text:
A UV phototherapy apparatus has a base unit containing a UVB arc lamp and an output port for delivery of UVB radiation within a predetermined range. A flexible, elongate optical guide is connected to the output port at one end and to a handpiece at the opposite end. The handpiece is arranged to convert the round beam from the optical guide into a predetermined straight-edged shape such as a rectangular beam, and has an exit aperture of corresponding shape for delivering the shaped beam to a target area of a patient. A beam isolating assembly in the optical path isolates UVB radiation in the predetermined range from the lamp output, so that at least 90% of the radiation directed into the optical guide is in the predetermined range.
1. A UV phototherapy apparatus, comprising:
a base unit having an output port for delivery of UVB radiation within a predetermined range;
a flexible elongate optical guide having an input end connected to the output port of the base unit and an output end; and
a handpiece having an input end connected to the output end of the optical guide, and an exit aperture of predetermined, non-circular shape for delivering radiation to a target area of a patient;
the base unit including a UVB lamp for emitting UVB radiation in a predetermined range, a focusing device for focusing the radiation from the UVB lamp along an optical path onto the input end of the optical guide, and a beam isolating assembly in the optical path for isolating UVB radiation in the predetermined range from the lamp output, whereby at least 90% of the radiation directed into the optical guide is in the predetermined range.
2. The apparatus as claimed in
3. The apparatus as claimed in
4. The apparatus as claimed in
5. The apparatus as claimed in
6. The apparatus as claimed in
7. The apparatus as claimed in
8. The apparatus as claimed in
9. The apparatus as claimed in
10. The apparatus as claimed in
11. The apparatus as claimed in
12. The apparatus as claimed in
13. The apparatus as claimed in
14. The apparatus as claimed in
15. The apparatus as claimed in
16. The apparatus as claimed in
17. The apparatus as claimed in
18. The apparatus as claimed in
19. The apparatus as claimed in
20. The apparatus as claimed in
21. The apparatus as claimed in
22. The apparatus as claimed in
23. The apparatus as claimed in
24. The apparatus as claimed in
25. The apparatus as claimed in
26. The apparatus as claimed in
27. The apparatus as claimed in
28. The apparatus as claimed in
29. The apparatus as claimed in
30. The apparatus as claimed in
31. The apparatus as claimed in
32. A method of treating lesional tissue with targeted UVB radiation, comprising the steps of:
directing radiation from a UVB lamp source along an optical path;
isolating radiation in a predetermined UVB range from the radiation spectrum emitted by the lamp source and directing the isolated UVB radiation into one end of a maneuverable, elongate optical guide;
connecting the other end of the optical guide to a handpiece having an exit aperture of predetermined, non-circular shape for directing the isolated radiation onto a predetermined target area of tissue to be treated;
optically shaping the beam in the handpiece from a round cross-section to a straight edged cross-section beam emitted from the exit aperture;
applying UVB radiation from the exite aperture to the target area for a predetermined time period;
moving the handpiece to an adjacent area and applying UVB radiation from the exit aperture to the adjacent area for the same time period; and
repeating the procedure until the entire lesional area has been treated.
The present invention relates generally to a UV phototherapy apparatus and method for treatment of dermatoses or skin disorders such as psoriasis, vitiligo, eczema, rosacea, alopecia, and the like, and is particularly concerned with a targeted UV phototherapy apparatus and method in which radiation is applied to successive specific areas of a lesion.
Phototherapy is the use of ultraviolet radiation to achieve therapeutic benefit to dermatoses (psoriasis, vitiligo, rosacea, alopecia, eczema). The UV spectrum is divided into UVA (320-400 nm), UVB (290-320 nm) and UVC (100-290 nm). The UVA region is considered the longwave UV spectrum responsible for tanning effects, the UVB region is considered the sunburning region (erythemal region), and UVC is considered the germicidal region. Typically, both UVA and UVB radiation have been used for treatment of dermatoses. Treatment with UVA radiation is called photochemical therapy and involves the use of a photosensitizing agent, psoralen, and the administration of UVA radiation. The basis for phototherapy is believed to be the direct interaction of light of certain frequencies with tissue to cause a change in immune response. U.S. Pat. No. 5,696,081 of Ulirich describes the immune response caused by UVA and UVB radiation.
Phototherapy has a long history of treating psoriasis dating back to 1926 when natural solar treatments such as the Goekerman regimen and Heliotherapy (sunlight rich in UVB at the Dead Sea) were practiced. Heliotherapy is still practiced today. However, these natural solar treatments have mostly given way to modern booths or chambers that provide artificial UVA and/or UVB radiation. Although the benefits of UVA and UVB are known in dermatoses treatment, the adverse affects upon healthy tissue, particularly of UVB radiation, are also well known and a medical concern.
Most of the devices designed for phototherapy, both in the UVA and UVB, are table top projectors for irradiating the face or feet, or booth or chamber types of devices (solaria). Various UV booth apparatuses are revealed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,095,113, 4,103,175, 4,100,415, 4,703,184, 4,177,384, 4,959,551, 4,469,951 and 4,309,616. All of these devices rely upon tubular fluorescent or tubular mercury bulbs as UV sources. The booths are generally composed of multiple banks of bulbs, and irradiate large areas, usually the whole body. Large unaffected portions of the body can be protected with draping or wrapping materials, but this is impractical for most clinical use. The large area (whole body or limb) radiation pattern of these devices is a result of the emission characteristics of the light sources. The diffuse, lambertian emission patterns from these elongated, cylindrical bulbs are difficult to aim or direct to specific areas. To achieve sufficient radiation levels to provide therapeutic affect, large numbers of bulbs are required to achieve treatment times within practical limits. It is common for a booth to have 24 to 48 bulbs to achieve these practical fluence levels.
Generally, the dose of UVB radiation administered in a booth is limited by erythemal (sunburning) action. The absolute amount of UVB that a given person can tolerate before burning varies by skin type and prior exposure. It also varies with the composition of the UVB, because shorter wavelengths have greater erythemal activity. Normally, before treatment is given, the minimum erythemal dose (MED) for each patient is determined by applying different radiation doses in small patches to healthy tissue. These patches indicate the amount of energy (usually expressed in mj/cm2) that will result in sunburning the patient. It is typical for the patches to be viewed at 24 hours, and the patch that is slightly pink is considered the MED level. A single booth treatment starts at some percentage (often 70%) of this MED, and then may be increased in follow up sessions as tolerance builds up due to tanning. A typical cycle of treatments for therapeutic success in a booth is 15 to 30 treatments, usually administered in 2 to 3 treatments per week. The amount of radiation given in a given session is limited by the radiation exposure of the healthy tissue. Sunburning the entire body is not only painful, but also medically unwise.
A similar technique is used for UVA treatment, but the dose is called the MPD and the reading is generally 72 hours after exposure. In both cases, however, the MED or MPD is determined by radiation on healthy (non-lesional) tissue.
Much of the UVA therapy has been replaced by PUVA therapy, called photochemical therapy, where the photosensitizer psoralen or one of its derivatives used with UVA radiation. PUVA treatment has proven to have long term oncological manifestations not seen with UVB treatment. However, when UVB treatment has not been successful, the alternative of PUVA does provide relief, albeit at a potential health risk.
It has been demonstrated that some lesional tissue (psoriatic plaque for example) can withstand much more UVB radiation than healthy tissue. This is largely due to the thickness of the plaque areas. However, the radiation delivered to the plaque in booth therapy is limited to the amount of radiation that the adjacent health tissue can withstand. There are three negative aspects of booth UVB treatment. First, the radiation is provided to both healthy and lesional tissue, thus increasing the total body UVB exposure. It has been demonstrated that this cumulative total body exposure has carcinogenic implications. Second, the low radiation threshold of healthy tissue limits the amount of radiation that may be delivered per session to the lesional areas. This sub-optimal dosage results in an increased number of treatments to achieve the cumulative lesional radiation required for therapeutic success. Third, the increased number of treatments that result from low plaque doses again increases the total body radiation received.
The article entitled "Action Spectrum for Phototherapy of Psoriasis", by John A. Parrish, M.D. and Kurt F. Jaenicke, B.A., published in the Journal of Investigative Dermatology, Vol. 76, No. 5, p. 359-362 (1981) describes the psoriasis action spectrum from 253 nm to 313 nm. The results in this article indicate that radiation below 296 nm is highly erythemal but not therapeutic. The article also reports that the level of radiation to deliver 1 MED at 300 nm is about {fraction (1/10)} the radiation level required to achieve 1 MED at 313 nm. This confirms the higher erythemal activity of shorter wavelength UVB. Conventional UVB fluorescent sources provide UV radiation from 275-340 nm, a result of the fluorescent material bandwidth, and hence provide significant radiation of erythemal activity without therapeutic affect. Since a high proportion of this conventional flourescent radiation is non-therapeutic, but erythemally limiting, it necessitates a larger number of treatments.
The presence of the erythemally limiting but non-therapeutic radiation from conventional sources has led to the development of more effective UVB lamps for phototherapy. Sources of monochromatic radiation at 308 nm are available in the form of excimer lamps (U.S. Pat. No. 5,955,840). Also, tubular fluorescent lamps nearly monochromatic output at 311 nm (U.S. Pat. No. 4,354,139) are available. Both these lamp sources suffer from the disadvantages of large area radiation, i.e. erythemal limits per treatment and healthy tissue radiation. However, many reports are available on the advantages of monochromatic UVB from these lamps. One advantage is the lack of non-therapeutic, erythemal radiation below 296 nm. This allows more of the delivered UVB radiation to be of therapeutic value before the MED is reached. Conventional UVB bulbs which operate in the broad range of 275-340 nm may provide undesirable radiation which promotes cellular proliferation.
As opposed to this large area radiation, targeted phototherapy is the application of radiation to specific areas, defined by the geometry or exit aperture of a delivery device. The radiation dose is generally, although not necessarily, constant through out the application to a lesion. The dose administered during an irradiation cycle is known, and the boundary of the irradiated area is known. It may be thought of as placing a penlight against the skin. The area is known to be the exit area of the penlight, and, in the case of targeted phototherapy, the dose may be controlled. Repeating this pattern of the penlight exit face over a lesion allows for complete coverage of the lesion. Tubular fluorescent lamps in general cannot be effectively used for targeted radiation delivery. This is due to the difficulty in collecting the light from these elongated, diffuse sources, and focusing it onto the skin or into an optical guide. Targeted, or spot delivery of radiation in general requires that the light source be collimated or be of a small intense arc that allows efficient fiber optic coupling. Targeted UV phototherapy systems typically employ lasers and are very expensive.
Monochromatic radiation at 308 nm can be provided by xenon chloride excimer lasers, and such sources are capable of directed site delivery as a result of their coherent beams. The disadvantage of such sources is the high cost of equipment and associated maintenance. They nominally sell in the hundreds of thousands of dollars, and contain high-pressure toxic gases that must be regularly exchanged.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a new and improved apparatus and method for targeted UV phototherapy of skin disorders.
According to one aspect of the present invention, a UV phototherapy apparatus is provided which comprises a base unit having an output port for delivery of UVB radiation within a predetermined range, an optical guide having an input end connected to the output port of the base unit and an output end, and a handpiece having an input end connected to the output end of the optical guide, and an exit aperture of predetermined, non-circular shape for delivering radiation to a target area of a patient, the base unit including a UVB lamp for emitting UVB radiation in a predetermined range, a focusing device for focusing the radiation from the UVB lamp along an optical path onto the input end of the optical guide, and a beam isolating assembly in the optical path for isolating UVB radiation from the lamp in the predetermined range from the remainder of the lamp output whereby at least 90% of the radiation directed into the optical guide is in the predetermined range:
In one example, the predetermined UVB range was between 300 nm and 320 nm. The beam isolating assembly may comprise at least one UVB reflective dichroic mirror for reflecting radiation in the range from 300 nm to 320 nm along the optical path while transmitting substantially all radiation outside the desired range. In a preferred embodiment, two UVB reflective dichroic mirrors are arranged in series along the optical path, for further reduction of unwanted radiation. In one embodiment of the invention, the base unit is provided with a first output port for UVB radiation and a second output port for UVA radiation. A first optical guide and handpiece are connected to the first output port, and a second optical guide and handpiece may be connected to the second output port. The beam isolating assembly includes a mechanism for isolating UVB radiation in a predetermined range and directing the isolated UVB radiation to the first output port, and a mechanism for isolating UVA radiation in a predetermined range and directing the isolated UVA radiation to the second output port. This provides for optional directed UVB therapy with the first handpiece or directed UVA therapy or photochemical therapy using the second output port and connected handpiece.
The UVB lamp is preferably a medium pressure, short or medium arc mercury lamp such as a mercury, xenon mercury, or doped mercury short arc lamp. This type of lamp has the highest proportion of its output in the 300 to 320 nm. UVB and has an output which can be readily and accurately directed by a focusing assembly into the input end of an optical guide of small dimensions, unlike a tubular fluorescent lamp.
The handpiece in one embodiment includes beam shaping optics for expanding the circular beam output from the optical guide into a larger, square beam. The handpiece may be a square tube with polished inner walls, in one example. The square beam output allows for successive side-by-side treatments of adjacent areas of a lesion without any overlap between treatment areas.
According to another aspect of the present invention, a method of treating lesional tissue with targeted UVB radiation is provided, which comprises directing radiation from a UVB lamp source along an optical path, isolating radiation in a predetermined UVB range from the radiation spectrum emitted by the lamp source and directing the isolated UVB radiation into one end of an optical guide,.and connecting the other end of the optical guide to a handpiece having an exit aperture of predetermined, non-circular shape for directing the isolated radiation onto a predetermined target area of tissue to be treated.
Up until now, the only effective devices for applying targeted phototherapy to specific areas of lesional tissue, without applying unwanted radiation to healthy skin in surrounding areas, used a xenon chloride excimer laser as the UVB light source. These devices are large and extremely expensive, require frequent maintenance, and use high-pressure toxic gases, such that these devices can typically only be used in a doctor's office, and cannot be used by the patient at home. The apparatus and method of this invention provides targeted UVB phototherapy using a much smaller apparatus and an inexpensive UVB lamp as the radiation source. The apparatus is much less expensive, requires less maintenance, and can conveniently be used by a patient at home.
The present invention will be better understood from the following detailed description of some exemplary embodiments of the invention, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which like reference numerals refer to like parts and in which:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a targeted UVB phototherapy apparatus according to a first embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an apparatus according to a second embodiment of the invention for selective, targeted UVB or UVA phototherapy;
FIG. 3 is a cross sectional view of a handpiece for use in the apparatus of FIG. 1 or 2;
FIG. 4 is a front end elevational view of the handpiece of FIG. 3;
FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of an alternative lamp for use as the UVB source in the apparatus of FIG. 1 or FIG. 2;
FIG. 6 is a cross-section on the lines 6—6 of FIG. 5; and
FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a targeted UVB phototherapy apparatus according to another embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 1 illustrates a targeted UV phototherapy apparatus according to a first exemplary embodiment of the invention. The apparatus basically comprises a base unit or housing 10 containing a UVB lamp 12 and having an output port 14 for UVB radiation, an elongate light guide 16 having a first end connected to the output port 14 and a second end, and a handpiece 18 connected to the second end of the light guide 16. The handpiece is designed for targeted delivery of UVB radiation to a skin area to be treated, as discussed in more detail below with reference to FIGS. 3 and 4.
The UVB lamp 12 is specifically selected to be highly efficient and to have an output with a high proportion of UVB radiation. Preferably, the lamp is a medium pressure, short or medium arc mercury lamp such as a mercury, doped mercury, or xenon mercury lamp. An optical assembly within the housing or base unit 10 directs radiation in a predetermined UVB range from lamp 12 to output port 14. The optical assembly includes a symmetrical reflector 20 enclosing the lamp, and a series of two UVB reflective mirrors 22,24 in the optical path for directing radiation in the predetermined range towards the output port. An edge filter 26 and a shutter 28 are located in the optical path from the second mirror 24 to the output port 14.
The UV reflector may be of metal or dichroic coated glass that is UV reflective. This can eliminate as much as 75% of the unwanted radiation from the reflected light. Cooling air is ducted from a filtered fan 30 onto the reflector to avoid heat distortion. The UV reflector is arranged to focus the collected radiation onto output port 14, as illustrated in FIG. 1. The reflector 20 directs the collected radiation from lamp 12 to the first UVB reflective dichroic mirror 22, which is arranged at an angle of 45� to the light path. This mirror reflects 95% of the received UVB radiation to the second UVB reflective dichroic mirror 24, while the majority of the unwanted radiation outside the predetermined UVB range is transmitted through mirror 22 and collected by a fan and heat sink assembly 32 which is coated with a black body absorbent material. The second mirror also reflects 95% of the desired UVB radiation to edge filter 26. The two mirrors reflect at 95% in the region of 280 nm to 325 nm. Since mercury lamps do not have any significant output from 320 to 325 nm., the radiation reflected from the second mirror will be predominately in the range from 280 nm to 320 nm. The edge filter 26 eliminates or attenuates radiation below 300 nm., such as residual 254 nm. radiation and the mercury 296 nm. line, producing an output beam that is predominantly (at least 90%) composed of radiation within the range from 300 nm. to 320 nm. The edge filter preferably comprises a beam splitter which directs a small amount of the radiation onto a continuous energy monitor or sensor 36. The beam splitter may be made of a Schott WG 295 material to reduce the 296 nm line of the mercury lamp spectrum.
The mirror arrangement ensures that only about 10% of the radiation within the desired UVB range is lost, unlike band pass filters which are very inefficient. About 5% of the unwanted radiation outside the range will be reflected by each mirror and included in the UVB beam, but by using two mirrors this unwanted radiation is reduced to 0.25%. Suitable UVB dichroic mirrors are available from Oriel Instruments of Stratford, Connecticut, and other optical suppliers.
In the case of a short arc mercury lamp, the beam transmitted from the lamp is not continuous, but consists mainly of peaks at 300 nm., 302 nm, and 313 nm. Optional dopant peaks at 307 nm. and 318 nm. can be provided by suitable lamp selection. The actual mix of wavelengths within the range will be dependent on the peaks of the actual mercury lamp selected. Thus, for a mercury xenon lamp, the output will be 90% between 302 and 313 nm. The mercury xenon lamp may be doped with an additive that has a 318 nm. radiation peak, allowing the range to be extended if desired. Thus, although the range is stated to be from 300 nm. to 320 nm., the radiation will actual be a mixture of various specific wavelengths within this range, dependent on the specific type of lamp selected. As noted above, a mercury xenon source will have strong lines at 302 nm. and 313 nm. A mixture of radiation in these two wavelengths will have the added plaque penetration power of the longer wavelength UVB radiation, and the faster clearing rate of the shorter wavelength UVB radiation. A mix of UVB wavelengths, rather than monochromatic UVB, will have greater therapeutic value. The size of the lamp may be between 500-1200 watts, which will deliver between 2.0 to 4.8 watts from the handpiece.
The beam shutter 28 placed in the light path between the edge filter 26 and output port acts to control the output of UVB radiation from the base unit into the light guide and handpiece. The shutter construction allows for sufficient area and cooling to dissipate an average energy of 2-4 watts. Alternatively, it maybe arranged to reflect the beam into a suitably positioned heat sink, when extended into the closed position. When open, the shutter provides a clear path for the reflected beam into the light guide 16.
The lamp 12 is connected to a suitable power supply and ignition unit 38 within the housing or base unit. Alternatively, the unit 38 may be provided in a separate enclosure with appropriate control and output connections to the base unit. A control unit 40 for monitoring and controlling lamp operation is also mounted in the housing 10. The control unit is connected to the shutter 28 and the output of sensor 36, as well as to the lamp power supply and ignition unit 38. It is associated with a control panel (not illustrated) on the outside of housing 10 for user control inputs and monitoring. A calibration port 42 is provided for handpiece 18. Calibration port 42 has a switch 44 in its side wall for detecting insertion of the handpiece, and a sensor 46 at its inner end for monitoring the output of the handpiece. The output of sensor 46 is also connected to control unit 40. A switch such as foot switch 48 may be provided for switching the apparatus on and off, although a manually operated on/off switch may alternatively be provided on the control panel.
The light guide 16 is either a liquid light guide or a quartz or fused silica fiberoptic guide. The numerical aperture (NA) of the light guide must define an input acceptance angle which equals or exceeds the focusing angle or conical angle of the reflector for maximum coupling. Flexible fluid filled light guides with input faces up to 8 mm. in diameter are available which have numerical apertures as high as 0.55, and afford easy direct coupling to the output port 14. Smaller diameter fiberoptic guides can be coupled with the use of fused silica lenses.
The distal end of light guide 16 is coupled to handpiece 18, which is designed for directed, targeted application of the UVB radiation to a lesion area. A handpiece 18 is illustrated in more detail in FIGS. 3 and 4. The handpiece basically comprises a tube 50 of square cross section having a base 52 at one end with an input port for receiving the exit end 54 of the light guide, an internal chamber 55, and an open exit end in which a fused silica rod 56 of square cross-section is cemented. The cement has an index of refraction lower than that of fused silica, and acts as a liquid seal to prevent entry of contaminants into the handpiece chamber. The end of the light guide 16 is secured in the input port of the tube 50 by a suitable connector 53.
The entrance face 57 of rod 55 is roughened to provide increased diffusion of incoming radiation. The exit face 58 of the rod defines an exit aperture for UVB radiation. The tube 50 is of a material which is opaque to UVB radiation to prevent escape of radiation from the tube other than via the exit aperture 58. Suitable materials are aluminum and UV blocking plastic or glass materials. The material may be selected to be transmissive in the visible region, for better visualization of the area to be irradiated. This can be accomplished by various plastics such as polycarbonate, as well as UV blocking glass materials. The inside walls of chamber 55 are preferably polished in order to re-direct scattered radiation onto the entrance face 57 of rod 56. A disposable slide-on tip or shield 60 of clear, UV blocking plastic material is mounted to project from the open end of tube 50 and beyond the exit face 58 of the rod 56. This tip is designed to be placed against the skin during treatment, so as to block UV radiation from exiting into the room. Since it is of clear or transparent plastic, the lesion area will still be visible during treatment. Ink or dye-containing felt or porous pads 62 may be mounted at the end of tip 60 in order to mark skin areas as they are treated. The pads 62 will mark the top and bottom edge of a square area which has been treated. Alternatively, a pad of square section may encompass the entire area irradiated, or other arrangements may be provided in order to mark the area.
In an alternative arrangement, the marking pads 62 may be eliminated, and the lesion or skin area to be treated may instead be covered or striped with a dilute aqueous solution of a photobleachable or photolabile dye. Such dyes lose color or intensity when exposed to UV light. Photochromic dyes which change color on exposure to UV are also readily available, and may be used for this purpose. By keeping the concentration of dye low, and by the use of thin stripes made by a roller or stamp, the amount of UV absorbed by the dye maybe kept to a minimum. The dispersion qualities of the plaque will ensure complete coverage of the applied radiation.
The exit aperture geometry of the handpiece establishes the shape and area which is irradiated at any time. The handpiece is optically designed to expand and shape the output beam from the light guide from a circular beam into a larger, square beam. By making the exit beam of square or rectangular shape, an area to be irradiated can be completely covered by repeated application of the handpiece to adjacent areas, without any overlap with previously treated areas. For this purpose, the exit aperture must have straight, not curved, edges. Another suitable shape for the exit aperture would be an equilateral triangle. The interior of the handpiece is designed to expand and homogenize the beam from a small, round cross-section beam exiting the light guide, into a larger, square cross-section output from exit aperture 58. Beam shaping is accomplished by the square, fused silica rod 56, which will project a square beam. If desired, a diffuser plate may be added to reduce non-homogeneous output, and a mirror can be used if a right angle bend is required in the handpiece for convenience of application.
Operation of the apparatus of FIGS. 1, 3 and 4 will now be described in more detail. The exit aperture 58 of the handpiece will determine the area. of radiation which can be applied in a single does. In one example, the exit aperture 58 was a square with a length of 2 cm. on each side. The lesion is covered in a checkerboard pattern with the handpiece being applied to each 4 cm2 area for a predetermined time period, dependent upon the desired dose.
Initially, the MED (minimal erythemal dose) for each patient is determined by irradiating a series of small patches of healthy skin ranging in dosage from, say, 40 mj/cm2 to 120 mj/cm2. The patches indicate the amount of energy which will result in sunburning the patient. The patch which is slightly pink is considered to be the MED level. Once the MED dose is determined for a patient, the physician will select a multiple of this dose for lesion application. The nominal range will be 0.7-6.0 MEDs, depending upon patch thickness and other factors known to the physician, such as the patient's response to prior phototherapy, and the location of the lesion. The regions of healthy skin surrounding the lesion will be protected with a coating of zinc oxide or a UV absorbing oil, prior to starting a treatment.
The control panel on the housing will allow the practitioner to select the desired energy density for a single dose. If the selected irradiation dose is 500 mj/cm2, the irradiation cycle for each dose will be about 1 second. A microprocessor in the control unit is programmed to open the shutter 28 for this time period, after it is determined that the lamp has warmed up, and to close the shutter again at the end of a cycle, providing an audible or visible indication to the user that the cycle for one irradiated area is complete. When the apparatus is initially switched on, and as the lamp is warming up, the output of sensor 36 will be monitored. The shutter 26 is closed during the warm-up period. When the output is detected to be stable, the operator is prompted to calibrate the handpiece. The handpiece is then inserted in calibration port 42, and the foot switch 48 or a switch on the handpiece is depressed. When the switch is actuated, the shutter 26 is opened and light will enter the handpiece and be measured by the energy sensor 46 in the calibration port. Software diagnostics measure the stability of the output. If the energy sensor 46 does not detect any radiation, the shutter 26 will close and the operator will be alerted to a potential problem requiring maintenance.
On completion of the calibration, assuming that the energy sensor detects the correct output from the handpiece, an irradiation cycle can be commenced. The operator places the exit aperture end of the handpiece against a first area of the lesion, and initiates irradiation by depressing the foot switch or actuating a switch on the handpiece. This again opens the shutter for a predetermined time period controlled by the selected energy dose. The precise duration of the cycle is determined by the microprocessor, the calibration data, and the dose selection made by the practitioner. At the end of the first cycle, the operator moves the handpiece to cover an adjacent area of the lesion, and repeats the procedure, continuing to cover the lesion in a checkerboard pattern until the entire lesion area has been covered, with each treated area being marked by the ink pads or the like to ensure that the same area is not treated more than once in any treatment. The handpiece may be dipped in a sterilizing solution between uses. The slide-on tip is preferably disposable so that a new uncontaminated tip is used with each treatment.
A typical skin lesion may have an area of the order of about 100 cm2. Using this apparatus, the entire lesion area can be treated in less than 3 minutes. If the exit aperture of the handpiece has an area of 4 cm2, the lesion area can be covered in approximately 25 individual doses, and if each dose is around 1 second, the overall time required will be less than 2 minutes, assuming that it takes about 30 seconds to coat the adjacent, healthy skin with protective oil and about 2 seconds to move the handpiece between successive "checkerboard" doses.
The handpiece provides a stable, maneuverable means for radiation delivery, and ensures accurate, targeted radiation delivery to the area covered by the exit aperture only. This avoids irradiation of healthy tissue, allowing a higher dose to be delivered in one treatment than in a phototherapy booth, since lesional tissue is known to withstand much more UVB radiation than healthy tissue. Thus, the total number of treatments required is likely to be much less than with phototherapy booth treatment. Previously, targeted UVB radiation delivery was only possible with the use of xenon chloride excimer lasers as the UVB source, which are capable of directed site delivery due to their coherent beams. However, lasers are extremely expensive, result in large and cumbersome equipment, and require frequent and expensive maintenance. This invention provides an inexpensive, low maintenance lamp as the UV radiation source, together with an optical assembly for substantially excluding radiation outside the UVB range, and directing around 90% of the UVB radiation emitted from the lamp to the input end of the light guide.
FIG. 2 illustrates a targeted phototherapy apparatus according to a second exemplary embodiment of the invention, which also has the option of delivering targeted UVA radiation to a patient if desired. The apparatus is similar to that of FIG. 1, and like reference numerals have been provided for like parts as appropriate. However, in this apparatus, the housing 10 has a second output port 70 for UVA radiation, in addition to the first, UVB outlet port 14. An optical assembly is provided for directing UVA radiation emitted from lamp 12 to the second outlet port 70. This assembly basically comprises a first UVA reflective mirror 72 positioned to receive radiation transmitted by the first UVB mirror 22, and a second UVA reflective mirror 74 for receiving radiation reflected from mirror 72 and reflecting the UVA radiation onto outlet port 70. A shutter 76 is provided in the path from the second mirror 74 to the outlet port 70 for controlling output of UVA radiation from port 70, in a similar manner to shutter 28 for the UVB port.
A second optical guide 16′ is connected to the outlet port 70 and a handpiece 18′ identical to handpiece 18 is connected to the distal end of guide 16′ for directing UVA radiation onto a selected area to be treated. Instead of providing two separate optical guides and handpieces, a single optical guide and handpiece may be used, and simply connected to the appropriate outlet port 14 or 70, depending on whether UVB or UVA treatment is desired.
The mirrors 72 and 74 may suitably comprise dichroic mirrors that reflect radiation in the UVA range from 330 to 380 nm. Dichroic mirrors which reflect at 98% in this wavelength range are commercially available, with cutoff wavelengths to prevent unwanted visible and infrared radiation. Approximately 85% of the UVA will be transmitted through the first UVB mirror, and after the two UVA mirrors, 80% of the original UVA mercury line of 365 nm. will be preserved. Output port 70 may be used for directed or targeted UVA phototherapy or photochemical therapy, using a similar procedure to that described above in connection with FIG. 1.
In the apparatus of FIG. 2, the operator will select UVB or UVA mode on the control panel, and connect the light guide and handpiece to the appropriate output port, if only one light guide and handpiece is provided. When the on/off switch is depressed, the shutter for the selected port will open and light will enter the handpiece and be measured by the energy sensor in the calibration port. The calibration step will ensure that the correct wavelength spectrum for either UVB or UVA radiation is detected by sensor 46, before treatment commences.
In the embodiments of FIGS. 1 and 2, the lamp 12 is a mercury xenon, mercury, or doped mercury short arc lamp, and the radiation from the lamp is collected and directed towards the first mirror 22 by a symmetric elliptical or parabolic reflector 20, in order to permit coupling into the light guide. Alternatively, the lamp 12 of FIGS. 1 and 2 may be replaced by a doped metal halide or tubular mercury arc lamp 80 as illustrated in FIGS. 5 and 6. Lamp 80 has a 1-3 inch arc. This type of lamp exhibits excellent UVB production, but coupling the output into a light guide becomes more complex. Thus, in this alternative, the symmetric elliptical reflector 20 of FIGS. 1 and 2 is replaced with a cylindrical elliptical reflector 82, as illustrated in FIGS. 5 and 6. The cylindrical elliptical reflector provides a line of reflected light, rather than a point, at the second focal point. A cylindrical lens 84 is placed at the second focal point in order to convert the line to a point. The lens 84 and reflector 82 have different focal points, and the offset of the lens from the reflector is arranged to make the two focal points coincide near the optical guide input at output port 14. The optics used are suitably fused silica, to ensure transmission of the UVB radiation. The remainder of the optics will be the same as in FIGS. 1 and 2.
In the embodiments of FIGS. 1 and 2, the desired wavelength range of 300 to 320 nm. (UVB) or 330 to 380 nm (UVA) is isolated using UVB reflective dichroic mirrors, or a combination of UVB and UVA reflective dichroic mirrors. FIG. 7 illustrates another embodiment of the invention in which UVB radiation, or UVA and UVB radiation, is isolated in a different way, replacing the mirrors of FIG. 1 with an alternative isolation assembly 90. The apparatus of FIG. 7 is otherwise identical to that of FIG. 1, and like reference numerals have been used as appropriate. The UV isolation assembly 90 of FIG. 7 comprises a combination of a broadband dichroic UV mirror 92 and a pivotally mounted diffraction grating 94. The UV mirror 92 will reflect a large portion of the UV light emitted from lamp 12 towards the diffraction grating 94. The diffraction grating 94 faces a beam splitter 96, suitably a 5% quartz beam splitter. Part of the beam emitted by beam splitter 96 is directed to sensor 36 for continuous monitoring the lamp output, while the remainder is directed towards the output port 14. An aperture 97 is positioned between the diffraction grating and output port for determining the portion of the spectrum transmitted to port 14.
The grating 94 in one example is a Monk-Gillieson configuration plane diffraction grating, used for situations where a converging beam strikes a plane diffraction grating. The converging beam first strikes the broadband, dichroic UV mirror, eliminating the visible and IR wavelengths. This strongly reduces the radiant flux on the diffraction grating, prolonging its useful life, and allows the wasted energy to be concentrated on the heat sink 32. The grating can be pivoted such that a predetermined part of the emitted spectrum is directed through aperture 97 to the output port 14, such as the UVB 300-320 nm. light, or the UVA 330 to 380 nm. light. A suitable control will be provided on the housing control panel to allow the operator to pivot the grating to the appropriate position. The grating may also be mounted on a base that is adjustable to allow for the aperture 97 to be fixed in front of the optical guide. Operation of the apparatus of FIG. 7 is otherwise identical to that of the previous embodiments.
The phototherapy apparatus of this invention provides an efficient and inexpensive means for selective targeting of UV radiation to dermatoses, and is particularly useful for treating psoriasis and vitiligo. The apparatus can be used by the patient at home, rather than only at a doctor's office or hospital as in the case of more expensive and sensitive laser-based systems. The apparatus is designed to deliver radiation primarily in the 300 to 320 nm. UVB range from an inexpensive source comprising a medium pressure mercury, mercury xenon, or doped mercury arc lamp, and in one embodiment has an extra port for optional delivery of radiation primarily in the UVA range. Since radiation is delivered only to the plaque area of the skin, the dosage can be higher than for booth treatments where healthy skin is also exposed, potentially reducing the number of treatments needed. The dosage confined to a plaque area may be up to six times the estimated MED for a patient.
The efficacy of the radiation delivered by this apparatus is increased or maximized by maintaining the majority of the radiation delivered in the range of highly therapeutic radiation, e.g. 90% of the radiation delivered is in the 300-320 nm. range where UVB radiation is used, and by eliminating the non-therapeutic, potentially harmful wavelengths found in conventional UVB fluorescent bulbs.
In the first embodiment of the invention described above, the desired wavelength range of UVB radiation is obtained by means of multiple UVB cold mirrors, rather than bandpass or absorption filters which have high transmission inefficiency and therefore require use of a very high power source. This arrangement results in loss of only about 10% of the radiation within the desired range, and can use a much lower power UV source. The handpiece coupled to the flexible light guide provides a stable and readily maneuverable means for accurate, targeted UV radiation delivery with little or no leakage of UV radiation outside the area being targeted.
Although some exemplary embodiments of the invention have been described above by way of example only, it will be understood by those skilled in the field that modifications may be made to the disclosed embodiments without departing from the scope of the invention, which is defined by the appended claims.
Patent Citations
Non-Patent Citations
Referenced by
Legal Events
Original Image


text: 318 East South Main Street Waxhaw, NC 28173 Status: Off Market MLS#: 2096043 Contact Email this listing Share on Pinterest Share on Google+ Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Calculate Mortgage Print Flyer Get Directions Request a Showing Off Market 318 East South Main Street Waxhaw, NC 28173 is no longer on the market or has been removed from the MLS. Similar to 318 East South Main Street : Ask an Agent About 318 East South Main Street * Required fields Send Your Question × Monthly Payment Estimator Price: Down Payment: % Loan Amount: Loan Type: 30 Year Fixed 15 Year Fixed 5/1 ARM Interest Rate: % Est. Tax & Insurance: % ($/mo.) Est. Monthly Payment: $478 per month × Email a Listing 318 East South Main Street, Waxhaw NC, 28173 From: Name: Email: To: Name: Email: Subject: Message: Take a look at this property I found on CarolinaRealEstateHub.com: http://www.carolinarealestatehub.com/homes/318-East-South-Main-Street/Waxhaw/NC/28173/24026977/ Send a copy of this message to me Send Email

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Bh cosmetics 120 palette 1st edition; used nude color on inner corners and added a brown and grey in crease then darkened outer corner with black. Lips: MAC Modesty
You must Login or Register to comment!
Looking for the perfect color?
Look no further than Temptalia's Swatch Gallery.
Need help finding your perfect foundation shade?
The Foundation Matrix is designed to help.
Duplicate a high-end product or never buy
the same shade twice. The Dupe List is here to help.
About Us - Advertise - Contact Us - Policies - Review & Rating Systems - Press - Privacy Policy - Terms of Use
Copyright © 2006 - 2015 Temptalia ®


text:
Man Utd Soccer Diary
By SpringApp Technologies Inc
Open iTunes to buy and download apps.
** PREMIER LEAGUE CHAMPIONS & RECORD 19th LEAGUE TITLE 2011 ** Are you a Man Utd fan? Then this is the app for you. The complete history of the club, the players and the games all in your pocket.
- Discover the story of all the clubs managers.
- The history of the greatest players.
- Find out when and where the team was founded.
- How many goals did Denis Law score?
- When did Utd win "The Treble"?
- What is the teams highest score?
- and lots more...
Also included is the full Seasons Fixture list with scores, team listings and attendances updated regularly.
The Manchester United Soccer Diary lists stats covering the entire history of the club letting you settle arguments and quizzes at a glance.
What's New in Version v2.0
Major v2.0 update. FREE for all v1.0+ owners. Thank you for your patience.
Enhanced fixture list with results colour coding and KO times.
NEW League Table added.
Enhanced Notable Players listing.
Enhanced Managers listing.
Enhanced History view.
Enhanced Stadiums view.
Enhanced Stats view.
Updated Contact view.
Updated Map view.
iPhone Screenshot
Customer Reviews
im a hardcore manu fan its an awesome app go Manchester United
- $4.99
- Category: Sports
- Updated: Aug 06, 2010
- Version: v2.0
- Size: 5.1 MB
- Language: English
- Seller: SpringApp Technologies
- © SpringApp Technologies Inc.
Compatibility: Requires iOS 3.1 or later. Compatible with iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch.


text:
Get ready for spring by getting your lawn mowers in shape, says Barry Deal of James River Equipment in North Carolina. Maintenance includes removing leftover fuel, sharpening blades, and replacing oil, air and fuel filters. Check the mower's operating manual for service intervals, Deal adds.
View Full Article in:WBTV-TV (Charlotte, N.C.)
Published in Brief:


text:
The Comedy In Fifty Shades of Grey
By Amy Nicholson
Wild Tales Lays Bare Everyone's Awfulness
By Stephanie Zacharek
Approaching the Elephant Is a Bracing Education Doc
By Calum Marsh
By Stephanie Zacharek
By Inkoo Kang
The Results of Our 2014 Film Critics' Poll
By Voice Film Critics
By Alan Scherstuhl
The Blue Room (La Chambre bleue)
By Alan Scherstuhl
Even more than Truffaut or Chabrol, Rohmer has always believed in the power of stories and storytelling. In his early "Moral Tales," the carefully calibrated narratives pushed his gallery of intellectuals toward a melancholy self-realization. As the director became more interested in young people at the beginning of the '80s, his focus shifted to the spiritual. Like Rossellini, one of his role models, the devoutly Catholic Rohmer tends to leave his heroes and heroines in a state of grace, framed within the most ordinary circumstances and settings (it's hard to imagine a more subtly enacted miracle than the climax of Tale of Winter). And, of course, they talk their way right up the spiritual ladder. Many people are driven around the bend by Rohmer's "dialogue-heavy" movies, which supposedly approach cinematic danger level. But in his case, talk always equals action: a form of therapeutic inquiry for the heroes of My Night at Maud's or Claire's Knee, a restless search for clarity in Pauline at the Beach or Le Beau Mariage, a wayward path toward enlightenment in the latest films. Moreover, Rohmer's talking cures are always firmly rooted in their settings: It's the pre-Christmas snowstorm in Clermont-Ferrand that keeps the skittish Jean-Louis Trintignant holed up with Françoise Fabian's game divorcée in Maud's, and it's the golden, sunlit southern countryside that fills Marie Rivière with the knowledge of her own mature beauty in Autumn Tale.
With his three long series spanning six decades, broken up by excursions into documentaries, literary adaptations, and omnibus films, has Rohmer realized his ambition to be the Balzac of cinema? Maybe. It has to be said that his conservatism borders on nationalism: Unlike Pialat or Téchiné or even Rivette, he's never risen to the challenge of portraying the racial diversity of modern France. But for all its neatness and moral self-containment, his is a remarkable (and often remarkably funny) body of work, rich in natural wonders, bewitching interactions, and emotional passages. Maud's is still his meatiest film: Trintignant's wary self-exposure is perfectly matched by Fabian's seductive frankness, and Nestor Almendros never got a crisper black-and-white image. Depending on your tolerance for Jean-Claude Brialy, even at his least preening, Claire's Knee remains an intricately suspenseful movie: The buildup to that nonlecherous caress is one of the neatest inventions of the '70s. The "Comedies and Proverbs" of the '80s are more diaphanous, with the soulful exceptions of The Aviator's Wife and the largely improvised Summer. But even the insubstantial Full Moon in Paris vibrates with the delicate beauty of the late Pascale Ogier. Autumn and Winter (his most purely Christian film) are the most vaunted of the later movies. My personal favorite is the undervalued Tale of Springtime, which works up a lively romantic intrigue against a background of suburban greenery under overcast skies. Also not to be missed: the painterly adaptation of Kleist's Marquise of O, with a devastating lead performance by the great Edith Clever; the early short The Baker of Monceau, the first of the moral tales, filled with new wave exuberance and featuring a young, handsome Barbet Schroeder; and the largely unknown feature debut, The Sign of Leo. A favorite of Fassbinder's, this beautifully elaborated tall tale offers a wonderful portrait of Paris in the late '50s. And, during a nicely detailed bohemian party scene, it features an unforgettable cameo. The young man in dark glasses sitting at a table, endlessly lifting the needle off a record to play and replay his favorite piece of music, is none other than Rohmer's opposite number, Jean-Luc Godard.
Sponsor Content
Find capsule reviews, showtimes & tickets for all films in town.
Join My Voice Nation for free stuff, film info & more!


text:
Originally published on Tue September 10, 2013 7:08 am
Good morning, I'm Steve Inskeep.
This next news story has been a tradition since roughly 1908. It's the story of a Chicago Cubs fan waiting to win the World Series. The News-Sun says Doris Davis has been a fan since 1926. In the days before TV, she listened on the radio while moving players around a diamond she made from a checkerboard. And she's still waiting for that championship. As the season nears its end, the Cubs are 22 games out of first.
It's MORNING EDITION. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.
This is the official web site of the WSHU Public Radio Group. Some links from these pages are not maintained by WSHU and are subject to change without notice. This Web site and its contents are © 2013 by WSHU, Fairfield, CT, and the respective copyright holders.


text:
Mounting substrate and heat sink for high-power diode laser bars, the mounting substrate permitting mounting of the high-power diode laser bars by hard-soldering on the basis of a matching expansion to the semiconductor material. The mounting substrate is difficult to bend and of extremely high thermal conductivity, and can be used universally for the various cooling elements of conductive and convective cooling mechanisms.
1. A mounting substrate for high-power diode laser bars (HDB), comprising:
a top layer which serves as mounting surface for the HDB;
a middle layer; and
a bottom layer, which serves as mounting surface for a cooling element or is a cooling-relevant constituent of a cooling element;
said top layer and said bottom layer consist of materials with a coefficient of thermal expansion which is smaller than that of the HDB, and have elongated openings which are oriented substantially transverse to the bar width direction;
at least the top layer consists of a material of exceptionally high thermal conductivity; and
said middle layer consists of a material or a combination of materials whose coefficient of thermal expansion is greater than that of the HDB.
2. The mounting substrate as claimed in
3. The mounting substrate as claimed in
4. The mounting substrate as claimed in
5. The mounting substrate as claimed in
6. The mounting substrate as claimed in
7. The mounting substrate as claimed in
8. The mounting substrate as claimed in
9. A heat sink for cooling an HDB having a mounting substrate and a cooling element, wherein the mounting substrate corresponds to
10. The heat sink as claimed in
11. The heat sink as claimed in
This application claims priority of German Application No. 100 11 892.5, filed Mar. 3, 2000, the complete disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
a) Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a mounting substrate and a heat sink for high-power diode laser bars of the type disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,848,083.
b) Description of the Related Art
High-power diode laser bars (HDB) are extended semiconductor laser components of high optical output power (mean line power densities of >1 watt/mm component width, approximately 10 to 100 watts cw per component). Their operation requires high currents of a few 10 to 100 amperes, for which preference should be given in the connecting technique between the HDB and its substrate to hard solders which are highly stable in the long term, rather than to soft solders, which are prone to electromigration. However, by contrast with soft solders, hard solders have the disadvantage that they require a substrate whose lateral coefficient of thermal expansion (in the case of extended chips) must be adapted to better than 1 ppm/K to the material of the HDB, for example GaAs, if it is desired to avoid the influence of damaging mounting stress on the HDB. Such a substrate is termed expansion-matched. Its mounting surface should have a planarity of better than 1 μm/cm, in order not to worsen the beam formation of the optical emission profile of the HDB by excessive bending of the emitting active zones.
HDB are very sensitive in thermal terms. Their operating temperature should not exceed 55� C. to 60� C., if lifetimes of more than 10,000 hours are required. Consequently, substrates for HDB are designed as heat sinks. For an efficiency of 50%, the power loss occurring during operation is exactly as great as the optical power, and so HDB heat sinks require thermal resistance of from 0.2 to 0.5 K/W (Kelvin per Watt). In principle, HDB heat sinks comprise a heat-spreading mounting substrate and a heat-dissipating cooling element. Copper or diamond, for example, comes into consideration as material for the mounting substrate. A solid copper block on a Peltier element (conductive cooling), a microchannel cooler flowed through by water (MCC, forced or active convective cooling) or a micro heatpipe (MHP) filled with water vapor, free or passive convective cooling) can serve as heat sink. In any case, the mounting substrate can by all means be integrated in the heat sink, as is the case with microchannel heat sinks (MCHS). Thus, microchannel coolers, in particular, have been developed for active (forced) convective cooling with a low thermal resistance, and the use of mounting substrates made from exceptionally highly thermally conductive material—that is to say material exceeding the thermal conductivity value of all known metals—(for example diamond) has been investigated. However, the latter so far have had only led to unsatisfactory life times, because the soldering tensile stress transmitted by the solder onto the HDB are also damaging to the HDB. There have therefore already been many attempts to find highly thermally conductive heat sinks with expansion match. Various arrangements of two or more materials with different coefficients of expansion can achieve expansion matching in at least one direction (parallel to the largest dimension of the laser):
In the case of lateral expansion match, the layering of the materials is performed in a fashion lined up next to one another parallel to the axis of the expansion-matched lateral (width) direction. It is approximately pure in the case of vertically thin layers of large lateral width (EP 0 590 232).
In the case of vertical expansion match, the layering of the materials is performed in a fashion stacked one above another perpendicular to the axis of the expansion-matched lateral (width) direction. It is likewise approximately pure in the case of vertically thin layers of large lateral width (DE 195 06093, DE 196 05 302, U.S. Pat. No. 5,299,214).
In the case of mixed vertical-lateral expansion match, both aspects come into play, specifically by virtue of the fact that both the extent of the expansion-matched direction is limited, as is also the maximum aspect ratio of width to thickness of the material layers. This is the general case, and it goes over into the two previously mentioned types in the limiting case when appropriate extreme values of the layer dimensions are adopted. Typical arrangements for the expansion matching which is clearly of a mixed complexion are
a) in the case of regular structures, interruptions in the layers in the case of vertical match in order to weaken its mechanical relevance in comparison to the continuous layers (DE 198 21 544, DE 196 51 528, EP 0 590 232, U.S. Pat. No. 5,848,083 and WO 94/24703).
b) in the case of irregular structures, the homogeneous spatial distribution of particles of low thermal expansion (aluminum nitride, diamond) in a matrix made from a material of high thermal expansion (copper, aluminum) (U.S. Pat. No. 5,455,738 and EP 0 898 310).
The use of expansion-matched heat sink materials made from CuW, CuMo or, as in U.S. Pat. No. 5,455,738, from CuC with C as diamond is disadvantageous because of the still excessively low thermal conductivity and the difficulty of mechanical processing.
An asymmetric two-layer system which consists of continuous diamond and copper (U.S. Pat. No. 5,299,214) is ruled out of application because of its susceptibility to bending. Multilayer systems made from copper/molybdenum/copper (DE 196 05 302) and copper/aluminum nitride/copper (DE 195 06 093) are certainly symmetrical, but still continue to use relatively small thermally conducting metal layers.
Consequently, with reference to mounting substrates made from a multilayer system, the top layer denotes the layer facing the heat source (diode bar laser), and the bottom layer denotes the layer facing the heat sink (metal block, MCC, MHP).
A diamond body with openings having mounting stresses occurring in cutouts transverse to the main directions is presented in DE 197 01 680 for the purpose of decreasing stresses. Mounting it on a microchannel cooler is an example of its integration. The concept of expansion match with such a diamond body is not set forth completely in conjunction with the microchannel cooler. A disadvantage of the diamond body on its own is the still lacking expansion match, and a disadvantage of its combination with a heat sink is the individual match required of the heat sink, tailored to the cooling technique, for bar soldering.
The chip arrangements presented in DE 196 51 528 are based on a (cooling) substrate onto which an HDB is soldered or bonded via a connecting device made from diamond parts spaced apart from one another. A similar arrangement is also found with heat sinks which are presented in DE 198 21 544 and already form per se the expansion-matched component required for HDB mounting. Both arrangements have the advantage that an additional mounting step can be omitted after the soldering of the bar laser. However, there is a disadvantage of a large number of different heat sinks which have to be prepared for the HDB soldering in a fashion depending on the type of heat sink, and on the volume of substrate material which has to be heated for the HDB soldering. Also disadvantageous, furthermore, is the mechanically strongly asymmetric character of the design, which tends to give rise to bending in production.
On the one hand, EP 0 590 232 presents a mounting substrate which has one vertical layer and consists laterally of alternating layers of materials of high and low thermal conductivity. The thicknesses of these layers can be dimensioned in such a way that the substrate effectively has a coefficient of expansion matched laterally to the semiconductor material. There are certainly few bends in such a mechanically symmetrical substrate, but it has no cooling element for its side averted from the heat-producing component. The indispensable cooling element is, however, a mechanically very influential constituent of each HDB component.
On the other hand, EP 0 590 232 presents a design with two vertical layers and comprising a substrate, which is laterally layered and/or provided with openings or subdivided, and a metal block which serves for the conductive dissipation of heat. Owing to its connection with the substrate, this metal block has a mechanical influence on the HDB with regard to straining and bending. The influence of straining can certainly be minimized by skillful dimensioning of the metal block thickness and substrate thickness in conjunction with the number, position and shape of the cutouts; however, the problem of bending remains unsolved, because of the evident mechanical asymmetry of the design.
A first approach to a solution is presented in U.S. Pat. No. 5,848,083, which has a symmetrical three-layer design of the mounting substrate. It consists of two continuous, thin top and bottom layers similar to the HDB in terms of expansion, and of a massive (bulk) layer in the middle, which contains openings for the reduction of mechanical connection stresses. The middle layer is said in this case to have a higher coefficient of expansion than the two outer ones. All three layers connected to one another result in a mounting module or mounting substrate for the diode laser bar which is expansion-matched.
The effective coefficient of expansion (averaged over the mounting surface of the HDB and active during mounting) of this mounting substrate is essentially determined by the top and bottom continuous layer, specifically the more so, the larger the openings and their number in the middle layer. It holds by analogy for the internal stresses of this module that: they are smaller the larger the openings and their number in the middle layer.
This substrate has the advantage that it does not need to be integrated into an application-specific cooling element until after the HDB soldering. It is, however, disadvantageous that the above-mentioned substrate is still not a constituent of a cooling element which exerts a mechanical influence on the HDB which is mounted or to be mounted. Although it is mentioned that the stress-reducing openings in the middle layer can also be used as coolant channels of a convectively cooling element, there is no proposal for implementing this.
Reference can be made in this regard to the two essential constituents, which can be split in terms of design and operation, of a convectively cooling heat sink: the cooling-relevant constituent and the supply-relevant constituent. The first is limited to the structures effecting thermal dissipation (micro-cooling channels of actively convectively cooling elements or microwick structures in the vaporization range of passively convectively cooling elements including their heat-spreading top layers, which face the heat source); the latter comprises the coolant-conducting or coolant-storing structures without significance for thermal dissipation (inlets and outlets of actively convectively cooling elements, microwick structures in the transport region and vapor chamber of passively convectively cooling elements).
U.S. Pat. No. 5,848,083 contents itself with the integration of the cooling-relevant constituents of an actively convectively cooling element in its mounting substrate; there is no discussion of bonding to the supply-relevant constituent, although this is important in design terms. The emission property of the HDB, which is required by it being mounted on an edge or on a step is important in design terms. Such an edge or step is necessarily a constituent of an expansion-matched mounting substrate. Its height must suffice for mounting a collimation lens, but must be at least so high as to avoid reflection of the emitted light at the substrate surface. In the above-mentioned document, the continuous layer on which the HDB is mounted has a low thermal conductivity in the examples mentioned (Mo, CuW). It must therefore be kept as thin as possible. Moreover, a possible implementation of the continuous layer from diamond is mentioned. This time, it is not thermal reasons which dictate such a layer must be relatively thin, but mechanical ones. In conjunction with an opening-reinforced middle layer made from copper, this layer should only be one tenth of the thickness of the middle layer. If the middle layer has microchannels for liquid cooling of the HDB, a spacing of at least 0.5 mm from the component edge is to be assumed for the microchannel structure. Such a wall thickness is required in order to keep the cooler leakproof, and is likewise a constituent of the expansion-matched mounting substrate like the mounting edge for the HDB. However, in this solution the thickness of the top mounting layer would need to be designed much smaller than said wall thickness. An HDB as edge emitter would therefore always be mounted, at least partially over the wall which is impermeable to coolant and therefore has no openings. The openings essential to the invention in U.S. Pat. No. 5,848,083 are, however, required precisely below the bar laser in order to implement expansion-matched mounting.
If the openings in the solid middle layer are designed on both sides of a continuous layer in the middle layer, it is possible to avoid the problem. In this case, the HDB could be mounted on a step of the height of the thickness of the top layer plus the thickness of the opening-containing (top) layer, facing the top layer, of the middle layer. From a thermal point of view, in the case of virtually expansion-matched top and bottom layers made from CuW or Mo the required enlargement of their layer thicknesses for the purpose of compensating the mechanical influence of the middle layer, which is intensified in this embodiment, is disadvantageous in this variant. The missing thermal function of the bottom layer of the module is unfavourable in this variant in the case of cost intensive, extremely thermally conductive top and bottom layers made from diamond.
It may be dictated in summary that the use of such a mounting substrate according to the prior art as part of a convectively cooling element is disadvantageous by virtue of the fact that the HDB would, in the case of CuW, be mounted on a top layer excessively thin with reference to its optical emission properties and, in the case of diamond, would be mounted on a top layer excessively thin with reference to its thermal requirements.
All the above-mentioned existing solutions for the design of a heat sink for expansion-matched mounting of an HDB are incomplete with regard to the fact that their mechanical properties and their technical implementations depend strongly on the type of heat sink on the side of the mounting substrate averted from the HDB. In the case both of the purely conductive cooling (heat spreading) and of free convective cooling (evaporation cooling) and in the case of forced convective cooling (liquid cooling), the mounting substrate must be connected to the appropriate cooling element. The solutions mentioned are incomplete in that the expansion match and cooling are strongly interdependent in terms of mounting and mechanical design.
The primary object of the invention is to find a mounting substrate of very high thermal conductivity for diode laser bars, which permits mounting with hard soldering because of its expansion match to the semiconductor material. It is also an object of the invention to find a mounting substrate which bends little and whose design is mechanically approximately synmmetrical. It is, moreover, an object of the invention to keep the mechanical influence of the required cooling elements on the mounting substrates in the integration as low as possible to form the overall heat sink.
Finally, it is an object of the invention to provide a universal mounting substrate which can be used for the most various cooling elements with conductive and convective cooling mechanisms.
These objects are achieved by a three-layer mounting substrate of the following design:
The top and the bottom layer have a coefficient of thermal expansion which is smaller than that of the HDB. The two layers are equipped with elongated openings which reduce stresses mechanically and are orientated substantially transverse to the HDB width direction; their longitudinal axes form an angle of greater than 45� and less than 135� with the bar width axis. At least the top layer, provided for the HDB mounting on its top side, consists of an exceptionally highly thermally conductive material, in order to keep the thermal resistance of the mounting substrate low.
The middle, continuous layer consists of highly thermally conductive material with an expansion coefficient larger than that of the laser bar. It is advantageous from a thermal point of view to design the mounting substrate in terms of its geometry and its layer properties such that the thickness of the middle layer is less than the sum of the thicknesses of the top and bottom layers.
It is to be stressed that for exceptionally high thermal conductivity the definition concerns exclusively materials whose expansion coefficients are smaller than that of gallium arsenide.
The solution according to the invention permits a mechanically approximately symmetrical design along the thickness axis of the layer system, and thus the required low level of bending. If the top and bottom layers are made from the same materials and have the same stress-reducing openings at the same points in a mirror-image fashion relative to the middle layer, the design according to the invention is mechanically absolutely symmetrical.
Owing to the multiple provision of openings in the bottom and top layers made from exceptionally highly thermally conductive material, for the purpose of expansion matching the solution according to the invention permits the use of an only relatively thin middle layer whose thermally disadvantageous influence on the component to be cooled can be kept small.
The middle layer of the solution according to the invention can in this case have lateral dimensions exceeding the top and bottom layers. Such a design of the middle layer is advantageous when it is used as overlay for a convectively cooling element.
The mounting of an HDB on a mounting substrate according to the invention can be performed before the mounting substrate is connected to a desired cooling element. This solution is advantageous from the point of view of production engineering because it is possible to use one and the same mounting substrate in combination with different cooling elements to implement different application-specific heat sinks, as a result of which the mounting substrate acquires universality of the use. This is so, in particular, when the bottom layer of the mounting substrate is likewise made from a material of exceptionally high thermal conductivity.
Because the top layer of the mounting substrate according to the invention is of exceptionally high thermal conductivity, its thickness can be designed to be so large that it exceeds half the diameter of a lens used to collimate the emerging laser light. Such a lens can therefore be mounted on the middle layer projecting over the top layer.
A thermally conductive metal support can be fitted as cooling element on the underside for the purpose of conductive cooling of the side of the mounting substrate according to the invention averted from the HDB. This is preferably done after the mounting of the HDB on the mounting substrate with the aid of a solder which has a lower melting point than the solder for mounting the HDB. A highly plastic soft solder can be used at this point, so as largely to suppress interaction of the thermomechanical properties between the metal support and the mounting substrate. As a result, no substantial additional mechanical stresses are exerted on the HDB in this second mounting step, nor is there any marked bending.
The openings in the bottom layer can be designed for the purpose of convective cooling in such a way that they can guide a coolant:
In the case of boiling cooling, the openings function as capillary transport and vaporization channels for the coolant. In order to keep a vapor channel free, no contact is made with the underside of the bottom layer. Only the middle layer is connected at its edge to the heat sink, which is an open heat pipe in this case and is provided with its vaporization channels by the mounting substrate, which seals it. The thermo-mechanical influence on the HDB is minimal in the case of this joining technique.
In the case of liquid cooling, the openings function as microchannels with a transfer of heat from their walls into the liquid flowing past. Since heat is transferred to the insides of the openings, in this case the mounting substrate can be bonded into the cooling element with the aid of glue which hardens at room temperature, without the cooling operation being disadvantageously influenced. The gluing is advantageous for the purpose of reducing the thermo-mechanical interaction between cooling element and mounting substrate.
The cooling-relevant constituent (vaporization from microcapillaries, forced heat transfer into microchannels) is already integrated into the mounting substrate for cooling elements for convective cooling. Consequently, constituents of the cooling element (region of convective heat transfer, seal or cap layer of the cooling element) which are extremely influential mechanically and thermally are also already constituents of the expansion-matched mounting substrate.
Connecting the mounting substrate to the thermally negligible supply-relevant constituent of the cooling element for the purpose of convective cooling can be performed via soldering or bonding which reduces the mechanical interaction. The thermal conductivity of this connection plays no role in this case.
Likewise, because of the design separation of cooling-relevant and supply-relevant constituents of the cooling element, the thermal conductivity of the supply-relevant constituent plays no great role any more. It can essentially be selected from mechanical points of view.
The invention is to be explained in more detail below with the aid of three exemplary embodiments.
In the drawings:
FIG. 1 shows a first exemplary embodiment for a mounting substrate and a cooling element for conductive cooling, in an exploded representation;
FIG. 2 shows a second exemplary embodiment for a mounting substrate and a cooling element for convective cooling, in an exploded representation; and
FIG. 3 shows a third exemplary embodiment for a mounting substrate and 9 heat sink for convective cooling, in an exploded representation.
The first exemplary embodiment, illustrated in FIG. 1 comprises the mounting substrate, consisting essentially of a top layer 2, a bottom layer 4, both consisting of diamond with a thickness of 300 μm, a width of 10 mm and a length of 3 mm, and a middle layer 3, an HDB 1 and a cooling element 5. Provided in the two layers 2 and 4 by means of a laser are elongated openings 2 a and 4 a which, in this exemplary embodiment, constitute grooves which, in a fashion arranged offset relative to one another, cut into the layer to a depth of approximately ⅔ of the layer thickness over the entire length thereof. Both layers 2 and 4 are coated completely with a solderable metallization. The middle layer 3 is a continuous layer consisting of copper with a thickness of 300 μm, a width of 10 mm and a length of 3 mm, and is provided on both sides with a hard solder 3 a containing a high proportion of gold. All three layers 2, 3 and 4 are connected to one another in a first soldering process and form the expansion-matched mounting substrate for the HDB mounting. Said substrate is built up to a required conductor thickness in an electroplating process using gold, in order to conduct the high electric currents prevailing in the HDB operation. Subsequently, a second solder 2 c, which serves a purpose of soldering an HDB 1 to the mounting substrate in a second soldering process, is applied to the top side of the mounting substrate.
A thermally conductive metal support, here specifically a copper block 5.1, which can bear on its underside one or more Peltier elements for heat dissipation, serves as cooling element 5 for conductive cooling. A third solder 5 c, preferably a very plastic soft solder, is applied to this copper block 5.1 at the point provided therefor. The mounting substrate is soldered on there in a third soldering process.
Together, the mounting substrate according to the invention and the cooling element 5 for conductive cooling form an HDB heat sink according to the invention.
A variant of the first embodiment consists in using an integrated cooling element which cools convectively in a free or forced fashion, instead of the solid copper block. Such a variant is advantageous from the point of view of saving weight and volume for the overall heat sink, and permits stackability.
The second exemplary embodiment illustrated in FIG. 2 differs from the first essentially by the use of a cooling element for passive convective cooling, and in a different structure, resulting therefrom, of the top and bottom layers 2 and 4. The top and bottom layers 2 and 4 are made from diamond and have a thickness of 200 μm, a width of 10 mm and a length of 4 mm, and have as elongated openings 2 a and 4 a channels which are cut out through the layer, starting from the broad sides of the layers in a fashion parallel to the longitudinal axis of the layers and reciprocally over ⅘ of the length of the layer. The middle layer 3 is a continuous layer made from copper with a thickness of 100 μm, a width of 14 mm and a length of 8 mm, and is provided on both sides with a layer of active solder 3 a. All three layers 2, 3 and 4 are interconnected in a first soldering process in such a way that the two layers 2 and 4 are each placed in the middle on a side of the middle layer 3. The soldered three-layer system forms the expansion-matched mounting substrate for the HDB mounting. A layer thickness of gold required for current conduction is sputtered onto the top side of the mounting substrate, as is a second solder 2 c, preferably a hard solder containing a high proportion of gold, which serves to solder the HDB1 in a second soldering process.
An as yet unfilled, open heat pipe made from copper and having an incomplete capillary structure serves as supply-relevant constituent and coolant container of a cooling element 5 for passive convective cooling. The capillary structure and cooling element 5 are completed by the bottom diamond layer 4 of the mounting substrate, into which the evaporant liquid can be sucked up by capillary action into the longitudinal openings 4 a from the two broad sides, and by the middle layer 3, functioning as cover layer, of the mounting substrate. By using the mounting substrate with bonding via an adhesive layer 5 c along the free copper edge of the opening to the vapor chamber 5 d of the heat pipe, the cooling element 5 is closed on the underside of the copper middle layer, subsequently filled and sealed. In conjunction with the absorption of heat, the liquid can be vaporized from the elongated openings 4 a in the bottom diamond layer 4.
The mounting substrate according to the invention forms an overall heat sink according to the invention with the cooling element 5 for passive convective cooling.
A variant of the second embodiment consists in replacing the bottom diamond layer 4 of the mounting substrate by a layer made from silicon. Silicon permits other microstructure geometries and has other wetting properties. Both aspects can lead to an improvement in the cooling properties of the overall heat sink.
The third exemplary embodiment illustrated in FIG. 3 differs from the preceding exemplary embodiments, through the use of a cooling element for active convective cooling, and a different structure, resulting therefrom, of the top and bottom layers 2 and 4.
In the top layer 2, consisting of diamond, with a thickness of 300 μm, a width of 10 mm and a length of 3 mm, the elongated openings 2 a are constructed as channels cut through the layer, starting in each case from a broad side of the layer parallel to the longitudinal axis of the layer and on one side over ⅞ of the length of the layer. The partially uncut � of the length of the top layer 2 is thinned down to approximately half of its length transverse to the channels. This thin connecting web 2 b serves as a break point for separating the diamond finger structure produced into corresponding unconnected partial layers after connection to the middle layer 3.
One hundred channels 4 a with a width of 50 μm and a depth of 300 μm are provided by means of anisotropic etching (microchannel structure) as elongated openings 4 a in the bottom layer 4, consisting of silicon, with a thickness of 400 μm, a width of 10 mm and a length of 5 mm. The bottom layer 4 is sputtered—on its continuous side—with the layer thickness of gold required for soldering; the layer 2 is additionally sputtered on its top side. The middle layer 3 consists of silver with a thickness of 200 μm, a width of 12 mm and a length of 7 mm, is continuous and is provided on both sides with a layer of hard solder 3 a. All three layers 2, 3 and 4 are interconnected in a first soldering process in such a way that the bottom layer 4 terminates in the vertical direction on one side with the top layer 2, and projects on the other side 2 mm over the top layer 2. The connecting web 2 b, which still keeps the diamond finger structure connected on the broad side, is broken off at the rupture joints. The soldered three-layer system forms the expansion-matched mounting substrate for HDB mounting. A layer thickness of gold required for current conduction is applied by electroplating to the top side of the mounting substrate, and a second solder 2 c, preferably a hard solder containing a high proportion of gold, is sputtered on, its task being to solder the HDB1 onto the front end of the top layer 2 in a second soldering process. Since the bottom layer 4 projects over the front end of the top layer 2, heat spreading and cooling can also take place in the direction of emission of the HDB1.
A flat structured cooling element 5, approximately 1.5 mm high, made from stainless steel, which conducts coolant and has coolant inlet and outlets 5 b, serves as supply-relevant constituent of a cooling element 5 for active convective cooling. The cooling-relevant constituents of the cooling element 5 for active cooling, the microchannel structure for enlarging the heat-transferring surface are provided by the bottom layer 4 of the mounting substrate, whose front broad side can serve, for example as coolant inlet into the microchannel structure, and whose rear broadside can serve as coolant outlet. The mounting substrate is installed in the heat sink 5 by bonding with the aid of an adhesive layer 5 c, in the case of which the edges, projecting over the top layer 4, of the middle layer 3 are bonded to the edge of the steel support, and the underside of the bottom layer 4 is also bonded to the opposite surface 5 a of the cooling element 5 in order to increase the stability. The mounting substrate according to the invention forms an overall heat sink according to the invention with the cooling element 5 for active convective cooling.
A variant of the third embodiment consists in implementing the bottom layer 4 from diamond instead of from silicon, using the same geometry as the top layer 2 of the mounting substrate. This variant is advantageous because it permits a design which is completely symmetrical in thermal and mechanical terms.
The exemplary embodiments set forth represent only a short excerpt from a multiplicity of possibilities according to the invention for implementing the mounting substrate and an overall heat sink containing this mounting substrate. A series of other arrangements with the feature according to the invention are conceivable.
In particular, on the one hand the middle layer 3 can consist of a plurality of sublayers which, for their part, can in turn partly include openings which reduce stresses. It is essential to the invention that the coefficient of thermal expansion, resulting in the multilayer assembly, of the middle layer is greater than that of the bar laser.
On the other hand, the top and bottom layers 2 and 4, which are equipped with elongated openings, can bear on their top side and underside further layers (soldering preforms, diffusion layers or thick-film conductors) whose mechanical influence on the expansion-matched action, according to the invention, of the mounting substrate is negligible, and whose functions are essentially joining and electrical functions. Thus, for example, the gold current-conducting layer applied by electroplating to the top side of the top layer 2 could be replaced by a continuous copper film soldered thereon whose electric and thermal properties even surpass those of gold.
While the foregoing description and drawings represent the present invention, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that various changes may be made therein without departing from the true spirit and scope of the present invention.
Patent Citations
Referenced by
Legal Events
Original Image


text:
Former deficit panel chairmen Alan Simpson and Erskine Bowles will today offer a new vision for reducing America's deficit, in a bid to shame congressional lawmakers from both parties into action. "The idea of a grand bargain is at best on life support," Bowles said. "It seems like both sides are beginning to retreat to their own talking points. This may be good politics, but it doesn't put us any closer to having our fiscal house in order."
View Full Article in:Politico (Washington, D.C.) · Wall Street Journal, The
Published in Brief:


text:
Don't Have an Account? Join the IHG® Rewards Club
Redeem when you want, for what you want.
Reward Nights
When redeeming points for a Reward Night, you may only book one room at a time.
Once you complete your Reward Night reservation you will be given the option to duplicate this reservation.
* Requires affiliation in the respective organization.
** Best Available Rate Search does not include affiliation rates.
To book more than 9 rooms for one stay or request a quote, please use our Easy Meetings tool, call 1-800-MEETING (in United States, Mexico and Canada) or contact a Global Sales Office.
It is the ideal hotel for business and leisure travelers, positioned in the heart of the capital city.
Our close location to many major companies and organizations such as Kimberly Clark, Nestle, Citibank, The United States of America Embassy and the ONU Building make us an excellent option for business travelers. In addition we are only 14 km away from Managua Int'l
View More
Our close location to many major companies and organizations such as Kimberly Clark, Nestle, Citibank, The United States of America Embassy and the ONU Building make us an excellent option for business travelers. In addition we are only 14 km away from Managua Int'l Airport (MGA). Our guests will always be able to stay connected since their arrival to the airport with our shuttle equipped with wireless Internet connection, as well as our rooms and public areas.
During your stay you will be able to relax at the Bar Sunrise beside our Mediterranean style pool, stay fit in the gym with the help of our trainer and enjoy a diversity of international and national dishes at our Anfora Restaurant or in your room with room service available 24-hours.
Our convention center provides everything you need for business meeting, conferences, social events, etc. Meeting rooms for 20 to 1,200 people, banquet service, audiovisual and others, makes us the ideal place for your events.
We hope to see you soon!
Best Price Guarantee
We promise you access to the guaranteed best available prices, or your first night is free.
Online Reservation Guarantee
Your room is guaranteed.
No Booking Fees!
We do not charge any booking fees for making reservations directly with us.
Data Privacy and Site Security
IHG takes your privacy seriously and works to protect you. All personal information you provide is encrypted and secure.
About IHG
Access for All
IHG Careers
IHG Global Brands
Explore Hotels
Email Management
Terms of Use
Privacy Statement
Site Map
Cookie Usage
Learn more about our free apps
and mobile websites.
Top Destinations
London Hotels | Manchester Hotels | Birmingham Hotels | Edinburgh Hotels | Paris Hotels | Glasgow Hotels | Bristol Hotels | Nottingham Hotels | Rome Hotels | New York, NY Hotels | San Francisco, CA Hotels | Chicago, IL Hotels | Washington DC Hotels | San Diego, CA Hotels | Miami, FL Hotels | Orlando, FL Hotels | Moscow Hotels | Singapore Hotels | Beijing Hotels | Las Vegas Hotels
© 2015 IHG. All rights reserved. Most hotels are independently owned and operated.
The standard cookie policy for this website is to allow all cookies. This helps to ensure you have the optimal experience. If you would like to continue with our optimal website experience, you don't need to make any changes. If you would like to learn more about how we use cookies or change your settings, you can use the link at the bottom of any page at any time.


text:
Search the collections
Where is it from?
- A Place & Date Depicted Abbotsford, Australia
- A Organisation Depicted Abbotsford, Australia
Photograph - Kodak Australasia Pty Ltd, Women Assembling Brownie II Cameras, Abbotsford, Victoria, 1958-1963 Reg. No: MM 96623
- Summary:
- Black and white, silver gelatin photograph of women assembling Kodak Box Brownie II cameras at the Kodak Australasia factory in Abbotsford, Victoria, 1958-1963.
Kodak manufactured and assembled cameras for a short period in the mid 20th century in Melbourne, but typically imported them from Kodak factories in the USA or the UK.
Kodak manufactured and distributed a wide range of photographic products to Australasia, such as film, paper, chemicals, cameras and miscellaneous equipment. Its client base included amateur and professional photographers, as well as specialist medical and graphic art professionals who used photography, x-ray and other imaging techniques.
This photograph is part of the Kodak collection of products, promotional materials, photographs and working life artefacts collected from Kodak Australasia in 2005, when the Melbourne manufacturing plant at Coburg closed down.
- Description:
- Black and white silver gelatin photograph, printed on medium weight paper, landscape format with a white border.
- Description Of Content:
- Two rows of women seated at benches, assembling Kodak cameras. The cameras sit in shallow trays on the bench in front of the women and on stools or trolleys behind the women. Small components are contained in boxes or lie loose on the bench. The women wear aprons tied around their waists. One woman wears a scarf around her neck.
- Acquisition Information:
- Donation from Kodak (Australasia) Pty Ltd, 2005
- Acknowledgement:
- Courtesy of Kodak (Australasia) Pty Ltd.
Courtesy of Kodak (Australasia) Pty Ltd.
|121 mm (Height), 166 mm (Width)
More information
|Tagged with:
|assembly lines, cameras, factories, manufacturing plants, photographic equipment, photography, making history - kodak collection
|Themes this item is part of:
|Images & Image Making Collection, Working Life & Trades Collection, Kodak Heritage Collection, Baker & Rouse, Baker & Rouse, Abbotsford Workshops, Kodak Australasia
|Primary Classification:
|Secondary Classification:
|Photographic Products
|Tertiary Classification:
|factory interior views
|Back, handwritten, pencil, top middle: 'Camera assembly - Abbotsford'
|Model Name/Number:
|Brownie II
|Photograph: Black & White
|Place & Date Depicted:
|Kodak (Australasia) Pty Ltd, Abbotsford, Victoria, Australia, 1958-1963
Kodak only made cameras for a short period of time in the mid 20th century. Another photograph taken at the same time shows the Brownie Flash II Jubilee model being assembled, and this was only produced between about 1958 and 1963.
|Organisation Depicted:
|Kodak (Australasia) Pty Ltd, Abbotsford, Victoria, Australia, 1958-1963
Kodak only made cameras for a short period of time in the mid 20th century. Another photograph taken at the same time shows the Brownie Flash II Jubilee model being assembled, and this was only produced between about 1958 and 1963.
This item is part of the following themes:
Similar items
Previous Page
| More


text:
- An ISBN is the 10 or 13 digit number, usually printed on the back of a book with a bar code, that serves as a unique identifier for the book.
- Searching by ISBN is the best way to search because it will get you the exact title and edition that you need.
- Many professors include the ISBN on their syllabi or in their course management system.
If you don't have the ISBN, try a title or author search.
Title search
- Enter all words in the title you are looking for. The search engine will try to find books that have all the words you entered in the title. Leave out words such as "a," "an," or "the."
- When including edition, use numeric values. For example, "1st edition" instead of "first edition."
Author search
- Enter all or part of the author name you are looking for.
- You do not need to enter a first name, but if there are a lot of books by authors with the same last name, it may help to narrow the results.
- You can enter the name in any order such as "John Smith" or "Smith John." Avoid using a comma since it has a special meaning in the search.
Keyword search
- You can search by keyword but this approach is not recommended as it will likely return a large set of results.
- If you want to search by keyword, try a combination of author and keyword. For example, "Warren Accounting" where "Warren" is the author and "Accounting" is the keyword.
To refine your results, use the filtering/sorting options
- Filter options include product type and discipline area. Sort options include alphabetical sort (ascending or descending) and copyright year (ascending or descending).
Print version includes Digital Video Companion and CengageNOW Printed Access Card
A new edition of this text is available here
AUTHORS: McKeague, Charles P. - ©2007
Learning basic mathematics is easy and engaging with this combined text/workbook! BASIC COLLEGE MATHEMATICS is infused with Pat McKeague's passion for teaching mathematics. With years of classroom experience, he knows how to write in a way that you will understand and appreciate. McKeague's proven "EPAS" approach (Example, Practice Problem, Answer, and Solution) moves you through each new concept with ease while helping you break up problem solving into manageable steps. Real-world applications in every chapter of this user-friendly book highlight the relevance of what you are learning. And studying is easier than ever with the book's multimedia learning resources, including a Digital Video Companion CD-ROM and access to Basic MathematicsNOW, a personalized online learning companion.
CengageBrain offers two types of free content:
The amount and type of free content available will depend on whether the book comes with a companion web site or CourseMate. To get started accessing your content, click the "access now" button. You can either access your content immediately or save it to My Home.


text:
Product Details
Would you like to update product info or give feedback on images?
the most profound of Biblical principles, simply stated and charmingly illustrated.Published 8 months ago by cheryl d knagg
this was a gift to my husband many years ago - he loaned his original to a friend who was in particular need, and couldn't bear to ask for it's return. Read morePublished 12 months ago by Sue A. Freivald
I bought this because of the Nouwen introduction. People who like oriental art will probably enjoy the Yushi Nomura drawings.Published 21 months ago by MJN Go
I enjoyed this inspiration book of quotes with its lovely drawings and characters. It is a very special book makes a great gift.Published on December 23, 2012 by Christina Armbruster