text:
A switching network for improving the conversion efficiency of a photovoltaic power supply comprises a variable coupling circuit for coupling an array of photovoltaic cells to a load resistance. The combined effective impedance of the network and load is varied to match the value required for maximum output power. A switching transistor (22) which connects the source module (20) to the load (30) is pulse-width modulated with a variable duty cycle determined by the control signal from the sensor circuit. A photovoltaic cell (32) similar to those comprising the photovoltaic power module (20) is used to track variations in the ambient light intensity. The open-circuit voltage of a sensor cell (32) is used to determine the proper value of duty cycle required for maximum power transfer. The output voltage of the module (20) is sampled and compared with the proper value to produce a control signal.
1. A control circuit for matching the electrical impedance of a photovoltaic power source and a load driven therefrom, comprising:
voltage sensing means, comprising a photovoltaic cell, for providing a reference voltage indicative of a desired output voltage of said photovoltaic power source,
circuit means for comparing the actual voltage of said photovoltaic power source and said reference voltage for producing a difference signal indicative of the difference, if any, between said reference voltage and said actual voltage of said photovoltaic power source,
control means, connected to said circuit means, for producing a modulated control signal, the modulation of said control signal being indicative of said voltage difference,
switching means for repetitively switching on and off the current flow from said photovoltaic power source to said load, said switching means being responsive to said control signal to vary the proportion of time that said current is switched on in relation to the proportion of time that said current is switched off so as to maintain the output voltage of said photovoltaic power source at a substantially constant level, whereby maximum power is transferred from said photovoltaic power source to said load, even when the solar radiation intensity received by, and ambient temperature of, said photovoltaic source vary.
2. The control circuit according to claim 1 wherein said voltage sensing means comprise a plurality of said photovoltaic cells.
3. The control circuit of claim 1 wherein said photovoltaic cell of said voltage sensing means comprises:
an unloaded photovoltaic cell with current-voltage characteristics similar to current-voltage characteristics of said photovoltaic power source, said photovoltaic cell positioned such that it is exposed to the same radiation and temperature environment as said photovoltaic power source, thereby to provide an open-circuit voltage for use as a refernece signal indicative of said source voltage corresponding to maximum power output.
4. The control circuit according to claim 3 wherein said voltage sensing means comprises a plurality of said photovoltaic cells.
5. The control circuit of claim 1 wherein said circuit means is a voltage comparator.
6. The control circuit of claim 1 wherein said control means is a pulse-width modulator.
7. The control circuit of claim 1 wherein said switching means is a switching converter circuit.
This invention relates to a system for converting solar energy to electrical energy by an array of photovoltaic cells, specifically to a circuit for improving the conversion efficiency of such a system.
A number of prior-art systems have been developed to couple an electrical power source to a load; among these are those of Hartman (U.S. Pat. No. 3,384,806, May 21, 1968), Norris (U.S. Pat. No. 4,468,569, Aug. 28, 1984), Brasseur (U.S. Pat. No. 4,556,838, Dec. 3,1985), Mieth et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 4,695,785, Sept. 22, 1987), Anthony (U.S. Pat. No. 4,728,878, Mar. 1, 1988), and Bobier et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 4,742,291, May 3, 1988).
The coupling networks of Hartman, Norris, Brasseur, and Mieth employ some form of switching converter to ensure efficient power transfer from source to load. However, only Hartman, Norris, and Mieth teach power conversion efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) sources.
Variations of maximum power output of PV sources with radiation intensity and temperature changes require the load impedance to changed continually to maintain an impedance match.
The converters of Hartman, Norris, and Mieth use closed-loop control circuits to keep the load impedance adjusted to match that of the source. The voltage and/or current of the source are monitored to provide a voltage signal indicating the status of the source output. This status signal and a voltage reference signal are compared to generate an error signal. The reference voltage must track the I-V location of the maximum power point as it shifts with changes in radiation intensity and temperature. While these control circuits use the error signals to correct any deviations of the source status signal from the reference voltage, they have significant disadvantages.
In order to achieve maximum power transfer from source to load, terrestrial applications of PV sources require the reference signal to reflect changes in the I-V location of the maximum power point due to changes in temperature, as well as radiation intensity. The circuits of Hartman, Norris, and Mieth do not track the maximum power point with changes in temperature.
While Hartman obtains an error signal from a differentiation of the power function, his circuit requires complicated electronic procedures to extract the control logic from the error signal. Even then the reference voltage does not track varations in the maximum power point with temperature changes.
While Norris compares the source voltage to a preset, fixed reference voltage to provide an approximate method for tracking the maximum power point with radiation intensity, his system does not track with temperature.
Mieth measures the short-circuit current of the source to derive an error signal. However, Mieth's method requires involved, complex circuitry. Further, tracking the maximum power output with temperature is difficult since the short-circuit current increases with temperature while the maximum power decreases. This temperature dependence of power and current is illustrated in Mieth's FIG. 4.
It is, therefore, a primary object of the present invention to provide an improved photovoltaic conversion system. Other objects are to provide such a system with an improved coupling network connecting the PV cells to their load, and to provide such a network where the conversion efficiency of PV power sources is improved by using the open-circuit voltage of a PV cell as a reference signal for the control loop.
Since the reference signal from an open-circuit PV cell tracks the maximum power point with both radiation intensity and temperature, the present invention therefore offers several advantages over the aforedescribed prior art.
In particular, the ability of my circuit to track variations in the location of the maximum power point arising from variations in radiation intensity and from variations in ambient temperature increases the conversion efficiency of PV sources.
Also, my invention uses techniques and components developed for highly-efficient switching regulators, and a minimum of signal processing steps, to achieve a simple, efficient circuit.
Further objects and advantages will become apparent as the description proceeds.
FIG. 1 shows a functional block diagram of a solar energy system which incorporates a variable impedance matching network in accordance with my invention.
FIG. 2 shows current-versus-voltage characteristic curves of a photovoltaic power module.
18 sun as a source of radiation
20 PV (photovoltaic) power module
22 PNP switching transistor (TIP30A)
24 Schottky bypass diode
26 0.68 mH inductance
28 470 μF capacitor
30 load resistance
32 auxiliary photovoltaic cell
34 50 kΩ potentiometer
36 10 kΩ resistor
38 10 kΩ resistor
40 10 kΩ resistor
42 10 kΩ resistor
44 LM351 operational amplifier (National Semiconductor)
46 2.2 kΩ resistor
48 470Ω resistor
50 1 kΩ resistor
52 5 kΩ resistor
54 NE5561 integrated-circuit chip (Signetics)
56 18 kΩ resistor
58 0.0022 μF capacitor
60 I-V characteristic for light intensity of 100 mW/cm2
62 I-V characteristic for 75 mW/cm2
64 I-V characteristic for 50 mW/cm2
66 I-V characteristic for 25 mW/cm2
68 system's load line for 100 mW/cm2
70 maximum power point at 100 mW/cm2
72 maximum power point at 75 mW/cm2
74 maximum power point at 50 mW/cm2
76 maximum power point at 25 mW/cm2
78 system operating point at 75 mW/cm2
80 operating point at 50 mW/cm2
82 operating point at 25 mW/cm2
84 system's load line for 50 mW/cm2
86 region of open-circuit voltage
FIG. 1 shows the electrical configuration of a network which couples a PV (Photovoltaic) moldule (group of PV cells) 20 to a load (storage batteries, capacitors, etc) 30. The internal impedance of module 20 varies with the intensity of the radiation it receives from sun 18. In prior-art systems, module 20 was connected directly to load 30 and the configuration of either or both module 20 and load 30 were adjusted so that their impedances matched at a particular level of sunlight intensity. Normally, this level was the maximum intensity, which occurs on a clear day with the sun optimally overhead. At this time, maximum power transfer occurred from module 20 to load 30. However, when the solar radiation was less than optimal (morning, evening, or partially cloudy) the impedance of module 20 increased, so that substantially less than all of the solar energy converted by module 20 was received by load 30.
In accordance with the invention I provide a network for coupling module 20 to load 30. The impedance of this coupling network, which comprises all the other components in FIG. 1, varies with solar intensity so as to insure optimal energy transfer.
Specifically, the coupling network comprises a high-frequency switching transistor 22 whose emitter is connected to the positive output terminal of module 20; The other terminal of module 20 is grounded. The collector of the transistor is connected to the cathode of a Schottky (very fast switching) diode 24 and to one terminal of inductor 26. The other terminal of the inductor is connected to capacitor 28 and to the positive output terminal of load 30. The anode of diode 24, the other terminal of capacitor 28, and the negative terminal of load 30 are grounded.
A separate of auxiliary photovoltaic cell 32, which is not part of power module 20, is positioned to receive substantially the same light from the sun 18 as does module 20. Cell 32 is connected to the non-inverting input of an operational amplifier (opamp) 44 through a resistor network 38 and 40. The inverting or negative input of opamp 44 is connected to the positive terminal of module 20 through a resistor 36 and a potentiometer 34. A feedback resistor 42 connects the output of opamp 44 to this input. The output of opamp 44 is also connected to the input (pin 3) of an error amplifier contained in a pulse-width modulation chip (integrated circuit) 54, and to the junction of resistors 50 and 52. The other terminal of resistor 50 is grounded and the other terminal of feedback resistor 52 is connected to the output (pin 4) of the internal error amplifier. Resistances 46 and 48 connect module 20 to the base of transistor 22 and to the square-wave output (pin 7) of the chip 54. An RC loop comprising resistor 56 and capacitor 58 connect the internal power supply (pin 2) and oscillator input (pin 5) to ground.
To fully understand this invention it is first necessary to understand the photovoltaic (PV) characteristic curves shown in FIG. 2.
FIG. 2 is a plot of the I-V characteristics of module 20; it displays the system's response to solar radiation. Current is plotted on the vertical axis and voltage on the horizontal axis. Four curves 60, 62, 64, and 66 correspond to four decreasing levels of radiation intensity. Values of current and voltage yielding maximum power output at each level are designated at points 70, 72, 74, and 76. The system's load line for maximum power on curve 60 is represented by a diagonal line 68 from the origin through operating points 70, 78, 80, and 82. The system's load line for maximum power on curve 64 is shown as the diagonal line 84. The region where the four curves intersect the voltage axis is designated by reference number 86.
Top curve 60 is the characteristic response of the module to the maximum solar radiation at the surface of the earth (the power delivered is approximately 100 mW/cm2), i.e., when the sun is directly overhead on a clear summer day. Lower curves 62, 64, and 66 illustrate responses for decreasing intensities of power, namely 75, 50, and 25 mW/cm2 ; These represent less direct sunlight due to clouds, the time of day, etc. The points on the curves where values of voltage and current produce maximum power output are designated 70, 72, 74, and 76.
Straight line 68 extends from the origin up across the curves and represents the system's load line. The inverse slope of this line is the resistance of load 30. Line 68 intersects top curve 60 at point 70 of maximum power output. This is the operating point for this particular level of solar illumination, i.e., it indicates the output voltage and current of the module (18.7 V, 0.304 A), and the power (5.6 W). It can be seen that the operating point deviates further from the desired maximum as the light intensity decreases.
Photovoltaic power sources are normally used to store energy during the peak daylight hours by charging batteries, capacitors, or powering an inverter which converts the DC electrical energy to AC electrical energy for use by an electrical utility company. Such sources are designed to work into a fixed load resistance, in this case the resistance corresponding to the inverse slope of the system's load line 68.
I have found that considerably more power can be extracted from the PV source if the load line can be changed as necessary according to the intensity of the incident radiation. The load line will then interest the characteristic curves at their points of maximum power output. In other words, more power can be transferred from the PV module to the load when the effective load impedance is adjusted to match the PV source resistance.
The invention provides an active coupling network with a variable input impedance to accomplish this result. A reference signal from auxiliary cell 32 is used to adjust the impedance, or the load line, as the illumination changes.
The circuit was chosen because it is simple and has a theoretical efficiency of 100%, a matter of utmost concern here.
Pulsing switching transistor 22 on and off at a high frequency, e.g., 25 kHz, controls the flow of current from PV module 20 to load 30. The transistor is pulse-width modulated with a duty cycle which varies in accordance with solar conditions; I.e., when the solar radiation increases, the reference signal from the sensor cell 32 turns transistor 22 on for a larger fraction of each cycle. In accordance with Ohm's law, when the current (average) increases at a constant voltage, the impedance decreases. This decrease in impedance increases the slope (1/R) of the load line to match the internal impedance at the higher level of radiation. Conversely, as the solar intensity decreases, the on-time per cycle of the transistor decreases. This reduces the average current flow from the PV source to the load which in turn causes the load to appear to the source as a higher impedance. The higher impedance decreases the slope of the load line to reflect the reduced intensity of solar radiation.
LC circuit 26-28 filters the high-frequency ripple introduced by transistor 22. The switching circuit can be understood in terms of basic characteristics of capacitive and inductive circuits. The first step in filtering the ripple from the load is to place a capacitor in parallel with the load. However, switching a voltage source into a capacitance gives rise to large current spikes since the capacitor is essentially a short circuit. A series inductance provides a nondissipative way to limit the current flow from the source. On the other hand, when the transistor cuts off, the sudden interruption of current through the inductance generates large voltage spikes because di/dt (the time rate of change of current) is large. The idea then is to simultaneously close one switch (diode) when the switch supplying the current (transistor) is opened so that a current path for the inductance is maintained. Diode 24 conducts when the negative voltage spike provides a forward bias, allowing the inductance to discharge its stored energy to the load.
Chip 54 uses an internal reference voltage, an error amplifier, an oscillator, and a comparator to provide the switching control signal to transistor 22. Its output (pin 7) is a square wave with a variable duty cycle controlled by the input from opamp 44. The width of the square wave determines the percentage on-time, or duty cycle, of transistor 22.
Power module 20 consists, in one exemplary embodiment, of thirty-six single-crystal, silicon PV cells connected in series. Each cell had an open-circuit voltage of 0.6 V and a short-circuit current of 0.32 A under the conditions represented by curve 60 of FIG. 2. Curve 60 intersects the current axis at 0.32 A, which is the short-circuit current since the voltage is zero at this point. The curve intersects the voltage axis at 21.5 V (open circuit voltage) which is approximately 36 times the open-circuit cell voltage. It can be seen that the intersections of curves 62, 64, and 66 with the voltage axis, in the region designated 86, occur at progressively lower voltages. This variation of open-circuit voltage with light intensity is monitored by photovoltaic cell 32, a cell with the same response as those cells comprising module 20.
The open-circuit voltage of any PV cell is proportional to the logarithm of the incident radiation intensity and is a convenient parameter to track. The voltage at which the maximum power output occurs is proportional to the open-circuit voltage. The open-circuit voltage of cell 32 is monitored to track the ambient light intensity. This tracking signal is used as a reference voltage by opamp 44. A sample of output voltage from PV module 20 is compared to this reference voltage by opamp 44. In response opamp 44 generates the difference signal which it supplies to the control input (pin 3) of chip 54, which in turn adjusts the duty cycle of switching transistor 22 accordingly.
The impedance of the load will thus be effectively adjusted by controlling the duty cycle, or the percentage time, PV source 20 sees the laod 30. The effective impedance of the load 30 is given by the formula
where R is the fixed load resistance 30 and D is the variable duty cycle of switching transistor 22. The coupling network thus transforms the fixed resistance R of load 30 so that it appears to PV source 20 as a resistance with value R/D2.
Consider the following illustrative example: Assume that the light intensity at 1200 hrs on a given day is such that the characteristic curve of module 20 corresponds to curve 60 of FIG. 2 and that the load line intersects curve 60 at point 70. The inverse slope of line 68 is approximately 61 ohms. With a modulation, or duty cycle, of 80%, i.e., transistor 22 is on 80% of the time, the fixed resistance of load 30 is about 39 ohms (0.64�61 ohms=39 ohms).
As the sun declines from the zenith, the reference signal from detector 32 decreases in voltage, causing transistor 22 to conduct a smaller fraction of each cycle. The effective resistance of the load increases and, consequently, the system's load line becomes more horizontal. By 1600 hrs the intensity has decreased so that the characteristic curve of module 20 now corresponds to curve 64 of FIG. 2. Line 68 has gradually shifted to the position of line 84 and now has a resistance of 118 ohms. The duty cycle has decreased to 57.5% as determined from the equation
The coordinates of point 70 are approximately 18.7 V, 0.304 A, which gives 5.7 W for the power output. The power at point 74 is (18 V) (0.153 A)=2.8 W which is to be contrasted with the value (9.8 V) (0.16 A)=1.6 W at point 80; the 1.6 W is what the system would have delivered had the coupling network of the invention not been used, i.e., had the 61 ohms of line 68 been used as a fixed resistance.
A qualitative discussion of the system's operation will perhaps be helpful. It can be seen from FIG. 2 that the maximum power output occurs at nearly the same voltage (Vm) for each curve; For maximum power output the voltage is essentially the same for any level of illumination. To the extent that Vm is constant, the product IR is constant. At any instant the module contains electrical energy VQ where Q is the charge produced by the absorption of photons. Since the production of charge in the module is proportional to the intensity of the incident radiation, the production rate dQ/dt should equal I to keep Vm constant; Input equals output. When dQ/dt decreases, as in the example above, I must decrease. The current flow out of the module is reduced by decreasing the duty cycle of the transistor. The reduction in current is equivalent to an increase in resistance which changes the slope of the load line to the appropriate value.
A simple calculation will illustrate the advantage of the variable impedance network over fixed resistance coupling. Consider the total power generated by each of the two systems under similar conditions during a twelve-hour period. Atmospheric effects will be ignored so that the analysis will be a purely geometric problem.
The sun rises at 0600 hrs and 0 radians, ascends to the zenith at 1200 hrs and π/2 radians, and sets at 1800 hrs and π radians. The conditions at noon will correspond to curve 60 of FIG. 2 with a maximum power output of Pm =5.7 W at point 70. The radiation intensity will vary as sin θ over the period of interest.
The equation of a straight line is y=mx+b, so that the fixed load line is given by I=mV+0=V/R. Then V=IR where R is constant. The power for the case of fixed resistance is
so that the power output for Case 1 as a function of angle is ##EQU1##
The integral evaluated between the limits of 0 and π gives the total power for the twelve-hour period:
P1 =(π/2)Pm
In Case 2 the resistance changes continuously but the voltage is approximately constant. The expression for the power is
P2 =VI=Vm I
where Vm is the constant voltage for maximum power output. It is to be noted that in Case 2 the power is proportional to the current I and not I2. The expression for the power as a function of angle is then ##EQU2##
This integral over the angular region 0 to π gives
P2 =2Pm
for the total power output for Case 2. The percentage increase of Case 2 over Case 1 is
% Increase=(P2 -P1)/P1 �100
% Increase=(2-1.57)/1.57�100=27.4%
The inclusion of atmospheric influences in the problem is expected to further increase the performance of Case 2 compared to Case 1. The ability of the coupling network to adjust the effective load resistance for local variations in sun light on a continuing basis will significantly enhance the power output of Case 2 over the value calculated above.
The coupling network represents an improvement over fixed resistance coupling and improves the conversion efficiency of PV power supplies.
The reader will see that I have provided a switching network with an input impedance that is varied by a reference signal from a sensor PV cell to match the resistance required for maximum output power from the PV source under conditions of changing light intensity. This network thereby provides a significant improvement in the efficiency of solar power sources.
While a relative simple version of the invention has been discussed, a number of enhancements and variations can be provided. For example, the switching transistor can be any power switch device capable of high-frequency operation with a controllable duty cycle, such as PNP or NPN bipolar transistors, MOSFET devices, or the recently developed solid state triode (SST).
Alternative circuit configurations, i.e., different arrangements of transistors, diodes, inductance,s and capacitances can be used to obtain results similar to those obtained by the circuit as shown in FIG. 1. Further, other IC control chips than the one indicated in FIG. 1 can be used.
Also, there are other ways of generating and processing the control signal which varies the width of the pulse which drives the switching transistor. One need only monitor the light intensity by some device sensitive to solar radiation. When one or more PV cells are used for tracking purposes, the open-circuit voltage, the short-circuit current, the resistance, the power, and other light-sensitive characteristics of the cell will suffice for reference signals. A photodiode could be calibrated to supply the same information. The sensor PV cell could be eliminated and the output of the power module itself could be used to ascertain the value of matching impedance for maximum power output.
Accordingly, the scope of the invention should be determined not by the embodiment illustrated, but the appended claims and their legal equivalents.
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Or find a doctor at another Johns Hopkins Medicine Member Hospital:
Gregory Bergey, M.D.
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He is co-director of the Epilepsy Research Laboratory at Johns Hopkins, where their NIH-funded research projects involve patterns of seizure onset, propagation and cessation, and investigations into computer-simulated neural networks - research that strives to provide insights into mechanisms of seizure activity that can be used to develop better means of seizure control.
After graduating from Princeton University and the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Dr. Bergey completed his internship and residency in internal medicine at Yale-New Haven Hospital in Connecticut. He later completed a residency in neurology at The Johns Hopkins Hospital. Dr. Bergey received additional postdoctoral training in neurophysiology in the Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology at the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
Dr. Bergey currently sees patients at the Johns Hopkins Outpatient Center in Baltimore on Tuesdays and Wednesdays.
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Tennis season is beginning the downhill stretch for the Starkville Academy Volunteers.
As the regular season winds down, coach Lynn Moorehead is anticipating getting in some good court time for her athletes.
"I am looking forward to getting more experience for my players," Moorehead said. "This gets them in a competitive situation so they get their minds ready for district."
All season long, Moorehead said the team has been working hard and improving in every spot. She is looking forward to seeing what the team can do this week as the season begins to wind down.
To subscribe to the E-edition, please click here [3].
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The Utah Jazz are currently in position to make the NBA playoffs out of the Western Conference, but they reportedly are likely to make a trade that would change their roster significantly. According to ESPN's Marc Stein, the Jazz will be looking to deal either Al Jefferson or Paul Millsap at some point over the next few months. Stein reports that it's assumed throughout the league that either player will be traded. One of the big reasons for the trade is that both players will be free agents in July, meaning Utah would lose the players without receiving anything in return. Additionally, the Jazz have two other big men whom they would like to see develop in the front court. Derrick Favors and Enes Kanter were the No. 3 overall picks in the 2010 and 2011 NBA drafts, respectively. Utah entered Saturday's play 13-11. They may be reluctant to trade both big men for fear that it could knock them out of the playoff hunt, but they could opt to deal one. Jefferson is leading the team with 17.3 points and 10.4 rebounds per game. Millsap is right behind him with 15.3 points and 8.4 boards per game. They both rank about the same in terms of efficiency. Favors has averaged 9.2 points and 7.3 rebounds in nearly 22 minutes per game this season, while Kanter has averaged 6.4 points and 4.1 rebounds in 15.3 minutes per game. Chest bump to Pro Basketball Talk
Pleeeeeease send Milsap to the Bulls!
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Note: I'm a member of the Target Inner Circle and was given gift cards to use to facilitate this post.
Family movie night just got a little more simplified at our house, thanks to Target Ticket. Target Ticket is Target's new video download and rental service that allows you to buy, rent, download, and stream videos.
We were given a chance to give this new service a try and one lucky Simple Kids reader is going to win a chance to give Target Ticket a try, too!


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Originally written on Angelswin | Last updated 10/25/14
It's hard to say that any one part of and AngelsWin.com Spring Training Fanfest is any better than any other. Having the opportunity to hear Tim Salmon speak, listening to a round table discussion from members of the media, listening to Jerry Dipoto take questions from the fans all have their unique appeal. But, there is one part of every AngelsWin.com Spring Training Fanfest that is truly special: The Dugout Talk With Tim Mead held on Sunday, after the Fanfest Dinner. As part of the festivities, AngelsWin.com fans are allowed into the stadium early in the morning on Sunday to watch the full batting practice and to hear Tim Mead talk about the organization. Over the years, this Dugout Talk has evolved as the Angels have grown in national prominence and as the AngelsWin.com Spring Training Fanfest has grown in size. This year, there were over 100 fans lined up at 9:00 to get into the stadium to hear the speech. More importantly, they were given the opportunity to ask their ques...
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Vickerman Orange Slim Fir Pre-lit Christmas TreeItem # HN-VKR1034
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Alzheimer's Disease Patient Caregiver Guide Center - Buckeye, AZ
Buckeye Geriatrician Doctors for Alzheimer's Disease Patient Caregiver Guide
Type of Physician: Geriatrician
What is a Geriatrician?
A subspecialty certification by the Board of Internal Medicine or Family Practice; practitioners have special knowledge of the aging process and special skills in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of illness in the elderly. These specialists care for geriatric patients in the patient's home, the medical office, in nursing homes, and in the hospital. Geriatricians are trained to recognize the unusual presentations of illness and drug interactions, to utilize resources such as community social services, and to assist with special ethical issues in the care of the elderly.
Specialty: Geriatric Medicine
Common Name:
Geriatrician Doctors in Buckeye *
A Clark Ruttinger DO
Estrella Specialty Care
Sun City West Cigna Hlth Care
Westside Internal Medicine
Northwest VA Health Care Clinic
Westside Internal Medcn Grtrcs
Westside Internal Medicine
Grand Medical Associates
Grand Medical Associates
Banner Arizona Medical Clinic
Daniel L Kessler MD
Ofelia Z Popluca MD PC
Estrella Internal Medcn GER
Clinic For Chest Diseases
DNM Clinic PC
Banner Family Medicine
Cannon Medical Clinic
Thimmavajjhala Sreecharana MD
Banner Health Center
Desert Ridge Surgical Specs LLC
Plaza Medical Mexicana PC
Banner Med Grp Wst Reg Hsptlist
Matilda Medical Office LLC
Geriatric Specialists of AZ
Geriatric Specialists of AZ
AZ Valley Clinic
Morton H Dubnow MD
St Josephs Family Medicine
Evercare Hospice/Palliative Car
Banner Alzheimer's Institute
Banner Internal Medicine Center
North Phoenix Medical Clinic
North Phoenix Medical Clinic
Phoenix Indian Medical Center
Phoenix Indian Medical Center
Squaw Peak Family Medicine
La Estancia Nursing & Rehab
Gila Internal Med/Geriatrics
Advanced Urgent Care
Community Hospital Clinic
Vijaya S Nabar MD
Judith A Mello MD
T Mark Cwynar MD
Donald A Opila MD
Internal Medicine Specialists
Geriatric Solutions LLC
Michael R White MD
Scott L Bernstein MD
Savin Medical Center
Scottsdale Adult Medicine
Phoenix Geriatrics/Intrnl Medcn
Arizona Family/Geriatric Medcn
Greco Medical
Ronald M Smith MD
George M O' Brien DO
Broadway East Internists
Broadway East Internists
Broadway East Internists
Internal Medicine Crossings
Windsong Medical Associates
Buckeye, Arizona
Alzheimer's Disease Patient Caregiver Guide
Tips for Caregivers of a Person with Alzheimer's Disease
Caring for a person with Alzheimer's disease at home is a difficult task and can become overwhelming at times. Each day brings new challenges as the caregiv...!--*ICCChunk-2731*-->
Read the Alzheimer's Disease Patient Caregiver Guide article »
Other Related Alzheimer's Disease Patient Caregiver Guide Articles
Emergency Contact for Buckeye
Nearby Buckeye Hospitals *
Cancer Center Of America At Wes
West Valley Hospital
Banner Estrella Medical Center
Banner Del E Webb Medical Ctr
Banner Boswell Medical Center
Maryvale Hospital
Healthsouth Valley Of The Sun
Banner Behavioral Health Center
Banner Thunderbird Medical Ctr
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Arrowhead Hospital
Phoenix Baptist Hospital
Select Specialty Hospital
St Joseph's Hospital Med Ctr
Surgical Specialty Hospital
Kindred Hospital-Phoenix
Banner Good Samaritan Med Ctr
Carl T Hayden VA Medical Center
Saint Lukes Medical Center
St Luke's Behavioral Health
Youth Development Institute
Phoenix Indian Medical Center
Arizona Heart Hospital
Phoenix Children's Hospital
Alhambra Treatment Center
Arizona State Hospital
Arizona State Prison Complex
John C Lincoln North Mtn Hosp
Los Ninos Hospital
Maricopa Medical Center
John C Lincoln Deer Valley Hosp
*Provider Directory Terms of Use:
The WebMD 'Provider Directory' is provided by WebMD for use by the general public as a quick reference of information about Providers. The Provider Directory is not intended as a tool for verifying the credentials, qualifications, or abilities of any Provider contained therein. Inclusion in the Provider Directory does not imply recommendation or endorsement nor does omission in the Provider Directory imply WebMD disapproval.


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The construction of a large new jetty at Holmsgarth North is due to begin later this year and will provide deeper berthing and more working area for the fishing fleet. The outer arm of the L-shaped jetty will create a dock sheltering a planned new white fish market. It will also be suitable for offshore industry vessels.
Extending to over 630 metres, the Holmsgarth North project is scheduled for completion, at an estimated cost of £17 million, at the end of 2015.
It will be followed by the construction of the market, timetabled to start in early 2016 at Mair's Quay. The quay was completed last year and has already brought benefits to the fleet. Sandra Laurenson, Lerwick Port Authority Chief Executive, said: "The commitment by the Port Authority to develop these next projects for the fishing industry will secure Lerwick as a leading fishing port in the UK and complement the excellent service provision for the fleet available here in Shetland.
"The main economic driver for this community is the marine sector and by meeting the requirements for fish landings in the future, that economy can flourish."


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- List of properties
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183 commercial properties for sale found
- 10
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18,000 sq ft
Warehouse for sale Unit 1 and 2, Kelvin Industrial Estate, Long Drive, Greenford, UB6 8WA
Almost 18,000 Sq Ft WAREHOUSE / OFFICE SPACES based in Greenford, West London. There are EXCELLENT TRANSPORT LINKS. 15 minutes to Central London and Heathrow Airport and a 10 minute walk to Greenford Tube Station. 15 CAR PARKING SPACES AVAILABLE. Fully refurbished within the last 10 years. More details ›
- 5
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Residential Development for sale Rayners Lane, Rayners Lane, Middlesex
The property is prominently located at the junction with Village Way East and Imperial Drive, Rayners Lane, Harrow, Middlesex within walking distance to Rayners Lane (Metropolitan and Piccadilly Lines) Station. A substantial prominent detached Grade II Listed building, offers basement, ground an... More details ›
£1,400,000 Guide Price
Guide Price £1,400,000
5,050 sq ft
Office for sale Headstone Road, Harrow, Middlesex
Self Contained Office Building Harrow Town Centre, within easy walking distance of Harrow-on-the-Hill (Metropolitan Line) Station and Bus Terminal. St George''s Shopping Centre & adjoining Car Park is directly opposite the building. Comprises a former Post Office building TOTAL 5,050 SQ FT More details ›
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6,330 sq ft
Light Industrial for sale Unit 4, 94-96 Queensbury Road, Park Royal, London, HA0 1QG
The units are of STEEL TRUSS CONSTRUCTION with brick elevations, a multiple pitched roof. Each unit has been finished to a basic standard to keep costs down and allow the occupier to customize the unit to their own. EXCELLENT ROAD COMMUNICATIONS to Central London and the motorway network. More details ›
£625,000 Offers in Region of
Offers in Region of £625,000
1,391 sq ft
Cafe for sale Joel Street, Northwood Hills, Middlesex
An A3/A5 restaurant/ takeaway currently trading as a Lebanese cuisine. The premises includes a fully fitted kitchen, fully fitted bar with seating up to 68 covers including outside seating. More details ›
£565,000 Guide Price
- 7
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Guide Price £565,000
1,680 sq ft
Pub for sale Shaftesbury Parade, South Harrow, Middlesex
FREEHOLD Self Contained Ground Floor A4 Pub premises with Fully Fitted Bar including customer seating within garden area. The premises include a first floor 2 bed flat above. More details ›
- 0
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1,345 sq ft
Office for sale Roxeth Green Avenue, South Harrow
***NEW INSTRUCTION*** NEWLY BUILT MODERN GROUND FLOOR OFFICES WITH PLANNING PERMISSION FOR THE USE OF B1, D1 & D2. FULLY FITTED TO INCLUDE AIR CONDITIONING / HEATING, CAT 5 CABLING, SUSPENDED CEILING, LIGHTING, CARPETING. VIRTUAL FREEHOLD long leasehold 999 years FOR SALE More details ›
1,507 sq ft
Commercial Property for sale Main Avenue, Northwood
Ferrari Dewe are delighted to present FOR SALE this A2 Commercial premises in the ever popular and affluent Moor Park. The premises offer ground floor with shop frontage and rear offices together with lower ground floor with basement, WC facilities and Double Garage. More details ›
- 9
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1,464 sq ft
Office for sale High Street, Northwood, Middlesex
We are pleased to offer this attractive refurbished self contained two storey air conditioned office building located off the High Street, Northwood which is now immediately available to inspect. Freehold for Sale or a new FR&I lease for a term to be agreed. More details ›
£465,000 Offers in Region of
Offers in Region of £465,000
630 sq ft
Cafe for sale Northolt Road, South Harrow, Middlesex
NEW TO MARKET: Ferrari Dewe are pleased to offer this fantastic opportunity to purchase or lease a class A3 establishment on the busy Northolt Road, South Harrow. More details ›
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Hundreds of curiosity-seekers, horse-traders and others have attended an auction of the estate of a suicidal man who released dozens of exotic animals in eastern Ohio almost two years ago.
Ohio owners sue state over new exotic animal law
COLUMBUS, Ohio - Four owners of exotic animals in Ohio are suing the state's agriculture department and its director over a new law regulating the dangerous wildlife.
The owners claim the law threatens their property rights and freedom of speech. They say it forces them to join private associations and possibly give up their animals without compensation. They also contend it unlawfully forces them to perform surgical procedures on the animals.
The lawsuit was filed Friday in Columbus federal court.
Under the law, owners face a Monday deadline to register their wildlife. If they don't, they could face a first-degree misdemeanor charge for a first offense, and a fifth-degree felony for any subsequent offenses.
Owners also are required to microchip their animals so they can be identified if they get lost or escape.
More stories
Attorneys for Ohio told a federal appeals court Wednesday that the state's exotic animal law gives owners a pathway to keep the creatures if they choose and doesn't violate their constitutional rights.
Owners of exotic animals in Ohio would be required to meet new caging, safety and caretaking standards under proposed rules slated for review Wednesday by a legislative panel.


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Wii U
Lovin the hypocrisy for next-gen online philiosophies........
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Remember how a LOT of people here were raggin on Nintendo for not having their online? With up to par features particularly accounts (although Nintendo is still supposed to be working towards this in this gen), then the nitpicky whining about the updated VC for Wii U, and the overzealous backlash for the minuscule VC fee despite the fact their are other breaks to go along with that in the process (30th Anniversary .30 deals, Deluxe Digital Promotion, near FULL BC Wii transfer, etc.).
It was ALWAYS compared to Sony, who does have a damn good PSN service for PS3. Now enter PS4, where I didn't think it was possible, but they actually did worse than Nintendo (Retail PS3 as well as PS3 PSN purchases are completely incompatible with the new hardware, even Dualshock 3 is incompatible with PS4, though I guess that makes sense in the bigger scheme of things as well). Oh and for those that REALLY want to dispute this, take it up with IGN, TONS of incompatibility stories there.....
So Sony are forcing their PS3 players to keep their PS3 for all things PS3 even though it makes logical sense for people to expect (especially when you factor in the superior PSN service) that at LEAST the PS3/PSN software should be compatible on PS4, hell they're still using a BLU-RAY drive on the thing! Plus, for PSN purchases NOT to be compatible or transferred over from PS3 screams definite WTF?
I'm calling out the hypocritical double standard when its Nintendo vs. other companies online because for some very strange reason, the outcry and the backlash for Sony's misguided efforts (especially from nearly all the Sony fans and the rest of the jaded misinformed gaming media for that matter) are no where near as LOUD nor as CRITICAL compared to even the smallest of Nintendo's own past mistakes. Actually excusing this fact and going with the lame excuse of "im buying PS4 just for the PS4 games" COMPLETELY goes against all the jaded nonsensical bragging Sony fans have made about the absolute convenience of the PS3. So what's unacceptable for Nintendo is just OK for Sony now? SMH PLEASE............
So for all the haters who want to keep knocking on Nintendo for not having the same type of online service as the others, I seriously suggest you take a nice hard look at your own favorite next-gen hardware before proceeding further, cause it looks like you have NOTHING else of validity to discuss as far as next-gen online goes.......
well said
Ds3 not compatible? Those slimy bastards!!
*shakes fist like old man*
Wait a minute. PSN purchases don't transfer?
(@_@) Spinda is watching
sentoworf posted...
Wait a minute. PSN purchases don't transfer?
^Here it is!
And about the lack of Dual Shock 3 support (but it still supports move despite the fact that the tech in already IN the PS4 controller....weird):
What it hurts more is the digital aspect, I mean, I understand the PS3 part, machine is build different and all that, but digital games? Things like Braid and stuff, don´t tell me the PS4 can´t emulate those? Those are even Xbox games, meaning is does no use the PS3 weird architecture...
XBL/PSN/Steam/NNID: VidalukoVet
(most)This gen games: http://i20.photobucket.com/albums/b245/VIdaluko/DSC00631.jpg
lp913 posted...
sentoworf posted...Wait a minute. PSN purchases don't transfer?
What the hell >_>
(@_@) Spinda is watching
vidalmoraza posted...
What it hurts more is the digital aspect, I mean, I understand the PS3 part, machine is build different and all that, but digital games? Things like Braid and stuff, don´t tell me the PS4 can´t emulate those? Those are even Xbox games, meaning is does no use the PS3 weird architecture...
The lack of digital compatibility especially for PSN standards is whats REALLY mindblowing here, couldn't believe it myself when I first read about it!
icarus231 posted...
well said
Dog posted: I know I have bias...
I guess tc haven't been on the ps4 board.
PSN ID: Omniryu; Skype: Ryan.cox43
Gamertag: Omniryu


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Ladies National Association for the Repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts
The Ladies National Association for the Repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts was established in 1869 by Elizabeth Wolstenholme and Josephine Butler in response to the Contagious Diseases Acts that were passed by the British Parliament in 1864. The Act legalized prostitution and put the women involved under police and medical control. Not only was "sin" made official but poor women were badly treated. No other campaign groups dealing with the repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts were as successful or held as much significance for women as the Ladies National Association. However, the LNA was not only concerned with the Contagious Diseases Acts; they were involved in other important social and political issues as well. They had the unanimous support of a Royal Commission in 1871, and by years of lobbying convinced Parliament to suspend the Acts in 1883 and repeal them in 1886, thus ending legalized prostitution.
Parliament in the 1860s in the Contagious Diseases Acts ("CD") adopted the French system of licensed prostitution. The "regulationist policy" was to isolate, segregate, and control prostitution. The main goal was to protect working men, soldiers and sailors near ports and army bases from catching venereal disease. Young women officially became prostitutes and were trapped for life in the system. The Ladies National Association was established in 1869 in response to the Contagious Diseases Act. Women were not allowed to join the original official repeal group, the National Association for the repeal of the Contagious Diseases Act. By 1871, the LNA had fifty-seven branches and 811 subscribing members, and as part of their effort for the campaign had published more than 520 pamphlets regarding the issue.
"Your manifesto has shaken us very badly in the House of Commons: a leading man in the house remarked to me, 'We know how to manage any other opposition in the House or in the country, but this is very awkward for us, this revolt of women"[1]
- House of commons spokesperson
This comment illustrates how unique the movement was for the time. The Ladies National Association was the first politically focused campaign to be organized and led entirely by women, and in that way its members were pioneers for the rights of women. They were also one of the first such movements to be successful: the Contagious Diseases Acts were repealed in 1886.
Repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts[edit]
The Contagious Diseases Act was a law passed by Parliament in 1864. It was replaced by Acts of 1866 and 1869 giving even more powers to the police, and covering additional districts. It caused demand not only for extension of the acts to the rest of the country, but also for the repeal of the acts. LNA defended prostitutes, saying that they were the victims of social injustice, not criminal miscreants.[2]
On 1 January 1870 the LNA published an article named 'Women's Protest' in the 'Daily News;' this article gave a detailed explanation of what exactly the Ladies National Association felt was unjust and unlawful about these acts
"2nd – because as far as women are concerned, they remove every guarantee of personal security which the law has established and held sacred, and put their reputation, their freedom, and their persons absolutely in the power of the police"
Many influential women of the time associated themselves with this article, such as Florence Nightingale, Harriet Martineau, Mary Carpenter and many figures known in the literary and philosophical world.[4] This article printed in the Daily News points out exactly what angered the LNA: the double standards of men, the fact that only woman (even though men were also responsible for the spread of venereal disease) were subjected to humiliating medical examinations, that if they were found to be infected they would be contained in hospitals for treatment, and that if women refused to comply with the police they could face imprisonment regardless of any possible financial, economic, social and emotional impact on the woman or her family.
The LNA faced confrontation not only from their rival group the Association for Promoting the Extension of the Contagious Diseases Acts who were campaigning for the extension of the contagious diseases acts, but by society in general. Many people were appalled by her frank manner in describing sexual matters and police brutality; it drew a lot of negative attention from newspaper editors and columnists, many of whom felt it was inappropriate for a woman to behave in such manner. An example of the condemnation can be seen by an article written by Dr. Preston on 24 June:
"I will pass over to Mrs. Josephine Butler's address in public before men. . . because I believe that a very large majority of our sex. . . can only characterize it as the height of indecency to say the least. But it is my opinion that women are ignorant of the subject – but not Mrs. Josephine Butler and company – they know nothing about it. . . certainly if such women as Mrs. Butler continue to go about addressing public meetings – they may ultimately do so but as present I venture to say that they are ignorant and long may they remain so. I don't like to see women discuss the matter at all. No men, whoever they may be, admire women who openly show that they know as much on disgusting subjects as they do themselves, much less so those who are so indelicate to discuss them in public."[5]
However, her actions made her a heroine among other writers, particularly suffragist pamphleteers who admired her work and continuous effort for the repeal of the acts.
This letter also illustrates the high level of double standards in Victorian society, where men were considered superior to women and a woman who interfered with politics and other matters that 'did not concern her' was considered unattractive.
International Efforts[edit]
Butler and the rest of the Ladies National Association not only concentrated their efforts within Britain. In May 1886, Butler wrote to the Priestman sisters about turning the LNA into an organization for the colonies because the Contagious Diseases Acts were still in effect there, though they had been repealed at home.[6] There was similar legislation in various European countries and similar provisions were enacted in India under the British Raj in 1897. The LNA took these legislations just as seriously as the acts in Britain and actively started campaigning for their repeal as well. Butler spent many years traveling between countries trying to rally support for her cause as well as holding numerous meetings in Britain.
In May 1887 Butler told Sentinel readers that
"our poor Indian sisters claim our sympathy even more than our own country women who were subjected to the C.D. Acts, for not only are they women oppressed by men, but they are the women of a conquered race oppressed by their conquerors. Their hope of deliverance must seem to them so very far off."[7]
Other Campaigns[edit]
Not only did the LNA concern themselves with the Contagious Diseases Acts, they also contributed to other women's rights campaigns of the time. For example, the LNA and some of its individual members were involved throughout the suffrage movement and their campaign for the women's vote.
Further reading[edit]
- Walkowitz, Judith. Prostitution and Victorian Society: Women, Class and the State. Cambridge, 1980.
- J. Walkowitz 'City of Dreadful Delight'
- E.M Sigworth and T.J Wyke 'A study of Victorian Prostitution and Venereal Disease' in M. Vicinus' 'Suffer and Be Still'.
- Josephine Butler 'Personal Reminiscences of a Great Crusade'
- Antoinette Butler, Burdens of History: British Feminists, Indian Woman, and Imperial Culture, 1865-1915 (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1994)
- ^ J. Butler, Personal Reminiscences of a Great Crusade (London: Horace Marshall & Son, 1896) P.11
- ^ J. Walkowitz, Prostitution and Victorian Society (United States of America: Cambridge University Press, 1980). 140
- ^ J. Butler, Personal Reminiscences of a Great Crusade (London: Horace Marshall & Son, 1896) P.18
- ^ J. Butler, Personal Reminiscences of a Great Crusade (London: Horace Marshall & Son, 1896) P.11
- ^ E.M Sigworth and T.J Wyke 'A Study of Victorian Prostitution and Venereal Disease', in M. Vicnius, Suffer and be still. Women in the Victorian Age (London: Methuen & Co Ltd, 1980) P. 88
- ^ Antoinette Butler, Burdens of History: British Feminists, Indian Woman, and Imperial Culture, 1865-1915 (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1994), 131.
- ^ Butler, Burdens of History: British Feminists, Indian Woman, and Imperial Culture, 1865-1915 p 146.


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Welcome to ALS Insights.
Qualicare has been deeply involved with the ALS community since before our beginning. Over the years, we have developed a special sensitivity to those with ALS and their families. We've helped them from the life-changing diagnosis through the wrenching adjustments to living with this new reality. As difficult as this condition is, we have seen stories of courage and growth as families cope with and in some cases surmount the impact of this disease. We've been there.
The goal of ALS Insights is to reach out to those who are starting on the ALS journey and, in a small way, to provide information, comfort and strength through sharing stories and insights from ALS families and ALS professionals.
But it's not just about ALS. These stories contain nuggets that we can all use as we keep up with life's physical and emotional challenges.
If you'd like to share your story or if you'd like us to notify you when new additions are made to ALS Insights, please click here
In this section, people who have been directly impacted by ALS share their thoughts about the ALS Journey.
Medical Professionals Share Their Insights
In this section, professionals who are actively involved in the ALS community share their insights with wisdom and compassion.
In this section, we provide a wide range of resources – from caregiving tips to ALS information to more stories from those who have been on the ALS Journey.
The BiPAP, a non-invasive ventilation device, has significantly improved the quality of life for many ALS patients. In this section, we provide detailed information on how it works and how to use it.


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Peter L. BernsteinPraise for Bull's Eye Investing
"This book has more wisdom per page than any reader has the right to ask for. John Mauldin knows the score and tells the reader how to join him in keeping count.
—(Peter L. Bernstein, author of the bestseller Against the Gods)


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The Beckhams haven't been photographed together for ages.
View Single Post
22-04-2013, 18:20
Daisy Bennyboots
Forum Member
Join Date: Jan 2007
Location: The sticks
Posts: 15,924
Originally Posted by
Ah F&T, there are no winners here. If they're no longer together as a couple, then she's a terrible person for maintaining the illusion for the brand, dontcha know, and if they are still together,
then she's a terrible person for not flying to be with him on her birthday
or turning up to watch him kicking a ball.
Oh and don't forget she never smiles either, her most evilest crime of all.
I'm not saying she's a terrible person for it..but aw Lexi...wouldn't you just really, really want to spend your birthday with your beloved if there was no obstacle to it?
Originally Posted by
Big Boy Barry
Has it really come to this?
You don't get enough photographs of the Beckhams so you speculate that they may be seperated?
Good grief.
Just a media observer reporting what I have noticed and asking the opinion of other showbiz watchers
Daisy Bennyboots
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K-State's Olathe Innovation Campus is hosting its inaugural Ingenuity Central event Thursday, which is aimed at sparking new ideas and collaborations among companies from a variety of sectors and promoting further innovation and business growth in the region.
Aratana Therapeutics has secured a global licensing agreement to develop and commercialize a drug for dogs to treat an inflammatory skin disorder.
Aratana Therapeutics announced Wednesday it will offer 4.5 million shares of its common stock at $9.25 a share, which would raise about $41.6 million.
Kansas City, Kan., animal health company Aratana Therapeutics Inc. announced a third public offering of its stock Tuesday.
Kansas City, Kan., animal health company Aratana Therapeutics Inc. has licensed a new stem cell therapy that it plans to develop for the treatment of osteoarthritis in dogs.
Eleven Kansas City-area companies are finalists in the Central Midwest region for EY Entrepreneur Of The Year 2014.
Aratana Therapeutics announced it has acquired the licensing rights to four products from Advaxis in a deal valued up to $37 million.
Aratana Therapeutics Inc. is increasing the size of its public stock offering by 1 million shares and has set the offering price at $19 a share.
Aratana Therapeutics Inc. announced Tuesday that it has gained conditional approval to begin marketing a drug designed to treat cancer in dogs.
Want to hack for a weekend and earn $50,000? GlobalHack is coming to Union Station next weekend and it only costs $2. See the details here
Aratana Therapeutics Inc. announced it will sell 5.5 million shares of common stock in a public offering that it hopes will raise roughly $79 million.
With Monday's acquisition of a Belgian animal health company, Aratana Therapeutics Inc. is preparing to move in on the European market.
Aratana Therapeutics Inc. of Kansas City, Kan., has acquired Okapi Sciences, a Belgium-based company with five clinical/development-stage candidates f ...
Kansas City, Kan. pet health company Aratana Therapeutics Inc. announced its third quarter financials Wednesday.
Aratana Therapeutics Inc. has added a 20-year veteran of the pharmaceutical industry as its CFO, the company announced on Monday.


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What is it?
All instruments in the Reason Electric Basses ReFill were recorded using multiple microphones and dedicated bass amp setups, giving you full control of your overall bass sound. Based on note for note Hypersampling, these basses come complete with bends, glissandos and fret noises, making them very responsive, and very much alive.
With a vast selection of instrument, mic and amplifier combinations to choose from, you can rest assured that the bass sound you are looking for can be found here.
Featured instruments
Fender Jazz Bass (1968)
String type: roundwound. Playing style: fingered.
Fender Precision Bass (1965)
String type: flats. Playing style: fingered.
Gibson Les Paul (1969)
String type: vintage roundwound. Playing style: fingered.
Rickenbacker 4001 (1974)
String type: roundwound. Playing style: Picked.
Gibson EB-0 (1970)
String type: roundwound. Playing style: fingered.
Kay Hollowbody (1963)
String type: flats. Playing style: Picked.
MusicMan Stingray Fretless (2001)
String type: flats, 5-string. Playing style: fingered
Fender Precision Bass (1978)
String type: roundwound. Playing style: picked.
The Ampeg Flip Top amp with Neumann U47FET, Didrik M49, Yamaha Subkick and Coles microphones.
ReFill Features
Preset patches:
These are the basic, instrument specific Combinator patches for various mic/amp combinations.
Producer patches:
Producer-made, mix-ready bass sounds.
Style patches:
Ready-made patches styled for different types of music:
- Pop
- Rock
- Funk/Disco
- Reggae
- Electronic
- Hip hop/RnB
Template patches:
Empty, pre-routed patches for building advanced bass/amp/mic combos. Using these as a starting point, you can build your own sounds using every thinkable (and most likely some unthinkable too) combination of instrument, microphones and amplification.
Effect patches:
Stomp box type bass effects that make full use of Reason's effects and routing powers. Most of the effect patches make use of Reason's combinator device to give you a complex set of effects and routings by loading a single patch.
Reason and ReFill are trademarks of Propellerhead Software. All other commercial symbols are protected trademarks and trade names of their respective holders. All specifications subject to change without notice. © 2008 Software. All rights reserved. Printed in Sweden.


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Hey Karl/Nige,
As mentioned temperature is much more important for colour than B&W processing. For that reason I bought a rotary processor a little while ago. If you're wanting to save on space and get more consistent results, the Durst Printo colour processors are a good way to go.
As it happens, I've had the hard word to sell mine which is taking up space in the spare room at the moment. Unfortunately my good intentions of getting into colour processing at nome were never realised. To save me the bother of feebay, you can have it cheap if you wish to go that way.
Though, of course if you feel you've spent enough already I can understand that!
best, john


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MPL AG Announces EN50155 Certified Core i7 Embedded Computer for Railway Applications
The new PIP3x product is an EN50155 Class Tx certified rugged, highly flexible, and fanless embedded computer solution, using the 3rd Generation Intel Core i7 and Celeron CPU. The PIP3x Family products have specifically been developed for the use in rugged applications such as Railway, Maritime, or Defense.
Dättwil, Switzerland (PRWEB) October 15, 2013
The PIP3x Family is completely designed from scratch to ensure highest reliability. The design is based on MPL's 28 years of experience in the field of low power engineering. The PIP form factor has been introduced more than 17 years ago and still remains in the same size and conception. The real advantage for the customers is the fact that the products are designed for long-term availability. To ensure this, MPL designs and manufacturers the products 100% in Switzerland. All components are stocked at MPL Switzerland to guarantee that the products can be supported and repaired, even years after EOL for a product.
- 4GB soldered on-board ECCRAM, expandable with additional memory modules.
- Four Gigabit Ethernet ports with RJ45 or M12 connectors.
- Internal expansions with PCI/104, PCI/104 Express, PMC & XMC, or PCIe cards (up to x16).
- Internal miniPCIe slot for various extensions (WLAN, UMTS/GPRS and GPS).
- External expansion options with ePCI and eSATA equipment.
- Four DB-9 connectors (RS232/422/485) allowing to connect any serial line devices.
- USB ports supporting USB3.0 and USB2.0 equipment.
- Operating temperature range -20°C to +60°C (optional -40°C to +85°C without fan).
- Standard PIP housing in 3 different heights or mounted on cooling plate.
- Long-term available – typically 10 years or more.
MPL's Railway Solutions are EN50155 certified and undergo environmental testing to ensure reliable performance under a variety of conditions. The PIP3x product family has been tested from -40°C to +85°C, called Tx in the EN 50155 Standard. It also includes the Railways Standard EMC and mechanical tests. Each PIP solution delivered in extended temperature, will also be tested in MPL's own climate chamber.
About the Company
MPL AG is located in Switzerland in the town of Daettwil near Zurich and was founded in 1985 by Rudolf Hug. Since 1985, MPL AG has been developing and manufacturing industrial PCs (boards and systems) for industrial needs and industrial controls with a high quality standard. The success of the company is based on various unique solutions: a rugged, PC compatible industrial concept, long-term availability of our products, low power consumption, extended temperature range, and passive cooling concepts (fanless).
For the original version on PRWeb visit: http://www.prweb.com/releases/2013/10/prweb11227663.htm


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32 Reviews
Average Customer Review
Share your thoughts with other customersCreate your own review
5.0 out of 5 stars gift
this was a gift for my granddaughters and i'm sure that they loved it sorry i do not watch them
Published 15 months ago by Pat Heipel
2 of 2 people found the following review helpful
2.0 out of 5 stars Lame, Laughable, Dumbed down
I read the book first, perhaps that spoiled the movie for me. While the film follows the book fairly well, it misses out things, such as the depth of Bella's emotions, especially during the Jacob kiss scene, and afterward, and during the fight with Victoria, who is played by a much less threatening woman. She didn't give me the creeps at all, she rather looked kinda...
Published on Jan. 21 2011 by Estrild
Most Helpful First | Newest First
2 of 2 people found the following review helpful
2.0 out of 5 stars Lame, Laughable, Dumbed down,
Estrild (BC, Canada) - See all my reviews
I read the book first, perhaps that spoiled the movie for me. While the film follows the book fairly well, it misses out things, such as the depth of Bella's emotions, especially during the Jacob kiss scene, and afterward, and during the fight with Victoria, who is played by a much less threatening woman. She didn't give me the creeps at all, she rather looked kinda cuddley.
I hated the line, "Well, I am hotter than you" by Jake in the tent. That is not said in the book and it was lame. I was dissapointed by Taylor Lautner's acting in this, I just did not believe him. He was just some kid. Nor did I believe Bella's "love" for him.
The violence is pumped up in the film from the book, more senes of it, though it is not gorey. Vampires are killed without blood, as they shatter like in the book. Everything runs along rather quickly, scenes mushed together. The Volturi were not threatening, and seemed to me like kids dressing up and playing in the yard with a video camera.
Charlie on the other hand is thoroughly believeable and one of the best acting jobs in the film. I really liked the "little talk" scene. I was also satisfied with Robert Pattinson's acting. Shame they couldn't find a pretty ring, that one they used looks like something from a garage sale.
I liked the flashback sequences, Peter Murphy was frightful as the original cold one in the area. Costume of the Quillettes was also good. And it tells the sad story of Jasper's past as well as could be expected.
Overall I thought the story was dumbed down for a younger audience. I am 36, same age as Stephanie Meyer, and I enjoyed the book, and don't see why the target audience for the movies seems to be 13/14. It deserves better.
1 of 1 people found the following review helpful
2.0 out of 5 stars ... or all guys are controlling jerks,
EA Solinas "ea_solinas" (MD USA) - See all my reviews
Love Lesson From Twilight #4,267: "Love" turns all guys into controlling jerks who don't do anything except compete to see whose dingdong is bigger.
Sadly that's most of what's going on in "Twilight: Eclipse." It's the best of the series thus far, mainly because some underdeveloped characters get some backstory and there are some interesting action scenes... but the movie is smothered in a thick coating of phlegmlike teen angst, whining and bickering. It gets to the point where you WISH the bad guys would arrive.
In summary: Edward (Robert Pattinson) is pestering Bella (Kristen Stewart) to marry him. Bella doesn't want to because (boohoo) her parents are divorced and marriage is dead to her, but she DOES want to become a vampire. Jacob (Taylor Lautner) wants Bella to dump Edward and be with him instead.
Meanwhile, the evil Victoria is raising an army of newborn vampires to come to Forks and kill Bella. Yes, seriously -- she raised an entire army to kill ONE bland human teenager. Not the Cullens, or the people of Forks. Just Bella. And since the entire universe revolves around Bella, both the werewolves and the Cullens are desperate to protect her. So they overcome centuries of mutual hatred and join forces to protect her.
I will admit it: "Twilight Eclipse" is easily the best movie in this series... which is like saying that a pinch is less unpleasant than a poke in the eye. Amazingly, there are actually some taut, fast-paced scenes here, as well as some creepy eerie scenes involving the newborn army (like their too-briefly glimpsed mayhem in Seattle).
Too bad that isn't what the plot is REALLY about. Instead, we're battered with a bad teen soap opera -- lots of heavy breathing, kissing, whining, and romantic estrangements that last about two minutes. The dialogue is painfully vapid ("You love him." "I love you more." "I know"), and the director seems to be desperately trying to come up with some kind of plot other than Edward and Jacob being emo jerks.
Kristen Stewart gives her usual one-note performance -- dead eyes, masklike face and a monotone voice. And the insipid Bella just drifts through the movie, more of a living MacGuffin than a heroine. It's hard to see why not one but TWO boys would be ready to die for a boring girl who just sits there breathing through her large front teeth.
Robert Pattinson is pretty obviously just here for for his paycheck, while Taylor Lautner gives it his best effort. Unfortunately his character has turned into a controlling jerk to rival Edward, and the two male leads have more sexual chemistry with each other (the tent scene) than with the leaden Stewart. In fact, the only decent character development is given to Jasper and Rosalie, and seeing their backstories (especially Rosalie's bloodthirsty bride rampage) makes them richer and more intriguing than our bland protagonists.
"Twilight Eclipse" is the best movie of the Twilight series.... which isn't saying much. It has some good moments, but those are smothered by all the teen soapiness.
5.0 out of 5 stars gift,
Pat Heipel (ontario) - See all my reviews
this was a gift for my granddaughters and i'm sure that they loved it sorry i do not watch them
4.0 out of 5 stars good,
Cupcake (Canada) - See all my reviews
like all twilight movies it deviated from the book quite a bit....and like many people, i dont like that they recast the person playing Rachelle. but its still a good movie to watch.
i own all the twilight movies....not because i like them.... but because i loved the books, and when a book i love becomes a movie, i have to have it
5.0 out of 5 stars gift,
Again bought as a gift and was recieve with a great YEH.So I am very happy with this item.Thanks alot
4.0 out of 5 stars vampire movie,
My kids wanted to see this so we bought the series. It was amusing but Im not a vampire fan...but my girls have watched it over and over. They are 12 and 14 by the way...because this is some adult themes....but it was suitable for them.
4.0 out of 5 stars Intense,
This review is from: The Twilight Saga: Eclipse / La saga Twilight: H�sitation (Special Edition) (Bilingual) [Blu-ray] (Blu-ray)
I got into these movies after the 2nd one. Hated the first one but they just got better with time.
4.0 out of 5 stars Exactly what I ordered,
Product was exactly as I ordered, it was just a little bit slower arriving that I had anticipated, so I was a bit disappointed.
5.0 out of 5 stars The Twilight Saga: Eclipse (Two-Disc Special Edition),
I love the story. All the Actors are very good. Very entertaining too. Always want to know what will happen next. Looking to buy the last movie to know how the story finishes.
5.0 out of 5 stars Awesome movie!!,
Naokah "naokah" - See all my reviews
This review is from: The Twilight Saga: Eclipse / La saga Twilight: H�sitation (Special Edition) (Bilingual) [Blu-ray] (Blu-ray)
I love the Twilight series and this was a great addition to my other 2 movies! :) Just waiting for the final movie to come out to add it to my almost complete collection.
Most Helpful First | Newest First
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Patriots sign All-Pro tight end Gronkowski to record $54 mil deal
All-Pro Rob Gronkowski agreed Friday to a $54 million deal with New England, the richest contract for a tight end in NFL history.
The six-year deal includes $18.17 million guaranteed. Gronkowski set a league record for the position with 17 touchdown catches in 2011. He also had a record 1,327 yards, and made 90 receptions.
More NFL
•A second arbitrator ruled that NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell has the authority to discipline Saints players for their roles in a bounty program. New Orleans, meanwhile, has hired a firm run by former FBI Director Louis Freeh to conduct an internal investigation of the club.
•Ravens linebacker Terrell Suggs will get his entire $4.9 million salary in 2012 regardless of how he tore his Achilles' tendon, team owner Steve Bisciotti said. Suggs said it happened while he was running through a conditioning drill, but several witnesses say he was hurt playing basketball in Arizona.
•The Raiders announced they have signed fourth-round draft pick Miles Burris, a two-time All-MWC first-team linebacker out of SDSU. He led the Aztecs in tackles as a senior with 78.
South Carolina coach Dawn Staley heads the 2012 class of inductees into the Women's Basketball Hall of Fame. The two-time national Player of the Year at UVA joins broadcaster Robin Roberts, All Americans Nikki McCray, Pamela McGee and Inge Nissen, and coach Nancy Fahey.
Dwain Chambers of Britain again failed to make the Olympic qualifying time, despite winning the 100 meters event at the Memorial Primo Nebiolo in Turin, Italy. Chambers was more than a tenth of a second off the required time of 10.18 .
•Olympic gold medalist Dominique Moceanu discovered at 26 that she had another sister, given up for adoption at birth. In her new memoir, "Off Balance", Moceanu tells of receiving a letter and some photos in December 2007 from a 20-year-old woman who looked strikingly like the gymnast's younger sister, Christina. The package came two weeks before Moceanu had her first child, Carmen. The unidentified woman was given up for adoption by her immigrant parents because she had serious medical problems, including missing both legs.
•Refusing to compete against a fellow athlete at the London Games because of nationality or religion would be a "serious breach" of the Olympic code of ethics, the IOC said. The comment came after an Algerian kayaker withdrew from a World Cup match in which an Israeli was entered.
Sports and courts
A man ordered to stand trial for the beating of a Giants fan at Dodger Stadium admitted in a jailhouse conversation that he attacked the man.
A transcript of the talk between Louie Sanchez and co-defendant Marvin Norwood was released Friday after both men were ordered to stand trial on charges of mayhem, assault and battery in the 2011 attack on Bryan Stow.
•A federal judge in Los Angeles has denied a motion by former Mets outfielder Lenny Dykstra to dismiss more than a dozen charges, including bankruptcy fraud and embezzlement.


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TripAdvisor Hotels Flights
100,000,000 - 500,000,000 downloads
- Huge database of hotels, restaurants, events...
- Amount of user's reviews
- Fast and easy of use
- Write a review
- Nearby feature doesn't work sometimes
- There aren't sharing options (social networks)
+ By TripAdvisor
Download TripAdvisor Hotels Flights
"Make of your trip something perfect"
Reviewed by Emmanuel Lund / Nov 27, 2014
TripAdvisor is a comprehensive travel guide for any place in the world
TripAdvisor is like having hundreds of travel guides in your pocket. It has a huge database of hotels, restaurants, flights, forums, things to do and much more just a one-click away from you. What's even better is that the most of that places, spectacles, events, etc. have a review from other people that have been there. Actually, there are over 50 millions reviews and opinions posted. You can also posted your opinion about the hotels, places, etc that you have visited. You can get the price of the service, address, phone number, photos and other useful info.
What's more, there's a "Near Me Now", that's it, a nearby feature that will use your current location to find services next to you. "My saves" is a kind of favorites tab, where you can save the hotels, restaurants and any other service that you liked and you want to recommend.
The strongest points of TripAdvisor is its huge database and the millions of reviews that will help you to get an idea of how's it. What's more, the interface is quite easy of use: a menu list and a browser of the service and place you want to seek.
TripAdvisor has been developed by TripAdvisor, the well-known online travel guide that has been successful for years on its web version.
If you're a traveler, this is the app that should be installed in your Android. Nothing better that a place recommended by someone that has already been there. High recommendable.
The TripAdvisor mobile app is free and easy to use.
• Browse millions of reviews, opinions, videos and candid photos by travelers
• Find the best hotel for you, including Travelers' Choice award winners
• Explore restaurants by food type, price range, and rating
• Discover cool things to do in any destination
• Compare airfares and find great deals
• Use Near Me Now to discover options near you or any address you enter
• Get answers to your specific travel questions in the forums
• Add your own reviews and photos
• Download maps, reviews, and your saves for over 300 cities worldwide onto your phone for free; avoid using expensive data roaming plans while you travel
App Permissions Description:
• Storage: TripAdvisor uses Google Maps, which uses external/USB storage for caching downloaded map information.
• Your location: These permissions are needed to obtain your location so we can help you discover hotels, restaurants, and attractions around you. Network-based location gets a quick location, but is not usually pinpoint accurate. GPS is a bit slower to initially locate you, but is usually more accurate.
• Camera: The TripAdvisor phone app allows you to take a picture using your Android device camera directly.
• Network communication: Allows the app to transmit information to and from your phone via the Internet.
• Your accounts: We are using the Android Application Account Manager to store your credentials in a TripAdvisor account (you can find it in Settings under the Accounts tab). If you remove the app we also remove the TripAdvisor account on the device.
• System tools: This location provider permission provides more detailed location information so that TripAdvisor can pick the best possible location source for your current situation. The "test access" permission allows Android to check if it can use your external/USB storage for caching map information.
Thanks for using TripAdvisor! We bring updates to the Play Store every 2 weeks.
Every update of our app includes reliability and performance improvements.
***Love our free app? Please help us out and take a moment to review us on the Play Store!***
Some lists where this application appears: Reviewed by Emmanuel Lund, Around the World in 80 days, Reviewed by Anna Grace.
- - Know where you approximately are.
- - Know exactly where you are. It uses GPS.
- - Know what access (wifi, 3G…) you have at every moment.
- - Act as an AccountAuthenticator.
- - Be able to access the camera device.
- - Have access to the list of accounts linked to your device.
- - Send and receive internet info.
- - Manage the list of accounts linked to your device.
- - android.permission.READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE
- - Prevent your device from sleeping or screen from dimming (turn brightness down).
- - Write whatever to your SD card.
- - com.google.android.c2dm.permission.RECEIVE
- - com.google.android.providers.gsf.permission.READ_GSERVICES
- - com.tripadvisor.android.lib.tamobile.permission.MAPS_RECEIVE
- - com.tripadvisor.tripadvisor.permission.C2D_MESSAGE
Displaying 3 of 0 - show all
- UpdatedNew version 10.4.1 released on 05/17/15.
- UpdatedNew version 10.2.1 released on 05/12/15.
- UpdatedNew version 10.0 released on 04/17/15.
- UpdatedNew version 9.7.2 released on 03/25/15.
- UpdatedNew version 9.6.1 released on 02/11/15.
- UpdatedNew version 9.5.1-rc81 released on 01/19/15.
- UpdatedNew version 9.5-rc74 released on 01/02/15.
- UpdatedNew version 9.4.1-rc287 released on 11/27/14.
- UpdatedNew version 9.3.1-rc132 released on 11/15/14.
- UpdatedNew version 9.2.1-rc176 released on 09/20/14.
- UpdatedNew version 9.1.3-rc160 released on 08/20/14.
- UpdatedNew version 9.1.2-rc117 released on 08/05/14.
- UpdatedNew version 9.1.1-rc115 released on 08/03/14.
- UpdatedNew version 9.1-rc104 released on 08/01/14.
- UpdatedNew version 9.0.4-rc42 released on 07/15/14.
- UpdatedNew version 9.0.3-rc39 released on 07/14/14.
- UpdatedNew version 9.0.1-rc305 released on 07/05/14.
- UpdatedNew version 8.8.1-rc56 released on 05/30/14.
- UpdatedNew version 8.7.1-release released on 05/01/14.
- UpdatedNew version 8.6.1-release released on 04/04/14.
- UpdatedNew version 8.6-release released on 04/03/14.
- UpdatedNew version 8.5.1-release released on 03/08/14.
- UpdatedNew version 8.5-release released on 02/21/14.
- + downloadsBecomes more popular. 50000000 downloads level reached on 02/20/14.
- UpdatedNew version 8.4.3-release released on 01/30/14.
- UpdatedNew version 8.4-release released on 01/24/14.
- UpdatedNew version 8.3.3-release released on 01/08/14.
- UpdatedNew version 8.3.2-release released on 12/19/13.
- UpdatedNew version 8.3.1-release released on 12/18/13.
- UpdatedNew version 8.2.1-release released on 11/28/13.
- UpdatedNew version 8.2-release released on 11/22/13.
- UpdatedNew version 8.1.1-release released on 10/31/13.
- UpdatedNew version 8.0.6-release released on 10/16/13.
- UpdatedNew version 8.0.4-release released on 09/29/13.
- UpdatedNew version 8.0.1-release released on 09/26/13.
- UpdatedNew version 3.1.2 released on 08/04/13.
- UpdatedNew version 3.1.1 released on 07/31/13.
- + downloadsBecomes more popular. 10000000 downloads level reached on 05/16/13.
- NewApplication reactivated on 04/30/13.
- UpdatedNew version 3.0.1 released on 04/30/13.
- DeletedApplication deleted from the Android Market on 02/23/13.
- UpdatedNew version 2.0.5 released on 10/10/12.
- UpdatedNew version 2.0.4 released on 09/08/12.
- UpdatedNew version 2.0.3 released on 07/07/12.
- UpdatedNew version 2.0.2 released on 06/05/12.
- ChangesName changed from TripAdvisor Hotels Travel to TripAdvisor Hotels Flights on 06/05/12.
- ChangesName changed from TripAdvisor to TripAdvisor Hotels Travel on 05/24/12.
- + downloadsBecomes more popular. 5000000 downloads level reached on 04/07/12.
- UpdatedNew version 2.0.1 released on 02/18/12.
- UpdatedNew version 2.0 released on 02/06/12.
Displaying 4 of 50 - show all
Brilliant experience
Thanks to the staff for making my week long relocation as pleasant and peaceful as possible. They were affordable and friendly with directions.
just checkking out the hotel rates for oct 2015 europe holiday
Love it
So easy to use and find places
Nice app
Even around my own town I have found so many cool things to go see and do in Detroit. A lot are even free. Good updates & reviews are helpful when traveling.