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The Court has recently granted review in two civil cases:
Ralphs Grocery v. United Food & Commercial Workers Union, S185544, in which the Court of Appeal, formerly 186 Cal.App.4th 1078, held that the state cannot force the owner or possessor of real property that is not a public forum to give an uninvited group (in this case, a union) access to private property to engage in speech based on the content of the speech, in light of the First and Fourteenth Amendments of the U. S. Constitution. The Supreme Court will also address whether the parking area and walkway in front of the entrance to plaintiff's retail store, which is part of a larger shopping center, constitute a public forum under Robins v. Pruneyard Shopping Center and its progeny. For more details, see the Civil Rights update page.
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Dinner hours are Thursday-Saturday. Certain blackout periods may apply. Some menu item exclusions may apply. Reservations are required and are subject to availability. Must call the Merchant and provide the Voucher number to make a reservation. Must present and redeem Voucher upon arrival to the Merchant's club. Please arrive 15 minutes early for all reservations. The Merchant has a business casual dress code; jeans, shorts, tennis shoes and sandals are not allowed. Voucher items and all other items purchased are subject to a mandatory 20% service charge on the full value of the check before any credits, and applicable taxes, which must be paid by credit or debit card. The Merchant will not accept check or cash. Not valid on holidays and holiday weekends. Limit four Vouchers per table.See all terms
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The whole experience was excellent! The view was beautiful, our waiter was outstanding and the food was beyond delicious!
Booking the reservation took some perseverance. You must call during certain hours to speak with someone to make a reservation, but the message doesn't give the times to call. After several attempts, I looked on their website and called during the correct hours but still did not reach a person. A later attempt during breakfast hours finally yielded results.
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|Nov 16, 2013 Nicholas Alabama, United States
The atomsphere and the service and the food was delicious.. It was a great night at the Capital City Club celebrating our granddaughter's 26th birthday.
|Nov 8, 2013 Talmadge Alabama, United States
The view of the night lights was beautiful & the food was superb. One of the best meals ever!! The staff was very attentive and did an excellent job.
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Handicapping the field: Eddie Sefko's odds in the Dwight Howard sweepstakes
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Houston Rockets/ Odds: 5/2/ Pairing with James Harden would get any big man's attention.
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AHEPA-89 APARTMENTS44 Boardman Blvd, Youngstown, OH 44512 View On Map (330) 629-8539
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- Translational Research in Diabetes and Obesity: Exciting Collaborations at NYULMC
- Carmen Hurtado del Pozo, PhD, received the Mentor-Based Postdoctoral Minority Fellowship Award from the American Diabetes Association.
- Ann Marie Schmidt MD and Ravi Ramasamy, PhD were awarded a Collaborative Interdisciplinary Team Science in NIDDK Research Areas (R24) grant from the NIH/NIDDK. <<more>>
Dr. Ramasamy has been granted tenure by the University. Effective July 1, 2014.
- Karen O'Shea, PhD, is the Diabetes Research Program Researcher of the Month
- On May 14, 2014, the Department of Medicine held its 13th Annual Research Day. Among the participants were several members of the Diabetes Research Program. <<more>>
- The Diabetes Research Program and NYU's Initiative in Data Science and Statistics were awarded a research grant from Independence Blue Cross. The goal of this collaboration is twofold; detect undiagnosed diabetes cases and predict potential cases of the disease. <<more>>
- Ann Marie Schmidt, MD and Ravi Ramasamy, PhD were awarded a grant from the NYU Abu Dhabi Institute. In collaboration with the NYU Abu Dhabi Public Health Research Institute, the project will examine the growing obesity and diabetes epidemic in Abu Dhabi.
- More News & Highlights
Diabetes Research Program
As the incidence of both types 1 and 2 diabetes rises in the United States and throughout the world, the risk of the devastating complications soars as well. Diabetes is a leading cause of heart attacks, strokes, blindness, kidney failure and amputations. The vast morbidity and mortality exacted by the disease cause considerable loss of quality of life and are a major burden to the health care system. Our laboratory group is focused on the study of the biochemical and molecular mechanisms that underlie the complications of diabetes, particularly the links between hyperglycemia, inflammation and diabetic tissue damage. We focus on key molecules linked to diabetes, such as aldose reductase, Protein Kinase C-β, receptor for AGE (RAGE) and its cytoplasmic domain binding partner, diaphanous 1 or mDia1. Our research team uses a variety of techniques to address these concepts experimentally, from animal models of diabetes to gene regulation studies in cultured cells. Our goal is to transform basic science discoveries into validated targets for therapeutic intervention in diabetes and its complications.


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As of Tuesday, January 31, 2012
© Copyright 2015 Albany Herald
AMERICUS — Southland Academy produced four GISA Region 3-AAA champs during the recent region tournament, while Deerfield had three and each school will be sending a host of kids to the GISA State Tournament that starts Friday in Macon.
Deerfied's region champs were last year's state runner-up Reid Wright (120-pound weight class), Chandler Lane (132) and Harrison Stadnik (220). Stadnik, who finished runner-up a season ago to Tattnall's Arthur Williams at state, has already beaten Williams twice this season and will be looking for revenge when he makes the trip to Macon.
Southland's four region champs were Ryan Landreth (113), Cauldin Smith (182), Dillon Jerkins (195) and Lance Harrod (heavyweight). Southland will also be sending eight other wrestlers who qualified by finishing in the Top 4 during the region tournament, including Gary Ingram (4th-place finish in the 126-pound weight class), William Grinnell (3rd, 132,; Colt Stephens (3rd, 138), Mitch Eason (3rd, 145), Hood Soulter (2nd,. 152), Pyne Greene (4th, 160), Drew Howell (3rd, 170) and Andrew Alexander (2nd, 220).
Deerfield, meanwhile, qualified all nine of its varsity wrestlers for state, and joining Wright, Lane and Stadnik will be Kyle Gill (2nd, 106), Griffin Richardson (2nd, 113), Nathan Green (2nd, 170), Ethan Brock (3rd, 160), Graham Harpole (4th, 138) and John DeLoatch (4th, 138).
SGA boys, girls pick up wins against Emannuel Christian (Ala.)
DAMASCUS — The SGA boys basketball team slipped by Emannuel Christian (Ala.) on Monday night, 63-53, to add another W to one of the best seasons in school history and push its record to 16-3 overall. McKinley Chambless led the way with 17 points, followed by Billy Grimsley with 13, Kameron Whitaker with 12 and Alex Chambless with 11.
The SGA girls (4-15), meanwhile, picked up their fourth win of the year with a 51-44 victory against EC, thanks to a season-high 23 points from Taylor Stuart, 12 from Beth Burkett and eight from Jenna Kitchings.
Both teams play again today at Brookwood.
Albany Tech men, women sweep East Georgia at home
ALBANY — With the regular season winding down, the Albany Tech men's and women's basketball programs picked up a couple of key Region XVII wins Monday night on their home floor.
The men's 71-60 victory against East Georgia not only helped them bounce back from a pair of tough losses last week, but moved the Titans up to third in the conference standings. Former Worth County star Jamorris Gaines led the way with 26 points, while former Terrell County star Robert Ellis added 17.
ATC is now 12-11 overall and 6-5 in conference play, but could easily slip into a tie for fourth if the Titans don't take of business in their next game tonight at Chattahoochee Tech, which is currently fifth. Middle Georgia leads the conference comfortably at 10-1, followed by Georgia Perimeter.
The men and the women both have seven regular-season games left before the region tournament, which will be held at different times. The men's tourney is March 1, while the women's is a week earlier on Feb. 23.
Both teams currently are in good shape to make the tournament as the Top 8 teams get in out of the 10 total programs in the conference. The Lady Titans helped their cause Monday when they beat East Georgia, 58-46, behind 20 points from Shakima Wiggins, while Bianca Fennessee added a double-double with 14 points and 15 boards.
The win pushed the Lady Titans' record to 14-8 overall and 6-5 in region — good for a tie for fifth place. South Georgia Tech leads the women's side of the region at 11-0.
The women also hit the road tonight to face Chattahoochee Tech.
More like this story
- Area GISA wrestlers cap season with strong showing at state meet in Macon ( February 8, 2011 )
- PREP ROUNDUP: Randolph-Southern, SGA win softball region games ( September 20, 2011 )
- MONDAY'S PREP/COLLEGE ROUNDUP: SGA's Houston throws no-no ( September 24, 2012 )
- TUESDAY'S PREP ROUNDUP: Paced by two-time Herald Player of the Year Smith, Westwood girls, boys win 3-A titles, head back to state; SGA, TAE qualify three for state in Region 3-AA tournament ( April 10, 2012 )
- THURSDAY'S PREP SOFTBALL ROUNDUP: Lee, SGA, Southland all win ( September 9, 2011 )


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About 5,000 Northwestern Energy customers were double billed because of a banking error earlier this month.
Companies agree to develop 1-MW demonstration project to facilitate the integration of renewable energy sources Gaelectric and Tesla today announced the purchase and planned deployment of Tesla Energy's first battery power utility-scale project in Ireland.
Drone technology will now make infrastructure inspections cost-effective as Xcel Energy has been given the approval to use the tiny unmanned aircraft by the end of this summer.
NV Energy and The Alliance For Solar Choice (TASC) today announced joint support for the following Amendment to SB 374.As amended, SB 374 would: Define the existing 3% net metering cap to be 235 megawatts. This 235 megawatts will be the maximum amount of net metering permitted under the current net metering rules until December 31, …
The Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster (NEESC), administered by the Connecticut Center for Advanced Technology, Inc. (CCAT) and strategic partners throughout the region, today announced the launch of a pilot Innovation Action Program to provide fast-track resources to small businesses in the hydrogen/fuel cell and energy storage industry. …
Sacramento County will be a test market for battery-electric, heavy-duty refuse trucks supplied by a Southern California company.
GE's (NYSE:GE) renewable energy business today announced it will supply Convergent Energy + Power with a 7 megawatt (MW)-7 megawatt hour battery energy storage system for the Ontario Independent Electricity System Operator (IESO).
JCP&L Completes Inspections and Projects Prior to Summer Season to Help Enhance Customer Service ReliabilityWith the upcoming hot summer months expected to produce higher electric usage, Jersey Central Power & Light (JCP&L) has completed numerous projects and inspections across its 13-county service area to enhance service reliability. The work included upgrading transmission and substation equipment, upgrading circuits and modernizing distribution …
National and state electricity regulations that industries, businesses, and consumers depend on to prevent power outages are deficient in a number of significant ways that could result in worse future outages unless the rules are strengthened, especially as hurricanes and other weather events are predicted to become more severe under climate change, according to a new study.
Duke Energy, LG Chem and Greensmith will team up to build a battery-based energy storage system in Ohio, designed to enhance reliability and increase stability on the electric power grid, the companies announced today.


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Salesforce development and strategy head John Somorjai goes over why the company invests and which sectors he is watching in 2015.
Enrique Salem, the ex-CEO at Symantec, joined Bain Capital Ventures as a managing director in its Palo Alto office.
Visa made a strategic investment in DocuSign, the fast-growing San Francisco company that makes it possible to sign documents electronically.
DocuSign Inc. corporate counsel wins PSBJ's Outstanding Corporate Counsel Rising Star Award.
The Puget Sound Business Journal's 2014 Corporate Counsel Award honorees share their best advice.
The Puget Sound Business Journal has named its honorees for the 2014 Corporate Counsel Awards, recognizing in-house attorneys from Boeing, Nordstrom, Corbis, Big Fish Games, F5 Networks, REI and more.
Between Wednesday, the deadline for today's print story about the tech sector lagging in IPO activity amidst continuing large private investment round ...
Recently Butte County police got a call about a big suspected drug lab in a town in the Sierra foothills.
Electronic signature company DocuSign Inc. has raised $85 million from large institutional public funds and existing investors, company officials said ...
It's no secret that perks are a hallmark of working for tech companies, which offer the premium extras to lure top talent.
It's no secret that perks are a hallmark of working for tech companies, which offer the premium extras to lure top talent.
Microsoft Corp. said it's signed a deal with DocuSign that will allow the Seattle company's eSignature apps to be "widely available" on Microsoft Offi ...
Twitter was the top U.S. tech company to work for in 2014, and the second best overall among companies with staffs of more than 1,000, according to Gl ...
Business-focused startups made a surprisingly strong showing on a ranking of the buzziest venture-backed businesses published this week.


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Associated Press
June 16, 2014
4 upstate casino proposals receive local approval
ALBANY, N.Y. (AP) — Four more upstate New York casino proposals have received approval from local officials.
Wilmorite on Friday thanked officials in the town of Tyre in Seneca County for approving a resolution supporting a casino that would be built near Thruway Exit 41.
Caesars Entertainment thanked the village of Woodbury for supporting its proposed casino in Orange County, about 60 miles from Manhattan. Also in Orange County, the Middletown Times Herald Record reports that Genting Americas won approval from the Montgomery town board for a proposed casino off Route 17K and Interstate 84.
In the Albany area, the East Greenbush town board endorsed a casino proposal from Saratoga Casino and Gaming and Churchill Downs Inc.
Local approval is required for casino applicants.
Applications for the four casino licenses are due June 30.
Deal will re-energize western New York power plant
DUNKIRK, N.Y. (AP) — State regulators have approved a deal that will re-energize a western New York power plant.
The state Public Service Commission authorized repowering the Dunkirk power plant using natural gas instead of coal.
Gov. Andrew Cuomo says the $140 million agreement between National Grid and NRG assures its operation for 10 years with added capability to generate 435 megawatts of power.
The refueled facility south of Buffalo is expected to begin operations in the fall of 2015.
Top Republican wants heroin legislation passed
ALBANY, N.Y. (AP) — New York's top Republican wants the Democratic-led Assembly to act on legislation to curb the growth of heroin use in the state.
Sen. Dean Skelos says Friday that Assembly leaders should consider 23 bills that his chamber passed earlier in the week before session ends on Thursday.
Some Democrats have been hesitant about some of the bills, saying it takes the state back to an era of failed drug laws and doesn't treat addiction as a public health issue.
Gov. Andrew Cuomo said Wednesday an additional 100 state troopers have been assigned to narcotics enforcement efforts around the state. But he has yet to sign a bill that would make it easier for law enforcement to administer a drug used to reverse opioid overdoses.
NY Assembly votes to outlaw ivory sales
ALBANY, N.Y. (AP) — New York lawmakers have endorsed a plan to criminalize the sale of ivory in an effort to protect elephants and rhinos.
The legislation would make exceptions for antiques or items containing ivory that are used for scientific or educational purposes.
The state's Assembly endorsed the measure on Wednesday. Similar legislation is pending in the state Senate.
The Wildlife Conservation Society cheered the passage of the bill in the Assembly and called on the Senate to follow suit. The organization says New York is the nation's Number 1 importer of ivory.
Lawmakers are expected to adjourn their session on Thursday.
Associated Press 2014. All Rights Reserved.


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A diagnostic tool automatically collects and stores data indicative of a variability parameter, a mode parameter, a status parameter and a limit parameter associated with each of the different devices, loops or function blocks within a process control system, processes the collected data to determine which devices, loops or function blocks have problems that result in reduced performance of the process control system, displays a list of detected problems to an operator and then suggests the use of other, more specific diagnostic tools to further pinpoint or correct the problems. When the diagnostic tool recommends and executes a data intensive application as the further diagnostic tool, it automatically configures a controller of the process control network to collect the data needed for such a tool.
1. A diagnostic tool for use in a process control system having a multiplicity of function blocks adapted to control a process device during operation of a process, the diagnostic tool comprising:
a data collection unit configured to communicate with each of the multiplicity of function blocks to receive, on a regular basis during operation of the process control system, data pertaining to a function block operating parameter for each of the multiplicity of function blocks wherein the data is associated with an operating condition of each of the multiplicity of function blocks;
a data analyzer that determines a value for the function block operating parameter for each of the number of times during operation of the process control system based on the received function block operating parameter data;
a detector that detects a problem within the process control system based on the determined values of the function block operating parameter data; and
an output generator that creates a report indicating the detected problem.
2. The diagnostic tool of
3. The diagnostic tool of
4. A diagnostic tool for use in a process control system that includes a processor and that uses a multiplicity of function blocks to control a process, the diagnostic tool comprising:
a computer readable memory; and
a routine stored on the computer readable memory and adapted to be implemented on the processor, wherein the routine;
collects data pertaining to a function block operating parameter for each of the multiplicity of function blocks on a regular basis during operation of the process wherein the data is associated with an operating condition of each of the multiplicity of function blocks;
determines a value for the function block operating parameter for each of a number of times during the operation of the process control system based on the collected function block operating parameter data;
detects a problem within the process control system based on the determined values of the function block operating parameter; and
produces a report that lists the detected problem.
5. The diagnostic tool of
6. A method of diagnosing problems in a process control system that uses a multiplicity of function blocks to control the operation of a process, the method comprising the steps of:
collecting data pertaining to a function block operating parameter from each of the multiplicity of function blocks during operation of the process control system wherein the data is associated with an operating condition of each of the multiplicity of function blocks;
determining a value for the function block operating parameter for each of a number of times during operation of the process control system based on the received function block operating parameter data;
detecting a problem within the process control system based on the determined function block operating parameter values; and
reporting the detected problem to a user.
7. A function block adapted to control a process in a process control system and for execution by a processor in a process control environment, comprising:
a computer readable memory;
a first routine stored on the computer readable memory and adapted to be executed on the processor to implement a process operation, wherein a first function block signal is associated with an operation of the first routine; and
a second routine stored on the computer readable memory and adapted to be executed on the processor to determine a variability indication based on the first function block signal.
This is a Continuation U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/256,585, filed Feb. 22, 1999.
The present invention relates generally to process control systems and, more particularly, to the automatic detection of problems existing within function blocks, devices and loops of a process control system.
Process control systems, like those used in chemical, petroleum or other processes, typically include a centralized process controller communicatively coupled to at least one host or operator workstation and to one or more field devices via analog, digital or combined analog/digital buses. The field devices, which may be, for example valves, valve positioners, switches and transmitters (e.g., temperature, pressure and flow rate sensors), perform functions within the process such as opening or closing valves and measuring process parameters. The process controller receives signals indicative of process measurements made by the field devices and/or other information pertaining to the field devices, uses this information to implement a control routine and then generates control signals which are sent over the buses to the field devices to control the operation of the process. Information from the field devices and the controller is typically made available to one or more applications executed by the operator workstation to enable an operator to perform any desired function with respect to the process, such as viewing the current state of the process, modifying the operation of the process, etc.
In the past, conventional field devices were used to send and receive analog (e.g., 4 to 20 milliamp) signals to and from the process controller via an analog bus or analog lines. These 4 to 20 ma signals were limited in nature in that they were indicative of measurements made by the device or of control signals generated by the controller required to control the operation of the device. However, in the past decade or so, smart field devices including a microprocessor and a memory have become prevalent in the process control industry. In addition to performing a primary function within the process, smart field devices store data pertaining to the device, communicate with the controller and/or other devices in a digital or combined digital and analog format, and perform secondary tasks such as self-calibration, identification, diagnostics, etc. A number of standard and open smart device communication protocols such as the HART«, PROFIBUS«, WORLDFIP«, Device-Net«, and CAN protocols, have been developed to enable smart field devices made by different manufacturers to be used together within the same process control network.
Moreover, there has been a move within the process control industry to decentralize process control functions. For example, the all-digital, two-wire bus protocol promulgated by the Fieldbus Foundation, known as the FOUNDATION™ Fieldbus (hereinafter "Fieldbus") protocol uses function blocks located in different field devices to perform control operations previously performed within a centralized controller. In particular, each Fieldbus field device is capable of including and executing one or more function blocks, each of which receives inputs from and/or provides outputs to other function blocks (either within the same device or within different devices), and performs some process control operation, such as measuring or detecting a process parameter, controlling a device or performing a control operation, such as implementing a proportional-derivative-integral (PID) control routine. The different function blocks within a process control system are configured to communicate with each other (e.g., over a bus) to form one or more process control loops, the individual operations of which are spread throughout the process and are, thus, decentralized.
With the advent of smart field devices, it is more important than ever to be able to quickly diagnose and correct problems that occur within a process control system, as the failure to detect and correct poorly performing loops and devices leads to sub-optimal performance of the process, which can be costly in terms of both the quality and the quantity of the product being produced. Many smart devices currently include self-diagnostic and/or calibration routines that can be used to detect and correct problems within the device. For example, the FieldVue and ValveLink devices made by Fisher Controls International Inc. have diagnostic capabilities that can be used to detect certain problems within those devices and also have calibration procedures that can be used to correct problems, once detected. However, an operator must suspect that a problem exists with the device before he or she is likely to use such diagnostic or calibration features of the devices. There are also other process control tools, such as auto-tuners that can be used to correct poorly tuned loops within a process control network. Again, however, it is necessary to identify a poorly operating loop before such auto-tuners can be used effectively. Similarly, there are other, more complex, diagnostic tools, such as expert systems, correlation analysis tools, spectrum analysis tools, neural networks, etc. which use process data collected for a device or a loop to detect problems therein. Unfortunately, these tools are data intensive and it is practically impossible to collect and store all of the high speed data required to implement such tools on each process control device or loop of a process control system in any kind of systematic manner. Thus, again, it is necessary to identify a problem loop or a device before being able to effectively use these tools.
Still further, each device or function block within a smart process control network typically detects major errors that occur therein and sends a signal, such as an alarm or an event, to notify a controller or a host device that an error or some other problem has occurred. However, the occurrence of these alarms or events does not necessarily indicate a long-term problem with the device or loop that must be corrected, because these alarms or events may be generated in response to (or be caused by) other factors that were not a result of a poorly performing device or loop. Thus, the fact that a device or a function block within a loop generates an alarm or event does not necessarily mean that the device or loop has a problem that needs to be corrected. On the other hand, many devices can have problems without the problem rising to the level of severity to be detected as an alarm or an event.
To initially detect problems within the process control system, a process control operator or technician generally has to perform a manual review of data generated within a process control system (such as alarms and events, as well as other device and loop data) to identify which devices or loops are operating sub-optimally or are improperly tuned. This manual review requires the operator to have a great deal of expertise in detecting problems based on raw data and, even with such expertise, the task can be time-consuming at best and overwhelming at worst. For example, an instrumentation department of even a medium-sized operating plant may include between 3,000 and 6,000 field devices such as valves and transmitters. In such an environment, the instrument technician or control engineer responsible for a process area simply does not have the time to review the operation of all the field device instrumentation and control loops to detect which loops or devices may not be operating properly or may have some problem therein. In fact, because of limited manpower, the only devices usually scheduled for maintenance are those that have degraded to the point that they dramatically impact the quantity or quality of the product being produced. As a result, other devices or loops which need to be retuned or which otherwise have a problem therein that could be corrected using the tools at hand are not corrected, leading to the overall degraded performance of the process control system.
A diagnostic tool for use in a process control system automatically collects and stores data pertaining to the different function blocks of devices and loops within the system, processes that data to determine which function blocks, devices, or loops have problems that may result in the reduced performance of the process control system, and then may suggest the use of other, more specific diagnostic tools to further analyze and correct the problem. The diagnostic tool may detect problems or identify poorly performing devices or loops using a variability indication, a mode indication, a status indication or a limit indication associated with each of the function blocks or devices within a process control system. The variability indication is preferably determined or partially determined by each function block within the process control system to provide a statistical measurement of the deviation of a parameter associated with the device or function block from a set point or other value associated with the device or function block. The mode indication identifies the mode in which a function block or device is operating, e.g., a normal mode or a non-normal mode, to indicate if the device or function block is operating in its designed mode. The status indication identifies the quality of a signal associated with the function block or device at any given time. The limit indication may identify if a function block signal is limited in nature.
The diagnostic tool may determine which function blocks, devices or loops have problems associated therewith based on the instantaneous values or on a compilation of the historical values of one or more of the variability indication, the mode indication, the status indication, the limit indication or other data associated with each function block or device. Thereafter, the diagnostic tool may report detected problems to an operator via a display screen and/or may generate written reports (such as printed reports) or electronic reports sent, for example, over the internet (e.g., through E-mail) to concerned persons.
Furthermore, upon detecting problems within one or more process control devices or loops, the diagnostic tool may suggest the proper tool(s) to be used to further pinpoint the problem and/or to correct the detected problem. If requested to do so, the diagnostic tool executes these further tools on a host workstation to enable an operator to perform further diagnostic functions. In cases where the diagnostic tool requires the use of further data intensive tools to diagnose or pinpoint a specific problem (such as an expert system or a correlation analysis tool), the diagnostic tool may automatically configure the host system to collect the data needed to run that further tool.
In this manner, the diagnostic tool identifies the function blocks, devices, loops, etc. which need attention without requiring an operator to review massive amounts of data pertaining to numerous devices and loops within a process control system. This saves time on the part of the operator and does not require the operator to have a great deal of expertise in detecting problem loops and devices. Also, upon detecting a problem, the diagnostic tool may recommend the use of further tools to pinpoint and/or correct the problem, which enables the operator to correct problems without having to guess as to which tool is the most appropriate in any given situation. Besides saving time, this function reduces the burden on the operator and helps to assure that the proper diagnostic tools are used in each circumstance.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a process control system in which a diagnostic tool can be used;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a process control system of FIG. 1 illustrating the configuration of two process control loops run in conjunction with a diagnostic tool;
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a function block having a variability indication generator therein;
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a routine implemented by a diagnostic tool to perform diagnostics in the process control system of FIGS. 1 and 2;
FIG. 5 is a first example screen display generated by the diagnostic tool used in the process control system of FIGS. 1 and 2;
FIG. 6 is a second example screen display generated by the diagnostic tool used in the process control system of FIGS. 1 and 2;
FIG. 7 is a third example screen display generated by the diagnostic tool used in the process control system of FIGS. 1 and 2; and
FIG. 8 is a block diagram of the controller and operator workstation of FIGS. 1 and 2, illustrating trending communications associated with a diagnostic tool.
Referring now to FIG. 1, a process control system 10 includes a process controller 12 connected to a host workstation or computer 13 (which may be any type of personal computer or workstation) having a display screen 14 and connected to field devices 15-22 via input/output (I/O) cards 26 and 28. The controller 12, which may be by way of example, the DeltaV™ controller sold by Fisher-Rosemount Systems, Inc., is communicatively connected to the host computer 13 via, for example, an ethernet connection and is communicatively connected to the field devices 15-22 using any desired hardware and software associated with, for example, standard 4-20 ma devices and/or any smart communication protocol such as the Fieldbus protocol. The controller 12 implements or oversees a process control routine stored therein or otherwise associated therewith and communicates with the devices 15-22 and the host computer 13 to control a process in any desired manner.
The field devices 15-22 may be any types of devices, such as sensors, valves, transmitters, positioners, etc. while the I/O cards 26 and 28 may be any types of I/O devices conforming to any desired communication or controller protocol. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1, the field devices 15-18 are standard 4-20 ma devices that communicate over analog lines to the I/O card 26 while the field devices 19-22 are smart devices, such as Fieldbus field devices, that communicate over a digital bus to the I/O card 28 using Fieldbus protocol communications. Generally speaking, the Fieldbus protocol is an all-digital, serial, two-way communication protocol that provides a standardized physical interface to a two-wire loop or bus that interconnects field devices. The Fieldbus protocol provides, in effect, a local area network for field devices within a process, which enables these field devices to perform process control functions (using function blocks) at locations distributed throughout a process facility and to communicate with one another before and after the performance of these process control functions to implement an overall control strategy. It will be understood that, while the Fieldbus protocol is a relatively new all-digital communication protocol developed for use in process control networks, this protocol is known in the art and is described in detail in numerous articles, brochures and specifications published, distributed, and available from, among others, the Fieldbus Foundation, a not-for-profit organization headquartered in Austin, Texas. As a result, the details of the Fieldbus communication protocol will not be described in detail herein. Of course, the field devices 15-22 could conform to any other desired standard(s) or protocols besides the Fieldbus protocol, including any standards or protocols developed in the future.
The controller 12 is configured to implement a control strategy using what are commonly referred to as function blocks, wherein each function block is a part (e.g., a subroutine) of an overall control routine and operates in conjunction with other function blocks (via communications called links) to implement process control loops within the process control system 10. Function blocks typically perform one of an input function, such as that associated with a transmitter, a sensor or other process parameter measurement device, a control function, such as that associated with a control routine that performs PID, fuzzy logic, etc. control, or an output function which controls the operation of some device, such as a valve, to perform some physical function within the process control system 10. Of course hybrid and other types of function blocks exist. Function blocks may be stored in and executed by the controller 12, which is typically the case when these function blocks are used for, or are associated with standard 4-20 ma devices and some types of smart field devices, or may be stored in and implemented by the field devices themselves, which is the case with Fieldbus devices. While the description of the control system is provided herein using function block control strategy, the control strategy could also be implemented or designed using other conventions, such as ladder logic.
The left side of the controller 12 illustrated in FIG. 2 includes a schematic representation of interconnected function blocks 30, 32, and 34 making up an example process control loop 36 configured to use the standard 4-20 ma devices 17 and 18. Because the function blocks 30, 32 and 34 are related to the operation of 4-20 ma devices, these function blocks are stored in and executed by the controller 12. In a preferred embodiment, in which a DeltaV controller is used, the function blocks 30, 32 and 34 are configured to be similar to, that is, to use the same or similar protocol, as Fieldbus function blocks. However, this convention is not necessary as other function block configurations could be used instead. As illustrated in FIG. 2, the function block 30 is an analog input (AI) function block that provides a measurement made by, for example, the transmitter (sensor) device 17, to the function block 32. The function block 32 is a PID function block that performs calculations using any desired PID strategy and delivers a control signal via a link to the function block 34, which is preferably an analog output (AO) function block. The AO function block 34 communicates with, for example, the valve device 18 to cause the valve 18 to open or close according to the control signal from the PID function block 32. The AO function block 34 also delivers a feedback signal, which may be indicative of the position of the valve 18, to the PID function block 32, which uses this feedback signal to generate the control signal. The controller 12 includes a device interface 38 (which may be implemented in the controller 12 or in the I/O device 26 of FIG. 1) to communicate with the devices 15-18 to get measurements made thereby and to deliver control signals thereto according to the control loop 36 or other control loops. The device interface 38 systematically receives signals from the devices 15-18 and delivers these signals to the proper function block within the controller 12 associated with the sending device. Likewise, the device interface 38 systematically delivers control signals from function blocks within the controller 12 to the proper field device 15-18.
The right side of the controller 12 in FIG. 2 illustrates a sample control loop 40 implemented using Fieldbus function blocks 42, 44 and 46 located down within the Fieldbus field devices 19 and 22. In this instance, the actual function blocks 42, 44, and 46 are stored in and executed by the field devices 19 and 22 and communicate their associated attributes to shadow function blocks 42S, 44S and 46S (illustrated as dotted-line boxes) within the controller 12. The shadow function blocks 42S, 44S and 46S are set up according to the function block configuration used by the controller 12 but mirror the state of the actual function blocks 42, 44 and 46, respectively, so that it appears to the controller 12 that the actual functions associated with the function blocks 42, 44 and 46 are being executed by the controller 12. The use of shadow function blocks within the controller 12 enable the controller 12 to implement a control strategy using function blocks stored in and executed within the controller 12 as well as within field devices. Of course, the controller 12 can implement control loops having both standard function blocks (like function blocks 30, 32 and 34) and shadow function blocks therein. For example, the PID shadow function block 44S, associated with the actual function block 44 in the valve positioner 22, could be linked to the AI function block 30 and the AO function block 34 to form a process control loop. The creation and implementation of shadow function blocks is not the subject of the present invention and is described in more detail in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/151,084 entitled "A Shadow Function Block Interface for Use in a Process Control Network," filed Sep. 10, 1998, which is assigned to the assignee of the present invention and the disclosure which is hereby expressly incorporated by reference herein.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the controller 12 includes a diagnostic data collection unit 48 which may be, for example, a short term memory that collects and stores certain kinds of data associated with each of the function blocks (or shadow function blocks) of the process control system 10 for use in detecting problems with those function blocks, or the devices or loops associated with those function blocks. The data collection unit 48 may, for example, collect and store a variability indication, a mode indication, a status indication and/or a limit indication for each of the function blocks within the process control network 10. If desired, the data collection unit 48 may perform some processing on the collected data as described below. The data collection unit 48 periodically sends the collected or processed data to the operator workstation 13 via the ethernet connection for storage in a long term memory or historian 50 and for use by a diagnostic tool 52 located at least partially within the operator workstation 13. The diagnostic tool 52, which is preferably implemented in software stored in a memory of the operator workstation 13 and executed by a processor 54 of the operator workstation 13, detects problems within the process control system 10, reports these problems and suggests tools for use in further analyzing and correcting these problems. If desired, portions of the diagnostic tool software can be executed within the controller 12 or even within the field devices.
The diagnostic tool 52 systematically detects problems using one or more operating parameters of the function blocks or devices within the process control system 10 including, for example, a variability parameter, a mode parameter, a status parameter and a limit parameter determined by (or associated with) each of the function blocks or devices within the process control network 10. An indication of the variability parameter can be calculated or otherwise determined for each device or function block within the process control system (whether those function blocks are implemented within the controller 12 or down within one of the field devices 19-22) to indicate the error between two parameters of the function block. These two parameters may be different signals associated with the function block or may be two different measurements of the same signal. For example, for AI function blocks, the variability indication may indicate the error between a statistical measure (such as the mean, median, etc.) of the measurement made by a sensor over a predetermined amount of time and the actual or instantaneous value of the measurement. Similarly, for an AO function block, the variability indication may be calculated based on the differences between a historical statistical state of a device over a predetermined amount of time (such as the average location of the valve in a valve device) and the current state of the device (such as the current location of the valve). For control function blocks, such as PID, ratio, fuzzy logic function blocks and the like, the variability indication may be based on a deviation of a process parameter input to the function block and a set point or target provided to the function block for that parameter.
In one embodiment, a variability index may be determined as the integrated absolute error (IAE) over a particular interval, such as a ten minute evaluation period. In such a case, the variability index can be calculated as:
N=the number of samples in the evaluation period;
X(i)=the value of the ith sample of the desired function block parameter, such as the input to the function block for AI blocks and control blocks; and
S=the statistical or target value of the parameter to which the function block parameter is compared, e.g., the set point (for control blocks), the average value of the function block parameter over the last evaluation period (for AI blocks), etc.
If the variation between the X and S variables of equation (1) is Gaussian in nature, then the IAE is equal to the standard deviation times the square root of the product of two over pi. Of course, any other variability indication could be used in addition to or instead of the IAE calculation described above and, thus, the variability indication is not confined to that of equation (1).
Preferably, each function block, and especially those located within the field devices 19-22, automatically calculates a variability indication over each evaluation period (e.g., over a predetermined amount of time or number of execution cycles) and, after each evaluation period, sends the calculated variability indication to the data collection device 48 within the controller 12 or to the data historian 50 within the operator workstation 13. This variation indication may be, for example, the variability index given above or may be subparts thereof which can be used to determine the variability index given above. If the function blocks are Fieldbus function blocks located within one of the field devices 19-22, then the variability indication may be sent to the controller 12 using asynchronous communications. While the final variability index for each function block could be completely calculated by the controller 12 or the operator workstation 13, this would require each function block to send data to such devices after every execution cycle (typically on the order of every 50-100 milliseconds), which would require a lot of additional communications over the buses of the process control network 10. To eliminate this additional communication, it is preferable to design each function block to calculate a variability indication therefor and then send this variability indication over the communication buses once every evaluation period, which will typically be on the order of once every minute, ten minutes or more. Currently, no known standard function blocks provide this capability and, therefore, it should be added to the function blocks used within the process control system 10.
In one embodiment, the calculations for a final variability index associated with a function block are split between the function block and the diagnostic tool 52. In particular, because the computation of the variability index takes computing resources, the most computationally consuming parts of these calculations are done in the workstation 13 or the controller 12. For this discussion, the calculations for a variability index for input and output blocks will be referred to simply as a variability index (VI) while the variability index for control function blocks will be referred to as a control index (CI). The VI (which is used for input blocks, output blocks and control blocks in manual mode) and the CI (which is used for control blocks in auto mode) can be calculated by the workstation 13 or the controller 12 as follows:
Slq=minimum standard deviation expected with feedback control;
Stot=actual measured standard deviation; and
s=sensitivity factor used to make the calculations stable.
Slq may be calculated as:
Scapab=estimated capability standard deviation (standard deviation at process ideal operation).
A small bias value s is added to the Scapab and Stot values in equations (2) and (3) because it has been discovered that, if the disturbance to noise signal ratio (i.e., the low frequency to high frequency disturbance ratio) is too high, the VI and CI calculations give too high of values. Fast sampling with very small differences between consecutive measurements also attributes to this problem. The bias value s, it has been found, makes the computations stable. The recommended bias value s is 0.1% of the measurement range (approximately the measurement accuracy). It will be understood that a valve of zero for the VI or CI calculations of equations (2) and (3) is the best case while a value of one is the worst case. However, these or other variability indices could be calculated so that a value of one (or even some other value) is the best case.
If desired, a percent improvement (PI) value can be established for the control blocks as 100 times the CI value for the control block.
To perform the above VI, CI and PI calculations in the most efficient manner possible, each of the function blocks in, for example, the DeltaV environment or the Fieldbus environment may calculate the Scapab and Stot values as variability indications and make these values visible to the controller 12, which can then calculate the VI and CI values using equations (2) and (3) or can provide the Scapab and Stot values to the diagnostic tool 52 in the workstation 13 which can calculate the VI and CI values. The intermediate calculations needed to determine the Scapab and Stot values will be performed each execution of the function block and the Scapab and Stot values will be updated once every N executions of the function block (i.e., once every evaluation period). In one implementation, the Scapab and Stot values may be updated after 100 executions of the function block.
The total standard deviation Stot can be calculated in the function block using the so-called moving time window computation as follows:
wherein MAE is the mean absolute error calculated as:
and wherein:
N=the number of executions in an evaluation period;
y(t)=the value of the t'th instantaneous sample of the desired function block parameter, such as the input to the function block; and
yst=the statistical or target value of the parameter to which the function block parameter is compared, e.g., the average or mean value of the function block parameter over the last evaluation period.
Generally speaking, the process value (PV) of the fuction block will be used in the I/O blocks to calculate yst. In control blocks, either the working setpoint or the PV will be used as yst depending on the block mode.
The capability standard deviation, Scapab, can be calculated as follows:
wherein MR is the average moving range, which may be calculated as:
To reduce computations, only the summing component associated with the MAE and MR will be done during each execution cycle of the function block. The division of the sum by N or N−1 can be done as part of the Stot and Scapab calculations once every N executions (i.e., once every evaluation period). From the above formulas it is evident that:
wherein the Errorabs and the Deltaabs are the summations in equations (6) and (8) respectively and are calculated on an ongoing basis during each execution cycle of the function block.
Of course, the quality of the input to the function block used in these calculations is important and, thus, it is desirable to only use data that has good status and data that is not limited. When using Fieldbus or DeltaV function blocks, the mode variable takes the status of the PV, set point and BackCalibration variables into account, and so the mode variable can be used to assure proper calculations for the variability index. For example, in the OOS (out of service) mode, the Stot and Scapab variables are not determined but are, instead, set to the best case valve (e.g., zero) to prevent the detection of an error. On warm starts, if the mode changes from OOS to any other mode, the Stot and Scapab variables can be set to zero (a best case value), the scan counter can be reset and the Errorabs and Dataabs variables of equations (9) and (10) can be set to zero. Also, the previous values of y and yst should be reset.
FIG. 3 illustrates a function block 55 having an input 56, an output 57 and a variability indication generator 58 connected to the input 56. If desired the variability indication generator 58 may be additionally or alternatively connected to the output 57 and/or to other parts of the function block 55 to receive other function block parameters or signals (these connections being illustrated by dotted lines in FIG. 3). If the function block 55 is, for example, a control function block, the variability index calculator 58 receives the input 56 (which may be the process value that is being controlled by the loop in which the control block 55 operates) and compares that input to a set point previously supplied to the function block 55. The variability indication generator 58 may determine the variability index according to equation (1) and send that index to a communicator 59 which sends the variability indication to the controller 12 every evaluation period (every N samples). However, as described above, the variability indication generator 58 may determine the Stot and Scapab values in the manner described above and send these values to the controller 12 or workstation 13, which can determine the VI and/or CI values therefrom If the function block 55 is a function block being executed within the controller 12, the controller 12 could include a separate routine to determine the variability indication for each function block, as no bus communications would need to take place after each sample interval. The communicator 59 can be any standard communication unit associated with a function block or a communication protocol.
A second function block operating parameter that may be used to determine problems within the process control system 10 is an indication of the mode in which each of the function blocks (or loops or devices) is operating. In the case of Fieldbus function blocks, as well as some other known function blocks, each function block has a mode parameter that is available to the controller 12 to indicate the mode in which the function block is operating. From this mode indication, a data analyzer within the diagnostic tool 52 can determine a value of the mode parameter to indicate if the function block (and thereby the loop, module or device) is operating in its desired or designed mode or, alternatively, if something has occurred to cause the function block (device or loop) to operate in a different, less preferable mode. Fieldbus function blocks operate in one of a number of modes. For example, AI function blocks operate in an out-of-service mode (wherein an operator may have put the device out-of-service to perform maintenance), a manual mode in which some signal, such as an output of the function block, is being set manually instead of based on the designed operation of the function block, and an automatic mode, in which the function block is operating in a normal manner, i.e., the way in which it was designed to operate. Fieldbus control blocks can also have one or more cascade modes wherein the mode is controlled by other function blocks or by an operator. Typically, Fieldbus function blocks have three modes variables associated therewith at any given time including a target mode, which is the mode in which the operator has set the block to operate (which can be other than the normal or automatic mode), an actual mode, which is the mode in which the control block is actually operating at any given time, and a normal mode, which is the mode in which the function block was designed to operate and is associated with the normal operation of the function block. Of course, these or other mode indications may be used as desired.
The mode indication may be periodically provided to the controller 12 and/or to the operator workstation 13. If the function block is within the controller 12, the mode indication for each function block may be provided to the data collection unit 48 at any desired time or interval. For Fieldbus function blocks or other function blocks within the field devices, the controller 12 may periodically request the mode parameters for each function block using a ViewList request (in the Fieldbus protocol). If desired, the data collection unit 48 within the controller 12 may store the mode at each sampling period or evaluation period and provide the stored data to the data historian 50. Thereafter, the diagnostic tool 52 may determine mode values indicating when or how long the function block spent in the different modes or in a normal mode (or a non-normal mode) or indicating what percent of a specific time period the function block was in a normal mode (or a non-normal mode). Alternatively, the data collection unit 48 or some other specifically designed unit within the controller 12 could detect when each function block is out of its normal mode (by, for example, comparing the function block's normal mode with its actual mode at any given time). In this case, the data collection unit 48 could communicate the mode of any function block by indicating when changes in the mode took place or are detected, which reduces the amount of communication needed between the controller 12 and the operator workstation 13.
A status parameter is another function block operating parameter that may be used to detect problems within process control devices and loops. A status indication provided by each function block may define or identify the status of the primary value (PV) associated with the function block or device. In addition or alternatively, one or more of the inputs and outputs of a function block may have a status indication associated therewith. Fieldbus function blocks have a status parameter associated therewith which can take on the form of "good", "bad" or "uncertain" to indicate the status of the function block PV, inputs and/or outputs. A status indication may also identify or include a limit indication, such as the limits associated with the PV or other function block parameter. Thus, for example, the limit indication may indicate whether the PV of the function block is high or low limited. Again, the diagnostic tool 52 may determine status values or limit values indicating when, how long or what percent of a specific time period the status of the function block was a normal status (or a non-normal status), and when, how long or what percent of a specific time period a function block variable was at one or more limits (or not at the one or more limits), or was a bad status or a questionable status.
Similar to the mode indication, the status indication and the limit indication may be sent by each function block to the controller 12 periodically or on request (using, for example, the ViewList command in the Fieldbus protocol) and changes therein may determined by the controller 12 and sent to the operator workstation 13. Alternatively, the status and limit indications may be sent to the operator workstation 13 without being processed. If desired, the function blocks may be set up to communicate mode, status and/or limit indications only when changes therein actually take place, which further reduces the amount of communications between the controller 12 and the function blocks within field devices. However, when using this communication scheme, the current state of all the required parameters is needed to establish a base against which to compare the changes when the diagnostic tool 52 is first placed on line. This current state may be measured or collected by having the controller 12 periodically report parameter values (even though they have not changed) or by having the diagnostic tool 52 cause the controller 12 to report parameters defined for exception reporting. Based on the status of each of the function blocks, the diagnostic tool 52 can quickly identify measurements which are bad, and need attention (uncertain status) or which have been incorrectly calibrated because they have a measurement or PV that is limited. Of course, the status and limit indications may take on one of any different number and types of values, depending on the type of system in which they are being used.
Furthermore, a status indication may be used for any different variables (other than the PV) of a function block, device or loop. For example, in a control loop having feedback control, the status of the feedback variable may be used to detect problems within function blocks and loops. The status of this feedback variable (e.g., the back calibration or BackCal variable for control or actuator function blocks in the Fieldbus protocol), or any other variable, can be examined by the diagnostic tool 52 to detect when a function block has an output that is limited by, for example, a downstream function block or other downstream condition. Similar to the mode indication, the controller 12 may detect and store actual status values or may store changes in the status values as the status indication.
Other data associated with a process control function block, device or loop may be used to detect problems as well. For example, the operator workstation 13 (or the controller 12) may receive, store and review events and alarms generated by the devices or function blocks within the process control network 10. In, for example, the Fieldbus environment, function blocks support a block error parameter that reports abnormal processing conditions detected by a transducer or a function block. Fieldbus devices reflect any problem that is detected by the device or function block using one of 16 defined bits in a block error bitstream sent to the controller 12. Fieldbus devices report the first detected problem to the controller 12 as an event or alarm and these events or alarms can be forwarded by the controller 12 to an operator workstation 14 event journal. In one embodiment, the diagnostic tool 52 analyzes or reviews the 6th bit of the block error parameter (in the Fieldbus protocol) to detect when a device needs maintenance soon and, thus, when a condition exists that must be addressed but which is not currently limiting device operation. Similarly, the diagnostic tool 52 analyzes the 13th bit of the block error parameter (in the Fieldbus protocol) to determine when correct device operation is not possible because of a condition detected by the device and, thus, immediate action is required. Of course, other events, alarms, other bits within the block error parameter or other types of error indications may be used by the diagnostic tool 52 to detect problems associated with the operation of the process control network 10, and such other events, alarms etc. may be associated with the Fieldbus protocol or any other desired device or controller protocol.
In some instances, function blocks may have parameters, such as mode or status parameters that are set to other than normal or good for reasons unrelated to the correct operation of the process or loop in which these function blocks operate. For example, in batch processes, when a batch is not being run, the modes of the function blocks used within that process are set to non-normal values. However, it would be undesirable to detect these non-normal mode (or status) indications and identify problems with the system based thereon because the batch process is designed to have down times. It is preferable, therefore, to provide each function block (or the module or loop in which it is run) with an application state parameter indicating if the function block (or module) is purposely in a non-normal mode, or has a bad status. In other words, the application state parameter will indicate when alarming or problem detection for the function block should be prevented. For function blocks used in batch processes, for example, the application state parameter will be set to one value to indicate when the function blocks are operating to perform a batch run application and will be set to another value to indicate when the function blocks are purposely not being used to perform a normal function within a batch run application and so no detection of problems should be based on the operations of these function blocks at these times. Such an application state parameter is illustrated in FIG. 3 to be communicated to the controller 12 via the communicator 59. The controller 12 and/or operator workstation 13 may detect the application state parameter for each function block and ignore data (such as variability, mode, status and limit data) associated with function blocks that are in the second category, e.g., that are purposely set to non-normal or bad states, in order to prevent false alarms. Of course, there are other reasons that the application state parameter may be set to prevent detection of problems besides the down time associated with batch processes.
The diagnostic tool 52 is preferably implemented in software within the operator workstation 14 and, if necessary, some parts may be implemented in the controller 12 and even down within the field devices, such as the field devices 19-22. FIG. 4 illustrates a block diagram of a software routine 60 that may be executed in the operator workstation 14 to detect and help correct problem function blocks, devices, loops or other entities within the process control network 10. Generally speaking, the software routine 60 collects data pertaining to each of the function blocks within a process, such as variability indication, mode indications, status indications, limit indications, alarm or event information, etc., on an ongoing basis as the process is running and detects the existence of problem measurements, calculations, control loops, etc. based on the collected data. The software routine 60 may send a report or create a display listing each detected problem and its economic impact on plant operation when configured or requested to do so. When viewing a display of the detected problem loops on, for example, the display 14 of the operator workstation 13, an operator can select a particular problem for review or correction. The software routine 60 then suggests and may automatically implement other diagnostic tools to further pinpoint the problem or to correct the problem. In this manner, the diagnostic tool 52 processes data generated by the function blocks or devices of a process control system, automatically recognizes problems based on the data and then suggests and executes other diagnostic tools to further pinpoint the cause of the problem and to correct the problem. This saves the operator enormous amounts of time and effort in detecting and correcting problems within a process control system and also helps to assure that the appropriate diagnostic tools (which may not be totally familiar to the operator) are used to correct the problem.
A block 62 of the routine 60 receives and stores the variability, mode, status, limit, alarm, event and other data used to detect problems within devices, blocks and loops of the process control system 10 on an ongoing basis, i.e., whenever the process is running. Preferably, this data is stored in the data historian 50 within the operator workstation 13. Alternatively, however, this data could be stored in any other desired memory, such an in a memory associated with the controller 12. Likewise, this data may be sent to the operator workstation 13 in any format and may be sent as compressed data, if so desired.
A block 63 detects or determines when an analysis of the data is to be performed because, for example, a periodic report is to be generated or because a user is requesting such an analysis. If no analysis is to be performed, the block 62 simply continues to collect data and may process that data to determine values for the function block operating parameters. If an analysis is to be performed, a block 64 analyzes the stored data or stored parameter values to determine which function blocks, devices or loops may be having problems. Generally speaking, the data may be analyzed based on the current or instantaneous values of the function block operating parameters, or may be analyzed on a historical basis to determine which function blocks, devices or loops are having problems over a specific period of time. The historical analysis helps to detect problems that are long term in nature based on the performance over a specified period of time. To detect a problem, the block 64 may, if necessary, calculate a variability index from the variability indications supplied by the function blocks and then compare the variability index to a specific range or limit (which may be set by the operator) to see if either the instantaneous value of, or some statistical measure of the historical value (such as the average or median value) of the variability index is outside of the range or above or below the specified limit for a function block. If so, a problem may exist and the function block, device or loop associated with the out-of-range variability index is listed as having a problem to be corrected.
Likewise, the block 64 may compare the actual mode of a function block or device with the normal mode of that function block or device to see if they match. As indicated above, the controller 12 may perform this function and send indications of the result, or of mismatches to the historian 50. If desired, however, the operator workstation 13 may perform these comparisons directly. Using the historical data, the block 64 may determine loop utilization, i.e., the percent of time that the loop (or function block) operated in the designed (normal) mode. In the instantaneous analysis, the function block, loop or device may be considered to have a problem when it is currently not operating in the designed or normal mode.
Similarly, the block 64 may analyze the status and limit indication(s) of each function block to determine when the status is bad or uncertain or otherwise not a designed or normal status or when a function block signal is at a limit. A historical analysis may calculate or determine if a particular function block has a status indication that is bad or uncertain for a predetermined percentage of a specified amount of time, may determine which PVs or other variables reached a limit or stayed at a limit for a predetermined percentage of a specified amount of time, or may analyze the status indication or limit indication in any other manner to determine if a problem exists within the function block or device or loop in which a function block is located. Likewise, the block 64 may determine, in an instantaneous evaluation, which function blocks, devices or loops have status values that are currently not in the designed or normal state and/or which signals or variables have reached a limit (i.e., are value limited). The block 64 may review the alarm and event notifications to see if any devices need maintenance, either now or in the future. The blocks which exceed the variability or control index limits and the blocks which have an active bad, limited, or mode condition will be identified and temporarily saved. This summary information can support the creation of "current" summary display. The instantaneous values and conditions can be integrated by the diagnostic tool 52 on, for example, an hour, shift and daily basis to obtain the average value of variability index and the percent improvement and the percent time the bad status, limited signal or non-normal mode condition existed. Of course, the block 64 may perform other types of processing on the variability, mode, status, limit, event, alarm and/or any other desired data to detect problems. Furthermore, the block 64 may run the analysis using different limits, ranges, historical times, etc., all of which may be set by a user or an operator.
For function blocks used in, for example, batch mode processes, data associated with times when a function block intentionally was not operating is discarded or not used in the analysis based on the application state parameter for the function block.
After the block 64 has detected the problems within the process control network, a block 66 determines if any written or electronic reports should be generated because, for example, periodic reports have been requested by a user. If so, a block 68 creates a report listing the problem function blocks, devices, loops, etc. and their economic effect on the process control system. Such an economic impact may be determined by having an operator or other user specify the dollar amount associated with each percentage point of reduced operation of the process or a loop in the process. Then, when a loop is found to have a problem, the actual performance of the process loop may be compared to a known optimum performance value to determine the percentage difference. This percentage difference is then multiplied by the specified dollar amount to percentage point ratio to determine the economic impact in terms of dollars. The report may be printed out on a printing device, displayed on a computer screen (such as the display 14) or other electronic display, sent to a user via E-mail, the Internet or any other local area or wide area network, or may be delivered to a user in any other desired manner. If desired, the diagnostic tool 52 may be configured to automatically notify a plant maintenance system whenever a problem loop is detected and this notification can be sent to the maintenance system as an event using the event/alarm capability of the known OPC interface.
A block 70 determines if an operator has requested an analysis to be performed at the workstation 13 and, if so, a block 72 enters a display or dialog routine that enables a user to find out different information related to the problem or to select different parameters for performing the analysis. In one embodiment, an operator or other person that uses the diagnostic tool 52 is presented with a dialog when he or she logs onto the workstation 13. The dialog summarizes the conditions that need to be addressed in the system without identifying the loops that are the source of the problem. The dialog may convey the information in a graphical format such as on screen display 80 as shown in FIG. 5. The screen display 80 summarizes the percent of total input, output or control function blocks in the process or plant that currently violate the default limits set for utilization (mode), limited signals, bad status or high variability. Because multiple conditions may exist in a single block, the total could potentially exceed 100%. If the total exceeds 100 percent, then the percent for each category can be scaled so that the total equals 100 percent. Modules that have input, output, or control blocks that violate the preset limits are summarized in a tabular list 82. In FIG. 5, module FIC101 has one or more function blocks operating in undesigned modes and one or more function blocks with high variability, while the module LIC345 has one or more function blocks with bad status.
More information about the nature of the problems, such as the limits associated with the function blocks, can be shown graphically by, for example, clicking on a module name within the list 82. Furthermore, by selecting a filter button 84 on the screen of FIG. 5, the user may be presented with a dialog allowing the user to select a summary time frame, the types of blocks to be included in the summary and the limit for each category or block. Such a dialog screen 86 is illustrated in FIG. 6, where the limits for the mode, limited, and bad status of input blocks are set at 99 percent utilization and where the limit for the variability index for input blocks is set at 1.3. In this case, the percent utilization of a block is determined as the percent of a specific time period in which the mode or status is normal and a function block signal was not limited. However, the limits could also be set as the percent of time that the mode or status was non-normal or a function block variable was at a limit, in which case the limits should be set closer to zero. Of course, by choosing all of the loop selections within the screen 86, all modules that include an input, output or control block will be included in the summary.
A Timeframe box 88 of the screen 86 can be manipulated by changing the setting therein to alter the historical time frame for which the analysis is performed. For example, by choosing a "Now" selection within the Timeframe box 88, the instantaneous or current value of the block parameters are used to determine if each module will illustrated as a problem module in the summary list 82. While any time frame may be specified, some example time frames that can be used in filtering are the Current Hour or Last Hour, Current Shift or Last Shift, Current Day or Last Day, etc. For these time frames, a module is included in the summary list only when a detected condition is present for a significant portion (i.e., a predetermined portion) of the selected time frame as defined by the limit condition.
If desired, the user may change the limit values used for variability index, either per block or on a global basis. To facilitate setting variability limits, the user may select the desired limit to be changed and then may be provided with a choice of either editing that limit for a particular block or of setting that limit for all of the blocks simultaneously. When the user wants to set the variability limit for all of the blocks together, the user is presented with a dialog box that allows the variability limit to be set to the current value of a variability plus a specified bias provided by the user. Of course, the limits for variability, mode, status and limited variables may be applied to all of the function blocks within a module, an area, a system, or any other logical unit and may all be changed in a similar manner. Default limits may be initially provided for a configuration as 1.3 for variability index and 99% utilization for mode, limited and status indications. Of course, these default values may be changed from the module summary display as described above.
By selecting a module name within the summary 82 of FIG. 5, the user can be provided a dialog screen having further details related to that module. Such a dialog screen 90 is illustrated in FIG. 7, for the module FIC101 using the Last Shift time frame. The screen 90 illustrates the performance of a PID1 block and an AI1 block within the FIC101 module. The information provided in the screen 90 allows the user to easily identify the particular measurement, actuator, or control block that caused the module to be included in the summary and the percent time that the condition was detected. In particular, the percent of time of the last shift that a block was in its normal mode, normal status and not limited is illustrated in FIG. 7 as loop utilization. Of course, the screen of FIG. 7 could be configured to illustrate the percent of time during the last shift that a block was in a non-normal mode, or had a non-normal status or the percent of time in the last shift that a function block variable was at one or more limits. A measure of variation is shown for the blocks illustrated in FIG. 7 along with limits therefor. The variability measure in this case is calculated so that a value of one is the best case and values greater than one indicate more and more variability error. However, using the CI and VI calculations of equations (2) and (3) for the variability index will cause the variability index to be between zero and one, with zero being the best case. In this case, the variability limit should be set to be between zero and one. Furthermore, the percent improvement (PI) that is possible in a control loop is illustrated in FIG. 7 for control blocks, namely the PID1 block. If desired, the percent utilization values that fall below (or above) the respective limits can be highlighted or otherwise marked to indicate the detected problem(s).
Of course, any other screen display may be used to summarize which loops, devices, function blocks or measurements have a high variability index (such as being greater than a user specified limit), operate in a non-normal mode or have process measurements that have bad or uncertain status or that are limited. As noted above, using an historical analysis, the diagnostic tool 52 may provide displays for a specified time frame to identify devices, loops or function blocks that have a variability index, mode, status or limit variable that has changed significantly from its normal value. Of course, the diagnostic tool 52 may enable a user to choose how many and which tests should be used (and must be failed) before a process control condition is identified as having a problem associated therewith.
Referring again to FIG. 4, when a user selects one of the function blocks in, for example, the display 90 of FIG. 7, a block 93 detects the selection of the problem function block and a block 94 displays a set of options to be used to correct the problem block or loop. For example, for control blocks, the diagnostic tool 52 may allow the user to use an autotuner or other tuner to tune a loop or may allow the user to perform trend analysis on the loop. By selecting the autotuner option, the diagnostic tool 52 automatically finds and executes the autotuner application for the selected control block or loop. However, when the trend option is selected, the workstation 13 will begin to collect trending data as describe hereinafter.
For input or an output function blocks, the block 94 may allow the user to, for example, use a further diagnostic tool for that block or to perform trend analysis. If, for example, the selected input or output block is within a Fieldbus or Hart device, then selecting the diagnostics option will activate the diagnostic application for the associated transducer block using tools known in the art such as any device calibration tools. In a DeltaV environment, the asset management solutions (AMS) diagnostic tool manufactured and sold by Fisher-Rosemount can be used for this purpose to communicate with a device, to obtain specific information therewith and to implement diagnostics associated with the device. Of course, other tools or recommendations could be made as well. For example, for transmitter problems, or function blocks associated with transmitters, the block 94 may recommend that a device calibration be used to calibrate the transmitter while, for a valve, any of the valve diagnostic routines can be used to detect and possibly correct the specific problem within the valve. Generally speaking, the recommendations made by the block 94 may be determined based on whether the problem falls into one of a number of predetermined types of problems, the nature or identity of the source of the problem (e.g. whether it originated in a control or input function block, a transmitter or a valve, etc.) or any other desired criteria. Of course, any desired diagnostic tools can be used, including those now known or those developed in the future.
If the specific nature of the problem is not easily detected from the variability, status, mode, limit or other data that pointed to the existence of a problem, the block 94 can recommend the use of other, more complex diagnostic tools, such as plotting routines, correlation (such as auto-correlation and cross-correlation) routines, spectrum analysis routines, expert analysis routines or any other desired routine or tools provided for the process control system 10. Of course, the diagnostic tool 52 may recommend or suggest the use of more than one tool and allow the operator to choose which tool should be used in any situation. Furthermore, the block 94 may limit its suggestions to tools actually available within the process control network 10, e.g., those loaded onto the operator workstation 13, or may suggest tools that would have to be purchased or loaded into the process control system 10 before being used. Of course, the block 94 can also suggest the use of manual tools, i.e., those which are not run on the operator workstation 13, controller 12 or one of the devices 15-28.
After the block 94 recommends one or more further diagnostic tools, a block 96 waits for a user to select a tool for implementation, and, upon receiving such an instruction from the operator, a block 98 finds and executes the selected tool to enable the operator to further analyze and pinpoint the cause of the problem or to fix the problem. After implementing the diagnostic tool, a block 100 enables the operator to select a different tool for the selected problem and a block 102 enables the operator to select a different problem.
In one embodiment, the block 94 can recommend analysis tools typically referred to as trending applications that require the collection of a relatively large amount and/or a lot of samples of data before being able to be run. Examples of such trending applications include a correlation analysis, a neural network, a fuzzy logic control procedure, an adaptive tuning procedure, a spectrum analysis routine, etc. Unfortunately, when the diagnostic tool 52 detects problems, the data required for the trending tool is typically unavailable because this data was not previously collected. This data may be needed to be collected at a high frequency data rate that is not practically achievable using simple communications between the controller 12 and the workstation 13. As a result, when the operator selects a tool that requires the collection of this data (fast data), the block 98 may automatically configure the controller 12 to collect the necessary data from the process control system 10.
When such data needs to be collected from Fieldbus function blocks or devices, i.e., from the devices via the Fieldbus bus, the controller 12 may use one or more Fieldbus trend objects to collect the data, may bundle and store the collected data as packets of data, and may then send the packets of data to the operator workstation 13 at any desired time so that the fast data is delivered to the operator workstation 13 in a non-time critical manner. This operation reduces the communication load between the controller 12 and the operator workstation 13 for the collection of this data. Typically, a trend object is set up to collect a predetermined number of samples (e.g., 16) of any desired data pertaining to a function block and, when the predetermined number of samples has been collected, these samples are communicated to the controller 12 using asynchronous communications. The use of one or more trend objects 110 for Fieldbus function blocks is illustrated in FIG. 8. The trend object(s) 110 are used to collect and send desired data to the data collection device 48 within the controller 12 and originate within the actual function blocks down within the Fieldbus devices. These trend objects 110 may be provided by the Fieldbus device or by the shadow function blocks (illustrated generally as shadow function blocks 112S in FIG. 8) within the controller 12. Similarly, for function blocks located within and executed by the controller 12 (illustrated generally as function blocks 113 in FIG. 8), virtual trend objects 114 can be set up within the controller 12 to collect the desired data delivered from the 4-20 ma (or other devices). Samples for such virtual trend objects 114 may be collected at any desired rate, such as every 50 milliseconds. The virtual trend objects 114 may be configured to be similar to the actual trend objects of the Fieldbus protocol and are delivered to the data collection device 48. The data collection device 48 delivers the collected data to the data historian 50 within the operator workstation 13 as noted above.
The trend objects 110 and 114 are collected until enough data has been stored to run the desired diagnostic tool. After enough fast data has been collected, the block 98 of FIG. 4 executes or otherwise implements the further diagnostic tool using the collected data so as to perform high level processing and loop analysis.
While the diagnostic tool 52 has been described as being used in conjunction with Fieldbus and standard 4-20 ma devices, it can be implemented using any other external process control communication protocol and may be used with any other types of function blocks or devices having function blocks therein. Moreover, it is noted that the use of the expression "function block" herein is not limited to what the Fieldbus protocol or the DeltaV controller protocol identifies as a function block but, instead, includes any other type of block, program, hardware, firmware, etc., associated with any type of control system and/or communication protocol that can be used to implement some process control function. While function blocks typically take the form of objects within an object oriented programming environment, this need not be case.
Although the diagnostic tool 52 described herein is preferably implemented in software, it may be implemented in hardware, firmware, etc., and may be implemented by any other processor associated with the process control system 10. Thus, the routine 60 described herein may be implemented in a standard multi-purpose CPU or on specifically designed hardware or firmware as desired. When implemented in software, the software routine may be stored in any computer readable memory such as on a magnetic disk, a laser disk, or other storage medium, in a RAM or ROM of a computer or processor, etc. Likewise, this software may be delivered to a user or a process control system via any known or desired delivery method including, for example, on a computer readable disk or other transportable computer storage mechanism or over a communication channel such as a telephone line, the internet, etc. (which are viewed as being the same as or interchangeable with providing such software via a transportable storage medium).
Thus, while the present invention has been described with reference to specific examples, which are intended to be illustrative only and not to be limiting of the invention, it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that changes, additions or deletions may be made to the disclosed embodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
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EAGLE -- Highway 55 has reopened to traffic after being closed for more than three hours Tuesday afternoon because of a bomb scare.
The Ada County Sheriff's Office tells us a driver reported seeing a bomb-like device on the east side of Highway 55 just outside of Eagle between Shadow Valley golf course and the Avimor subdivision around 2:30 p.m.
The Boise Bomb Squad was called to investigate the suspicious device with the use of a bomb-detecting robot and a bomb-sniffing dog. Turns out the device was not a bomb, it was a computer and electronic equipment. The area was processed like a crime scene, although there is no indication of crime occurring there. Officers are continuing there investigation.
Highway 55 was closed as a precaution while authorities checked out the suspicious device.
Some motorists waited at the scene, while others turned around and some went through Emmett to reach their destination.
The Idaho Transportation Department diverted northbound traffic on to Beacon Light Road. Drivers heading south on Highway 55 were being diverted onto Highway 52 in Horseshoe Bend. The highway was reopened again around 6 p.m.


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Updated from 12.05 p.m. EDT with settlement prices
TheStreet) --
Gold for December delivery shed $20.70 to settle at $1,724 an ounce at the Comex division of the New York Mercantile Exchange. The
Gold fell below $1,730 an ounce, which many investors had pointed to as lower technical price resistance of the yellow metal."We're hearing Europe, the financial crisis; you're starting to hear that again, so the dollar strengthened a little bit. And then you're hearing OK news out of China, so that means the Chinese central bank may be delaying they're new stimulus measures," said Yu-Dee Chang, chief trader at Ace Investment Strategists.


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Cellphone Curbs May Not Decrease Car Crashes
WASHINGTON—Laws that forbid motorists from using hand-held phones or texting while driving don't appear to result in a significant decrease in vehicle crashes, according to a new study by the Highway Loss Data Institute expected to be released Friday.
The study, expected to be released at a conference in Washington, D.C., Friday, comes amid stepped-up efforts by federal highway-safety regulators to ban texting while driving and curb other forms of driver distraction. Transportation Secretary Ray LaHood earlier this week announced rules to forbid commercial truck and bus drivers from text messaging while driving. Mr. LaHood has said he would ban all texting while driving if he could.
The Transportation Department in a statement Friday criticized the HLDI findings, saying "it is irresponsible to suggest that laws banning cell phone use while driving have zero effect on the number of crashes on our nation's roadways. A University of Utah study shows that using a cell phone while driving can be just as dangerous and deadly as driving drunk. We know that by enacting and enforcing tough laws, states have reduced the number of crashes leading to injuries and fatalities."
The HLDI, a research organization sponsored by the insurance industry, studied data on monthly collision claims in four states that banned the use of hand-held phones by motorists before and after the bans went into effect. The HLDI also compared collision data from states that enacted bans on driving while texting or phoning to accident claims in states that didn't enact such bans.
In New York, HLDI said its researchers found that collision claims decreased compared to other states, but the decrease began before the state's ban on hand-held phoning took effect.
The HLDI data don't show whether drivers involved in accidents were using cellphones at the time. But the HLDI said in a statement "reductions in observed phone use following bans are so substantial and estimated effects of phone use on crash risk are so large that reductions in aggregate crashes would be expected."
Adrian Lund, president of the HLDI and the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, said in a statement that the finding "doesn't augur well for any safety payoff from all the new laws that ban phone use and texting while driving."
Auto makers and mobile-phone makers have expressed support for efforts to curb text messaging by drivers. Auto makers are concerned that federal regulators could go beyond banning the use of hand-held messaging devices, and seek to curb the use of other communications or display technology that could be distracting to drivers—such as on board Internet connections, three-dimensional display screens or voice-activated communications and navigations systems.
Write to Joseph B. White at firstname.lastname@example.com