text:
For determining the respective geometrical position, the displacement or angle of a body by capacitive sensing, a supply voltage applied to a voltage-distribution element is switched, and/or phase-shifted voltages are applied, in such a way that at least two different distribution patterns of the supply voltage, that follow each other in time, are obtained across the voltage divider.
1. A method for determining the geometrical position, displacement, or angle of a measuring probe by capacitive sensing, comprising the steps of:
guiding the measuring probe along and in spaced relation to a voltage distribution element to a position between first and second ends of the voltage distribution element, the voltage distribution element being connectable to a source of alternating voltage and the measuring probe being capacitively coupled to the voltage distribution element to sense a voltage therebetween;
during a comparison phase in which there is no voltage drop across the voltage distribution element between the first and second ends, comparing the magnitude of a sensed voltage from the measuring probe with the magnitude of a reference voltage value;
during the comparison phase, controlling the magnitude of one of the source of alternating voltage and a controllable gain amplifier to make the magnitude of the sensed voltage equal to the magnitude of the reference voltage value;
thereafter, during a measurement phase in which there is a voltage drop across the voltage distribution element between the first and second ends, sensing a voltage from the measuring probe which corresponds to the position of the probe between the first and second ends of the voltage distribution element, the voltage being obtained free of disturbance variables.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein, during the comparison phase, the source of alternating voltage supplies the voltage distribution element with an alternating voltage which is equal at each of the first and second ends so that there is no voltage drop between the first and second ends.
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein, during the measurement phase, the source of alternating voltages is applied to only a first end of the voltage distribution element while the second end is connected to ground.
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein, during the measurement phase, opposite-phase voltages from the source of alternating voltage are applied to the first and second ends of the voltage distribution element.
5. The method according to claim 1, including the additional step of switching between the comparison phase and the measurement phase.
6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the measuring probe is connected to a coupling probe to form a single physical unit, the two probes traveling the same measuring path and the coupling probe being capacitively coupled to a stationary coupling electrode to which a measured value is delivered.
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/429,250, filed Apr. 25, 1995, now abandoned.
The present invention relates to a method and to a device including an evaluation circuit which permits capacitive sensing in connection with displacement, angle or position sensors so as to enable the position of movable bodies to be determined in a no-contact way.
In most of the cases analogue voltage divider circuits are used for this purpose, which are either designed, according to the known potentiometer principle, as displacement encoders, rheostats or potentiometers, or employed in the form of inductors, for example as differential coils, differential transformers, inductors with short-circuit winding in the form of a tube.
In the case of an analogue resistance potentiometer, a deposit applied on a substrate by spraying or by vapor deposition serves as a resistance path on which a wiper slides in contact relation, thereby being put in a position to pick up different direct voltage potentials of the resistance path, depending on its particular position, and to transmit them, via a collector wiper connected with it, to a collector path where the sensed potential is available for evaluation. Such potentiometers, certain embodiments of which can be used with a very high degree of precision as displacement sensors or pick-offs, may under certain conditions lead to problems, due to the constant contact relation which latter finally also leads to wear in the case of rapid wiper movements, so that there exists a real demand for a system that allows no-contact sensing of the corresponding measured values.
If a capacitive position sensor or displacement sensor of the kind known, for example, from DE 28 26 398 C2 is used instead of the inductive measuring systems, which also works in a no-contact way, but involves certain measuring inaccuracies and, under certain circumstances, also non-linearities, then absolutely significant adulterations of the derived measured values must be expected under certain circumstances, due to the influence of stray capacitances and leakage resistances--a circumstance that is not tolerable in most of the cases.
The capacitive displacement sensor described by DE 28 26 398 C2 comprises a pair of obliquely divided, mutually insulated capacitor plates to which an alternating voltage is applied and between which an intermediate plate, serving as a pick-off being adjustable by the length of the path to be picked off, is arranged and connected to the input of an evaluation circuit via a connection cable. The movements of the pick-off lead to constantly varying forces acting on the connection cable and its connection points; these forces not only result in accelerated aging of the displacement sensor, but have the additional effect, especially due to the changes in the position and displacement of the cable, to cause capacitance variations and varying stray capacitances as well as varying leakage resistances, which constitute a disturbance variable that cannot be specified and, above all, that cannot be compensated in this way.
The evaluation circuit of this known displacement sensor comprises an operational amplifier whose one input is connected via the connection cable to the displaceable intermediate plate, which latter serves as pick-off, and to whose other input the feed-back measuring signal is applied via a resistor connected to ground. The output of the operational amplifier is connected, via a rectifier, to other amplifier elements one of which is configured as an emitter follower. As in such evaluation circuits the arising stray capacitances are in the order of the measuring capacitance, and the input resistance of the amplifier is in the range of the sensor impedance, for usual frequencies, a precise and strictly linear output voltage cannot be expected.
In the case of other capacitive displacement sensors, for which the evaluation circuit is not described at all or only in the form of a simple downstream amplifier (DE 34 41 217), a tightly packed resistance path, showing a meander-shaped or zigzag configuration, is supported on a substrate surface, and a displaceable pick-off element, being arranged at a certain distance from that resistance path and designed as a planar annulus, is provided so as to capacitively uncouple the respective potential and supply it via a connection line to a measuring circuit consisting of a voltmeter. The conductor path is, however, connected to a direct-current supply voltage so that capacitive sensing is possible only during a displacement performed at a correspondingly high speed, while stationary detection of a position cannot be effected, due to the then missing measured value. Here again, disturbance variables are similarly encountered, due to stray capacitances and leakage resistances, which cannot be eliminated.
Finally, it has been known in connection with a galvanometer to connect the pointer of the galvanometer, being a movable element, to an alternating voltage connection, with the pointer moving in a plane at a certain distance above a resistor element, whereby a voltage drop is caused in the latter by capacitive coupling, which voltage drop can then be evaluated to derive the pointer position (U.S. Pat. No. 3,636,449).
Now, it is an object of the present invention to provide a capacitance-based no-contact position sensor and to design its evaluation circuit in such a way as to achieve an especially low sensitivity to disturbances, combined with high measuring accuracy.
The invention achieves this object and provides the advantage that while largely uncritical and low-cost components can be used, the influence of stray capacitances and leakage resistances can be either fully eliminated or in any case maintained at a level that does not influence the desired measuring accuracy in the no-contact measurement of displacements, effected by capacitive coupling.
The invention does not need any costly screening for this purpose as it succeeds in compensating the influence of stray capacitances to ground, and the input resistance of the circuit, by the automatic control of the overall gain and/or the supply of the voltage divider circuit, which preferably is a usual resistance path of the type also used in potentiometer-type displacement sensors. The automatic control is effected in connection with, and altogether tuned to, switching actions performed at different points of the evaluation circuit.
Thus, a first preferred embodiment of the invention is based on an arrangement which differentiates between two phases, by timed interruption of connection lines between the signal source supplying the resistance path, and the resistance path, namely a first phase I in which the full voltage then present over the full length of the resistance path--regardless of the position of the capacitive potential probe scanning its voltage distribution pattern--is picked up by that probe and compared with a reference voltage, and a second measuring phase in which the obtained measured value can be evaluated. During phase I the amplification gain of the measured value, that has been picked up capacitively by the potential probe, is correspondingly balanced and/or the signal source feeding the resistance path at a controllable amplitude is influenced in such a way that any variations occurring during the measuring phase II, when one end of the resistance path is again supplied with the control voltage, are exclusively due to the respective position of the potential probe, based on its displacement, while any other influences due to stray capacitances or leakage resistances are eliminated because they have been compensated before by the change in gain during phase I, i.e. the phase of comparison with the reference voltage. It is of course a precondition for this system that the circuitry components involved show a linear behavior, which condition is fulfilled in the present case.
Such compensation of the interference voltage drop, provoked by stray capacitances and leakage resistances, by automatic control of the overall gain is also possible when that end of the resistance path that is connected to ground is supplied with a opposite-phase voltage during the measuring phase at the other end, so that in this case, too, a voltage drop occurs across the voltage divider path.
According to another embodiment of the invention it is further possible to supply the voltage divider with an alternating voltage in such a way that, alternately, one end is connected to an alternating voltage, while the other end is connected to ground. This has the effect that the voltage appearing at the output represents alternately the voltage divider ratio or its difference to one. When the gain is then controlled in such a way that the sum of those values corresponds to the reference voltage, then one obtains two oppositely directed output voltages representative of the voltage divider ratio, i.e. the desired measured value, and the reference voltage, respectively.
The further features specified in the subclaims permit further developments and improvements of the invention.
Certain embodiments of the invention will be described hereafter with reference to the drawing in which:
FIG. 1 shows a highly diagrammatic representation of the mechanical/constructional design of a preferred capacitive displacement sensor with measuring and coupling capacitor arrangement, as one possible embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 2 shows a diagram of a potential distribution over a voltage distribution element, designed as a resistance path, which is scanned by a potential measuring probe;
FIG. 3 shows an illustration of the capacitive relationship between the potential measuring probe and the resistance path;
FIG. 4 shows a representation of one embodiment of the invention, in the form of a block diagram, where the entire working cycle is subdivided by suitable voltage control of the resistance path into a comparison and balancing Phase I and a measuring phase II;
FIG. 5 shows a block diagram of another embodiment of the invention where either both ends of the resistance path are connected to the same voltage, or only one end is connected to voltage, by means of switches that are actuated in accordance with a predetermined timing code;
FIG. 6 shows a block diagram of another embodiment of the invention, where the resistance path is connected to a phase-shifted supply voltage;
FIG. 7 shows a voltage/time diagram relating to the circuit of FIG. 6;
FIG. 8 shows a block diagram of one embodiment of the invention where the resistance path is supplied with oppositely directed alternating voltages, with
FIG. 9 illustrating the two characteristic curves and their cumulative curve; and
FIGS. 10 and 11 finally show two different approaches for the possible screening and electric isolation of certain specific circuitry components.
The basic idea of the invention is to provide an evaluation circuit for a capacitance-based position sensor that is capable of reliably compensating the leakage and fault currents occurring in capacitor areas and on conductor paths, and of giving in this way a position sensor of this type a degree of accuracy that was not achievable before so that a novel concept of decisive technical importance is achieved in combination with the known advantages of a sensor operating on a capacitive basis, namely no-contact operation, resistance to aging, and the like. Compensation is effected by switching over the alternating supply voltage at the voltage divider element, which latter is scanned by the potential measuring probe and which usually consists of a resistance path, so that in addition to measuring phases comparison phases and balancing phases are obtained which act with retroactive effect either on the alternating voltage supply of the resistance element or on amplifiers in the evaluation area so as to eliminate the influence of the disturbance variables.
In this connection, a great number of exemplary embodiments are possible, which will be explained in more detail below, although the mechanical/electrical structure of the capacitance-based position sensor is preferably configured in the way that will be described initially with reference to the representation of FIG. 1. This description is also meant to improve the understanding of the invention, a structure of the type illustrated diagrammatically in FIG. 1 being especially well suited to considerably further the desired freeness of the sensor from disturbance variables and, insofar, to render the respective evaluation circuits especially effective.
The capacitance-based position sensor 10, as illustrated in FIG. 1, comprises a potential measuring area 11 and a potential coupling area 12, the potential measuring area being, in the case of this embodiment, a real voltage divider element 13 with smooth voltage characteristic, for example and preferably a resistance path of the type commonly used in potentiometer-based pick-offs (in which case they are supplied with direct current) or in rotary potentiometers.
The two connections 13a, 13b of the resistance path of the voltage divider is supplied in this case--via a supply and evaluation circuit 14 that will be described in more detail later, in connection with other embodiments of the invention--with an alternating voltage of constant, maybe also controllable amplitude, and in the case of the illustrated embodiment one of the connections, for example the connection 13b, is connected to ground so that it can be seen very clearly that a distribution of the alternating voltage dropping in amplitude from the connection point 13a to the connection point 13b is obtained across the resistance path of the voltage divider.
The resistance path of the voltage divider 13 is of the no-contact type, which means that a potential measuring probe 15 is assigned to it at a predetermined spacing, which thereby capacitively interacts with the resistance path, being thus also capable of tapping the alternating voltage potential across the resistance path, that varies across the distance s (in the measuring direction), the potential measuring probe 15, designed in this case as rectangular plate, having an integrating or averaging effect and tapping at any time that alternating voltage amplitude that results as mean value from the position of the potential measuring probe.
The potential measuring area 11 and the potential coupling area 12 are electrically isolated one from the other in a suitable way, the potential coupling area 12 comprising also a movable probe portion, namely a potential coupling probe 17, which moves at a predetermined distance, i.e. likewise in a no-contact way, across the altogether electrically conductive electrode surface 16 of the potential coupling area 12, in synchronism with the potential measuring probe. The respective, in this case rectangular, surfaces of the potential measuring probe and the potential coupling probe are connected one to the other at least electrically, but preferably also through their mechanical structure, so as to form a common component, for example a double copper plate arrangement, for being jointly displaced by a suitable support, not show, across the associated surfaces of the resistance path or the coupling electrode surface, in the measuring direction.
The respective surfaces of the potential measuring probe 15 and the potential coupling probe 17 form together with the respective counter-surfaces of the resistance path and the electrode 16, respectively, capacitors that are designated, in the subsequent evaluation circuits, as measuring capacitor CM and/or as coupling capacitor CK, respectively, and whose capacitance remains almost unchanged across the displacement path so that the generation of the measured value is not influenced by capacitance variations.
Thus, the potential coupling probe 17 transmits the alternating-current voltage amplitude-measuring signal tapped at the potential measuring probe 15 capacitively and correctly to the electrode surface 16 of the potential coupling area 12, there being only one additional connection 16a which does not change its position and at which the voltage amplitude signal reaches the input 18 of the supply/evaluation circuit 14.
The theoretical/physical mechanism is such that when an alternating current is applied, the potential distribution obtained on the "potentiometer" resistance path according to the representation of FIG. 2 can be defined by the following formula:
Potential ρ=-E�x
or expressed as electric field distribution
field: E=-gradρ
ρ1>ρ2>ρ3>ρ4>. . .
is as appears from FIG. 2.
The voltage being an alternating voltage, the potential may be represented as follows:
ρ=ρo�sin [sin(ω�t)] where
o=amplitude of the potential
ω=angular frequency 2πν
The whole system can be perceived as a capacitor composed of a number of small capacitors, as represented in more detail in FIG. 3.
The capacitor equation reads as follows:
C: capacitance
εr: relative dielectric constant
A: capacitor surface
d: distance (of the plates)
The capacitance is defined as follows: ##EQU1##
As to the capacitances, the following is to apply: ##EQU2##
The tapped potential is linearly related to the locus x. →ρ=ρ(x). Through the element capacitances .tbd.Ci, displacement currents I1 flow into the probe according to the following formula: ##EQU3## The overall displacement current I is then equal to: ##EQU4## which means that the individual voltage amplitudes are added up to an overall displacement current I.
Accordingly, even the smallest displacements of the plate of the potential measuring probe are integrated into the tapped alternating voltage amplitude as the ratio of the partial voltages naturally changes when a displacement by δs takes place. Picking up the measuring signal is effected in a no-contact way, as is the transmission to the stationary electrode surface 16, so that such a position sensor is not subjected to any mechanical wear and all disturbance variables, such as variable stray capacitances, which may otherwise be produced by as little as bent connection lines, or contact resistances of sliding contacts, are excluded already at this point.
A first embodiment of one evaluation circuit is illustrated in FIG. 4. The resistance path 20 is connected to an alternating voltage supply source 21 which has one end connected to ground at 22. The potential measuring probe forms together with the respective associated part of the resistance path 20 a first measuring capacitor CM connected in series with the coupling capacitor CK. The circuit diagram of FIG. 4 further shows stray capacitors Cs connected to ground and the resistance path, respectively, or other supply lines, together with an input capacitor Cg and an input resistor RE at the input of a controllable-gain amplifier 23, all of which make themselves likewise felt as disturbance variables.
The output of the amplifier 23 is connected in parallel--via switches S1, S2, provided in push-pull arrangement, which may of course also take the form of electronic switches--to a first rectifier 24 whose output is connected to a controller 25 (for example an operational amplifier), the other input of which is supplied with a reference voltage Uref. In addition, a storage capacitor 26 is provided at the input of the controller 25 for the intermediate storage of the rectifier output signal.
The output of the controller 25 is connected to the controllable-gain amplifier 23 and may optionally also act (alone or in combination with some action on the amplifier 23) on the alternating voltage supply source 21 so that the latter constitutes a signal source with controllable amplitude.
A parallel output branch of the amplifier 23 also comprises a rectifier 27, connected in series with a low-pass filter 28, if desired, to whose output the measuring signal (UA) is applied; the switches S1 and S2 are synchronously connected to a switch S3 connected into the supply line to the resistance path 20 in a manner such that the switching conditions illustrated in FIG. 4 alternate, which means that the switch S3 is open every time the switch S1 is closed, and vice versa; the switch S2, which connects the measured-value processing elements to the output of the amplifier 23, is closed when the alternating supply voltage is supplied also to the resistance path 20, with the switch S3 in the closed and the switch S1 in the open condition, so that no amplification variations or variations in the amplitude of the supply voltage occur at that point in time or during that working phase.
The basic function of such a circuit arrangement, which is capable of being varied in a plurality of ways, is then as follows: During a first phase, when the switch S3 is open, the switch S2 is open, too, while the switch S1 is closed--the respective activation of the switches being taken care of by the logic and control circuit 29 --, the voltage divider is supplied by the alternating voltage supply source 21 in such a way that both ends exhibit the same potential, since with the switch S3 in its open condition no voltage drop occurs across the resistance path, irrespective of the position occupied at that time by the potential measuring probe. Consequently, the potential measuring probe senses the same potential at each position, which after having being amplified by the amplifier 23 and rectified at the input of the controller 25--the latter being preferably an I controller--is then compared with the reference voltage Uref. The I controller 25 then re-adjusts the gain of the amplifier 23 (or influences the amplitude of the alternating voltage supply source 21, which is controllable in this case) to ensure that an output voltage corresponding to the reference voltage Uref appears at the output of the rectifier 24, during the comparison phase during which the output voltage of the measuring probe is independent of the latter's position. At the same time, this signal sensed by the potential measuring probe is during the comparison phase provides a measure of the transmission from the resistance path 20 to the measuring probe and, generally, for the transmission ratio achieved by the evaluation circuit. However, since the operation of the system is linear, this transmission ratio also applies to partial voltages, i.e. at times when the resistance path 20 effectively operates as a voltage divider.
This is the case during the measuring phase II, when the switch S3 is closed and, accordingly, the potential measuring probe senses an alternating voltage amplitude signal corresponding to its particular position, so that the described switching-over action, and action on the properties of the amplifier 23 and/or the amplitude of the supply source 21, has the effect to eliminate all influences due to disturbance variables.
During the measuring phase the derived signal is rectified by the rectifier 27, with the switch S2 closed, and transmitted via a low-pass filter 28 to the measuring output where due to the fact that the gain has been adjusted in such a way that a signal corresponding to the reference voltage Uref will appear under full voltage conditions, the signal appearing is proportional to the voltage divider ratio, i.e. representative of the position of the measuring probe.
The basic principle explained in connection with FIG. 4, i.e. the subdivision of the measuring process into a comparison and/or balancing phase and a measuring phase can be implemented in a plurality of different embodiments. In the case of the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 5, both connected ends of the resistance path are supplied with alternating voltages Uv1 and Uv2, respectively, via switches 30, 30', the latter being controlled by a switch sequencing control 31 in such a way that either both terminal ends of the resistance path 20' are supplied with the same voltage, which means that Uv1=Uv2, so that no voltage drop occurs, while during the following (measuring) phase the voltage is applied only to one end of the resistance path 20', while the other end is connected to ground by the switch control so that a voltage drop occurs across the voltage divider path, or else--which is in fact the same thing--a voltage is applied to the other end in phase opposition to the voltage applied to the one end so that in this case, too, a voltage drop occurs across the voltage divider path.
During the first comparison phase I, when no voltage drop occurs, the probe voltage Us sensed by the probe 33 is transmitted, after having been amplified by the (controllable) amplifier 32 and rectified by the synchronous rectifier 34, reaches the summation point 36 as direct voltage Ugv, at which point the difference to the reference voltage Uref supplied is derived. The differential direct voltage is then transmitted to the subsequent controller 37, whose output is either applied--as mentioned before--to the input of the amplifier 33, for adjusting its gain, or is used--alternatively--for adjusting the amplitudes of the voltages Uv1 and Uv2 supplied by the alternating voltage generator 38.
Here again, the measured output voltage UA, representative of the particular position of the probe, is transmitted during the measuring phase to the measuring output via the synchronous rectifier 35. Given the fact that the gain and/or the supply voltages of the potentiometer path had been adjusted during the comparison phase in such a way that a signal corresponding to the reference voltage appears under full voltage conditions, the output voltage UA will be proportional to the voltage divider ratio and the reference voltage.
According to the circuit arrangement illustrated in FIG. 6 it is also possible to use phase-shifted supply voltages for the resistance path 20', in which case the potential gradients obtained at the different points of the circuit will be as reflected by the diagram of FIG. 7. In the representation of FIG. 6 and the following Figures the same reference numerals have been used to identify circuitry components identical to those appearing in FIG. 5, whereas an apostrophe has been added to the reference numerals of components with slightly different function.
Due to the shift in phase of the two supply voltages Uv1' and Uv2' generated by the alternating-voltage generator 38, the resistance path 20' is supplied with voltages of alternately the same and opposite phase, the voltage Uv2' lagging behind the voltage Uv1' by one fourth of a period. Consequently, during the periods of time designated by V, the two supply voltages have the same, either positive or negative, direction while during the periods of time designated by M they are in phase opposition. Consequently, no voltage drop occurs at the voltage divider during the "equal phase" periods V, and the electronic switch and the rectifier 34 produce during that period the reference voltage Ugv which corresponds to the potential probe voltage Us during that time. During the periods of time M, the opposite-phase supply voltages produce a voltage drop across the resistance path 20', which is used for determining the "voltage divider ratio", i.e. the position of the potential probe (measuring phase II). The measuring voltage Ugm is likewise produced by means of the electronically controlled circuit and rectifier 35, the two values Ugv and Ugm being stored in corresponding circuits that are implemented in the form of capacitors 26, 26'. The diagram of FIG. 7 reflects the potential curves for three different potential probe positions, namely one near the connection for a supply voltage Uv1, one approximately at the middle of the resistance path, and one near the end of the voltage supply point for Uv2.
It goes without saying that similar relationships are obtained when the voltage divider or a voltage divider element used with similar effect is supplied with square signals at both connections, in which case one end may be supplied, for example, with a square voltage of a given frequency, while the other end is supplied with a square voltage of twice that frequency. In this case, too, there will be equal-phase and opposite-phase periods of time that may be used as measuring phases and as reference phases, respectively.
Another way to implement the system is that represented by FIG. 8, where the resistance path 20' of the voltage divider element is supplied with alternating supply voltages in phase opposition, which means in other words that a rising and a dropping characteristic is produced, as represented in FIG. 9, by changing the polarity of the potentiometer path. In this case (see FIG. 8) the alternating voltage source 38' supplies alternating supply voltages Uv1 and Uv2 of equal amplitude, that are alternately applied to the ends of the resistance path 20' via first electronic switches 45 and 48, while at any time the respective other end of the resistance path 20' is connected to ground via further electronic switches 46 and 47. Consequently, the switches 45 and 47 are activated in combination with the controlled amplifier circuit 35, while alternately, during a next phase, the switches 46 and 48 are activated in combination with the controlled rectifier circuit 34--although no separate comparison and measuring phases exist in the case of this embodiment of the invention
The output signals of the two rectifiers 34 and 35, which are controlled in synchronization with the switches 45 to 48, are intermediately stored in the capacitors 26 and 26', and are then transmitted via a summing element 36' to the controller circuit 37' which is configured as I controller preferably to control, here again, the input amplitude of the supply voltages Uv1, Uv2 to the resistance potentiometer path in such a way that the sum of the two output voltages determined remains constant, i.e. that--according to the representation of FIG. 9--the voltage sum is, for example, adjusted to a higher value by comparison with a constant value, as the sum of the two characteristic curves 1 and 2 must have a constant value at any position of the path. In the case of the embodiment of FIG. 8, this can again be achieved by effecting a comparison with a reference voltage Uref supplied to the summing element 36'. The controller 37 then ensures that the sum of the two output signals is equal to the reference voltage Uref, either by adjustment of the gain of the amplifier 33 or by corresponding re-adjustment of the amplitude of the supply voltage for the potentiometer, as indicated by the dashed connection line between the output of the I controller 37' and the input of the alternating-current generator 38'.
Such a control also has the effect to eliminate the influence of any disturbance variables due to the properties of the coupling capacitors, it being possible in this case to use the signal of either the one or the other characteristic, i.e. Uan or Uap, as output voltage.
It has been found to be desirable in the case of such a capacitance-based displacement sensor, angle or position sensor that the voltage source supplying the voltage divider, and the amplifier input for the output voltage should have a defined potential reference point as otherwise the measurement may become dependent on the potential ratio in the supply voltage and of the sensor housing. It is, therefore, desirable that the ground potential of the supply voltage be connected to the sensor housing, at least for the frequency range used, as otherwise undefined conditions may arise in which case measuring errors cannot be excluded.
Since, on the other hand, it is not always possible in electric systems to connect the housing to the ground potential of the supply voltage, certain developments of the invention propose convenient ways for eliminating any disturbances that may arise due to imperfect separation of the potential ratios.
According to the representation of FIG. 10, a first variant comprises an insulated screening housing, and the voltage divider element, the measuring probe and the feedback electrode or coupling electrode are enclosed by a screening that serves as ground potential.
The diagram of FIG. 10 shows the voltage divider element 13 as potentiometer resistance path, the coupling electrode 16 with the common element consisting of the potential measuring probe 17 and the potential coupling probe 15, the amplifier 33', and a component 41 comprising those components that are shown by dash-dotted lines in FIG. 8, and further a component 42 comprising the components that are surrounded by dashed lines in FIG. 8.
In the case of such a sensor with insulated screening housing it is of decisive importance that no coupling is effected from the housing 40 of the sensor to the potential measuring/coupling probe 17, 15 and to the connection to the amplifier 33'. In addition, it must be prevented that alternating voltages applied to the resistance path 13 and to the supply lines from the alternating voltage source 42 are coupled into the housing. To this end, a screening 43 is provided in insulated arrangement in the housing 40 and connected to the reference potential, for example to the negative supply voltage connection. Conveniently, the entire electronic system, but at least that part in which alternating voltages occur, should be arranged inside this screening 43.
Such a solution can be implemented comparatively easily under electric aspects, but may lead to additional costs, due to the space requirements, and to constructional difficulties especially where little space is available.
Another approach, illustrated in FIG. 11--components identical to those used in FIG. 10 are designated by the same reference numerals--, therefore consists in isolating the voltage divider, the preliminary amplifier and the supply voltage electrically, for example by providing isolating transformers 44, 44' which galvanically isolate the voltage divider elements and the amplifier as well as the probe signal. It is a further advantage in this case if the voltage divider is supplied by means of one or more transformers so that the supply voltage for the amplifier 33' of the probe signal can be generated also via the additional block 49.
In the case of this solution, the sensor housing can be used as ground potential and screening, and in addition such a structure is also more favorable under electromagnetic compatability aspects, providing at the same time for a simpler structure.
While the different aspects of the invention have been discussed with reference to block diagrams, it is important to note that certain parts, or even larger circuit units, may of course be implemented by means of components of a type commonly in use today, especially microprocessors, or the like. Thus, the invention is not limited to the discreet circuit steps and/or circuit blocks shown; rather, the latter have been described especially for the purpose of illustrating the basic functions and effects of the invention and certain special functional sequences. It goes without saying that the different components and blocks may be of the analogue, digital or of hybrid kind, or may be implemented as fully or partially integrated units comprising corresponding portions of program-controlled digital systems, such as microprocessors, small computers, digital or analogue logic circuits, or the like. The description of the invention provided above should, therefore, be understood as a description of a preferred embodiment meant to explain the functional and timing sequences and the operation of the respective blocks discussed, it being understood that the different components so discussed may also be replaced by other ones providing the same effect.
Another aspect of the present invention is the necessity to monitor certain parts of the circuit or the overall function in order to avoid that any failure of the sensor, that may remain unnoticed, may cause greater damage. It would, therefore, be convenient to provide a higher-level circuit, preferably one designed as a microprocessor having a plurality of inputs, that may be connected to different circuit points of the respective embodiments discussed in connection with the Figures, and that initiates an alarm or some other measure when certain predetermined threshold values are exceeded in upward or downward direction.
In addition to failures of the electronic systems, breakage of the supply line to the sensor, short-circuits of the sensor connections, short-circuits of the measuring electrode and the output voltage have to be considered as possible failure conditions.
In addition to monitoring the output voltage to ensure that it remains within plausible limits, the proper function of the system can be actively verified by other circuit details, namely:
Monitoring the operational gain for the re-adjustment of the reference voltage;
In addition, to ensure the proper function of the sensor, a minimum and a maximum output signal of a measuring probe must appear so that the control voltage (if a controllable amplifier is provided) or supply voltage for the voltage divider can be monitored;
Monitoring the reference comparison, for example by varying the rectification by means of control inputs in such a way that, as long as the system functions properly, the reference voltage appears at the output;
Monitoring the reference potential, for example by controlling the rectification in such a way that a potential near the reference potential appears at the output;
Monitoring the opposite-phase output voltage; here again, the rectification may be controlled in such a way that the output voltage assumes a value as if the two connections of the voltage divider had been exchanged.
As mentioned before, all these features can be implemented with little cost by means of correspondingly programmed microprocessors or small computers.
Finally, it should be noted that the claims and, in particular, the main claim constitute attempts at formulating the invention, without a profound knowledge of the state of the art, and that, therefore, they may not be interpreted as having a prejudicial effect. Consequently, it is understood that all features described and illustrated in the specification, the claims and the drawings are essential to the invention and may be incorporated in the claims individually or in any combination.
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ApplianceMaytag Refrigerator
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Age of Appliance5 - 10 years
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Release tabs at right and left rear of cover and pull cover forward. Remove all hex-head screws. Release housing assym from screws in middle of assym. Defrost assym is at the back right. Unplug wire connector. Plug in new defrost assym, and set into place. Hook housing assym back onto screws. Replace all hex screws. Slide cover back into place. Done!
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Part Number: PS2061226
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'Breaking Bad' wins Emmy for best drama
LOS ANGELES – "Breaking Bad," AMC's soon-to-end tale of Walter White's descent into depravity, has won the Emmy Award for best drama.
The honor on Sunday was the first time "Breaking Bad" had won the award despite three previous nominations. Its star, Bryan Cranston, has won three best actor Emmys for his portrayal of White, the terminally ill chemistry teacher who turns into a drug lord to provide for his family.
He lost this year but Anna Gunn, the actress who portrays his wife, won a supporting actress award.
The win came one week before AMC is due to air the series finale.
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- Created on January 02, 2013
Microbiology News
2015 Microbiology Faculty Retreat Forged New IdeasOnce a year, faculty members of the microbiology department join for a day-long retreat to discuss developments in their current research and plans for continued study. This year's...
Tyler Stewart Receives Hiramoto AwardCongratulations to Tyler Stewart (Novak lab) who received a Hiramoto Travel Award to assist in his travel to the Society for Glycobiology Annual Meeting in San Francisco.
Mucosal Immunology, Fourth Edition, ReleasedMicrobiology professor Jiri Mestecky, M.D., Ph.D., has completed the fourth edition of Mucosal Immunology, the only comprehensive reference covering the basic science and clinical manifestations of...
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S. Celeste Morley, M.D., Ph.D., Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
Save the Date
Susan Roberts Dubay Endowed Lecture
Date: September 1, 2015
Speaker: Eric Hunter, Ph.D.
24th Annual Microbiology Research Retreat
November 13 - 15, 2015
Keynote Speaker: Flavius Martin, Ph.D.
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March 15, 2016
Speaker: Roy Curtiss, III, Ph.D.
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Nixon Unit Watch (Grey/Black)
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Track your account balance and billing history.
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Leeds appeal points deduction
Leeds will appeal to the Football Association in the latest twist in their fight against their 15 point League One deduction.
Chairman Ken Bates has branded last Thursday's vote by League club chairmen to reject Leeds' appeal against their punishment for an alleged breach of insolvency rules as a "total disgrace".
He also believes the decision was prejudiced and has now turned to The FA as Leeds have regained their 'golden share' and are therefore prevented from taking legal action against the League.
A furious Bates told the Sunday Express: "We will be making an appeal to the FA. Thursday's meeting was a total disgrace.
"In the Premier League any serious disciplinary matters are dealt with by an independent panel, not a group of other clubs. The meeting was prejudiced and we will fight the decision."


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Mon-Fri: 7am-1am EST / Sat-Sun: 7am-11pm EST
ApplianceGeneral Electric Refrigerator
Level of DifficultyReally easy
Time to do repairLess than 15 mins
Age of Appliance1 - 4 years
Screw drivers
0 out of 2 people found this instruction helpful
pop the plate off the front of the door where the controls are,..remove the four screws...remove the rubber piece that you push the cups on...unplug the connectors...remove old unit install new one in reverse order...oh and make sure you hold the door open otherwise water will spill out...
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Part Number: PS304236
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The PartSelect logo is a Registered Trademark of Atlantic Laundry Centres, Ltd.
Copyright © 1999-2015 , Eldis Group Partnership. All rights reserved.


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Junio 29, 2013
June 29, 2013 Length: 9:06
"We are now catechumens and Ancient Faith Radio via the internet has been an extremely valuable part of our journey to Orthodoxy. Thank you so much for the wonderful ministry. God bless you as you continue to encourage and teach and enrich so many lives!"


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count_user_posts by user ID and by post_type
wordpress snippet
You may be aware that
count_user_posts has been around since about 3.0. However as of 4.1 you are able to optionally define a post_type. This is a perfect little snippet if you have a blog with multiple post types and you wanted to show specific counts for authors. I could use something like this for WordPress snippets vs tutorials sections and it would be perfect. Just add this snippet in the template you wish to display the count and you are ready to go.
Add and remove wordpress user roles
wordpress snippet
With WordPress you can add and remove roles very easily. The first snippet will add a new role called "manager" with some basic capabilities. You can view the WordPress roles and capabilities page for more extensive details on the capabilities available that you can assign to a custom role. The second snippet will remove some of the existing roles "editor, author, contributor, subscriber" however this could also remove a custom role. NOTE: if you remove an existing role it will be gone! So please be careful when removing roles.read more
this months featured snippets
List All Available wordpress Roles
wordpress snippet
Here is a snippet showing how to list all available roles. I recently used this snippet to add a role selector in the registration page. You could also use it for user searches, or post filters.read more
Change the author slug, URL base
wordpress snippet
Adding this to the functions.php of your wordpress theme will change the default mysite.com/author/name to mysite.com/profile/name, however you can change this to user or anything that you would like.read more
Display comments in admin to authors own posts only
wordpress snippet
Only show the comments to the authors own posts within the wordpress admin, hide all other comments. This is a great little snippet if you want authors to look after their own comments. Just add this snippet to the functions.php of your wordpress theme and you are ready to go.read more
Remove support for specific post type features
wordpress snippet
Adding this snippet to the functions.php of your wordpress theme will remove support for the specific features bellow from specified post types. Change the word 'post' to anything you like including a custom post type name or the default post, page.read more


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Genuine Whirlpool part. Whirlpool brands include Whirlpool, Maytag, KitchenAid, Jenn-Air, Amana, Magic Chef, Admiral, Norge, Roper, and others. See all items in Trash Compactor Panel.
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Part Diagram
Part Number 9872238S (AP4320006) replaces 1388854, AH2325847, EA2325847, PS2325847.


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Perfect for the man in your life: A sheer cutout top. Or maybe a cheek-baring pair of pants.
YokoOno launched a menswear collection on Tuesday that she says wasinspired by John Lennon's "hot bod." Among her designs are pants withlarge handprints on the crotch, tank tops with nipple cutouts, aflashing LED bra (yes, for men) and that pair of pants with a sheer backside.
Thecollection of menswear for Opening Ceremony is available the company'sU.S. stores in New York and Los Angeles now, its London store on Nov. 30and its Tokyo flagship on Dec. 9.
Ono's clothing line is basedon a series of drawings she sketched as a gift for Lennon for theirwedding day in 1969. The sketches were put into a book, Fashions for Men, and brought to life as a collection.
"Iwas inspired to create Fashions for Men, amazed at how my man waslooking so great. I felt it was a pity if we could not make clothesemphasizing his very sexy bod," Ono tells Women's Wear Daily. "So, I made this whole series with love for his hot bod, and gave it to him as a wedding present."
Prices run from $25 for a poster to $200 for a jock strap or $750 for boots with an incense holder or open toes.


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Friday Summary at Le Mans: Of Four Fast Men, Improved Ducatis, Redding's Reign, and a Quota on Spaniards
So far, so good. That seems to be the story from the first day of practice at Le Mans. A full day of dry weather – except for the last few minutes of FP2 for the Moto3 class, where the rain turned briefly to hail, only to blow out again as quickly as it came – means that everyone had a chance to work on their race set up.
With the top four separated by just 0.166 seconds, the top five are within a quarter of a second, and Alvaro Bautista, the man in ninth, is just over seven tenths from the fastest man Dani Pedrosa.
A good day too for the Hondas. Dani Pedrosa was immediately up to speed, as expected. Marc Marquez was also quick in the afternoon, which was less expected. Unlike Jerez and Austin, this was the first time he rode a MotoGP machine at Le Mans, and getting used to hauling a 260 hp, 160kg bike around the tight layout of the French track is a different proposition to riding a Moto2 bike with half the horsepower here.
He took a morning to get used to the track, asked for a few changes to the base set up inherited from Casey Stoner, and then went and blitzed to second in the afternoon, 0.134 seconds off his teammate.
More important than Marquez's speed is his consistency, however. In the afternoon, he posted seven laps of 1'34, which looks to be the pace to expect for a dry race. Only two men did more, Pedrosa and Jorge Lorenzo having posted nine laps at that pace, with both men also consistently a tenth or two quicker than the Spanish rookie.
Asphalt & Rubber is coming to you from the Grand Prix of the Americas this week, and things are already off to an interesting start. With a fire breaking out in the Monster Yamaha Tech 3 garage during the night, the gear for the satellite Yamaha squad was flooded by the Circuit of the America's fire suppression system, which also affected the garages for Yamaha Racing, LCR Honda, and Cardion AB.
Yamaha Racing Boss Lin Jarvis explained that while the small fire was quickly put out by COTA's sprinklers, the team lost one of two servers and several computers to the blaze before it was extinguished. It is not anticipated that the fire will have any affect on Sunday's race, though it could pose a problem for the teams, since they have a quick turnaround for the Jerez round.
Currently, the cause of the fire is presumed to be the lithium battery to Monster Yamaha Tech 3's electric starter for the GP motorcycles, making this incident another eyebrow raising episode in the handling of high-tech battery packs, which have different tolerances and operating procedures than conventional battery pack types.
While certainly a setback to the start of the race weekend, the teams involved dodged a serious bullet by having the fire occur while MotoGP is at COTA, since the Texan track has a sophisticated fire prevention system in place.
This is LCR Honda
Comments Off on This is LCR Honda
For the amount of media that LCR Honda generates, you would think that Lucio Cecchinello's small satellite Honda MotoGP team is much larger than it is in actuality.
This is because Cecchinello and his crew take a different tack from the rest of the MotoGP paddock when it comes to marketing strategies — the most notable of which is the team's revolving door livery, which lines up specific brands for races in specific markets.
A team of passionate enthusiasts, LCR Honda also has a knack for producing engaging media pieces, which can be as lurid as the Playboy sponsorship debut of LCR Honda in 2009 (NSFW), or as simple as the video shown after the jump.
For all the superlatives about MotoGP being the "premier class" of motorcycle racing, it is rare that the artwork that is performed on the track is of the same caliber as to what the teams show in their communications. This however is not the case with LCR Honda.
UPDATE: Dani Pedrosa's and Marc Marquez's on-board laps have been added to this post.
Ask and yee shall receive, here is some more movie magic from HRC's private test at the Circuit of the Americas. For this go-around, we feature LCR Honda's Stefan Bradl, as he takes the factory-spec Honda RC213V for a quick lap around the new Texan GP circuit.
Honestly, I was all set to drop some mega-hyperbole on the whole situation, and maybe even get a few digs in about MotoGP's media policies along the way, but I am too depressed at the moment to make that happen.
You see, having just ridden COTA only a couple weeks ago, I was fairly pleased with my lap times, especially after having only spent an hour on the circuit. Now, I wasn't the fastest guy out there by any stretch, but my times were dropping with each lap and session, and I certainly wasn't the slowest at the end of the Ducati 1199 Panigale R bike launch, so I call that a win for a Thursday afternoon.
But no, Mr. Bradl had to go and show me up. Close to 15 seconds quicker on his out-lap than my best hot-lap, I guess we see why he races motorcycles for a living, while I blog from my mother's basement, wearing nothing but a bathrobe and bunny-shaped slippers. Le sigh.
Oh HRC, how we begin to love thee. I think I am belaboring the point now, but someone at Honda's MotoGP team has really latched onto this whole online marketing thing, and I like it. With a plethora of videos and interviews building up to this weekend's season-opening round at Qatar, HRC is really promoting its factory-backed riders: Dani Pedrosa, Marc Marquez, and Stefan Bradl.
Though pitched as a season preview video, the short clip after the jump is really more like four minutes of MotoGP porn, set on location at the Circuit of the Americas race course outside Austin, Texas. Complete with slow-motion cameras and what looks like a helicopter drone camera (I wonder where they got that idea), if you don't come away pumped for this weekend's race, then you should consult your physician.
Just remember though, the only reason this video exists is because HRC paid for a private test week at COTA, and was thus free of Dorna's media restrictions. Had this been an official MotoGP test, video like this would have never been produced (or worse, thrown behind the MotoGP.com paywall). Makes you wonder, huh?
Every year we find ourselves covering the launch of LCR Honda's team livery and subsequent photo shoot. Maybe it is because we love Lucio Cecchinello's approach to localized sponsorship for his MotoGP team, but more likely it is the attention to detail and artisan approach the Italian brings to his satellite Honda squad.
This isn't just a motorcycle team, it is a family…a family of very passionate motorcyclists, and it shows. For 2013, Stefan Bradl is back, and will be campaigning the season with a factory-spec Honda RC213V race bike. More photos after the jump.
Dani Pedrosa has taken up at the second Sepang MotoGP test where he left off after the first. The Repsol Honda man led for most of the day, having set a fast time fairly early in the morning. His rival at the Factory Yamaha squad did much the same, Jorge Lorenzo taking 2nd a couple of tenths behind Pedrosa.
Marc Marquez continues to impress, the Spanish prodigy ending the day with the 3rd fastest time, just over a third of a second off his Repsol Honda teammate, and a little over a tenth behind reigning world champion Jorge Lorenzo.
Also impressive was Stefan Bradl, the LCR Honda man achieving his stated aim for the test of matching the pace of Valentino Rossi. The strong times by Marquez and Bradl demoted the Factory Yamaha returnee to 5th, though the difference was minimal, just a few hundredths separating the threesome.
The first test of the 2013 MotoGP season is completed, and Dani Pedrosa has completed a clean sweep, topping the timesheets on all three days. The Repsol Honda man confirmed his role as title favorite by posting a fast lap under the existing pole record set by Jorge Lorenzo last year.
He also opened-up a serious gap to the trio who have been chasing him all test long, putting nearly a third of a second on Jorge Lorenzo, the Yamaha man falling just short of his own pole record. However, what may worry Lorenzo more is the fact that Pedrosa declared at the end of the day that his objective was not to be fastest, but test the bike.
Valentino Rossi closed the gap to his teammate, ending the test a tenth from the time set by Lorenzo, though still four tenths from Pedrosa's best lap. Rossi also leapfrogged over Marc Marquez, finally finishing ahead of the Repsol Honda rookie after ending the first two days behind him. Marquez finished as 4th fastest, six tenths behind Pedrosa, and the young Spaniard also had his first crash of the season, losing the front end on the way into the final corner. Marquez walked away unhurt, his Repsol RC213V did not fare quite so well.
Dani Pedrosa topped the timesheets once again on the second day of prototype testing at Sepang, the Repsol Honda man getting off to a flying start and cracking into the 2'00s early in the session. He was joined there by Jorge Lorenzo, the Factory Yamaha rider once again shadowing Pedrosa, ending the day just two hundredths behind the Repsol rider.
Marc Marquez confirmed his first day times were no fluke, the only other man to post a lap in the 2'00s, though the rookie was a quarter of a second slower than his teammate on Wednesday, losing a fraction of the ground.
Valentino Rossi once again took 4th spot, the Italian still just under half a second off the two title favorites. The Honda men continued to work on engine durability, while Yamaha riders Lorenzo and Rossi had new engines with more acceleration to test, and a new chassis aimed at curing the pumping from the rear wheel of the bike.


text: Melbourne Practice 3: Hamilton tops as Vettel and Schumi beach it 17 March, 2012 Michael Schumacher's practice session ended in the Albert Park gravel Mar.17 (PVM) Lewis Hamilton driving the McLaren MP4-27 gave a glimpse of his hand by setting the fastest lap in the final free practice session of the Australian Grand Prix weekend at Albert Park during a session which saw reigning world champion Sebastian Vettel and seven times champion Michael Schumacher end up in the gravel. Lewis Hamilton fastest at the end of Free Practice 3 Thankfully, after a miserable opening day, sunshine prevailed on day two over Melbourne as fans streamed in for what is set to be a very intriguing day. Hamilton went top of the timing screens with a lap late on in the session which knocked Lotus driver Romain Grosjean down to second place where he remained until the chequered flag came out a few minutes later. But Grosjean's pace also gave a hint of the E20's capabilities. Local hero Mark Webber, in the Red Bull RB8, gave the crowd a reason to feel confident ahead of the afternoon's qualifying session by setting the third best time. Next up on the timing sheets were a trio of Mercedes powered cars with Jenson Button fourth quickest in the McLaren, followed by Mercedes duo Nico Rosberg and Michael Schumacher in the handy W03 – fifth and sixth respectively. Schumacher was heard complaining about an aggressive rear wing prior to losing the car entering Turn 9 and ending up in the gravel, where he remained with five minutes left in the session. Fernando Alonso in the F2012 BBC F1 technical analyst Gary Anderson explained, "What Michael is trying to say when he talks about an aggressive rear wing is that when you open the [DRS] flap the airflow separates and there's a big drag reduction. When he closes the flap, the airflow wasn't re-attaching as consistently as it should. It looks like the rear wheels locked suddenly, which could be the tyres going away on the long run, or it could be the airflow not re-attaching in time." Ten minutes earlier, around the 45 minutes mark, with less than a dozen laps racked up, Sebastian Vettel lost the back end of the Red Bull RB8 entering Turn 6, becoming another victim of the Melbourne gravel. Problem for the world champion is that he has yet to sample the soft tyre which appears to be around half a second up on the mediums. Vettel, who was nevertheless seventh fastest in the session, is no stranger to practice setbacks, he normally bounces back by taking pole. Watch this space! Eighth quickest was Pastor Maldonado in the Williams FW34, followed by Sergio Perez in the Sauber C31 and Daniel Ricciardo in the Toro Rosso STR7 making it two Aussies in the top ten. Big hitters out of the top ten were Lotus' Kimi Raikkonen in 12th and the Ferrari pair Fernando Alonso and Felipe Massa way down in 16th and 17th. Pedro de la Rosa did some meaningful laps at last in the HRT The final session has done nothing to reveal a pecking order ahead of qualifying, although McLaren and Lotus have given hints – but it appears that the top guns are keeping their powder dry until the afternoon's qualifying session. The usual suspects were at the bottom of the timing sheets, witht he brand new Marussia MR01s languishing five seconds off Hamilton's best, with Timo Glock 21st and rookie Charles Pic 22nd, half a second down on his experienced team mate. For the HRT squad there was progress as both drivers Pedro de la Rosa and Narain Karthikeyan managed to do laps in their out the box F112 – albeit around 7.5 seconds down on the top pace. For both these teams Melbourne is their first opportunity to test. Qualifying for the race will be a major achievement, especially for HRT who seem woefully behind schedule. Free Practice 3 – Melbourne, 17 March 2012 Pos No Driver Team Time Gap Laps 1 4 Lewis Hamilton McLaren-Mercedes 1:25.681 18 2 10 Romain Grosjean Lotus-Renault 1:25.758 0.077 21 3 2 Mark Webber Red Bull Racing-Renault 1:25.900 0.219 20 4 3 Jenson Button McLaren-Mercedes 1:25.906 0.225 17 5 8 Nico Rosberg Mercedes 1:25.929 0.248 23 6 7 Michael Schumacher Mercedes 1:26.078 0.397 14 7 1 Sebastian Vettel Red Bull Racing-Renault 1:26.211 0.530 12 8 18 Pastor Maldonado Williams-Renault 1:26.470 0.789 17 9 15 Sergio Perez Sauber-Ferrari 1:26.632 0.951 20 10 16 Daniel Ricciardo STR-Ferrari 1:26.723 1.042 17 11 17 Jean-Eric Vergne STR-Ferrari 1:26.733 1.052 15 12 9 Kimi Räikkönen Lotus-Renault 1:26.737 1.056 19 13 14 Kamui Kobayashi Sauber-Ferrari 1:26.755 1.074 21 14 12 Nico Hulkenberg Force India-Mercedes 1:27.029 1.348 23 15 19 Bruno Senna Williams-Renault 1:27.119 1.438 20 16 5 Fernando Alonso Ferrari 1:27.323 1.642 19 17 11 Paul di Resta Force India-Mercedes 1:27.428 1.747 22 18 6 Felipe Massa Ferrari 1:28.023 2.342 19 19 20 Heikki Kovalainen Caterham-Renault 1:28.341 2.660 19 20 21 Vitaly Petrov Caterham-Renault 1:28.702 3.021 11 21 24 Timo Glock Marussia-Cosworth 1:30.728 5.047 13 22 25 Charles Pic Marussia-Cosworth 1:31.225 5.544 14 23 22 Pedro de la Rosa HRT-Cosworth 1:33.114 7.433 12 24 23 Narain Karthikeyan HRT-Cosworth 1:33.261 7.580 13 Content on GrandPrix247.com by: staff & contributors, Reuters syndication, GMM service, Getty Images, Formula 1 teams, sponsors & organisations.


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When it comes to your baby's brain, there's new news, and it's good news. The latest research has shown the first five years are when the brain is growing the fastest — and it's shaped by every interaction your baby has with you.
New science has revealed that every time you talk and play with your baby, you're actually sparking new, healthy connections in the brain. It may not seem like much from the outside, but these connections are the vital foundation your baby's brain will need for the future. So, the more you connect with your little one now, the better your baby will do later on in school and in life.
And the best news of all? You already have everything you need to build a healthy, strong brain in the time you have. No special toys needed, nothing to add to your to do list, and it's absolutely free (phew!). Thanks to the dedicated neuroscientists and child development experts at Vroom, there are simple things you can do now that will make a big difference in your baby's future.
The Basics of Brain Building
We tend to connect learning with school, but learning begins at birth. Your little one is already taking in everything you say and do, and using that information to better understand the world. But what, specifically, should you be saying or doing to nurture that growth?
New science is teaching us the key to brain-building is the back and forth moments you have with your child, or what researchers call "serve and return" interactions. Dr. Jack Shonkoff, Vroom advisor and Director of the Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University, says "Look for your child's serves (initiating opportunities to interact) and return them (with appropriate responses like smiles, words, pointing, play, cuddles, or conversation)." It's amazing that something so simple is actually turning your child's brain on so deeply.
While you're going about your daily activities together, keep these five brain-building basics in mind:
Try these easy Vroom activities to start welcoming your child into the world of words. While each moment may seem small on its own, together these everyday interactions with your child add up to build the essential foundation your child needs for future learning.
Daily Moment: Diaper Changing
"Changing Chats"
When you're changing a diaper, make funny noises and see if you can make your baby giggle or coo, then giggle and coo back. See how many times you can go back and forth. Follow your child's lead and have a conversation with faces and sounds.
Brainy Background: By following your baby's lead and also responding, you're building connections for conversation and language later on.
Daily Moment: Getting Dressed
"Dressing Play"
Even if your baby doesn't seem to understand, explain everything you're doing as you get ready in the morning. Start with how you picked out clothes and go from there. Make eye contact and respond back to the sounds your baby makes.
Brainy Background: Think of yourself as a sports announcer — one who responds back with sounds and faces. These back and forth conversations are helping your baby bond with you and begin to associate words with experiences.
Daily Moment: Mealtime
"Feeding Memories"
When feeding, use the time to tell a story about something happy you remember from your childhood. When your baby is finished eating and responds to your voice, make the same sound back.
Brainy Background: Your voice is your child's favorite sound. Even though your baby can't say words yet, your little one is listening and learning what sounds go together in words, which is an important first step towards language.
To find out more about the science behind Vroom and get more free tips and tools, head to www.joinvroom.org or download the Daily Vroom mobile app for Android or iPhone.
What is Vroom? Vroom is a team of neuroscientists and child development experts, dedicated to turning the everyday moments you have with your child into brain-building moments. Vroom offers hundreds of ways to look at these moments in your routine differently, which can make a big difference in your child's development.
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The life has changed a lot over years and the modernization has entered every part of the society. The people are forgetting the traditional culture of the society and the heritage of the historical places is fading over years. The preservation of the cultural heritage of the country therefore becomes the prime concern for the local government. The aboriginal archeology is another form of cultural heritage that usually requires proper attention and maintenance over years to retain it in its original form. The heritage of particular nation is maintained through its culture, people, sculpture, monuments and other heritage sites. The maintenance of each of the above mentioned items of aboriginal archeology are maintained through different processes and that is the reason why you may need cultural heritage advisors to apply the appropriate process of preservation.
Preserving the culture through people
People and generations are the best carrier of the culture over years. Every succeeding generation learns some values from its preceding generation and takes it further. The original traditions and cultures of the particular place are carried further with the help of its people. The tales and literature that has been passed over years from generation to generation would act as the best piece of reference for the people of modern era. This has been the most popular way of preserving culture and tradition without carrying out major planning. The modernization has affected this as well and hence the preservation of traditions and culture has become the major concern for the government and local heritage preservation authorities.
Preserving the culture in the modern era
The modern era no more supports the earlier process of tradition preservation. The government is taking varied steps to achieve the heritage management. The heritage consultants are coming up with various methods of heritage management that takes care of all type of cultural heritage management. The art work and sculptures are preserved over years with different preservation methods while the cultural museums are created maintain the old time charm of various traditional products. The ground disturbance and development in and around the heritage site is also controlled by the government and the consultants so that certain code of conduct is always followed by the developers.
The preservation of culture can be done jointly with proper efforts made by the people and the local authorities so that the coming generations can enjoy the flavor of the past.


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Posts Tagged 'film'
C'est délicieux, ce filmanimé du Pixar qui s'appelle Ratatouille.
Kristian Lin
I keep worrying about Pixar. I worry that they now put out a movie every year instead of once every two or three years, and that the studio's top creative guys now oversee the whole Disney shebangapalooza instead of just thei...
Health Scare SystemMichael Moore's latest doc will leave you feeling ill about American medicine.
Kristian Lin
Those reports you've heard about the new, self-effacing Michael Moore turn out to be more or less true in his latest documentary, Sicko.
Nighttime ShowingsBig Ticket
With two brilliant and provocative movies opening on Friday (see Film page), it's good that the two other most interesting film-related local events are taking place on Thursday, so you won't have to miss out.
Reporting LiveA great director cuts into A Mighty Heart, but changes the pace to good effect.
Kristian Lin
Michael Winterbottom has spent the last 10 years as one of the world's most prolific and influential filmmakers, and yet A Mighty Heart marks the first time that a film of his has reached the big screens of Fort Worth.
New HeightsCondensing an entire season into a four-week festival may help put FWO on the international map.
The curtain came down on the Fort Worth Opera's inaugural festival Sunday, and there's no denying that the past four weeks were heady.
Love BugThe craziness is contagious in this claustrophobic, unsatisfying thriller.
Kristian Lin
Purely from an intellectual standpoint, the existence of Bug tickles me. I love how it starts out as a kitchen-sink indie drama and then turns into something weirder and more menacing halfway through.
Over the EdgePirates of the Caribbean is at franchise's end, and the improvement is only marginal.
Before the press screening of Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End, my fellow film critics and I were handed a printed request that read, in part: "Please do not reveal the many plot resolutions that occur throughout th...
Miss American PieLadies and gentlemen, please remember to tip the Waitress at your theater.
Kristian Lin
It's impossible to watch Waitress without feeling a certain amount of pain.
Rocky PastThoughts on why Georgia Rule is better than its bad reviews.
Kristian Lin
We're film critics. We're supposed to be shockproof. We take pride in our ability to watch movies without batting an eyelash when they deal with gay sex, interracial sex, S&M sex, and other forms of sexuality that migh...
Running DeadAn overrated zombie flick grows staler in a sequel set 28 Weeks Later.
Kristian Lin
Think it's depressing being American these days? Try being British.


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Best of 2010
Bribo: Best of 2010
Bribo: Best of 2010
Gunshoes = Game of the Year.
It's better than the first one - which, last time I checked, was effin' amazing.
Yes, I thought I was done with zambies too.
I love Treasure. That is all.
Can't help but feel this deserves to be higher on the list - yet here it is.
Rocketcalves = 7th best Game of the Year.
Stupid, stupid, awesome game.
I'll be honest, I haven't played this.
But I did watch some guys play it.
Use your keyboard!
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vampireneko n/a
Comments (4)
02 years agoneptunecadet ~Sayonara no Tsubasa~
Your collection is so cool! I love all the Tokyo Mew Mew you own!
03 years agomimitchi33
Would you consider selling your tokyo mew mew plush?
No. It's in very bad condition, anyway...
03 years agoAngel_T-Kanade
welcome to the board~^^
03 years agoTsuko-tan
Welcome to the board vampireneko! :)
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The Los Angeles Dodgers took on the Washington Nationals, right here, on your Hometown Station KHTS AM-1220. Most of the match had both teams fighting to top the opening tie, well into the Fourth Inning. In the end though, Los Angeles came out on top 2-0.
Final Score
Dodgers: 2, Nationals: 0


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NEW YORK ( ETF Expert) -- U.S. stocks have been resilient in their response to bad news throughout the year. They may sink at the start of a trading day but they've been able to recover quickly and finish strong.
Consider the most important headlines on Friday. Consumer confidence unexpectedly dropped to its lowest level in nine months. Retail sales dipped by 0.4% in March. The International Monetary Fund intends to cut back U.S. growth forecasts for 2013 from 2% GDP to a sickly 1.7%.
The market's reaction? The S&P 500 shed nearly 1% of its value out of the gate, only to close the session a modest 0.3% lower.
Of course, the negative stories have not been confined to a singular morning. Developed countries have either slipped into recessions or they show signs of falling further into the abyss. Emerging country stock ETFs have been hit with outflows due to a slowdown in economic expansion in those countries. What's more, both the employment rate (i.e. labor force participation) as well as productivity are stuck in 1979; that is, it has been 34 years since we've seen three straight quarterly declines in productivity as well as witnessed a meager 63.3% of eligible workers in the workforce.At the same time, U.S. stock ETFs are a fraction of a percent off the all-time record highs that they set on Thursday. This is not a mere case of climbing the proverbial "Wall of Worry." This is akin to receiving immunity on the reality TV show hit, "Survivor." Granted, the Federal Reserve's emergency-driven policy of printing trillions of dollars, buying U.S. bonds and forcing interest rates lower has succeeded at reflating demand for homes and stocks. Without question, those who have the money have benefited from the "wealth effect" that accompanies higher prices. What is harder to justify, however, is connecting the dots between this "wealth effect" and the future well-being of businesses or consumers. For instance, we already know that negative pre-announcements this earnings season are higher than at any point since 2001. In other words, neither earnings nor corporate guidance will impress. It follows that we may be looking at a situation where the "P" of stock prices has pole-vaulted higher, while the "E" in earnings may fail to grow. Fundamentally, that's an unattractive combination. The question needs to be asked: At what point will the Fed's trillion-dollar money-printing campaign fail to shelter U.S. stock investors from a pullback, selloff or bearish downtrend? Or is the opposite true: Will we fail to see a pullback, selloff or bearish downtrend until the Fed puts the brakes on its quantitative easing? At least for the time being, investor faith in central bank bailouts is so strong, the Bank of Japan went ahead with a massive asset purchasing plan of its own. Not too surprisingly, the yen lost significant value and Japanese stocks surged skyward. Note: I anticipated the run-up for WisdomTree Hedged Japan Equity (DXJ) in this commentary from 2012. Under different circumstances (a la 2003), the Fed's over-stimulative policy might normally create a stock or real estate bubble. Yet, it's difficult to look at stocks as ridiculously overpriced. Overbought, certainly; but not overpriced. While real estate affordability indexes are showing some signs of excess, they are nowhere near the bubbly levels of 2007. In sum, it'd be foolish to dismiss eurozone anti-austerity, declining global GDP, geo-political tensions in the Middle East or North Korea, stagnant corporate earnings, poor job prospects stateside or any number of additional issues that I discussed earlier. U.S. stock ETF investors will need to keep their eyes on the ball because the recent price gains for U.S. Treasury Bond ETFs like iShares 20+ Year Treasury (TLT) may be forecasting an eventual shift away from riskier stock assets. In essence, make certain that you have your exit strategy ready to go. Follow @etfexpert This article was written by an independent contributor, separate from TheStreet's regular news coverage.


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Bowie Town Center
|Coordinates: 38°56′39″N 76°44′4.5″W / 38.94417°N 76.734583°W
|15606 Emerald Way
Bowie, Maryland 20716
|Opening date
|Simon Property Group
|No. of anchor tenants
|Bowie Town Center
Bowie Town Center is a shopping center in Bowie, Maryland.
Shopping center developer Simon Property Group of Indianapolis broke ground on the retail portion of the project — a 560,000-square-foot (52,000 m2) lifestyle center called Bowie Town Center in October 2000. The Town Center project was a by-product of improvements that were made years ago to Route 50. The refurbished highway connects Washington, D.C., to Annapolis, Md., and that opened up the corridor to development, said Roderick Vosper, Simon Property Group's vice president of regional development and lead developer of the Bowie project.
During a boom in the 1990s, Bowie saw more than 1,000,000 square feet (93,000 m2) of retail and office space added outside of its downtown. Three subdivisions built on the outskirts of Bowie have been annexed by the city, and municipal officials are close to adding a fourth subdivision, said Jim Cronk, planning director for the City of Bowie. The project started in 1996, when Simon Property Group acquired the 93-acre (380,000 m2) parcel of land as part of its merger with DeBartolo Realty Corp. The project was originally intended to be a regional mall. But Bowie's city officials asked Simon to consider alternatives to putting an enclosed regional mall on the site. After researching other open-air shopping centers in the Washington, D.C. market, Simon decided to bring that type of concept to the Bowie site, and secured site-plan approvals for the project, Vosper said. Simon, expected to spend in the area of $90 million for the project, due to a syndicated construction loan arranged by Minneapolis-based US Bank. Cleveland-based Key Bank and Toronto-based Scotia Capital also participated in the financing.[1]
Stores and attractions[edit]
Bowie Town Center is anchored by Macy's, Sears, Barnes & Noble, and L.A. Fitness. Bowie Town Center has numerous specialty shops, restaurants, and an enclosed food court.
On September 30, 2009, the City of Bowie initiated the process of building a new city hall building.[2] The building is at the intersection of Excalibur Road and Evergreen Parkway, adjacent to Bowie Town Center. The building is expected to house most administrative offices of the City and the newly established City of Bowie Police Department.[3]


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Shop now and get Free Value Shipping on most orders over $49 to the contiguous 48 states, DC and to all U.S. Military APO/FPO/DPO addresses.
We want to ensure that making a return is as easy and hassle-free as possible! If for any reason you decide that your purchase just isn't for you, simply return the item within 30 days of receipt and we'll cover the cost of return shipping. Learn more about our Return Policy.
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Surefire Weaver Rifles Mount For Classic Universal Weapon-light Systems M14 on sale and available from our online store. OpticsPlanet, Inc is an Authorized US Distributor for Surefire Flashlight Accessories. Surefire M14 Weaver Mount provides mounting of Surefire Classic Universal Rifle Light System to a rifle barrel.
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White Papers & Case Studies
Smart Print Engines Solve Problems: Key Considerations For Selecting The Right One
The print engine is the heart of any print-and-apply labeling system, and selecting the right one for your application can mean the difference between a successful installation and one that causes costly downtime because of mechanical failures or print quality issues.
BBRG Extends PCI-Compliant Wi-Fi To Restaurant Guests
Columbus, Ohio-based BRAVO | BRIO Restaurant Group, Inc. (BBRG) owns and operates 83 high-volume, full-service restaurants in 29 states, including the upscale, affordable BRAVO! Cucina Italiana and BRIO Tuscan Grille restaurants, which offer Italian dishes that are prepared using authentic cooking methods.
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Fixing The Disconnect Between Employer And Employee For BYOD
It's no surprise that there are many articles and papers on Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) that will advise employers on how to secure employee devices. With the exponential growth in malware and potentially unwanted apps (PUA's) during 2013, particularly on the Android™ platform, the stakes and risks have never been higher.
Systems Integrator Designs User-Friendly Smart Printing Solution
Barcoding, Inc.'s client, a supply chain and logistics solutions provider, had to implement a bar code scanning system for a customer operating a return center. This customer wanted a system that would allow the user to scan the part number and serial number of received items, and then generate a new bar code label based on the scanned information. The user would then attach the bar code label to the box that contained the returned items. The client wanted two options — box label or case label.
Zoo & Aquarium Mobilizes Online Sales And Improves Guest Experience With Mobile Web Store
Point Defiance Zoo & Aquarium (PDZA) located in Tacoma, Washington, has 792 animals and 98 different species on display. Founded in 1905, the facility covers 29 acres of land within Point Defiance Park and offers gorgeous views of Mount Rainier, the Olympic Mountains and Puget Sound. The only combined zoo and aquarium in the Pacific Northwest, the site attracts over 700,000 visitors a year.
The Four T's Of Marketing
There are so many elements to modern day marketing. From direct mailers and blogs to newsletters and emails, the modern day marketeer has a lot of things to consider when developing a marketing strategy. While there's no magic 8 ball with all of the answers to your marketing questions, there are ways to make the whole process easier.
The Top 10 Myths About Sales
No matter what point that you look back to in history, you can always find a notable deal, trade, or sale that shaped our world to what it is today. Even with its notoriety, sales is an industry that mystifies most of the general public. Is it about relationship building? Closing no matter what? Tricking someone into doing what you want?
Uncrowding The Crowd: A New Model Designed To Create Better Working Relationships
When organizations first began crowdsourcing to identify talent for specific projects, the concept seemed to offer limitless potential.
Does HTML5 Make Sense For Mobile Enterprise Applications?
Web applications were originally considered inappropriate for mobile enterprise applications because of their inability to work offline, and the generally superior performance of native apps that were developed for specific operating systems and mobile devices. HTML5 and the rapidly changing enterprise mobile computing ecosystem are changing that. Now that there are HTML5-based field service, ERP and other enterprise software packages on the market, the growth in BYOD and cloud computing environments is leading more ISVs to create HTML5 applications, and the number of mobile devices with HTML5 browser support is projected to nearly double in 2013.


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ENGLISH VILLAGE NORTH Apartments1441 NW 92nd St, Oklahoma City, OK 73114 View On Map (405) 767-3323
For rates, availability, and other information fill out the availability request form and a representative from ENGLISH VILLAGE NORTH Apartments will contact you shortly
English Village North is located in the Oklahoma City Area in the 73114 zip code. View this apartment on a map.
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click to view interactive map


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Summer Crafts for Kids
Bonus: Get our newsletter & special offers for free. We will not share or sell your email address. View our Privacy Policy
4th of July Mason Jar Snackies
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These 4th of July Mason Jar Snackies are great for your upcoming 4th of July picnics. Gather the kids together and decorate an assortment of treat-filled Mason Jars and bring them to your Independence Day gathering. Mason Jar craft ideas like this are great for kids of all ages and this is a fun way to craft (and cook!) with your little ones!
Find this project, and many more, in our free eBook, 20 Crafts with Mason Jars: Wedding Ideas, Centerpieces, Decor, and More.
- 'Me and My Peeps' fabric (available at Jo-Ann Fabrics stores)
- Buttons Galore Patriotic Mix
- Embroidery floss
- Pinking shears
- Tombow markers
Laura traced a bowl on the fabric to get a circle then cut it out with her pinking shears and put it on the jar to seal the snack mix.
Then she made gift cards by doodling with her black Sharpie marker and coloring with her Tombow markers. She punched a hole in them and threaded embroidery floss through to tie them to the jar lids.
They are so adorable and will make awesome hostess gifts for Fourth of July picnics!
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aliceelizabeth 892 5306
Jun 14, 2013
Fun project. I love Laura's doodles and her fabric.
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text: 425 Avenel Street , Avenel, Avenel, NJ 07001 Status: Off Market MLS#: 1312677 Contact Email this listing Share on Pinterest Share on Google+ Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Calculate Mortgage Print Flyer Get Directions Request a Showing Off Market 425 Avenel Street , Avenel, NJ 07001 is no longer on the market or has been removed from the MLS. Similar to 425 Avenel Street : Ask an Agent About 425 Avenel Street * Required fields Send Your Question × Monthly Payment Estimator Price: Down Payment: % Loan Amount: Loan Type: 30 Year Fixed 15 Year Fixed 5/1 ARM Interest Rate: % Est. Tax & Insurance: % ($/mo.) Est. Monthly Payment: $478 per month × Email a Listing 425 Avenel Street, Avenel NJ, 07001 From: Name: Email: To: Name: Email: Subject: Message: Take a look at this property I found on GardenStateHomeSearcher.com: http://www.gardenstatehomesearcher.com/homes/425-Avenel-Street/Avenel/NJ/07001/30507686/ Send a copy of this message to me Send Email


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Ok, so I'm a 14 year old girl that swims on a club team called AZOT. (I go to Junior Olympics 2 and am aiming to go to the REAL Olympics!) i also play volleyball for my school and am an ex-water polo player and ex-soccer player.
i started chess about 3 years ago and am decent at it I guess. I am in the Top 100 for U16 girls right now.... My nickname is chuey-chu (cuz my last name is chu) and that's why my username is that.
Also, i REALLY like music and drawing and sketching stuff... and i know it sounds weird... but i actually like reading 2!!! (only mystery and adventure books though)
I also really like M&M's, SpongeBob, and minions!
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Pacific Gas & Electric is heading up a pilot project that will look at how electric vehicles can communicate with the power grid during recharging, taking battery strength and grid conditions into account. The utility will work with American Honda Motor and IBM, employing Honda's Fit EVs and Big Blue's cloud-based services.
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Dentures Center - Lacey, WA
WebMD Physician Directory
Lacey, Washington
What are dentures?
When a person is missing teeth, he or she may experience a variety of problems. The person may become less confident in their smile and have difficulty speaking and eating certain foods. Dentures are appliances that ar...
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