She realizes that Sheldon and Leonard aren't jerks and that they really did mean well. They're not threatening, Even Leonard, for all his 'liking' of Penny, is only there to get his roommate out of there as soon as possible. Her confirmation that the guys are 'different, but okay' comes at the end when the guys are preparing to assemble her shelf. Suggesting she'd take off all her clothes didn't even get a blink out of the gang. They're there to help *her* not help themselves *to* her. While it might be weird, perhaps endearing, to Penny I'm sure it was also refreshing.
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What can I ask you?
When are you going to make Aliyah?
How is the homeschooling going?
What made you decide to be more religious?
How did you meet your husband?
I did not know you were home schooling. I thought the kids went to Day school. I home school 2 of my 3 kids as well,
What is your favorite holiday and why?
What are things you like to do when you have time or hobbies?
3 Kids and 1 goldfish
CD Swap Feedback: http://community.babycenter.com/post/a5591975
Sorry! Was dealing with IEP craziness and an unexpected snow! Thanks for letting me know!!
What can I ask you?
I am pretty open book. Go for it.
When are you going to make Aliyah?
My husband and I discussed it a bunch of times. Three of the kids have lang. processing issues and one would not be able to function in hebrew- even moving to Israel and being surrounded. Also, there is the matter of my husband being able to work which right now would not be possible in Israel. He would have to walk away from his field. So Aliyah is on hold for now and we shall see in the future what changes.
How is the homeschooling going?
night and day!! All the kids are almost caught up academically in english subjects (some subjects they were 2 years behind!). A team that considers me part of the team (cause I am!). IEPs are in the process. Freida' meeting was yesterday and the boys are in the coming days. All will get speech, OT, and other services. Zu is getting dragon software and they are creating his own LA program.
What made you decide to be more religious?
I always felt like there was this hole. I played around in HS. When I was in Israel on EIE (reform's program for a semester in HS in Israel) I was housed by a more frum family and loved it. I started keeping kosher style in HS and playing with Shabbos- learning as much as I could. When I got to college the plan was to go to HUC (reform) Rabbinical school after undergrad! What I learned over time by getting to know myself better, I LOVE the frum life. I love Yiddishkeit. That I wanted to go to Rabbinical school because I felt like to keep things like kosher and Shabbos thats what I had to do for it to be socially accepted. So, I took a leap and stopped worrying about what was socially acceptable.
How did you meet your husband?
In sem my good friend from Romania brought me to her brother's home for Shabbos some weeks in NJ. His wife and I became friends. She set me up a few times while I was still in sem in NY but they didn't work out. I went back to college and when I graduated I was teaching back in Chicago. She called me and said she had a shidduch! First date was a phone convo. He flew into Chicago cause his brother lived there. They had a baby that week (hours after our phone convo!) so it was a good excuse to come in. I had to pretend the entire Shabbos I didn't know who his family was (cause there was no reason I should) when my Shabbos hosts went on non-stop about the bris!!
I did not know you were home schooling. I thought the kids went to Day school. I home school 2 of my 3 kids as well,
So my kids are cyber public schooling this year. They are home and learning through k12's charter school in our area. We got computers, all the textbooks, an online learning system, live cyber classes, and since its public school IEP support. So in the morning we start with BF, davening, chitas, and after start our secular studies. Lunch we do hayom yom and learn about different Lub. minchagim. After lunch they finish their secular work and after we do Chumash and Parsha. Chumash is rocky and some days we do not get to it. I am still trying to assess where the huge gaps are in their Jewish education.
What is your favorite holiday and why?
Pesach. I know- crazy. I LOVE the food. love it!!! I love sitting for hours and hours with my family making the seder. As stressful as the cleaning is, I enjoy working besides my kids and seeing them for once help clean up! LOL
What are things you like to do when you have time or hobbies?
READ!!! I am a bookaholic. We have bookshelves and bookshelves of books. I have stack of books in my room because I am out of bookshelves! My kindle is full! LOL I love to cook. My mom always told us to get out of the kitchen when she made dinner cause it was theraputic for her. I TOTALLY get it now. I am enjoying teaching my kids though. I love having them by my side learning and seeing them discover new tastes. I also am very into advocating for both food allergies and Tourette Syndrome.
I'm around today to answer questions :)
What is your favorite novel?
Where would you go on your dream vacation?
Married to DH Jeff: 2/23/08
David Reed 10/24/08 and Juliet Olivia 7/12/11
What is your favorite book?
Do you miss any part of being secular?
What is your favorite go-to meal?
What is your favorite novel?]
Wrinkle in Time
Where would you go on your dream vacation?
I don't like warm but I don't like freezing cold- anyone know a perfect place?. I would love to tour Europe completely. I have been here or there on long layovers or for a wedding but have not really gotten to see it. Right this second my dream vacation is a stack of good books, endless tea and hot cocoa, and a cozy bed.
What is your favorite book?
So my all time favorite novel I mentioned before. So, I will say my favorite book that I have read in the past 6 months is The Strongest Librarian www.amazon.com/Worlds-Strongest-Lib...
Do you miss any part of being secular?
McDonald's french fries. I know... sounds nuts. I have yet to find a kosher place with as good fries. The only other thing is when I travel not being able to find a local place to eat to really immerse myself in the culture of the country.
What is your favorite go-to meal?
right now I have a few-
pasta with chicken, basil, garlic, and tomatoes (looks beautiful and tastes so good)
twice stuffed baked potatoes fully loaded (making them tonight- we stuff turkey pstrami, broccoli, scallions, daiya cheese, toffuti sour cream, salt, pepper, fresh garlic, and diced tomatoes). My kids LOVE it. Never have leftovers.
meatloaf with homemade sauce on top (ketchup, soy sauce, pepper, ginger, and a shot of hot sauce) with mashed potatoes and fresh steamed broccoli.
shishkabobs! You can make them elegant or just down home. OR all of the above! My kids will eat anything on a stick. Tevye who has issues with textures even would eat them when we could not get meat otherwise into him!
@zunco...i LOVE a wrinkle in time. did you ever read Madeline' L'Engle's book "Many Waters?" kind of a soap opera version of the pre-flood (as in pre-Noach) world. fascinating b/c she bases the whole book on a few pesukim...of course i havent looked at it in like 25 years but as a teenager i thought it was fascinating!!
funny you say that about mcdonalds ff. same thing my uncle says who now keeps kosher. prob b/c they used meat'lard or meat flavoring in them for a zillion years
(2 losses 3/09, 10/09)
Love my bun and my two minibuns!
My daugher just finished reading A Wrinkle in Time. I don't think I ever read it, but since it's in the house, I'll pick it up! I think I"ll make those loaded baked potatoes.


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about 13-14 years ago i lost around 95lbs eating a low calorie diet and doing only cardio. by the time i hit 170lbs, a huge amount of my muscle mass was lost. fast forward to last year when i decided to change my life around, i have been weight training along with my cardio and find the combination to be much better than just cardio alone. so far in the last 11 1/2 months i have lost 85lbs, if i did only cardio i would probably weigh less, but i wouldn't look as good and i wouldn't be as strong which is more important than showing a lower number on the scale.
i wish i had my fat % checked before i started so i would be able to compare it with where i'm at now. any person i talk to about weight loss, i always highly recommend weight training along with diet and cardio.


text:
- Hex Hut Visualisations of a climbers hut perched high in the alps. 2015 Architecture, Digital Art
- Loft Apartment Visualisations of a loft apartment in east London, produced in the spring of 2015. 2015 Digital Art
- Hechingen Studio In 2010 a German advertising agency approached Whitaker Studio to design them a low cost workplace in the Black Forest. The agency stopped before work started though and the project was never realised. 2010 Architecture, Digital Art
- Dice House Visualisations of The Dice House. A zero-carbon terrace house by Sybarite Architects, designed to meet the housing needs of the future. 2014 Digital Art
- The Watergate Hotel Visualisations of The Watergate Hotel by Ron Arad Architects. 2013 Digital Art
- Residential Interior Studies A collection of residential interior visualisations 2015 Digital Art
- Kiln Farm Kiln Farm is a house designed by A Zero Architects. Situated just outside of London, the house works with the remains of the old farm buildings to create a new home. 2014 Architecture, Photography
- Architectural Photography A small collection of architectural photography. 2014 Photography
- Heatherwick Selection Between 2006 and 2009 James worked at Heatherwick Studio, both in London and Hong Kong, as a designer. Some of the photographs here are of projects that he worked on and some he simply photographed. 2014 Architecture, Photography, Product Design
- Beijing Oval Visualisation of a master planning project by Sybarite Architects. 2014 Digital Art
- Sessay Village Hall and Cricket Club This was an entry for a competition run by the Royal Institute of British Architects for a new cricket pavilion and community hall in Yorkshire. Sitting between two cricket pitches, at the heart of the village, the building provides accommodation to a wide gamut of groups from theatre to crown green bowling. 2014 Architecture, Digital Art
- Hampstead Interior These are a series of interior photographs of a north London home by deDraft Architects. 2015 Photography
- Royal Parks Fountain Visualisation of a fountain designed by Sybarite Architects for a competition run by the Royal Parks in London 2014 Digital Art
- House in the Cotswolds In the spring of 2014 James visited this house with the architect, Grant Straghan from deDraft. Grant had turned the old granary building of the farm house into guest rooms for the family home. 2014 Photography
- Interior Photography A small selection of interior photography 2014 Photography
- The University of Oxford A selection from a series of panoramic images shot for the University of Oxford. 2014 Photography
- Portraits A selection of portraits taken over the years. 2014 Photography
- Aldensley Road West London home, by Sybarite Architects, of two architects and their 3 children. 2014 Photography
- Sybarite Architects These photographs are from a series of portraits taken for Sybarite Architects of their team in London. 2014 Photography
- From Above From Above is a project that started in the summer of 2010. After winning a rather bizarre competition, James traveled around the country photographing interesting moments of activity from the top of a 17m tall cherry picker. 2011 Photography
We built this house
A series of portraits of the team who built Forest Mews, three houses in south London, for architectural practice Stolon.
http://www.stolon.co.uk/ 2013 Photography
- Our Town is Making Jeans Again In the spring of 2012 James travelled to the further most edge of Wales, with friend Laurie King, to make a film about a jeans company who are rebuilding their town. 2012 Advertising, Film, Graphic Design
- Semaphore This is a personal project shot purely out of curiosity. I enjoy strong geometry in my photography and this was an exploration of achieving controlled forms with dancers. 2014 Photography
"We follow the journey of two couples as they get a snapshot that'll last forever."
Winner, Best Film at ShortsNonStop 2011
Official Selection, Portobello Film Festival 2010
Official Selection, London Short Film Festival 2011 2010 Film


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The gentle giant has been designed specifically to assist in caring for Japan's ageing population, taking on heavy-duty tasks such as lifting.
Watch the next generation of kids get creeped out and be entertained by the chatterbox bear, in this latest "Kids React" video from The Fine Brothers. Prepare to feel ancient.
Researchers at Carnegie Mellon University collaborating with Disney Research have designed a machine that can 3D print in woollen materials.
Sometimes it's the deceptively simple solutions to complex problems that show the most potential. Sometimes those solutions come from unexpected places. And, sometimes, you can find true innovation on the CES show floor. This is the story of one of those times.
A new technique for salvaging recordings from delicate antiques has allowed Thomas Edison's talking dolls to find their lost voices.
The next generation of tech-savvy kids review the Apple Watch with mixed results in the latest "Kids React" video from The Fine Brothers.
Disney Research has had a second go at creating a 3D printer capable of creating flexible objects made of soft fibres.
Thank you for being a Lego friend! Dorothy, Rose, Blanche, Sophia and even Stan are re-imagined in Lego, along with their fab Miami bachelorette pad, in this mooted set on the Lego Ideas site.
Watch children try to figure out how to play a VHS tape in a videocassette recorder in this latest "Kids React" video from The Fine Brothers.


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Follow on Twitter: @Plamaker_
As the Director of Baseball Operations, Rodeheaver is responsible for budgeting, scheduling, travel coordination and video breakdown; amongst other general program operations.
Worked extensively with the outfielders and served as the first base coach during time as volunteer coach. Also assumed travel coordination duties for the 2013 campaign.
As a Hoosier student-athlete, Rodeheaver posted a career batting average of .316 while cranking out 21 homeruns, 115 RBI and 33 doubles.
Drafted in the 36th Round by the Philadelphia Phillies in 1998. Played three seasons of professional ball.
Spent the 2011 season as Bloomington High School North varsity assistant and head JV coach.
Earned bachelor's and master's degrees from Indiana University.
Roger and his wife, Amy, reside in Bloomington with their baby boy, Nolan. Amy is a Reading Instructor for the Monroe County Community School Corporation.
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Stressing about that last paper or final exam? During this last week of classes, come to the top floor of Brown Library to give yourself a much-needed break!
Work on a puzzle, play a quiet game of Scrabble or chess, catch up on celebrity gossip in one of our magazines, or color your cares away with crayons and coloring books.
The top floor is open to serve you Monday –Thursday, 8AM - 8PM; Friday, 8AM - 5PM; and Saturday 12/6, 9AM - 4PM.


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This section contains 547 words
(approx. 2 pages at 300 words per page)
Critical Review by George Kearns
SOURCE: A review of Something Out There, in The Hudson Review, Vol. XXXVII, No. 4, Winter, 1984–85, pp. 619-21.
In the following excerpt, Kearns discusses the politics of Gordimer's fiction in Something Out There.
… Nadine Gordimer's Something Out There is a collection of nine short stories and the title piece, a long novella that might have had greater impact if published separately. Gordimer is a writer of political fiction whose assurance has become finer with time. Her South Africa is a country torn apart not by "racial problems" or "terrorism," but by what she wants us to know is nothing less than civil war. Lush patches of safety in this battlefield are supported by a "grand illusion," and are under attack from enemies within and without. It is a country from which so many have "skipped"—a word with reverberations: "This one or that has skipped; the laconic phrase contains, for all this generation of South Africans in the know, dumped by their elders with the deadly task of defending a life they haven't chosen for themselves, the singular heritage of their whiteness." This writer is unconcerned with distancing her views by ascribing them, even nominally, to some stand-in or narrator. Nor do drama and conflict have to be devised: they are inherent in a place where everything is visibly dramatic and political, at least to Gordimer's fine eye for detail—every nuance of speech, every choice of dress is necessarily charged with irony. In the title story, for example, Joy, a white revolutionary, is caught in a delicate crisis when she must deal with a black visitor who is capable of blowing the cover she's providing for two black terrorists:
Joy slept in an outsize T-shirt; she put her Indian skirt over it and went out into the yard with the right amount of white madam manner, not enough to be too repugnant to her, not too little to seem normal to the former Kleynhans laborer.
—Yes? Do you want something?—
Mild as her presence was, it clamped him by the leg; caught there, he took of his hat and greeted her in Afrikaans.—More missus, more missus.—
She changed to Afrikaans, too.—What is it you want here?… They knew exactly how to lie to each other.
Gordimer supplies some views of the lives and thoughts of her conservative/reactionary fellow citizens, and of the merely bewildered, but the characters she's most interested in, clearly, are those whites who fall within a range closer to her own polities, and the blacks and coloreds whose lives provide not even an illusion of refuge from politics. She is writing for her countrymen today, and for the world today; she is also preserving, in a society where truth is more than ordinarily manufactured and suppressed, a record for the future of what it felt like to be a South African now, of what people said, of how they behaved. It's that part of the record only art can preserve. Gordimer is aware of every problem writing political fiction poses, as she showed in her supportive, but tortured and tortuous recent review of the South African J. M. Coetzee's The Life and Times of Michael K. Her own decisions as a writer are clear and, in what she writes, brave. She's willing to sacrifice transcendence….
This section contains 547 words
(approx. 2 pages at 300 words per page)


text: Benton Girls Handle St. Pius X in Opener 11/27/2012 12:08 AM 11/27/2012 12:12 AM Benton Girls Handle St. Pius X in Opener By Associated Press 11/27/2012 12:12 AM Cardinals have no trouble in 76-17 rout. ST. PIUS X 17BENTON 76Benton improves to 1-0 to start the season and travel to Kansas City to play Notre Dame de Sion on Dec. 4th. Copyright 2013 Nexstar Broadcasting, Inc. All rights reserved. Page: [[$index + 1]] benton high school football sports


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A passenger with a deadly secret. Six rebels on the run. An assassin in pursuit. When the renegade crew of Serenity agrees to hide a fugitive on their ship, they find themselves in an action-packed battle between the relentless military might of a totalitarian regime who will destroy anything - or anyone - to get the girl back and the bloodthirsty creatures who roam the uncharted areas of space. But, the greatest danger of all may be on their ship. From the mind of Joss Whedon (Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Angel) comes a new edge-of-your-seat adventure loaded with explosive battles, gripping special effects and fantastic new worlds!
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Whether you just like to use a few coupons when you go to the grocery store, or love using a coupon on every single item that you purchase, it's always good to have a good organization method for those awesome little pieces of paper!
There are a couple of different ways that you can organize your coupons.
1. Coupon Binder. The coupon binder combines the use of a binder with baseball card holders. If you're using the binder method, then you will usually clip all of your coupons and organize them on a weekly basis. You can organize them a few different ways: alphabetically, by product type, by store, etc…
Many people prefer this method, because they always have all of their coupons with them at the store.
2. Coupon Box. The coupon box is similar to the coupon binder method, except that you're using a box instead. Clipping all the coupons and then organizing them by type/brand/store, makes for some easy shopping. This is especially true if you can get a box that will easily fit in the front seat of the shopping cart.
3. File by insert. Some people dislike the idea of having to clip all coupons every week. Keeping up with this on a regular basis takes some determination for sure. With the filing option you file coupon inserts by date into file folders, and only clip the coupons that you need for a shopping trip when you need them.
The only downside to this is that you do not have all of your coupons with you at all times.
4. Hybrid Method. This method is a combination of any of the above. I actually prefer this method. I file my coupon inserts by date, clip the ones I need, and then take them to the store in a mini organizer that I carry called a Couponizer.
We talk about this and more in our coupon classes across the U.S, and would love for you to join us at one!
Do you have a preferred method of coupon organization? Are you a "clip it all" kinda couponer, or do you just clip the ones you need and file the rest?
Crystal Collins, a Savings.com DealPro, is an Atlanta local, adventurer, a health advocate and thrifty as can be. Check her out on her blog at TheThriftyMama.com.
(Source: Savings.com)