text:
Jared Womack
Feb. 9, 2012
STILLWATER, Okla. – Oklahoma State baseball opens the 2012 season Feb. 17 at Cal Poly, and Cowboy head coach Frank Anderson, along with several players on the team, met with the media earlier this week to discuss the upcoming season.
OSU is coming off a season in which it finished 35-25, including a 14-12 record in the Big 12 Conference to finish fourth in the league standings. The Cowboys advanced to the NCAA Nashville Regional, their sixth NCAA tourney appearance in eight seasons under Anderson.
The following is a sampling of what Anderson and the Cowboys had to say on media day.
OSU head coach Frank Anderson
On who can contribute this year
"Obviously, we've got quite a few. I feel very fortunate with Mark (Ginther) and Hunter (Bailey); I think we probably have one of the best left sides of the infield in college baseball. They're both really good defensively and can swing the bat. They're back, obviously, and then Jared (Womack) is back and Gabe Weidenaar, he can play at some different positions. He did last year, but he can even play more this year. There's a good chance he'll probably close for us. He's played some at second, some at first, and, obviously, he can play in the outfield like he did last year. We talked about Victor Romero. We have another catcher that's a freshman named Gage Green that can also play some in the outfield that's a left-handed bat that's a good player. First (base) is kind of up in the air. Second (base), Gabe (Weidenaar) can play there, Robbie Rea is a transfer from Cowley County, Brandon Bass is from Iowa Western and he can play there also. Then you go in the outfield, we have a freshman named Zach Fish that has a chance to be one of the better hitters we've had for a while. He's going to struggle like a lot of freshmen, but he has some tremendous power, can throw and can do some different things. Then we have some different guys that can go in some different places in the outfield. Jared (Womack) can play in the outfield for us, play left field for us. He got a little worn down at the end of the year last year, and Vic (Romero) will be able to spell some of that for him and maybe keep them both fresh; Vic's a left-handed hitter too. Pitching-wise, obviously Andrew (Heaney) and we've got a transfer from Arizona State named Kyle Ottoson that pitched in their rotation last year and is eligible right away, and that's huge right there. Randy McCurry has been throwing very well lately. He's finally two years outside of Tommy John surgery. Blake Barnes is throwing really well. We've got a new mix of guys that I think have a chance to pitch too."
On coaching newcomers
"I like high school guys, and we would all like to have the greatest high school players if possible, but the way our scholarship thing has played out over the years, we've kind of used some quick fixes, and junior college guys are the way to do that. We probably have – and (the players) could probably tell you better than I because they've been around it with those guys – we have a really good group of freshmen, and you don't want freshmen to have a huge part. If you do, you have too many of them, but we've got two or three freshmen and two or three freshmen pitchers that have a chance to play for us right away and have impacts. So, it's not just a total influx of junior college guys. Ottoson is kind of an unusual deal in this day and age that he's eligible right away, and it's because Arizona State is not eligible for the postseason so he can transfer and be eligible."
On junior pitcher Randy McCurry
"It's always unusual how that's going to play back after you have Tommy John (surgery). Some guys come back right away, and some guys it's kind of a two-year process and you see that in the major leagues. Last year, his velocity would be good one day, and the next time he'd go out, it wouldn't be near what it was. I think that's a lot of it, there's kind of a yo-yo effect to it. For the most part, he hasn't had that near as much, and the command when you come out of it both physically and mentally. With my son, I went through the same thing – he just went through Tommy John – and he said the first time you start to throw, you wonder if it's just going to unhinge and come loose. You have more of a mental block than a physical one, and I think that's probably the biggest hurdle to get over. He was really good the other day in our scrimmage so that's something good to see."
On the idea to put Cowboy baseball accomplishments on the outfield wall
"We've been wanting to do some different things with our stadium and how it was going to evolve with the athletic village, we've kind of waited and kind of seen what we're going to do, but we decided to go ahead. Obviously, Cowboy baseball has been good for years and years, and it's evolved. If you look at it, we tried to figure out exactly what we wanted to do. You're not exactly sure which way you want to go, but we've been in two or three different conferences over the years, and we want to honor a lot of different people and you didn't want to leave anybody out. We tried to make it as broad spectrum as we could and honor those people from quite a ways back in the Big 8 and now in the Big 12."
On how difficult the Big 12 will be this season:
"It's tough every year, and I think it will be good again this year. I think, from a pitching standpoint and returning guys that have had success, I think we match up pretty well. A lot of it will depend on new guys and how quickly they can make a transition. Like I said, we have some quality players and quality young guys, but you never know who can handle it the quickest. We'll see how that happens. We go on the road right away, and we go to Cal Poly. I don't know about this year, but we'll have years when the first time you get on a plane and fly somewhere to play, for one or two guys, it will be the first time they've been on a plane. Road trips and early in the season, there's a lot of different things going on, a lot of different dynamics. I think we match up pretty well, but the league is always going to be good. Our conference affiliation is always good in baseball, even with the things that are evolving in our conference, it's always going to be good."
Senior catcher/outfielder Jared Womack
On what position he expects to play
"It just really depends on how the season shakes out and how we start. We have another good catcher in Victor Romero who is going to get a lot of playing time as well. We're just going to go out there and see what best bats are in the lineup and whoever fits in the position we need the best. That's what we're going to do to succeed."
On team chemistry
I think this year will be a little different because last year we had a lot of JUCO guys, too. A few guys left. The first few weeks when you get a bunch of new guys in the locker room, we're doing individuals and working out and some of the old guys stay together, and the new guys learn to mesh together. This year I feel like our whole team really did mesh over the fall. A lot of us have found really good friendships, and I feel like we're going to be a good team this year on and off the field."
On Ottoson and McCurry
"Kyle (Ottoson) didn't throw much through the fall. I caught him the first time he threw, and he didn't feel good so I talked to him about it. Ever since he has begun throwing in the spring, he has been lights out. He has been effortless, and he has got really good control with three different pitches. I feel like with him, Heaney and McCurry we can really solidify a weekend rotation. Randy has been throwing a lot better. He threw a few days ago, and it looked lights out as well. I think with those two and Heaney they have a lot of experience. I think we're going to be really good on the mound."
Senior third baseman Mark Ginther
On team chemistry
"It's going really good. All the guys mesh really well. I don't think that will be a problem at all. We hang out on and off the field. We have a really good group of guys, and I think that will help our performance overall.
On OSU's lineup
"Like Coach said, Zach Fish will bring us a lot more power. We've got me and Jared (Womack) in the middle of the lineup, and Hunter (Bailey) is either going to be at the beginning or the end because of his versatility and speed. I think speed and power will be really good. I think Brandon Bass might have a chance to play, and he can small ball for us. I think our lineup is really versatile."
On the bats
"It took a little while to adjust to the bats. This year they are better balanced, and you can definitely tell. I think they're better than last year. It took a little while to adjust. I think everyone is just more comfortable this year because they have one year under their belt with these bats. I think the (offensive) numbers should be a little up from last year just with people being more comfortable with the bats."
On the upcoming season
"I'm really excited to be back here for my senior year. I love baseball, and I love playing at OSU. There are not a lot of things better than that. I'm finishing up my school. There are not a lot of other places I would rather be right now."
Junior left-handed pitcher Andrew Heaney
On the last season and the upcoming season
"I was pretty disappointed with how the year ended personally and as a team. I feel like this year I should be ready to go and hopefully help lead the pitching staff as best as I can."
On his experience in the Cape Cod League last summer
"It was great just being on the field every single day and just playing ball. It's just going out, having fun, meeting new people and having a great time. There was good competition. It was good."
Senior shortstop Hunter Bailey
On the battle for second base
"It's not really that big of a deal. All three of the guys over there are all really talented players. Obviously, Davis Duren was a great player, but they're learning so I think it's coming along good."


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Deeply rooted in ancient healing techniques, hot stone massage is now a popular option in spas across the world. Believed to keep your skin youthful and glowing, it smoothes away wrinkles and induces deep rest and relaxation. And all it involves is a simple procedure that produces exceptional results
It is a black, smooth, shiny stone, rather like a flat pebble--the kind that you might find commonly littered along the sandy bottoms of river beds. And yet, it is volcanic rock, capable of withstanding high temperatures. The spa industry worldwide believes that this humble stone, when heated and applied to various areas of the body and the face, has the power to keep youth and vitality alive and to heal chronic hurt and pain.
More than 2,000 years ago the Chinese were the first to experiment with the healing effects of hot stones. Historians record the use of heated stones by this civilization as a means of improving digestive function and enhancing overall metabolism. Other cultures too practiced laying the stones in patterns across the body and wearing these close to the heart as talismans for health and protection. It was believed that the stone had intrinsic properties of the soil—properties that lent it great healing potential. When heated, its curative qualities were said to penetrate deep into the skin to relieve complex diseases. Stones were said to encapsulate the life force, or chi, that had the power to restore and rejuvenate.
The use of hot stones for therapeutic purposes is recorded in the folk-healing practices of Brazil, America, Africa, Europe, Egypt and in our own country. Native folk healers used hot stones to diminish the discomfort of menstruation, and cold stones to stem bleeding after labour. In some cultures, it was believed that holding stones during labour added to one's strength and endurance. The Romans too used the basic principles of stone therapy in their exquisite saunas, combining hot immersion baths with the cooling effects of marble and chilled pools.
Therapeutic and relaxing
If you request a hot stone massage at a spa, the therapist first applies an oil of choice over your body. " The therapist should select an oil that is very light and suitable for all skin types, allowing the stones to glide easily," says Tomi Wertheim, a certified instructor in stone therapy running 'Desert Stone People', a stone-sourcing and supply company based in Tucson, Arizona, US.
Hot stones are then placed along the key acupressure points. This enhances relaxation while allowing one to become accustomed to the feel of the stones on the skin. While the penetrating warmth from the hot stone slowly releases, easing the accumulated tension, the therapist proceeds with the massage, using a pair of stones (one in each hand). The focus is first on the facial skin and then the neck, back and legs. The stones glide over the skin in slow, steady strokes with light, even pressure. Keeping the rhythm steady, the speed is then increased and the stones are moved in a circular motion. This boosts blood flow as the heat of the stone penetrates further into the muscles of the face, neck and spine. The massage is rounded off with the application of chilled stones. The cold stones, applied last, seal the pores, revitalizing and tightening the skin.
Improves circulation, provides relief
"Working with hot stones on the face and body provides a deeper penetration of any skin-care products you may use later (including lotions and creams), more extensive relaxation of the muscles, and improves circulation," says massage therapist Patricia Mayrhofer, a specialist in stone therapy and the founder of Nature's Stone's Inc., a stone massage seminar-and-product company, based in Bucks Head, Pennsylvania, USA.
For these reasons, therapists believe that hot-stone massage can delay wrinkle formation, keeping one's skin youthful and fresh. "This treatment not only significantly reduces stress and tension, but the stone facial massage also offers some relief to people suffering from sinus, migraines and headaches," says Robbie Smerchinski, Spa Director of Mackie Naturals Salon & Spa based in British Columbia, Canada. "Being a migraine sufferer myself, I found the stones very therapeutic. The warm stones are relaxing and the cold stones help to shunt out toxins from the surface of the skin, helping to ease acne."
In the hot seat
The stones used in the massage are first heated to a temperature of 110-120 F. Before application, they are then placed in water and allowed to cool to a temperature that provides heat and yet is comfortable. To avoid burns, the therapist should check the stones' heat by testing them on her own inner wrist before placing them on your skin; most therapist never place the stones directly on the skin, preferring to place them instead on a thin towel draped over your body. Be sure to communicate with your therapist, letting them know the temperature that suits you best.
Rocky choices
The most commonly used stones in hot-stone massage are basalt, a finely grained, thick stone with a black, brown or reddish tinge. There are many kinds of basalt, which is basically igneous rock formed by volcanic and sedimentary action. Basalt can naturally withstand high temperatures and cools off fast. Sometimes marble, jade, amethyst, Petoskey stones (fossilized coral) and other exotic stones are also employed.
According to Sonia Alexandra, president of THStone, a stone massage training-and-supply company, stone facial massage's growing popularity is, at least in part, a backlash against the increase in invasive medical and esthetic procedures—alphahydroxy peels, botox, laser treatments and the like—offered at spas over the past decade. She says that consumers' knowledge of, and desire for, natural health care is such that non-ininvasive techniques are increasingly sought out.
"There has to be a place for holistic treatments, and this is why stone massage is really catching on," Alexandra says. There's no denying however that stone therapy certainly has the potential to rock your world!
Keywords: hot stone massage, healthy skin, Spa, relaxation massages


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Chiang Kai-shek
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- This is a Chinese name; the family name is Chiang (蔣).
Chiang Kai-shek
蔣中正 / 蔣介石
|File:Chiang Kai-shek in full uniform2.jpeg
|In office
October 10, 1928 – December 15, 1931
|Tan Yankai
Soong Tse-ven
|Preceded by
|Gu Weijun (Acting)
|Succeeded by
|Lin Sen
|In office
August 1, 1943 – May 20, 1948
Acting until October 10, 1943
|Soong Tse-ven
|Preceded by
|Lin Sen
|Succeeded by
|Himself (as President of the Republic of China)
|In office
May 20, 1948 – January 21, 1949
|Chang Chun
Wong Wen-hao
Sun Fo
|Vice President
|Li Zongren
|Preceded by
|Himself (as Chairman of the National Government of China)
|Succeeded by
|Li Zongren (Acting)
|In office
March 1, 1950 – April 5, 1975
|Yen Hsi-shan
Chen Cheng
Yu Hung-Chun
Chen Cheng
Yen Chia-kan
Chiang Ching-kuo
|Vice President
|Li Zongren
Chen Cheng
Yen Chia-kan
|Preceded by
|Li Zongren (Acting)
|Succeeded by
|Yen Chia-kan
3rd, 7th, 9th, 11th Premier of the Republic of China
|In office
December 4, 1930 – December 15, 1931
|Preceded by
|Soong Tse-ven
|Succeeded by
|Chen Mingshu
|In office
December 7, 1935 – January 1, 1938
|Lin Sen
|Preceded by
|Wang Jingwei
|Succeeded by
|Hsiang-hsi Kung
|In office
November 20, 1939 – May 31, 1945
|Lin Sen
|Preceded by
|Hsiang-hsi Kung
|Succeeded by
|Soong Tse-ven
|In office
March 1, 1947 – April 18, 1947
|Preceded by
|Soong Tse-ven
|Succeeded by
|Chang Chun
1st, 3rd Director-General of the Kuomintang
|In office
March 29, 1938 – April 5, 1975
|Preceded by
|Hu Hanmin
|Succeeded by
|Chiang Ching-kuo (as Chairman of the Kuomintang)
|31 October 1887
Fenghua, Qing Dynasty
|5 April 1975 (aged 87)
Taipei, Republic of China (Taiwan)
|Political party
|Soong May-ling
|Chiang Ching-kuo
Chiang Wei-kuo
|Alma mater
|Imperial Japanese Army Academy
|Soldier (General officer),
Chiang Kai-shek (traditional Chinese: 蔣中正 / 蔣介石; simplified Chinese: 蒋中正 / 蒋介石; pinyin: Jiǎng Jièshí; but see names below) (October 31, 1887 – April 5, 1975) was a political and military leader of 20th century China. He was an influential member of the Kuomintang (KMT) and Sun Yat-sen's close ally. He became the commandant of Kuomintang's Whampoa Military Academy and took Sun's place in the party when the latter died in 1925. In 1928, Chiang led the Northern Expedition to unify the country, becoming China's overall leader.[2] He served as chairman of the National Military Council of the Nationalist Government of the Republic of China (ROC) from 1928 to 1948. Chiang led China in the Second Sino-Japanese War, during which the Nationalist Government's power severely weakened, but his prominence grew.
Chiang's Nationalists engaged in a long standing civil war with the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). After the Japanese surrender in 1945, he attempted to eradicate the CCP. Ultimately, bolstered by support from Soviet Russia, the CCP defeated Chiang, forcing the Nationalist government to retreat to Taiwan, where martial law continued whilst still trying to take back mainland China. Chiang ruled the island with an iron fist as the President of the Republic of China and Director-General of the Kuomintang until his death in 1975.[citation needed]
Feelings towards Chiang are mixed in Taiwan. While some still view him as a hero, others consider him with disdain; subsequently, hundreds of Chiang's statues have been dismantled across the island.[3]
Early life
Chiang Kai-shek was born in Xikou, a town approximately 30 kilometers southwest of downtown Ningbo, in Fenghua County, Ningbo Prefecture, Zhejiang Province. However, his ancestral home, a concept important in Chinese society, was the town of Heqiao (和橋鎮) in Yixing County, Wuxi, Jiangsu (approximately 38 km (24 mi) southwest of downtown Wuxi, and 10 km (6.2 mi) from the shores of the Lake Tai).
His father, Chiang Zhaocong (蔣肇聰), and mother, Wang Caiyu (王采玉), were members of an upper to upper-middle-class family of salt merchants. His father died when Kai-shek was only eight years of age, and he wrote of his mother as the "embodiment of Confucian virtues." In an arranged marriage, Chiang was married to a fellow villager by the name of Mao Fumei.[4] Chiang and Mao had a son, Ching-Kuo and a daughter Chien-hua.[5]
Chiang grew up in an era in which military defeats and civil wars among warlords had left China destabilized and in debt, and he decided to pursue a military career. He began his military education at the Baoding Military Academy, in 1906. He left for a preparatory school for Chinese students, the Rikugun Shikan Gakko, in Japan in 1907. There he was influenced by his compatriots to support the revolutionary movement to overthrow the Qing Dynasty and set up a Chinese republic. He befriended fellow Zhejiang native Chen Qimei, and, in 1908, Chen brought Chiang into the Tongmenghui, a precursor of the Kuomintang organization. Chiang served in the Imperial Japanese Army from 1909 to 1911.
Returning to China in 1911 after learning of the outbreak of the Wuchang Uprising, Chiang intended to fight as an artillery officer. He served in the revolutionary forces, leading a regiment in Shanghai under his friend and mentor Chen Qimei, one of Sun's chief lieutenants. The revolutionary aims of overthrowing the Qing Dynasty ultimately succeeded and Chiang became a founding member of the Kuomintang.
After the takeover of the Republican government by Yuan Shikai and the failed Second Revolution, Chiang, like his Kuomintang comrades, divided time between exile in Japan and the havens of the Shanghai International Settlement. In Shanghai, Chiang also cultivated ties with the underworld gangs dominated by the notorious Green Gang and its leader Du Yuesheng. On February 15, 1912, several KMT members - including Chiang -, murdered Tao Chengzhang, the leader of the Restoration Society, in a Shanghai French Concession hospital, thus ridding Sun Yat-sen of his chief rival. (There is no evidence that Sun Yat-sen himself was involved in the affair.)
On May 18, 1916 agents of Yuan Shikai assassinated Chen Qimei. Chiang succeeded Chen as leader of the Chinese Revolutionary Party in Shanghai. Sun Yat-sen's career was at its lowest point then, with most of his old Revolutionary Alliance comrades refusing to join him in the exiled Chinese Revolutionary Party.
In 1917, Sun Yat-sen moved his base of operations to Guangzhou and Chiang joined him in 1918. At this time Sun remained largely sidelined and, without arms or money, was soon expelled from Guangzhou and exiled again to Shanghai. He was restored to Guangzhou with mercenary help in 1920. However, a rift had developed between Sun, who sought to militarily unify China under the KMT, and Guangdong Governor Chen Jiongming, who wanted to implement a federalist system with Guangdong as a model province. On June 16, 1923 Chen attempted to assassinate Sun and had his residence shelled. During a prolonged skirmish between the troops of these opposing forces, Sun and his wife Soong Ching-ling narrowly escaped heavy machine gun fire and were rescued by gunboats under Chiang's direction. The incident earned Chiang Sun Yat-sen's trust.
Sun regained control of Guangzhou in early 1924, again with the help of mercenaries from Yunnan, and accepted aid from the Comintern. Undertaking a reform of the Kuomintang, he established a revolutionary government aimed at unifying China under the KMT. That same year, Sun sent Chiang Kai-shek to spend three months in Moscow studying the Soviet political and military system. During his trip in Russia, Chiang met Trotsky and other Soviet leaders, but quickly drew to the conclusion that the Bolshevik's way was not suitable for China.[6] Chiang Kai-shek returned to Guangzhou and in 1924 was appointed Commandant of the Whampoa Military Academy by Sun. Chiang resigned from the office for one month in disagreement with Sun's too close cooperation with the Comintern, but returned at Sun's demand. The early years at Whampoa allowed Chiang to cultivate a cadre of young officers loyal to both the KMT and himself. However, the academy was rife with communists, many of whom later became leaders of the Chinese Red Army including Zhou Enlai, who was appointed Whampoa's deputy Political Commissar. Chiang was deeply critical of the Kuomintang-Communist Party United Front, foreseeing a time when the Communists would attempt to take over the KMT from within. By 1925, Chiang's proto-army was scoring victories against local rivals in Guangdong province.
Throughout his rise to power, Chiang Kai-shek also benefited from membership of the nationalist Tiandihui fraternity, to which Sun Yat-Sen also belonged, and which remained a source of support during his leadership of China and later Taiwan.
Succession of Sun Yat-sen
Sun Yat-sen died on March 12, 1925,[7] creating a power vacuum in the KMT. A contest ensued between Chiang, who stood at the right wing of the KMT, and Sun Yat-sen's close comrade-in-arms Wang Jingwei, who leaned towards the left. Although Wang succeeded Sun as Chairman of the National Government, Chiang's relatively low position in the party's internal hierarchy was bolstered by his military backing and political maneuvering following the Zhongshan Warship Incident. On June 5, 1926, Chiang became zong si ling (Commander-in-Chief) of the National Revolutionary Army,[8] and on July 27 launched a military campaign known as the Northern Expedition, to defeat the warlords controlling northern China and unify the country under the KMT.
The National Revolutionary Army branched into three divisions: to the west was Wang Jingwei, who led a column to take Wuhan; Bai Chongxi's column went east to take Shanghai; and Chiang himself led in the middle route to take Nanking, before pressing ahead to capture Beijing. However, in January 1927, Wang Jingwei and his KMT leftist allies took the city of Wuhan amid much popular mobilization and fanfare. Allied with a number of Chinese Communists and advised by Soviet Agent Mikhail Borodin, Wang declared the National Government as having moved to Wuhan. Having taken Nanking in March (and briefly visited Shanghai, now under the control of his close ally General Bai), Chiang halted his campaign and prepared a violent break with the leftist elements which he thought threatened his control of the KMT.
On April 12, Chiang carried out a purge of thousands of suspected Communists and dissidents in Shanghai and began large-scale massacres across the country. Throughout April 1927, more than 12,000 people were killed in Shanghai. The killings drove most Communists from urban cities and into the rural countryside where the KMT was less powerful.[9]
Now with an established a National Government in Nanking, and supported by conservative allies including Hu Hanmin, Chiang's expulsion of the communists and their Soviet advisers led to the beginning of the Chinese Civil War. Wang Jingwei's National Government was weak militarily and soon overtaken by Chiang with a local warlord (Li Zongren of Guangxi). Eventually, Wang and his leftist party surrendered to Chiang and joined him in Nanking. Finally, the warlord capital of Beijing was taken in June 1928 and in December the Manchurian warlord Zhang Xueliang pledged allegiance to Chiang's government.
Chiang attempted to cement himself as the official successor of Sun Yat-sen. In a pairing of great political significance, Chiang was Sun Yat-sen's brother-in-law: he had married Soong May-ling, the younger sister of Soong Ching-ling, Sun Yat-sen's widow, on December 1, 1927. Originally rebuffed by her in the early-1920s, Chiang managed to ingratiate himself to some degree with May-ling's mother by first divorcing his wife and concubines, and promising to eventually convert to Christianity. He was baptized in the Methodist church in 1929, a year after his marriage to Soong May-ling. Upon reaching Beijing, Chiang paid homage to Sun Yat-sen and had his body moved to the new capital of Nanking to be enshrined in a grand mausoleum.
Tutelage over China
Having gained control of China, Chiang Kai-shek's party remained surrounded by "surrendered" warlords who remained relatively autonomous within their own regions. On October 10, 1928, Chiang was named director of the State Council, the equivalent to President of the country, in addition to his other titles.[10] As with his predecessor Sun Yat-sen, the Western media dubbed him "Generalissimo".[8]According to Sun Yat-sen's plans, the Kuomintang was to rebuild China in three steps: military rule, political tutelage, and constitutional rule. The ultimate goal of the Kuomintang revolution was democracy, which was not yet feasible in China's fragmented state. Since the Kuomintang had completed the first step of revolution through seizure of power in 1928, Chiang's rule thus began a period of what his party considered to be "political tutelage" in Sun Yat-sen's name. During this so-called Republican Era, many features of a modern, functional Chinese state emerged and developed.
The decade 1928 to 1937 saw some aspects of foreign imperialism, concessions and privileges in China moderated through diplomacy. The government acted to modernize the legal and penal systems, attempted to stabilize prices, amortize debts, reform the banking and currency systems, build railroads and highways, improve public health facilities, legislate against traffic in narcotics, and augment industrial and agricultural production - though not all were successful or completed. Strides were made towards furthering education standards and, in an effort to unify Chinese society, the so-called New Life Movement was launched to enforce Confucian moral values and personal discipline. Standard Mandarin, then known as Guoyu, was promoted as an standard tongue, and the establishment of communications facilities (including radio) were used to encourage a sense of Chinese Nationalism that was not always possible due to the nation's fractured status, or favored due to the KMT's often heavy-handed morality and sometimes brutal adherence to a Confucian-based law and order platform.
Any successes that the Nationalists did make, however, were met with constant political and military upheavals. While much of the urban areas were now under the control of the KMT, the countryside remained under the influence of weakened yet undefeated warlords and Communists. Chiang often resolved issues of warlord obstinacy through military action, with one northern rebellion – against the warlords Yen Hsi-shan and Feng Yuxiang – occurring in 1930 during the Central Plains War. The war almost bankrupted the government and caused almost 250,000 casualties on both sides. In 1931 Hu Han-min, Chiang's old supporter, publicly voiced a popular concern that Chiang Kai-shek's position as both premier and president flew in the face of the democratic ideals of the Nationalist government. Chiang had Hu put under house arrest, but he was released after national condemnation, and went on to escape and establish a rival government in Guangzhou. The split resulted in military campaigns between Hu's Canton Government and its supporters, and Chiang's Nationalist Government. Chiang only won due to a shift in allegiance by the warlord Chang Hsueh-liang, who had previously supported Hu Han-min.
Throughout his rule complete eradication of the Communist Party of China remained Chiang's dream. Having regrouped in Jiangxi and established a Chinese Soviet Republic, Chiang led his armies against them. With help from foreign military advisers, Chiang's Fifth Campaign finally surrounded the Red Army in 1934. The Communists, tipped-off that a Nationalist offensive was on the cards, retreated as part of the Long March, which saw Mao Zedong rise from a mere military official to the practical leader of the Chinese Communist Party.
Wartime leader of China
After Japan's invasion of Manchuria in 1931, Chiang resigned as Chairman of the National Government. He returned shortly, adopting the slogan "first internal pacification, then external resistance". However, this policy of avoiding a frontal war was widely unpopular, and while seeking first to defeat the Communists, in 1932 Japan launched an advance on Shanghai and bombarded Nanjing. This disrupted Chiang Kai-shek's offensives against Communists for a time, though it was the northern factions of Hu Han-min's Canton Government (notably the 19th Route Army) that primarily led the offensive against the Japanese during this skirmish. Brought into the Nationalist army immediately after the battle, the 19th Route Army's career under Chiang would be cut short after it was disbanded for demonstrating socialist tendencies.
In December 1936, Chiang flew to Xi'an to coordinate a major assault on the Red Army and Communist Republic that had retreated into Yan'an. However, Chiang's allied commander Chang Hsueh-liang, whose forces were to be used in his attack and whose homeland of Manchuria had been invaded by the Japanese, had other plans. On December 12, Chang Hsueh-liang and several other Nationalist generals kidnapped Chiang Kai-shek for two weeks in what is known as the Xi'an Incident. They forced Chiang into making a "Second United Front" with the Communists against Japan. Chang Hsueh-liang was placed under house arrest and other generals who had assisted him were executed. The Second Unit Front was nominal at best and was all but broken up in 1941.
The Second Sino-Japanese War broke out in July 1937, and in August that year Chiang sent 600,000 of his best-trained and equipped soldiers to defend Shanghai. With over 200,000 Chinese casualties, Chiang lost the political cream of his Whampoa-trained officers. Though Chiang lost militarily, the battle dispelled Japanese claims it could conquer China in three months and demonstrated to the Western powers that the Chinese would continue the fight. By December, the capital city of Nanjing had fallen to the Japanese, and Chiang moved the government inland first to Wuhan and later to Chongqing. Devoid of economic and industrial resources, Chiang withdrew into the hinterlands, stretching the Japanese supply lines and bogging down Japanese soldiers in the vast Chinese interior. However, these scorched earth policies also resulted in tens of thousands of deaths, including the 1938 Huang He flood, when dams were burst to delay the Japanese advance. Some 500,000 people are thought to have been killed.
The Japanese, controlling the puppet-state of Manchukuo and much of China's eastern seaboard, appointed Wang Jingwei as a Quisling-ruler of the occupied Chinese territories. Wang named himself President of the Executive Yuan and Chairman of the National Government (not the same 'National Government' as Chiang's), and led a surprisingly large minority of anti-Chiang/anti-Communist Chinese against his old comrades. He died in 1944.
Losing Mainland China
In 1945 when Japan surrendered, Chiang's Chongqing government was ill-equipped and ill-prepared to reassert its authority in formerly Japanese-occupied China, and asked the Japanese to postpone their surrender until KMT authority could arrive to take over. This was an unpopular move among a population that, for many, had spent more than a decade under often brutal foreign occupation. American troops and weapons soon bolstered KMT forces, allowing them to reclaim cities. The countryside, however, remained mostly out of Nationalist hands.
Following the war, the United States encouraged peace talks between Chiang and Communist leader Mao Zedong in Chongqing. Due to concerns about widespread and well-documented corruption in Chiang's government throughout his rule (though not always with his knowledge), the U.S. government limited aid to Chiang Kai-shek for much of the period of 1946 to 1948, in the midst of fighting against the People's Liberation Army led by Mao Zedong. Alleged infiltration of the U.S. government by Chinese Communist agents may have also played a role in the aid suspension.[12] Others have pointed out that American arms and weapons continued to flow into Chiang's military, even as money did not.
Though Chiang had achieved status abroad as a world leader, his government was deteriorating as a result of corruption and inflation. In his diary on June 1948, Chiang wrote that the Kuomintang had failed, not because of external enemies but because of rot from within.[13] The war had severely weakened the Nationalists, while the Communists were strengthened by popular land-reform[14], and a rural population that supported and trusted them. The Nationalists initially had superiority in arms and men; but their lack of popularity, infiltration by Communist agents, low morale, and disorganization soon allowed the Communists to gain the upper hand.
Meanwhile a new Constitution was promulgated in 1947, and Chiang was formally elected by the National Assembly as the first term President of the Republic of China on May 20, 1948. This marked the beginning of what was termed the 'democratic constitutional government' period by the KMT political orthodoxy, but the Communists refused to recognise the new Constitution and its government as legitimate. Chiang resigned as President on January 21, 1949, as KMT forces suffered bitter losses and defections to the Communists. Vice-President Li Tsung-jen took over as Acting President, but his relationship with Chiang soon deteriorated. Li fled to the United States under the pretense of seeking medical treatment. Like many other KMT officials, including the Chiang family, Li absconded with millions of dollars of government money. Unlike the others, Li was later impeached by the Control Yuan.
In the early morning of December 10, 1949, Communist troops laid siege to Chengdu, the last KMT controlled city in mainland China, where Chiang Kai-shek and his son Ching-kuo directed the defense at the Chengdu Central Military Academy. The aircraft May-ling evacuated them to Taiwan on the same day, forever removing them from the Chinese mainland.
Presidency in Taiwan
Chiang moved the government to Taipei, Taiwan, where he formally resumed duties as president on March 1, 1950.[15] Chiang was reelected by the National Assembly to be the President of the ROC on May 20, 1954 and again in 1960, 1966, and 1972. He continued to claim sovereignty over all of China, which he defined as China proper and Taiwan, Mongolia, and Tibet. In the context of the Cold War, most of the Western world recognized this position and the ROC represented "China" in the United Nations and other international organizations until the 1970s.
Despite the democratic constitution, the government under Chiang was a single-party state, consisting almost completely of mainlanders; the "Temporary Provisions Effective During the Period of Communist Rebellion" greatly enhanced executive powers and the goal of retaking the mainland allowed the KMT to maintain a monopoly on power and the outlawry of opposition parties. The government's official line for these martial law provisions stemmed from the claim that emergency provisions were necessary, since the Communists and KMT were still technically under a state of war. Seeking to promote Chinese nationalism, Chiang's government actively ignored and distolerated local cultural expression, even forbidding the use of local languages in mass media broadcasts or during class sessions. He was also the head of the White Terror, where hundreds of thousands of people were jailed and executed for being perceived as threats to the ROC government.
The government offered limited civil, economic freedom, property rights (personal[citation needed] and intellectual), among other liberties which permitted free debate within the confines of the legislature, but also jailed dissidents who were labeled by the KMT as supporters of either communism or Taiwan independence. Later, Chiang's son, Chiang Ching-kuo, and Chiang Ching-kuo's successor, Lee Teng-hui, would, in the 1980s and 1990s, increase native Taiwanese representation in the government and loosen the many authoritarian controls of the early ROC-on-Taiwan era.
Under the pretext that new elections could not be held in Communist-occupied constituencies, the National Assembly, Legislative Yuan, and Control Yuan members held their posts indefinitely. It was also under the Temporary Provisions that Chiang was able to bypass term limits to remain as president. He was reelected by the National Assembly as president four times — doing so in 1954, 1960, 1966, and 1972.
Having seen lack of moral and corruption as key to losing the mainland to the Communists, Chiang attempted to purge corruption by dismissing members of the KMT previously accused of graft; major figures in the previous mainland government such as H.H. Kung and T.V. Soong exiled themselves to the United States. Though politically authoritarian and, to some extent, dominated by government-owned industries, Chiang's new Taiwanese state also encouraged economic development, especially in the export sector. A popular sweeping Land Reform Act, as well as American foreign aid during the 1950s, laid the foundation for Taiwan's economic success, becoming one of the East Asian Tigers.
In 1975, 26 years after Chiang fled to Taiwan, he died in Taipei at the age of 87. He had suffered a major heart attack and pneumonia in the months before and died from renal failure aggravated with advanced cardiac malfunction at 23:50 on April 5.
A month of mourning was declared, during which the Taiwanese people were ordered to put on black armbands. On the mainland, however, Chiang's death was met with little apparent mourning and Communist state-run newspapers gave the brief headline "Chiang Kai-shek Has Died." Chiang's body was put in a copper coffin and temporarily interred at his favorite residence in Cihu, Dasi, Taoyuan. When his son Ching-kuo died in 1988, he was entombed in a separate mausoleum in nearby Touliao (頭寮). The hope was to have both buried at their birthplace in Fenghua if and when it was possible. In 2004, Chiang Fang-liang, the widow of Chiang Ching-kuo, asked that both father and son be buried at Wuchih Mountain Military Cemetery in Hsichih, Taipei County. His ultimate funeral ceremony became a political battle between the wishes of the state and the wishes of his family.
Chiang was succeeded as President by Vice President Yen Chia-kan and as KMT party leader by his son Chiang Ching-kuo, who retired Chiang Kai-shek's title of Director-General and instead assumed the position of Chairman. Yen Chia-kan's presidency was interim; Chiang Ching-kuo, who was the prime minister became President after Yen's term ended three years later.
Public perception
Chiang's legacy has been target of heated debates because of the different views held about him. For some, Chiang was a champion of anti-communism, being a key figure during the formative years of the World Anti-Communist League. During the Cold War, he was also seen as the leader who led "Free China", and the bulwark against a possible communist invasion. However, Chiang also presided over purges, political authoritarianism and graft during his tenure on the mainland, and ruled throughout a period of imposed martial law and White Terror in Taiwan on Taiwan. His governments were accused of being corrupt from before he even took power in 1928, with some (often justified) claims that he was allied with known criminals like Du Yuesheng. Some opponents charge that Chiang's effort in developing Taiwan was mostly to make the island a strong base from which to one day return to the mainland, and that Chiang had little regard for the long term prosperity and well-being of the Taiwanese people.
Today, Chiang Kai-shek's popularity in Taiwan is divided along political lines, enjoying greater support among KMT supporters. He is generally unpopular among DPP voters and supporters. In sharp contrast to his son, Chiang Ching-kuo, and to Sun Yat-sen, his memory is rarely invoked by current political parties, including the Kuomintang.
|This section does not cite any references or sources.
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2009)
Like many other Chinese historical figures, Chiang Kai-shek used several names throughout his life. That inscribed in the genealogical records of his family is Jiang Zhoutai (蔣周泰). This so-called "register name" (譜名) is the one under which his extended relatives knew him, and the one he used in formal occasions, such as when he got married. In deference to tradition, family members did not use the register name in conversation with people outside of the family. In fact, the concept of real or original name is not as clear-cut in China as it is in the Western world.
In honor of tradition, Chinese families waited a number of years before officially naming their offspring. In the meantime, they used a "milk name" (乳名), given to the infant shortly after his birth and known only to the close family. Thus, the actual name that Chiang Kai-shek received at birth was Jiang Ruiyuan (蔣瑞元).
In 1903, the 16-year-old Zhoutai went to Ningbo to be a student, and he chose a "school name" (學名). This was actually the formal name of a person, used by older people to address him, and the one he would use the most in the first decades of his life (as the person grew older, younger generations would have to use one of the courtesy names instead). (Colloquially, the school name is called "big name" (大名), whereas the "milk name" is known as the "small name" (小名).) The school name that Chiang Kai-shek chose for himself was Zhiqing (志清—meaning "purity of intentions"). For the next fifteen years or so, Chiang Kai-shek was known as Jiang Zhiqing. This is the name under which Sun Yat-sen knew him when Chiang joined the republicans in Guangzhou in the 1910s.
In 1912, when Jiang Zhiqing was in Japan, he started to use Jiang Jieshi (help·info) (蔣介石) as a pen name for the articles that he published in a Chinese magazine he founded (Voice of the Army—軍聲).(Jieshi is the pinyin romanization of the name, based on Mandarin, but the common romanized rendering is Kai-shek which is in Cantonese romanization. As the republicans were based in Guangzhou (a Cantonese speaking area), Chiang Kai-shek became known by Westerners under the Cantonese romanization of his courtesy name, while the family name as known in English seems to be the Mandarin pronunciation of his Chinese family name, transliterated in Wade-Giles). In mainland China, Jiang Jieshi is the name under which he is commonly known today.
Jieshi soon became his courtesy name (字). Some think the name was chosen from the classic Chinese book the Book of Changes; other note that the first character of his courtesy name is also the first character of the courtesy name of his brother and other male relatives on the same generation line, while the second character of his courtesy name shi (石—meaning "stone") suggests the second character of his "register name" tai (泰—the famous Mount Tai of China). Courtesy names in China often bore a connection with the personal name of the person. As the courtesy name is the name used by people of the same generation to address the person, Chiang Kai-shek soon became known under this new name.
Sometime in 1917 or 1918, as Chiang became close to Sun Yat-sen, he changed his name from Jiang Zhiqing to Jiang Zhongzheng (蔣中正 Chiang Chung-cheng). By adopting the name Chung-cheng ("central uprightness"), he was choosing a name very similar to the name of Sun Yat-sen, who was (and still is) known among Chinese as Zhongshan (中山—meaning "central mountain"), thus establishing a link between the two. The meaning of uprightness, rectitude, or orthodoxy, implied by his name, also positioned him as the legitimate heir of Sun Yat-sen and his ideas. Not surprisingly, the Chinese Communists always rejected the use of this name and it is not well-known in mainland China. However, it was readily accepted by members of the Chinese Nationalist Party and is the name under which Chiang Kai-shek is still commonly known in Taiwan. Often the name is shortened to Chung-cheng only (Chung-cheng in Wade-Giles). For many years passengers arriving at the Chiang Kai-shek International Airport were greeted by signs in Chinese welcoming them to the "Chung Cheng International Airport". Similarly, the monument erected to Chiang's memory in Taipei known in English as Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall was literally named "Chung Cheng Memorial Hall" in Chinese.
His name is also written in Taiwan as "The Late President Lord Chiang" (先總統 蔣公), where the one-character-wide space known as nuo tai shows respect; this practice has lost some popularity. However, he is still known as Lord Chiang (蔣公) (without the title or space), along with the name Chiang Chung-cheng, in Taiwan.
Mao Fumei.jpg
Mao Fumei (毛福梅, 1882–1939) Died in the Second Sino-Japanese War during a bombardment. Mother to his son and successor Chiang Ching-kuo.
Yao Zhicheng.jpg
Yao Yecheng (姚冶誠, 1889–1972) Fled to Taiwan and died in Taipei.
Chen Jieru.jpg
Chen Jieru (陳潔如, 1906–1971) Lived in Shanghai. Moved to Hong Kong later and died there.
Soong May-ling (宋美齡, 1897–2003) Moved to the United States after Chiang Kai-shek's death. Arguably his most famous wife. She bore him no children.
See also
|Chiang Kai-shek
|Traditional Chinese
|蔣介石 / 蔣中正
|Simplified Chinese
|蒋介石 / 蒋中正
|This article contains Chinese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters.
- Whampoa Military Academy
- Xi'an Incident
- Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall
- Chiang Kai-shek statues
- Cihu Presidential Burial Place
- Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Song
- Sino-German cooperation (1911–1941)
- History of the Republic of China
- Military of the Republic of China
- Politics of the Republic of China
- Claire Lee Chennault
- Flying Tigers
- Democide
- ^ 蒋介石宋美龄结婚照入《上海大辞典》
- ^ Zarrow, Peter Gue (2005). China in War and Revolution, 1895-1949. pp. 230–231.
- ^ Leavey, Helen (2003-03-11). "Taiwan divided over Chiang's memory". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/2836725.stm. Retrieved 2009-10-29.
- ^ While married to Mao, Chiang adopted two concubines (concubinage was still a common practice for well-to-do, non-Christian males in China): he married Yao Yecheng ( 1889-1972) in 1912 and Chen Jieru (陳潔如, 1906-1971) in December 1921. Mao raised his adopted Wei-kuo. Chen had an adopted daughter in 1924, named Yaoguang (瑤光), who later adopted her mother's surname. Chen's autobiography refuted the idea that she was a concubine, instead claiming that by the time she married Chiang he had already been divorced Mao, and therefore was his wife.
- ^ http://www.nndb.com/people/974/000086716/
- ^ However, Chiang did send his eldest son, Ching-kuo, to study in Russia, though after his father's later split from the First United Front, Ching-kuo was forced to stay there as a hostage until 1937.
- ^ Eileen, Tamura (1998). China: Understanding Its Past. pp. 174.
- ^ a b Taylor 2009, p. 57
- ^ Mayhew, Bradley (March 2004). Shanghai (2nd ed.). Lonely Planet. p. 51. ISBN 978-1740593083. http://books.google.com/books?id=IAe97m8sgw0C&pg=PA51. Retrieved 2009-07-22.
- ^ Taylor 2009, p. 84
- ^ http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,777742,00.html?promoid=googlep
- ^ Haynes, John Earl; Harvey Klehr, Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America, New Haven: Yale University Press (2000), ISBN 0300084625, pp. 142–145
- ^ Hoover Institution - Hoover Digest - Chiang Kai-shek and the Struggle for China
- ^ Ray Huang, cong dalishi jiaodu du Jiang Jieshi riji (Reading Chiang Kai-shek's dairy from a macro-history perspective), Chinatimes Publishing Press, Taipei, 1994, p. 441-3
- ^ ROC Chronology: Jan 1911 - Dec 2000
Further reading
- Taylor, Jay (2009-04-15). The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the Struggle for Modern China. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674033382. http://books.google.com/books?id=03catqbPCmgC. Retrieved 2009-09-20.
- Crozier, Brian. The Man Who Lost China (1976) ISBN 0-684-14686-X
- John King Fairbank and Denis Twitchett, eds. The Cambridge History of China: Volume 12, Republican China, 1912-1949, Part 1 (1983) 1120 pages
- Fenby, Jonathan. Generalissimo Chiang Kai-Shek and the China he lost: 2003, The Free Press, ISBN 0-7432-3144-9
- Laura Tyson Li. Madame Chiang Kai-shek: China's Eternal First Lady (2006)
- May, Ernest R. "1947-48: When Marshall Kept the U.S. out of War in China." Journal of Military History 2002 66(4): 1001-1010. Issn: 0899-3718 Fulltext: in Swetswise and Jstor
- Romanus, Charles F. and Riley Sunderland, Time Runs Out in CBI (Washington, 1959), official U.S. Army history online edition
- Sainsbury, Keith. The Turning Point: Roosevelt, Stalin, Churchill, and Chiang-Kai-Shek, 1943. The Moscow, Cairo, and Teheran Conferences. Oxford U. Press, 1985.
- Seagrave, Sterling. The Soong Dynasty: 1996, Corgi Books, ISBN 0-552-14108-9
- Stueck, William. The Wedemeyer Mission: American Politics and Foreign Policy during the Cold War. U. of Georgia Press, 1984. 177 pp.
- Tang Tsou. America's Failure in China, 1941-50 (1963)
- Barbara W. Tuchman. Stillwell and the American Experience in China, 1911-45 (1971)
External links
Find more about Chiang Kai-shek on Wikipedia's sister projects:
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Quotations from Wikiquote
Source texts from Wikisource
Images and media from Commons
News stories from Wikinews
Learning resources from Wikiversity
- Obituary, NY Times, 6 April 1975, The Life of Chiang Kai-shek: A Leader Who Was Thrust Aside by Revolution
- ROC Government Biography
- Time magazine's "Man and Wife of the Year", 1937
- The National Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall Official Site
- The Chungcheng Cultural and Educational Foundation
- Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek Association Hong Kong
- Order of Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek supplementing the Act of Surrender—by Japan on September 9, 1945
- Family tree of his descendants (in Simplified Chinese)
- 1966 GIO Biographical video
- "The Memorial Song of Late President Chiang Kai-shek" (Ministry of National Defence of ROC)
- Chiang Kai-shek Biography—From Spartacus Educational
- The Collected Wartime Messages Of Generalissimo Chiang Kai Shek at archive.org
- The National Chiang Kai-shek Cultural Center Official Site
- Chiang Kai-shek Diaries at the Hoover Institution Archives
|Political offices
|Preceded by
Tan Yankai
|Chairman of the National Government of China
|Succeeded by
Lin Sen
|Preceded by
Soong Tse-ven
|Premier of the Republic of China
|Succeeded by
Chen Mingshu
|Preceded by
Wang Jingwei
|Premier of the Republic of China
|Succeeded by
Hsiang-hsi Kung
|Preceded by
Hsiang-hsi Kung
|Premier of the Republic of China
|Succeeded by
Song Ziwen
|Preceded by
Lin Sen
|Chairman of the National Government of China
|Succeeded by
As President of the Republic of China
|Preceded by
Song Ziwen
|Premier of the Republic of China
|Succeeded by
Zhang Qun
|Preceded by
As Chairman of the National Government of China
|President of the Republic of China
|Succeeded by
Li Zongren
|Preceded by
Li Zongren
|President of the Republic of China
|Succeeded by
Yen Chia-kan
|Party political offices
|Preceded by
Wang Jingwei
|Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Kuomintang
|Succeeded by
Office abolished
|Preceded by
Hu Hanmin
|Director-General of the Kuomintang
|Succeeded by
Chiang Ching-kuo
As Chairman of the Kuomintang
|Military offices
|Preceded by
Office created
|Commander-in-chief of the National Revolutionary Army
|Succeeded by
Office abolished
|Academic offices
|Preceded by
Office created
|Commandant of the Whampoa Military Academy
1924 – 1947
|Succeeded by
Guan Linzheng
|Chinese Civil War
|Main events pre-1945
|Main events post-1945
|Specific articles
Part of the Cold War
Primary participants


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Trayvon Martin gun range targets sold online
Seller admits he wanted to profit off controversy
ORLANDO, Fla. - An unidentified entrepreneur admits he is trying to profit off Trayvon Martin by selling gun range targets featuring the teen who's death has sparked a nationwide controversy.
Although Martin's face does not appear on the paper targets, they feature a hooded sweatshirt with cross-hairs aimed at the chest.
A bag of Skittles is tucked in the pocket and a hand is holding a can resembling iced tea.
Martin purchased both items minutes before he was gunned down by George Zimmerman in February.
Zimmerman, who has pleaded not guilty to second degree murder charges, originally told investigators he shot Martin in self-defense.
According to an advertisement for the targets that had been posted on a popular firearms auction website, the sellers stated they "support Zimmerman and believe he is innocent and that he shot a thug." That online ad has since been removed.
"This is the highest level of disgust and the lowest level of civility," said Zimmerman's attorney Mark O'Mara.
O'Mara said he is worried about how Martin's parents will react to the image of their son on a target intended to be used for shooting practice.
The attorney is also concerned the targets will further inflame the community.
"It's this type of hatred -- that's what this is, its hate-mongering -- that's going to make it more difficult to try this case," said O'Mara.
The identity of the seller has not been determined. The seller had also set up a website to sell the gun range targets.
In an email exchange with a reporter from KSAT sister station WKMG in Orlando, the seller wrote, "My main motivation was to make money off the controversy."
The seller did not disclose how many paper targets had been made, but said in an email to WKMG, "The response is overwhelming. I sold out in 2 days." Some of those targets were sold to two Florida gun dealers, according to the seller.
The seller also claimed that targets were still available for purchase. After being informed WKMG was investigating his online business, the seller claimed the targets would no longer be sold.
Copyright 2012 by KSAT.com All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


text:
By Paul Strauss: HBO scored big in two countries tonight. First, Lucien Bute proved he is a complete fighter. He can do it all. His loyal fans at the Bell Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada couldn't be happier. He impressed them by coming out at the opening bell as the aggressor against a knockout artist like Edison "Pantera" Miranda. Miranda tried to establish that he had more than a big right hand, so he started the fight with movement and an attempt to establish a jab.
Consequently the first round seemed a bit odd, and nothing dramatic happened with the exception of one long left to the body of Miranda landed by Bute. He was the aggressor and was controlling the action, so the round went to him. But, it wasn't by a big margin, but it definitely was apparent that Bute was by far the faster of the two fighters.
In the second round, it became more evident that Bute was also the bigger man and had the greater reach. Bute clearly established a good distance for himself which enabled him to land his shots, and cause Miranda's to fall short.. Miranda's inability to land was already frustrating him in the second round, and he foolishly started dropping his left and taunting Bute to hit him. That was not a good move.
Early into the third round, Bute landed another very good left hand to Miranda's body. Later, he did the same thing. On both occasions, a foolish Miranda once again dropped his hands in a false bravado move to try and impress Bute, the judges and the crowd that he was not hurt. Everyone knew better, and once again it was a foolish move by Miranda.
Moments later, Miranda fired off a right hand that made glancing contact to the right forehead area of Bute. But, Miranda's follow through caused him to fall in and place him off balance, which enabled Bute to take advantage. First he did a little snap away move, taking a 1/2 step back. That allowed him to shift all his weight back forward and to launch a left uppercut that Miranda did not see. The punch landed flush on the chin, and Miranda hit the canvas after caroming off of Bute's legs, and then bouncing on the canvas. When he reached his feet, and stumbled again, and Referee Ernie Sharif stopped the action. The time was 1:20 of the third round, and Lucien "Le Tombeur" Bute retains his IBF super middleweight title.
Bute is now in an excellent position to sit back and watch the Super Six guys beat each other up, and then take on the winner. Any and all of the six ought to take serious note of this transplanted Romanian, who now fights out of Montreal. In addition to his excellent speed and mobility, he now seems to have found some pretty impressive punching power. He has all of the punches to make it work, so watch out to anyone contemplating a match with him.
Next, we move to Boardwalk Hall in Atlantic City, N.J., for the Pavlik vs. Martinez battle. Kelly Pavlik was the favorite, but not by much. Fans and the experts wondered about Kelly's inactivity, and whether he would be at a level less than his best? There also were rumors about him having difficulty making weight; whereas Martinez, who is really a junior middleweight would have no problems making weight. Those same folks also wondered about Kelly's past difficulties with fighters who move and have good hand speed, but they still felt Kelly's power and strength would carry him through.
Kelly's fans were encouraged with the first punch of the fight. It was a Pavlik jab that landed. Good sign, right? But, that enthusiasm soon faded as Pavlik sustained a bad cut to the left eyelid, which seemed potentially to be the kind that gets a fight stopped. Referee David Fields did not make any mention of there being an accidental head butt, so right away Kelly was facing the possibility of being TKO'd.
The first round went to Martinez because of his speed, elusiveness and ability to beat Kelly to the punch with effective shots. The second round was more of the same. In fact, Sergio Martinez stepped things up by moving inside after slipping Kelly's jab, and landing several left hands. When doing so, he would be positioned to the left of Kelly's body, so Kelly couldn't get off any right hands.
It was also very evident by the third round that Kelly was not able to mount any kind of sustained body attack. That was due to Martinez good foot work, and also his speed which kept Kelly out of rthythm. Kelly's manager and trainer Jack Loew wanted Kelly to double up on his jab, and to mix up his punches by going up and down with them. That was easier said then down, because usually Martinez wasn't there to start anything. Loew also instructed Kelly to "......stop chasing the head." Kelly did step up the pressure a bit in the third and was landing a bit more, but the cut over the eye also started bleeding again.
After the third, Jack Loew told Kelly to jab to Martinez's chest. In the fourth round, Kelly did land a good counter left jab that bruised Martinez under his right eye. It seemed to bother Martinez. Kelly had a better round, but Martinez still did more and won the round.
In the fifth round, Kelly continued to counter better with his left, rather than trying to load up with his right. He seemed to have Martinez flustered a bit, which kept Martinez from landing so many straight left hands up the middle. It seemed he was reluctant to do so, because he was getting caught with Kelly's left. Kelly also smartly was doubling up on his right hand. Specifically, when he would miss with the right, he would let his right foot slide forward to the southpaw position, and then he would throw the equivalent of a right jab that on occasion was landing. Even if it didn't land, it would throw Martinez off stride.
In the sixth round, there was a bit of controversy, because Kelly missed a left, and got his gloved hand hooked behind Martinez' head, pulling him forward and into a right hand. The right hand punch landed to the top off Martinez' head. At the same time the punch landed, the two fighters also got their feet tangled a bit. As a result, Martinez was off balance, and down he went. The referee felt he had no choice but to score a knockdown, because a punch had landed. So, that made it a 10-8 round for Kelly, and pulled him even in the fight. Now all of a sudden, Kelly seemed to be taking charge.
In the seventh round, Kelly continued with the pressure, and Martinez seemed to have tired a little. Kelly kept making the transition with the double right, and Martinez was clearly bothered by the tactic.
However, in the eighth round, Martinez turned things back in his favor when he once again managed to get in close with rapid fired lefts. This time he opened up a bad cut to Kelly's right eye. Like a true predator, he stepped up his attack. By the end of the round, Kelly's face was a mess.
Jack Loew tried to motive Kelly by saying, "You've got to fire!" Then he also quickly added, "Don't say it." The insinuation was that he didn't want Kelly to make any kind of comment about not being able to see, because if the referee or ring doctor heard that they might stop the fight.
Things continued in Martinez' favor, and Loew was forced to be truthful with Kelly in saying, "You're giving away these rounds." Martinez looked a bit tired, but he had a big rally to end the eleventh round. After the round, Martinez corner man said, "Keep hitting him you ass!" Meanwhile, Jack Loew told Kelly, "You've got to punch like never before!"
Martinez finished the twelfth round strong, and Kelly just didn't have enough left to make any kind of last ditch effort to score a knockout, He clearly was bothered by the bleeding coming from the cuts, especially the one above the right eye.
Even with the dominant showing of Martinez, there was still reason for doubt about what the judges' decision was going to be. After all didn't Martinez get screwed in his fight with Kermit Cintron? Didn't he deserve a decision over Paul Williams, or at least a draw? Consequently, there was still some apprehension in the air. There was no need though, because the judges came through with a good UD for Martinez. One judge had it 116-111; the second judge scored it 115-111; and the third saw it as 115-112, all in favor of Martinez.
Both fighters handled themselves with class in the post fight interviews. Kelly Pavlik made no excuses. He clearly stated that the cuts came from punches, and that the damage bothered him. He also credited Martinez with adjusting after his surge in the middle rounds, to once again take control. He said the he would like a rematch, as did Martinez. Martinez would also like to get a rematch with Paul Williams.
Martinez is now South America's newest hero. He not only has the WBC junior middleweight belt, but also the WBC and WBO middleweight belts. He can pick and choose from a good crop of fighters in both divisions. He has climbed some pretty amazing heights for someone who didn't get started in the sport until he was twenty years old!
Next week we move to another network and get geared up for the battle between Froch and Kessler. Froch is going into Kessler's backyard for this one, so advantage to Kessler in that regard, but you have to wonder if Kessler has completely recovered from the bad cuts and bruises his suffered in his fight with Andre Ward only last November.
That same night we can also expect some artillary from the heavy hands of Chris Arreola and Tomasz Adamek. I just hope Arreola has stayed away from the buffet line and comes in shape. There's no doubt he will be attacking, but Adamek has proven to have an excellent chin, so Chris might have to sustain his attack for a period longer than he would prefer.
Finally, there will be plenty of action in the battle for the interim WBO light middleweight title fight between Joel Julio and Alfredo Angulo. Julio has lost two of his last three, and Angulo seems to have gotten back on track after his tough loss to Kermit Cintron last May. Obviously, this is a very important fight to both men. With a win they can continue to stay in the victory column, and pick up a belt at the same time.
Good luck to them all.
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Prince George's Plaza
Metro Green line train hits deer
The deer was hit outside the Prince George's Plaza station near Hyattsville, Metro officials say.
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Can you do this? At like 39 weeks when everyone is desperate to go into labor, is it possible/safe to try a pump? Just curious. I bought my pump today and the question crossed my mind :)
Using a breast pump to induce labor?
Mom to 4 Boys!! Jayvn Alan (12/12/06), Kyndrick Cale (11/23/07) Makai Rylan (05/30/12), and Cyrus Blaine (due 6/2/14)
But just like with castor oil, sex, and the other things out there unless your body is ready, it won't really do anything.
Alexis, wife to Steven, and mama to Ayden Stacy (1.5.09) ♥ Nolan Ryan (6.6.12)
What she said ^^^. Unless your ready to go into labor nothing is going to work.
Erin-Mama to Hadleigh (5), Kenna (10) and Cambree 6/13/2012
Makes sense. I'm also afraid my milk won't come in in time because I had a little trouble with my first two. I'm DETERMINED to BF this time, so I was wondering if this would help it come in.
Mom to 4 Boys!! Jayvn Alan (12/12/06), Kyndrick Cale (11/23/07) Makai Rylan (05/30/12), and Cyrus Blaine (due 6/2/14)
Actually I read in a book that stimuation of the nipples can help with making more contractions! There hasn't been enough studies on it but, it's worth a shot and totally safe to pump, or rub them.
I'd personally (if you're that desperate) just rub them instead because the first boobie juices that come out aren't exactly milk, but, a sweet clear substance with a lot of antibodies that are very good for baby! So, if you pump the baby won't get that good stuff :P
I tried it with DS and it never worked. WIth that said in regards to the person who said "dont use up all your colustrum " it will use your colustrum your body will just make more . Nor will it help your milk come in any sooner. So give it a try (not anytime soon!) if you'd like but don't count on it changing your milk. =]
Me-maddy DH-nick
DS-cole franklin keller born 4-26-2010 DD:mila grey cominng soon!
Courtney and DH- Married 8/09 (TTC w/PCOS 5/10-10/11)
My #1 man- Logan born 6/23/12
(o)(o) Made it 3.5 weeks!
J. Marie - how long did it take for your milk to come in with your other kids?? It is completely normal for your milk not to come in for a few days after your baby is born...the first stuff is the colostrum and is literally only a few drops. My milk never came in until I was home so like day 3 or 4 after I had each child.


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The (POGO) Blog
September 5, 2014
POGO's Danielle Brian Talks Secret Laws, Transparency Reform
POGO's Danielle Brian was recently on C-SPAN to talk about the wave of government reforms that followed the Watergate scandal. Here we've collected some of the best clips from her interview.
Continue Reading POGO's Danielle Brian Talks Secret Laws, Transparency Reform
Topics: Government Accountability
August 26, 2014
Another Take on FOIA Objections by Contractors
Openness expert responds to a POGO blog; details his cautious approach when he objected to the release of government information for client.
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Topics: Open Government
August 20, 2014
Should Contractor FOIA Objections be Labeled?
Improvements to FOIA are moving through Congress, and one additional change is needed--the public should be informed when contractors object to the release of information to the public.
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August 14, 2014
Government Not Open to Journalists
While touting its accomplishments in opening the government, the Obama Administration stays silent on complaints from reporters about restricted access to government officials.
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Topics: Government Accountability
July 29, 2014
When the Administration Asks Itself to Declassify
In preparing a recent report, the Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board demonstrated an unusual mode of declassification. In this case, the process was remarkably productive, and it may offer a precedent for future declassification efforts.
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Podcast; Social Media, Internet Provides Opportunities, Challenges for Lawmakers
The Congressional Management Foundation offers the Gold Mouse Awards annually to members of Congress who make the most of the opportunity the digital world offers them. POGO spoke with members of Rep. Mike Honda's communications team about their award.


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Median reaches highest point since July 2008
Increase in median home price from November 2011 to November 2012
San Diego County housing prices rose 13.7 percent over the past year as sales soared to their best November in seven years, DataQuick reported Wednesday.
The median of $358,000 in November was the highest median price since July 2008, when the market started skidding, and close to the $357,000 posted in March 2003 as prices were rocketing up.
"Investor activity and cash purchases remain unusually high," DataQuick President John Walsh said in a statement, "and more buyers feel confident about their jobs, the economy and the likelihood housing prices have bottomed and are likely to rise. We're also seeing non-distressed sales, where people sell at a profit and buy another house, triggering more move-up activity."
Overall, prices are 30.8 percent off the November 2005 peak but have risen 27.9 percent since the January 2009 low of $280,000.
In November, there were 3,371 home sales in the county — a 22.4 percent increase from the previous November.
San Diego State University economist Michael Lea said the decline of distressed property as a market factor bodes well for other housing to be bought and sold.
"All signals are pretty favorable for next year to continue the recent pace," Lea said.
For 19 southwestern Riverside County neighborhoods near the San Diego County line, the overall median stood at $243,000, up 3.6 percent from October and 10.5 percent from November 2011. The sales count was 1,139, up 12.7 percent from year-ago levels.
DataQuick attributed the increases in prices and sales to a greater demand for higher-priced homes and a reduction in low-cost foreclosure properties.
The San Diego Association of Realtors pinpointed one of the factors in the market upswing — falling inventory of homes for sale.
As of Dec. 5, there were 4,636 homes for sale on the local multiple-listing service in San Diego County. That was down 50.2 percent from December's 2011 average active listing total of 9,303. The current low inventory level is comparable to the go-go days of spring 2004, the association said.
"We're seeing multiple offers on homes across the county and median prices are being driven up as a result," said the association's president, Donna Sanfilippo.
In La Jolla, Willis-Allen agent Vincent Crudo said he is cold-calling homeowners with offers from clients who have picked out a house they like because the inventory is so low.
Maxine Gellens, a veteran La Jolla agent, said 33 homes selling for $3 million or more closed in 2011 and 59 are projected to close this year in the 92037 ZIP code area.
"Once the upper end starts moving, I think everything else starts moving," she said.
Richard Wyllie, a Chula Vista real estate agent, said there are only 1.3 months of inventory available in the Eastlake area, partly because bank-foreclosed properties have declined.
"It's about the lowest it's been for a while," he said.
But conventional listings of non-distressed properties are rising. He said of the 29 properties for sale, about 19 are standard homes that did not go through foreclosure.


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ALBUQUERQUE, N.M. (AP) - The University of New Mexico and head football coach Bob Davie have agreed on a two-year contract extension.
New Mexico says the financial terms from Davie's original contract remain unchanged.
Vice President for Athletics Paul Krebs says school officials are excited about the direction of the Lobo football program on and off the field under Davie.
Davie, a former head coach at Notre Dame, signed a six-year, $4.5 million contract in late 2011 to become the Lobo's head football coach.
Davie led the Lobos to a 4-9 record during his first season in 2012, producing more victories than the 2009 to 2011 seasons combined.
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High winds: A focus on energy independence will strengthen industry growth
IBISWorld's Wind Power market research report can be used to help you: understand market size and growth potential; major companies; draft business plans and pitch books; and conduct benchmarking and SWOT analysis. Our industry analysis highlights macro industry trends in the overall sector and micro trends faced by companies that do business in the industry. The industry report also provides key industry statistics and 5-year forecasts to anticipate future industry prospects so you can decide with confidence.
The Wind Power industry generates revenue from owning and operating wind farms and selling the produced energy to downstream customers. Over the past five years, favorable government assistance has made this energy source cost competitive with other electricity-generation sources, lifting wind power's share of the total electricity generated in the United States. However, the federal production tax credit (PTC) expired on December 31, 2013, and no new tax incentive has been established, which will likely constrain industry growth by increasing wind farm construction costs. In the five years to 2019, stronger economic activity and a focus on energy independence and reducing greenhouse gas emissions will contribute to growth in wind power production... purchase to read more
The Wind Power industry has a medium level of concentration. The four largest industry participants hold a combined market share of over 40.0%. This level of concentration reflects the industry's rapid growth and rising consolidation. Market share concentration has increased over the past five years as industry players expanded their footprints by constructing wind farms at accelerating rates, taking advantage of tax breaks and looking to meet state demands for alternative energy. Concentration should continue to rise over the next five years, as government incentives continue to be favorable for the industry. Operators will look to boost revenue by acquiring additional assets and building new wind farms to meet increasing demand... purchase to read more
Companies in this industry operate wind farms, which consist of wind-operated turbines that are used to generate electricity.
Industry Definition
Main Activities
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Industry Outlook
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COLLINS PARK AT BEAR CREEK Apartments2001 Hwy. 360, Euless, TX 76039 View On Map (817) 318-7700
For rates, availability, and other information fill out the availability request form and a representative from COLLINS PARK AT BEAR CREEK Apartments will contact you shortly
Collins Park at Bear Creek is located in the Dallas Area in the 76039 zip code. View this apartment on a map.
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IVANS Introduces New Connectivity Solutions for MGA's
The new offerings enable MGAs to leverage IVANS Download, IVANS Real-Time and IVANS Portal Solutions with tailored technical services and support designed for the unique requirements of the MGA market. Read the latest news
Whitepaper: Improving Efficiencies for Retail Agents
The Independent Agents & Brokers of America's Agents Council for Technology (ACT), the American Association of Managing General Agents (AAMGA), the National Association of Professional, Surplus Lines Offices (NAPSLO), and ACORD formed a joint initiative to improve the efficiencies for Retail Agents (RAs) interacting with managing General Agents (GAs) and wholesale brokers in the Excess & Surplus (E&S) market and to promote the electronic exchange of data between the partners. Read the whitepaper: "Top Improvements for Retail Agent-GA Workflows."
Resource: MGA/Wholesale Broker User Guide
The MGA and Wholesale Broker User Guide for Policy Downloads to Retail Agents has been developed by the E&S Joint Working Group's Retail Agent-GA Subgroup. The guide also reflects input received by the full E&S Joint Working Group. There is widespread agreement with the guide's recommendations, particularly for the use of the GA's National Producer Number (NPN) as the unique identifier for GAs and wholesalers in their policy information downloads. The Retail Agent-GA Subgroup is now working with vendors and GAs to develop appropriate strategies for implementation. Download the guide now.


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|A to Z | Popular | Random | Origins
DesmondRate Desmond: Do you like this name?
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Meaning and name origin
Desmond \d(e)-smo-nd, des-mond\ as a boy's name is pronounced DEZ-mund. It is of Irish and Gaelic origin, and the meaning of Desmond is "from South Munster". An Irish surname referring to Munster, one of the five regions of ancient Ireland. South African cleric and activist Bishop Desmond Tutu.
Desmond has 3 variant forms: Des, Desmund and Dezmond.
Desmond is a very popular first name for males (#581 out of 1220) and also a very popular surname or last name for all people (#5129 out of 88799) (2000 U.S. Census).
Displayed below is the baby name popularity of the name Desmond for boys (2015 statistics).
Similar Names
A suggested similar baby name is Demond. This name tends to be less commonly used than Desmond.
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iPhone 4 recall "inevitable" as PR experts call for action
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Sayonara !!!
Join Date: Jan 2003
Location: Austin, Texas
Posts: 9,297
Re: iPhone 4 recall "inevitable" as PR experts call for action
Originally Posted by
IF this is a real issue, my question would be why didn't they test this out before rolling out the new iPhone? Makes no sense to me.
It IS a real problem and apparently from the various rumors, this was actually brought up by one of the engineers well before product finalization.
I think this is a case of form over function taken to an extreme.
Again, I do want to reiterate that I personally do not have any issues with my phone and it works well for me, much better than my old phone.
However, I have been able to duplicate the death grip and a couple of my friends have had issues with the proximity sensor issue that has also been brought up. The whole death grip issue is VERY easily reproducible. Apple released the 4.01 OS update today and it does nothing to resolve the issue, just moves the bars weighting (in decibels) so that your signal strength is more "accurate".
If there is a recall, I am all for it but I really don't want to be without a phone.
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