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From the Departments of Dermatology, University of Münster, Münster (Drs Ständer, Steinhoff, Metze, and Luger), Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Medicine, Mannheim (Dr Schmelz), and Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg (Dr Weisshaar), Germany. The authors have no relevant financial interest in this article.
Itching is defined as an unpleasant cutaneous sensation leading to the desire to scratch. It serves as a physiological self-protective mechanism as do other cutaneous sensations like pain, touch, vibration, cold, and heat to help defend the skin against harmful external agents. Pruritus can be evoked in the skin directly by mechanical and thermal stimuli or indirectly through chemical mediators. It may also be generated in the central nervous system independently of peripheral stimulation. Single-nerve-fiber recordings have shown that histamine-evoked itch is transmitted by selective slow-conducting subpopulations of unmyelinated C-polymodal neurons. Recent experimental studies using improved methods have demonstrated which of the suspected chemical itch mediators such as histamine, neuropeptides, prostaglandins, serotonin, acetylcholine, or bradykinin act pruritogenically on C-fibers. Moreover, investigations have revealed new receptor systems such as vanilloid, opioid, and cannabinoid receptors on cutaneous sensory nerve fibers that may modulate itch and thereby represent targets for antipruritic therapy. This review focuses on the peripheral generation of itch, including neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and inflammatory mediators.
Itching is defined as an unpleasant cutaneous sensation leading to the desire to scratch. It serves as a physiological self-protective mechanism as do other cutaneous sensations like pain, touch, vibration, cold, and heat to help defend the skin against harmful external agents, including parasites and plants. Pruritus is a major symptom of skin diseases and various systemic diseases.1,2 Acute itch that occurs along with urticaria or as an adverse effect of many drugs, including chloroquine, can easily be treated.
However, the chronic, severe, and often generalized pruritus that may develop in cholestatic and renal diseases or in atopic dermatitis (AD) is more difficult to treat.1,3- 5 Chronic rubbing, scratching, or pinching leads to secondary skin lesions such as erosions, excoriations, crusts, hyperpigmentation or hypopigmentation, lichenification, prurigo, and scars and causes the release of inflammatory mediators that potentially induce or aggravate pruritic sensations resulting in an itch-scratch cycle. Where conventional therapies often fail to alleviate these more severe types of chronic pruritus, current progress in understanding the neurophysiology of pruritus has contributed to the development of new antipruritic therapeutic strategies.
Pruritus can be directly evoked in the skin by chemical mediators and by physical and thermal stimuli. In addition, it can arise in the diseased peripheral nerve or even in the central nervous system.5- 7 This review summarizes chemical mediators that elicit itch by excitation of cutaneous nerves (Table 1).
The skin is equipped with a dense network of highly specialized afferent sensory and efferent autonomic nerve branches that can be found in all skin layers.8 Autonomic (sympathetic) nerves represent only a minority of cutaneous fibers innervating eccrine, apocrine, and sebaceous glands, hair follicles, hair erector muscles, and blood vessels. On activation, they release acetylcholine (ACh) and norepinephrine, which activate the target cells via muscarinergic and catecholamine receptors. Afferent sensory nerve fibers transmit noxious information and cold via thinly myelinated Ad-fibers (conduction velocity, 10-30 m/s). Burning pain, heat, and itch are transmitted through slow-conducting unmyelinated C-fibers (conduction velocity, 0.5-2 m/s). Single-fiber recordings in humans have shown that the sensation of histamine-induced itch is transmitted by a very slow-conducting (0.5 m/s) subpopulation of C-neurons (pruriceptors) that also respond to other pruritic substances such as prostaglandin E2.9,10 However, it is doubtful that this particular type of pruriceptor is responsible for all "flavors" of the itch sensation. For example, mucanain, a protease of the fine spicules of cowhage (Mucuna pruriens), will elicit the sensation of pure itch, while endothelin induces itch with a burning component.11
Pruritic information is transmitted via the dorsal root ganglion to the spinal cord. At the spinal level, spinothalamic projection neurons are selectively excited by histamine and thus probably participate in the transmission of pruriceptive information in a dedicated neuronal pathway.12,13 In addition, positron emission tomography studies in humans show what is possibly activation of the primary sensory cortex after cutaneous histamine application.14,15 Motor-associated areas were activated, which correlates with the desire to scratch. In contrast to pain, itch does not provoke a spinal reflex. The scratching movement is governed by a center in the distal medulla close to the bottom of the fourth ventricle being under control of midbrain structures.16 The observation that rubbing, scratching, and pressing temporarily relieve the sensation of itch has yet not been explained, but recent studies have contributed to understanding this phenomenon (see, eg, Ikoma et al17 in this issue of the ARCHIVES).
Free nerve endings of cutaneous sensory C-nerve fibers serve as pruriceptors located in the papillary dermis and epidermis.18 A number of substances have been found to produce experimental pruritus, including amines, prostaglandins, and neuropeptides.9 Pruritogenic agents may bind specifically to itch receptors on the surface of chemosensitive nerve endings and thereby induce firing of the axons. The existence of specific binding sites on cutaneous nerves is underlined by the observation that experimental pruritus induced by application of histamine can be blocked by systemically administered H1 antagonists.19,20 In recent years, a large variety of receptors on sensory nerve fibers have been described. Moreover, many ligands of these receptors are constitutively expressed in skin cells such as keratinocytes, endothelial cells, and epithelial cells. This suggests that various sensory nerve fiber receptors interacting with their mediators from different skin cells are involved in cutaneous elicitation of itch.
Among the known itch mediators, histamine has been the most thoroughly studied pruritogen. About 70 years ago, Lewis et al21 reported that intradermal injections of histamine provoked redness, wheal, and flare (the so-called triple response of neurogenic inflammation) accompanied by pruritus. Accordingly, histamine is used for most experimental studies to induce an intense itching.9 However, recent studies have shown that histamine is not the major mediator in elicitation of pruritus in AD,4 for example, which partly explains the weak therapeutic efficacy of antihistamines.
Histamine is stored in mast cells and keratinocytes while H1 and H2 receptors are present on sensory nerve fibers.22 Consequently, histamine-induced itch may be evoked by release from mast cells or keratinocytes. Along with neuronal depolarization, neuropeptides such as substance P (SP) are released from nerve fibers. This is evidenced by the fact that in the presence of histamine H1 and H2 receptor antagonists, histamine has an inhibitory effect on the electrically evoked release of SP. Current studies strongly support the hypothesis that histamine also regulates SP release via prejunctional histamine H3 receptors located on peripheral endings of sensory nerves.23 Furthermore, many of the known itch mediators are potent histamine liberators, and thereby mast cell liberators, and may lead to the induction of pruritus.
Acetylcholine is a major neurotransmitter of the autonomic nervous system binding to muscarinic (types M1-M5) and nicotinic receptors. In experimental studies, intracutaneously injected ACh induces mainly pain over itching.9 Recent electrophysiologic and neurochemical studies with skin preparations from muscarinic receptor–mutant mice indicated that activation of cutaneous M2 receptors on nerve fibers can reduce the sensitivity of peripheral nociceptors.24,25 Also nicotine was able to weakly excite C-nociceptors and to induce a mild sensitization to heat stimulation.26
However, several muscarinic agonists such as carbachol and bethanechol produce itch in an animal model through activation of cutaneous M3 receptors.27 Furthermore, it was shown that neurotransmitters of the autonomic system may influence the sensory system. Nicotine induced a bimodal increase of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) release, while muscarine significantly decreased the basal CGRP release.26
In summary, these findings suggest that the autonomic system may be involved in cutaneous itch elicitation. Since ACh is synthesized and also released by other skin cells (eg, keratinocytes),28 it is feasible that non-neuronally released ACh plays a role in modulating peripheral nociception. Interestingly, patients with AD develop pruritus when injected with ACh in lesional skin, while healthy controls report a burning pain, which supports the idea that nicotinergic receptors and ACh are involved in the pathophysiology of AD pruritus.29- 32
Bradykinin belongs to the group of kinins that bind to bradykinin receptors (types B1 and B2). Injected into the skin, bradykinin induces pain9 rather than pruritus, mediated by the B2-receptor,33 although it is reported to induce mast cell degranulation for the release of histamine.34 Furthermore, bradykinin sensitizes nerve fibers for other chemical stimuli (reviewed in Lang et al35). In experimental studies, administration of bradykinin enhanced subsequent histamine responses.35,36 Stimulation with bradykinin also significantly augments the release of SP, CGRP, and prostaglandin E2,37 while serotonin and prostaglandin E2 have no effect on neuropeptide release but facilitate the bradykinin-evoked neuropeptide release.
It has been known for many years that serotonin can excite nociceptive C-fibers.38 When serotonin is injected intradermally or applied by iontophoresis in humans, it induces itch but is less potent than histamine.20,39 The widespread distribution of serotonin 3 receptors in the peripheral and central nervous system indicates that this receptor type may have a role in various disease states, which has sparked the investigation of serotonin 3 receptor antagonists in other applications such as the treatment of itching. However, in experimental and controlled clinical trials, serotonin 3 receptor antagonists did not show significant antipruritic effects in renal itch.20,40- 42
Endothelin is a peptide with many biological properties produced by endothelial cells. Endothelin 1, 2, and 3 induce neurogenic inflammation associated with burning pruritus. Itch may be induced by stimulation of polymodal nociceptor fibers and the release of nitric oxide independently from histamine.11,43
The vanilloid receptor subtype 1 (VR1)/transient receptor potential (TRP) V1 is a nonselective heat-activated cation channel that binds vanilloids and was originally found to be activated by the naturally occurring alkaloid capsaicin, which is not constitutively endogenously expressed in humans.44 The endogenous cannabinoid anandamide and an environment of increased temperature (> 42°C) and/or increased number of protons (pH <5.9), can also activate VR1.44,45
The recently confirmed expression of VR1 on cutaneous sensory nerve fibers in humans46 supports the notion that vanilloids and their receptors contribute to the induction and modulation of nociceptive cutaneous sensations such as pain and pruritus. On sensory nerve fibers, vanilloid receptor activation leads to depolarization and release of secretory granules containing neuropeptides such as SP or CGRP. Regardless of neuropeptide release, the action potentials transmit the information to the spinal cord resulting in initial burning pain or pruritus.47 Repeated application of capsaicin for several days induces desensitization of nerve fibers, inhibition of neuropeptide accumulation, and suppression of painful and pruritic sensations. Such application is therefore used as a treatment for pruritic or painful diseases.48
Other members of the vanilloid heat-activated receptor family such as vanilloid receptorlike protein (VRL) 1/TRP V2, TRP V3, and VRL-2/TRP V4 are identified, but their implication in the pathophysiology of pruritus is unknown.
A role of proteinases such as trypsin, chymotrypsin, and papain as pruritogenic agents has long been proposed49 but has not received much attention in recent years. However, new findings in this field have renewed the interest in proteinases. For example, stratum corneum chymotryptic enzyme was found to be increasingly expressed in itchy inflammatory skin diseases.50 Moreover, the pruritogenic effect and triple response of neurogenic inflammation induced by proteinases can be blocked by antihistamines,51 indicating an interaction of proteinases and mast cells in pruritus.
Recently, it has been demonstrated that mast cell tryptase mediates some of its cellular effects by activating a proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2).52 It was clearly shown that the concentration of tryptase is enhanced in the lesional skin of patients with AD compared with nonlesional skin from these patients and the skin of normal controls.53 In contrast, no significant difference was found for the concentration of histamine in these groups, which indicates a specific role for mast cell tryptase in patients with AD. Accordingly, the receptor for tryptase, PAR-2, was markedly enhanced on primary afferent nerve fibers in the lesional skin of patients with AD, suggesting that the pruritic effects of tryptase in AD may be at least in part mediated by PAR-2.53 Together, these results suggest that PAR-2 may be a receptor on sensory nerve fibers involved in induction of pruritus during inflammatory skin diseases.
Prostaglandins. Prostaglandins have an important synergistic function in itching and are believed to potentiate histamine-induced itch independently on the liberation of endogenous histamine.54,55 Pretreatment of human skin with prostaglandin E1 significantly lowers the threshold to itching evoked by both histamine and papain.56 Prostaglandin E2 causes a dose-dependent intense local vasodilation, weak pruritus, and pain in normal skin.57 Prostaglandins may thus potentiate pruritus in inflammatory skin disease, presumably by a nonspecific effect on nerve endings.
Interleukins. Three interleukins (ILs), IL-2, IL-4, and IL-6, are known to play a role in the elicitation of itch. Interleukin 2 was claimed to be a potent inducer of pruritus because high doses of recombinant IL-2 applied for cancer therapy frequently provoke redness and cutaneous itching.58 In fact, IL-2 elicited itch on experimental skin-prick testing59 by activation of a subpopulation of cutaneous C-fibers that are chemosensitive to histamine, bradykinin, and capsaicin.60 Bradykinin thereby seems to enhance the effect of IL-2–induced pruritus on sensory nerves.61
In a transgenic mouse line that overexpresses epidermal IL-4, mice spontaneously developed a pruritic inflammatory skin disease resembling human AD, which suggests that IL-4 is involved in the pathogenesis of inflammation and pruritus.62 Interleukin 6 and its receptor are expressed in nerve and Schwann cells,63 and IL-6–like immunoreactivity was increased in nerve fibers of patients with positive epicutaneous patch tests and prurigo nodularis,64 which suggests a role for this cytokine in pruritus.
Neurotrophins and Nerve Growth Factor. Neurotrophins and their receptors play an important role in cutaneous nerve development and reconstruction after injury. They are released by non-neuronal cells, and after binding to specific receptors on the peripheral nerve endings they are transported along the axon on the cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglia where they regulate expression of a variety of proteins involved in neuronal growth and sensitivity. A direct correlation between nerve growth factor (NGF) and pruritus has not been reported. However, a recent study showed that NGF is overexpressed in prurigo nodularis, and NGF and its receptors were hypothesized to contribute to the neurohyperplasia of the disease (Figure 1).65 Furthermore, patients with AD had significant increases in plasma levels of NGF and SP compared with controls.66 Prolonged treatment of rats with moderate doses of NGF is sufficient to stimulate neuropeptide synthesis in primary afferent neurons without causing long-lasting changes in the thermal nociceptive threshold.67
Increased and thickened dermal nerve fibers (arrows) in prurigo nodularis. The epidermis (E) shows irregular hyperplasia, and a dense inflammatory infiltrate (asterisk) can be seen in the dermis (immunohistochemical staining with anti-S100 protein antibody, original magnification ×200).
Recent observations indicate that neurotrophin-4 may be involved in inflammatory and itch responses of patients with AD. Neurotrophin-4 is a keratinocyte-derived agent that is highly expressed under inflammatory conditions. Its expression was found to be significantly increased in lesional skin of patients with AD and in prurigo lesions of AD skin.68 Interestingly, neurotrophin-4 production can be induced by interferon gamma, which itself is known to have a beneficial effect on pruritus.
Opioids. Opioid peptides such as β-endorphin, enkephalins, and endomorphins play a major role in the nociceptive pathway in the central nervous system by interacting with opioid receptors (µ-, δ-, κ-, and orphan receptors). Based on clinical observations that systemically administrated morphins may induce pruritus, it seems likely that endogenous and exogenous opioids modify the peripheral and central sensations of pruritus.69 Antagonizing endogenous opioids suppresses localized and systemic pruritus, which suggests a major role of central opioid receptors in the perception of pruritus.70- 72 Interestingly, opioids have been shown to act on capsaicin-sensitive nerve fibers to inhibit the release of inflammatory neuropeptides such as SP, neurokinin A, and CGRP,73,74 which suggests that opioids diminish sensitivity of peripheral nerve endings. Recent studies have revealed the presence of opiate receptors on cutaneous sensory nerve fibers,46,75 suggesting that peripheral opioid receptors may be involved in nociceptive mechanisms. This is supported by a previous observation that opioid receptor antagonists may significantly diminish experimentally evoked histamine-induced itch of the skin.39
Cannabinoids and Cannabinoid Receptors. Endogenous as well as synthetic cannabinoids are known for their analgesic potency. Recently, the cannabinoid receptor agonist HU210 was shown to attenuate histamine-induced excitation of nerve fibers and thus reduce itch and axon reflex erythema.76 These findings suggest that cannabinoid receptors are present on cutaneous nerve fibers. In fact, recently cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 (Figure 2) were found to be present on sensory nerve fibers in human skin (S.S. and Roman Rukwied, PhD, unpublished observation, 2003).
Immunofluorescence staining for cannabinoid 2 (CB2) receptor (A; fluoroscein isothiocyanate conjugated stain) and the axonal marker neurofilament (B; Texas red) in a cutaneous nerve of normal skin. Axons (arrows) and the perineurium (arrowheads) of a large dermal nerve fiber stain for CB2 receptor. C, Yellow staining (arrow) in an overlay of A and B indicates colocalization. (Original magnification ×600 for all photographs.)
Cold Receptors. Two cold receptors have been cloned to date, the cold- and menthol-activated channel TRPM8 (CMR1) and ANKTM1 (ankyrinlike protein with transmembrane domains), a cold-activated channel with a lower activation temperature than TRPM8.77,78 The ANKTM1 receptor is found in a subset of nociceptive sensory neurons where it is coexpressed with VR1 but not TRPM8. It has been shown that lowering the skin temperature reduced the intensity of experimentally induced itch.79 A similar effect was achieved with menthol, although the skin temperature was not decreased.79 It was concluded that these findings suggest a central inhibitory effect of cold-sensitive A-delta fiber activation on itch. The role of both receptors in peripheral inhibition or modification of pruritus awaits further exploration.
Pruritus, whealing, and axon-reflex erythema due to histamine release appear in human skin after intradermal injection of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, neurotensin, and secretin. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide is more potent than the other neuropeptides and has approximately the same pruritogenic potency as SP.30 The 2 adjacent basic amino-acid residues and the amide substitution of the terminal C group of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, in addition to its strong net basic charge, may explain its potency as a histamine releaser.80 In addition, somatostatin has been reported to stimulate histamine release of human skin mast cells.81 Other neuropeptides such as angiotensin, carnosine, melanocytic stimulating hormone, neuropeptide Y, and neurophysins were not reported to have a major pruritogenic potency.
The tachykinins SP, neurokinin A, and neurokinin B bind with different affinities to 3 neurokinin receptors (NKR 1-3) that are present on mast cells, fibroblasts, keratinocytes, Merkel cells, endothelial cells, and Langerhans cells. Intradermally injected SP releases histamine via binding to NKRs on mast cells and thereby acts as a pruritogen.82 However, an animal study demonstrated that mast cells are one but not the key factor in SP-induced itching.83 Intradermal SP increases the amount of cutaneous nitric oxide, possibly through the action on epidermal NKR-1 receptors, and enhances SP-induced itch-associated responses.84
Interestingly, there is no evidence for SP-induced activation of nociceptors under physiologic conditions.85 However, SP is an important sensory neuropeptide in the skin constitutively expressed in nerve fibers. Increased SP-immunoreactive nerve fibers have been observed in certain inflammatory skin diseases such as psoriasis, AD, and prurigo nodularis.86- 88 Furthermore, a connection between neuropeptides and stress has been shown in animal studies.89 Acute immobilization stress triggers skin mast cell degranulation via SP. However, neurokinin A and B seem to play a minor role in pruritus generation. In an experimental study, intradermally injected neurokinin A elicited itch in normal but not in inflamed skin. Neurokinin B did not elicit itch in either normal or inflamed skin.82
Intradermal injection of corticotropin-releasing hormone or its analogue, urocortin, induces skin mast cell degranulation and thereby histamine liberation.90 Moreover, acute immobilization stress triggers skin mast cell degranulation via corticotropin-releasing hormone in addition to other neuropeptides.89 However, corticotropin-releasing hormone is not known as a major pruritogen.
One of the most prominent sensory neuropeptides in skin nerves is CGRP, which is colocalized with SP. The corresponding CGRP receptors have been divided into 2 major classes: CGRP-1 and CGRP-2. Recently, CGRP-1 was found on arteriolar smooth muscle, venular and capillary endothelium, hair follicles, and sweat glands in the skin.91 Further studies to characterize CGRP-2 and expression of CGRP receptors on mast cells or nerve fibers are pending.
Interestingly, an inhibitory effect between CGRP and SP seems to exist. When CGRP was injected 10 minutes before an SP injection, a significant prolongation of itch latency was observed.92 However, increased CGRP contents were found in nerve fibers in pruritic diseases (eg, in lesional skin of AD and nummular eczema88 and in prurigo nodularis93).
Bombesin, a tetradecapeptide originally isolated from frog skin, induces dose-related long-lasting scratching when administered intracerebroventricularly to rats.94,95 Pruritus induced by bombesin is not antagonized by antihistamines or opioid antagonists (naloxon) but by opioid analgesics of the benzomorphan class, which suggests an association with the opioid system.94
The role of leukotrienes in the pathogenesis of pruritus is speculative, although there is some evidence about their relevance. Intradermally injected leukotriene B4 provokes scratching in mice.96 Additionally, a correlation between nocturnal itch and high urinary leukotriene B4 levels was found, suggesting that leukotrienes may contribute to severe pruritus at night in AD.97 Furthermore, the pruritic potency of SP may be partly explained by its ability to induce an arachidonate cascade producing prostaglandins and leukotrienes.98 Recent studies have revealed an antipruritic potency of the leukotriene receptor antagonists zafirlukast and zileuton.99- 101
Intraneuronal chemical deposits may influence nociceptive sensations or even directly induce them. A high incidence of severe pruritus has been observed after therapeutic administration of hydroxyethyl starch. A formation of intracytoplasmic storage vacuoles in cutaneous macrophages may be demonstrated in all infused patients.102,103 Patients with pruritus uniformly showed an additional deposition of hydroxyethyl starch in small peripheral nerves (Figure 3). The accumulation of hydroxyethyl starch in various cell elements of peripheral nerves may directly influence neuronal functions and result in generalized itch. Consequently, neural devacuolization paralleled clinical improvement of the symptoms.102,103 Furthermore, persisting and burning itch is related to intramuscular administration of polyvinylpyrrolidone, a high-molecular-weight substance used as a slow-release agent. Likewise, this adverse effect has been assumed to be induced by a storage of polyvinylpyrrolidone in perineural and Schwann cells.104,105
Intraneuronal deposits of hydroxyethyl starch (HES). Monoclonal HES-specific antibody subjected to a postembedding immunogold technique and counterstained with uranyl acetate–lead citrate. Vacuoles (V) in the cytoplasm of a Schwann cell (C, core; A, axon) are immunoreactive (arrow) to anti-HES antibody (original magnification ×11 500).
Although renewed interest and research in pruritus has provided a deeper insight into its mechanisms in recent years, the basis of itch is not yet fully understood. Many chemical mediator candidates have been explored for their pruritic potency. Furthermore, various receptors on cutaneous sensory nerve fibers have been identified, which suggests direct elicitation of itch on pruriceptors in addition to histamine receptors, which were for years believed to be the only direct itch inducer. However, our knowledge of itch neurophysiology is still fragmentary; we are as yet unable to explain the different clinical manifestations of itch. Nevertheless, the increase in knowledge in itch mechanisms should encourage us to develop new therapeutic regimens to treat the severe and distressing symptom of pruritus.
Corresponding author and reprints: Sonja Ständer, MD, Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Von-Esmarchstrasse 58, D-48149 Münster, Germany (e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com).
Accepted for publication July 28, 2003.
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We booked to start in the George Hotel as we were planning to travel to down to the South West for a gathering. Unfortunately our plans fell through, however the staff of the hotel could not have been more helpful and accommodating. It was a pleasure to deal with such nice people - for this reason we will be making... More
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Analysis & Opinion
Is a criminal case the way to clean up FIFA?
The problem is that FIFA is not a business with shareholders who can guard the profits they rightfully earn, but a federation of sports organizations that exist primarily to promote the sport itself. Profit is easy to understand and measure; just what advances the long-term interests of the game of football is far less clear.
Who doesn't want $123 billion? Why the trade deal must be done.The United States has sat idly by in recent years while other nations have gained advantages by inking agreements to eliminate tariffs and reduce barriers to trade.
Saudi Arabia faces many threats, and Iran isn't at the top of the listSaudi Arabia and the other Sunni Arab states have other internal problems and economic worries to deal with, especially bulging youth populations and the lack of avenues for political expression.
Breakdown in U.S.-Russia relations raises risk of nuclear-armed jihadistsAs the crisis in Ukraine festers, recent U.S. actions have unraveled decades of successful cooperation with Russia to reduce the risk of nuclear attack by jihadist groups.
Iraq will never be whole again, so what's next?Is there hope for Iraq? It depends on what you are hoping for.
When Palmyra rivaled the Roman EmpireThe history of Palmyra stretches back to the dawn of human civilization, but it was not until the Roman era that Palmyra reached the level of prosperity needed to build the magnificent ruins now under threat from Islamic State.
The coming jobs massacre and a more violent worldThe elephants in the room lumber about, undisturbed by politicians or people of vision.
Why Pakistan is friends with everyone – and no onePakistan is trying, concurrently, to court four rich, powerful and very different patrons: China, Saudi Arabia, Iran and the United States.
If you don't want your food genetically modified, tell nature to stop it.All human beings, scientists have established, are genetically modified. Over the years, hundreds of foreign genes have jumped into human DNA through a natural phenomenon called 'gene flow.'
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Sony has launched a new model in its RX range of high-end compacts. Boasting a new faster lens, built-in pop-up viewfinder and large 1"-type sensor, with a 20.1Mp resolution, is the new Sony RX100 III the ultimate point and shoot camera?
As consumer appetite for small cameras with great image quality shows no signs of abating, we get more and more options onto the shelves. Who would have thought when Sigma first squeezed a large sensor into the DP1 a few years back, we'd now have compact cameras boasting not only APS-C sensors, but also full frame chips in their small shells. Sony has now developed 3 lines in its RX range of high-end compacts, including the full-frame RX1 series, as well as the RX10 and RX100 options, which both feature a smaller 1"-type sensor. Almost a year on from unveiling its predecessor, the RX100 II, the new Sony RX100 III appears to be more than just minor upgrade, with some pretty impressive looking additions to the spec' sheet.
Chief of these is the new built-in electronic viewfinder, or EVF, which was a feature sadly lacking from the mark II version. As we've said before, the Sony engineers are certainly keen on innovation, and the new 1.4m-dot 'Tru-Finder' EVF on the Sony RX100 III is a pop-up unit, so retracts back into the body of the camera when not in use. That's got to be a first, and promising a clear display and ZEISS T coating, it's a very welcome addition. There's also new wide angle ZEISS Vario-Sonnar T 24-70mm f/1.8-f/2.8 zoom lens, which Sony say produces crisp images and beautiful background bokeh. The focal range of the new lens is shorter than the 28-100mm range offered on the RX100 II. However that lens only offered a maximum aperture of f/4.9 at the long end of the zoom, thus letting in almost 2 stops less light.
Other new features on the Sony RX100 III include a 'flip-up' 3.0" LCD, for those must have 'selfies', built-in Wi-Fi, support for Playmemories Camera Apps and 4K still image output. Video performance has also been improved to offer full HD (1920x1080p) capture at a higher bit rate of 50 Mbps, with full sensor read out to an external recorder possible, as well as support for XAVC S file format.
The sensor on the Sony RX100 III is a 20.1Mp back-illuminated 1"-type Exmor R CMOS, which offers the same resolution as its predecessor, but with a slightly different ISO sensitivity range. Whereas the RX100 II offered a maximum sensitivity of 25,600 ISO, the mark III now maxes out at 12,800 ISO, offering 1-stop less sensitivity. What difference this will make on what otherwise appears to be a very similar sensor, remains to be seen as we put Sony's latest high-end compact through our sensor tests in the coming weeks. If we look back at the DxOMark Sensor Scores for the RX100 II however, you can see it competes very well against much of the high-end compact competition.
With an Overall DxOMark Sensor Score of 67, the Sony RX100 II ranks 8th for all high-end compacts on our database, and an impressive 2nd for models using a smaller than APS-C sensor. That means it outperforms all of the compact camera competition from Nikon, Canon and others utilising a Four Thirds or smaller sensor. In fact it's only beaten to the top spot by Sony's own RX10 model, with a DxOMark Sensor Score of 69 points. So things look promising for the new Sony X100 III, and what's more Sony have also included their latest BIONZ X processing engine, which is usually found on their top-end cameras, and offers powerful features for improved jpeg progressing.
So as we wait to see how the latest Sony RX100 III will rank on our DxOMark Sensor Score database, let's see how the current model fares against the different types of high-end compact competition.
Unsurprisingly, boasting a full-frame 24Mp resolution sensor, Sony's flagship RX model, the RX1, is head and shoulders above both the RX10 and RX100 II. With a DxOMark score of 93, the RX1 ranks 6th out of all sensors and top for Sony high-end compacts, achieving significantly better scores in all categories. That all comes at a hefty $2800 price tag however, compared to $1300 for the RX10 and $700 for the RX100 II and, with a fixed 35mm f/2 lens, the RX1 isn't as versatile, either.
Taking a step down in sensor size we can compare the RX100 II to the APS-C sensors found in the Nikon Coolpix A or Ricoh GR high-end compacts. Again the physically smaller sensor on the Sony can't quite compete for quality, although the sensor scores are getting closer, as are the prices.
The larger 16Mp APS-C sensors found in both the Nikon Coolpix A and Ricoh GR offer around 1-Stop improvement for measurements across the board, with the Coolpix A just outperforming the Ricoh GR for ISO performance. Although in a similar price bracket, both the $1100 Coolpix A and $ 750 GR offer a fixed focal length 28mm f/2.8 lens, so are less suited for general use than the Sony RX100 II.
If it's a more versatile camera with a zoom lens you desire, how does the Sony RX100 II compare against the competition from Nikon and Canon?
The $800 Canon G1 X II, $550 Nikon P7800 and $700 Sony RX100 II all utilise slightly different sized sensors, with different resolutions, but are more traditional compact style cameras. DxOMark Sensor Scores for the Sony RX100 II out-trump both the Nikon & Canon competition overall, even though the Canon G1 X II utilises a larger 1.5"-type sensor. The Sony model wins across both Colour Depth and Dynamic Range measurements, although that larger sensor in the Canon gives it marginally better Low-Light ISO scores. All these options boast zoom lenses however, with the P7800's 28-200mm offering the longest reach. Whilst the P7800 has a built-in viewfinder of some variety, the Sony RX100 II doesn't, although an EVF that attaches via the hotshoe is available separately.
The additional of that pop-up EVF on the latest Sony RX100 III model is a most welcome addition therefore, and if the sensor performs as well as its predecessor it's going to be an impressive looking high end compact.
To provide photographers with a broader perspective about mobiles, lenses and cameras, here are links to articles, reviews, and analyses of photographic equipment produced by DxOMark, renown websites, magazines or blogs.
To website
We've just posted our full review of the Sony Cyber-shot DSC-RX100 III. In this third generation compact, Sony offers a 20.1 megapixel BSI CMOS sensor and a couple of important new features - a faster 24-70mm equiv F1.8-2.8 lens and a pop-up EVF with 1.44M dots. With these additions to what was already an impressive camera, does the RX100 III earn our highest recommendation? See for yourself.
Read the article
To website
Few compact cameras have garnered as much attention as the Sony Cyber-shot RX100 and RX100 II. Sony had managed to squeeze a much bigger sensor into cameras only a little larger than the Canon S-series enthusiast compacts. The RX100 III continues the tradition by adding a wider, faster 24-70mm F1.8-2.8 lens and a built-in, pop-up EVF. Along with a 20MP 1"-type sensor, does the RX100 III remain the ultimate compact camera for enthusiasts?
Read the article
Added by mikejbb | June 15, 2014
Sony RX100 III Specification: Same resolution with less sensitivity
I read on imaging-resource that the iso of 25,600 is still obtainable by using the multi-frame noise reduct. iso setting. Same as my RX100 II.
Added by formiga | May 19, 2014
Sony RX100 III Preview: A high-end compact with all the trimmings
..."Whilst the G1 X II and P7800 both have a built-in viewfinder of some variety,"
Comment: please correct: Cannon G1X MkII has no buit-in viewfinder( you can attached a uggly and bulky one, if you are crazy enough...)
Reply | Read all replies for this comment
Added by Sophie | June 02, 2014
Re: Sony RX100 III Preview: A high-end compact with all the trimmings
Hi Formiga,
Thank you for your feedback, this has been corrected.


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With a number of years journalism experience, John is a personal finance journalist and editor providing regular daily news updates to the MoneyMaxim website. His area of particular interest includes house prices, mortgages and insurance. He works as News Editor at MoneyMaxim.
Driving for long periods of time can sometimes be an enjoyable experience. However, if you have several young and excitable children it could be a completely different experience.
Here are a few top tips for keeping kids entertained on long drives:
Play Games
There are a number of classic car games that can keep children occupied. This may include classic travel games such as I-Spy and 20 questions.
Don't forget that you could also use board games, puzzles, drawing/colouring books to keep them occupied. If you are feeling brave enough, you could let your children near smart devices to play with apps and games online.
Reading material
Older children and teenagers can often find more things to keep themselves amused, such as iPods, magazines and books. It is also a good idea to bring lots of reading material, even for the younger ones so they do not feel left out.
Get creative
Give your children a camera (maybe a disposable one) so they can document their journey and snap things as they pass by. Alternatively, get them to create a scrapbook or diary about the holiday which could include a chapter on the initial journey.
Make it educational
There are a number of games and quizzes, which can be both fun and educational. For example, you could play a game whereby children and adults have to say the name of a capital city for each letter of the alphabet.
Encourage back-seat navigation, whereby children can use and learn to read maps. Youngsters can follow the route and look out for landmarks, as well as learn about distances.
Driving overseas on holiday can be an exciting new adventure for you and your children. It could also be worth noting that children may be happier if they are more comfortable, this would mean making sure they are not cramped and have plenty of space Holiday car rental services could help to find the perfect vehicle for your journey.
- Hiring a car after 8th June 2015? Read this to understand how changes to driving licences will affect car hire.
- Energy Market Update April 2015
- How to protect yourself if your Mobile Phone is stolen - avoid bill shock
- Reclaim Credit on your Gas and Electricity Bills
- Credit Unions – replacing the banks for day to day saving and borrowing?
- Student Insurance – Are You Ready For Freshers?
- Travelling to South Africa with children? Take their birth certificates!
- Standalone Car Hire Insurance Policies – "I'm Sold"!
- Top Tips for Stress Free Car Hire – Picking up your Car


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11-18-2013 Intel Guru TNT Tony It is going to be a SUPERFANTASTIC DAY. I hope you have some clean underwear because you will need them before this day is through. We have the new rates and the new date. Life just keeps getting better for all of us (even if we don't know it).
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Business News Archive - November 02, 2006
By Bodeen, Chuck FLY THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS ON YOUR COMPUTER Suppose you live near Denver, Colo., and you keep your Cessna 172 at Centennial Airport (APA). It's a nice spring day, and you're beckoned by the beauty of the Rocky Mountains to the west.
DALLAS, Nov. 2 /PRNewswire-FirstCall/ -- Southwest Airlines is making your Holiday wishes come true with more nonstop flights! Southwest Airlines is growing with new nonstop service between Detroit Metro and Orlando and an additional nonstop between Denver and Orlando. Service begins Dec.
WASHINGTON, Nov. 2 /PRNewswire/ -- The Transportation Security Administration (TSA) today announced the selection of Covenant Aviation Security, LLC, of Bolingbrook, Ill. as the private screening contractor for San Francisco International Airport (SFO) under the Screening Partnership Program (SPP).
By Donna Wright, The Bradenton Herald, Fla. Nov. 1--MANATEE -- The county jail has been closed to visitors due to 13 confirmed cases of chicken pox, Manatee County Sheriff's Office reported this morning.
- An uxorious, effeminate, or spiritless man.
- A timorous, cowardly fellow.


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NYC Parks Events Calendar
Get up, get out, and do something! Just about any day of the year, you can find something fun, informative, and healthy to enjoy at an area park. Feel free to browse the listings below, or use the search tools to find an event that matches your interests and location.
Viewing 931–940 out of 17,685 events
from October 11, 2012 (x) to April 25, 2026
Sunday, May 18, 2014
It's My Park Day at Luther Gulick Playground
at Luther Gulick Playground, Manhattan
1:00 p.m.–4:00 p.m.
On It's My Park Day, join the Friends of Gulick Park for their community day event! There will be a spring cleanup, planting, a basketball clinic, face painting and activities.
Category: Volunteer, It's My Park
Walking Among Wildflowers Hike
at 200 Nevada Avenue (in High Rock Park), Staten Island
1:00 p.m.–2:00 p.m.
Join us as we explore the bright green forest of early May on a moderate length hike. We will search for trillium, bloodroot, mayapples, and others. Register for this event for…
Category: Nature, Tours, Wildflower Week
CityParks PuppetMobile Presents: LITTLE RED'S HOOD
at Unisphere (in Flushing Meadows Corona Park), Queens, Flushing Meadows Corona Park, Queens
1:30 p.m.–2:30 p.m.
CityParks PuppetMobile Presents LITTLE RED'S HOOD
Category: Kids, Theater
Bryant Park Kids Time: Game Social
at 40th Street Plaza (in Bryant Park), Manhattan
2:00 p.m.–4:00 p.m.
Though kids games are available whenever we are open, the Kids Time Game Social lets the little ones enjoy games geared especially towards them.
Category: Games, Kids
Central Park Tour: Northern Welcome Tour
at East 106th Street Entrance (in Central Park), Manhattan
2:00 p.m.–2:45 p.m.
See the Park's northernmost highlights on this walk from Conservatory Garden, along the Harlem Meer and past the North Woods.
Category: Education, History, Tours
History In Your Hands: Fleece Fun
at Lefferts Historic House (in Prospect Park), Brooklyn
2:00 p.m.–4:00 p.m.
Come to Lefferts to try your hand at processing wool into yarn.
Category: Arts & Crafts, Education, Kids
Workshop: Histograms, The Photographer's Secret Weapon
at Alice Austen House Museum (in Alice Austen Park), Staten Island
2:00 p.m.–4:00 p.m.
The histogram is the ultimate tool for taking the perfect shot. Join instructor Joel Heffner as he demonstrates why the histogram is the photographer's secret weapon.
Category: Education, Art
History In Your Hands: Flax to Linen
at Lefferts Historic House (in Prospect Park), Brooklyn
2:00 p.m.–4:00 p.m.
Come check on our flax crop and try out tools used to process flax fibers into linen cloth.
Category: Arts & Crafts, Nature, Kids
The Dessoff Choirs in Concert
at Billings Lawn (in Fort Tryon Park), Manhattan
3:00 p.m.–4:00 p.m.
The Dessoff Choirs, one of New York's oldest singing ensembles, celebrates spring with a lively concert of folksongs, madrigals, and spirituals. Drawing on the European…
Category: Concerts, Free Summer Concerts
CityParks PuppetMobile Presents: LITTLE RED'S HOOD
at Unisphere (in Flushing Meadows Corona Park), Queens, Flushing Meadows Corona Park, Queens
3:00 p.m.–4:00 p.m.
CityParks PuppetMobile Presents LITTLE RED'S HOOD
Category: Kids, Theater
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Entrepreneurs We Love…Because They Inspire Us
Because when his city needs him, he is right there
Robbie Vitrano, 47
New Orleans
Robbie Vitrano has trouble defining what he does for a living, but look almost anywhere in his hometown of New Orleans, and you will find his footprint. It's there at the Icehouse, a 12,000-square-foot, $1.5 million commercial real estate development in the once-flooded Seventh Ward. The building is owned by and serves as the headquarters for Trumpet, Vitrano's branding agency. Across town is Vitrano's macrobiotic fast-food joint, Naked Pizza, which has six franchise locations and plans to open about 75 to 100 more. His flashy website, 24Nola.com, designed to prove New Orleans was still very much alive, 24 hours a day. Read the full story.
—Issie Lapowsky


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Took ativan during periods. Feeling groggy. Be concerned?
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i would suggest meeta physician to rule out meningitis. that ruled out, it may be a gastroenteritis and will need basic antibiotics
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There Is No Other Nike
I wrote about the importance of economic moats in my 10 things to look for in a stock ebook. There are very few companies that have a greater economic moat than Nike (NKE). I have searched far and wide for a company that could pose a serious threat to Nike over the next few years. I have not found one yet.
Nike Analysis
Morningstar bases Nike's economic moat on its "superior product development capabilities, globally recognized brands, tremendous economies of scale, and a solid foundation in several emerging markets". I think that the Nike name and swoosh are easily worth billions of dollars in goodwill to the company.
Nike And Its Competition
Nike is still the world's largest creator of athletic footwear and apparel. Nike sells to more than 50,000 retail accounts, through a network of almost 700 company-owned stores, and through independent distributors and licensees in more than 170 countries. Nike owns the Cole Haan, Converse, Umbro, and Hurley brands.
Nike's Biggest Threats
Adidas AG (ADDYY.PK) is the largest competitor to Nike in the athletic apparel and footwear market. The company owns the ADIDAS, Reebok, Reebok Hockey, CCM Hockey, Rockport, TaylorMade, adidas Golf, and Ashworth brands. Adidas AG has similar revenue numbers and more employees but the company's products do have the cache of a Nike domestically.
Under Armour (UA) is a long-term threat to Nike. The company has been trying to gain market share in the footwear market and has made its apparel brand recognizable throughout the United States. The stock has great growth potential and is a solid long-term play but the company is at least a decade away from being any sort of threat to the Swoosh.
Nike's Financial Dominance
Financial statements are a critical component of stock investing. Nike's dominance can be seen in its financials. Nike had a nine year streak of revenue growth from 2001 to 2009. The company fell $163 million dollars of a decade long steak of revenue growth last year. Nike's net income is larger than its 7 largest competitors combined.The company has nearly $5 billion dollars in cash and just $600 million dollars in debt.
Gross margins are high at over 46%. The company only had one year last decade in which gross margins dipped below 46%. Earnings per share has grown 400% since 2001. Book value has tripled over the past decade and free cash flow has increased seven fold since 2001. Dividend payment are nearly 500% higher than they were in 2001.
Nike just keeps on producing. The company has a proven track record of success and rewards it shareholders with increasing dividend payouts and a stock that keeps appreciating. Shares of Nike rose 206% from 2001 to 2010. I am a long time Nike shareholder and have been fully satisfied.
I wouldn't run out and buy shares today as they look fully valued at $85 per share. But I would look to add to my position in the $70's. Nike still remains a premium franchise and the king of the athletic footwear market.
|Ind Avg
|Price/Earnings TTM
|Price/Sales TTM
|Rev Growth (3 Yr Avg)
|EPS Growth (3 Yr Avg)
|Operating Margin % TTM
|Net Margin % TTM
Tags: Nike stock, stock investing
10 Responses to "There Is No Other Nike"
The strength of Nike is their dominance in professional sports. Their dominance provides free advertising during a lot of sports presentations on TV.. This spills over into the consumer market. They are able to keep their manufacturing costs low and margins high because of overseas manufacturing.
And not to mention, NIKE does make great products! PE isn't too bad. In fact NIKE managed to keep up this PE in these times speaks about investor confidence in this company!
Mark, does the .pk on Adidas mean they are trade on the pink sheets?! Kind of odd for such a huge company, right?
It's because it is an ADR. Most foreign ADRs sell on the pink sheets because listing is less expensive.
I gotta say, this is an article I would rather not read I owned NIKE back in the day. I think I held it for about 2 years with little benefit other than the measley dividend. I believe I sold it at about $53. I hate to see a stock I sold go up in value (even though I think I owned it over 10 years ago). Actually, even if I had held it the whole time, my return would have been rather low. Whew, I feel better after all.


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Islamic scholars question bin Laden's sea burial
CAIRO Muslim clerics said Monday that Osama bin Laden's burial at sea was a violation of Islamic tradition that may further provoke militant calls for revenge attacks against American targets.
Although there appears to be some room for debate over the burial - as with many issues within the faith - a wide range of Islamic scholars interpreted it as a humiliating disregard for the standard Muslim practice of placing the body in a grave with the head pointed toward the holy city of Mecca.
Sea burials can be allowed, they said, but only in special cases where the death occurred aboard a ship.
"The Americans want to humiliate Muslims through this burial, and I don't think this is in the interest of the U.S. administration," said Omar Bakri Mohammed, a radical cleric in Lebanon.
A U.S. official said that the burial decision was made after concluding that it would have been difficult to find a country willing to accept the remains. There also was speculation about worry that a grave site could have become a rallying point for militants.
The U.S. official, who spoke on condition of anonymity to discuss sensitive national security matters, did not say where the burial took place.
U.S. President Barack Obama said the remains had been handled in accordance with Islamic custom, which requires speedy burial.
But the Lebanese cleric Mohammed called it a "strategic mistake" that was bound to stoke rage.
In Washington, CIA director Leon Panetta warned that "terrorists almost certainly will attempt to avenge" the killing of the mastermind behind the Sept. 11 attacks.
"Bin Laden is dead," Panetta wrote in a memo to CIA staff. "Al-Qaida is not."
According to Islamic teachings, the highest honor to be bestowed on the dead is giving the deceased a swift burial, preferably before sunset. Those who die while traveling at sea can have their bodies committed to the bottom of the ocean if they are far off the coast, according to Islamic tradition.
"They can say they buried him at sea, but they cannot say they did it according to Islam," Mohammed al-Qubaisi, Dubai's grand mufti, said about bin Laden's burial. "If the family does not want him, it's really simple in Islam: You dig up a grave anywhere, even on a remote island, you say the prayers and that's it."
"Sea burials are permissible for Muslims in extraordinary circumstances," he added. "This is not one of them."
But Mohammed Qudah, a professor of Islamic law at the University of Jordan, said burying the Saudi-born bin Laden at sea was not forbidden if there was nobody to receive the body and provide a Muslim burial.
"The land and the sea belong to God, who is able to protect and raise the dead at the end of times for Judgment Day," he said. "It's neither true nor correct to claim that there was nobody in the Muslim world ready to receive Bin Laden's body."
Clerics in Iraq - where an offshoot of al-Qaida is blamed for the death of thousands of people since 2003 - also criticized the U.S. action. One said it only benefited fish.


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I'm a bowhunter because……sitting in a tree, knowing that anything, or nothing, could happen at any moment invigorates me.…it gives me the chance to participate directly in the cycles of life and death to which all of creation is subject, and on which all of nature depends.…it is satisfying to provide healthy meat for my family, and take responsibility for the entire food acquisition process: the hunt, the recovery, the processing, and the preparation.…the sport gives me a chan … [Read more...]
Bowhunting Apologetics
Sorry Bob Costas, I Disagree.
Sorry, Bob. I disagree.First of all, let me say that I'm every bit as sad and discouraged as Bob Costas by the Jovan Belcher situation. However, I'm also sad because we're in a day in which a sportscaster feels he should use his platform to act the part of a cultural expert, giving commentary on one of the deepest moral and social issues of our times. By pinning this tragic shooting on guns, Costas trivialized the Jovan Belcher situation. See video below:Don't misunderstand me. I … [Read more...]
The Whitetail Rut…They're Crazy!
The air almost smells different. It's the beginning of the rut, a frenzied time of year. They become vulnerable. They run around with their tongues hanging out, making erratic, impulsive decisions that could shorten their lives…or, if they're lucky, help them score. They become strange, unpredictable creatures – sometimes you see them, sometimes you don't. They change from moment to moment. They get tunnel vision—life becomes about one thing. They eat and sleep just enough to supply them with ene … [Read more...]


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Search Tags: William Lynn
DoD Cyber 3.0 strategy to focus on cyber missions
While speaking at the RSA conference in San Francisco DoD Deputy Director William Lynn said the military will need to change how it views cybersecurity.
Tags: DoD , Cybersecurity Update , Technology , RSA conference , Dorobek Insider
DoD pushes for 2011 spending increase
Military officials detail the impact of a full-year continuing resolution on DoD. Defense Deputy Secretary Lynn said the department would meet payroll and medical bills, but have to cut acquisition and training programs.
Tags: management , pay and benefits , DoD , Robert Hale , Senate Appropriations Committee , continuing resolution , budget , medical benefits , Jason Miller
100 foreign agencies test Defense networks
More than 100 foreign intelligence agencies have tried to crack the DoD computer networks.
Tags: Federal Drive , Cybersecurity Update , cybersecurity , cyberattacks
Lynn praises DoD workers' charitable giving
DoD employees gave more than $17 million to the Combined Federal Campaign in 2010, Deputy Defense Secretary Bill Lynn said Monday.
Tags: DoD , Combined Federal Campaign , Jared Serbu
Defense's Lynn in cybersecurity talks
Deputy Defense Secretary William J. Lynn III is meeting with NATO and European Union officials in Brussels to strengthen cyberdefense capabilities.
Tags: Federal Drive , Cybersecurity Update , cybersecurity , Defense , NATO ,
Critics: DoD IT acquisition report lacks new thinking
Two major contributors to a task force on Defense Department IT acquisition said DoD's report to Congress on its plans for reform contains some good recommendations - but fails to identify how the department will overcome powerful cultural barriers to change. Experts said DoD failed to look outside the traditional Defense industrial complex for new ways to manage the IT lifecycle.
Tags: Contracting , IT Acquisition Advisory Council , Kevin Carroll , John Weiler , Mike Wynne , DoD , David Fisher , cloud computing , Jared Serbu
DoD: Job losses in Virginia less than expected
At a recent meeting with lawmakers and industry representatives to review the Pentagon's cut-cutting measures, Deputy Defense Secretary William Lynn explained what the state can expect.
Tags: Federal Drive , Defense , DoD Report , Pentagon , Virginia , Contracting ,
DoD to streamline IT acquisition
A Congressionally-mandated report issued by the Defense Department finds the acquisition and budget processes being used for IT were designed for major weapons systems - not 21st century computer systems. The recommendations would let DoD keep pace with rapid developments in the IT marketplace.
Tags: Contracting , Technology , DoD , OMB , Congress , IT acquisition , agile development , budget , Jared Serbu
DoD starts to see results of spending reforms
Military.com reports Pentagon officials should start seeing results of spending reforms.
Tags: Robert Gates , DoD Report , budget , management , American Forces Press Service , Dorobek Insider
Lynn: DoD cybersecurity strategy evolving
Deputy Defense Secretary says information technology, and the world's reliance on it, has redefined the front lines of national security.
Tags: In Depth , Francis Rose , Pentagon Solutions , cybersecurity , DoD , Defense , Council on Foreign Relations , Operation Buckshot Yankee


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Canon Details Every Song on His Next Project 'Loose Canon Vol. 2'
In September, Canon will release an EP titled Loose Canon Vol. 2, the sequel to an EP that he dropped before his debut album Mad Haven.
Features on the project will include his Reflection Music Group label mate Derek Minor, as well as Social Club and Reconcile. Here's a breakdown of the eight songs on LCV2. Add a comment


text:
The Return of the Giant NYC Dance Club
By Steve Weinstein
July 4, 1976 Was a Ramones-less Weekend in NYC
By Bryan Bierman
LIVE REVIEW: Karen O at McKittrick Hotel
By Lindsey Rhoades
Remembering Dee Dee Ramone's Rap Album
By Chaz Kangas
Meet Lady Casa, America's Most Famous Raver
By Ben Westhoff and Sarah Purkrabek
Ridiculous Kanye West-isms, In Illustrated Form
By Jena Ardell
Casting Martin Scorsese's New Ramones Movie
By Jesse Sendejas Jr.
A Tour Around Ace Frehley's Bronx
By Katherine Turman
Swift's mastery of her own feckless image is as finely honed a piece of work as any of Red's half-dozen singles; it engages so many of the common expectations of girlhood that it presents us with an impossibly perfected persona. Those controlled iterations of Swift are subject to constant remix due to her celebrity status, where her songs conflate with the tabloid fare of her life and create a grander narrative work. Be they peer, cad, or Kennedy, each new Swift boyfriend presents or disproves some song theorem of Red. The latest heavily circulated pap shot, which, this week, is Swift exiting a tropical isle, alone, via small craft, reads as forlorn from a distance of a pixely 30 yards—adding chiaroscuro to "Sad Beautiful Tragic." Swift's got a Joni problem now: The interest in whom she's seeing and speculation over which song is about which dude now obfuscates the merits of her work (though it is hard to suggest any human force could blunt the thundering Max Martin'd chorus of "Trouble," but alas).
Miguel Is Living The Dream
Sex takes center stage on his sophomore album
By Brian McManus
Frank Ocean's Sea Change
His musical and personal honesty made waves in 2012
By Eric Sundermann
A Trip Through Fiona Apple's Wheelhouse
The singer-songwriter wrestles with the idea of mind as machine
By Audra Schroeder
Kendrick Lamar, Finally Compton's Most Wanted
It took quite some time for the rapper to become an overnight success
By Jeff Weiss
The Confounding, Inexplicable Splendor of Rapper Future
Space is the place
By Rob Harvilla
Pazz & Jop: Taylor Swift, Grimes, and Lana Del Rey: The Year in Blond Ambition
How dare they have an image
By Jessica Hopper
You Don't Know Jack (White)
After a dozen years in the public eye, the man proves he can still surprise us
By Alan Light
Riff Raff Is Keeping It Surreal
He's believable as a hip-hop star because nothing he says is true
By Ben Westhoff
Travel Tips From Touring Bands
By Kiernan Maletsky
A Note on Crap
True art lives where no one is paying attention. Or probably not.
By David Thorpe
Top 40 Albums
The year's big albums, from Frank Ocean on down
Top 42 Singles
"Call Me Maybe" kicks off the top of the pops
Pazz & Jop Comments
The who, the what, the where, and the why, why, why
The Top 25 Album Covers
A lovingly hand-assembled gallery
Tabulation Notes
Weak consensus versus inspiring diversity
By Glenn McDonald
To be galled by these three women's advances upon their audiences is to play the Pollyanna about how and why music is sold and produced, how any product gets across the transom to us. In their manipulations and fluid manifestations of their images, they show incredible deftness—a cultural prescience that speaks to their ambition and interest in being understood. All this girlish guile makes their art no less pure.
Sponsor Content


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TheSpread is Pleased to Welcome GTBets as Our Newest Sportsbook Sponsor!
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Re: SATURDAY SERVICE PLAYS
AL FREE B's for SAT
INDIANS -180 on ML over Rangers--Cliff Lee stops the bleeding in Cleveland
Tigers -160 on ML over Twins--TAKE THE OVER 10 RUNS because both pitchers are aweful. Tigers get lucky
BOSTON -150 on ML over Oakland--Beckett gets the Red Sox back in the WIN column. Ferrall with the nice snag of the A's Friday night
NL FREE B's for SAT
Nationals -110 on ML over Brewers--I'm taking LANNAN even though the Nats are shitty. I nailed them Friday, so let's go for it again !
Padres -105 on ML over Reds--San Diego has to get lucky once in a while don't they ?
DODGERS -155 on ML over Cardinals--Brad Penny is the man in Lipstick City tonight baby ! TAKE THE OVER 8.5 RUNS
Re: SATURDAY SERVICE PLAYS
STANLEY CUP WINNER: Gold Member's Alert***
STRONG PK 1*: Detroit Red Wings -165
This game one is probably the hardest game to predict in any of the series games. After careful consideration, I am taking the Detroit Red Wings in this Game One matchup. I am absolultely sure that this series goes back to Pittsburgh 1-1. It would be alot easier to wait until Game 2 then to load up. So I am one unit. Overall, we believe that Detroit has a fabulous roster. Lets face it, they won the President's Trophy for good reason. They are not pushovers and Game One, in Hockey Town, will definitely edge the home team. In that regard, we are laying the wood in Game One. But, do not discount the Pens either. I think they will make some mistakes tonight that cost them this game, but they will make adjustments too that get them back in the series quickly.
Re: SATURDAY SERVICE PLAYS
Oscarxena Sports
NY Mets +1.33 (4 Unit Play)
The Mets were riding high after sweeping the Yankees in a rain shortened series last weekend but now find themselves in free fall as they have lost 5 games in a row and are 2 game below .500 for the season. Willie Randolph is on the firing block unless this team starts to win soon but I like their chances today against the Rockies. Claudio Vargas will make the start for New York and he has went 4-1 in his career taking on the Rockies although his ERA is slightly high against them at 5.16. His teams have also went 6-2 in his starts against Colorado. Meanwhile for the Rockies they are putting Jeff Francis on the mound and he has been awful all year so far with a 5.87 ERA, 1.58 WHIP and the Rocks are only 3-6 so far this year in his starts. The HP Umpire for today's contest is Chad Fairchild who has shown some love for the road teams so far this year as the road team has won 6 out of 10 meetings with Chad behind the plate. Vargas has also had the luxury of Fairchild behind the plate as he has went 2-0 in those starts while Francis has not had any appearances with "The Chad." I think the Mets break their losing streak today with a big win in Colorado.
Re: SATURDAY SERVICE PLAYS
Milwaukee Brewers @ Washington Nationals
PICK: Washington Nationals
We have been waiting, and waiting, and waiting out the slow trickles in the marketplace this morning that have moving Milwaukee to the favorite in this one. That maximizes our opportunity in a play that should not come as any surprise. Last weekend we exploited the Brewers to a count of 15*s in Fenway Park, and a slumping team that has gone 2-11 in their last five road series absolutely should not be in this role, particularly in a Seth McClung vs. John Lannan hook-up.
Seth McClung failed as a starter at Tampa Bay, and was cut loose at a time when the Rays (then Devil) badly needed pitching. That is not a good sign. His last start came in 2006, which means that even if he has his good stuff he is not going to have the stamina to work deeply into a game - particularly because he still needs a GPS device for the strike zone most nights, with 13 walks in 20.1 innings so far. And when the starter does not eat innings, a weak Brewer bullpen brings its own vulnerabilities to the table.
As for Lannan, he becomes one of those examples of how the peripheral numbers can be strong early indicators that can get us ahead of the curve. We first got behind him in a 5* Under win vs. Atlanta about a month ago, and here was the prelude to the play -
We like Lannan as a prospect but the betting markets do not have to raise an eyebrow yet off of his 0-2/4.86 opening to the season. There has been something real good behind those base numbers, however - like solid ratio?s of 17 strikeouts vs. seven walks allowed and 24 ground ball outs vs. nine in the air. When you are getting strikeouts, and also making batters hit the ball on the ground, it is a sign of having good stuff, and with only nine of his 50 outs coming through the air, he brings something substantial to the table.So where are we now? In seven starts since then he has worked to a 2.55 tune over 42.1 innings, and for the full season his Out ratio?s are outstanding - of the 159 batters that he has retired, only 41 were able to hit the ball in the air. He has had a positive ground-out to fly-out ratio in all nine starts, and as his confidence grows so does his willingness to attack the strike zone - just three walks in 19.1 innings over this last three starts, despite the fact that they all came on the road. He is a strong counter into an undisciplined Milwaukee lineup, and there are no fatigue ratings at all from the bullpen behind him.
The Nationals are an under-rated item. They have only played five games all season against teams that entered Friday with a losing record, and went 4-1 in those games. Off of last nights confidence-boosting win, they are easy to back in this one.
Re: SATURDAY SERVICE PLAYS
Milwaukee Brewers @ Washington Nationals
PICK: Washington Nationals
I believe Milwaukee is getting way too much respect here and that we're getting excellent value with the Nationals. The Brewers ARE a pretty good team. However, that's only IF/WHEN they're playing at Milwaukee. They are NOT a good team on the road. Indeed, they're 2-5 on their current road trip and are now 11-17 on the road for the season. That means they're winning roughly 39 percent of their road games thus far. That's actually pretty good when compared to their road record the past couple of seasons. Dating back to the starts of the 2006 season, they're now a dismal 70-120 (-44.7 units vs. the moneyline!) their last 190 road games. That's less than 37 percent. That includes a money-burning 14-27 (-17) mark when playing on the road with a line ranging from +100 to -125.
Today, the Brewers send Seth McClung to the mound. You may remember this guy from the American League a couple of years ago. Then again, he didn't do much of anything very memorable. Granted, he's been pitching well in relief lately. However, let's not forget that he hasn't started since 2006 and that in 37 previous starts, he 12-20 with an awful 6.17 ERA
As for the Nationals, they grabbed yesterday's opener by a score of 5-1 and have now won three of their past five. They've been competitive at home and a victory today will pull them back to the 500 mark here. Not that they should need any, but this opportunity should help provide the Nationals with some additional motivation. They send John Lannan to the mound and he's been absolutely superb of late. Over his last seven starts, the 23 year old southpaw is 4-2 with a stellar 2.55 ERA, giving up one earned run or less in five of those seven games. Last time out, he allowed a mere four hits and one run, through 7 1/3 innings, en route to a 2-1 win at Baltimore. During that outing he threw 71 strikes to just 34 balls (5 Ks, 1 walk) which prompted manager Manny Acta to say: "He threw 70 percent of his pitches for strikes. That's Greg Maddux-like on his good days. He hit the glove all day. Also we were getting quick outs. The kid deserves all the credit."
Considering that the Nationals are now a slight underdog, it's worth noting that they're 8-1 the last nine times they played at home with a line ranging from +100 to +125 and that they're a highly profitable 43-28 (+18.5) in that role since 2006. Consider backing Lannan and the home team.
Re: SATURDAY SERVICE PLAYS
Boston Celtics at Detroit Pistons
A close defensive fight is likely. Boston is 4-0 ATS in the last four clashes at the Palace of Auburn Hills, but the Celtics' winless road record in the playoffs, 0-6 ATS, renders the Pistons at home to be the smart bet. Take Detroit as a 5-point home favorite. They play well at home and have taken ten of the last 12 meetings against the Celtics in Motown.
Detroit Pistons - 5
Re: SATURDAY SERVICE PLAYS
Michael Cannon
25 Dime
Take the Pistons minus the points over the Celtics in Game 3 of the Eastern Conference finals.
Detroit did exactly what I expected in its Game 2 win at Boston. They were back in the groove after a week layoff before Game 1 and dissected the Celtics with a balanced scoring attack and relentless defense.
Now they're back home where they know they can put a stranglehold on the series.
Boston hasn't won on the road yet this season in the playoffs and now they have to come into the Palace and pull it off.
Sorry, I don't see it happening.
The Pistons are too deep and too balanced for Boston to pull off that feat.
Just look at the numbers. The Pistons are 7-3 ATS in their last 10 games, including 3-1 ATS at home. The Celtics, on the other hand, are 1-6 ATS in their last seven overall and 0-6 SUATS on the road this playoff season.
The straight-up winner is also on a 6-0 ATS run in this rivalry.
I can give you all the numbers to back this up, but it could take all day.
The simple fact is the Pistons are at home with an opportunity to take control of this series. With each passing day Chauncey Billups is getting healthier as well. Detroit has always had quality depth and balance in its scoring and this postseason is no exception.
Take the Pistons minus the points as they grab the win and cover.
10 Dime
CUBS (With Marquis as listed pitcher)
Take the Cubs for the road win tonight over the Pirates.
It's getting ridiculous how dominant the Cubs are over the Pirates in these matchups.
The Cubs are 9-1 against the Pirates this season, 4-0 in Pittsburgh and 12-1 in the last 13 meetings.
That's dominance rarely seen on the major league stage.
Jason Marquis will start for the Cubs and his only two wins on the season have come at the Pirates expense.
The Pirates will start left-hander Phil Dumatrait and the Cubs are hitting a robust .305 against southpaws this season.
Take the Cubs as they grab the road win.
Re: SATURDAY SERVICE PLAYS
Baltimore Orioles at Tampa Bay Rays
You want to know how wacky the 2008 MLB season has been? We can now make statements like "Tampa Bay will be a very rude host." Tonight's victim is the Baltimore Orioles, who send Steve Trachsel and his 3-24 TSR as a road underdog of +150 to +175 to the hill. Tampa is a perfect 10-0 as a home favorite of greater than -150 this season and that continues tonight!
Play on: Tampa Bay
Re: SATURDAY SERVICE PLAYS
St. Louis + over Los Angeles
Brad Penny is a go-against pitcher right now as his recent results have been awful, including allowing 20 runs over his past three starts. Penny owns a 5.50 ERA in home games and he is walking more batters than usual. Batters have a .307 average against Penny this season and he will face a hot hitting St. Louis team that stole the first game of the series last night. The Cardinals are backed by Kyle Lohse who has been a pleasant surprise with many high quality outings this year. St, Louis has won seven of the last nine games at Dodger Stadium while dominating this series in the last five years. Penny has not proven worthy of heavy favoritism and St. Louis has been the better team so far in 2008.


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Article ID: 831653 - View products that this article applies to.
This article has been archived. It is offered "as is" and will no longer be updated.
This article discusses the availability of a hotfix build for Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Analysis Services 64-bit.
Currently, the SQL Server Analysis Services 64-bit hotfix build is not available. If you require a 64-bit version of a SQL Server 2000 Analysis Services 32-bit hotfix, contact Microsoft Product Support Services. For a complete list of Microsoft Product Support Services phone numbers and information about support costs, visit the following Microsoft Web site:
http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=fh;EN-US;CNTACTMSNote In special cases, charges that are ordinarily incurred for support calls may be canceled if a Microsoft Support Professional determines that a specific update will resolve your problem. The usual support costs will apply to additional support questions and issues that do not qualify for the specific update in question.
Article ID: 831653 - Last Review: February 27, 2014 - Revision: 1.4


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Maple Professional
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DifferentialGeometry:-Tools[DGscalar, DGvolume, DGzero]
Calling Sequence
DGzero(keyword1, options)
DGvolume(keyword2, options)
DGscalar(keyword3, options)
a string, one of: "biform", "form", "vector", "tensor"
a string, one of: "biform", "form"
a string, one of: "biform", "form", "tensor"
each command admits a defined frame name as an optional last argument
The command DGzero creates a zero biform, form, vector or tensor. The degree of the form or the index type of the tensor is specified as a second argument. This command is useful when, for example, a tensor T is to be computed recursively as sum of tensors.
The command DGvolume creates the standard top-dimensional form on a manifold M or a biform of top degree horizontal on the jet space J^k(E), where E is a fiber bundle over a base manifold M. It is convenient to use this command whenever a Lagrangian for some variational problem is to be defined as a biform of top horizontal degree on the jet space. The command DGvolume accepts as a second optional argument a Maple expression k, where DGvolume(keyword2, k) = k &mult DGvolume(keyword2).
The command DGscalar constructs a degree 0 form, a rank 0 tensor, or a biform of degree [0, 0].
The command DGscalar accepts as a second optional argument a Maple expression k, where DGscalar(keyword3, k) = k &mult DGscalar(keyword3).
The command DGzero is part of the DifferentialGeometry:-Tools package, and so can be used in the form DGzero(...) only after executing the commands with(DifferentialGeometry) and with(Tools) in that order. It can always be used in the long form DifferentialGeometry:-Tools:-DGzero. The commands DGvolume and DGscalar work the same way.
Define some manifolds.
Example 1.
Create the zero vector for the current frame.
Example 2.
Create the zero vector on the manifold M.
Example 3.
Create the zero 2-form for the current frame.
Example 4.
Create the zero type (1, 2) tensor on the manifold M.
Example 5.
Create the zero type (1, 2) tensor on the manifold E.
Example 6.
Create the zero type (2, 2) biform on the jet space of E.
Example 7.
Create the top degree form on M with coefficient exp(- x^2 - y^2).
Example 8.
Represent the Maple expression ln(x) as a degree 0 form on M.
_DG([["form", M, 0], [[[], ln(x)]]])
See Also
DifferentialGeometry, Tools, DGform
Download Help Document


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Airport panel backs away from military sites
SAN DIEGO —— In the wake of flak from the region's federal and state lawmakers, the agency searching for a new regional airport site agreed Monday to withhold consideration of military facilities until an upcoming round of national base closures is completed at year's end.
The San Diego County Airport Authority voted Monday 8-1 not to discuss five bases in the region as potential airport sites until the federal Base Realignment and Closure Commission, Congress and President Bush decide if any area bases should be shuttered.
The authority was established by the state Legislature in 2003 to assume management of San Diego International Airport's Lindbergh Field and to come up with a recommendation for a new airport or expansion of Lindbergh in time for a countywide vote on the matter in November 2006. Its contemplation of military sites has raised the ire of lawmakers and others working to keep the region's bases open.
Monday's authority decision came after the state's two U.S. senators and members of the U.S. House of Representatives from San Diego County sent the agency a letter asking that it cease and desist from consideration of any military sites until the closure commission work is done. That missive was followed a few days later by similar letters from San Diego Mayor Dick Murphy and the county's state legislative delegation.
Lemon Grove Mayor Mary Sessom cast the lone dissenting vote. She said she had concerns about a revised airport site-selection timeline —— also approved Monday. That timeline calls for completing a technical analysis of up to two military and two non-military sites by April 2006.
Lindbergh Field is the nation's busiest single-runway airport and is projected to be out of room to handle additional passengers and air traffic by 2015.
Last month, the authority agreed to meet within 24 hours of the Pentagon's announcement of which bases and smaller military facilities it believes can be closed. That list is due out in mid-May.
Board member William Lynch said the pressure from congressional and state legislators was too strong to ignore, despite the board's status as an independent governmental agency.
"We're getting a real strong message from the legislators that they don't want us to interfere and we should honor that," Lynch said. "They don't want us to interfere with this community or the state's position on bases."
The board also agreed that while it won't even talk about military sites until the Base Realignment and Closure Commission work is done, it will continue to talk with lawmakers to make sure the airport authority is first in line for assumption of any regional military facility that is closed. The authority is searching for room for a dual-runway airport encompassing 3,000 acres.
Expanding the 614-acre Lindbergh Field remains a possibility, but that would require finding the necessary acreage. Taking the land now occupied by the Marine Corps Recruit Depot adjacent to Lindbergh Field is one possibility that would allow the expansion.
The authority began its search for a new airport site with a list of 32 possibilities. That list has since been winnowed to nine. The possible sites are an Imperial Valley desert location, an all-but-abandoned Borrego Springs site, a site in Campo or an expansion of Lindbergh.