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Disclosed is a method, system, and information bearing medium for associating attribute information with symbols. A command is processed associating user specified attribute information with a symbol definition or reference. The user specified attribute information is added to an object file including the symbol definition or reference. The attribute information may then be used to determine compatibility when resolving references to the symbol. Further, the user specified attribute information may also be associated with an address constant.
1. A method for associating attribute information with symbols, comprising:
processing a command associating user specified attribute information with a symbol definition or reference, wherein the user specified attribute information comprises at least one of fixed attribute information and extended attribute information;
adding the user specified attribute information to an object file including the symbol definition or reference; and
using the user specified attribute information to determine compatibility of the symbol when resolving references to the symbol.
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processing a command associating user specified attribute information with an address constant.
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16. A system for associating attribute information with symbols, comprising:
means for processing a command associating user specified attribute information with a symbol definition or reference, wherein the user specified attribute information comprises at least one of fixed attribute information and extended attribute information;
means for adding the user specified attribute information to an object file including the symbol definition or reference; and
means for using the user defined attribute information to determine compatibility of the symbol when resolving references to the symbol.
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processing a command associating user specified attribute information with an address constant.
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31. An information bearing media including code for associating attribute information with symbols, wherein the code is capable of causing a processor to perform:
processing a command associating user specified attribute information with a symbol definition or reference, wherein the user specified attribute information comprises at least one of fixed attribute information and extended attribute information;
adding the user specified attribute information to an object file including the symbol definition or reference; and
using the user defined attribute information to determine compatibility of the symbol when resolving references to the symbol.
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processing a command associating user specified attribute information with an address constant.
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This application is related to the following co-pending and commonly-assigned application Ser. No. 09/558,430, filed on same date herewith, by Leona Baumgart, John Ehrman, and Dick Lee, entitled "Extended Attribute Information File Format for Object Files".
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to assembler language instructions that declare external symbols as definitions and references and, in particular, to the association of descriptive information with instructions that define and reference external symbols for use in determining whether a definition of and a reference to an external symbol are compatible.
2. Description of the Related Art
Programmers write computer programs in languages such as assembler language, COBOL, FORTRAN, C, C++, etc. A group of statements written in such a language is referred to as a source module. Before the source module can be executed, the source statements within the source module must be transformed to machine readable executable code.
An assembler or compiler, referred to herein as a source translator, translates the source module into an object module, which includes machine readable executable code, data, external symbols, address constants, and further bookkeeping information used in the process of transforming the object module into an executable file. A linkage editor combines one more object modules into a load module in preparation for execution. Typically, the object modules being combined by the linkage editor contain a single definition of an external symbol, and one or more references to the symbol. If one object module includes a reference to an external symbol defined in another object module, then the linkage editor may resolve this reference to the definition in the load module.
Often, the source translator disregards descriptive information about external symbols included in the source module when generating the object module, typically because there is no mechanism for including such descriptive information in the object module. As a result, object modules and load modules often include little or no information on the attributes of external symbols. Furthermore, in the prior art, assembler language instructions, such as the ENTRY, CSECT, EXTRN, and DC instructions in the IBM assembler language, did not include descriptive information about the attributes of the symbols used as operands in the assembler language instructions. These and other specific aspects of assembler language discussed herein are described in the publication "High Level Assembler for MVS & VM & VSE, Language Reference," Release 3, Document Number SC26-4940-02, IBM Corporation, which publication is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
Generally, the source module and object module include one or more control sections. A control section is the smallest subdivision of a program that can be relocated as a unit. At coding time, the programmer creates control sections in the source modules, establishes the addressability of each control section, and establishes symbolic linkages between control sections that lie in different source modules. The programmer establishes symbolic linkages by declaring an external symbol in one source module to reference a control section or an entry point defined within another object module. Source modules external to a module in which an external symbol is defined can reference the text at the location identified by the external symbol. In this way, the external symbol is the vehicle used for establishing symbolic linkages between programs.
In the IBM assembler language, the programmer can use the ENTRY, CSECT, COM, DXD, RSECT, and START instructions to define external symbols in the source module. The ENTRY instruction defines the external symbol as the location where the the symbol named in the ENTRY instruction is placed. For instance, the instruction ENTRY B declares the external symbol B as the point within the control section where the symbol B is defined.
The CSECT instruction identifies a control section name as an external symbol. For instance, the instruction B CSECT names the control section B, thereby allowing external source modules to reference the control section identified by the external symbol B. The programmer can declare external symbols in a source module that are not defined in that module using the EXTRN instruction. A declared symbol can be used in instruction operands within that source module. For instance, the instruction EXTRN C declares that the external symbol C will be defined in a different source module, and may be referenced from the source module containing the EXTRN instruction.
Symbols can have two types of attributes, inherent (or implicit or intrinsic) and extended (descriptive). Inherent attributes are attributes that are typically part of a fixed set of properties associated with an external symbol. Examples of inherent attributes of a symbol include: addressing mode (AMODE, which implicitly designates the symbol as naming executable code); and residency mode (RMODE, which implicitly designates a region of storage where the object named by the symbol must reside). Descriptive or extended attributes are additional information either derived from the program's language statements or provided by other means. Examples of descriptive attributes include: whether an external symbol reference is to data (and what data types and structures) or to executable code (and what numbers and types of arguments are being passed); whether an external symbol definition is for data (and what data types and structures) or for executable code (and what expected number and types of arguments are to be received).
One of the shortcomings of current methods for using external symbols is that the instructions identifying the symbols do not retain attribute information on the declaration of the symbols, nor do they provide any means for declaring additional attributes. This lack of information makes it difficult for the programmer to debug incompatibility errors that arise if an instruction referencing the symbol (such as EXTRN) is incompatible with an instruction defining that symbol (such as ENTRY or CSECT).
For example, if the external symbol is defined as a location naming code, but the reference to the symbol expects data, then an incompatibility error may arise. An incompatibility error may also arise if the reference is compatible with only 24-bit addressing and the symbol is defined as using only 31-bit addressing. These incompatibility errors could prevent the program from properly executing.
Thus, there is a need in the art for techniques for associating descriptive information with symbols that can be used during binding to check the compatibility of references to symbols.
The present invention is directed to a method, system, and information bearing medium for associating attribute information with symbols. A command is processed associating user specified attribute information with a symbol definition or reference. The user specified attribute information is added to an object file including the symbol definition or reference. The attribute information may then be used to determine compatibility of the symbol when resolving references to the symbol.
In further embodiments, the user specified attribute information is associated with an address constant.
The attribute information may indicate attributes including linkage, scope, direct or indirect reference, conformance level, association of code and data areas, as well as user specified extended information.
Preferred embodiments provide a technique for assigning attribute information to a symbol that may be maintained with the symbol in the object file and used for compatibility checking purposes to provide the programmer a greater definition of compatibility and control. Providing a greater degree of compatibility at different user specified levels increases the types of fixes and patches that may be provided to correct incompatibility errors because the extended attribute information may be used to diagnose the source of the incompatibility at a finer level of detail and then determine the appropriate correction operation that specifically addresses the compatibility problem.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary hardware environment and programs stored in memory in accordance with the present invention; and
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of fields included in an object module in accordance with the present invention.
In the following description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof, and in which is shown by way of illustration embodiments of the invention. It is understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary hardware environment used to implement the preferred embodiments of the present invention. In the exemplary hardware environment, a computer 8 may include, inter alia, a processor 10, memory 12 (e.g., random access memory (RAM)), an input device 30 (e.g., keyboard, mouse pointing device, voice activated input device, etc.), display 32 (e.g., CRT, LCD displays, etc.), as well as a data storage device 2 (e.g., hard, floppy, and/or CD-ROM disk drives, etc.), and/or data communication device 4 (e.g. modems, network interfaces, etc.). It is envisioned that attached to the computer 8 may be other devices such as a read only memory (ROM), a video card, bus interface, printers, etc. Those skilled in the art will recognize that any combination of the above components, or any number of different components, peripherals, and other devices known in the art, may be used with the computer 8.
The computer 8 operates under the control of an operating system (OS) 14, such as OS/390, MVS, VM, VSE, OS/2, AIX, UNIX, WINDOWS, MACINTOSH, ** etc. The operating system 14 is booted into the memory 12 of the computer 8 for execution when the computer 8 is powered-on or reset. In turn, the operating system 14 then controls the execution of one or more computer programs, including a source translator 18, binder program 24, a program fetch 28 program, and a checking program 29. These programs 18, 24, 28, and 29 process a source module 16, an object module 20, and a program object 26 to generate a final executable file which is loaded into memory. The present invention is generally implemented in these data objects 20 and 26, and in these computer programs 18, 24, 28, and 29 which execute under the control of the operating system 14 and cause the computer 8 to perform the desired functions as described herein. Alternatively, the present invention may be implemented in the operating system 14 itself.
The source translator 18 program, which usually is a compiler or assembler, analyzes the source module 16 loaded into the memory 12. The source module 16 is generally stored in a text file on the data storage device 2, and/or entered interactively by a programmer from the input device 30. The source translator 18 synthesizes an object module 20 from the source module 16. The binder program 24 receives as input one or more object modules 20 or a combination of object modules 20 and program objects 26, and produces a program object 26 as output. The program fetch 28 loads the executable text from the program object 26 into memory 12 for execution by the processor 10. This process of binding and loading text into memory is described in detail in "Linkers and Loaders," by Leon Presser and John R. White, ACM Computing Surveys, Vol. 4, No. 32, September 1972, pp. 149-167, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
The operating system 14, source module 16, source translator 18, object module 20, binder program 24, program object 26, program fetch 28, and checking program 29 are all comprised of instructions and data which, when read, translated, and executed by the computer 8, cause the computer 8 to perform the steps necessary to implement and/or use the present invention. Generally, the operating system 14, source module 16, source translator 18, object module 20, binder program 24, program object 26, program fetch 28, and checking program 29 are all tangibly embodied in and/or readable from a device, carrier or media, such as memory 12, data storage device 2, and or data communications device 4. Under control of the operating system 14, the programs 18, 16, 20, 24, 26, 28, and 29 may be loaded from memory 12, data storage device 2 and/or data communications device 4 into the memory 12 of the computer 8 for use during actual operations. The term program as used herein refers to human readable source code as well as machine readable code.
Those skilled in the art will recognize that the exemplary environment illustrated in FIG. 1 is not intended to limit the present invention. Indeed, those skilled in the art will recognize that other alternative hardware environments and programs may be used without departing from the scope of the present invention.
As discussed, the source translator 18 translates the source module 16, which can include assembler language instructions, into object module 20. FIG. 2 shows a preferred embodiment of the records in an object module 20, including an external symbol directory (ESD) 34, one or more control sections 42, and one or more address constants 46. Co-pending and commonly assigned patent application entitled "Extended Attribute Information File Format for Object Files," application Ser. No. 09/558,430, which was incorporated by reference above, further describes the format of the object module 20 and how extended attribute information is retained therein.
The external symbol directory (ESD) 34 includes an external symbol record (ESD) 36 for each symbol definition or reference declared in the object module 20. During binding of an object module 20 with one or more object modules 20 or program objects 26, the binder program 24 creates a combined external symbol directory (CESD) within the resulting program object 26 which includes the external symbols from those object modules and program objects included in the binding.
During binding, an external reference is said to be resolved if one object module 20 or program object 26 involved in the binding includes a reference to a symbol (a reference declaration), and another object module 20 or program object 26 involved in the binding defines that symbol (the definition declaration). The combined external symbol directory (CESD) includes just one entry for each definition of an external symbol. All references to the symbol in the combined program object 26 now reference this definition. When an external reference is resolved, the value of the external symbol referenced by an address constant can be relocated into the location of the address constant.
If an external symbol referenced in an object module 20 or program object 26 is not resolved with the definition of that symbol, then the external symbol directory 34 retains the external symbol as an unresolved external reference. Typically, all external references must be resolved before the program object 26 can be executed. This may be accomplished by referring to a call library containing definition values for external references.
Each object module 20 includes at least one or more control sections (CSECTS) 42. As discussed, a control section 42 is a unit of text that is the basic indivisible unit of linking. Although all elements of a single control section 42 are loaded and executed in a constant relationship with each other, an individual control section can be relocated independently of other control sections at load time without altering the operating logic of the program. As discussed, the CSECT instruction is used to provide an external symbol name to a control section 42.
The object module 20 may also include an address constant 46 in a control section 42 which defines a location within the text whose value is usually not known during translation of the source module 16. In the IBM assembler language, an address constant 46 is defined with a DC instruction, wherein the DC instruction is also used to define data constants. Address constants 46 can be relocated to contain the addresses of data and code. The location of the address constant 46 in the text is where the value of the referenced symbol will be relocated. The value of the item represented by the symbol is relocated into the address constant 46 during or before program execution. Operations may also be performed on the items referenced by the address constant 46 as discussed in commonly-assigned patent application entitled "System and Method Using Extended Relocation Types and Operations in Relocating Operations," by Leona Baumgart, John Ehrman, and Dick Lee, filed on Sep. 8, 1999 and having application Ser. No. 09/392,128, which application is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
Preferred embodiments associate fixed and extended attribute information with instructions that declare definitions of and references to external symbols. This attribute data provides descriptive information on the attributes of the symbol declared by the assembler language instructions. In preferred embodiments, the extended attribute record may be associated with the IBM assembler language definition instructions XATTR, COM, ENTRY, CSECT, RSECT, START, DSECT and DXD and the symbol reference declaration instructions XATTR, EXTRN, XTRN, and DC, or any other instructions which declare, define, or reference external symbols.
Preferred embodiments add a new statement XATTR to the assembler language:
symbol XATTR attributes, . . .
One or more operands are allowed. For example:
could declare that AA has export scope, and names or refers to code. This method of declaration can accommodate a wide range of "fixed" attributes such as the above, as well as a mechanism for declaring application-specific, program-specific, or symbol-specific "extended" attributes.
The XATTR command may be used to assign many different types of attributes to constants and symbols that can be used for debugging purposes and compatibility checking. Below are examples of ways to declare various types of attribute information.
1. Linkage Attributes
A linkage attribute defines the conventions used to pass data or arguments between programs. Such conventions define the location of registers, argument passing mechanisms, and status preservation mechanisms involved when passing arguments and data between a calling program and the called program. The calling program uses the status information after the called program returns to the calling program to resume execution. Status of the calling program must be maintained and when the called program returns data, must be able to reestablish status and environment that calling program needs when control returns to calling program.
An example of calling conventions include operating system (OS) and extra performance linkage (XPLINK). The OS linkage convention indicates that the register that has the address of the entry point is register 15 and the return address is register 14, a pointer to save area for status information is register 13, and a pointer to a list of pointers each of which has the address of an argument for the called routine is in register 1. The XPLINK convention provides different register locations for status and other convention information used when passing arguments and values to achieve similar results.
The XATTR command can be used to associate linkage information with a symbol indicating the linkage convention used by that symbol as follows:
symbol XATTR LINKAGE(OS|XPLINK)
The symbol must have been declared implicitly or explicitly as an external symbol prior to adding the extended attribute information.
An entry point is the point at which the called routine receives control. The XATTR command can be used to declare linkage attributes associated with the called routine's entry point. For instance, an entry point can be declared with the XPLINK attribute as follows:
Still further, an external entry point may be declared with the XPLink attribute as follows:
2. Scope Attribute
Scope attributes define how widely should the binder search for names to resolve references that are not already resolved from the object stream, i.e., whether to look at a section, module or library to resolve certain references and definitions. Binding scopes may have four values: Section, Module, Library, or Export. For instance, the scope information may be declared as follows:
3. Reference Attribute
When control is passed from one program to another, either the called code may always be available or further intermediary operations may need to be performed before control can be passed, such as having to load additional code into storage. An indirect reference indicates that helper or linkage assist code may be needed before control passes to the reference symbol. A direct reference indicates that control can pass immediately to the entry point without any further operations. Thus, with an indirect reference, intermediary steps may be necessary, but are not necessarily needed.
Below is an example of using the XATTR function to declare indirect and direct reference attributes as extended attributes.
4. Code vs. Data ("Executability"):
In many cases, to ensure proper execution, it is important to know whether a module or area being accessed contains code or data. For instance, if an entry point declared in a routine that contains code is referenced in another routine, then the external routine referencing the entry point must be accessing code, not data, otherwise errors could occur. Thus, attribute information can be used to avoid the situation where a calling routine references data when it is intending to reference code, and vice versa. Below is an example of assigning attribute information indicating whether a symbol is code or data:
The definer or referencer declares the type of machine language information named by the symbol X3. The binder could use this information to flag possibly incompatible reference-definition combinations.
5. Conformance vs. Nonconformance
Conformance attribute information can be used to instruct the binder at bind time to check the attributes of references and definitions to ensure they conform. One level of conformance may require that all attributes are identical, another level may require that only some attributes are identical, and still another level may require that certain mismatches do not occur. Nonconformance would permit incompatibility. Thus, the conformance attribute information specifies the level of checking that is required during compatibility checking. If the attribute information specifies conformance and there is nonconformance, then the binder can take corrective action, such as inserting extra code. For instance, if a reference to a symbol uses OS linkage and the definition uses XPLINK conventions, then at bind time the binder or some binder agent could insert extra code to convert from one to the other to repair incompatibility.
Below is an example of how conformance/non-conformance attribute information may be specified:
6. Association of Code and Data Areas
In multi-tasking or multi-processing environments, multiple processors may simultaneously execute the same code. In such cases, it is important to ensure that no processor changes the code that other processors intend to use, else one processor can adversely affect the operations of another processor. To ensure that the commonly used code is not altered, each processor will have its own, non-shared work areas to use when executing the shared code. In this way, the shared code is not affected by the manipulations of the code and data in the non-shared work areas.
The non-shared work area of a processor is referred to as a prototype control section (PSECT). In preferred embodiments, the XATTR command may be used to associate a shared symbol or name of the shared program with the name of the non-shared work area which will contain a copy of the non-shared work area associated with the shared program. Below is an example of how the XATTR command is used to establish a relationship between the shared code and the non-shared PSECT or work area of a processor.
symbol1 XATTR PSECT(symbol2)
Symbol1 identifies the shared code segment and symbol2 identifies the PSECT associated with the code. In preferred embodiments, only a symbol (no expressions, no arithmetic expressions) is allowed as the symbol2 operand and neither symbol1 nor symbol2 may be a Class name. The operating system could use this assigned PSECT attribute information to find the non-shared PSECT for the shared code (symbol1) and to place a copy of the non-shared work area for the processor to use. In this way, the XATTR statement establishes a relationship between the shared program named by symbol1 and the non-shared work area named by symbol2 for the operating system to use when trying to locate the non-shared work area (symbol2) for the shared code (symbol1).
Preferred embodiments further provide an extension mechanism using the XATTR command to allow programmers to provide personalized detailed and specific attribute information that is included in the text of object, but may not be provided to the binder during binding. For instance, the programmer may want to associate attribute information with data being passed for that particular reference. If the data being passed is a number, then the programmer could specify the type of value, e.g., a velocity value, time value, etc. This information could be used during bind time or execution time to determine whether the type of value is compatible with the type of value the calling program or reference is expecting.
Below is an example of how extended attribute information may be provided.
symbol XATTR ATTRIBUTES(label)
The symbol "label" may be an internal or external symbol and is known to the declaring program. "Label" names the location of the attribute information to be associated with the declared symbol. The information itself is encoded as ordinary text: integers, character strings, bit flags, etc. The encoding may be any values known to any other programs that intend to use the extended attribute information for its purposes, and allows retention of attribute information not encoded as "fixed" attributes.
For example, suppose the symbol BB has descriptive attributes which are encoded starting at label BB_ATTR:
In the absence of any other class assignments, the text of the attribute information would reside in the same element as BB. In the object file, the attribute information would normally be included in the section referencing the information. Otherwise, section replacement during binding could lose the connection between symbols and their attributes. In this way, the attribute information is available to the binder during bind time when the binder is building the program object, and to run time uses of the application as well as to tools such as debuggers.
The attribute information may be placed anywhere in the program object. However, in certain embodiments the attribute information may be part of a special class that is not loaded with the program during execution. This would make the attribute information available on demand but not part of the executable code so that the attribute information does not affect execution. For instance, the program object may maintain the executable code in one segment and attribute information in another segment, so that during execution only executable code gets loaded, but attribute information does not get loaded until requested.
In preferred embodiments, attribute information may also be associated with address constants. References to a symbol by address constants may be expecting different types of data. The attribute information can be used with the address constant to ensure compatibility of the type of information provided by the module containing the address constant and what the referenced symbol expects. This allows attribute information to be associated with definitions of and references to external symbols.
Moreover, within a module referring to an external symbol, there may be several different types of references. In fact, a function may be called with differing numbers of arguments at various points within a module. In case the user wants attributes to be assigned to each distinct reference within the module (rather than assigning reference attributes once per module), the assembler supports a method for assigning extended attribute information to individual address constants (adcons).
Below is an example how fixed attribute linkage information may be associated with the address constant
DC A(symbol(LINKAGE(OS)))
Such syntax can be used to indicate that this reference to the symbol expects its target to accept OS linkage (and is therefore implicitly "executable").
Similarly, extended attributes can be associated with individual address constants, as in the following example:
DC A(symbol(ATTRIBUTES(label)))
The extended attribute information is found at the statements defined by the symbol "label." Such extended attributes could include the numbers and types of data arguments being passed to the named "symbol" for this particular use of the address constant.
In this way, the same extended attribute-structure definitions could be used for both general symbol (XATTR) and adcon-specific declarations.
This concludes the description of the preferred embodiment of the invention. The following describes some alternative embodiments for accomplishing the present invention.
The preferred embodiments may be implemented as a method, apparatus or information bearing media using standard programming and/or engineering techniques to produce software, firmware, hardware, or any combination thereof. The programs defining the functions of the preferred embodiment can be delivered to a computer via a variety of information bearing media, which include, but are not limited to, computer-readable devices, carriers, or media, such as a magnetic storage media, "floppy disk," CD-ROM, a file server providing access to the programs via a network transmission line, wireless transmission media, signals propagating through space, radio waves, infrared signals, etc. Of course, those skilled in the art will recognize that many modifications may be made to this configuration without departing from the scope of the present invention. Such signal-bearing media, when carrying computer-readable instructions that direct the functions of the present invention, represent alternative embodiments of the present invention.
Any type of computer, such as a mainframe, minicomputer, work station or personal computer, could be used with the present invention.
In addition, any compiler, assembler, binder program, linking editor, and loader programs, if these other programs use different linking and loading interface conventions, could benefit from the present invention.
Still further, in alternative embodiments, the extended attribute records associated with instructions may include information, data structures, and describe attributes different from the extended attribute records of the preferred embodiments. Further, extended attribute records may be associated with any instructions that declare, reference, and define symbols.
In preferred embodiments, the programmer encodes the information in the extended attribute records when writing the source modules. However, it should be appreciated that in alternative embodiments that the user may encode such information after translation of the source module or the source translator may generate the extended attribute records based on descriptive information included in the source module.
Preferred embodiments described above include separate programs for translating, linking (binding), loading, and checking. However, it should be appreciated that in alternative embodiments the functions performed by these separate program categories may be grouped in one or more programs in a manner different from the grouping of functions discussed above.
Preferred embodiments provided specific examples of types of attribute information, e.g., linkage, scope, conformance, etc. However, the preferred embodiment technique for associating attribute information with symbols or definitions may apply to any type of attribute information.
Preferred embodiments discussed above also describe certain operations occurring at certain times. For instance, external symbols are resolved during binding and address constants are relocated prior to or during execution. Further, the checking of the extended attribute record is described as occurring at certain times. However, it should be appreciated that in alternative embodiments these operations, resolving external symbols, relocating address constants, and checking and comparing the information in extended attribute records to determine compatibility, may occur at any time from translation of the source code to the loading and execution of the executable program into memory.
In summary, preferred embodiments disclose a method, apparatus, and information bearing medium for associating attribute information with symbols. A command is processed associating user specified attribute information with a symbol definition or reference. The user specified attribute information is added to an object file including the symbol definition or reference. The attribute information may then be used to determine compatibility of the symbol when resolving references to the symbol definition. Further, the user specified attribute information may also be associated with an address constant referencing a symbol.
The foregoing description of the preferred embodiment of the invention has been presented for the purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. It is intended that the scope of the invention be limited not by this detailed description, but rather by the claims appended hereto.
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Your location matters
Most dentists draw over 90% of their business from a very well-defined geographical area, so they have little need to implement national or global promotion efforts. Speaking in SEO terms, dental organizations may be best served by optimization efforts aimed at a narrow locale.
Which is usually done by including the name of the town or region where the dental practice is situated among the primary keywords. This strategy can save a lot of money by directing the resources where they are most likely to create immediate returns. At the same time strengthening your customer base and contributing to your word-of-mouth reputation in the geographic area.
So in translation, it is important to get to the top of Google results, but it is completely alright if that's just a list of Google results for best dental practitioners in your ZIP code. Who cares if millions of people located thousands of miles away click on your website – the goal of a Dental SEO campaign is to put patients in your office quickly. And there is no better way to do that than starting in your own neighborhood.
Rare exceptions to this rule might apply for dental practices located in major metropolitan areas, which may have an incentive to expand their online focus to include frequent travelers, but this only proves that location-based thinking is a central theme of the dental service industry.
Follow the numbers
Online marketing is a very dynamic discipline that relies heavily on quantitative research, so it's smart practice to do a follow up analyses of your Dental SEO activities every so often. The results may not always be pretty, especially early on. But it is much better to have a forward warning, and be ready to redirect the funds towards the channels that create traction. Because a great online marketing campaign is always a work in progress, as there is always another wrinkle to iron out, another key detail to get in sync with the incoming data. Constant improvement is key.
Dental professionals who want to take advantage of the rising power of online marketing need to maintain a flexible attitude and respond to the needs of their patients in real time. For these techniques will aid your business. But every business is as unique as the people that operate it. For this reason, SEO should not be too automated. It should be tailored to your specific business, and highlighting its strengths to deliver the best conversion rate. As modern tools allow for precise monitoring of the pulse of the market, providing dental businesses with the window of opportunity to strike while the iron is hot!
As a dentist, you may not have taken the time to think about the way the internet can truly benefit your practice. After all, it's more likely that you have enough going on running it, to have the time to worry about your online presence. However, in today's tech-driven world, it may be time that you shift your attention to consider the importance of being online. With Crawford and O'Brien Dental SEO, we can make it easier for clients to find you, which will help you increase the amount of patients you have and the revenues that you are earning.
Get Found Today
- How do patients find you?
- Do you hand out business cards to your current clients in hopes that they'll share with friends?
- Do you run a local TV or news advertisement that you hope people won't change the channel when they see?
- Or maybe you're just hoping that your location will be enough to draw in people who are driving by?
- If you are relying on any of these outdated methods of marketing, it's time to make a shift.
Because each day, millions of people around the world get online and use a search engine like Google to find services that they need. However, if your online presence isn't search engine optimized, then you don't have a chance when it comes to getting recognized before the competition. But with Dental SEO marketing from Crawford and O'Brien, we make it easier for clients to find you now. And experience what many of our clients have before such as a $15000 or $17000 implant days after our work.
Watch as we effortlessly maximize your SEO efforts in the best way to get you recognized. Making your online marketing efforts much more rewarding than anything else than you have done before.
It's Not Just About Your Website
Because having website, means you're just one step on the right path to getting more traffic with your online efforts. But, you might be surprised to find out that the path doesn't have just one lane on it. Instead, there are a variety of different paths that you'll want to consider in order to make sure that your clients are finding you online easily.
With Crawford and O'Brien Dental SEO, we'll help you develop a stronger social media platform, more consistent content, and we'll even manage your online reputation to make sure that people feel comfortable trusting you with their oral health. In addition, we can also take a look at that old website and spruce it up a bit too.
Because You Don't Have Time, So Let Us Do It For You
Because we know you are busy. And you will have nothing to worry once you start working with us as we do the work and you just have to focus on the influx of clients coming through the door. So don't let the focus on your practice falter, but rather let Crawford and O'Brien make sure that your online presence is working for you in a way that will benefit all of your efforts.
Contact us today to find out how Crawford and O'Brien can help you with your dental SEO efforts.

subset: commoncrawl


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USD-CAD rallied over the 1.2500 level for the first time since mid-April in early trade, peaking at 1.2538, and once again following crude oil's lead. NYMEX crude fell to $56.49 lows, a nearly one-month bottom. As oil came off its worst levels, and the greenback fell back some, USD-CAD later fell back under 1.2430. Read More ►
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USD-JPY logged traded at its highest since 2002, the AUD took at hit on unambiguously weak Australian capital expenditure data, while a general euro rebound saw EUR-USD recoup to the mid-1.09s after leaving a one-month low at 1.0831 yesterday. An above-forecast Eurozone ESI confidence reading for May, of 103.8, aided the euro's rebound, even though the ECB stated in its latest Financial Stability Review that "sovereign risks emanating from Greece" had ... Read More ►
European Edition2015-05-28 06:41 UTC
USD-JPY logged the highest level since 2002, the AUD took at hit on unambiguously weak capital expenditure data out of Australia, while EUR-USD recouped to the 1.0900 area after leaving a one-month low at 1.0831 yesterday. There has been no change in the dominant bearish EUR-USD narrative: a continued lack of substantive progress in Greece's bailout negotiations with its creditors, and a dollar benefiting from the rekindled Fed tightening narrative. ... Read More ►
Asian Edition2015-05-28 18:43 UTC
The dollar firmed up in N.Y. trade on Thursday morning, taking EUR-USD down to 1.0867, from 1.0950 highs in London. Despite the lack of Greece progress however, the pairing rallied back to match the overnight high in afternoon trade. USD-JPY made new highs, rallying over 124.45, though later falling back into 123.60 on Aso remarks, who voiced concerns over the speed of the yen's fall. USD-CAD traded over 1.2535 on weaker oil prices, though later eased ... Read More ►
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Coloradans Promoting Urban Ag, Fighting Hunger
A coalition of community organizations in the greater Denver, CO, area have come together to form "Grow Local Colorado," which promotes urban agriculture, tends demonstration gardens, and donates food grown there to local foodbanks. They also act as a clearinghouse for promoting local food and a local economy and help aspiring gardeners find land. Founded in 2009 with a single demonstration vegetable garden converted from an ornamental garden in a city park, the group's volunteers now maintain a growing number of such demonstration gardens. Wouldn't it be lovely if more cities had such a resource? Even if your city doesn't have such a comprehensive program if you have a garden you can participate in "Plant a Row for the Hungry," a program that encourages gardeners to plant extra and donate it to a local food bank.
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Firemen in Drag Put Out Truck Fire
When an emergency response is needed, firemen will be there, no matter what. These particular firemen were in the middle of a St. Patrick Day parade event for charity, but duty called and they were there, dressed in style of course.
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Moorad has major task before him: Heal the Padres' front office
While Moores spoke, the Padres were coming off their fourth-consecutive winning season and their statistical analysts were projecting close to 90 wins and a first-place finish in 2008. But the Padres got off to a bad start, from which they never recovered.
Alderson has said the club's statistical analysis of college hitters led to encouraging results, notably in last year's draft. Towers, a former scout, has singled out his statistical analysts as crucial to several fruitful moves.
One goofy episode, though, can create overly negative views – such as when a Padres number-cruncher suggested in 2006 that manager Bruce Bochy bat pitcher Woody Williams second in his lineup.
DePodesta worked two years as a scout for the Indians and he scouts some 100 amateur players a year, yet he still wrongly gets labeled by some as solely a "statistical analyst." In fact, he draws on information from many sources before making recommendations. He also defers to Towers, contrary to some reports last winter.
"Paul's an excellent strategic planner," said player agent Scott Boras, who negotiated with DePodesta during the latter's 18-month tenure as GM of the Dodgers. "He also has great integrity and honesty."
One Padres insider summed it up this way: "When people say we are a dysfunctional organization, it wasn't just because of Sandy putting DePo between himself and Kevin. Kevin is the GM. He can take the information from DePo or not. We just got out of whack. We went away from scouting. Numbers don't tell you the story. You've got to watch players. You've got to lean on the scouts."


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Thursday, September 4, 2014
Stoker (2013)
I notice Park's influence from the beginning. Just the intense focus on small things -- the hardboiled egg, the spider crawling up India's leg, the tennis balls spilling across the court. And of course, this beautiful shot:
The details enthralled me in his other films, and I see they will continue here. Now for the story. On India's (Mia Wasikowska) birthday, while she searches for her hidden gift, her father is killed in a car accident. After the funeral, she meets her father's brother/her uncle, Charlie (Matthew Goode) who announces he will be moving in to support India and her mother, Evelyn (Nicole Kidman).
India is reluctant to have Charlie stay at their home, while Evelyn cozies right up to him. When India's Aunt Gwendolyn (Jacki Weaver) comes to visit, things get a little hostile, and she decides to stay at a hotel instead. Meanwhile, it turns out that Uncle Charlie may not be the laid-back world traveler he claims to be.
At school, India is frequently bullied by the popular crowd. When she fights back, she is joined by Whip (Alden Ehrenreich) who commends her for the act, and they meet up again later, unfortunately for Whip. While searching her dead father's items, she learns about her Uncle Charlie's past. But rather than being repulsed, she India is intrigued, while Evelyn is all "bitch, you stole my man!"
While this movie was certainly no Vengeance trilogy, it was just so interesting and compelling in many ways. With a unique script, and Park's great directorial touch, it really is worth a watch. I found the acting to be excellent as well--even though I didn't think much of Nicole Kidman going into it, she was well-cast as a Stepford-ish lush, and Wasikowska blossomed beautifully throughout, from a sulky teenager to a cold-blooded psycho. Don't miss this one!
Posted by The Scream Queen 4 comments Links to this post
Thursday, August 21, 2014
The Tortured (2010)
I'm always excited when I see the IFC intro, but the Twisted Pictures logo brings back wonderful memories of watching the first Saw movie in one of those discount/second-run theaters in my college town.
In The Tortured, young Benjamin Landry (Thomas Greenwood) is kidnapped by John Kozlowski (Bill Moseley). His parents, Craig and Elise (Jessie Metcalfe and Erika Christiansen) are obviously distressed and frustrated by the police. Bill Moseley as the bi-polar princess/daddy? Well...he busts out the Otis Firefly voice, but the intimidation just isn't there.
So it's no secret that that Kozlowski is the one responsible for the kidnapping and murder of their son. After he receives only 25 to life, the Landrys are set on revenge. What makes it extra interesting is that Craig is a doctor, therefore being able to inflict the most amount of pain on Kozlowski, while keeping him not only alive, but conscious.
They go down the gauntlet of torture, planning to drag it out as long as possible, while continually reminding Kozlowski of all he did to their son. At first, they're a little hesitant, but then they really go balls to the wall.
Now, there is a twist in the last five minutes of the movie that turns the whole thing on its ear. I can't say whether I really liked the twist or not, but it did wrap it up in an interesting way. This movie sort of reminded me of Prisoners but it didn't even come close to having the same impact. All in all, an okay movie if you like seeing people be tortured, but not enough suspense, and certainly not enough Bill Moseley.
Posted by The Scream Queen 0 comments Links to this post
Saturday, August 2, 2014
Sharknado 2 (2014)
I knew from the start that this one would be more ridiculous than the first, but in the first 10 minutes, Fin is already flying a freakin' plane and April is losing a hand! Soon enough, the sharks are milling around in the Hudson! They're headed for the Statue of Liberty! They're headed for the Mets Game!
The dramatics and overacting in this Sharknado are far superior to its predecessor. From her hospital bed, a handless April begs to be let go to help save Fin, just moments after she encouraged him to go alone! As they rush to the subway, a Mets fan declares: "it's fine! The 7 train is ALWAYS running!" A cab driver sends these poor suckers looking for weapons in Times Square, deeming it the "Crossroads of the World!" From a rooftop, Fin declares, "even the Sharknados are tougher in New York!"
The sharks also die in better ways this time. They get hit out to left field with souvenir bats. They get stabbed with bats while trespassing on the 7 train. They get thrown into a pizza oven by Biz Markie. They get bombs thrown on them by those slingshots you use for free t-shirts at games. A shark gets sliced in half with an NYFD-official chainsaw. NYers fire machine guns at the sky, and the sharks fall like rain. Kelly Ripa stomps on one with her shoe. Al Roker and Matt Lauer stab one with an umbrella.
The people die in better ways. The Statue of Liberty's head bowls over unsuspecting NYers. A shark plucks a tourist off the ferry. A shark swims onto the 7 train and eats a Mets fan. A cab driver gets chomped while trying to Tarzan-swing across Times Square. Even Damon from Shark Tank is a victim of the Sharknado. Plus, everyone and their mom is in this movie. Kelly Osbourne, Michael Strahan, Kelly Ripa, Mark McGrath, Matt Lauer, Al Roker, Perez Hilton, Biz Markie, Jared Fogel, Downtown Julie Brown, Billy Ray Cyrus, Judah Friedlander, Vivica Fox, Kurt Angle, Andy Dick...and more.
Thank you, Sharknado 2, for bringing me enjoyment on a day I really needed it. I'm struggling at work, adjusting to a new medication, and just feeling generally lousy. And sometimes you don't need a depressing and depraved horror movie...sometimes you just need something where a man pulls his ex-wife's wedding ring from a shark's stomach, and proposes to her again.
Posted by The Scream Queen 1 comments Links to this post
Labels: ian ziering, sharknado, syfy, tara reid
Sharknado (2013)
I'm obviously going to review Sharknado from a purely parody/joke/hilarious perspective. I've been cracking up at websites and such that are reviewing this as if it is intended to be a real movie. You know Tara Reid is my girl, though. She is in SO MANY horror movies.
Everything's going fine in Santa Monica until a hurricane approaches, and with it, a bunch of angry sharks. Bar proprietor Fin (Ian Ziering), his buddy Baz (Jaason Simmons), waitress Nova (Cassandra Scerbo) and resident drunk George (John Heard) take off to check on Fin's ex-wife, April (Tara Reid) and his daughter Claudia (Aubrey Peeples). At first they think that the sharks and raging waters are confined to the coast, but they soon realize that the sharks will come up through storm drains and other things.
They battle a shark with a bookcase! They run from a ferris wheel! They rescue a bus full of stranded schoolchildren! And when I saw that shot of the sharknados from afar, I laughed with glee. And how else to stop the tornados full of sharks than to throw bombs in them?!
Sharknado comes at a glorious time, where it can grab a generation that is completely captivated by brainless, so-bad-it's-good entertainment. A movie doesn't have to be good anymore...it just has to be completely fucking ridiculous. Throw in a couple D-List stars--the 90210 guy, Kevin's McAllister's dad, and the BJ girl from American Pie, and you have a recipe for success. Thank you, Sharknado.
Posted by The Scream Queen 1 comments Links to this post
Labels: ian ziering, tara reid
The Last Days (2013)
Marc and Enrique have been trapped in an office building for three months after what is deemed "The Panic," which basically kills you when you step outside. They decide to make a run for it. Marc wants to find his girlfriend, Julia, and Enrique's motivation is unclear at first. As they make their way through the subway, they see that they've previously been living in the lap of luxury in comparison. The subways are now basically refugee camps where people battle for food and water. The GPS they are in possession of becomes a hot commodity. They must wind through tunnels and sewers to reach first Marc's apartment, and then Enrique's destination.
As they make their way to their respective places, they come across others, and learn lessons about surviving in this new world. Some of the scenes, such a the rain in the apartment and the view of the burning buildings, are downright beautiful. The apocalyptic views of Barcelona are amazing, deserted and with wildlife running free. Also, a FUCKING BEAR. That was probably a little overkill but also kinda cool. The details were incredible, like the stacked shopping carts with torches in the supermarket, the rats running along the subway tracks, and the pigeons hanging from the ceiling in Marc's apartment. The people they came across were equally intriguing, and the relationship between Marc and Enrique really developed throughout their journey.
I saw that not everyone liked the ending. Let me be clear, I freaking LOVED the ending. I thought it was a really great wrap up of the whole story, which was intense and beautifully woven. I actually teared up a little at the end, but I am a little overemotional lately ;) DEFINITELY check this one out on Netflix instant.
Posted by The Scream Queen 1 comments Links to this post
Labels: barcelona, spain, spanish, the last days
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Toyota's NS4 concept projects the hybrid car three years hence
By Darren Quick
January 12, 2012
Toyota's NS4 advanced plug-in hybrid concept that was unveiled this week at the 2012 North American International Auto Show (NAIAS) in Detroit is the brainchild of Toyota engineers who were given the task of designing a new mid-size concept for potential launch in markets worldwide by 2015. While the NS4 concept is a dedicated plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), Toyota says it isn't part of its Prius family, with a next-generation Hybrid Synergy Drive plug-in system that is not only smaller and lighter, but is also more fuel efficient, boasts better acceleration and a longer all-electric range than the current system.
ConnectivityClaiming that connected vehicles are the third fastest growing technological device behind smartphones and tablets, Toyota has developed the NS4 concept with a heavy focus on connectivity. Its Human-Machine Interface (HMI) is built around a multi-touch screen that takes its lead in the look and usability departments from a smartphone and acts as a hub for displaying information and controlling the car's multimedia, air conditioning, battery-charge and navigation functions. Toyota says the HMI system is also able to learn driver preferences and habits and anticipate driver responses in certain situations.
SafetyThe NS4 concept also sees the introduction of a number of new safety features. A next-generation Pre-Collision System (PCS) is designed to predict collisions before they occur and help avoid them. It uses millimeter-wave radar and front-mounted stereo cameras to detect and react to lane departure, pedestrians and other vehicles, with near-infrared beams to enhance performance at night. When the system detects an imminent collision, the brake assist system is placed in standby mode and the driver is warned by a buzzer and warning light. If the system determines that the collision is unavoidable, it will apply the brakes and automatically tighten the front seatbelts.
For those times when a pedestrian collision can't be avoided, the car features a pop-up hood structure that automatically raises the rear of the hood within certain speed ranges to increase the space underneath and reduce the chance of the pedestrian sustaining head injuries. Toyota says it has tested this system using both conventional crash-test dummies and virtual models.
With interior and exterior rear view cameras replacing mirrors, a dedicated dashboard-mounted screen positioned above the navigation display is used to display a panoramic rear view image that is wider than that possible with conventional rear view mirrors. The rear view panoramic camera view also works in conjunction with a sub-millimeter wave radar in the Blind Spot Monitoring (BSM) system to detect a vehicle in an adjacent lane.
Meanwhile, Adaptive Driving Beam (ADB) headlights use a camera mounted behind the front grille and partial shielding inside the headlights to allow drivers to maintain near-high beam illumination without producing vision-impairing glare to oncoming drivers.
Glass techToyota's engineers have also given the NS4 concept's windshield and side and rear windows a technological makeover with the a application of anti-fog film, a high ultraviolet absorbing inner layer that removes 99 percent of harmful UVA and UVB rays, and an anti-solar film with radio-wave transparency that reduces the interior temperature without impacting mobile electronic device wireless reception. The windscreen and windows, along with the roof solar panel, have also been given a hydrophobic coating to help repel raindrops and improve visibility.
While Toyota's Plug-In Hybrid of 2015 will undoubtedly look different than the concept currently on display in Detroit, it's likely that some, if not most, of the connectivity and safety features found on the NS4 concept will appear in such a car by that time.
Is it just me or does that look a lot like the Tesla S.nathism
Looks more like a two-door NSX hybrid.
The \'NS\' must be a Japanese acronym for something we don\'t understand.
Form-follows-function. There are only so many variations for a four-wheel, tear-drop-shape, aerodynamic body.BombR76
What? A concept car that is not ungainly and bloated?! Doth mine eyes deceive me? Only yesterday I commented on the spectacularly grotesque Chrysler Whatever but now here comes Toyota to make me eat my words. Don\'t change a thing, it\'s fabulous!Neil
The hood popping up in an accident seems more harmful that good. It limits vision and while one pedestrian may benefit you may hit a dozen you would not have hit at all. Also, if it pops up the pedestrian may be quick enough to dodge you but with the hood up you try to dodge the same way and hit them because you can\'t see which way they went.
And what about people throwing themselves at the car so it opens and then taking parts or disabling the vehicle?
I think they need to go back to the drawing board on that.
Brighter head lights? Headlights are already way too bright. Protection...I don\'t buy it.
The rest? Well, seems pretty impressive. We need more cars with gull-wings though ;)
Hybrids need smother rides and automatic seats. Those are simple things compared to getting more range and efficiency.Mindbreaker
You misunderstand again. I\'m sure the hood opens from the front, like most cars. The rear has short arms to raise the hinges when necessary. Also, the hood doesn\'t pop up that far, only a few inches. The driver\'s vision isn\'t impeded much. The goal is to keep a pedestrian\'s head from denting the hood and coming to a hard stop against the engine block. Also, note the critical words, \"within certain speed ranges.\" There\'s no reason for the hood to pop up if you jump at the car while it\'s at a dead stop. I suspect Toyota engineers aren\'t as dumb as you think, nor the engineers at other car companies who are working on similar hood lift systems. Just how much are YOU being paid to design cars right now?
And where are you getting this \"brighter headlights\" from? All it says is they\'re managing to keep it near high beam levels while reducing glare. It doesn\'t say anything about making them brighter than existing headlights. Besides which, \"way too bright\" is your opinion. In fact, Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards set a limit decades ago on maximum brightness for headlights installed by automobile manufacturers. Do you really think Toyota would design cars that would be illegal and thus banned for sale in the US?Gadgeteer
Popping hood is really nice idea, if it works like an airbag ( pops up and after the hit it slowly moves back in the place ) it should work really nice. Maybe make the hood out of \"plastic\" or some other material that is softer than steel and it would be like a diving in to the bed ;-)František Okáník


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Necker Nymph: underwater flying becomes Virgin territory
The Necker Nymph submersible
Aboard the Necker Belle
Turtle beach at Necker Island
Specifications of DeepFlight Merlin
The submersible has been designed to operate from the105ft Necker Belle
The Necker Belle
Article Summary
It seems that Sir Richard Branson's quest to conquer unexplored frontiers isn't limited to space tourism.The Virgin boss's latest acquisition is a DeepFlight three-person aero submarine that "flies" through the briny deep using the positive buoyancy system developed by Graham Hawkes. Christened Necker Nymph, the flying sub will find a home on Branson's 74 acre private island in the British Virgin Islands where it will launch from shore as well as operating from the luxury 105 foot catamaran Necker Belle - just add a quiet US$25,000 to the weekly hire price tag.
« Back to Necker Nymph: underwater flying becomes Virgin territory
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An educational film from Chevrolet explains what it took to make an accurate map.
Not easy to convert, some cities still manage to find new ways to bring life to their abandoned grain elevators.
An Atlanta-based telecommunications professional creates stunning design pieces using only her phone.
Despite being home to a world famous tourist attraction, Niagara Falls, New York, is in danger of no longer being considered a city.
Long hidden in the suburbs, a world-famous art collection gets a new home in downtown Philadelphia.
On his 145th birthday, a look back at Wright's legacy.
It's surely just as well.
Photographs from the 1940s of the Steel City as it began to address its notoriously smoky air.
When designed the right way, a BRT line can be a smart alternative to more expensive modes of public transit.
A local journalist offers a strange diatribe against D.C.'s bikeshare program.
Photos of the Monaco Grand Prix, a race that turned the city's streets into a driver's playground.
Once seen as a civic gem, demand for a permanently enclosed stadium has dwindled.
A Toronto photographer tracked the same addresses over four decades to tell his city's changing story.
An interview with architect Christian Unverzagt of M1/DTW, who uses Detroit's history and resources to create better designs.
The Skytree debuts in Tokyo.
In northern Italy, a 6.0 magnitude earthquake makes a mess of Renaissance-era structures.
Closed since World War II, Saint-Martin's platform is currently being used to promote the new film.
A dance initiative that encourages fitness and international connections.
The 65th annual Cannes Film Festival is now underway.


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The Cat In The Hat Knows a Lot About Christmas!
Join us to watch the movie "Cat In The Hat Knows a Lot About Christmas!" You'll be able to enjoy a visit by the "Cat" himself, a photo booth & holiday activities! Bring your best cat costume. Please make sure to RSVP. See you there! more »
LISTEN: Could small Adirondack movie theaters be forced to close their doors?
Small independently owned movie houses may soon be forced to close their doors because of a new costly technology they'll have to have to stay in business. Our Adirondack corespondent Jack LaDuke has the story. more »
Sep 25, 2012 4:46 PM News


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The brand new official Dominic San Juan Mobile App is now available! Stream our music, see pictures, check out our bio, and share it all with your friends. Stay connected for the latest updates from Dominic San Juan on your mobile device with our free Mobile App.
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Welcome to WeHateToWaste
We're a global community of green moms and 'Green Team' leaders, policymakers, and town leaders, business leaders and thought leaders. We come from a broad range of cultures, each with unique approaches to stretching resources and living efficiently and living better.
We All Know We Will Get to a Waste-Free World Faster If We Share
WeHateToWaste provides a forum for sharing ideas about the best new ways to get rid of waste, sharing experiences about our own personal and professional waste journeys, and sharing information about exciting new products, initiatives, policies and programs and the people behind them. We know that all of us is better than some of us in finding the most innovative and productive ways to reduce resources and prevent waste, which is why we want to hear your stories and ideas.
We Believe That Creating a Waste-Free World is Possible and Worth Working Towards
It's the millions of little (and sometimes big) things that millions of people do every day that add up to make a big difference. It's about adopting a no-waste mindset. A mindset with 7 seven facets. It's the lens through which we guide our lives, and the organizing principle for WeHateToWaste. Learn more about the No-Waste Mindset HERE.
Take Your Waste Game to the Next Level!
You're already (or can become) the go-to person in your community for finding all the creative ways to cut down on wasteful purchases, unnecessary use of water, food, energy and clothing. You're the leader at work who volunteers to rally colleagues to watch the water, recycle and compost and carpool or bike to work. Here's a chance to to network with others to learn many more things that you can do at home, at work and on the go cut down on waste and learn positive strategies for influencing others. Learn more about how to get involved HERE.
It's easy, fun and it's free. Thanks for joining us. We're glad to have you in our growing community.


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Date: 02/26/2012
Time: 5:00 PM - 7:00 PM
Location: Lloyd Ultan Recital Hall - Ferguson Hall
Cost: Free
Senior Recital for the School of Music.
Repertoire or Works By: "Piano Sonata K. 333 Bb Major - Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Nocturne Op. 32 #1 - Frederic Chopin, Polonaise Op. 40 #1 - Frederic Chopin, Clair de Lune - Claude Debussy, Prelude The Girl With The Flaxen Hair - Claude Debussy, Impromptu Op. 90 #2 - Franz Schubert
Four handicapped parking spaces, located on the Ted Mann Concert Hall circular driveway, are available on a first come, first served basis one hour before event start time and ending one half hour after event ends. Ted Mann Concert Hall's convenient circular driveway allows patrons easy pick-up and drop-off access to the building.
Reservation Information:
This event is free and open to the public. Tickets and reservations not required. Seats are available on a first-come, first-seated basis.
Disability Options:
To request disability accommodations, please contact Lisa Marshall, School of Music, 612/626-1094 or email@example.com.


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International Studies Courses
international studies program
Courses from many departments are available to International Studies students. Because some of these courses have prerequisites and not all courses are offered every year, students are advised to carefully plan their program of study.
Approved elective courses for IS Majors
Fall semester (2015) courses are in bold.
Approved Foundation and Thematic courses for the Minor
Fall semester (2015) courses are in bold.
Please note: To view Adobe Acrobat® (PDF) formatted files you will need the free Adobe Acrobat file reader.


text: on Apr 5, 2013 @ 4:46 PMApr 5, 2013 @ 4:46 PM PublishedGreenpeace, partners to test Senate aspirants' greenness Environment watchdog Greenpeace Southeast Asia plans spearheading this month a forum aimed at scrutinizing 2013 senatorial candidates' respective platforms to see if these are truly green.Greenpeace campaigner Francis Joseph dela Cruz noted such scrutiny is due to promote public discourse and action on better protecting the environment which is increasingly facing climate change and other threats."We'll test the candidates to see if they're green," he said. Greenpeace targets making the forum one highlight of the Philippines' celebration of Earth Day this year.Earth Day is an international event which aims to promote environmental protection worldwide.The planned forum will be aligned with the Green Electoral Initiative (GEI) survey Greenpeace, Ecowaste Coalition and Global Alliance for Incinerator Alternatives earlier decided mounting for all senatorial candidates this year.Such survey will cover the candidates' respective personal and party positions on several key environmental questions, dela Cruz said.He said their answers to the survey will be shown in a matrix for a panel of experts to analyze. "We want answers that are actionable after elections," he noted. Conducting the forum will help validate the candidates' survey answers, he noted.Greenpeace and its partners will present the GEI survey results before this year's mid-term polls to help guide voters accordingly. "We won't endorse candidates but want to analyze their stand on environmental concerns," dela Cruz said.Aside from promoting discussions on improving environmental protection nationwide, the survey aims to assess the candidates' support for the legislative agenda GEI proponents earlier set to help address environmental issues.Among such issues are mining, budget appropriation for implementation of Republic Act 9003 (Ecological Solid Waste Management Act) as well as enacting national laws on banning plastics, promoting energy efficiency and eliminating toxics in consumer products.The agenda also calls for instituting a public right to know policy on pollution."Companies at present aren't obligated to disclose what's in their warehouses but we're supposed to know that so appropriate measures against pollution and disasters arising from this can be developed," dela Cruz said.The Basel Ban Amendment's ratification is likewise on the GEI agenda."Waste from other countries enter the Philippines since our country isn't yet a party to this treaty," dela Cruz noted.Under the Amendment, which several countries already accepted, export of hazardous waste from developed to developing countries is prohibited.Dela Cruz said GEI proponents earlier decided focusing on senatorial candidates for practicality, noting it's impossible to cover the over 18,000 national and local candidates who are running in this year's polls."The Senate is also a law-making body and is in charge of ratifying international treaties of the Philippines," he added.Commission on Elections already announced a total of 33 candidates are seeking election to the Senate this year.


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About Schools in Centertown, MO
Contact a Coldwell Banker® real estate agent to learn more about the schools and school districts in Centertown, MO.FIND AN AGENT
Centertown, Missouri is located in Cole County. Nearby cities and towns include St. Martins, Lohman, Russellville, Hartsburg, California, Jamestown, Jefferson City, Clarksburg, Ashland, Wardsville, Olean, Lupus, Holts Summit, Prairie Home, Lake Mykee Town, Pierpont, McBaine, New Bloomfield, Taos, St. Thomas, Tipton, Eldon, Huntsdale, Wooldridge, Barnett, Columbia, Bunceton, and Meta. Centertown is a rural community with a population of 286. The median household income is $51,070. In Centertown, 58% of residents are married, and families with children reside in 35% of the households. Half the population of Centertown commutes 21 minutes or less to work, with 48% of residents holding white collar jobs and 52% residents holding blue collar jobs. The median age of homes in Centertown, MO is 25 years, with 79% of those homes owned, 11% rented, and 10% not occupied.
Contact a Coldwell Banker® real estate agent to learn more about the schools and school districts in Centertown, MO.FIND AN AGENT
See if your personality and goals are right for real estate.SEE ALL REAL ESTATE CAREERS
Community information and market data Powered by Onboard Informatics. Copyright ©2015 Onboard Informatics. Information is deemed reliable but not guaranteed.
This information is provided for general informational purposes only and should not be relied on in making any home-buying decisions. School information does not guarantee enrollment. Contact a local real estate professional or the school district(s) for current information on schools. This information is not intended for use in determining a person's eligibility to attend a school or to use or benefit from other city, town or local services.


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Modern Land Law (Paperback)
|Author: Edward Jenks
Learn more about Modern Land Law:
Format: Paperback
Publisher: General Books
Sku: 215755138
Publish Date: 4/28/2010
Pages: 346
Age Range: NA
See more in General
|The book has no illustrations or index. It may have numerous typos or missing text. However, purchasers can download a free scanned copy of the original rare book from the publisher''s website (GeneralBooksClub.com). You can also preview excerpts of the book there. Purchasers are also entitled to a free trial membership in the General Books Club where they can select from more than a million books without charge. Original Publisher: Oxford: Clarendon Press; London; New York: H. Frowde; Publication date: 1899; Subjects: Real property; Land tenure; Law / Land Use; Law / Real Estate;


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Corporate polluters are taking aim this year at states with renewable energy laws, starting with an attack on North Carolina's clean energy economy by a corporate front group ...On January 15, 2013 / By Connor Gibson
Written by Monica Embry, Greenpeace field organizer in Charlotte, NC. Yesterday, members of Greenpeace, Energy Action Coalition, and other groups sent a message loud and clear to Duke ...On September 6, 2012 / By Connor Gibson
Today, Greenpeace and the Coalition to March on Wall Street South sent a letter to Rep. Debbie Wasserman Schultz, chair of the Democratic National Committee, highlighting the DNC's ...On August 16, 2012 / By Connor Gibson
Greenpeace is an independent organization that does not take money from corporations or government. We rely on individual donations from people just like you.Donate


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Lee Judge breaks down the Royals, game by game.
Read more
Friday night the Royals beat the Cardinals 5-0. Kendrys Morales went 3 for 4, raised his average over .300, hit two home runs and had five RBIs. There were 37,379 people in attendance and the ones that were wearing blue roared their approval. Which made me wonder: 41 games into the 2015 season, signing Kendrys Morales seems like a pretty smart move—but what were people saying at the time the deal was made?
Friday night, the Royals start a three-game series against the St. Louis Cardinals. The Cards are 27-14 and lead their division; the Royals are 26-14 and lead theirs. It's hard to sweep a team this good and, yes, I could be talking about either team.
Recently a reader sent me an email asking some questions and I figured I'd try to answer them here on the website. If you have a question you think I can answer — and yeah, I did tee that one up for anyone who wants to be snarky — email it to me and maybe it'll wind up as part of a column. So here we go…
This season Mike Moustakas is taking what the pitcher and defense give him; if it's a pitch that allows a single to the opposite field, Mike is taking the single to the opposite field. But when he gets that home run pitch — a hung curve or a flat slider or a fastball that doesn't quite make it to the inside corner — Mike still feels like he can turn on it and get his home runs.
If a catcher is handling a pitcher without great stuff — straight 4-seam fastballs and big, looping curves — that catcher will tend to look better than a catcher who is handling a pitcher with "nasty-nasty" stuff. If a pitcher has a nasty slider, a splitter that dives in the dirt or a sinker with great action on it, the catcher is going to tend to look worse as he fights to receive that pitch and keep the ball in front of him.
Fans and the media tend to think big — who won, who hit a home run, what was the final score — but to understand how the game is played you have to think small: why did Luke Hochevar throw Carlos Corporan a 2-2 cutter on the outside corner?
Last season, the Royals stole 153 bases. This season, after 36 games, they have stolen 23. So why haven't the Royals been running as much? When you lead the league in steals, people take notice and do what they have to do stop you.
According to legend, New York Yankees first baseman Wally Pipp took a day off because he had a headache. His replacement was a kid named Lou Gehrig. 2,130 games later Gehrig was headed for immortality and the Hall of Fame. Old school ballplayers learned a lesson: stay out of the trainer's room and do not take a day off if you don't have to. The kid they replace you with might be the next Lou Gehrig.
No, it's not the hair, but that's an excellent guess — if I found out Eric had a team of barbers on 24-hour call to keep that 'do perfect, I would not be surprised. In terms of playing baseball, what makes Eric Hosmer special is opposite-field power.
Major League Baseball has a new security plan to further safeguard baseballs: an MLB representative watches them get carried from the umpires' room to the field. Good job guys, because that's not when it happens. If someone is going to doctor a baseball, generally speaking, it happens on the field, right in front of the umpires and fans.
After the game Gordon said he was looking for "that one pitch to hit" and that one pitch was a fastball. This is why hitters need to study scouting reports or at least listen to someone who has. The Royals held a pregame hitters meeting and Texas reliever Stolmy Pimentel was mentioned. The gist of the information? Pimentel likes his fastball and he throws it a lot.
A quality start — a start in which the pitcher throws a minimum of six innings and allows a maximum of three earned runs — is a quick way to figure out if the starting pitcher gave his team a decent chance to win. The Kansas City Royals have 12 quality starts; only three teams in the big leagues have fewer.
Let's say you're a team dependent on walks and home runs; that might be a great strategy over the course of a 162-game season, but once you get to October and the pitching gets better, you have to play the game you're in that night. And if you have two pitchers throwing well, you better know how to manufacture what you need.
Second-guessing the manager is a popular activity and that's part of the fun of baseball: why did he do that, he should have done this. We can argue endlessly about what might have happened had the manager made a different decision — and we do. But since we don't have all the information a manager has, it's difficult to know what his true options are.
Friday night the Tigers beat the Royals after Yohan Pino came into a tie game to pitch the ninth inning; Pino gave up a double to Anthony Gose and after Ian Kinsler bunted, Yohan picked up the ball and launched it into foul territory. Gose scored on Pino's error and the Tigers walked off with a 6-5 victory. So with the game tied in the ninth inning, why not use closer Greg Holland?
But if there were, you might have heard an ovation for Luke Hochevar. Star beat reporter Andy McCullough says it's been 585 days since Luke stood on a big league mound in a big league game. I trust that number because Andy wears those horn-rimmed hipster glasses and they automatically make you better at math. Plus, 585 days sounds about right.
In the top of the first inning of Wednesday night's game, Royals center fielder Lorenzo Cain threw Cleveland's Jason Kipnis out at home plate; the throw was described as "perfect." Well, not quite.
In Tuesday night's game against the Cleveland Indians with the score 4-3, Eric Hosmer tripled in the bottom of the eighth inning. His triple scored Alex Gordon from first base and provided the Royals with an "insurance run." And being up two runs instead of one is huge.
There are a million unwritten rules in baseball. (OK, I actually don't know how many unwritten rules there are because they're unwritten — but a million sounded good, didn't it?) Here are a couple of those rules and how I almost got smoked by a bad throw.
Judging the Royals is an inside look at baseball and the Kansas City Royals. Lee Judge watches every game, talks to the players and brings their point of view back to the fans.


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Flu Shots Available Saturday, October 18 at the Eastern Shore Asthma Walk
in Salisbury
BALTIMORE, Oct. 14 /PRNewswire/ -- Just in time for flu season, Passport Health, the nation's largest provider of travel medical services and vaccinations, will offer flu shots Saturday, October 18 at the Eastern Shore Asthma Walk held by the American Lung Association of Maryland. Passport Health will offer flu shots from 9 a.m. to 12 p.m. at the event in Salisbury, Md., at the Salisbury City Park/Zoo on North Park Drive at Pavillion.
Passport Health will donate a portion of the proceeds from each shot to the American Lung Association of Maryland. Shots, which are $30 each, can be paid for with cash or check. The Eastern Shore Asthma Walk raises money for the American Lung Association of Maryland to fight asthma and lung disease in all its forms through education, research and advocacy.
Those who cannot make it to the Asthma Walk can go online to buy a coupon for a flu shot redeemable at of the 165 Passport Health locations throughout the country and a portion of the proceeds will be donated. "The donor receives something useful -- a flu shot -- while a portion of the proceeds go directly to the American Lung Association," said Fran Lessans, CEO of Passport Health.
Vaccination is a safe and effective way to prevent influenza and its complications. The CDC recommends flu shots for children 6 months to 18 years of age; adults over 50 years of age; pregnant women; anyone with chronic health conditions, such as asthma, COPD, heart disease, and diabetes; the immunocompromised and those who care for them. Influenza, along with its complications, is a serious respiratory illness. On average, 36,000 Americans die and about 226,000 people are hospitalized each year due to the flu.
"Despite serious health risks associated with influenza, many people
who are at high risk of contracting the flu are not getting immunized,
|SOURCE Passport Health
Copyright©2008 PR Newswire.
All rights reserved


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Originally Posted by dfsI don't know what to say about this other than to say watching Jason LaRue behind the plate is almost as bad as watching WMP and Dunn in the outfield. Well, now that I think about it, yes, it is worse. There is hope that WMP will settle down and Dunn's problems certainly seemed to be attention related.
What I see when I watch Jason LaRue catch....
Jason LaRue doesn't set a target for his pitchers.
Jason LaRue doesn't frame the pitches well for the umpire.
Jason LaRue doesn't manage his pitchers on the field.
Jason LaRue doesn't throw particularly well anymore.
Jason LaRue waves his mit at anything in the dirt and the official scorer at GAB calls it a wild pitch. I swear I've seen balls bounce off Jason's chest protector called a wild pitch.
Watch for it and you'll see the same stuff. None of it is new. It's been going on since he came up. It seems impossible to me that 4 consecutive former catchers have managed Jason and nobody says boo about it. All that stuff looks small, but set it in the context of a team that can't get anybody out with K's or with the glove, and it looms huge.
Jason LaRue at the plate is an asset. He can hit for a catcher just fine, but Jason LaRue with the leather is part of the ongoing defensive/pitching problems that kill this roster as a major league team.
Jason LaRue is most certainly not under-rated.
sorry about that....back to your regularly scheduled web-board.
Yeah, I couldn't disagree with that post more.


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SHADY OAKS, TEXAS. Shady Oaks is a rural residential community located at the intersection of Farm roads 59 and 753 about six miles southwest of Athens in southwestern Henderson County. The town probably began in the 1960s. No population figures were available until 2000 when the community reported 100 residents. At that time Shady Oaks had a grocery store, volunteer fire department, and homes.
The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article.Laurie E. Jasinski, "SHADY OAKS, TX," Handbook of Texas Online (http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hlsac), accessed May 24, 2015. Uploaded on June 15, 2010. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.