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The invention is a colorimeter for dental applications comprising a hand-held probe, similar in size to a dental drill, attached by an electrical cable to a small self-contained display module. The calorimeter provides the capability for measuring the colors of a number points along a line on the surface of an object such as a tooth. A measurement is made while placing the tip of the probe against, or in close proximity to, the surface of the object. The display module to which probe attaches contains a microprocessor and provides a control, display and data interface to the operator. The display module can be adapted for fastening to the wrist of the operator thereby leaving both hands free to manipulate the probe and other tools. The calorimeter is particularly well suited for measuring the color of teeth in a dentist's office in preparation for making dental prostheses which accurately match the color of natural teeth. The colorimeter generates from a single measurement an array of color data points measured along a line on the surface of an object. From those data points, the processor can perform statistical analysis yielding a single color value, generate and display a color profile along a surface, compare measured values with a preloaded table of values, or upload color data to a remote location for laboratory or manufacturing purposes. The colorimeter can also use variations in the color values measured along a line to identify boundaries of areas on a surface. For example, the color profile can be used to identify the gum line on a tooth. The probe comprises multiple light emitting diodes (LEDs) for successively emitting light of different colors toward a surface, a linear photosensor array for receiving light reflected from the surface, and a lens for directing light from the target to the array, all contained within the probe itself. The calorimeter may also comprise a cradle for storing the probe and display module when not in use. The cradle may provide a battery charger, calibration references, and data links for uploading or downloading data from a remote location.
1. A dental colorimeter, for measuring the color of a target, comprising:
a miniature probe, containing:
a light pipe;
at least two different-colored light sources, optically coupled to said pipe;
a lens; and
a linear photosensor array, optically coupled to said lens; and
a display module, coupled to said probe, further comprising:
a microprocessor, coupled to said sources and said array; and
a display panel, coupled to said microprocessor.
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32. A method, for measuring the color of a target, comprising the steps of:
providing a colorimeter as in
sequentially illuminating a reference target with a plurality of colors;
measuring the light reflected from the reference target for each of the colors;
generating and storing a reference value representing the light measured for each of the colors;
sequentially illuminating the target with a plurality of colors;
measuring the light reflected from the target for each of the colors;
generating and storing a color value representing the light measured for each of the colors; and
computing a ratio of each color value to each reference value.
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displaying a symbol representing each ratio on the display panel.
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comparing each ratio with a stored ratio; and
displaying a symbol representing a result of each comparison on the display panel.
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This application takes priority under 35 U.S.C. �119 (e) to U.S. provisional applications having Ser. Nos. 60/098,823, 60/098,837, 60/098,845 and 60/098,855, all filed on Sep. 2, 1998, and all of which, along with co-pending application, Ser. No. 09/365,193 filed simultaneously herewith, are incorporated in their entirety by reference herein to the extent not inconsistent herewith.
This invention relates generally to devices and methods for the measurement of the color and reflectance of a tooth. The invention also provides for selecting a color and reflectance for a dental prosthesis which most closely matches that of the natural tooth.
The conventional method of determining a color to use in the manufacture of a dental prosthesis is to use a number of comparison samples. The samples are held up to the patient's teeth surrounding the location where the prosthesis will be placed and the sample most closely matching the color of the teeth is chosen by visual observation. The difficulty in obtaining the optimum color match by this method is due to several factors which include the color and intensity of the light illuminating the comparison, the experience and visual acuity of the person making the comparison, and the use of a limited number of samples.
A standard, unambiguous system for measuring tooth colors is needed. Such a system should provide for accurate and repeatable color measurements in different environments such as various dentists' offices and manufacturers' laboratories. High-resolution color measurement data can then be provided to prosthesis manufacturers to ensure an optimum color match between a prosthesis and its surrounding natural teeth.
A number of previous inventions useful for measuring tooth colors have been patented. Some describe apparatuses for making color measurements and others describe methods for making measurements and using the results in the manufacture of artificial teeth. Several such inventions are briefly described in the following paragraphs.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,690,486, teaches a device for detecting the color of a damaged tooth and determining a color-matched restorative material. It describes the use of multiple LEDs for successively emitting light of different colors toward a target and a light sensor for receiving light reflected from the target, all contained within a hand-held, battery powered device. The device uses a fiber optic wand to convey light between the device and the tooth.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,739,915 describes as prior art a document-scanning system having a set of RGB light sources, a self-focus lens array (SLA) comprising a single row of rod lenses, and a single-row photosensor array. In operation, the light sources of each color are sequentially illuminated and light reflected from the document is focused by the lens onto the photosensor array. A set of electrical signals corresponding to each element of the array is produced by the array for each of the RGB colors. The RGB signals are then combined for subsequent color reproduction.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,838,451 discloses an apparatus for the measurement of spectral reflectance or spectral absorbance of an object or a material. The reflectance apparatus comprises multiple LEDs surrounding a photosensor, all mounted on a common substrate, and a lens for coupling light to and from the object.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,844,680 also discloses an apparatus for measuring and analyzing spectral radiation. It discloses three embodiments comprising: (1) multiple LED light sources with a single sensor, (2) a single light source with multiple sensors, and (3) multiple sources and sensors.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,851,113 discloses a system comprising a probe containing a plurality of optical fibers connected to a color measurement system. The patent describes various means of color measurement, including multicolored light sources (red, green, blue=RGB), and various analysis techniques.
U.S. Pat. No. RE 31,290 describes an imaging system comprising a rectangular photosensor array and a lens contained in a small probe connected to the system by a fiber optic bundle. Three light sources produce red, green, and blue light in sequence. Light is conducted from the sources through the fiber optics to the probe tip and reflected from the object of interest back through the lens to the array in the probe.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,766,006 teaches a system comprising an intraoral camera connected to a shade analyzer subsystem. The patent discloses a camera comprising either a single or a triple charge coupled device (CCD) array for capturing an image of the tooth in three (RGB) colors.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,760,929 discloses an image processing apparatus for discriminating colors and color patterns or boundaries in an RGB image signal and for generating signals indicating the color boundaries.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,986,777 describes a tristimulus colorimeter which measures the red, green and blue light reflected from a sample. The sample is illuminated through a probe by a light source having a satisfactory uniform distribution of light over the visible spectrum. Light reflected from the sample through the probe passes through a rotating color filter wheel, which is synchronized with a digital voltmeter, to a photosensitive diode.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,096,217 describes a method of using a tristimulus colorimeter in making artificial teeth.
Each of the preceding examples describes technology, apparatuses or methods for making color measurements or comparisons. However, none of them describes the invention of a small, hand-held and inexpensive colorimeter which can permit an operator unskilled in color analysis to quickly and objectively make consistent color measurements and comparisons.
An object of the present invention is to provide a high-resolution colorimeter system, utilizing solid-state opto-electronic technology, for measuring and characterizing tooth and prosthesis colors.
The invention is a colorimeter especially suited for dental applications comprising a hand-held probe, similar in size to a dental drill, attached by an electrical cable to a small display module.
The colorimeter provides the capability for measuring the colors of a number of points along a line on the surface of an object such as a tooth. A measurement is made while placing the tip of the probe against, or in close proximity to, the surface of the object. The display module to which the probe attaches contains a microprocessor and provides a control, display and data interface to the operator. The display module can be adapted for fastening to the wrist of the operator thereby leaving both hands free to manipulate the probe and other tools. The colorimeter is particularly well suited for measuring the color of teeth in a dentist's office in preparation for making dental prostheses which accurately match the color of natural teeth. The colorimeter generates from a single measurement an array of color data points measured along a line on the surface of an object. From those data points, the processor can perform statistical analysis yielding a single color value, generate and display a color profile along a line, compare measured values with a preloaded table of values, or upload color data to a remote location for laboratory or manufacturing purposes. The colorimeter can also use variations in the color values measured along a line to identify boundaries of areas on a surface. For example, the color profile can be used to identify the gum line on a tooth.
As used herein, the term "color value" means any representation of a measured color. For example, it can be a single number or a symbol, or it can be a group of numbers or symbols such as three RGB ratios, a set of tristimulus values, or a set of statistical parameters representing a vector. A color value can also be represented by the result of a comparison of measured color values to stored color values.
The probe comprises multiple light emitting diodes (LEDs) for successively emitting light of different colors toward a surface, a linear array of light sensors for receiving light reflected from the surface, and a lens for directing light from the target to the array, all contained within the probe itself.
The LEDs are arranged in a line near the probe tip and coupled to the target via a light pipe. The LEDs emit preferably three—red, green and blue (RGB)—primary colors. The three colors are preferably discrete in the sense that their wavelengths do not overlap. One or more LEDs of each color may be used depending on the efficiency of the LEDs of different colors. Additional LED colors may be used for greater accuracy if needed.
The lens is preferably a flat wafer similar in shape to a thin cross-section of a conventional lens. The lens focuses an image of the illuminated surface onto the linear photosensor array.
The photosensor array is a relatively broad-spectrum integrated circuit device which is sensitive to all the wavelengths emitted by the LEDs. In operation, the LEDs are illuminated sequentially by color and the light of each color reflected from the target is sensed by the array and represented by a vector of electrical signals.
The probe also contains circuitry for interfacing to the optical devices and for coupling the reflected light signals to the display module.
The display module preferably provides a liquid crystal display (LCD) and control buttons for operating the colorimeter. The module contains a microprocessor, memory and associated support hardware for processing, storing and displaying digital data from the probe, as well as preferably rechargeable batteries for providing power to itself and to the probe. The microprocessor can run software routines for calibrating the color measurement devices and for comparing measured values with stored values. The stored values can be used to compare or match the color of dental prostheses to the measured colors of natural teeth. The processor can be used to detect color boundaries such as a gumline by analyzing the spatial profile of data obtained from the linear array.
The colorimeter may also comprise a cradle for storing the probe and display module when not in use. The cradle may provide a battery charger and the capability of uploading or downloading data from a remote location via cable, infrared (IR) or radio-frequency (RF) links. The cradle may also provide references for calibrating the colorimeter.
The LEDs are strobed, one at a time, and light from each is reflected from a tooth and received by a linear photosensor array. The photosensor array produces an electrical analog signal which is applied to an analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The ADC converts the analog signal to digital values representing the reflected light intensity. The digital values for each color are stored in a storage device. The stored values are processed by a microprocessor as necessary to specify the color of a prosthesis which will match the color of the tooth. When the colors of all areas of interest on a tooth are measured, the results can be compiled and sent to a custom prosthesis manufacturer. Alternatively, the results can be compared with a look-up table of standard color values stored in the colorimeter's memory. In the latter case, when a match is found this standard color identification number is displayed on a display panel.
The colorimeter is calibrated every time that it is turned on to insure accurate measurements. Reflectance measurements of a white calibration reference are made and stored for use in processing the data when data measurements are made.
New reference data on comparison samples can be loaded into the colorimeter whenever they are available. The technique for the upgrade can either be done via modem, floppy disk or hardware.
FIG. 1 is a drawing showing the components of the colorimeter.
FIGS. 2A, 2B, 2C and 2D are top, side, bottom and end views of the probe.
FIG. 3A is a schematic drawing of a first embodiment of the optical assembly.
FIG. 3B is a schematic drawing of a second embodiment of the optical assembly.
FIG. 4 is a plot of light intensity vs. wavelength for the illumination system.
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of the circuits in the colorimeter.
FIG. 6 is a flow chart of the colorimeter operation.
FIG. 7 is a state diagram of colorimeter display images.
FIGS. 8A, 8B and 8C are reflectance vs. position plots for three colors.
In the drawings, like reference numerals indicate like features; and, a reference numeral appearing in more than one figure refers to the same element. The drawings and the following detailed descriptions show specific embodiments of the invention. Numerous specific details including materials, dimensions, and products are provided to illustrate the invention and to provide a more thorough understanding of the invention. However, it will be obvious to one skilled in the art that the invention may be practiced without these specific details.
An exterior view of the invention is shown in FIG. 1. The colorimeter comprises probe 1 and display module 10. Probe 1 further comprises probe body 2, probe tip 3, cable 4 and measure button 5. Display module 10 comprises body 11, display panel 12, power switch 13, and control switches comprising "menu select" button 14, "scroll up" button 15 and "scroll down" button 16. The colorimeter may also comprise an optional cradle (not shown) for storing the probe and display module.
The material of the probe body is preferably an impact-resistant polycarbonate. The probe is shaped to facilitate one-handed operation and is preferably less than 15 cm in length and less than 5 cm2 in cross sectional area.
The material of display module body is preferably an impact-resistant polycarbonate. The module can be clipped into a mount or worn on the wrist to allow one hand to operate the colorimeter. The menu and scrolling buttons are preferably large and clearly marked to provide a friendly user interface.
A top view of the probe is shown in FIG. 2A. Left side and bottom cross sectional views of the probe are shown in FIGS. 2B and 2C. An distal end view is shown in FIG. 2D. The probe 1 comprises probe body 2, probe tip 3, cable 4, measure button 5, light pipe assembly 30, lens 38, mirror 39, linear photosensor array 32, circuit board 23 and optics support 24. Measure button 5 is coupled to measure switch 27.
FIG. 3A is a perspective drawing of the optical assembly. In FIG. 3A a light pipe assembly 30 is enclosed within probe tip 3 of FIGS. 2A-2D and comprises light pipe 31, LEDs 33, illumination surface 34, and baffle 35. The optics assembly also comprises optics circuit board 36 and aperture 37. Light pipe 31 has the shape of a truncated wedge with the illumination surface 34 on its distal end. LEDs 33 are abutted to, or imbedded in, the proximal end of light pipe 31. LEDs 33 are arranged preferably in a row and electrically connected to optics circuit board 36. Illumination surface 34 is preferably a diagonal section through pipe 31 and may be tilted inwardly toward the optical axis, with a diffusing surface finish, as shown in FIG. 3A or it may be tilted outwardly away from the optical axis with a smooth refracting surface. However, surface 34 may have a diffusing or refracting surface of any shape which provides adequate illumination of the target. The outer surface of pipe 31 may be coated or separated slightly from the interior surface of tip 3 to satisfy the index of refraction requirements for light pipe operation.
FIG. 3B is a perspective drawing of an optical assembly having two light pipe assemblies 30 and 30′ for use when a single light pipe assembly provides insufficient illumination.
Lens 38 is located to focus an image of a line on the target (the object plane) onto the light sensitive elements of photosensor array 32 (the image plane). Lens 38 may have the shape of a conventional lens or the shape of a slice through a conventional lens taken parallel to its axis. Mirror 39 permits mounting the photosensor array off the optical axis. The lens and mirror shapes and locations permit adjusting the optics for the desired magnification consistent with minimum probe size. Mirror 39 may be omitted if array 32 is located on the optical axis.
Light emitted from LEDs 33 is contained within light pipe 31 by total internal reflection (TIR) and guided through illumination surface 34 to illuminate the target. If surface 34 is an inwardly-tilted diffusing surface, light is scattered uniformly over the target. If surface 34 is an outwardly-tilted refracting surface, light is refracted onto the target. The angle and surface finish of surface 34 can be chosen by one of ordinary skill in the art to optimize the uniformity and intensity of the illumination of the target. Probe tip 3 shields the target from external ambient light. Light reflected from the target passes through aperture 37, lens 38 and is reflected off mirror 39 onto array 32. The dimensions of aperture 37 are chosen to prevent specular reflections from the target from reaching array 32. Baffle 35 prevents light from LEDs 33 from directly reaching array 32. The baffle may be a coating on pipe 31 or a separate opaque panel. Coatings may be optionally applied to the lens or the mirror to pass only light having desired wavelengths and to block light having wavelengths outside the spectrum of interest. Optical filters may be also be used in the photosensor array light path for this purpose. For example, filters or coatings may act as bandpass filters which block infrared and ultraviolet light or may comprise one or more notch filters to provide separation between the wavelengths emitted by the different color LEDs. A notch filter is a filter which blocks light of a narrow band of wavelengths.
Preferably, lens 38 is an achromatic lens which corrects on-axis spherical and chromatic aberrations. The preferred optical magnification is 0.5. At this magnification, for a linear photosensor array providing a resolution of 150 dots per inch (DPI), the maximum object size is 16 mm.
The wafer shape of the lens is chosen to reduce the width of the probe. The preferred sensing area is roughly rectangular (12.5 mm in height by 1.5 mm in width) and the preferred width of the lens, looking down along the optical path, is 2.0 mm. This reduces the overall width of the probe as compared to a circular lens. The lens 38 and mirror 39 are mounted to an optics support 24 which provides an integral optical assembly.
The colorimeter uniformly illuminates an oblong region, on a target, that is parallel to and in contact with the contact plane of the outer sleeve. The LEDs, preferably comprising two red (655 nm), two green (565 nm), and two blue (430 nm) LED's, are preferably arranged in a linear pattern and spaced about 1.25 mm apart from one another. The probe tip 3 locates the point of contact with the target and shields the system from ambient light. The light pipe baffle 35 and rectangular aperture 37 prevent direct light from the LED's reaching the photosensor array. The signals generated by the array result only from light reflected by the target.
The aperture preferably prevents light entering at more than about 5 degrees from the optical axis from reaching the array. The aperture can include an optical filter to attenuate light having a wavelength that is more than about 50 nm above or below a nominally-measured wavelength.
The probe tip comprises a sleeve that is sufficiently flexible and conformable to facilitate fairly tight contact with the target surface. Opaque materials are preferred for this purpose (e.g., an opaque vinyl or rubber), sufficiently flexible and conformable to facilitate fairly tight contact with the target surface. Preferably, the sleeve is sufficiently flexible to conform to an irregular surface. In medical or dental applications, the sleeve should be sanitary and disposable. A suitably-designed sleeve is preferably stiff enough to control the target position relative to the light sources and photosensor array. The probe tip can be manufactured so that it is either expendable or can be autoclaved. An alternative method of maintaining sterilization is to use a thin plastic transparent cover over the tip. The probe tip preferably includes a hook or protrusion on its distal edge for aligning the edge of the probe tip with the tip of a tooth.
In operation, probe tip 3 is placed against the target and the LEDs of each color are illuminated in sequence. As the target is illuminated by each color, a portion of the reflected light is captured by the photosensor array which produces a vector of electrical signals representing the intensity of the reflected light along a line on the target. As used herein, a vector means an array of values wherein each value corresponds to one of the photosensor locations in the linear photosensor array.
An exemplary plot of light intensity vs. wavelength for three LED colors is shown in FIG. 4. This example shows spectral profiles for a red LED 41, a green LED 42 and a blue LED 43. In this plot, the three profiles are discrete; that is, they do not overlap. However, as known to those skilled in the art, LEDs having profiles with different peak wavelengths and different widths may be used. The inherent emission profiles of the LEDs can be altered by optical filters or coatings on the LED encapsulations. Also, the effective profile widths can be altered by the use of optical notch filters in the photosensor array light path or by setting a detection threshold 44 either within the signal path from the photosensor array to the microprocessor or in the digital processing routines of the microprocessor. Such a threshold can be set to disregard light intensities below the threshold and thereby eliminate wavelengths outside the threshold. A different threshold can be specified for each color and stored in memory. The stored threshold values can be used directly by the microprocessor or converted by a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) to an analog signal for use by a comparator in the analog signal path.
To compensate for variations in sensitivity of the photosensor array across the wavelength spectrum and for differences in the efficiency of different LEDS, the light output of each of the LEDs may be adjusted by varying its current.
A block diagram of the circuits contained in the colorimeter is shown in FIG. 5. Although the circuits are shown as separate functional blocks, it will be recognized by those with ordinary skill in the art that some or all of the functions can be combined in integrated circuits. The term microprocessor as used herein includes the family of devices known as microcontrollers.
Each time the colorimeter is turned on, and prior to its operation, a calibration sequence is performed. This consists of measuring the known reflectance of a substantially white reference surface using all the colors in the probe. In some applications, the calibration may also include measuring the reflectance of a black reference.
The measurement sequence comprises sending a short current pulse to each LED of a color to illuminate the tooth. Reflected light from the tooth is focused onto the photosensor array which converts the light falling on each element of the array into an electrical representation of its intensity. After the array has been exposed to the reflected light, the array generates a vector of electrical signals representing the intensity of the light distributed across the array. The signals are coupled to an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) that converts the analog values into a digital signal comprising a vector of digital values which are then stored at a particular location in the storage device. This process is then repeated for each of the LED colors in the system.
Current is preferably supplied to the LEDs in short pulses to minimize self-heating and the resulting change in efficiency. If necessary to enhance measurement accuracy, multiple short pulses can be used for a single measurement and the results averaged or otherwise statistically analyzed.
When all three color measurements are made for an array of points, the microprocessor computes the ratios of the measured values to the calibration values for all the points on the line.
As used herein, a color ratio is defined as the ratio of the intensity of the light reflected onto each photosensor element from a target, whose color is being measured, to the intensity of the light reflected onto each photosensor element from the white calibration reference. When a black (or dark) reference is used, the color ratio is the ratio of the target intensity to the difference in intensity between the white and black (or dark) references. A color ratio is preferably generated for each photosensor element in the array and for each LED color used in the measurement; that is, the number of color ratios generated from a single linear measurement is equal to the number of LED colors used multiplied by the number of photosensor elements in the linear photosensor array.
After the first line of points is measured, the probe can be moved to another location and the sequence repeated.
Color values are plotted for vectors produced by red, green and blue illumination in FIGS. 8A, 8B and 8C, respectively, as an example of the color variation along a line on a tooth measured by the invention. Plots of vectors such as this can be provided on the display panel of the invention by those of ordinary skill in the art.
When all the points are measured and the color ratios calculated, the color values for each point can be compared with the color values in a stored look-up table. When a close match is found, its identification can be shown on the display panel.
A set of color values can be translated into a set of coordinates in several accepted color characterization systems. A color value for use in a particular industry could have its coordinate system correlated to color index schemes accepted in that industry. Some such systems are qualitative, such as the color swatch system for characterizing flower colors established by the Royal Horticultural Society. Others are quantitative, such as the x, y, and Y color coordinate system explained in Billmeyer & Saltzman, Principles of Color Technology 43 (1966).
Although the invention encompasses monochromatic, discrete-color, and white light sources, emitted colors are referred to as having a nominal wavelengths, and (optionally) some distribution of light intensity at other wavelengths. Various intensity distributions may prove advantageous for a product designer implementing the current invention, depending on component availability or matching to the receptors in the human eye. See, e.g., W. D. Wright, The Measurement of Color 69 (1969) for further discussion of this concept. A two-color light source system may be most advantageous for a particular model of probe, based on a designer's empirical knowledge about the intended use: The color of a tooth, for example, can generally be measured adequately by red and yellow light sources.
A database can be used to predict a mixture of ingredients to achieve a desired final color. To accomplish this, color values of a variety of mixtures of pigmented components are stored in the database, which contains information such as ingredient ratios and color values measured before and after curing. By interpolation methods known in the software arts, a computer can use these data to calculate the respective amounts of uncured ingredients and predict the uncured color coordinates of the mixture. The color values of the mixed ingredients can be measured before and after curing, thus serving as a quality control mechanism at several steps in the manufacture of products such as dental prostheses.
The probe can be precisely positioned on a tooth by a protrusion on the edge of the probe tip before a measurement sequence or the probe can be positioned approximately during the measurement and its precise position detected after the measurement by analyzing color value differences along a vector.
The colorimeter requires a color calibration process executed with sufficient frequency to compensate adequately for component deterioration. Preferably, a clean white matte calibration sample is kept in an enclosure, e.g., within an enclosure or cavity in a cradle, to protect it from dust, scratching, or loss. For example, in the cradle an external lever pivots the calibration sample such that it will reflect light from the colorimeter's sources toward its sensing aperture.
While the invention is particularly suited to measuring regions of color, especially for samples of mixed color, other scientific uses are also feasible. For example, in forensics applications where color is important, a forensics expert could use the invention to confirm the origin of ink on a piece of white paper, even where chemical analysis is not feasible.
The invention can also employ predetermined limits based upon what is known about the color of objects whose colors are to be measured or filtered out. In the dental arts, for example, healthy gum tissue is known to be various hues of pink. An embodiment of the invention uses software to distinguish between gum colors and tooth colors. For example, the programmer selects a minimum color value of red and/or a maximum color value of green to ascertain where a transition occurs between tooth and gum. Using the gumline or the top of a tooth as a baseline, the invention thus permits consistent measurements of tooth color that are repeatable from one measurement to the next. This is useful in measuring the desired coloring of an adjacent tooth for the purpose of manufacturing a dental prosthesis. It is also useful to measure the effectiveness of whitening treatments quantitatively.
The invention preferably incorporates means for excluding measurement data that do not fall within specific limits. These limits can be applied at the time of measurement by analog comparators or later by software routines. The former can be implemented by receiving inputs from a voltage reference and from an analog signal representing the reflected light.
Software processes can provide threshold modifications, complex selection criteria, and complete data acquisition and testing. All three measurements corresponding to a single point on the target can be discarded if both neighboring points differ by more than a specific amount. This is advantageous for irregular surfaces (to account for intermittent occurrences of specular reflection on an irregular shiny surface) and for dusty environments (to account for measurements influenced by extraneous particles). The software selects a representative value such as a median, for a given set of measured points. A sum of the RGB measurements (R+G+B) is used as a measure of brightness for such a computation. The software evaluates deviations upward from that value as a measure of color uniformity or as a trigger for a software routine that detects the presence of particular colors. Software also provides the capability of differentiating tooth colors from gum or background colors and selecting only the tooth color values from a vector containing gum and background color values.
The invention may optionally comprise a cradle (not shown) for holding the display module and probe when the colorimeter is not in use. The cradle provides for battery charging, receiving data from the display module, uploading received data to a remote computer, and acting as a calibration station for the colorimeter. The cradle includes the calibration references.
When a measurement is made, the red, green, and blue LED's are strobed in sequence. The reflected light of each of the three colors is collected by the photosensor array and a representative electrical signal is generated. Ratios of the three signals are calculated and the ratios are compared to those stored in a stored look-up table by the microprocessor. When a color match is found, the information is displayed on the colorimeter's display module.
The user may have the option of transmitting the color match data directly to the cradle and then to a computer via an RS232 I/O serial port from the cradle. The cradle may contain an IR or RF link for exchanging data with the colorimeter's display module.
When first turned on, the colorimeter performs a self-diagnostic test to ensure proper operation. After the completion of a successful diagnostic test, the user is directed to calibrate the colorimeter. Upon completion of the calibration step, the can initiate a measurement sequence.
To initiate a measurement, the user only needs to actuate the "measure" button on the probe. The reflectance measurements of red, green, and blue are processed, then stored. Upon the successful completion of processing the third value, the three values, one for each color, are compared to values in look-up table stored in the system's memory. When the values match within the range of a stored color code number, the color code number is displayed on the display module. The user then has the option of transmitting the data to the cradle, or taking another measurement, or turning off the colorimeter.
The sequence for color matching using the colorimeter is:
When first turned on, the colorimeter prompts the user to calibrate to a white reference and optionally to a black reference. It does not matter if the display module is removed from the cradle to perform this operation. The user applies the probe tip to the white reference, then depresses the "measure" button until the "end of measurement" beeper sounds. The user repeats this step to calibrate to the black reference if one is used. After these steps the calibration data resides in the memory of the display module. This calibration data will be used to compute the ratios for all future measurements until the power is turned off. The colorimeter must be calibrated each time it is turned on.
Data may be taken at this point by placing the probe against the tooth and depressing the "measure" button on the probe. Each time the "measure" button is depressed, the colorimeter preferably will take 5 sets of data measurements for each color in rapid succession, process them, and activate the "end of measurement" beeper. At this time, the data is processed and compared to a look-up-table for a color match. The color match can then be displayed on the display module.
Choosing the "transmit data" function on the display module transmits the measurement data to a remote computer.
FIG. 6 is a software flow diagram illustrating a measurement sequence.
The display panel provides the user with the information required to select the desired function. FIG. 7 is an exemplary state diagram of images that can be presented to an operator by the display panel of the invention. In the diagram, rectangles indicate displays and ovals indicate user inputs.
When the colorimeter is not in use, the user can park the display module and probe in the cradle. The display module can be turned off and the cradle may remain on to charge the batteries.
While the invention has been described above with respect to specific embodiments, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
All references mentioned herein are hereby incorporated by reference to the extent that they are not inconsistent with the present disclosure.
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Families are drawn to our school because we meet the multiple demands of raising a child with severe disabilities.
Ferncliff Manor, Inc is a not-for-profit organization supporting the mission of a unique residential school for children with developmental disabilities. Ferncliff Manor supports special programs for the children
and the development of our new campus. Founded in 1935, the organization is celebrating its 78th Anniversary! It is dedicated to meeting the needs of people with developmental disabilities, their families and the community utilizing research-based, adaptive and integrative strategies. Services
provided include educational, rehabilitative, specialized residential, health care, creative arts therapies and recreation programs. Our mission is to enable each individual to learn, develop and enjoy a meaningful and personally rewarding life.

subset: commoncrawl


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Who Wants to be a Millionaire?
Name Cheats
Enter your name:
Effect Password Easier Questions Regis Phillbin Harder Questions John Carpenter
Contributed By: The Hyrulian Samurai and XPLICIT187.
Easier Questions
When you have to type in your name do not do anything. After a while the name Kathy Lee will be automatically typed in and you will be asked easier questions.
Contributed By: XPLICIT187.
Know Something We Don't?
You can submit new cheat codes for this game using our Cheat Submission Form.
Have We Been Fooled?
If you see a non-working or fake code in the list above, let us know by using our Problem Submission Form.


text:
Officials said he suffered multiple gunshots. They also said Monday morning that they did not have any suspects identified. Witnesses told investigators that they saw a white pickup truck leaving the area.
Galindo's body was sent to Tarrant County for an autopsy. Anyone with information is asked to call the Ector County Sheriff's Office.
(Information from permianbasin360.com)


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SMPL Black Theme Go/Nova/Apex
1,000 - 5,000 downloadsAdd this app to your lists
+ By nimeriisk designs
✖ need help applying? email me :+D
✖ application is meant to force close
✦ this theme features ✦
✔ includes 1200+ beautiful icons
✔ over 4500+ icons themed
✔ supports for multiple launchers
✔ includes beautiful full go launcher theme.
✔ long time support, responsive themer.
✔ will add more features as I learn :D
✔ download clock by fashionon :: http://tinyw.in/9ziL
✦ several icons provided by ✦
✔ lorc from http://game-icons.net
Tags: smpl black theme, mnml black theme go/nova/apex, black smpl icons, apex black theme, apex theme black, smpl white theme apk list fox, smpl black theme go/nova/apex, smpl black theme go nova, smpl black theme apk, placid theme go/nova/apex.
✖ follow me on twitter @creativity_icon for updates
✖ recent changes
✔ finally back with updates
✔ please rate/re-rate :+D
✔ added adw theme support
✔ new higher quality icons
✔ added over 35 new icons (many top 100 free apps)
✔ send me request, suggestions, or problems
✔ want bigger icons? manually change the icon size via launcher settings (need nova prime/apex pro/golauncher)
(69 stars)
for the people that wanted smaller icons, if you use nova launcher, there is a setting that allows you to tweakthe size of the icons.I make custom themes all the time and I've never had a problem with these icons and their sizes. Hope this helps.
(69 stars)
I love these icons...I just wish more of them were available in the smaller size. This does come with a few, but only a few. I'm stuck using the larger ones because I don't have access to all of the smaller ones I need. I would even buy another separate set of smaller icons if available. Otherwise great work!
(69 stars)
They used to be a dark gray but now they are a deep black! Now I just need more light colored wallpapers that I like
(69 stars)
I mentioned the icons not being dark enough and you guys actually replied and fixed it! Outstanding! I've already purchased several of your icon packs and won't hesitate to buy more. Keep up the great work!
(69 stars)
I love these icons. You have one of the best icons in the market right now. I'll be looking to purchase more icons in the future. This should be a 5 star app.
(69 stars)
Another beautiful and simplistic theme from this developer. I absolutely love all of them. So many icons, no lag, no issues. Highly recommended
(69 stars)
My bad I after learning how to use my phone realise the icons work nicely


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i'm now 14 & 4. started zofran at 7wks, about a week after the nausea hit. it was working ok til i had to adjust the dose because insurance would only pay for so many pills in a month and i had to make them last....i lost my appetite, couldn't eat, wasn't able to drink anything for a couple days, ended up in the ER, they threatened to admit me. i talked them into letting me go home although in hindsight i should have stayed the night. they sent me home on phenergan and zofran alternated, zantac, unisom {already taking the b6}. two days ago they switched the zantac to protonix.
since the er i've been having stomach pain any time i try to eat anything more than saltines or drink other than mint tea. the vomiting is well controlled unless i forget to take my meds {made that mistake a couple times } the nausea is still there, but mostly tolerable. problem is....i'm only getting about 36oz/fluid/day. i'm getting just enough to avoid iv/er. i feel like crap - had a kidney u/s today because i'm now having kidney pain. u/s ruled out visible kidney stones/swelling of kidneys/bladder, and etc.
i don't know what else to do to get more fluid into me. my body is compensating well - i tend to compensate until i absolutely can't anymore - but i have to find a way to drink more. er is not a valid option for me, dh just got a new job and he's working super long hours, and we have two toddlers - 3 and 18m - who are super active.
idk what i'm trying to get out of this. i guess i just need to get it off my chest. i feel....wierd....."accepting" the HG label....to me its always been HG is ivs/picc lines/stomach tubes/constant vomiting even with meds.....but i guess thats just the most severe? ::sigh:: idk. idk what to think anymore. not that thinking works well, as foggy as my brain is.


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Join Date: Dec 2006
Location: Halifax, NS
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Are you having a dedication/Christening/Baptism/Bris/party? (We've been really quiet lately and I miss you guys! Talk more!)
We're having a "Welcome Alice" party today! Friends and family are coming, there will be food and probably gifts.
We'll also dedicate her in the UU church, and probably have a Pagan based 'naming' ceremony.
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Image Cut
6,648 downloads
A user-friendly program that allows you to seamlessly split photos arbitrarily or with the aid of a grid, while offering support for batch operations, HTML editor, and preview options
editor's review
DISCOUNT: 50% OFFImage Cut is a lightweight Windows application specialized in slicing large images into smaller parts using different methods. It proves to be particularly useful for optimizing photos in order to publish them on the web.
Clean feature lineup and supported file formatsThe working area is divided into two main sections that enable you to access the splitting tools and preview the adjustments applied to the photo. For a cleaner environment, you may hide the panel that embeds the splitters, rulers, and status bar.
Files can be added in the main window using the built-in browse button or drag-and-drop support. It works with a range of file formats, such as BMP, CUT, GIF, ICO, JPG, MNG, PBM, PCD, PCX, PSD, TGA, RAS, PNG, and XPM.
Working with splittersImage Cut gives you the freedom to make use of several preset splitting methods, namely vertical or horizontal mode, manually enter the coordinates for the selected splitter, or split photos with the aid of a user-defined grid by specifying the number of horizontal and vertical cells.
The best part about it is that it offers support for drag-and-drop operations in order to help you alter the position of the splitting lines on the image. Basically, you are entitled to alter the splitting process according to your web designing needs.
Batch processing and exporting optionsOther handy features worth being mentioned empower you to undo or redo your actions, zoom in or out of the photo, delete the selected splitters or all of them, activate the batch mode for processing multiple pictures at the same time, as well as use the text editor for inputting HTML data, which offers support for syntax highlighting.
When it comes to exporting options, you are allowed to save the current project as a template so you can upload it in the future and export each split item to the desired output format (e.g. BMP, GIF, JPG, PNG). Additionally, the app is able to generate HTML files including the entire image.
Fast performanceTests have shown that Image Cut carries out a task quickly and provides very good output results. It doesn't eat up a lot of CPU and memory, so the overall performance of the computer is not affected.
Bottom lineAll in all, Image Cut combines a user-friendly interface with several handy features for helping you seamlessly split photos in a batch mode, and is suitable for all types of users, regardless of their experience level.
Image Cut was reviewed by Ionut Constantinescu
Last updated on June 23rd, 2014
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Dec 13, 2014
Best Tech Gadgets For The Bedroom
There are technological accessories for just about everything these days that have been made to simplify our lives and enrich our experiences. And make no mistake, the bedroom is no exception! These...read more
Oct 7, 2014
Shopping For Four Seasons
While I'm in the shopping mode, it's tempting to buy clothes for every weather condition and temperature change that might arise! But I find I just end up spending more money that way. Try...read more
Sep 23, 2014
How I Save Money on School Clothes
Back to school shopping can get very pricey, especially when it comes to buying new clothes. And I love to shop, so I know. If you really want to save money on school clothes, then here are some steps...read more
Aug 26, 2014
back to school is a lot of work
Getting ready to head back to school is something that takes some preparation. I've been spending quite some time getting my kids ready for back to school and I figured I would share my tips with you. ...read more
Jul 21, 2014
memories made
Kids seem to be costly in general. Traveling with kids can get quite costly. When we took our family vacation, I knew it was important to make I planned each step of your travel to make the most of our...read more
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Latest news
- 1
Showing 1 - 3 of 3
Gallery: all the pictures of the new BMW M6
It's the big boy from M Power...
Gallery: BMW 6 Series Gran Coupe
See pictures of the new BMW 6 Series Gran Coupe. Fancy it, or would you rather have the A7 or CLS?
New BMW 6-Series Coupe: pics
Official details of Munich's Big Fat GT released. What do you make of the new Six?


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Adele has made her first public appearance tonight at the Golden Globe awards since giving birth.
Adele said the experience of recording a Bond theme was emotional. Copyright [Getty]
The 24-year-old singer received a Best Original Song nod for her Bond theme 'Skyfall'.
Talking to Ryan Seacrest on the red carpet, Adele admitted that recording the song with a 77-piece orchestra was an overwhelming experience, not helped by the fact that she was heavily pregnant at the time.
She admitted: "It was absolutely amazing, I was very pregnant and I was very emotional but it was very very exciting, epic- I felt like Frank Sinatra."
[Related article: Adele nominated for an Oscar]
[Related article: Adele to make comeback at the Golden Globes?]
Adele also revealed that it took her a long time to persuaded to write the song.
She explained: "I got the script quite a while ago and it took a long time to convince me to do it.
"It's a big responsibility to do a Bond song. Paul Mccartney's done one, Shirley Bassey is the Queen of them and I was worried I was going to let everyone down by doing it.
"But I was convinced and I loved the script. I think Sam Mendes is just incredible and Daniel Craig is a gorgeous Bond.
Adele spoke publicly for the first time at the awards since giving birth. Copyright [Getty]
"They're very serious the Bond films now, they're evolving as they go on so it's quite a serious thing and very British so I wanted to do it.
"And it paid off, everyone loved it."
The 'Someone Like You' singer also admitted that she was overwhelmed by the experience of being at the Golden Globes.
She said: "There are all these people her, characters from film and TV who I've grown to love so it's very weird to be here and not be around my peers."
With a Golden Globe and Oscar nomination to her name, we're sure Adele fitted in just fine.


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David Bowie Announces New Album
View Single Post
08-01-2013, 13:00
Inactive Member
Join Date: Aug 2012
Posts: 961
Having listened to the whole song again, his singing ability has almost certainly gone, at least on this evidence. Either the song was too high for him, or he can't sing anymore. The sad thing is, Bowie will be in danger of being remembered for this song in future years. .his big comeback song after years of being in the musical wilderness, not for all the really quite good stuff he did in the 70s and 80s.
The whole album will of course be the judge, not on his ability to compose songs, but on his current ability to sing.
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Snow showers Thursday, 1 to 3 inches Saturday for Shore
11:01 PM, Jan. 22, 2014
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Snow showers Thursday, 1 to 3 inches Saturday for Shore
10:56 p.m. Slippery roads in Ocean and Monmouth county are being blamed for some minor crashes. Police warn motorists to drive carefully because of black ice that formed and will remain overnight as
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Watch Hart of Dixie Season 1 Episode 8 online via TV Fanatic with over 2 options to watch the Hart of Dixie S1E8 full episode. Affiliates with free and paid streaming include Amazon and iTunes.
|Watch Now
|Watch Now
Episode Details
A friend of Zoe's from New York comes to visit this week. George and Wade, meanwhile, stir up a bit of revenge on this installment of Hart of Dixie.
- Show:
- Hart of Dixie
- Season:
- Hart of Dixie Season 1
- Episode Number:
- 8


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A Supporting membership is required to post items for sale in the classifieds
Welcome to TalkBass, the Premier Bass Player Community and Information Source. Register a FREE Account to post and unlock tons of features!
Please Read:Classifieds Rules, Usage Agreement, and FAQ for info on bumping, marking SOLD, and more.
In addition to the drop-down search menu at the top-right of this page, you may also do an advanced search for even more accurate results. See this thread for more info
SOLD FS: IdiotBox Blower Box
Discussion in 'For Sale: Effects and Pedals' started by Rabidrasbora, Apr 15, 2014.
Can't find it on TalkBass?


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Honda "feeling" by Wieden & Kennedy London
Agency: Wieden & Kennedy
Rating: 5.0
By Matt Williams, campaignlive.co.uk, Tuesday, 21 June 2011 09:30AM
The Chase and The Partners lead the way with three nominations apiece. Chase is shortlisted for its work for Paul Thompson and the BBC Wildlife Fund, and The Partners has nominations for its campaigns for the Metro, Richard House and Kantar.
Traditional ad agencies were also recognised in the shortlist, with JWT London getting two nominations, one for its "klocks" campaign for Kit Kat and one for its work for the National Centre for Domestic Violence.
Abbott Mead Vickers BBDO and SapientNitro both secured one nomination each, for campaigns for the Museum of Childhood and Footlocker respectively.
Completing the list of UK nominees are Interbrand, Williams Murray Hamm, Turner Duckworth and Moving Brands.
The UK's showing is a marked improvement on 2010's performance, where only five UK shops were shortlisted. However, two of those agencies, Leo Burnett and Chase, went on to win Gold Lions.
For the third year running, German agencies picked up the most Design nominations, with an impressive 35 campaigns shortlisted.
This article was first published on campaignlive.co.uk
Before commenting please read our rules for commenting on articles.
If you see a comment you find offensive, you can flag it as inappropriate. In the top right-hand corner of an individual comment, you will see 'flag as inappropriate'. Clicking this prompts us to review the comment. For further information see our rules for commenting on articles.
Agency: Wieden & Kennedy
Rating: 5.0
Agency: Ogilvy & Mather
Rating: 5.0


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Active time: 35 min Start to finish: 35 min
Leave a Review
A great standard recipe that allows the quality of great calf's liver shine through. Mine came from a local farmer who does things right!!
Very good, but missing something. I added sage and finished browning the onions after the liver had cooked, so I could soak up those tasty brown bits. This is a good recipe for a super-quick weekday meal, but if I had more time I definitely prefer the Sauteed Calf's Liver with Red Wine Vinegar recipe on here.
My family is one of few that love this dish. I made this for my mom - she hadn't had liver & onions for years! It brought back childhood memories for all of us!
There really isn't anything to the recipe. It's easy to prepare and taste great. I'm a big liver and onions fan and what made this different, was the soaking in milk. A definite keeper.


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A 40-year-old woman was raped by a man who first made her husband drunk, at their residence in Lisari Gate area, police said on Sunday.
According to the complaint filed by the woman, on July 29 the accused is a cousin of her husband who came to their house and made her husband drink. After her husband passed out, the cousin raped the woman, police said.
Pilokhadi Chowki station in-charge Satyendra Singh said a case has been registered in this regard, and the woman has been sent for medical examination.


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About Speaking Worksheets
At the moment we have got 805 Speaking worksheets as well as other helpful activities for teaching Speaking, such as printable handouts, coloring pages, teacher tips, etc.
View our recently added Speaking lesson plans, or navigate through the menu at the top of each page to find the worksheet you need for your particular lesson.
BusyTeacher.org is your 1-stop educational destination for Speaking lesson materials!At BusyTeacher, we try our best to make your lesson preparation easier by giving you access to 805 pages of Speaking handouts. Ready to Print These totally free print ready Speaking lesson plans will help you prepare a wonderful lesson about Speaking - just print them out and you're all set!
Download and Print 805 Speaking Worksheets!


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Database Error
There is currently a problem with the [H]ard|OCP Database Server, please be patient the site will return once they get the problem ironed out.
[H]ard|Folding Copyright © 2001 - 2014 by King_N, [H]ard|OCP Copyright © 1998 - 2013 by Kyle Bennett
All trademarks used are properties of their respective owners. All rights reserved.


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You really want to try don't you?
Best Answer
Yeah just think of Micheal Jackson. <br />
That should give you an answer.
Best Answer
No 😍
Best Answer
No I tried washing a black person once stayed black lol
Best Answer
Not true when it comes to coffee.
Best Answer
Actually, I listened to Back in Black -- and went back and back again!
Best Answer
Yes, a man is a man no matter the color on the outside.
Best Answer
Apparently not.
Best Answer
I have no idea.
Best Answer
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New day. New Daily Deals. Get them before they are gone!
Can't find what you're looking for? Shop all ink and toner cartridges by brand
New Customer ? Start Here.
New day. New Daily Deals. Get them before they are gone!
Item: 84096 Model: 53709-3327
High Sierra Hawk internal framepack in pacific blue color with 45 ltr main compartment features adjustable sternum strap that stabilizes the pack. Framepack has adjustable sternum strap to stabilize pack and variable side with bottom straps.
|Backpack Style
|Day Pack
|Color Family
|Backpack Pattern
|Backpack Material
|Laptop Compatible
This Web site is intended for use by US residents only. See International Sites. See our delivery policy for full details. Copyright 1998-2014, Staples, Inc., All Rights Reserved.


text:
Sir Alex Ferguson has hit out at Manchester United fans for targeting Arsenal boss Arsene Wenger.
"It should stop," said Ferguson.
"There's been a focus on fans' behaviour and the chants towards Arsene Wenger and other managers. It's ridiculous and I think the police should be doing more. They should be stepping in.
"Manchester United and their supporters should know very well the chants that have been levelled at us over the years — ie Munich — and understand the sensitivity, and the criticism directed at members of the club itself.
"I don't agree with it at all and hopefully our fans appreciate it comes to me too. I hope other clubs share the same views I do.
"There is enough to admire in our game without having to denigrate people."


text:
|Property type
|Minimum Stay
|4 - 7 nights
Set in the mature 'Pueblo' of Los Molinos this 3 bedroom town house is on 3 levels -fully modernised & maintained to very high standard with all facilities ideal for self catering. Set in a quiet corner plot with plenty of car parking. Large patio at the front of house and two terraces ideal for soaking up the sun both in the summer & winter. BBQs on both terraces with stunning views of the Mar Menor. A two minute walk to the large swimming pool & heated toddlers' pool with poolside bar and restaurant, one of La Manga's best kept secrets.
Easy walking distance to shops, bars, pharmacy etc.
Residents' rates apply for up to 6 people for sports facilities including golf , tennis etc. There are 3 beautifully maintained championship golf courses, 28 tennis courts, squash courts, bowling etc.
Fully double glazed with AC throughout. Contains dish washer,washing machine,f ridge freezer, microwave, new lighting, DVD player and two LCD TVs. No pets allowed
NOTES: This is a versatile villa suitable for couples,families & those who want to play golf, tennis, squash,bowls etc
Extensive water sports facilities are available locally & can be arranged through the sports centre.
There is a luxury spa offering sauna, steam room, jacuzzi, spa treatments & a gym & fitness studio.It also contains an indoor 25 metre pool.
There are many restuarants and a number of bars in the resort & many other places to eat locally.The lively Piano Bar at the 5 Star Hyatt Hotel is open until the early hours of the morning.
Activities: La Cala beach & other local beaches, water sports, cycle hire, children's mini club, crazy golf,football academy, cricket etc
Choice of gourmet and family restaurants,coffee shops,other shops, hairdressers, banks, lawyers etc
Tennis Centre: The La Manga Club tennis centre has some of the best facilities in Europe being the winter HQ for the English Lawn Tennis Association.It provides excellent coaching which can be arranged directly with the club.
28 courts,mostly floodlit, are available with clay, astoturf & hard surfaces.
Equipment can be hired & there is also a fitness centre, sauna & jacuzzi.
'Residents' enjoy a 50% discount on court hire.
Casa Gemmell provided everything we needed for wonderful family holiday. The villa was clean, modern and well-equipped and the layout suited us perfectly (two bedrooms on the ground floor, each with bathrooms, for us and the kids and a third room, with a bathroom and its own terrace, on the third level for the grandparent that came with us). Having stayed at La Manga Club Resort once before we chose Los Molinos for its proximity to Bellaluz and heated children's pool which didn't disappoint. The main pool at the tennis club is open from 1 July to 31 August and is also great for kids so, with a fantastic beach only a few miles away at Mar de Cristal we managed to keep our energetic two and four year old occupied for two weeks and have a great time ourselves! Would definitely return.
We had a fantastic stay in this wonderful villa, it is fully equipped with all home comforts including free wifi and sky tv. We travelled with young family and it was very easy to rent travel cots etc from lamanga for u which where all set up on arrival. We enjoyed both golf and spa facilities within the resort. There is lots to offer within walking distance and a lovely friendly atmosphere at the pool bar area. All in all a great relaxing family holiday. Can't wait to visit again.
Fantastic accommodation close to many restaurants and pool with bar/cafe. Immaculately presented and spotlessly clean. Three good sized bedrooms, all with their own WC and shower or bath. No less than three patios which offer sun and shade at different times of the day and with great views. With Sky TV and WiFi this villa has all you would ever need for a great holiday. Owner very helpful and called to make sure everything was as we gad expected (it was better than we had expected).
With Luigi's, Asia, Bodega and the Amapola at the hotel there is a great choice of restaurants to choose from with bars and cafe's all in the close vicinity.
We would thoroughly recommend this house to anyone looking for a quality holiday accommodation. We very much hope to go back.
Great golfing break in one of the most comprehensive golfing complexes in Spain. The apartment / house is just short drive away from all Murcia's main destinations. The "Casa Gemmell" is a beautiful apartment with stunning views to the South East of Mar Menor from both balconies. Tastefully furnished, very comfortable and fully equipped, making it perfect for a party of friends or family group.
We had a great holiday and this villa was ideal for our family. Well located near to the Molinos pool and good cafe, the villa was quiet, clean and comfortable and we enjoyed meals on the terrace.
The villa was well located with good access to the Los Molinos pool and bar. It was very well equipped with everything you could need and more. This was our third visit to La Manga but the first to this villa. We would highly recommend it as a base for pools, tennis, golf and restaurants nearby. Played the North course and EL Torre and Roda - all very good.
Los Molinos is part of La Manga Club & is set on a gentle hillside overlooking the Mar Menor vista. There are well kept gardens & footpaths with two white windmills a main feature.Properties are traditional & well maintained. The community pool has an additional children's heated pool. The pool bar & restaurant is unique within La Manga Club & is open from Easter until October. Access to the pool area is restricted to owners & residents only A short distance away is a choice of beaches some with water sports. Local markets, shops, restuarants, bars & sports facilities abound. Situated on the Costa Calida(warm coast) the weather is usually warm & pleasant throughout the year having its own microclimate unique in Spain
The nearby historic towns of Cartagena & Murcia are well worth a visit.There are now many budget flights to both Murcia (25 minutes) and Alicante(75 minutes) with easy motorway driving.
5 kilometres away is the natural park of Calblanque with its own beach.
Golf: The La Manga Club offers three 18 hole championship golf courses -the South,North & West.In January 2009 the European Ladies PGA Tour held their qualifying competition on two of the courses
A Par 47(a pitch & putt course) and outstanding practice facilities including driving range,putting greens,practice bunkers are all available.
Playing partners can be arranged on application to the Golf Administration clubhouse.A full range of single & double buggies are available to hire along with single scooters,trolleys etc
There is a sports shop selling a large range of golfing equipment.
Competitions-there are three per week on a Monday, Wednesday & Friday.
The Golf Academy provides excellent coaching facilities with video playback analysis.The Academy & tee times can be booked on the La Manga Club website before your holiday begins.
Residents enjoy 50% discount on green fees.
|Rental Period
|Minimum Price
|Additional Nights
|Weekend Night
|Event Price
1 Apr 2015 - 31 May 2015
7 night minimum stay
for 7 nights
1 Jun 2015 - 30 Jun 2015
7 night minimum stay
for 7 nights
1 Jul 2015 - 18 Jul 2015
7 night minimum stay
for 7 nights
19 Jul 2015 - 29 Aug 2015
7 night minimum stay
for 7 nights
30 Aug 2015 - 30 Sep 2015
7 night minimum stay
for 7 nights
1 Oct 2015 - 31 Mar 2016
7 night minimum stay
for 7 nights
|No additional mandatory fees
Guests have 'resident' status & enjoy 50% discount on La Manga golf & tennis rates. A non refundable deposit is required on booking of £150 per week, the balance is payable in full 6 weeks prior to departure.
Beach towels,AC & WiFi are included in the price
If your chosen dates are unavailable please consider our next door neighbour's villa also on this website ref. 495665
Please Note: The owner of this property accepts payment in the original currency specified (GBP), before use of conversion tool. The conversion tool is provided for your convenience only. The owner may accept other currencies if specifically agreed in advance.


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All Day
Maddie's® Pet Adoption Days is a two-day, fee-waived collaborative effort of countless people trying to save the lives of shelter animals, a testament to what can be done when people come together and rally for a common cause. This year, participating groups within selected counties of the San Francisco Bay Area, Washoe County, NV and Dane County, WI will come together with one goal: to empty the shelters. For each pet adopted, Maddie's Fund gives participating shelters from $200 to $2,500. This funding enables the shelters and rescue groups to save and treat more animals throughout the year, all thanks to the love of one little dog, Maddie.
We invite the public to visit the various adoption locations. For a complete list and to see the available pets, go to Adopt.MaddiesFund.org


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I absolutely despise this man. In Tuesday night's game, with the game tied vs. the Royals, there was a passed ball that ended up scoring the winning run. Bradley who was on first advanced to second, but not before jumping and dancing around like it was the winning run in a World Series game. Before that, he showed up the Royals by scoring a run, not with his feet, but by touching the plate with his hand.
Are you kidding me? Now read this!
I don't care how good his numbers are, if you're a fan of this guy, or if your kids look up to him, he's an absolute JERK! He thinks he's higher than the game. As described in the article above, "He's a good teammate". Bull he is. The guy has problems. Absolute joke.


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How long after a miscarriage does it take for your HCG levels to return to normal?
I had a miscarriage about 7 weeks ago. I had a feeling and took a pregnancy test today. It was positive. Is it possible that the test was just detecting left-over pregnancy hormones?
Posted: 09/04/2007 by Sweet27P
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hi, im in the same boat as you but maybe this will help u a little more than all these other post. My last period was august 13 i miscarried completely sept19 which was 5 weeks and two days being pregnant and when i went in to the hospital my hcg levels were only at 49 two days later my hcg levels were at 10 and literally 3 weeks later on October 12 I had a faint positive p.t (Obviously im sure hcg should go down 5 points in the time span of 3 weeks) the next day a bit darker, and then darker faster appearing lines for the next three days of testing. I miscarried sept 19 and am now 1 month pregnant on October 18. Also when i started bleeding my body didnt even feel pregnant and now im back to having very sore breast, being hungry all the time, and being so tired. (which is actually why i took the first test last week. so yes you can get pregnant right away. i see my doctor next week so good luckposted 10/18/2011 by a BabyCenter Member
I know this is an old question, but wanted to share my experience for anyone looking for answers like I am. About 3 years ago I had a miscarriage. I had an ultrasound at 9 weeks but the baby had stopped growing at 7 weeks. I was given cytotec and a shot of methotrexate. I bled heavily the first day and slowly stopped after a few weeks, but continued spotting off and on for months. I had weekly hormone tests...for 4 months! It took that long for my levels to go back down to zero! I got pregnant with my 3rd child about 4 months after that. That was my 4th miscarriage and the only one that took that long. I just had my 5th m/c 2 weeks ago and I go in a few days to have my HCG checked. Hopefully it doesn't take that long again!posted 09/24/2013 by sarah_d120
I recently had similar story.. conceived march 3rd 2012... Easter weekend bled horribly for 3 days took a home test day after easter and said positive so I felt baby was ok and my body was just confused bc I got pregnant while being on birth control. (had insurance issues for a tiny bit).. just went to Dr last week.. Im 4 weeks pregnant! I was expecting to see the size of a 3 month and little be hold the tiny heartbeat :) I must have lost my 1st baby and conceived this baby 2 weeks after my miscarriage which makes sense bc dates add up! I knew something was up with my last pregnancy bc my home test wouldn't come in clear (i would have faint positives)... until I tried after I bled and I had the clear blue test and it read pregnant (i should have been over 9 weeks than) I have two kids prior and never taken me that long for a Postitive reading.. even being 4 weeks now I have a positive... its my miracle baby for sure!posted 05/21/2012 by dawnyG
Hello Everyone.. looks like im joining this boat with everyone.. I had a miscarriage 3 weeks ago and just got a call from my doctor that my levels had decreased but had not got back to normal. Im not getting excited or nervous about it yet because it has only been 3 weeks and he did say that it would take about 6-8 weeks for me to have a normal cycle again. He actually said that it takes 6-8 weeks for women to have a normal cycle after every pregnancy (healthy or not)... Idk how true that is but thats what he told me.. He also said that having sex wasnt an issue (there was no need for any type of birth control) because I couldnt get pregnant until I had a full cycle.. Anyone know how true that is? Thanks for the info..posted 06/22/2010 by kaylad52488
Unfortunately it's just a waiting game. Sometimes it just takes a long time for numbers to drop. Once mine did I got pregnant immediately and my daughter is now two!. Sorry you're going through it, I just looked at it that my body was not ready to carry another pregnancy.posted 04/18/2013 by lin9877
After my miscarriage we tested my HCG levels every 2 weeks for 6 weeks. It took 6 weeks for them to go back to under 5. It depends on the person and the miscarriage. You should check with your doctor to confirm.posted 08/19/2009 by kjn palo alto
When I had my miscarriage in April, It took a few weeks for my hcg to be negative. The first blood test showed 22, then 13, then 9, then 6, then FINALLY below five. so 5 weeks of testing. I had a D&C April 8th, and got my first period May 9th. I got my period before my hcg was tested negative.posted 08/02/2013 by myangelbaby920
hey everyone. i am 19 years old and found out i had miscarried on april 1st of this year. i was almost 11 weeks along. i had a d&c on April 7th because he wouldn't come out on his own and having my dead baby inside of me was more difficult than breathing under water... the whole time i knew i was pregnant i was wishing that it would go away, then when my baby died i wanted to die with him. michael's (yes, naming him helped me heal) dad and i want to try again and i just spoke with my doctor who told me my HcG levels were at 3 as of April 29th. does this mean i can physically get pregnant again? even though my 1st period hasn't started yet i mean..? i am only asking if it is an average possibility, i already know and fully understand the safety issues, especially considering my d&c. thanks for your help.posted 05/05/2010 by michaelaiden10.28.10
I realize this is an old thread, but I'll share my story in case it can help anyone down the road. I have irregular cycles, so I take a HPT every other month or so (just to be sure). I got a BFN 11/13/12. I got a BFP 1/4/13. (Super excited, 12 1/2 years of not preventing anything and this was only my 2nd pregnancy.) Went to the Dr. 1/8. Nothing on the ultrasound, but they said it could still be early. HCG level was 317. (which they said corresponded with early pregnancy) I was supposed to go back the next week. Started spotting on 1/12 and had a m/c on 1/13. Went in for bloodwork 1/15 HCG was 36. Last bloodwork was 1/24 and my level was less than 1. So, my HCG was less than 1 within 11 days of when my m/c started. I am 5w1d since my actual m/c and still no AF. Everyone's different.posted 02/18/2013 by TwinMommyMandy
I had a miscarriage at 8 weeks during mother's day weekend. I had my DNC on May 10th. It has been 9 weeks. At 5 weeks my HCG was 23 at six weeks it was 22. At seven weeks it was 15. I just had it completed again on Monday and am waiting to hear the results. Everyone is different so don't give up or lose hope!posted 07/12/2011 by a BabyCenter Member
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Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10355/5614
|Magnetoresistance in semiconductor-metal hybrids for power applications
|Nunnally, Clay
|University of Missouri--Columbia
|Extraordinary magnetoresistance (EMR) in semiconductor-metal hybrids has been studied exclusively for sensor applications. However, some properties of EMR-based devices are potentially advantageous for power applications. A PSPICE finite-element model has been developed to aid in the analysis and design of semiconductor-metal hybrid devices for power applications. This paper presents the model theory, implementation, and results when applied to an externally-shunted van der Pauw (vdP) plate. The conventional 4-terminal (4-point) vdP probe configuration for sensors is compared to 2-terminal (2-point) probe positioning which is necessary for power devices. The effects of material properties on resistance and magnetoresistance (MR) for an externally-shunted vdP plate in both probe configurations are presented. Two prototype metal-semiconductor hybrid topologies for power applications have been derived from EMR sensor technology and are examined here for the first time, the shunted Corbino plate (SCP) and the externally-shunted Hall plate (ESHP). The PSPICE FEM model was used to analyze MR behavior as a function of geometric ratios characteristic of each new topology and semiconductor material properties. Sets of models for each topology generated using ElecNET were used to evaluate these devices' pulsed-current and breakdown limitations. The PSPICE model has the benefit of being versatile, simple, and computationally stable. Understanding the 2-point resistance behavior of existing EMR sensors is a primary step in characterizing EMR-based power devices since it, and not the conventional 4-point resistance, is of merit for power applications. The largest room-temperature MR ([delta]R/Ro) calculated for each prototype topology was approximately 2000% at 1 T. Current concentration caused by the inclusion of a shunt was found to limit the pulsed current capacity in each device studied. For a common scale (13.6 mm x 3.4 mm x 1 mm), pulsed-current capacity was found to vary within each device topology according to a characteristic geometric ratio. The best candidate, in terms of MR, from the SCP family showed a 1-ms pulsed current capacity of 323 A. In contrast, the pulsed current capacity of the best ESHP device was found to be 82 A. The best device geometries in terms of MR showed the lowest breakdown voltage among each set, both ̃200 V. The data set presented here is useful for purely characterization purposes. But also, these findings and the unavoidable trade-off between magnetic sensitivity and breakdown voltage indicate that potential advantages are offset by intrinsic limitations in the use of the EMR effect for power applications.
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Kevin Rose throws a raccoon down the stairs!!
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Posted 23 July 2013 - 02:23
The Raccoon got off lucky, lets just say if this took place on a farm they would use a gun instead.
The second throw might have been a little excessive, but he was just trying to protect his dog. What would you have done? Try to reason with it? I think the guy had some serious stones to do what he did.
Agreed, gotta protect your animals, he probably didn't even think it through.
His Brain: "Dog trouble, trouble raccoon, grab raccoon, dispose!"
Posted 23 July 2013 - 02:31
Anyone that's ever been around raccoons knows one simple rule: you don't ###### with raccoons.
He had some serious balls to do that, and he's lucky he doesn't have rabies :-\
The raccoon's probably fine, and even if it's not, who cares, they're a dime a dozen. And they're ######.
Posted 23 July 2013 - 02:54
The raccoon was attacking the guys dog, he had every right to defend his dog and get the raccoon far away as possible (if it means throwing it down a flight of stairs)! I would do that if the raccoon was attacking my cats!
This video is hilarious! That's one raging Rac' coon
Posted 23 July 2013 - 12:05
awesome. racoons are violent horrible animals. seeing one get thrown is pretty funny.
I never met a violent raccoon.
actuality I'm against animal cruelty.
maybe horrible in stealing my food when camping.
had a pet raccoon, but it got sick and vet wanted to charge alot and couldnt afford. sad day.
Posted 23 July 2013 - 12:15
Don't think it's funny... more like moron...
So you would just stand by while your dog or cat is viciously torn apart by the raccoon? It's not like the video was meant to be for anyone's enjoyment, a real life situation posed its self and he did what he had to do to take care of it.


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(based on 5 reviews)
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By WhitG
from Palm Beach Gardens, FL
About Me Avid Cyclist
See all my reviews
Comments about Lin Wooley Sol Socks:
Fit great and feel good. They have a firm fitting top band that prevents them from slipping down. No problem washing and heat drying. Not too heavy, so good in the warm Florida weather. All around, great socks.
Bottom Line Yes, I would recommend this to a friend
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Ditto the other 5 star reviews
By Velo vortex
from Olathe, KS
About Me Casual/ Recreational
Great for riding, great for when you don't have slippers.Love these socks. Wish there were more styles.
By ribarz
from Nashville, TN
WIsh I could replace all my socks with items like this.
(2 of 2 customers found this review helpful)
Great for cycling AND everyday wear
By Penny
from Clinton, SC
I bought these socks to wear cycling. Then when it got cold this winter, I decided to wear them to work with pants - they're great! My feet tend to sweat a lot, but they don't in these socks (or maybe they just wick away so well?)I went camping this weekend and packed them, and they were fantastic there as well. It rained, so there was dampness everywhere (shoes, tent) but my feet stayed dry. In fact, I wore them two days in a row because they were my best socks and stayed dry.I have small feet (size 6.5 shoe) and it's hard to find socks where the heel doesn't stick up out of the back of my shoe. These (size small) fit perfectly! I put them in the dryer and they don't shrink.
I love these socks!
By N/A
from Wood River, Illinois
These socks are wonderful! They keep my feet warm without making them sweat. They are so comfortable I am buying more to wear with my casual clothes!
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Asia stocks rise amid positive US company news
Wednesday - 2/13/2013, 11:56pm EST
AP Business Writer
BANGKOK (AP) -- Stock markets in Asia moved higher Thursday on the heels of positive corporate news and resilience in U.S. consumer spending.
Japan's Nikkei 225 index rose 0.6 percent to 11,313.68. The Tokyo market shrugged off data showing the Japanese economy shrank for a third straight quarter in the last three months of 2012, as investors expected the yen's recent weakness will boost company earnings.
The Bank of Japan ends a policy meeting Thursday but analysts said no new initiatives were expected in light of an impending leadership change.
Central bank governor Masaaki Shirakawa, who has appeared at odds with Prime Minister Shinzo Abe's views, is resigning next month, giving the government an opportunity to find a successor more sympathetic to Abe's push for ultra-loose monetary policy.
South Korea's Kospi rose 0.4 percent to 1,984.63. Australia's S&P/ASX 300 advanced 0.6 percent to 5,033.70. Hong Kong's Hang Seng, opening after a three-day holiday, rose 1 percent to 23,448.71. Markets in Singapore and the Philippines fell while China and Taiwan remained closed for Lunar New Year holidays.
Global stocks mostly pushed higher on Wednesday on upbeat corporate earnings and evidence that U.S. consumer spending is withstanding tax increases. The latest figures showed U.S. retail sales rose 0.1 percent last month despite a hike in payroll taxes. While the rise was the smallest in three months, analysts said it nevertheless showed underlying resilience in consumer spending, which accounts for 70 percent of the world's largest economy.
Sentiment was also supported by news that Comcast Corp, America's biggest cable TV operator, agreed to buy half of NBCUniversal for $16.7 billion. Investors took the deal as a vote of confidence in the economy and the media industry.
Solid U.S. earnings also boosted sentiment. Cisco System Inc.'s latest quarterly earnings rose 44 percent to exceed analyst forecasts. Duke Energy's fourth-quarter earnings beat analysts' expectations as electricity rates rose and more extreme weather increased demand for power.
The Dow Jones industrial average fell 0.3 percent to 13,982.91. The Dow was dragged down by fast-food giant McDonald's, which fell on fears that Americans would pull back on restaurant spending. The S&P 500 gained 0.1 percent to 1,520.33. The Nasdaq composite rose 0.3 percent to 3,196.88.
Benchmark oil for March delivery was up 16 cents in electronic trading to $97.17 per barrel on the New York Mercantile Exchange. The contract dropped 50 cents to finish at $97.01 a barrel on the Nymex on Wednesday.
In currencies, the euro was slightly higher at $1.3449 from $1.3447 late Wednesday in New York. The dollar was little changed at 93.48 yen.
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News Release November 7, 2012: Trauma Specialist Raises awareness of PTSD
Wednesday, November 7, 2012 Toronto, ON
Trauma Specialist Dr. Baranowsky raises awareness of PTSD & Trauma Care
November 7, 2012, Toronto, ON – The headlines herald the tragedies: A mall shooting, a sexual assault following a kidnapping, a military combat veteran suffering the effects of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. But these headlines tell only part of the story: What is the aftermath of traumatic events? Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is an anxiety disorder that occurs after exposure to an extreme stressor where we feel at risk of serious illness, injury or loss or life. The disorder can leave the sufferer with flashbacks, nightmares, extreme fear and a tendency to isolate. More than 800,000 people search the Internet each month for "PTSD" and millions more search for relief from depression and anxiety, two debilitating results of PTSD left untreated. Behind each search is a person whose life has been shattered by a traumatic experience.
We cannot deny the terrible cost to trauma left untreated. The October 2012 Ombudsman's report captured some of the costs when reviewing a system wide failure to care for Operational Stress Injuries among Ontario Provincial Police resulting in emotional strain, job disability, broken marriages and in some cases even suicide. Unfortunately, exposure to trauma is actually more common than we realize whether it comes about through exposure to extreme events among Canadian military members discharging from service; bullying among youth; the impact of natural disasters like Hurricane Sandy; motor vehicle accidents; diagnosis of a serious illness; acts of war and violence.
Baranowsky says "silence is at times the first response by those in the position to help. This might be within a family where a child has been sexually abused by a family member or within a culture where a police officer is encouraged to grin and bear it rather than seek care."
She continues by explaining that "for those struggling, shame, vulnerability, confusion or poor access to appropriate care can hinder a decision to seek the treatment required to work through trauma. And yet, without a direct care approach those who have been traumatized can sometimes feel like they are expected to pull out a bullet from a wound with their own bare hands."
In response to the need, Baranowsky published "What Is PTSD? 3 Steps to Healing Trauma" (Baranowsky & Lauer, 2012). The practical book was written with trauma survivors in mind. It is an excellent guide to post-trauma symptoms and recovery, filled with client stories and carefully crafted approaches that the authors have used successfully with 1000's of clients. The book website is filled with resources and book reviews from trauma survivors and leading trauma experts, visit WhatIsPTSD.com.
Toronto bookseller Caversham recognizes Baranowsky at the November 22, 2012 book launch (6:00 – 8:00 pm). Dr. Anna Baranowsky will meet with the public, sign copies of her book, offer a brief book reading and share tips on how to move forward from the past traumatic experiences.
# # #
Dr. Anna Baranowsky, Ph.D., C.Psych, CEO Traumatology Institute has been providing training, consultation and service since 1999. In her role with the Institute, she provides comprehensive trauma care training and compassion fatigue resiliency programs to trauma care providers and mental health professionals.
"What Is PTSD? 3 Steps to Healing Trauma" is available in paperback at Caversham Booksellers and Kindle on Amazon.com and through retailers, libraries, and academic institutions throughout the US and Canada. The WhatIsPTSD.com website is committed to helping survivors of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder.Event: What: Dr. Anna Baranowsky, author "What is PTSD? 3 Steps to Healing Trauma" Where: Caversham Booksellers, 98 Harbord St, Toronto, ON M5S 1G6 Canada When: 6pm to 8pm Thursday, November 22, 2012 Details: http://whatisptsd.eventbrite.ca/ Media Contacts: Anna Kozina, Communications & Clinical Care Coordinator Traumatology Institute 416-305-1231
firstname.lastname@example.com www.WhatIsPTSD.com www.ticlearn.com


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Wimberley Bluegrass Band consists of four Santa Ana siblings who regularly deliver classic grounded bluegrass to Orange County – and they are all under 21 years old.
Mark Wimberley, 18, plucks guitar; James Wimberley, 18, twangs banjo; Michael Wimberley, 15, plays fiddle; and Danielle Wimberley, 20, strums mandolin. Each member started playing in 2006 after discovering a Nitty Gritty Dirty Band album.
"It was maybe late 2005 that we heard it. We just loved the sound of the banjo," Michael Wimberley explained.
In order to turn their passion into a career, the band mates study marketing, computers and math to aide the business side of their music. They all plan to go to Chapman University to finish their degrees and pursue music full time.
Q. You guys do play in a traditional fashion. Do you think traditional bluegrass is lost in today's generation?
A. Danielle: A lot of people still do it nowadays.
Michael: I think it's kind of having a resurgence, the traditional style of bluegrass music. That's a good thing about the bluegrass genre is most people still keep it traditional even if they do play it a little more progressive or contemporary.
Q. How does Orange County react to your music?
A. Mark: I think a lot of people are surprised that we play bluegrass here. If we were out in Kentucky, everyone plays bluegrass out there. The fact that we are in Southern California and we are young people, no one really expects to see that. The progressive stuff or something like Punch Brothers or Mumford and Sons is almost not even bluegrass anymore. The fact that we play the stuff from the '40s and '50s, I think that catches a lot of people's attention right off.
Danielle: I think a lot of people enjoy it. They tell us that they enjoy it a lot and see that people are playing bluegrass here.
Q. Do you have any favorite artists? Who are your main influences?
A. Michael: We really like Ricky Skaggs. But we have a lot of [influences]. We always go to the old stuff like Bill Monroe, who is the father of Bluegrass music.
Mark: Even some of the newer people on the scene, they have a traditional sound we like to listen to, we like to try and recreate as we play.
Q. How did you learn to play your instruments?
A. Michael: We all taught ourselves these instruments. Along with the instruments, we also got a book. We learned the basics from there, but we just kind of took off on our own.