text:
Item # 28-30577
A light sprinkle on the body or bed linens leaves skin silky smooth and feeling fresh. Gift set includes a 20 oz. powder shaker, poudriere puff and a large crystal dish. Hand washable powder puff is made from 100% natural wool.
read full description
Item # 28-30576
Item # 09-21947
From Royall Bermuda Fragrances, this mini gift set includes Royall Rugby, Royall Vetiver, Royall Muske, and Royall Lyme. Made from natural ingredients and essential oils, it's the perfect gift for the special man on your list.
Item # 17-30510
Elegant, practical and convenient perfectly describe this Briarwood 4-Piece Shaving Set with Pure Badger Brush. The chrome plated brass stand features an adjustable mirror, a beautiful Briarwood handled Mach3 razor and generously filled pure badger brush. A lovely silver soap bowl finishes this set, creating a great lather and fitting well in the hand. Perfect as a gift or to compliment any bathroom décor.
Set includes Pure Badger hair Brush, Gillette Mach3 razor, soap bowl & mirror.
Item # 28-30506
Classic and timeless, this handsome men's shave kit keeps all your shaving and grooming supplies in order. From Hogo Bosca, this Utilikit is crafted from hand-dyed leather and highly polished for a glossy shine.
Item # 46-30486
Large, long lasting, very fragrant bar of triple-milled, translucent Newport soap in a beautiful marine blue. White nautical rope slips over the wrist, for convenient and comfortable use in the shower or bath. This generous bar of scented glycerin soap is guaranteed never to get out of hand.
Item # S08-713
Elephants, with their trunks raised, are considered to be a sign of good luck and prosperity. This accurate soap rendering from Gianna Rose Atelier is certain to scented with scented Verbena, Green Tea and Bamboo, L'Elephant comes nestled in a beautiful patterned box.
Item # 21-30487
The intoxicating fragrance of Sandalwood in a generous bar of soap. The rich, creamy lather will moisturize and nourish the skin as it cleanses.
Item # 28-30483
Escape from your busy world and enjoy a mini spa treatment. Kit contains everything you need to relax and rejuvenate dry, rough skin: Soothing Lavender Sleep Mask, healing Lavender Shea Butter Scrub (5 oz.), Lavender Spa Cream (2.4 oz.) and Lavender Relaxation Oil (2.4 oz.).
$82.00 $64.95
Item # 40-30470
You'll cast a magic spell with a gift of Elixir of Love No. 1, elegantly packaged for gift giving. Its soft blend of Jasmine, Egyptian Musk and Passionflower, along with a secret herbaceous ingredient, creates a beguiling web of scent.
This gift set includes one 6.8 oz. Perfumed Body Lotion, one 6.8 oz. Bath and Shower Gel and one 1.7 oz Cologne spray. Presented in a beautiful gift box. A great value and a perfect gift for that special someone.
Special offer $64.95
Item # 17-30129
A great introduction to our Shave Essentials Collection. Almond Try Me Set contains moisturizing Pre-Shave Oil to prepare the face and beard, Shave Cream to protect during shave, and After-Shave Balm to soothe and comfort skin. Almond Oil, plant extracts and other botanicals deliver real skincare benefits.
Item # 09-25326
This elegant gift from Claus Porto features 12 mini guest soaps: Brise Marine, Honeysuckle, Melon, Paradise Rose, Citron Verbena, Almond, Iris Lavender, Sandalwood, Morning Glory, Acacia Tuberose, Water Lily & Red Poppy.
Luxurious and creamy, Claus Porto soaps are produced from coconut oil and enriched with shea butter to moisturize, protect, and replenish the skin's natural protein complexes.
Founded in 1752, Caswell-Massey is America's enlightened apothecary and original purveyor of personal care products and accessories... and America's oldest operating retailer. We use the highest quality natural ingredients in a wide array of soaps, gels, lotions, creams, men's shaving products and fragrances – all made in the USA.


text:
UV LED Systems Cure Heat-Sensitive Wood Coatings Quickly
By Matt Schumake | Posted: 08/13/2014 10:29AM
Phoseon says its UV LED curing systems reduce operating costs and increase productivity when compared to UV arc lamps. The findings are listed in the report, UV LED Curing for Wood Coatings which includes a detailed cost of ownership study conducted with Robert Bürkle GmbH.
In the report, Bürkle was able to demonstrate savings of €10,000 ($13,367 U.S.) annually per 1.4M UV LED lamp. Energy costs accounted for approximately 60% of the total savings savings. The UV LED curing systems also led to a 5% improvement in yield, a 50% reduction of air extraction volumes and an 80% reduction in down time associated with repair and maintenance.
Phoseon says UV LED technolgy allows users to cure a variety of heat-sensitive substrates that have previously been unusable with traditional UV arc lamps.
The Phoseon FireJet, which can scale to cover any conveyor width, produces an intense output which enables end users to run production lines at maximum speeds. Even with the intense UV output, Phoseon says the FireJet uses only a fraction of the power used by comparable UV arc lamps.
Phoseon's UV LED curing applications are also used to dry inks, coatings, adhesives and other UV-sensitive materials.
About the Author
Matt SchumakeAs a writer for Woodworking Network, Matt reports on tools, trends, innovations and business methods in the woodworking industry. His experience spans e-commerce and marketing, and he specializes in developing web and media presence for businesses small and large. In addition to writing, Matt builds custom wood furniture pieces at his home in Chicago, Illinois. He can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.com
Comments (0) Leave a comment
Audacious: The Fine Art of Wood from the Montalto Bohlen CollectionSalem , MA
2015 Summer Showtime MarketHIgh Point , NC
Hermance Expo 2015Williamsport , PA

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Kitchen Tricks and Tips From Our Expert Cooks
Basting Without Burning
Tomato-based barbecue sauces, teriyaki sauces, and honey glazes contain sugar, which can burn easily. Avoid charring meat or poultry—and ensure that it gets that rich, caramelized finish—by waiting to apply sweet sauces until the last 2 to 3 minutes of cooking. Your patience will be (deliciously) rewarded.


text:
View all available promotions
Nice rooms, good price, helpfull staff. Good value for the money.
See full review
Nice rooms, good price, helpfull staff. Good value for the money.
Great small hotel with good service and good restaurant.
See full review
Great small hotel with good service and good restaurant.
Customers who viewed Gaia Hotel and Reserve - Adults Oriented also booked these hotels.
Rates quoted in currencies other than the hotel's base currency are subject to the rate of the international exchange. Rate may change throughout stay. Rate may reflect average nightly rate. Extra charges may apply. Incidental charges, such as room service, are not included in the rate.
The amenities and/or facilities may not be located at the hotel, but within a reasonable distance, and additional charges may apply for use. All information has been provided by this hotel and not by Orbitz
Overall score
Reviewer score
Would recommend
Great Stay
We had a great time at Gaia. Service was impeccable and prices were reasonable.
Great time
Talk about relaxation, this place had it in spades. The welcome drink is a great start...the poolside bar, the free breakfast was fantastic, fresh fruit being offered to you constantly. Only warning....lots of bugs around in tropical area of Costa
Rica and they are not easy to keep out of your room.
Orbitz guards your privacy and security. We're certified by TRUSTe and Verisign.© 2001 - 2015, Orbitz, LLC. All rights reserved.CST 2063530-50; Hawaii TAR-6881; Iowa 644; Washington 602-108-724


text:
Cheap JAX to Nha Trang flights
Popular Flights from Jacksonville, Florida
Top Jacksonville Flights to US Destinations
Top Jacksonville International Destinations
Popular Flights from Nha Trang, Vietnam
Top Nha Trang Flights to US Destinations
Top Nha Trang International Destinations
JAX to NHA Route Map
Jacksonville to Nha Trang Flights, Stats and Airplanes
Route information for flights from Jacksonville Intl. to Nha Trang.
9,397.28 miles
JAX - Jacksonville Intl. Airlines
Browse the most popular airlines servicing the Jacksonville (JAX) airport. Visit their flights pages to learn more about the most popular routes these carriers fly.


text:
Feral doesn't do babies. Or pixies…So when someone dumps a pixie baby of all things on his doorstep, he does the only thing he can think of. He tries to palm it off on someone else. Unfortunately his neighbour is out of town, leaving her sister, Tessa, to house-sit. Her single and disturbingly attractive sister. Which leaves Feral with a couple of problems, especially when a bunch of pixie ninja wannabe's break into the place and try to steal the baby. Does he turn his back on the pixies, a race he's always hated… or will Tessa cast her own spell on the strong, silent type Kyn Warrior.
©2009 Mina Carter (P)2010 AudioLark Audio Books
"Couple in Feral do not have sex"
After reading the other comment, I though there would be too much sex in this book. The couple in this book does not have sex at all.
rambunctiously soft spoken.
"fyi Sexually explicit warning AFTER purchase"
I haven't listened to it yet, but after reading the description and listening to the sample I downloaded it. I started to listen and the first 30 seconds are a warning that it is sexually explicit. Since I didn't pick up on that at all from the description or the sample, I thought I would let others know so that they can decide if this is what they want BEFORE they purchase
"No SEX in this book but it was pretty good"
This book wasn't bad. It had some pretty ALMOST steamy scenes.... Too bad the damn Pixies interrupted them... I would have liked to know more about what happen to baby after he was returned... or maybe more of a story line after the evil princess was defeated.... but that is just me.
There are no listener reviews for this title yet.
Report Inappropriate Content
If you find this review inappropriate and think it should be removed from our site, let us know. This report will be reviewed by Audible and we will take appropriate action.


text:
Kam Dhillon 302S Black sunglasses are simple and striking. This glossy cateye style boasts a basic black finish with grey gradient lenses and polished gold metal temples engraved with Kam Dhillon branding on the left side.Close
Add a dash of excitement and fun to your style with this inspiring pair of John Varvatos V774 sunglasses. Perfect for people who want to live life on their own terms, these black round sunglasses make you look bold, cool and enchanting. An essential fashion accessory, these functional sunglasses also safeguard your eyes and the surrounding fragile tissues from the damaging rays of the sun. These John Varvatos V774 sunglasses come fitted with solid green ...Close
Zooventure 8008 Black Frog sunglasses hoppy and fun! This plastic frame has a cute round shape with a striking black coating with alternating layers of yellow and black, finished by a green crystal lining. The temples are decorated with a small, silver frog logo that. Teach your kids about eye health from an early age.  Lenses feature 100% UVA/UVB protection.Close
Transform your appearance within seconds with these stylish John Varvatos Sunglasses. Fashionable, graceful and glamorous, this classy pair of black sunglasses were especially designed to enhance your look, protect your fragile eyes from the intensive sun. Featuring a vintage full-frame design in an elegant black finish, the John Varvatos Sunglasses help you look cool and beautiful all the time. These frames feature the classic aviator double-bridge that have been accentuated with delicate ...Close
Instantly upgrade your attire with a pair of striking Electric OHM Sunglasses. These square aviator sunglasses make you appear fascinating and help protect your eyes from the harmful rays of the sun. The oversized aviator sunglasses feature solid green lenses that provide protection for your eyes against glaring, bright sunlight from all angles. The trendy greenish lenses also give you that dashing look you always desired. Featuring a sturdy metal frame , these square aviator ...Close
Add a dash of unique and charming style to your attire with this striking pair of John Varvatos Sunglasses. Neatly crafted for a trendy look, these versatile John Varvatos Retro Wingtip sunglasses help you beat the sun while you are wandering through your day. Featuring a classic horn frame front in an elegant two-tone black finish, these retro-style sunglasses add a fascinating vintage vibe and sophisticated allure to your appearance. Made of sturdy acetate, the ...Close
Dior Black Tie 129S OIE NR Tortoise Silver 59 sunglasses are a plastic aviator style. This tortoise acetate frame comes with striking texturized silver temples. Make a statement in this retro-inspired design.Close


text:
Economic and Environmental Effects of Agricultural Insurance Programs
This paper observes that over the past decade crop insurance has evolved into the largest subsidy among U.S. farm programs. With the impending elimination of direct payments, crop and revenue insurance and the related "shallow loss programs" will be even more important, especially for program commodities. However, agricultural insurance programs stimulate production of the more subsidized crops and likely result in less diversification of crops, expanded planting on marginal land, and increased potential for adverse environmental effects of farming.
The Conservation Crossroads in Agriculture: Insight from Leading Economists Economic & Environmental Effects of Agricultural Insurance Programs by Daniel A. Sumner University of California, Davis and Carl Zulauf Ohio State University July 2012 Contents Executive Summary 1 Introduction 3 Recent Evolution of Crop Insurance in the United States 4 Crop Insurance Principles 5 Crop Insurance and the Evolution of Farm Commodity Programs 7 Crop Risks and the Role of Government 7 Effects of Crop Insurance Subsidies 8 Summary and Conclusions 13 References and Data Sources 15 Dan Sumner is Director of the University of California Agricultural Issues Center and the Frank Buck, Jr. Professor, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, UC Davis. Carl Zulauf is Professor, Department of Agricultural, Environmental, and Development Economics, Ohio State University. The authors thank Joe Glauber, Barry Goodwin, and Keith Coble for helpful guidance and Jessica Vergati for exemplary research assistance. More information is available at www.cfare.org �2012 Published by C-FARE Executive Summary Crop insurance has evolved over the past decade to become the most important crop subsidy program in the U.S. For fiscal year 2013, crop insurance programs are budgeted to account for about 63 percent of all crop subsidies. With the proposed elimination of the direct payment programs in all main Farm Bill proposals, crop insurance will serve as the primary subsidy for domestic agriculture. This paper provides a review of the core economic rationale for subsidies for crop insurance and a review of the economic literature associated with crop insurance programs. In addition, the paper examines how certain design elements of the insurance programs may result in less diversification of crops, planting in marginal land and the potential to increase the use of inputs while reducing certain risk mitigation practices. Included in the findings is that crop insurance seems to affect production in three primary ways: � The subsidies raise the net revenue per acre and thereby raise incentives to plant eligible crops and plant more of crops with higher subsidy rates; The availability of crop insurance, which is made possible by the government program, encourages planting insured crops on fields that would not otherwise be considered for that crop because of the potential for significant losses; and By reducing chances of losses from low yields and prices, crop insurance creates incentives for growers to undertake fewer other risk mitigating practices and therefore focus more on increases in average productivity. 1 Evidence-based analysis supports that subsidized crop insurance encourages the movement of crop production onto marginal lands and can result in environmental risks that would not occur in the absence of subsidized crop insurance. � � In a review of crop insurance and environmental quality, although research is not yet definitive, the paper points out, evidence-based analysis supports that subsidized crop insurance encourages the movement of crop production onto marginal lands and can result in environmental risks that would not occur in the absence of subsidized crop insurance. For example, a large study conducted by the Economic Research Service (Lubowski, et al.) found that: "Increased crop insurance subsidies in the mid-1990s motivated farmers to expand cultivated cropland area in the contiguous 48 states by an estimated 2.5 million acres (0.8 percent) in 1997, with the bulk of this land coming from hay and pasture. This land-use change increased annual wind and water erosion by an estimated 1.4 and 0.9 percent, as of 1997." Economic and Environmental Effects of Agricultural Insurance Programs 2 Regarding environmental consequences of subsidized crop insurance, the paper states that subsidies for crop insurance may affect environmental consequences through several channels including: � � � Incentives to expand onto more environmentally sensitive lands; Incentives to use more inputs as average returns rise; Incentives to shift across crops toward those, such as cotton, that may have more negative environmental consequences; Incentives to use fewer risk-reducing practices and materials; and Impact from the lack of environmental or conservation compliance rules for crop insurance as have applied to land under the traditional crop subsidy programs. � � Economic and Environmental Effects of Agricultural Insurance Programs 3 Introduction After a long history as a relatively small part of the U.S. farm program regime, crop insurance has evolved over the past decade into the most important crop subsidy. For fiscal year 2013, crop insurance programs are projected to account for about 63 percent of all U.S. Department of Agriculture's budgeted outlays for farm subsidies (Figure 1). The dominant role of insurance reflects the impact of recent high prices, which have eliminated payments from traditional price-based programs, and Congressional efforts to broaden the availability and attractiveness of federal insurance. Economists have devoted substantial attention to the underlying economic rationale for government crop insurance programs. Basic insurance issues are risk aversion, moral hazard and adverse selection; as well as heterogeneity of risk and correlation of negative shocks over time and across policyholders. For crop insurance, the lack of market-based insurance at commercially viable premiums has served as both a stated rationale for government-sponsored programs and a caution about whether demand by farmers for insurance against risks is as strong as often portrayed. Policy issues associated with government insurance programs are (a) their public cost, (b) the supply response of farmers to insurance subsidies and impacts on the quantity produced and thus on commodity markets, (c) the geographic distribution of subsidies and resulting impacts on spatial distribution of production, (d) the distribution of subsidies across farms and the impact on the size distribution of farms, (e) environmental impacts, and (f) the potential effects on obligations under international trade agreements, including potential challenges in the World Trade Organization (WTO). Other issues include the impact on organic agriculture and production for local consumption. This brief review cannot delve into all of these complex insurance and policy issues in depth. It will also leave aside technical elements that have been the focus of much of the academic literature. After a brief description of current crop insurance programs and some recent data about the evolution of the programs, we will consider briefly the core economics of the rationale for subsidies for crop insurance. Then we will consider what the economics literature suggests about the implications of current agricultural insurance programs. Figure 1 Budgeted USDA Outlays by Commodity Programa, Fiscal Year 2013 Crop Insurance 63% Direct Payments 33% Other b 4% a Tobacco buyout transactions, milk program outlays and conservation programs are not included. Other includes Marketing Assistance Loans; Countercyclical Payments; Loan Deficiency Payments; Cotton Payments; Noninsured Crop Disaster Assistance Program; Biomass Crop Assistance Program; Farm Storage Facility Loans; Purchases and Sales; Processing, Storage and Transportation; Bio-based Fuel Production; Operating Expenses; Interest Expenses and other smaller outlays. b Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of Budget and Program Analysis (2012). FY 2013 Budget Summary and Annual Performance Plan, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Accessed: http://www.obpa.usda.gov/. Economic and Environmental Effects of Agricultural Insurance Programs 4 Recent Evolution of Crop Insurance in the United States Congress authorized formation of the Federal Crop Insurance Corporation (FCIC) in 1938. Crop insurance remained a small program until the Federal Crop Insurance the FCIC. RMA oversees the delivery of programs by private insurance companies, sets premium rates, pays for operation and management of the program including farm premium subsidies, and reinsures private insurance companies against losses. By any measure the federal crop insurance program has grown immensely since the early 1990s. The number of separately insured crops has increased from about 50 to more than 300 depending on how crops are categorized. Insured acres have increased by 50 percent while liabilities and indemnities have increased about seven times to liabilities of $113 billion and indemnities of $7 billion in 2011. Premium subsidies have also risen to about $7 billion in 2011 (Table 1). Since 2005, covered acreage has stayed relatively constant as insured acres of the large-acreage crops of wheat, corn and soybeans have stabilized. However, liabilities have continued to grow. The reasons are higher crop prices, extending insurance to crops with a higher value per acre, and farmer decisions to buy higher Act of 1980 expanded both the crops and regions it covered. However, the modern crop insurance program can be dated to the Crop Insurance Reform Act of 1994 and the formation of the Risk Management Agency (RMA) in 1995 to administer Table 1 Profile of the U.S. Crop Insurance Program, Selected Years, 1990-2011 Buy-up policies sold (million) 0.89 0.86 1.01 1.05 1.03 1.02 1.03 1.08 1.06 1.07 Net acres insured (million) 101.4 220.5 206.5 245.9 242.2 271.6 272.3 264.8 256.2 265.3 Total liability ($ billion) 12.83 23.73 34.44 44.26 49.92 67.34 89.90 79.57 78.10 114.07 Total premium ($ billion) 0.84 1.54 2.54 3.95 4.58 6.56 9.85 8.95 7.59 11.95 Total indemnity ($ billion) 0.97 1.57 2.59 2.37 3.50 3.55 8.68 5.23 4.25 10.71 Year 1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 a Total policies solda (million) 0.89 2.03 1.32 1.19 1.15 1.14 1.15 1.17 1.14 1.15 Loss ratio 0.86 1.02 1.02 0.60 0.77 0.54 0.88 0.58 0.56 0.90 Catastrophic (CAT) policies, introduced in 1995, make up the difference between buy-up and total policies. Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Risk Management Agency (2012). Summary of Business Reports and Data. Accessed: http://www.rma.usda.gov/data/sob.html. Economic and Environmental Effects of Agricultural Insurance Programs 5 coverage levels and revenue instead of yield insurance (see Figure 2). In 1995, nearly all insured acres were at 65 percent or lower coverage, but by 2011 about 75 percent of insured acres were at 75 percent or higher coverage. While revenue insurance has grown dramatically in popularity, adoption of revenue insurance has lagged in specialty crops. The inclusion of California in Figure 2 illustrates this point. To summarize the growth in crop insurance, the ratio of insured liability relative to U.S. crop cash receipts has increased from 0.1 to 0.2 in the early 1990s to almost 0.6 in 2011 difference between the loss amount and deductible. For example, if the deductible loss is 10 percent and the actual loss is 20 percent, the insurance indemnity payment equals 10 percent. Crop insurance is multi-peril insurance because it covers a range of events that may trigger low yields or low revenue, such as drought, frost, too much rain, etc. Multi-peril insurance is more costly than insurance for a specific cause of a loss because the potential for a covered loss is higher. (see Figure 3). Crop Insurance Principles A few concepts and principles are noted before discussing current crop insurance issues in the context of recent economic literature. As with all insurance, crop insurance makes an insurance indemnity payment when a loss exceeds the insurance deductible. Payment equals the Figure 2 Share of Buy-Up Liabilities Under Revenue-Based Policies, U.S., 1995-2011 United States Figure 3 Ratio of Total Liabilities to Total U.S. Cash Receipts From Crops, 1990-2011 Revenue-based share of buy-up liabilities (%) Ratio of liabilities to total crop cash receipts 90 80 70 60 50 40 20 10 0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 California Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Risk Management Agency (2012). Summary of Business Reports and Data. Accessed: http:// www.rma.usda.gov/data/sob.html. Sources: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Risk Management Agency (2012). Summary of Business Reports and Data. Accessed: http://www. rma.usda.gov/data/sob.html. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service (2012). Farm Income Data Files, Cash Receipts. Accessed: http://www.ers.usda. gov/Data/FarmIncome/finfidmu.htm. Economic and Environmental Effects of Agricultural Insurance Programs 6 Because adverse selection and moral hazard increase expected insurance claims, they must be built into premium rates and contribute to why some farmers, notably those with less moral hazard and adverse selection, think premiums are too high. Two key issues associated with insurance are moral hazard and adverse selection. Moral hazard exists when insurance alters decisions of the insured in a way that increases the probability of a loss. Moral hazard is considered especially problematic in a complex process such as crop production. Farmers make a series of managerial decisions from planting through harvest that influence yield and include considerations of risk. Many of these decisions can be influenced by whether or not the farmer has insurance. Adverse selection exists when a potential insurance customer knows more than the insurance company about the probability and magnitude of loss relative to the premium. For example, a farmer may know that his crop yields have a higher potential for large shortfalls and that the premium does not fully reflect his/her higher downside risk. Neither moral hazard nor adverse selection implies fraud or other illegal or immoral behavior. They simply reflect the impact that insurance can have on decisionmaking and differences in information known by the insured and the insurance company. Because adverse selection and moral hazard increase expected insurance claims, they must be built into premium rates and contribute to why some farmers, notably those with less moral hazard and adverse selection, think premiums are too high (Babcock, 2012 and Glauber, 2004). These farmers are less likely to purchase crop insurance and this means that premiums are higher yet. A standard tool used by insurance companies to manage moral hazard and adverse selection is a deductible. A deductible precludes payments on small losses, which are considered the losses most susceptible to either change in the management decisions because the farm has insurance (moral hazard) or are losses that the farmer knows more about than the insurance company (adverse selection). Area-wide insurance is also used to address moral hazard and adverse selection. Halcrow (1949) pointed out that, when the cause of indemnities is outside the control of the individual farm, such as for insurance triggered by a countywide yield shortfall, the choice to buy insurance is less influenced by adverse selection and the behavior after purchase is less influenced by moral hazard. Miranda's update (1991) of Halcrow's ideas stimulated research on setting premium rates and other operational issues for area insurance (see for example, Skees, Black and Barnett, 1997; Miranda and Glauber, 1997; and Mahul, 1999.) However, areabased crop insurance has not had notable market success in the face of substantial competition from individual coverage at high-premium subsidies. According to Economic and Environmental Effects of Agricultural Insurance Programs 7 data from USDA, RMA, county insurance products accounted for only 2 percent of the total net acres insured in crop insurance during the 2011 crop year. The geographical aggregation used to measure shortfalls has received the same economic analysis. As the breadth of geographical aggregation decreases, say from states to counties, program cost increases because yields become more variable. Since the New Deal, farm commodity programs have provided benefits when prices or revenues were low. At the same time, various programs have provided payments when farms faced widespread losses on crop or livestock production. Crop Insurance and the Evolution of Farm Commodity Programs Since the New Deal, farm commodity programs have provided benefits when prices or revenues were low. At the same time, various programs have provided payments when farms faced widespread losses on crop or livestock production. Crop Risks and the Role of Government Businesses face risk that has both little correlation across firms (idiosyncratic risk) and risk that firms in the same line of business tend to share (systemic risk). Insurance is often easier and cheaper for idiosyncratic risks, although adverse selection and moral hazard remain issues. Systemic risk, which may generate large indemnities at the same time, creates incentives for larger and more diversified insurance companies or reinsurance with firms that cover potential losses across several different lines of risk. Systemic risk is important in most industries. For example, many industries face common variations in energy fuel prices, or recessions and fluctuations in exchange rates. Farming is also subject to considerable systemic risk. This risk arises in part from natural events such as frost, drought and excess moisture, both in the U.S. and internationally, and in part from variation in commodity prices and the prices of major production inputs. The Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008 (2008 Farm Bill) authorized two revenue-based programs for the program crops: the Supplemental Revenue Assistance (SURE) Program and the Average Crop Revenue Election (ACRE) program. ACRE enrollments were small and neither program is likely to survive in the 2012 Farm Bill. Programs similar to ACRE, which offer government payments to producers of program crops when area-wide revenue fall relative to some recent benchmark, have been favored by commodity groups. Such programs would replace payments based on planting history and those based on a national price trigger (Zulauf and Orden (forthcoming.) One set of simulations find that such programs could have high government budget costs under some circumstances (Smith, Goodwin and Babcock, 2012). Economic and Environmental Effects of Agricultural Insurance Programs 8 Farm returns are less correlated with the rest of business than are most other industries, as the farm revenue boom of the past five years has shown. That increases the opportunity for insurance companies to diversify across agriculture and other businesses. Of course, in most industries, insurance for routine production and revenue variability is not common. Likewise, except for fire and hail insurance, insurance against farm yield and revenue losses has not been available without heavy government subsidy (Wright and Hewitt, 1994; Tweeten and Zulauf, 1997). 2007), and Sumner, Alston and Glauber (2010). For application to the current policy debate, Shields (2010) and Smith (2011) summarize useful facts and perspectives. Effects of Crop Insurance Subsidies The crop insurance literature began with Valgren in 1922, but this brief discussion draws on Goodwin and Smith (1995), Knight and Coble (1997), and the more recent expositions in Glauber (2004 and Budgetary Cost of Crop Insurance Government outlays for crop insurance have grown substantially over the past decade (see Table 2 and Figure 4). For the 2011 crop year, total government Table 2 Income and Expenses of U.S. Federal Crop Insurance Program, Crop Yearsa 2002-2011 Premium Subsidyb Underwriting (Gain) / Loss Total Incomec Loss Claims Paid Claims in Excess of Total Income Administrative Expense Reimbursement Total Government Costsd Crop Year 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 est. Farmer Paid Premium $ Millions 1,177 1,393 1,720 1,617 1,906 2,745 4,171 3,530 2,891 4,348 25,498 1,744 2,061 2,481 2,346 2,687 3,828 5,696 5,430 4,714 7,164 38,151 10 -381 -696 -915 -825 -1,574 -1,098 -2,277 -1,929 -1,007 -10,692 2,989 3,124 3,556 3,097 3,815 5,045 8,818 6,750 5,740 10,585 53,519 4,067 3,262 3,238 2,370 3,506 3,551 8,689 5,234 4,236 13,103 51,256 1,078 138 -318 -727 -309 -1,494 -129 -1,516 -1,504 2,518 -2,263 628 736 894 833 962 1,335 2,013 1,619 1,371 1,383 11,774 3,565 3,084 3,200 2,591 3,465 3,792 7,717 5,664 4,724 11,209 49,011 Total a b Interest and other income, and other administrative and program costs are on a fiscal year basis. Remainder of the data is on a crop-year basis. May include additional subsidy from other sources. c Includes interest and other income. d Sum of premium subsidy, claims paid above income, administrative reimbursement, and other administration and program costs. Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Risk Management Agency. "About RMA: Costs and Outlays." Accessed on June 22, 2012 at http://www.rma.usda.gov/aboutrma/budget/costsoutlays.html. Economic and Environmental Effects of Agricultural Insurance Programs 9 cost for crop insurance is currently estimated to exceed $11 billion. Since the 2002 crop year, premium subsides for farmers have accounted for approximately three-quarters while reimbursements to crop insurance companies account for about one-quarter of the government's cost. In recent years, farmers have paid about 38 percent of the total premium. This share has raised a question about whether the demand for crop insurance is being driven by the premium subsidy rather than by risk management (Glauber, 2004; Goodwin, 2001). Most USDA reimbursement of insurance company costs is calculated simply as a percentage of premiums. But this makes sense only if premiums reflect costs of servicing a policy, and if premiums rise only because of higher farm prices, insurance company operational costs will not rise proportionately (Glauber 2007). Babcock (2012) has suggested it would be more cost effective, in terms of benefits for growers, to simply provide crop insurance for free, rather than subsidize the complex system of administration and operation of insurance companies. Free insurance Analysis has suggested it would be more cost effective, in terms of benefits for growers, to simply provide crop insurance for free, rather than subsidize the complex system of administration and operation of insurance companies. Figure 4 Total Federal Budget Costs of U.S. 12,000 10,000 8,000 $ Millions 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 2004 2006 2008 2009 2002 2003 2005 2010 2011 est. 2007 Crop Insurance Program, Crop Years 2002-2011 ($ in millions) Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Risk Management Agency. "About RMA: Costs and Outlays." Accessed on June 22, 2012 at http://www.rma.usda.gov/ aboutrma/budget/costsoutlays.html. Economic and Environmental Effects of Agricultural Insurance Programs 10 would avoid adverse selection problems and reduce operational costs. More than anything, the free insurance idea highlights just how expensive the administration and operation of the crop insurance system has become. The budgetary cost of crop insurance naturally depends on the level of aggregation at which indemnities are paid and premium rates are set. For example, Dismukes, et al. (2011) found that, compared with the state level, a countylevel revenue program would cost 28 to 32 percent more for wheat, cotton and grain sorghum and 16 to 19 percent more for corn and soybeans.1 Year-to-year budget costs vary with crop prices and yields. In some years, such as 2009 and 2010, with very low loss ratios, government costs are low. In years such as 2011 with indemnities, budget costs rise A relatively early paper by Nelson and Loehman (1987) raised the issue that subsidized crop insurance may encourage increased production. Subsidies for crop insurance may affect production in three ways: First, by compensating growers for losses and providing a subsidy in the process, subsidized public insurance will increase expected income per acre since farmers are not paying the full actuarial cost of the insurance. The higher expected (or average) net revenue should encourage farmers to plant insured crops and plant more of the crops with higher subsidy rates. In effect, it is reasonable to hypothesize that subsidized insurance premiums will have effects similar to that of a price subsidy. Second, the availability of crop insurance, which is made possible by the government program, encourages planting insured crops on fields that would not otherwise be considered for that crop because of the potential for significant losses. More generally, by removing the potential for large losses from low prices or low yields, crop insurance, and especially revenue insurance, causes additional production of covered crops, especially in risky areas. Such effects may follow from risk aversion on the part of growers or the costs of operating loan defaults for lenders and others who finance crop production. Third, by reducing chances of losses from low yields and prices, insurance creates incentives for growers to undertake fewer other risk-mitigating practices and therefore focus more on increases in average productivity. When the grower (or his banker) bears the full costs of losses, he has an incentive to devote more resources to reduce large potential losses even at the cost of lower average output. For example, subsidized crop insurance may encourage a grower to diversify less, and invest less in risk-reducing inputs such as prophylactic chemical treatments for potential pest outbreaks. Relatively few studies have addressed these topics, and their findings tend to be specific to the region and crop examined. Wu (1999) found that Nebraska corn farms that purchased insurance were more likely to also produce soybeans but less likely to produce forage crops. Young, Vandeveer and Schnepf (2001) found small positive production effects of crop insurance. Goodwin, Vandeveer and Deal (2004) found that a 30 percent decrease in premium costs caused less than a 1 percent increase in Midwest corn acreage and about a 1 percent increase in Northern Plains barley acreage. The production (Table 1 and Table 2). Effects of Subsidized Crop Insurance on Production and the Environment If subsidized insurance changes decisions about what mix of crops to grow, where to plant them, and/or the process to produce them, it can affect land use and environmental quality. 1 The differences among the crops are to be expected and reflect the variability of the agro-climate where the crops are grown and the degree to which production of a given crop is concentrated geographically. It is also worth noting that program cost varied little by level of aggregation for rice because its yield variability is low since almost all acres of rice are irrigated. Economic and Environmental Effects of Agricultural Insurance Programs 11 impacts measured by these studies are likely to be small for three reasons. First, acreage choices in the Midwest are limited by rotational considerations and by the lack of land available for expanding on the extensive margin. Second, impact of crop insurance on acreage choices in the Midwest and Plains states are further reduced because crop insurance is generally available for all relevant alternative crops. The impact may well be larger for other crops in regions with more diverse cropping alternatives. Third, the research preceded the recent expansion of the crop insurance program. No studies have directly analyzed the effects of crop insurance on yield. However, a few papers have considered the impact of crop insurance on input use (see review in Glauber 2004). Horowitz and Lichtenberg (1993) suggested that crop insurance may be a substitute for risk-reducing chemicals--a moral hazard response. Babcock and Hennessey (1996) and Smith and Goodwin (1996) report small positive effects of yield insurance on input use, during a period of time when subsidies were low and revenue insurance was uncommon--so these can be considered conservative compared with today's higher subsidization rate. Babcock and Hennessy find that crop insurance is a substitute for farm chemical use so that on a per-acre basis, chemical use declines on insured cropland. However, Wu's (1999) study that showed that crop insurance changed crop mix, finds increased chemical use overall as a result of the crop mix change. LaFrance, Shimshack and Wu (2002) simulated the effects of a variety of different insurance options. They conclude that "Land use is unchanged only when an actuarially sound and (unsubsidized) insurance contract is offered." They go on to show that the increase in acreage devoted to crop production is on more economically marginal land, especially when the cost of insurance is subsidized. Lubowski, et al. (2006) used historical data on crop insurance program participation and land uses to test the relationship between insurance subsidization and land use. They conclude that "Increased crop insurance subsidies in the mid-1990s motivated farmers to expand cultivated cropland area in the contiguous 48 states by an estimated 2.5 million acres (0.8 percent) in 1997, with the bulk of this land coming from hay and pasture. This land-use change increased annual wind and water erosion by an estimated 1.4 and 0.9 percent, as of 1997. Their empirical findings also substantiate LaFrance, Shimshack and Wu's assessment that "... lands brought into or retained in cultivation due to these crop insurance subsidy increases are, on average, less productive, more vulnerable to erosion and more likely to include wetlands and imperiled species habitats than cultivated cropland overall." Lands brought into or retained in cultivation due to these crop insurance subsidy increases are, on average, less productive, more vulnerable to erosion and more likely to include wetlands and imperiled species habitats than cultivated cropland overall. Economic and Environmental Effects of Agricultural Insurance Programs 12 Although the results are not definitive, economics studies suggest that insurance subsidies shift land into crops that have subsidized insurance and expand acreage generally and, specifically, on marginal lands that pose greater environmental threats. Net insurance payment is the difference between insurance payments made to farmers of a crop and the insurance premiums paid by the farmers. The ratio was calculated for each crop year from 2001 through 2011 and averaged. These ratios differ substantially across crops. For 2001 to 2011, the ratio was less than 1.5 percent for rice, corn and soybeans; between 3.3 percent and 4.3 percent for peanuts, barley and oats; and greater than 5.5 percent for wheat, cotton and sorghum Less information is available about the distribution of benefits across farm size categories. Unlike the standard farm commodity subsidy programs, payment and revenue limits do not apply to crop insurance subsidies. That means large operations are eligible for subsidized insurance on all their acreage. Some policy advocates express concern that large farms get large benefits from crop insurance subsidies. Nevertheless, no empirical evidence exists that crop insurance subsidies affect the farm size distribution. Advocates note that crop insurance subsidies are more available for standard crops grown in conventional ways in core production regions than for specialty and small acreage crops grown in outlying regions, for organic crops, and for crops with emerging or rapidly changing markets. Recent farm bills and other legislation have contained provisions that direct RMA to analyze the creation of crop insurance Distribution of Crop Insurance Subsidies Crop insurance benefits differ across farms by which crops are produced, how the crop is marketed and other characteristics. To consider the distribution across crops, (see Figure 5). First note that all these ratios are well above 1.0. The range across crops underscores just how much crop insurance has benefited some major field crops relative to others. (Figure 5) expresses net insurance payment per insured acre as a ratio to the national average of gross revenue per acre. Figure 5 Average Net Insurance Payment as a Share of Gross Receipts Per Acre by Crop for Major Field Crops, U.S., 2001-2011 7.6% 7.0% 5.5% 4.3% 4.1% 3.3% 1.5% Sorghum Cotton Wheat Oats Barley Peanuts Soybeans Corn Rice contracts for these types of commodities. The actuarial insurance concern and associated federal budget concern is that it is more difficult and costly to set appropriate premium rates for commodities for which there is less production history and for which there are few growers. Thus, costs of offering policies are likely to be higher and confidence is lower that premiums are correct. These considerations are highlighted by Singerman, Hart and Lence (2011) in their assessment of developing insurance products for 1.2% 0.9% Source: Calculated using data from U.S. Department of Agriculture, Risk Management Agency, Summary of Business Reports and Data, available at http://www.rma.usda.gov/data/sob.html. organic crops. Economic and Environmental Effects of Agricultural Insurance Programs 13 Crop Insurance Subsidy and World Trade Organization Obligations The 1994 WTO Agreement on Agriculture (in Annex 2 paragraph 7) lists the characteristics of crop insurance programs that would be "at most minimally trade distorting." The basic criteria require that subsidies are very small and percentage losses must be large (at least 30 percent) before compensation is made. U.S. crop insurance programs do not meet these requirements. However, the cap on overall WTO commitment for U.S. farm subsidies is unlikely to be binding in the near future, so the failure of U.S. crop insurance to meet "green box" criteria is unlikely to be of significant concern under the 1994 agreement. Of perhaps more concern is that WTO agreements specify that government subsidy programs (for agriculture or other products) may not significantly suppress prices or similarly distort market conditions from what would otherwise be available. If the set of U.S. farm subsidies for a commodity, including crop insurance, increases U.S. production and thereby reduces imports, increases exports or suppresses market prices, then other WTO members may have grounds to win a formal complaint. The market effects of U.S. subsidies constituted one core complaint in the WTO dispute over U.S. cotton subsidies that the United States lost in several rounds of legal decisions and appellate body rulings from 2003 through 2010. Under current conditions and those that are likely to prevail after the 2012 Farm Bill, crop insurance will have an especially prominent role. This prominence makes crop insurance subsidies more vulnerable to potential challenge, especially as crop insurance subsidies have increased in recent years. Economic reasoning and empirical analyses strongly suggest that crop insurance subsidies encourage production changes that increase aggregate negative environmental effects of farming. The production changes themselves may be relatively small for some crops but because insurance encourages planting on marginal lands the environmental impacts are disproportionately high. Summary and Conclusions Economic reasoning and empirical analyses strongly suggest that crop insurance subsidies encourage production changes that increase aggregate negative environmental effects of farming. The production changes themselves may be relatively small for some crops but because insurance encourages planting on marginal lands the environmental impacts are disproportionately high. The relatively few empirical studies on this relationship generally date to an earlier time when crop insurance was a smaller program with a lower degree of subsidization. Thus, they may understate the effects that the subsidization of programs has in 2012, with a larger, more diversified set of insurance programs at higher subsidy rates. More academic research of this issue at regional or national levels and with more current data is needed. More research is also needed to measure the extent to which farmers respond to crop insurance subsidies by taking on more risk elsewhere in their operation, such as by shifting to cash rents or practicing less diversification. Economic and Environmental Effects of Agricultural Insurance Programs 14 Crop insurance subsidies are now thoroughly embedded within much of crop agriculture, especially the program crops, and farmers would confront adjustment costs if Congress reduced or eliminated the programs now. However, while the long history and recent growth of crop insurance programs may provide a political reason for maintaining the programs, they do not provide an economic rationale. The academic literature contains many studies that examine insurance ratings issues, in particular the appropriate yield distribution, and other program operation issues, as well as the choice of insurance between individual and county insurance and the impact of premiums on the demand for insurance. However, the academic literature remains limited on issues such as the role of systemic risk, explanation of different payment rates across crops, and the potential consequences of payment limits. In the debate over the 2012 Farm Bill, commodity groups have favored replacing payments tied to planting history and market price with payments triggered by area-wide revenue shortfalls for program crops. Researchers have yet to consider many issues about such programs, but it has been established that the cost of such programs is inversely related to the extent of geographical area used to determine shortfalls. Given rising budget costs, effects on production and environmental consequences, the threshold question remains what convincing public policy rationale exists for the use of taxpayer funds to cover crop insurance premiums, administration and operation costs for delivery of insurance by private companies or the reinsurance for potential losses by insurance companies? Risk management is inherent in all sound business plans, whether in farming or other industries, and most farms use forward contracts, futures markets, diversification and/ or myriad other risk mitigation or risk management practices and tools. Of course, crop insurance subsidies are now thoroughly embedded within much of crop agriculture, especially the program crops, and farmers would confront adjustment costs if Congress reduced or eliminated the programs now. However, while the long history and recent growth of crop insurance programs may provide a political reason for maintaining the programs, they do not provide an economic rationale. Economic and Environmental Effects of Agricultural Insurance Programs 15 References and Data Sources Babcock, B.A., and D.A. Hennessy. 1996. "Input Demand Under Yield and Revenue Insurance." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 78(3):416�27. Dismukes, Robert, Keith H. Coble, David Ubilava, Joseph C. Cooper, and Christine Arriola. "Alternatives to a State-Based ACRE Program: Expected Payments Under a National, Crop District, or County Base." U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Report No. (ERR-126) 42 pp, September 2001. Accessed June 28, 2012 at http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/err-economic-research-report/err126.aspx. Glauber, Joseph W. "Crop Insurance Reconsidered." 2004. Am. J. Agr. Econ. 86(5): 1179-1195. Glauber, Joseph W. 2007. "Double Indemnity: Crop Insurance and the Failure of U.S. Agricultural Disaster Relief Policy." Agricultural Policy for the U.S. Farm Bill and Beyond. Bruce Gardner and Daniel A. Sumner Editors. American Enterprise Institute. Washington, D.C. (2007). Goodwin. Barry K. 2001. "Problems with Market Insurance in Agriculture." Am. J. Agr. Econ. 83(3): 643-649. Goodwin, Barry K. and Vincent H. Smith. 1995. The Economics of Crop Insurance and Disaster Relief. American Enterprise Institute, Washington, D.C. Goodwin, B.K., M. L. Vandeveer, and J. Deal. 2004. "An Empirical Analysis of Acreage Effects of Participation in the Federal Crop Insurance Program." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 86:1058�1077. Halcrow, Harold G. 1949. "Actuarial Structures for Crop Insurance." Journal of Farm Economics 31: 418�43. Horowitz, John K. and Erik Lichtenberg. 1993. "Insurance, Moral Hazard, and Chemical Use in Agriculture." Am. J. Agr. Econ. 75(4): 926-935. Knight Thomas O. and Keith H. Coble. 1997. "Survey of U.S. Multiple Peril Crop Insurance Literature Since 1980." Review of Agricultural Economics. 19(1): 128-156. LaFrance, J.T., J.P. Shimshack, and S.Y. Wu. 2002. "Crop Insurance and the Extensive Margin." World Congress of Environmental and Resource Economists, AERE/EAERE, 2002. Lubowski, Ruben N. Shawn Bucholtz , Roger Claassen, Michael Roberts, Joseph Cooper, Anna Gueorguieva and Robert Johansson. Environmental Effects of Agricultural Land-Use Change: The Role of Economics and Policy. USDA Economic Research Service. Economic Research Report No. (ERR-25) 82 pp, August 2006. http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/err-economic-research-report/err25.aspx. Mahul, O. 1999. "Optimum Area Yield Crop Insurance." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 81(1):75�2. Miranda, M.J. 1991. "Area�Yield Crop Insurance Reconsidered." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 73:233�42. Miranda, M.J., and J.W. Glauber. 1997. "Systemic Risk, Reinsurance, and the Failure of Crop Insurance Markets." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 79:206�15. Nelson, C.H., and E.T. Loehman. 1987. "Further Toward a Theory of Agricultural Insurance." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 69:523�31. Shields, Dennis A. Congressional Research Service. 2010. "Federal Crop Insurance: Background and Issues." Dec. 13, 2010. http://www. nationalaglawcenter.org/assets/crs/R40532.pdf. Singerman, Ariel, Chad E. Hart and Sergio Lence. 2011. "Price Analysis, Risk Assessment, and Insurance for Organic Crops." (August) CARD Policy Brief 11-PB 6. http://www.card.iastate.edu/publications/dbs/pdffiles/11pb6.pdf. Skees, J.R., J.R. Black, and B.J. Barnett. 1997. "Designing and Rating an Area Yield Crop Insurance Contract." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 79, 430-438. Smith, V.H. and V.K. Goodwin. 1996. "Crop Insurance, Moral Hazard and Agricultural Chemical Use." American Journal of Agricultural Economics. 78: 428-438. Smith, Vincent H. 2011. "Premium Payments Why Crop Insurance Costs Too Much." American Enterprise Institute. http://www.aei.org/ files/2011/11/04/-premium-payments-why-crop-insurance-costs-too-much_152221377467.pdf. Economic and Environmental Effects of Agricultural Insurance Programs 16 Smith, Vincent H., Barry Goodwin and Bruce Babcock. 2012. "Field of schemes: The taxpayer and economic welfare costs of shallow-loss farming programs." American Enterprise Institute. http://www.aei.org/article/economics/fiscal-policy/field-of-schemes-the-taxpayer-and-economic-welfarecosts-of-shallow-loss-farming-programs. Sumner, Daniel A. Julian M. Alston and Joseph W. Glauber. 2010. "Evolution of the Economics of Agricultural Policy." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 92(2): 403-423. Tweeten, Luther and Carl Zulauf. (Fall/Winter 1997). "Public Policy for Agriculture after Commodity Programs." Review of Agricultural Economics. Volume 19, number 2, pages 263-280. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service 2012. Farm Income Data Files: Cash Receipts. Accessed: http://www.ers.usda.gov/Data/ FarmIncome/finfidmu.htm. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of Budget and Program Analysis 2012. FY 2013 Budget Summary and Annual Performance Plan, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Accessed: http://www.obpa.usda.gov/. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Risk Management Agency. 2011. Costs and Outlays, FY Government Cost for Federal Crop Insurance, 2002-11. Accessed: http://www.rma.usda.gov/aboutrma/budget/costsoutlays.html. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Risk Management Agency 2012. Summary of Business Reports and Data. Accessed: http://www.rma.usda.gov/ data/sob.html. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Risk Management Agency 2012, "About RMA: Costs and Outlays." Accessed http://www.rma.usda.gov/aboutrma/ budget/costsoutlays.html. Valgren, V.N. 1922. "Crop Insurance: Risks, Losses and Principles of Protection." Bulletin No. 1043. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture. Wright, B.D. and J.A. Hewitt. (1994) "All-Risk Crop Insurance: Lessons from Theory and Experience." in Economics of Agricultural Crop Insurance: Theory and Evidence. Edited by Darrell L. Hueth and William H. Furtan. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Boston. Pages 73�112. Wu, J. "Crop Insurance, Acreage Decisions, and Nonpoint-Source Pollution." 1999. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 81 (2) 305-20. Young, C. E., M.L. Vandeveer, and R.D. Schnepf. 2001. "Production and Price Impacts of U.S. Crop Insurance Programs." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 83 (5) 1194-1201. Zulauf, C. and D. Orden. Forthcoming. "Managing Risk in Agriculture: An Assessment of Farm Safety net Proposals for the Next U.S. Farm Bill." International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development. Economic and Environmental Effects of Agricultural Insurance Programs III Acknowledgements Membership C-FARE aims to represent the interests of all professional agricultural economists in the United States. The Council consists of at least 15 members representing major groups within the profession. Three members are appointed by the Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, and by the National Association of Agricultural Economics Administrators. One member is appointed by the Southern Agricultural Economics Association. These seven directors elect at least six at-large representatives. C-FARE is a tax exempt organization under Section 501(c)(3) of the IRS code. Leadership 2012 C-FARE Officers Damona Doye Chair Oklahoma State University Roger Coupal Vice-Chair University of Wyoming Steven Kraft Secretary-Treasurer Southern Illinois University 2012 Board Members Soji Adelaja Michigan State University John Anderson American Farm Bureau Federation Walter Armbruster Farm Foundation Jon Brandt North Carolina State University Duncan Chembezi Alabama A&M University Gail Cramer Louisiana State University Damona Doye Oklahoma State University Jerry Fletcher West Virginia University Paul Gottlieb Rutgers University Steven Kraft Southern Illinois University David Lambert Kansas State University Lori Lynch University of Maryland Gene Nelson Texas A&M J.B. Penn Deere and Co. Steve Turner Mississippi State University Parke Wilde Tufts University Bob Yonkers IDFA Hector Zapata Louisiana State University Economic and Environmental Effects of Agricultural Insurance Programs www.cfare.org


text:
Printable View
They aren't called "S.S." Lazio for nothing:rolleyes:
RDM sacking was a catalyst, now Hughes is gone as well.
Arsenal have signed a new shirt deal equating to about £30m a season. I wonder if this will persuade them to crack open the cheque book for players.
Can't fault QPR for sacking Hughes. He's a good manager, but he's royally fucked up there somehow. I still can't for the life of me wrap my head around how they haven't won a single game with the squad they have.
I was kind of hoping that they'd keep Hughes for the weekend game :p But I'm still confident we'll get the 3 points ourselves tomorrow!


text:
Looks stunning, this should work really well.
S.W.T.C. Call Of Pripyat - is a graphical modifications aimed at improving the image as a whole, completely new weather, more than 120 texture of the sky. A distinctive feature of the modification - is flawless performance and the highest quality. This is special CoP version.
Looks stunning, this should work really well.
Absolute nature added.


text:
New president to take power in struggling Haiti
Martelly will lead a country still divided over the presidential election itself. He was initially excluded from the runoff in favor of a candidate backed by Preval, only to be restored after the international community challenged the results.
One sign of the division: Martelly's opponents have recently alleged that he holds dual Haitian-U.S. citizenship, which would disqualify him for the presidency. He denies the allegation.
In what some view as a reconciliation effort, Martelly has invited to the inauguration both Aristide and Jean-Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier, the former dictator who made a surprise return to Haiti in January. It's not known if either will attend.
Since Duvalier came back, the ex-despot has been charged with embezzlement and human rights abuses, and advocacy groups have criticized Martelly for inviting him.
"Martelly's facing the need to knit together a polarized country," Schneider said. "Haiti just went through an election which was riven by discord, disagreement, and unhappiness. And given the makeup of the parliament, he has the major task of forging a national government."
In the weeks since Haitian authorities declared him the winner, Martelly has toured the countryside to learn more about reconstruction projects, announced ways to finance free education, and formed a transition team, led by Duvalier's former social affairs minister, Daniel Supplice.
On the eve of the inauguration, volunteers swept the streets in the capital and supporters painted walls and buildings pink, Martelly's campaign color. Bands of young people paraded through Port-au-Prince, chanting "Martelly, Martelly!" And others gathered in front of the National Palace to pray for Haiti's new president.
Martelly was well-known as an entertainer. But what kind of leader he makes, many in Haiti aren't sure.
"He's unpredictable," said Patrick Elie, a defense minister under Aristide and an adviser to Preval. "He's got teeth that can both smile and bite. He's shown that."
The Associated Press


text:
Carl Edwards races to 1st career road course win
SONOMA, Calif. (AP) — His future with Roush Fenway Racing is uncertain, but Carl Edwards isn't letting that slow him down this season.
Edwards' win on Sunday at Sonoma Raceway was his second of the season and locked him into the Chase for the Sprint Cup championship. The pivotal moment comes as speculation mounts he's leaving Roush at the end of the season to join Joe Gibbs Racing.
Edwards, who declines to discuss his future, said he's able to focus on the job at hand.
"I think you guys (the media) worry about that more than we do," he said. "We come out here and race every week and the mission is to win the championship. So for me, it's really simple: I just have to give the best I can every week, and that's it."
Edwards grabbed his first career road course victory and ended the Hendrick Motorsports juggernaut of five-consecutive races by holding off five-time Sonoma winner Jeff Gordon. It came a week after Roush Fenway was shut out at Michigan, where the organization failed to put a car in the top 10 for the first time since 2000.
Edwards took the lead on a restart with 25 laps remaining and seemed to have the win wrapped up until Gordon nearly chased him down on the final lap. Gordon had one good look at Edwards and couldn't pull off the pass.
"My road racing progression, it's been a pretty long climb," Edwards said. "The real special part to me was to stand in Victory Lane at Sonoma and have Jeff Gordon come and give me a handshake as the second-place finisher. I grew up watching Jeff Gordon, and specifically watching how he drove this race track and all the successes he had here, so I mean, that's really super. It's something I'll never forget."
It wasn't a terrible day for the Hendrick organization, which had won every Sprint Cup Series race since Gordon's victory at Kansas on May 10. Instead, HMS settled for all four of its drivers finishing in the top seven.
Gordon, the Sprint Cup Series points leader, wound up second. He said he made one mistake in overdriving a turn with about five laps to go that allowed Edwards to build a healthy lead.
Dale Earnhardt Jr. was third after rallying from an earlier incident that wrecked Matt Kenseth, and was apologetic on the radio and after the race.
"I tried to screw it up a couple times in the race, but I calmed down and was able to get a good finish," Earnhardt said after his career-best finish on a road course. "I got into Matt, I jumped a curb and jumped into the air and just ran into him. Totally my fault. I hope he's not sore with me."
Kasey Kahne bounced back from an early flat tire to finish sixth and Jimmie Johnson was seventh.
In all, Chevrolet drivers took spots two through seven as pole-sitter Jamie McMurray, using a Hendrick engine, finished fourth and Paul Menard was fifth.


text:
Back to story
Send to a friend
Send "DHS senior Joey Johnson looks for an opening to shoot during the Wildcats' home game against St. Jam" to a friend. We will not store the e-mail addresses or give them to anybody. We value your privacy.
Point of View
Do you think Republican Sam Brownback will be the next governor of Kansas?
I think Brownback is a sure thing, unless something changes drastically.
— Max Atwell


text:
NFL Team Apparel Boys' New York Jets Green T-Shirt
$12.97 $17.99*
Save $5.02 (28%)
Product Information:
Help your little Jet claim their piece of New York football with the NFL Team Apparel® Jets T-Shirt. Soft and durable, this standard-fit tee is ideal for active youth. The distressed print Jets wordmark and team logo display prominently on the chest while the arched New York wordmark and shatter-design graphic complete the Gang Green look, letting your little boy or girl wear their Jets love with pride.
- New York Jets crew neck, short sleeve tee
- Distressed Jets wordmark and team logo screen-printed on the chest
- Arched New York wordmark and shatter-design graphic screen-printed in the background
- Ribbed crew neck, tagless collar and interior neck taping for added comfort
- Kids size: 4-7
- Officially licensed by the NFL
- Fabric: 100% cotton
- NFL Team Apparel
Country of Origin: ImportedWeb ID: 34632106


text:
AAOS Issues New Clinical Practice Guideline For Treating Common Elbow Fractures In Children
Guidelines outline steps to stabilize the injury and treat complications
The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) Board of Directors has recently approved and released an evidence-based clinical practice guideline (CPG) on "The Treatment of Supracondylar Humerus Fractures."
Andrew Howard, MD, pediatric orthopaedic surgeon, medical director of the Trauma Program at the University of Toronto Hospital for Sick Children and the chair of the AAOS Work Group responsible for this CPG, said that surgeons see many of these types of fractures, particularly in children ages 5 to 9.
Supracondylar humerus fractures are common and likely occur when children are playing, or while climbing trees, jungle gyms and other structures. When young children fall, they tend to hyperextend their arms. As a result they land on a stiff arm, often fracturing the arm, just above the elbow joint.
In addition to the broken bone, the sheer force of this type of fall, may cause "all kinds of consequences," said Dr. Howard. The artery which provides blood to the forearm and hand — runs very close to the elbow, as do the three main nerves of the arm: median, radial and ulnar. As a result, elbow fractures can cause circulation problems, and in 10 to 15 percent of cases, nerve injuries.
This new guideline is the result of a robust review of more than 350 research studies on this topic and includes 14 recommendations on how to stabilize the fracture, remedy circulation problems, and ultimately, ensure the fastest and most comfortable recovery for each child.
Important findings:
First, the guideline recommends that surgeons stabilize the fracture with "two or three laterally introduced pins to stabilize the reduction of displaced, misaligned, supracondylar fractures of the humerus."
In addition, the guideline recommends procedures to restore blood flow and circulation if the artery has been stretched, torn or severed. Orthopaedic surgeons know that the first thing to do with an arm without a pulse is to gently realign the arm. Once the fracture is put back into the proper position and established, circulation will likely recover.
However, sometimes there is still no pulse in the arm following realignment. This can occur with or without adequate blood flow. The guideline recommends the surgical "exploration" of the blood vessels and nerves in front of the elbow in patients with no wrist pulse, if the hand remains cold and underperfused (without adequate blood flow), to "ensure survival of the tissues in the arm and hand." In these rare instances, further surgery may be necessary "to prevent rare, but serious, limb threatening and life threatening consequences," according to the guideline.
The guideline states: "If the hand feels warm, has color from circulation that you can see, and the child can move the muscles of the forearm and demonstrate some motion, then there is evidence that tissues are being nourished despite the absent pulse." The guideline does not specifically recommend surgery or observation in these cases.
"Ultimately, each physician must evaluate his or her patient's condition and circumstance and figure out 'how do I best treat this child," added Dr. Howard.
On the Net:


text:
Top infoTECH News
Software News
Hardware News
Security News
Networking News
infoTECH Editor's Pick
infoTECH Awards
What's Hot in Information Technology?
infoTECH Services
infoTECH Media Kit
Application Deployment
Cloud Contact Center
Data Management
Power Protection
Software Licensing
Software Monetization
infoTECH News
[June 24, 2014]
Bishop Technologies, Inc. Announces Headquarters Expansion, Elevation to Microsoft Managed Partner Status and 21st Century Television Interview
(Marketwire Via Acquire Media NewsEdge) ELGIN, IL -- (Marketwired) -- 06/24/14 -- Bishop Technologies, Inc. a full service provider of information security, governance and data migration solutions, today announced it will be relocating their Corporate Headquarters to accommodate their capacity needs and support continued growth plans. Doubling the current office space, Bishop's new offices, which are in walking distance from today's headquarters, are undergoing remodeling with plans to move in before the end of this year.
"This is a very exciting time for all of us at Bishop," says Chris McVeen, President. "Our move is an indication of the fast-paced growth we're experiencing, which is driven by our strategic focus on data management and information governance solutions to complement and support the rapid adoption of the Microsoft cloud." Bishop's elevation to Managed Partner status is evidence of its ability to meet Microsoft Corporate customers' evolving needs in today's dynamic business environment. To earn Microsoft's Managed Partner status, partners must successfully demonstrate expertise through rigorous exams, culminating in Microsoft certifications. And to ensure the highest quality of services, Microsoft requires customer references for successful implementation and customer satisfaction.
"The world does business on and with Microsoft services and devices," said Dan Langille, director of business development at Bishop. "Just as the cloud is at the heart of Microsoft's strategic focus, so is it at the heart of Bishop's. Our attainment of the Microsoft Messaging competency assures our clients that we possess the certifications and the expertise necessary to help them realize all the benefits of transitioning to the Microsoft cloud." Last year, Bishop announced its relationship with Acaveo to include Smart Information Server (SIS), a next-generation information governance platform, as a key product in their portfolio, supporting in-place information management. This is a major topic of discussion in an upcoming interview segment with Chris McVeen, President at Bishop, and 21st Century Television.
21st Century Television is an award-winning business and health program that provides viewers an in-depth opportunity to find solutions to industry problems from top business leaders across the world. Airing times and more about this segment will be the subject of a future press release.
Bishop Technologies, Inc. empowers clients to derive maximum value from their information assets. We help optimize Office 365's native security, retention, and discovery features, and Bishop can extend those capabilities with our third-party tools for advanced requirements to support privacy, encryption, and governance. For organizations evaluating Office 365, we can provide turnkey migration services for both live mailboxes and legacy archived data. Clients can rely on Bishop to protect information from external threats, govern it for the duration of its useful life, and migrate it as technology and requirements evolve. Bishop: Keeping Your Data In Check�. For more information, please visit
For more information, press only: Laura Zawacki Bishop Technologies, Inc. 847.737.7506 Email contact Source: Bishop Technologies, Inc.
InfoTech Spotlight's Homepage
comments powered by Disqus.
blog comments powered by
infoTECH Headlines
Architecture Study Shows Ongoing Need for Cloud Solutions
Commvault Provides Security and Compliance in the File Sync and Share Solution Market
Best Practices for Maintaining an Effective ERP Implementation
The Gap Between Enterprise Security and Employee Actions
BMC Releases Remedy 9 Service Management Solution with Modernized Design
IBM Recognized as a Leader in the Digital Transformation Implementation Market
Managing Risk May Get Easier with New IBM and Deloitte Project
5 Building Blocks for a Successful Product Development Partnership
From Virtualization to the Cloud: Use IT Resources More Efficiently
QLogic and Cavium Joint Infrastructure to Accelerate Cloud Storage Applications
Subscribe to InfoTECH Spotlight eNews
InfoTECH Spotlight eNews delivers the latest news impacting technology in the IT industry each week. Sign up to receive FREE breaking news today!
FREE eNewsletter
InfoVista and Ipanema Technologies Poised to Enable New Carrier Services
Rich Tehrani
Schneider Electric: More Software and the IoT to Reshape Data Center Design
Rich Tehrani
HP's March into Simplifying NFV
Rich Tehrani
Logitech ConferenceCam CC3000e Video Conferencing for SMB Review
Tom Keating
TransCertain CertainSafe Review - 2014
Tom Keating
Jumper Card - The Swiss Army Knife of Portable Chargers
Tom Keating
Meet Your Big Data Storage Needs: Coraid
As businesses collect more and more data, they will require storage capabilities that are easily and secure, accessible, and quickly scalable for pure storage as well as data analytics.
What are the Security and Compliance Requirements of Cloud Computing: Coalfire
As the adopotion of cloud computing continues to increase, businesses are finding, while they understand the potential benefits, they need help understanding the security and compliance ramifications of moving data into cloud data centers.
Managing Your Data and Apps in Multi-Cloud Environments: Right Scale
Businesses have reached beyond education and are starting to make signifcant cloud computing deployments, which means they need an awareness of public and private resources, which to deploy in what instances, and how to manage and maintain applications across both domains.
How Cloud Providers Can Drive Revenues for Tenants and Themselves: Interxion
In order to enable customers to create new revenue streams from their content and applications, cloud providers can provide test environments to allow businesses to more efficiently develop and test new applications.
Enabling Cross-border Data Center Connectivity: Interxion
One of the challenges for multinational enterprises is establishing connectivity between infrastructure located on different continents. The Transatlantic Data Center Alliance helps overcome many of these challenges, including regulatory and compliance needs.
infoTECH Whitepapers
SAP Enterprise Mobility: Bringing a Cohesive Approach to a Complex Market
What is Your Mobile Content Policy? A Checklist for Content Risk Mitigation
SANS Whitepaper: Mobile Content and Document Management Best Practices and Decision Checklist
IBM SmartCloud Social Collaboration for Government
IBM SmartCloud Solutions: Software as a Service
IBM SmartCloud for Social Business Mobility
IBM SmartCloud Engage Security
The Forrester Wave: Cloud Strategies Of Online Collaboration Software Vendors, Q3 2012
Social Business in the Cloud
The Social Business: Advent of a new age
What is Information Tehnology
What is Information Technology?
The History of Information Technology
Today's Most Desired Information Technology Skills
Information Technology Careers
Ten Information Technology Companies of 2011
Powered by
Technology Marketing Corporation,
800 Connecticut Ave, 1st Floor East,
Norwalk, CT 06854 USA
Ph: 800-243-6002, 203-852-6800;
Fx: 203-853-2845
Contact us
Technology Marketing Corp. 1997-<%= curyear %> Copyright.
infoTECH Resources
Editor's Pick
infoTECH News
Software News
Hardware News
Security News
Networking News
What's Hot
Media Kit
infoTECH Communities
Cloud Call Center
Mobile Market
SIP Trunking
infoTECH Channels
Application Deployment
Cloud Contact Center
Data Management
Power Protection
Software Licensing
Software Monetization
Other Industries
IP Communications
Cable Spotlight
Satellite Spotlight
Smart Grid
Sports Techy
M2M Evolution


text:
Hi my names diana im 23 and i have to kids a boy his 3 and a gril shes 11 months...im new to this group
yeah i just wish i could do more with them before they go to school but we only have one car right now and we he uses it to go to work so basically were stuck at the house all day long :(
welcome :) im 19 and have 3 boys 4yrs 14 months and 2.5 months
@proudmommy93 wow compare too me your younger i wish i was 19 again even tho im only 4 years older then you lol
Welcome, I am 23 as well and I only have one boy, he is 17.5 months.
@elyely7 thank you enjoy the time that you have with your lo cause the time goes by real fast
Hola. I'm Ace, 32yo. Married with 5 kids. (including a SS whom we have custody and I've been raising as my own). ODD is 14, ODS is 12, MDS (ss) is 10, YDS is 9 and YDD is 3.
If you're so fabulous that you're "pissin' glitter" you might wanna have that checked out. Could be a sign of infection!
*ZOMBIEMAMA* (thanks cmac26)
hey i'm Cierra! 20 yrs old with a 7 month old bbygirl
*la mujer mas feliz del mundo**te quiero mi hermosa Emma*
Bienvenida. Soy Lily tengo cuatro hijos y vivo en Mexico. Me encanta tener con quien habalr en mi idioma en este foro!
Come join us at the "Daily Bible Reading" Board!
"Tell the righteous that it shall be well with them". Isaiah 3:10
hello/hola todas/everybody como estan? / how are yall?


text:
Create a free account to check out faster, store multiple shipping addresses, view and track your orders in your account, and much more.
Please enter your password to continue.
L'Occitane's new BB Cream stays intact through all our daily challenges—from back-to-back meetings to the busy sauna known as the New York City subway. The velvety formula is a moisturizer, antiaging treatment, sheer tint, and SPF into one. It blends in easily and skin with a fresh, shine-free finish. And true to the French brand's chic heritage, it's made with organic flower extracts sourced from Provence.
I normally don't like liquid foundations, but this product is a combine moisturizer, foundation, and SPF! I was very pleasantly surprised how light and good this cream felt on my face. I would use this as my regular foundation, and it is especially good if you are in a hurry because it is so easy to apply and looks great5
I was a bit skeptical when i tried this product, but after applying it, I was completely impressed! It blended perfectly with my skin tone - I have a medium to tan skin complexion, and the medium was PERFECT. It looked as though my skin was glowing! I have light acne, and a little bit of redness, and this covered all of those imperfections.
I used to wear Aveda's foundation, and now I don't think I'll have to buy it ever again. This stuff isn't too heavy either. My only complaint is that I didn't get enough of it!


text:
Browse by
Current issue
Recipe of the day
Seared scampi tails with tarragon gnocchi & fresh herb brown butterThis wonderfully rich appetiser is packed with big flavours.
Vegetable & Chickpea 'Bouillabaisse'
Ray McVinnie provides inspiration for simple summer meals.by Ray McVinne | Cuisine issue #156 | Thursday, 27 December, 2012
Slow-fry chopped onions, garlic, saffron, thyme and thickly sliced zucchini and carrots in plenty of extra virgin olive oil until the onion is soft. Add a couple of drained cans of chickpeas, canned chopped tomatoes and enough vegetable stock to cover. Bring to the boil then simmer for 10 minutes or until the carrots are tender. Add peas and baby spinach and simmer for 3 minutes. Serve in wide bowls, topped with grated Gruyere cheese and a sprinkle of parsley.
Most popular
MEAL MAKERStuck for ideas for dinner?
Check your fridge, enter up to 4 items into the Meal Maker and we'll find recipes from our files containing those ingredients.
Connect with cuisine
Official Pinterest page for Cuisine, NZ's top food mag. The best food, latest news, restaurant reviews, travel, wine & all the other foodie things you love.


text:
Click on a thumbnail to go to Google Books.
The Sign of Jonas (edition 1979)
by Thomas Merton
Work details
The Sign of Jonas by Thomas Merton
No current Talk conversations about this book.
While I generally look to Merton because of his wisdom and the gift of prophecy that he has in reflection that is hard to find in many, that is not really the intent of this book. What we have here could be written by any monastic. It is essentially the diary of the events in a monastery and the struggle that takes place in giving a life towards God, yet still living selfishly. I would definitely recommend this for those that are interested on the day to day happenings of a monastery and the ascetic lifestyle. I would not, however, recommend this to regular fans of Merton's musings, as they are not in the same style. Overall, I'm glad I read this, but this will not be one I come back to in the same manner.
I liked this book much better than the Seven Story Mountain. I suppose it's autobiographical in that it's what happened to Merton, but it's much more of a meditation on his life with the Christian God. There's a lot about the monastic life and contemplative prayer. It's also very well written, almost poetical. I'm not longer a Merton fan, but when I was, this was my favorite.
from back cover: "Shortly after The Seven Storey Mountain was completed, Thomas Merton began to keep a journal. He had entered the Cistercian monastery of Gethsemani some five years earlier and was nearing the end of his probationary period. He had been living under simple vows as a novice and was preparing to take the solemn and perpetual vows of one of the strictest religious orders. His journal -- published as The Sign of Jonas -- records the doubts and uncertainties, joys and difficulties of the years of preparation for the priesthood which culminated in his ordination. It is a candid portrayal of a life where men meditate, pray, do penance, fast, work and live in silence. But it is far more than a mere description of a way of life. For Thomas Merton opens his mind and heart, sharing the intimate thoughts of a man struggling for the closest possible union with god."
A collection of journal entries written between 1946 and 1952. It introduces readers to the daily life of a monk and is sometimes referred to as "The Seven Storey Mountain: Part II."
References to this work on external resources.
Wikipedia in English
Amazon.com Product Description (ISBN 0156825295, Paperback)
Begun five years after he entered the Abbey of Our Lady of Gethsemani, The Sign of Jonas is an extraordinary view of Merton's life in a Trappist monastery, and it serves also as a spiritual log recording the deep meaning and increasing sureness he felt in his vocation: the growth of a mind that finds in its contracted physical world new intellectual and spiritual dimensions.
(retrieved from Amazon Mon, 30 Sep 2013 13:24:16 -0400)
No library descriptions found.
Amazon Kindle (1 edition)
Audible (0 editions)
CD Audiobook (0 editions)
Project Gutenberg (0 editions)
Google Books — Loading...
Popular covers
Is this you?
Become a LibraryThing Author.


text:
Apple iMac (24-inch Penryn)
Apple iMac (24-inch Penryn) : Back Ports Up Close
5 / 9
Bottom Line
The iconic iMac now adds a next-gen Intel Penryn processor to its mix. It's faster, more powerful, and still the one to beat.
the lg g4 is here!Want a chance to win one?
Provide your email address and what carrier you are using (only Verizon, Sprint, T-Mobile and AT&T please) and we'll pick FOUR random winners to receive one of the hottest phones of the year, the LG G4.
By entering this Sweepstakes you agree to the Official Rules and understand that you'll automatically be subscribed to receive product reviews and the latest news from PCMag, via Email. You may unsubscribe at any time. Subscribing to a newsletter indicates your consent to our Terms of Use and Privacy Policy.


text:
Home >
- Spiuk Ladies Race Jacket
Sorry - this product is no longer available
This Spiuk Ladies Race Jacket is no longer available although you may find similar or newer versions below:
Alternative products you may be interested in
Spiuk Race Kids Jacket
dhb Women's Casual Stretch Jacket
Spiuk Race Kids Jacket
Sugoi Women's RS Jacket
Spiuk Ladies Race Jacket
- 85% Polyester
- 9% Polyamide(Nylon)
- 6% Polyurethane
Add Spiuk Ladies Race Jacket to your basket now
|Black / Grey
|Extra Large
|Black / Grey
|Black / Grey
|Black / Grey
|White / Black
|Extra Large
|White / Black
|White / Black
|White / Black
A technical and fitted jacket for tackling the autumn and winter elements. A combination of M2W Elite Membrane and Ergodry fabrics make this the perfect partner for heading out in the colder seasons.
Top Features of the Spiuk Ladies Race Jacket
- M2V Race Membrane fabric
- Ergodry Warm construction
- Three rear pockets
- Easy pull zip
- Flatlock seams
Product Data
|High Visibility:
Ergodry fabric provides insulation with 2 way stretch properties for a close fit for improved moisture transfer and aerodynamics.
M2V Elite Membrane Fabric
M2W was developed to keep you dry and comfortable in cold, wet and windy weather conditions. It is based on a waterproof and windproof teflon membrane with a micro-porous structure which allows water vapour to pass through. This allows heat and moisture to escape, keeping you cool and fresh throughout your ride.
About Cycling Windproof Jackets
Windproof jackets can improve your comfort levels on the bike considerably when the weather turns nasty, factors such as wind resistance and high breathability are important if you will be riding at a high pace over a fair distance, along with wearing a good quality base or mid layer to help with wicking moisture away from your skin. A windproof cycle jacket will help keep the cold air from reaching your chest, this means your body stays warm and comfortable on those cold days.
About the Spiuk brand
Founded in Spain over 13 years ago, Spiuk was the creative idea of three passionate friends who were driven by a desire to design and manufacture the ultimate in premium performance products. Since that day their products have gone on to be worn by many of the worlds' highest performing athletes including Tour de France stage winners, World road race champions and multiple Ironman winners and competitors. The multi-discipline product range offered by Spiuk is unmatched by any other brands on the market today. The range consists of everything from pre and post competition body oils through to helmets, shoes and eye wear as well as a complete softgoods wardrobe for almost every cyclist in almost every discipline.
Sizing information
|Spiuk Womens Jersey Size Guide
|Size - Inches
|32 - 34"
|35 - 36"
|36 - 38"
|38 - 41"
Delivery Information
We are sorry, but due to your delivery destination USA we can not dispatch this item.
International Delivery
Wiggle ships to over 100 countries. To see what delivery options are available for other destinations you can update your delivery destination via the International Options feature at the top right of the website.
Goods are shipped from the UK. Does not include delivery charges, local taxes or import duties, if applicable.
More information on International delivery options
Returns Information
We will happily refund or exchange any item purchased on Wiggle if returned to us within 365 days, excluding Wiggle gift vouchers and personalized products except when faulty.
Returned goods must be unused and supplied with their original packaging, unless the goods are faulty.
Wiggle will pay the return postage costs for any faulty items.
More information on Wiggle's return policy
Do you want to compare this product?
Only 4 products can be compared at once. Adding this product will remove the product you added to the list first.
Do you want to continue?


text:
A Collectors Lot
by Ray Main
This book is a rare opportunity to see inside the home of two avid collectors, it is honest and sympathetic view of their vast collections.
Trained as an Architectural Photographer but slowly his focus changed to accommodate his other great passions of interiors, gardens food, travel and reportage photography. He appears regularly in magazines worldwide. "My work is different in subject and location every day, from the Guggenheim in Bilbao to a small garden in Shropshire, to an apartment in Bombay and the is just the way I like it."
Comment posted.
Sign in or create an account to post a comment.
Start your own book today from US $3.99.
Get Started
Blurb Sites


text:
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has reopened traffic on the Columbia River at the John Day Dam sooner than expected after a barge damaged an upstream navigation lock gate.
Central Oregon's tangled web of destination resorts, land-use laws and regulatory state agencies is no closer to being unraveled following a ruling by the state Land Use Board of Appeals on resorts near the Metolius River.
Last October, Indian billionaire Dr. Vijay Mallya — who founded India's Kingfisher Airlines, one of the largest customers for Airbus — invested $200 million for a 50% stake in Epic Aircraft.
Cessna Aircraft, of Wichita, Kan., took over operations at Columbia Aircraft Manufacturing in Bend last month after successfully bidding more than $26 million in a November bankruptcy court auction.
This summer, Oregon-based developers 818 Powell Butte LLC applied to build Central Oregon's 11th destination resort — a sign that the resort market has yet to reach its peak.


text:
USC Curriculum Coordination Office
- The Curriculum Handbook (pdf) details decisions made by the university throughout the years regarding curricular matters: what constitutes an internship, a minor; what is acceptable in terms of contact hours; how many credit hours must a master's degree have, etc. Please make sure to reference the guide as you build your school's and/or department's curriculum.
- Catalogue Posting Schedule (pdf) details when weekly curriculum approvals are posted in the Catalogue 2015/16 Preview, http://catalogue2015.usc.edu.
Curriculum Management System (CMS)
- CMS Complete User Manual (pdf) offers an in-depth explanation of how to navigate the Curriculum Management System (CMS).
- CMS Quick Guide and Routing Chart (pdf) highlights key concepts of the Curriculum Management System and illustrates the system's internal routing process from department, school to university review.
- CMS Procedures for UCOC Chairs and Members (pdf) details the review process for UCOC subcommittee chairs and members and how to use CMS to conduct the review of proposals.
- 201 PROGRAM Form (pdf) is a fillable worksheet to prepare program information to entered onto the online Curriculum Management System.
- 301 COURSE Form (pdf) is a fillable worksheet to prepare course information to entered onto the online Curriculum Management System.
- 401 MINOR Form (pdf) is a fillable worksheet to prepare minor information to be entered onto the online Curriculum Management System.
- Syllabus Template (doc) offers an outline of what the Curriculum Coordination Office (CCO) and the subcommittee members look for in every syllabus.
- Checklist: Top 10 Syllabus Errors to Avoid (pdf) is a good document to open once you think your syllabus is done and it's time to double-check your work.
- Contact Hours Reference (pdf) details required, minimum contact hours per units, per the week length of the course.
- 'Exemplar' Syllabi (pdf) are posted for your reference as well. Different formats and orders are used in the various syllabi, but they all contain the basic elements for which the CCO and UCOC reviews.
- Professional Development Guidelines (pdf) provides guidelines on what constitutes professional development versus academic content and guidance on how to assess academic credit for those courses that include elements of professional development.
- Designated Deans List (pdf) lists who is designated as dean of curriculum for a particular school.
- Guidelines for Course-Related Student Research Projects (pdf) offers approved guidelines and a contract for faculty and students in research methods-type courses.
- New General Education (GE) Procedures (pdf) details how to schedule a freshman seminar course, or to enter a new or existing course, with the new GE designation, into the Student Information System (SIS). This document also offers guidance in reviewing undergraduate programs for necessary revisions in light of the new GE requirements.


text:
This option is not available with your selected options.
Rectangle Lechuza Cararo Self-Watering Indoor PlanterItem # HN-PML028
- Self-watering planter on concealed rollers
- Equipped with a 2.5-gallon water reservoir
- Water gauge indicates when it's time to re-water
- Crafted from strong and durable polypropylene
Similar Planters
Veradek Midori Trough Planter
$85.95 - $99.99
Poly-Stone Milan Trough 4 ft. Outdoor Planter
Rectangle Resin Ellis Planter
$189.00 - $888.08
Rectangle Lechuza Trio Cottage 40 Self-Watering Resin Planter
$343.76 - $396.90
Rectangle Lechuza Trio Cottage 30 Self-Watering Resin Planter
Nice Planter Corten Steel Trough
$349.99 - $399.99
Reviewed by 1 customer
- Attractive Design
- Drains Well
- Holding Capacity
- Sturdy
Best Uses
Comments about Rectangle Lechuza Cararo Self-Watering Indoor Planter:
I have used several of these self-watering planters, what is so nice is that you never overwater it, if you have the guide placed properly to check water levels. However, not all types of plants like this kind of system, specifically ones that need to be drained frequently. This larger one, I used to bring in my summer flowers inside for the winter, the one impressive option is that there are rollers that u insert on the bottom for easy moving. A wonderful way to keep plants or flowers with less mess. Thank you.
My Reward points
when you join
My Hayneedle Rewards
Write a review
for each review
for reviews including an
image or video
Customer Q & A
Enter your question, and one of our Customer Care experts will respond via email and also post the answer here.
Your Valid Email
Your Question


text:
He was elected to membership in the National Academy of Sciences in 2000 and to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2002.
Stang's mother was a German and his father a Hungarian, and the couple met in Paris. Stang was born in Nuremberg, Germany, but lived in Hungary through his first year in high school.
When Stang was 15, he, his parents and his two sisters fled Hungary in early 1957, just months after the Soviet Union sent tanks into the country to suppress the Hungarian uprising. The family moved to Chicago. He became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1962.
Stang was fascinated by chemistry as a teenager. He earned his undergraduate degree from DePaul University in 1963 and his Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1966. He joined the University of Utah faculty in 1969 and became distinguished professor in 1992. He chaired the Department of Chemistry during 1989-1995, and served as dean of the College of Science from 1997 to 2007.
|Contact: Lee Siegel
University of Utah