text:
Luxurious suites
All of our castle bedrooms are completely individually designed, a perfect for a real castle experience.
If you have a few guest staying then how about booking your very own lodge? Castle Rocks is a short beautiful stroll from the main castle with 6 elegant bedrooms, and it's very own garden.
Award Winning Cuisine
During your stay you can enjoy a delicious meal within The Dungeon, our 2 AA Rosette awarded restaurant.
If you have a larger party then you can hire this restaurant exclusively.
A castle honeymoon experience
Dalhousie's dramatic setting and luxurious ambience, of course, contribute to a wedding honeymoon of pure bliss. We have many lovely guest comments from numerous weddings and so many couples cannot resist the temptation to return for an anniversary.
Choose from a selection of stylish, individual bedrooms or the Honeymoon Suite for your stay. Award winning dining with the finest of international wines awaits your arrival in the atmospheric Dungeon Restaurant, while the Spa facilities and collection of tempting therapies are here for your complete indulgence.
Your wedding at Dalhousie Castle and Spa is not just a hotel wedding but an experience never to be forgotten.
Exclusive castle hire for your wedding
Edinburgh is a place to enjoy all year round and the Castle, with its open log fires, weapons and armour and tapestries that adorn the walls, has an inner warmth and unique charm. For the ultimate Scottish castle wedding, Dalhousie Castle can be entirely at your disposal; we can create a setting that is purely magical and as bespoke as you are.
Imagine holding your wedding ceremony, civil partnership ceremony or wedding reception in the exclusive splendour of the Castle, where the only guests are those you have specially invited. Quite simply, exclusive use of the Castle means a unique occasion with ultimate privacy and unrivalled flexibility.


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"Aliens will not resemble anything we've seen. Considering that octopi, sea cucumbers, and oak trees are all very closely related to us, an alien visitor would look less like us than does a squid. Some fossils in the ancient Burgess shale are so alien we can't determine which end of the creatures is up, and yet these monsters evolved right here on Earth from the same origins as we did." - Johan Forsberg
Originally posted by Andromerius
Welcome to ATS!
Quis custodiet ipsos custode
Welcome To The Community

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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Personalized Cheers to Dad
Raise a mug to Dad this Father's Day! We'll personalize it for him, and send it with snacks he'll love – Beerwurst, BEER NUTS® Bar Mix, and our unique Beer Peanut Brittle. The heavy glass mug can be engraved on 1 line up to 10 characters. Net wt. 14 oz.
The Man Can of Classic Snacks
The perfect gift for Dad! You'd better not touch his man can filled with hearty snacks:
• Figi's Smokehouse Beef Sticks
• Tasty processed Pepper and Bacon Cheeses
• Honey Roasted Mixed Nuts & more!
Paint bucket style can, 5"H. Net wt. 1 lb. 4 oz.
Father's Day Gift Favorites
Dad will love this gift full of his favorite snacks! Robust Beef Sausage, delicious, processed American Cheese, and Mustards are wonderful with Crackers. The Bar Mix has sesame sticks, peanuts, and pretzels. Includes a Father's Day greeting. Net wt. 1 lb. 8 oz.
Wild Game Brat Gift Box
Ready for your grilling pleasure, these Wild Game Brats will satisfy your cravings for a bold new taste. Flavorful, hearty bratwurst are created from smoked bison, elk, venison, and wild boar - 4 of each! Great for tailgating! Preparation instructions included. Net wt. 3 lbs.
Country Breakfast
A family gift that delivers a true "Country Breakfast". Sizzling Canadian Bacon, Smoked Boneless Ham, and spicy Pork Sausages complemented with Figi's Pancake and Biscuit Mixes. Plus, Blueberry Syrup, Maple flavored Syrup, Honey, and Colombian Supremo and Breakfast Blend Coffees. Net wt. 3 lbs. 7 oz.
Mmm… Maple Lover's Breakfast
Rich, genuine sugar maple sweetens these family-style fixin's. Gift box includes Buttermilk Pancake Mix, U.S. Grade A Dark and Medium Amber Maple Syrups, Maple flavored Canadian Bacon, Boneless Maple Ham, Colombia Supremo Coffee, plus sweet Maple Nut Clusters. A delightfully nostalgic breakfast! The family will gather in a hurry to share these treats. Net wt. 2 lbs. 3 oz. Gift measures 12½"L x 9½"W.
Coconut Shrimp
Plucked from the icy depths of the ocean and dipped in a delicious coconut batter, these plump, firm shrimp will make your mouth water! Preparation instructions included. Approx. 21 pieces per pound. Net wt. 1 lb.
Boneless Prime Rib Roast
Our succulent Prime Rib, with exquisite, mellow flavor and melt-in-your-mouth tenderness, is an all-time favorite! Cut from the center of the rib, this boneless Prime Rib Roast is rich with natural juices and tender to the last morsel. Unsurpassed for gracious entertaining as well as gift giving. Preparation instructions included. Net wt. 3 lbs.
Wild Birds and Rice
Delight in the simple, elegant flavors of these wild birds, perfectly paired with long grain and wild rice. A memorable meal to share with friends and family, this traditional Northwoods feast is a great way to celebrate a special occasion - or make an ordinary day special! We send four delectable Quail and a tender, delicious Pheasant, ready to prepare with 1 lb. tender long grain and wild rice. Preparation instructions included. Net wt. approximately 4 lbs.
Bring the taste of Cajun country to your table with this amazing dish! Savory Tur-Duc-Hen is Turkey meat stuffed with delicious Duck meat, which itself is stuffed with tender Chicken meat. The Chicken is wrapped around Louisiana-style pork sausage dressing and seasoned to perfection. As it cooks, the mouthwatering juices form a spectacular combination of tastes. Experience this memorable feast, in the Cajun tradition, with friends and family! Preparation instructions included. Net wt. 4 lbs.
Sausage Shoppe
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Fine quality meats, spiced and smoked to perfection. Three gift-boxed varieties!
• Three-pack sends 5 oz. each of Summer, Steakhouse, and Mettwurst Sausages.
• Five-pack adds 5 oz. each Beerwurst and Smoky Garlic Sausage.
• Seven-pack adds 5 oz. each of Pizza Sausage and Cheddar Jalapeno Sausage.
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To Order by Phone : 1-888-614-WINE
Chateau Malaire Medoc
Sku: 1802776*
Situated 5 miles north of the prestigious St. Estephe AOC, the collective that produces Chateau Malaire has consistently made the finest Cru Bourgeois wines for more than three centuries. The climate of the region is an oceanic one with mild, humid winter and spring seasons and warm, dry summer and autumn seasons. The vineyard features Cabernet Sauvignon (45%) and Cabernet Franc (6%), growing on gravel based soil, and Merlot (50%), growing on limestone-clay based soil, our unique territory delivers rich and complex wines with minimal intervention. In fact, a long policy of sustainable agriculture has been embraced, not only to preserve the natural environment, but more importantly to allow Mother Natures influence to be fully expressed in every vintage. This wine is an even blend of 50% Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot. On the nose the wine is fresh and fruiting with raspberry, strawberry, plum, and fresh cut hay. The palate is frank and supple, showing fine balance and ripened red fruits. The lingering finish brings a hint of autumn.
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Donate To ArtsBoston
Be a Game Changer for ArtsBoston!
You know that ArtsBoston brings you ArtsBoston.org, BosTix, and the Mayor's Holiday Spectacular...
But did you know that ArtsBoston is also a "game changer" for Boston's arts community?
When The Boston Globe wanted to celebrate the people and organizations that were driving innovation and excellence in our region, ArtsBoston was the only arts group to make the list.
And because we are a locally-based non-profit, every dollar we earn or raise goes back right back to serve the arts community and arts organizations that you love.
If you care about the arts in our region, and you love ArtsBoston and its programs, please consider making a tax-deductible gift of $10 or more to help us reach our fundraising goal!
Online donations to ArtsBoston are processed through our secure BosTix system, powered by TicketForce.
MAIL: Donations can be sent to ArtsBoston, 31 Saint James Avenue, Suite 360, Boston 02116
PHONE: Contact Customer Service at (617) 262-8632 x229


text:
Shuhei Aoyama
|Shuhei Aoyama
Aoyama at Brands Hatch in 2008.
|December 5, 1984
Ichihara, Chiba
Shuhei Aoyama (born December 5, 1984 in Ichihara, Chiba) is a former Grand Prix motorcycle road racer. He is the younger brother of MotoGP rider, Hiroshi Aoyama.
He rode in the All-Japan Road Racing Championship until 2005, when he won the 250cc championship with Honda. He previously won the 125cc championship in 2003, also with Honda. He also rode a couple of events as wildcard rider in the Grand Prix World Championships during his stint in Japan.
After winning 250cc championship in Japan, Aoyama secured a Grand Prix World Championships ride with Honda's 250cc factory team in 2006. He replaced his brother Hiroshi Aoyama who moved to KTM. He scored his first podium finish with a third-place at Le Mans, finishing just ahead of his brother, Hiroshi. He finished the season eight in overall standings with 99 points and was named as Rookie Of The Year for his performance in his debut season.[1] In 2007, he remained with the team, but he failed to improved on his rookie season. He failed to record a podium finish and finished the season 12th in overall standings. However, he managed to record his first pole position in his home race at Motegi.
In 2008, he moved to World Superbike. He once again teamed up with Honda, riding a Honda CBR1000RR motorcycle with Alto Evolution Honda Superbike. However, he struggled to adapt with the bigger 1000cc four-stroke bike and only managed two point-scoring position.
Aoyama was left without a permanent ride in 2009, but he did made a return to 250cc Grand Prix World Championships as a wild-card rider in his home race at Motegi. He finished an impressive 6th place after starting from 17th on the grid.
It was not possible to find a contract for the 2010 season even though he wanted to aim for the world title. Aoyama announced his active service retirement on own blog on February 8, 2010. Afterwards, he participated in the Japanese Auto Race series, with great success.
- ^ "Shuhei Aoyama". motogp.com. Dorna Sports S.L. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
External links[edit]
|This motorcycle, scooter or moped-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
|This Japanese biographical article related to motorcycle racing is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.


text:
Stories From Main Street: At 96, Hartsdale Yoga Instructor Still Going Strong
A nearly 100-year-old Hartsdale yoga instructor is proving age is all in your mind.
How Trish Stratus Went From WWE Legend To Yoga Icon
WWE Hall of Famer Trish Stratus went from pro wrestling's squared circle to the yoga mat.
Morning Gloryville Brings Dawn Of 'Rave-olution'
A sunrise rave known as Morning Gloryville, happens before most people go into work and is part of what organizers call "conscious clubbing," meaning the event is without drugs or alcohol.
Thousands Flock To Times Square To Celebrate Summer Solstice With Yoga
Thousands of yogis from all over the world welcomed the Summer Solstice with their open arms to the sky on Saturday.
NYC's 5 Best 'Double Duty' Spots
In a hurry? The places that follow let you do two things at once, like get a haircut and stock up on handmade luggage, or practice your downward-facing dog and nurse a latte, saving you time and doubling your fun.
How To Stay Healthy While Traveling
Whether it's a business trip, vacation with family or a solo venture, there's nothing much worse than feeling under the weather or having an upset stomach from unhealthy foods. Here are 10 tips to stay healthy while traveling.
NYC's Best Valentine's Day Dates For Every Relationship
Check out these Valentine's Day date ideas for new relationships and singles this Valentine's Day.
Study: Yoga Shown To Have Health Benefits For Cancer Survivors
After analyzing blood samples from nearly 200 breast cancer survivors over five years, researchers at the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center found that six months after taking up yoga, fatigue was reduced by 57 percent and inflammation was cut by up to 20 percent.
5 Fun Ways To Work Off Winter Weight Gain
Pants a little snug? Yeah, ours too. The warmer weather is a harsh reminder that bathing suit season is nearing. Get in shape for spring with these activities around town.
NYC's Best Fall And Winter Events For Food and Fun
Fall into fun at these 5 autumn festivals. From rockin' music parties to mouthwatering cooking demonstrations, there is sure to be something for everyone.
Mobile Couch: Yoga In Times Square
On Friday, thousands of yogis came together to seek tranquility and flexibility in one of the busiest places on earth, New York's Times Square, as part of the annual Mind Over Madness event.
Seen At 11: Serious Yoga Injuries More Common For Men
In these stressful times, more and more people – especially men – are turning to yoga to help them relax and get in shape.
Lululemon Recalls 'Too Revealing' Yoga Pants
The Canadian company said that it took the pants off its store shelves and website over the weekend. That means there will be a shortage of its black Luon pants and crops for awhile.
Fit Minute: Yoga During Pregnancy
Yogi Rodney Yee joined us along with his wife, Colleen Saidman to show us how to find our inner zen.
NYC's 7 Best Yoga Studios
Whether you're an experienced yogi or are new to the "Om," the weekend is a great time to try a new class. Here are New York City's seven best yoga studios.


text:
LIMA — The Breast and Cervical Cancer Project is offering free mammograms and pap tests to qualified Allen County women.
Women who live in a home with limited income, have no health insurance and are 40 years of age or older may be qualified for these free services, provided at more than 60 contracted providers throughout seven northwest Ohio counties.
Women who have been screened through this program and are found to need treatment will be covered by BCCP Medicaid for that treatment.
Locally, BCCP participants are enrolled through the Women's Preventative Healthcare Project at the Allen County health department. To learn more, call 419-224-4500.


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We exist to make hungry people happy
We get people the food they want, when they want - wherever they are. It's simple...
You place your order
Simply order whatever you or your coworkers are hungry for at Seamless.com or using the Seamless smartphone app.
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We immediately beam your order to the restaurant and they send you a confirmation email with delivery or pickup time estimate.
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When your food's ready, the restaurant delivers it or you pick it up. All you have to do is sign for it and enjoy it!
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text:
- Exchange: Berlin
- Sector: Technology
- Industry: Software
- Sub-Industry: Application Software
CAD IT SpA+ Add to Watchlist
As of 13:36:14 ET on 06/01/2015.
Company Profile for CAD IT SpA (AD4)
CAD IT S.p.A. develops and markets computer software. The Company markets a software package of applications for the banking industry. CAD IT provides software for banking services and banking integrated information systems, training and organization, and new technologies solutions. Through a subsidiary, the Company develops software for Italian tax collection agencies.
Contact Information
CAD IT SpA
Key Executives for CAD IT SpA (AD4)
|Giuseppe Dal CortivoChairman/Co-CEO
|Luigi ZanellaCo-Vice Chairman/Co-CEO
|Giampietro MagnaniCo-Vice Chairman/Co-CEO
|Paolo Dal CortivoCo-CEO
Quotes delayed, except where indicated otherwise. All prices in local currency. Time is ET.
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text:
A key-actuated electronic lock system for auto ignitions including a conventional auto ignition key-lock combination. Electronic lock actuating information is stored on the key and the lock supports a transducer for sensing the information stored on the key as it is inserted into the lock and for generating a coded electric signal indicative of the lock actuating information for application to a control secured in a locked compartment remote from the ignition lock. Within the control, the coded signal is compared with programmable coded information stored in the control and indicative of the electronic lock actuating information. A match of the information actuates circuitry for applying electric power to the auto ignition and auto accessories as desired including a lock to the locked compartment. The control includes a time delay lock out preventing unauthorized pulse code generator input from operating the system and over voltage protection devices for preventing a voltage override of the system. An auxiliary circuit allows operation of the auto ignition only by a standard mechanically coded ignition key after a combined closing of an auxiliary permit switch and actuation of the auto ignition lock with the electronically coded key.
1. A mechanical-electronic lock system for actuating auto ignitions and the like only upon sequential electronic and mechanical unlocking operations including a matching of a stored electronic lock code with an electronic key code generated as a key is being inserted into a lock cylinder followed by a mechanical turning of the key in the cylinder, the lock system comprising:
control means in a separate compartment and including storage means for storing a predetermined electrical lock code,
comparator means for comparing said electrical lock code with electrical input codes to said control means, and
means responsive only to a match between said lock and input codes for preconditioning an auto ignition and/or auto accessories for operating only in response to a subsequent mechanical turning of a lock cylinder in a mechanical key-actuated auto ignition lock:
a mechanical key-actuated auto ignition lock including a manually turnable lock cylinder for actuating said auto ignition and/or said auto accessories only after a preconditioning thereof by said control means followed by a turning of said lock cylinder, said cylinder having a keyway for receiving a mating ignition key for turning said lock cylinder in response to a turning of said mating ignition key;
a mating ignition key insertable into said keyway for turning said lock cylinder in response to a manual turning of said key and carrying a key code on a side face of said key, said key code matching said lock code;
transducer means in said auto ignition lock for reading said key code and generating an electrical key code indicative of said key code as said key is being inserted into said keyway; and
means for applying said electrical key code to said control means as an electrical input code for comparison and matching with said electrical lock code to precondition said auto ignition and/or accessories.
2. The system of claim 1, further including input code lockout means in said control means for blocking input codes to said control means for predetermined periods of time in response to each electrical input code differing from said key code and generated by said transducer means or by means external to said system and applied to said control means.
3. The system of claim 2 further including an auxiliary electrical power circuit connected to said auto ignition lock and including an operator controlable switch for applying electric power only to said auto ignition and only in response to a combined operation of said lock and closing of said switch.
4. The system of claim 1 wherein:
said transducer means includes means for sensing said key code on said key and for generating a series of electrical pulses defining a binary coded key code indicative of said key code and clock pulse generating means responsive to movement of said key into said keyway for generating a series of clock pulses; and
said control means includes
a source of electric power,
a shift register for serially receiving said series of electrical pulses defining said binary coded key code and for receiving said clock pulses to store said binary coded key code,
programable circuit means for storing said electrical lock code as a binary coded lock code and for comparing said binary coded key code stored in said shift register and said binary coded lock code,
gate means connected to said programable circuit means for transmiting electric power from said source to said accessories only upon a matching of said binary coded key and lock coded to precondition said accessories; and said input code lockout means includes means for blocking said clock pulses to said shift register for at least a predetermined minimum period of time after each storage of a binary coded signal in said shift register not indicative of said key code matching said binary coded lock code stored in said programable circuit means.
5. The system of claim 4 wherein the input of each of said means for generating said clock pulses, said shift register and said accessories includes an overvoltage protection device for preventing a voltage override of said system comprising a fuse means in series with said input and a Zener diode connected between said input and a reference ground.
6. The system of claim 4 wherein:
said key code is defined by a series of depressions spaced along a side of said key; and
said transducer means includes
a transfer pin slideable into a side opening in said lock cylinder for engaging said series of depressions as said key in inserted into said keyway,
a spring for urging said transfer pin into said lock cylinder, and
a switch connected to a source of electric power and to said control means for momentarily operating as said transfer pin moves axially into or out of a depression in said key to generate as electrical pulse.
7. The system of claim 6, wherein said clock pulse generating means comprises a stationary normally open switch connected to an electric power source and to said shift register, an actuating switch arm for closing said switch, and a spring loaded rod carrying a series of evenly spaced depressions supported for sliding movement adjacent an end of said lock cylinder in response to movement of said key into said keyway to cause said switch arm to ride over said depressions and produce a series of closings and openings of said switch to apply said series of clock pulses to said shift register.
8. The system of claim 1, wherein:
said key code is defined by a series of depressions spaced along a side of said key; and
said transducer means includes
a transfer pin slideable into a side opening in said lock cylinder for engaging said series of depressions as said key is inserted into said keyway,
a key pin slideable into a side opening in said lock cylinder opposite said transfer pin to ride in a keyway in a side of said key opposite said series of depressions,
a pair of split ring members pivotally connected at one end to circumscribe said lock cylinder and engage exposed outer ends of said transfer and key pins, opposite ends of said split ring members carrying switch contacts defining a switch connected to an electric power source for momentarily operating as said transfer pin moves axially into or out of a depression in said key to generate an electrical pulse, and
springs means on outer surfaces of said split ring members for engaging an inner surface of a housing for said lock cylinder to urge said split ring members inwardly against said pins, whereby said key pin maintains separation of said other ends of said split ring members and contacts with lateral movement of said key in said keyway to prevent false closing of said switch.
The present invention relates to auto theft prevention systems and more particularly to an electronic lock system for an auto ignition which prevents "hot wiring" and other unauthorized over riding of an auto ignition.
Contemporary ignition locks provide virtually no detriment to theft, since the lock can be jumpered or, alternatively, the ignition and starter circuits can be controlled directly from within the engine compartment. To preclude this, the engine compartment must be made secure and unauthorized access to the lock code denied.
To accomplish this according to the present invention, the engine compartment may be secured by an electromechanical disconnect in the hood latching mechanism, such that when unenergized the latch-release handle disconnects from the latching mechanism. Such a device may not have much mechanical strength nor require but little electrical power to operate. Further, the lock code is secured as by locating it in the secured engine compartment. The key code may then be transduced, in the open, to an electrical format, and transmitted to the secured compartment for comparison with the lock code. A match of the codes may then permit both normal engine operation and access to the secured compartment.
It is a practical necessity that the legimate user not be penalized by the security system. In the present invention this is simply accomplished by adding an electronic code to the standard ignition key and by modifying the standard ignition lock to also serve as a code transducer. No additional action or time delay is imposed on the legitimate user.
Unfortunately, since such an electronic lock system is inherently capable of very high speed operation, it is vulnerable to unauthorized operation in response to high-speed electronic code generators unless appropriate countermeasures are taken. In the present invention, the system includes time delay means to prevent operation by a code generator. For example, in one form of the invention a first coded word from a code generator may be accepted without penalty. If it is the correct code, there is no further input needed or given while the system is energized. However, if it is incorrect, a subsequent code sequence will preclude acceptance of all further data while the ignition system is energized. To escape from such a lock out mode, the system must be de-energized and then re-energized. After a time delay, such as one second, from de-energization, the system will again accept one code sequence. Thus, an electronic code generator can not effectively generate trial sequences faster than one per second. In addition to the time delay, there must be a sufficient number of possible codes to make the trial of all possible sequences adequately long. For a 16-bit lock code, for example, at one sequence per second, requires 18 hours for all sequences.
In addition, the electronic lock must be protected from brute-force entry. For example, over-voltage or reverse polarity may cause circuitry to fail in a manner permitting access. In the present invention, such entry is precluded by shunting Zener diodes across each access line, such that there is zener conduction if the applied voltage is much above normal and forward diode conduction if reverse polarity is applied. Further, each such line is fused so that either event will open the circuit.
The foregoing and other features of the present invention may be more clearly understood by reference to the following detailed description, when considered with the drawings which by way of example illustrate one form of electronic lock system embodying the features of the present invention.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a key-actuated electronic lock system including the features of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is an exploded perspective view of the ignition key-lock combination including electronic lock actuation information (key code) on the key and a transducer on the lock to generate an electrical signal indicative of the key code as the key is inserted into the lock.
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional front view of the lock of FIG. 2 showing the lock cylinder with the key in place and the transducer sensing the electronic lock actuation information on the key to generate the electrical signal indicative thereof.
FIG. 4 is a schematic-block diagram of the "A" portion of the decoder illustrated in FIG. 1, the "B" portion being identical thereto.
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of the power control circuit of FIG. 1.
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of the clock control circuit of FIG. 1.
As represented in FIG. 1, the key actuated electronic lock system basically comprises a conventional auto ignition key 10 and lock 12 modified to provide auto engine operation and/or access to an electromechanically locked engine compartment housing the balance of the system, only in response to a match between electronic lock actuating information stored on the key (key code) and lock actuating information stored in the secured compartment (lock code).
More particularly, the key code may comprise one or more series of longitudinally spaced dimples or depressions, such as 14, on one or both sides of the key 10 for defining a binary coded word indicative of the lock actuating information; a dimple representing a logic "1" and the absence of a dimple representing a logic "0". The lock 12 is modified by the addition of a transducer 16 (see FIGS. 2 and 3) for sensing the key code as the key is inserted into the lock and for generating an electrical signal such as a series of electrical pulses for each series of dimples defining a binary coded word indicative of the key code stored on the key. The coded signal generated by the transducer 16 and indicative of the key code is applied to a decoder 18 in the locked engine compartment. There, the coded signal is clocked into a pair of shift registers 20 and 22 and compared with binary coded information stored in a comparator 24 and indicative of the electronic lock actuating information or lock code. A match of the key code to the lock code develops a signal at the input to a power control circuit 26 which enables electric power to be transmitted from a source 28 to the auto ignition and/or accessories including a hood latch mechanism for the locked engine compartment to provide access thereto, as desired.
To preclude operation of the system in response to externally generated coded signals applied to the decoder 18 as by a high speed electronic code generator, the system includes a clock control circuit 30 responsive to the last stage in each of the shift registers 20 and 22 to block the passage of clock pulses to the shift registers when the last stages assume a predetermined logic condition indicative of a key code which does not match the lock code and indicative of an unauthorized attempt to override the system. As will be described in greater detail hereinafter, the lock out of the clock pulses is maintained for at least a minimum period of time to render ineffective the use of a code generator to override the system.
In addition, to permit the owner of the auto incorporating the system to allow others such as auto park attendants to drive and move the auto without having access to the locked engine compartment or accessories, the system includes a permit switch 32 connected to the source 28 and to the power control circuit 26 such that an operator using a standard key for the ignition lock 12 without the electronic key code thereon may start the auto by actuating the lock with the permit switch 32 closed. However, once the permit switch is opened, as operator can thereafter only start the auto by use of the modified key bearing the electronic key code matching the lock code.
As previously indicated, the lock-transducer comprises a conventional cylinder-type lock modified to translate a sequence of dimples or depressions 14 added to a standard key 10, into a series of electrical pulses defining a binary coded word or key code. In the illustrated form of the invention, two 8-bit sequences of dimples are embossed on opposite sides of the key 10 so that the transducer 16 is designed to generate two data streams, labeled A and B, which when combined in the decoder 18 define the binary coded word corresponding to the key code stored on the key 10.
To provide such a reading of the two sequences of dimples, the transducer 16 comprises two pair of diametrically opposed pins 34a, b and 36a, b; each pair being slidable in transverse and coaxial holes through the cylinder 38 of the lock 12. The coaxial holes for the pin pairs 34 and 36 are longitudinally spaced along the cylinder 38 and each pin includes as enlarged head for limiting axial movement into the key slot 39 in the lock cylinder. Of each pin pair, the pins 34a and 36a are transfer pins aligned such that inner ends thereof engage opposite sides of the key 10 and ride into and out of the two sequences of dimples 14 as the key is moved into the key slot 39. Of each pin pair, the pins 34b and 36b are key pins aligned such that inner ends thereof ride in keyways of slots 37 in the sides of the key 10 opposite the sequences of dimples 14.
In the illustrated form of the transducer 16, axial movement of the transfer pins 34a and 36a into and out of a dimple 14 is translated into an electrical pulse indicative of a bit in a coded word defining the electronic key code for the key 10. To accomplish this, the pairs of pins are spring loaded and actuate switches connected to a source of electric power. In particular, the transducer 16 further includes two pairs of split ring members 40a, b and 42a, b; one for each pin pair 34 and 36. The split ring members 40a, b and 42a, b are each pivotally connected at one end to circumscribe the lock cylinder 38 in line with the outer ends of the transfer and key pins of the associated pin pairs. In this regard, the split ring members 40 are aligned with and bear inwardly on the outer ends of the transfer and key pins 34a and 34b while the split ring members 42 are longitudinally spaced from the members 40 by an annular separator 44 and are aligned with and bear inwardly on the outer ends of the transfer and key pins 36a and 36b. Thus arranged, the split ring members and separator are secured by an end plate 45 within an enlarged open front end 46 of a support body 47 for the lock cylinder 38; the pivots for the ring members 40 and 42 comprising longitudinally extending and diametrically opposed pivot pins 48 and 50 respectively, secured to an annular shoulder 52 within the body 47. Thus, the split ring members 40 pivot on the pin 48 and are inverted relative to the ring members 42 which pivot on the pin 50. Further, the open ends of the ring members 40 and 42 are diametrically opposite each other and are free to open and close in response to axial movement of the associated transfer pins under the continuous urging of spring members 54 and 56 respectively. In particular, the spring members 54 and 56 may comprise pairs of leaf springs on the outer surfaces of the ring members 40 and 42 respectively, with ends bearing against the inner annular surface of the enlarged open end 46 of the body 47 as illustrated in FIG. 3. Under such control, the opening and closing of the free ends of the ring members in response to axial movement of associated transfer pins into and out of the coded dimples 14 open and close switches connected to an electric power source to generate electrical pulses. For example the free ends of the ring members 40a, b may carry electrical contacts 58a, b defining a switch 60 connected to the source 28 and to a line 62 for transmitting data A to the decoder 18 while the free ends of the ring members 42a, b may carry electrical contacts 64a, b defining a switch 66 connected to the source 28 and to a line 68 for transmitting data B to the decoder 18.
As illustrated in FIG. 3, the contacts comprising the switches 60 and 66 are normally spaced from each other and the switches are open. It is important that the switches only close in response to axial movement of a transfer pin into a dimple 14 and not in response to lateral movement of the key 10 in the key slot 39. The key pins provide such control by maintaining the separation of the free ends of the split rings in response to any lateral movement of the key in the key slot.
Further, it is important to note that the normal ignition lock switching functions of the lock 12 are not disturbed by the addition of the transducer 16. A standard mechanically coded key will still turn the lock cylinder to transmit electric power to the accessories in the auto, such as the radio, heater and air conditioner, for independent switch control with the auto engine off. Such accessory control is by a standard switch assembly housed within the body 47 which operates in response to a turning of drive lugs 70 on the end of the lock cylinder 38. However, the addition of the transducer 16 does prevent a starting of the auto engine without use of the electronically coded key 10, unless the auxilary circuit including the permit switch 32 is actuated, as will be described in detail hereinafter.
In addition to generating the electrical pulse data A and B corresponding to the binary coded word indicative of the electronic key word on the key 10, the transducer 16 provides means for clocking such data into the decoder for comparison with a lock code stored therein. In particular, to generate a series of clock pulses in synchronism with the data A and B, the transducer 16 includes a stationary clock switch 72 connected to an electric power source such as 28 and to the decoder via a line 74 and including a actuating switch arm 76. In addition, the transducer includes a spring-loaded clock rod 78 carrying a series of evenly spaced depressions 80. The rod is adapted to ride adjacent the switch 72 in response to movement of the key 10 into the key slot 39 to cause the switch arm 76 to ride over the depressions 80 and produce a series of closings and openings of the switch to apply a series of clock pulses to the line 74. Preferably, the clock rod is a round shaft with a slotted flat on one end fitting the key slot 39 to ride therein. The depressions 80 comprise eight regularly spaced circular grooves on an opposite end of the rod. Further, the rod is spring loaded forward in the key slot 39 by a coil spring 82 around the rod adjacent the grooves and adapted for compression against a back member of the lock body 47 as the rod is moved rearwardly in response to movement of the key 10 into the key slot 39. In particular, when the key is inserted in the key slot, its tip contacts the clock rod 78 moving it axially with the key to produce a uniformly spaced set of 8-clock pulses as the grooves move under the switch arm 76.
In addition, within the transducer 16 there is a key insertion switch 84 in series with power source 28 for sensing motion of the clock rod 78 and for transmitting electric power (+12 v) to the power control circuit 26 via a line 86 to energize the electronic lock system as soon as the key in introduced to the key slot.
As previously indicated, the decoder 18 is adapted to receive the data A and B and clockpulses generated in the transducer 16 and representing the electronic key code on the key 10 and to compare the key code with a preselected and programable lock code stored in the decoder. If, and only if, the key code matches the lock code is the output of the decoder energized to enable the power control circuit 26.
More particularly, as illustrated in FIG. 1, the decoder 18 comprises the shift registers 20 and 22 for processing the A and B data respectively, and a storage and comparator 24 for storing the lock code and comparing it with the key code to develop the power control circuit enabling signal only upon a match of the codes.
FIG. 4 depicts the A-portion of the decoder including the shift register 20 and the portion of the comparator 24 for processing the A data and comparing it with an A-portion of the lock code to generate a signal at an input 88 to an AND-gate 90 upon a match of the A data and A-portion of the lock code. The B-portion of the decoder 18 (not specifically shown) is identical to the A-portion and is adapted to similarly process the B data and upon a match of the B data with the B-portion of the lock code, apply a signal to an input 92 to the AND-gate 90--such signals applied to both inputs to the AND-gate producing the enabling signal for the power control circuit 26.
Preferably, the shift register 20 is a conventional eight-stage register including a data input 94, a clock input 96 and eight output terminals 98a-98h, one for each stage. The input 94 is connected to the data A line 60 from the transducer 16, the input 96 to the clock line 74 and the output terminals to the A-portion of the comparator 24. The pulses comprising the data A are fed serially into input 94 and clocked or stepped by the clock pulses from the first to the eight stages in a conventional manner. Thus, for example, if the A-portion of the key code represented by the data A is 01100111, the output terminals of the eighth through first stages of the shift register 20 assume such output conditions, e.g. a relative high reference voltage for logic "1" and a relative low reference voltage for a logic "0".
The comparator 24 preferably comprises a plurality of inverters 100a-100h, one for each register output terminal 98a-98h, a patchboard 102 and an AND-gate 104. The patchboard 102 may comprise a conventional printed circuit board and includes eight pairs of input terminals 106a, b-120a, b and eight output terminals 106c-120c, each input terminal pair and output terminal being associated with a different shift register output terminal. For example, register output terminal 98a is connected to input terminal 106b and to input 106a via the inverter 100a, the register output terminal 98b is connected to the input terminal 108b and to the input terminal 108a via the inverter 100b and so on. The patchboard 102 has adapted selective and programable internal connections between its input and output terminals to store the A-portion of the lock code. For example, if the A-portion of the lock code is 01100111 the input terminals 106b, 108b, 110b, 112a, 114a, 116b, 118b and 120a are electrically connected, as by appropriate etching of the printed circuit board, to their associated output terminals 106c-120c as shown in FIG. 4--each output terminal being connected to a different input to a conventional AND-gate 104 having its output connected to the input 88 to the AND-gate 90. The AND-gate 104 is designed to produce or pass an output signal only when all inputs are a logic "1" or a relative high reference voltage. If the relative high reference voltage is only generated at the output of a stage of the shift register 20 in response to a logic "1" or at the output of an inverter 100 only in response to a logic "0", then under the assumed A-portion of the lock code 01100111, the AND-gate 104 will only pass as enabling signal to the AND-gate 90 if the A-portion of the key code stored in the shift register 20 is also 01100111. In particular, for the assumed A-portion of the key code 01100111, the shift register output terminals 98a, b, c, f and g will be at the relative high reference voltage, while by operation of the inverters 100d, e and h the patchboard input terminals 112a, 114a and 120a will be at the relative high reference voltage. Under such conditions, only the previously assumed internal electrical connections in the patchboard and indicative of an A-portion for the lock code 01100111 will produce a relative high reference voltage at each input to the AND-gate 104 indicative of a match between the A-portions of the key and lock codes. If the key code in any digit is other than as indicated, a match does not result. For example, if the first digit of the A-portion of the key code is a logic "1" rather than a logic "0", the last stage of the register 20 produces the relative high reference voltage at the output terminal 98h for application to the input terminal 120b of the patchboard rather than at the output to the inverter 100h and the relative high reference voltage is not passed to the input terminal of the AND-gate connected to the output terminal 120c thereby blocking operation of the AND-gate. In this manner, the inverters 100 and the patchboard combine with the AND-gate 104 to provide the means for storing the A-portion of the lock code and for comparing it with the A-portion of the key code from the shift register 20 to provide an enabling input to the AND-gate 104 for combination with a similar input from the B-portion of the comparator 24 only in response to a similar match of the B-portions of the key and lock codes -a combination of such inputs at the AND-gate 90 producing the enabling signal for the power control circuit 26.
Basically, the power control circuit 26 includes a voltage regulator 122 and gate or switch circuits 124 and 126 for the auto ignition circuit and the hood lock securing the engine compartment. In addition, a permit switch controlled circuit 128 is included for enabling the ignition circuit 126.
As illustrated in FIG. 5, the power control circuit is adapted to provide a regulated B+ (+3.6 v) from the primary or +12 v battery line and upon receipt of an enabling or "true" signal from the decoder 18, to remember the "true" status and turn off the regulator. Further, the illustrated power control circuit is adapted to enable power to be applied to the ignition circuit and hood lock circuit when in a "true" state and in response to a mechanical turning of the lock cylinder actuate the ignition and accessory switches of the lock respectively. Moreover, if the status of the power control circuit is "true" and the permit switch 32 is closed, the power control circuit permits operation of the ignition circuit but not the hood lock circuit by a mechanically-only coded key.
More particularly, the regulator 122 comprises conventional solid-state circuitry and includes an input terminal 130 connected to the line 86 applying switched +12 v from the key insertion switch 84 in the transducer 16 and an input terminal 132 for receiving the enabling signal or logic output from the AND-gate 90 in the decoder 18. In addition, output terminals 134 and 136 from the regulator 122 apply the switched +12 v to the clock control circuit 30 and the regulated B+ (+3.6 v) to the inputs to the shift registers 20 and 22 and to the clock control circuit 30 as illustrated in FIG. 6. The regulator 122 further includes four transistors Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4, a regulator Zener diode 138, a silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR) 140 and associated and conventional biasing resistors for the Zener 138 and transistors.
In operation, and prior to the receipt of a "true" signal at the input 132, the regulated voltage B+ (+3.6 v) developed at the output terminal 136 is compared with the voltage across the Zener 138 by the transistor Q1 which controls operation of the pass transistor Q2. Also, the transistor Q3 is biased fully on, reducing the voltage at the base of the emitter-follower Q4 and the voltage on a control buss 142 to a predetermined low potential. Under such conditions, the ignition and hood lock circuits 124 and 126 are disabled and a mechanical actuation of the associated ignition and accessory switches by a mechanically-coded key in the ignition lock cylinder will not energize the auto ignition or open the hood lock.
When a "true" or enabling signal is applied to the input terminal 132 in response to a match of the key and lock codes in the decoder 18, the SCR 140 fires immediately reducing the regulator zener voltage. As this occurs, the regulated output voltage B+ falls to a fraction of a volt. With the reduction in the regulator zener voltage, the transistor Q3 turns off, causing the transistor Q4 to become fully conductive. Under such conditions, the control buss 142 is nearly at the primary line potential. Thus, in the "true" status, and then only, the regulator 122 supplies a gating current on the control buss 142 sufficient to actuate the hood lock and ignition circuits 124 and 126.
In this regard, the hood lock and ignition circuits 124 and 126 include SCRs 144 and 146 respectively, each having a gate resistively connected to the control buss 142. The anode of the SCR 144 is connected to receive +12 v from the ignition lock accessory switch while the cathode of the SCR is connected to apply power to the hood lock upon actuation of the SCR and a closing of the accessory switch. The anode of the SCR 146 is connected to receive +12 v from the ignition lock ignition switch while the cathode of the SCR is connected to apply power to the auto ignition upon actuation of the SCR and a closing of the ignition switch. Thus, with the regulator 122 in the "true" state to supply gating current to the control buss 142 and hence to the gates of the SCR's 144 and 146, a closing of the ignition switch will apply virtually full primary voltage to the auto ignition while a closing of the accessory switch will apply such power to the hood lock.
Like the hood lock and ignition circuits 124 and 126, the permit switch controlled circuit 128 includes an SCR 148 having its gate resistively connected to the control buss 142. The anode of the SCR 148 is connected to receive +12 v from the permit switch 32 while the cathode is resistively connected to a reference ground common to the buss 142 and to the anode of a diode 150. The cathode of the diode 150 is connected to the gate resistor for the SCR 146 and to the cathode of a diode 152 having its anode connected to the control buss to supply gating current to the gate of the SCR 146. Thus arranged, when the regulator 122 is in the "true" state the SCR 148 is enabled by the gating current supplied to its gate and upon a closing of the permit switch 32 applies a gating current to the SCR 146 in the ignition circuit 126. Such gating current is held at the gate of the SCR 146 independent of the subsequent status of the regulator 122 and until the permit switch 32 is again opened. Accordingly, once the permit switch circuit 128 has been enabled by the "true" status of the regulator 122 and the SCR 148 actuated by a closing of the permit switch 32, only operation of the ignition switch is required to actuate the SCR 146 and energize the ignition circuit 126. In this mode, the ignition may be turned on and off repeatively with only a mechanically coded ignition key. However, access to the hood lock circuit 124 is denied without the regulator 122 assuming a "true" status, and any interruption of the "permit" status denies further access to the ignition circuit until a "true" status again occurs, i.e. until a properly electronically coded key is inserted into the ignition lock cylinder.
As previously mentioned, the forgoing features of the permit circuit are particularly desireable where the auto owner desires to park his car in a lot and provide only the lot attendant with the ability to move the car without having access to the locked engine compartment. To accomplish this, the owner, with the electronically coded key in the ignition lock cylinder and the regulator in the "true" state, closes the permit switch 32. He then removes the electronically coded key and provides the lot attendant with a mechanically coded ignition key, that is a key that will mechanically turn the lock cylinder but which does not include the electronic key code information. So long as the permit switch remains closed, the attendant alone may move the car. Others, without the electronically coded or mechanically coded keys can not and are denied access to the locked engine compartment for the purposes of "hot wiring" or otherwise bypassing the ignition in an attempt to start the car in an unauthorized manner.
As previously indicated other means of overriding the electronic lock system such as by use of high speed pulse code generators, are rendered ineffective in the present invention. The clock control circuit 30 provides protection against override by a code generator.
Basically, the clock control circuit 30 includes a clock pulse shaping section 154 and a control section 156. The pulse shaping section 154 conditions the clock pulses form the transducer 16 to produce pulses having rapid, bounce-free fall and the control section 156 locks out or prohibits clocking after a first code sequence has been clocked into the shift registers 20 and 22 of the decoder 18.
More particularly, and as shown in FIG. 6, the pulse shaping section of the clock control circuit 130 includes an input terminal 158 for receiving clock pulses from the transducer 16. A conventional buffer amplifier 160 is connected in series with the input 158 and to an input 162 of an OR-gate 164, a second input 166 being connected to the control section 156. Also connected to the input 158 is a grounded capacitor 168 and a resistor 170 connected to the regulated voltage B+ (+3.6 v). A capacitor 172 is connected to the output of the amplifier 160 while a conventional pulse trigger circuit 174 is connected to the output of the OR-gate to supply shaped clock pulses simultaneously to the clock inputs to the shift registers 20 and 22 in the decoder.
In operation, a closure of the clock switch 72 may generate either a relatively high or low voltage. For purposes of the following description, it will be assumed that a contact closure produces a low voltage. As this occurs, the charged storage capacitor 168 immediately discharges. Under such conditions, if the contacts should bounce open with movement of the key 10 in the lock cylinder, the capacitor voltage rises slowly by virtue of the time constant of the storage capacitor 168 and the resistor 170. Before the capacitor voltage has risen substantially, the contact will bounce closed again rapidly discharging the capacitor. Thus the effects of any clock switch contact bounce are minimized by the storage capacitor 168. The storage capacitor 172 connected to the output of the buffer amplifier 160 similarly reduces the rate of fall of such residual transcients caused by contact bounce to insure that the trigger circuit 174 is actuated in a conventional manner only by the level of the input clock pulse and not by its rate of fall. In particular, the trigger circuit 174 produces uniform, fast fall clock pulses for clocking the data A and B into the shift registers 20 and 22 of the decoder 18.
As illustrated in FIG. 6, the control section 156 of the clock control circuit includes three input terminals 176, 178 and 180. The input terminal 176 is connected to receive the +12 v from the key insertion switch 84 in the transducer 16 via the power control circuit 26 as illustrated in FIG. 5, while the input terminals 178 and 180 are connected to the last stages of the shift registers 20 and 22 as illustrated in FIG. 4 for the register 20. In addition, the control section 156 includes two input transistors Q5 and Q6 whose parallel outputs drive a transistor Q7. As shown, the bases of the transistors Q5 and Q6 are connected to the last stages of the shift registers 22 and 20 respectively while the emitters are resistively connected in common to ground potential and the collectors are connected in commmon to the base of the transistor Q7 and to the input terminal 176. The emitter of the transistor Q7 also is connected resistively to the input terminal 176 while the collector is connected to a junction of the resistor R1 and the capacitor C1.
In operation, it is required that when the shift registers in the decoder 18 are initially energized, all stages automatically assume a low state indicative of a logic "1". Thus, the last stage of the registers 20 and 22 will not assume a high state indicative of a logic "0" until at least eight bits have been clocked therein. In response to a logic "0" in the first bit in an eight bit coded word, or in response to a logic "0" in a bit of a subsequent word, the last stage of at least one of the registers will assume a high state. Such a relatively high voltage will be applied to either the input 178 or 180 to turn on either transistor Q6 or Q5 which, in turn, turns on the transistor Q7 thereby charging capacitor C1 from the primary line (+12). Current is then applied to the input 166 of the OR-gate 164 causing its output to assume a "high" output condition. Thereafter, whether the clock signal to the input 162 to OR-gate 164 is high or low, the output remains high and no further clocking is provided by the trigger circuit 174 to the shift registers 20 and 22. This produces a blocking of any further data in the decoder. In particular, since there is no further generation of clock pulses, the register output stage that initiated such action by assuming a high condition remains high, and the lock out continues as long as the system is energized. If power is removed and reapplied to the decoder, however, all register stages will reset to a low state and clocking may be resumed after the charge on capacitor C1 has drained off to produce a current below the threshold for the OR-gate 164 (approximately 1 second).
From the forgoing, it should be appreciated that the control section 156 of the clock control circuit 30 effectively prevents the use of a code generator in overriding the system of the present invention. For, just as soon as a logic "0" is clocked into the last stage of either shift register by such a code generator, the clock pulses are inhibited. Before processing of codes can resume within the decoder 18 power must be shut off and then reapplied. Then, only after a predetermined minimum time delay can processing of the generated codes resume, only to halt again upon the clocking of a "0" into the last stage of either shift register.
The accessable leads from the lock circuitry in the present invention provide a potential means for overriding the electronic lock system. For example, in the power control circuit 26, an over-voltage or a reversal of voltage polarity may result in a spurious "true" state enabling operation of the SCRs in the hood lock and ignition circuits. To preclude such possibilities, a zener diode 182 is connected across the input to each primary voltage input line and a fuse 184 is in series with such line. When the input voltage applied to such a combination exceeds normal by some margin, the zener fires causing excessive current to flow, opening the series fuse. A reverse in voltage polarity will produce similar results except that the heavy current flow occurs when the forward diode voltage rather than the zener voltage is exceeded.
For low power circuits, only the zener diode 182 shunting the fused line is required. High-power circuits such as the ignition circuit 126 however, may employ a triac 186 to avoid excessively high power dissipation in the zener. As illustrated in FIG. 5 for the ignition circuit 126, the zener 182 is used to trigger the triac 186, the triac being shunted across the fused line with the its gate connected to the anode of the zener.
Having thus described an electronic locking system embodying the features of the present invention, it should be appreciated that the present invention provides a simple, fail-safe locking system which may be implemented in a standard auto ignition lock with a minimum of changes and expense. Further, while the invention has been described in conjunction with electro-mechanical transducer means for reading a key code and generating electrical signal and clock pulse information in response to movement of a key into a lock cylinder, other conventional transducers such as electro-optical sensors may be employed without departing from the spirit of the invention. Accordingly, it is intended that the present invention by limited in scope only by the terms of the following claims.
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Reprinted by: The Sound School Regional Vocational Aquaculture Center December 2005 The Historical Decline Of The Rainbow Smelt "Osmerus mordax" In Connecticut's Coastal Waters By Timothy C. Visel1 and Thomas Savoy2 Principal Investigator1 Assistant Investigator2 Timothy C. Visel Thomas Savoy Cooperative Extension Educator Marine Fisheries Biologist Fisheries/Aquaculture Dept. of Environmental Protection Sea Grant Marine Advisory Program Bureau of Fisheries The University of Connecticut Marine Fisheries Office Avery Point, Groton, CT 06340 Waterford, CT 06340 Keywords: Declines in smelt fisheries; smelt gill nets; trap net fisheries of Stonington, Old Saybrook; A proposal to the University of Connecticut Center for Environmental Health. University of Connecticut Cooperative Extension Service September 1, 1989 The Historical Decline Of The Rainbow Smelt "Osmerus mordax" In Connecticut's Coastal Waters By Timothy C. Visel1 and Thomas Savoy2 September 1, 1989 2 Preface Timothy C. Visel – December 2005 Concern for Connecticut's Smelt The United States Fish Commission recorded as part of the 10th census significant U.S. fisheries in a series of reports to Congress. Connecticut's inshore fisheries were included as a town by town description of employment, capital and production. It provides a look at several fisheries – ones that had both important local or regional production. The history of many fisheries includes colonial descriptions dating back to the 1700's. They describe the fishing effort before large scale mechanization of commercial fisheries commenced at the start of the 20th century. Passive methods such as traps, weirs and hooks include most of the gear types described. Inshore or near coastal fisheries are frequently described in terms of local consumption and those mostly transported to cities. The report also differentiates those fisheries as "capital" producing such as Menhaden reduction (oil) or "food" in the case of the oyster fisheries. One of the fisheries described in the reports was anadromous fish such as shad, the alewife and smelts. This proposal was submitted primarily out of concern for the smelt Osmerus mordax, smelt fisheries were important to local fishermen. They were seasonal commercially in demand as fresh food but they also could be salted and pickled and smoked. They were caught in small mesh gillnets such as under ice in the Pawcatuck River, in fish traps and river long haul seines. Hook and line fisheries also existed but commercial catches depended on what was termed "commercial" gear. Smelt being anadromous returned in early spring to lay eggs just after ice broke usually at the end of February, early March. Entering large tidal rivers such as the Housatonic, Connecticut and Pawcatuck Rivers significant smelt catches are recorded nearby. It is possible to both estimate the biological extent and commercial value from catch statistics. It is one of the four inshore species that was sold commercially out of State. Later, Connecticut's smelt recreational catches was for the most part consumed in State. Smelt runs occurred is almost every tidal stream containing fresh headwaters. A review of the literature confirms that smelt caught in Connecticut was very localized. Old Saybrook does appear as a major shipping point to New York City. One of the largest smelt runs was in Greenwich such as the one at Horseneck Brook. Here a stop seine was used to seine smelts from pools and adjacent to the turnpike (Route 95) and also at Byram Park. The last good years for this run was 1965, 1966 (Frank Rupp, personal communication July 1989). In the Pawcatuck River below the Route 1 Bridge opposite the factories holes would be cut in the ice to free bouys. The bouys held a traveler rope to which a gill net (very small fine mesh) would be drawn under the ice. After a given time the gill net would be hauled out by the travelers (Alfred Wilcox, personal communication Sept. 1988). A fyke net fishery in Hamburg Cove run by Mr. Daniel of that community also relates 3 to early frequent catches of smelt in the Connecticut River. Here a market existed for people of European decent in Hartford who fried them fresh. Frequently Mr. Daniels would also ship them to New York City where he obtained according to a former employee good price for fresh smelts. Smelts by the 1980's were largely gone from Connecticut's waters. This proposal "Historical Declines of Seasonal and Anadromous Fisheries of Coastal Embayments in Eastern Connecticut" was submitted to Ellen A. More, Program Associate for the University of Connecticut Center for Environmental Health on August 30, 1989. Much of the proposal focused upon rainbow smelt, the species which had the greatest decline in abundance here in Connecticut. It was submitted as joint proposal between The University of Connecticut Sea Grant Marine Advisory Program and the State of Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Fisheries, Marine Fisheries. The proposal was not funded but described work products that could prove relevant today, 1) An historical review – based upon specific habitats in coastal towns. 2) Compile a complete bibliography of references. 3) The study results would be disseminated by way of the University of Sea Grant/Connecticut Cooperative Extension Service. The Rainbow Smelt fishery in Connecticut was officially closed as of December 2005. Any smelt caught by any means must be returned immediately from the waters of which taken. Sightings of smelt are now considered very rare. Concerns about rainbow smelt were first raised by DEP Marine Fisheries in the early 1980's (Tom Savoy) additional concerns were also raised in Maine as a long standing policy regarding chlorination of sewage effluents had linked to declining smelts runs (Estabrook 1987). Commercial and recreational fishermen described healthy runs of smelts into the 1960's in waters which received sewage effluents – especially those runs in Western Connecticut. Several fishermen described how the late 1960's sewage treatment plants started chlorinating effluent year round and not just the summer months as has been the previous practice. According to several reports immediately after the change (year round chlorination) it was the last year significant smelt runs occurred. The link between the sudden disappearance of smelts and chlorination of effluent was never established. This proposal was to look carefully at these reports and determine if possible was there a sudden decline in smelt after waste waters were chlorinated? Wherever possible historic smelt runs were to be located and interviews conducted with local groups, land trusts, conservation commissions, etc. Changes in discharge permits for 4 existing waste water treatment plants were to be checked. One of the questions was did changes in effluent policy proceed just prior to historic smelt runs ending? A literature review on the impacts of toxicology studies were also to be included in a final report. A report was to be made available to resource users and resource managers. References 1) Connecticut Geological and Natural History Survey Natural History Notes Vol2 #2 Spring Issue 1987 "The Search for Rainbow Smelt" Tom Savoy DEP Marine Fisheries 2) Economic Impact of the Rainbow Smelt Fishery Ed Novak The Fishermen December 1, 1988 Pgs 30-31 3) E. Penn Estabrook Deputy Commissioner Department of Marine Resources State of Maine – March 11, 1987 "The Rainbow Smelt population has declined in the last few years and there is local concern that the decline may in some way be connected to the sewage treatment plant." 4) Thomas S. Squiers Jr. Marine Resources Scientist Correspondence March 18, 1987 "Smelt are very sensitive to monochloramine and show strong avoidance at levels above .02 mg/liter TRC while re-exposure tests revealed strong avoidance as low as .004 mg/liter TRC." 5) Experimental Culture of Young Rainbow Smelt Osmerus mordax, Chapman et al Ameican Fisheries Society 1985 Pg. 596 to 603 6) George Brown Goode The Fisheries and Fishing Industries of the United States GPO US Fish Commission 1887, Fyke Net Fisheries of Connecticut. 5 Abstract The health and productivity of Long Island Sound and its coastal embayments recently has received increased interest and political attention. The decline of coastal fisheries, loss of tidal wetlands, pollution, and shellfish bed closings has improved conservation, regulation, and protection of coastal resources. In many cases, however, regulatory action came too late to maintain previous production levels of fish and shellfish. Since 1900, Connecticut's landings of smelt, blackback flounder, and shad have declined. This decline can be attributed to significant habitat loss and to the obstruction of spawning routes. As a result, public awareness has been raised regarding the historical productivity of coastal embayments, and the importance of these embayments to recreational and commercial fisheries, to tourism, and to the quality of life of shore residents. This increased awareness has created opportunities for conservation organizations, citizen groups, and fishermen's associations to undertake various fishery restoration activites. The identification of historical anadromous fish runs and seasonal fisheries will help state agencies and the public to commence fishery restoration programs. Introduction Coastal embayments are of unique ecological importance to recreational and commercial fisheries. These coastal embayments provide critical habitat for black back flounder, eels, blue crabs, and for bait forage species of predator fish such as bluefish, striped bass and weakfish. The United States Environmental Protection Agency states that these portions of our coastal waters and shore habitats in every coastal state have been found to be degraded to a moderate or severe degree. This degrading threatens the enjoyment of coastal areas, and public health through contaminated seafood. Much of this degradation can be attributed to both the negative effects of shoreline development and to the fact that coastal embayments directly receive pollutants from coastal population centers. Unfortunately, it is these same areas that the United States Fish and Wildlife Service estimates that over 60 percent of the major commercial and recreational fish species depend on estuarine environments for nursery growth, reproduction and spawning. Therefore, it is not surprising that inshore fisheries have declined in productivity to the dismay and alarm of numerous resource user groups. For instance, the diminished landings of flounder, eels and anadromous fish have impacted commercial fisheries and reduced recreational sports fishing opportunities. Another example is the smelt fishery in Connecticut which has fallen so dramatically that a once popular recreational fisheries is now almost unknown to sports fishermen. Coastal embayments also serve as spawning migration routes (runs) for anadromous fish species who return to a particular river or stream where they were themselves 6 spawned. Connecticut's coastline is heavily industrialized and shoreline alteration of tidal streams and creeks has had a direct negative effect upon anadromous fisheries. The most serious alteration has been the construction of dams that blocked adult fish from returning to spawn. A recent publication by the Department of Environmental Protection, Office of Marine Fisheries, states that "many of the runs in Connecticut have been exterminated or reduced to low levels due to the construction of dams which block the migratory path of adult fish and eliminate potential spawning habitat upstream." If fish ways are built, anadromous fish runs may re-establish themselves with restoration stocking of adults from nearby established runs. In establishing a successful fisheries restoration program, accurate historical information on the existence of anadromous fish runs and important recreational fisheries in each coastal embayment is essential. For example, the effort to restore Atlantic salmon to the Connecticut River was due in part to the knowledge that salmon had once inhabited the river. Further investigations, based on this historical information, identified environmental constraints to salmon migration which were subsequently removed during the restoration program. At present, information on fish runs in Connecticut coastal embayments are poor or nonexistent. The absence of historical catch statistics for individual embayments (catch data was usually combined into state reports) hinders restoration efforts. Other historical publications, such as local newspapers, often showed that a particular embayment had one or more locally important fisheries. /This information needs to be collected and compiled in a usable format. It could then be used in educational programs conducted by the University of Connecticut Sea Grant College Program and in assisting D. E. P. Marine Fisheries staff in identifying environmental constraints and possible restoration activities. This information also could enable allocation of limited resources to those areas found to have significant historical inshore fisheries or anadromous fish runs. At the present time, neither Sea Grant Marine Advisory staff nor D.E. P. Marine Fisheries staff has the time required to research information on each embayment. To undertake Extension outreach educational programs and review sites for possible restoration historical base line catch data, presence of historical anadromous runs and the existence of obstructions to fish migration must be identified. This grant will support a graduate student who would research historically fishery information and compile it into a final progress report. Reference publications for this research are available at the libraries at the University of Connecticut at both Storrs and Avery Point, the Stevens Marine Library at the Connecticut River Museum in Essex, and the Blount Research Library at Mystic Seaport. The Department of Environmental Protection Marine Fisheries staff has offered access to old Board of Fisheries and Game files and records. Municipal records also would 7 be reviewed and Yale University indexes of microfilmed shoreline newspapers would be consulted. Review of Literature – Relevance to Environmental Health The negative effects of shoreline alteration, such as dredging, filling, pollution and the construction of coastal structures upon marine resources have been well documented in the scientific literature (Reid, 1961; NSA, 1969). However, it is often difficult to quantify these impacts upon specific fisheries and fish populations especially with respect to water quality. Fishery resource managers have acknowledged this difficulty and prefer fishery statistics from individual water bodies rather than grouped state landings"…such data may be a more useful indicator of the condition of that water body." (D.E.P. L.I.S.S., March 1989). The ability to quantify the link between the losses of habitat to declines in fish resources in a given region can be made by examining historical literature. This is especially the case with anadromous fisheries. A Connecticut State Board of Fisheries and Game publication found that dams have had a profound effect upon historical anadromous fisheries (C.S.B.F.G., June, 1962). At present public policy has reflected the widely perceived concept of reduced fishery landings associated with estuarine degradation. A Department of Environmental Protection publication states that "…it is the policy of the Department of Environmental Protection Marine Fisheries Program to assist in efforts to prevent further pollution and degradation of Long Island Sound and to reduce present pollution so that populations of marine resource species can exist at the highest level of natural abundance and be fully utilized by Connecticut citizens" (D.E.P. Resources Management Plan for Connecticut. 1985). The report also concludes that ecologically and economically important fish and shellfish habitats have suffered because of man's influence. The State of Maine Department of Marine Resources has found that smelt returning to spawn show strong avoidance of monochloramine, a substance in sewage treatment waste water discharges which may have eliminated or severely reduced historical runs (Jolly, 1976). Assumptions can be made when there is universal agreement that shoreline development activities in Connecticut have destroyed or altered the ecology of more than half the tidal salt marshes and that this has had a profound effect on all coastal resources (Niering and Bowers, 1966). It must also be acknowledged that large alterations in habitat caused by natural events such as storms and hurricanes have also been shown to effect fisheries production. Recent studies have been undertaken to review the correlation between habitat loss and changes in fish stocks (N.).A.A. Seminar Series #3, 1987) with respect to individual coastal embayments that have been altered or degraded by development activities. Opportunities do exist to identify environmental constraints that can diminish fish populations (an environmental status report of the Connecticut River Basin 1970-1983 C.R.W.C.). 8 A study of the contamination of Quincy Bay, Massachusetts (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Report, June, 1988) found that cancer (neoplasm) in the livers of winter flounder were "clearly more prevalent in highly polluted urban embayments in comparison with non-polluted, near coastal and offshore environments." Auster (1980) found that the occurrence of necrosis in winter flounder in New Haven Harbor suggests that environmental conditions may be a causative factor for high incidences in the inner harbor. Therefore, the assembling of a preliminary report on the historical presence of seasonal fisheries and migratory population of anadromous species may help identify significant declines in fish populations. This research could then be used in assisting with the research efforts to identify negative environmental impacts, commence possible restoration activities, and improve the health of Connecticut's coastal embayments. This could coincide with Connecticut's Environmental Plan 2000 goal with fisheries and fisheries habitats. The plan, which addresses 43 environmental issues, states that the objective in this area is to "foster natural propagation of fisheries and provide for sustained yield management of selected species and protect, maintain and restore fisheries habitats." A constraint to this activity mentioned that "habitat information is absent, outdated or incomplete on certain streams, rivers, lakes and ponds, and on the Long Island Sound." Principal Investigator1 Assistant Investigator2 Timothy C. Visel Thomas Savoy Cooperative Extension Educator Marine Fisheries Biologist Fisheries/Aquaculture Dept. of Environmental Protection Sea Grant Marine Advisory Program Bureau of Fisheries The University of Connecticut Marine Fisheries Office Avery Point, Groton, CT 06340 Waterford, CT 06340 Keywords: Declines in smelt fisheries; smelt gill nets; trap net fisheries of Stonington, Old Saybrook; A proposal to the University of Connecticut Center for Environmental Health. University of Connecticut Cooperative Extension Service September 1, 1989 Methodology Key tasks and work plan: A. to identify historical runs of anadromous fish in eastern Connecticut between the towns of Branford and Stonington. B. To document, where possible, the existence of locally important eel, flounder and blue crab fisheries in the above-mentioned towns. 9 C. Prepare a joint SGMAP/DEP final progress report with appropriate bibliography of references. Methodology A and B – Review available literature, historical documents; compile references; conduct and document interviews with appropriate travel to and around eastern Connecticut. Methodology C – In cooperation with D. E. P. Marine Fisheries staff, write a final process report detailing any historical fish runs and fisheries in each selected embayment. The progress report will be published by the Sea Grant Marine Advisory Program. Work Plan 1- 4 Weeks – Gather references, interview D. E. P. Marine Fisheries staff, professors at the University of Connecticut College of Agriculture and Natural Resources at Storrs, appropriate researchers. 4- 8 Weeks – Visit marine research libraries (Stevens Blount, Avery Point, Storrs), conduct interviews with local residents. 8- 12 Weeks – Investigate local records in Town Halls, conduct personal interviews with retired Connecticut Board of Fisheries and Game staff, unite progress report. The graduate student will work closely with the principal investigator and will provide and be provided strong support services (telephone, photo copier, office space, clerical help) and guidance by the Sea grant Marine Advisory Program. This project requires a senior or graduate student with an environment/natural resources background. Complementary skills in marine fisheries and or political/public policy would be advantageous. Future Plans Additional Research Funding Opportunities – Upon completion of this research, an effort will be made to obtain additional grant funds to document changes in fishery habitat, specifically to investigate biological/environmental conditions of selected embayments found to contain historically significant fishery resources. The E.P.A Office of Marine and Estuarine Protection under the National Estuaries Program (Section 320-A) of the Clean Water Act (amended by the Water Quality Act of 1987) anticipates grant funding opportunities for fisheries management/restoration programs. Study Results Dissemination – The Sea Grant Marine Advisory Program (SGMAP) is an outreach educational program of the University of Connecticut Cooperative Extension Service. The results of this cooperative SGMAP/DEP study would be incorporated into Sea Grant Program seminars, workshops, forums and slid-lecture presentations. The results of this research will be published in our newsletter, "Connecticut Currents" 10 which has a readership of 7,000. Additional information will be made available by various other Sea Grant/Extension publications. Sea Grant/Extension clientele audiences include conservation organizations, civic groups, commercial and recreational fishermen's associations, municipal commissions and boards, elected officials and members of the public. At present, the Sea Grant Marine Advisory Program is in the third year of a cooperative agreement with the Environmental Protection Agency (total funding to date: $295,000) to develop and coordinate public involvement activities for the Long Island Sound Study, a federal/state partnership program. 11 Update on Connecticut Smelt December Public Hearings Conducted by the State Department of Environmental Protection Comments on closing the smelt fishery- December 2006, Old Lyme, DEP office "It is a shame it's come to this point (Eastern CT Fishermen). I still see some –I use balls of soft cat food to catch them- Pawcatuck River Stonington. Some years I see them, some years nothing," Dave Simpson CT DEP – you try not to close the fishery like this because you loose the opportunity to collect information about the fishery (from the fishermen). Notice of availability of Final Proposed Regulations October 23, 2006. 1. 26-142a-1. Remove RAINBOW SMELT from, and add bay anchovy, sheepshead minnow, mullet species and various shrimp families to, the list of species that may be taken commercially in the inland district; clarify the title of regulation section; make corrections o scientific names; and make technical corrections. 2. 26-142a-4. Make technical corrections to the citations of other regulation sections; and eliminate a reference to the closed season for RAINBOW SMELT so that commercial fishing is prohibited. 3. 26-142a-6. Make technical corrections; make title and textual clarifications; delete gear references related to RAINBOW SMELT; require that gill nets fished under authority of a personal use gill net license be personally attended by the licensee; and delete obsolete references to gear used to take glass eels. 4. 26-159a-1. Clarify the tile of the regulation; and prohibit the take or possession of RAINBOW SMELT in the marine district or in inland waters where commercial fishing is allowed. A notice of intent to amend and adopt these regulations was published in the Connecticut Law Journal on November 8, 2005. Public hearings were held on December 8, 2005 and December 12, 2005 and the public comment period was kept open until December 2005. Department of Environmental Protection Marine Fisheries Division PO Box 719 Old Lyme, CT 06371 Phone: 860-434-6043 Email: firstname.lastname@example.com 12 13
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As of Wednesday, December 7, 2011
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Occupy Wall Street is a pathetic and profound example to the waste of an extremely rare and profound opportunity. What started out as a noble effort to demonstrate against corporate and special interest influence pedaling in Washington, and the overreaching powers of the Fed was turned into a spurious demonstration of greed, entitlement and a total lack of responsibility with all participants labeled unruly rabble rousers. This demonstration had been infiltrated and co-opted by insidious and nefarious influences, and its participants turned into unwitting stooges for their cause. The focus of their rage was turned away from the real cause of Americas woes — Washington politics and politicians, not successful business and businessmen. In retrospect, a result of modern day progressive left wing socialist government policies was illuminated — a generation who believe that they are entitled to everything in life for free.
America should take care of the truly needy and if you are, God bless you. For too long, politicians have pandered to those who prefer not to work for a living, but to suck the life out of this country and those who do. The bellicose cries of we come from a poor background, and it's not our fault are all too familiar, flaunted by cultural demigods and politicians alike to keep those who rely on government welfare reliant. For the first time in America's history, more than half of Americans are supported by the less than half. This is not sustainable and if continued America will collapse.
If you are a student with no interest in school, disrupting classes, you are part of the problem. If you are an absentee father, drawing welfare and hustling on the streets, you are part of the problem. A single mother who chooses single motherhood as a career, anyone who chooses welfare when able to work, an illegal alien taking advantage of leftwing social giveaways, then you are part of the problem. Make your own way in this free country as our forefathers intended instead of sucking the life out of it and those who choose independence.
As a result of the Occupy movement, anyone who decides to demonstrate for just cause against the failed fiscal responsibilities of Washington politicians who for decades have plundered taxpayer dollars for influence and profit will now be marginalized and labeled occupiers. Perhaps it's too late to save this country. I, for one, will never give up. I hope those who read this will stand with me and do the right thing. Do not depend on the government to save this country. Take a stand, make your own way, be productive. Do not drain, but add to America's wealth.
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Sunday December 2, 2012
PETALING JAYA: Compulsive hoarding is a distressing personality disorder that affects about 2% of the population, according to psychiatrists.
Over 20% of people with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) also exhibit similar symptoms.
"It can occur in people with schizophrenia and dementia," said Malaysian Psychiatric Association (MPA) president Dr Abdul Kadir Abu Bakar, adding that compulsive hoarding has nothing to do with either genetics or material deprivation earlier in life.
"A brain scan reveals that compulsive hoarders have lower levels of activity in the brain's caudate nucleus, compared to those who do not hoard," he said, citing a 2002 International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology study. (The caudate nucleus is associated with emotions, learning, decision-making and orientation.)
Dr Abdul Kadir said hoarders usually held on to trivial things like bills, receipts, newspapers, old clothes and broken ornaments.
"In more extreme cases, hoarders stash rubbish or even stray animals until their living condition is affected.
"These things are junk to most people but a hoarder does not know how to place a value on them.
"Throwing anything away is a traumatic experience for them," he said, adding that family members should bring the hoarder in for an assessment before the situation becomes worse.
Psychologist Dr Adnan Omar agreed, adding that compulsive hoarding was "treatable" through third party intervention, via medication or behaviour therapy.
"Therapists would go to their homes to teach them organising skills," he said.
"They will slowly do away with the clutter – starting from the least important. That way they can still feel they are in control of their possessions," he said.
Health Minister Datuk Seri Liow Tiong Lai, when asked on treatment options available for hoarders in the country, said the ministry would look into the matter.
"This group of people should be given assistance and treatment, if possible," he said.
MCA Public Service and Complaints department head Datuk Seri Michael Chong said cases of hoarders were quite rare but he advised them to seek help.
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'Wild' party ends for 51 at popular mall
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Image on Google Street View may be that of missing boy
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