text: 99410 S Baecher Lane Elberta, Elberta, AL 36530 Status: Off Market MLS#: 187149 Contact Email this listing Share on Pinterest Share on Google+ Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Calculate Mortgage Print Flyer Get Directions Request a Showing Off Market 99410 Baecher Lane Elberta, AL 36530 is no longer on the market or has been removed from the MLS. Similar to 99410 Baecher Lane : Ask an Agent About 99410 Baecher Lane * Required fields Send Your Question × Monthly Payment Estimator Price: Down Payment: % Loan Amount: Loan Type: 30 Year Fixed 15 Year Fixed 5/1 ARM Interest Rate: % Est. Tax & Insurance: % ($/mo.) Est. Monthly Payment: $478 per month × Email a Listing 99410 Baecher Lane, Elberta AL, 36530 From: Name: Email: To: Name: Email: Subject: Message: Take a look at this property I found on GulfShoresAlabamaHomes.com: http://www.gulfshoresalabamahomes.com/homes/99410-S-Baecher-Lane/Elberta/AL/36530/22566393/ Send a copy of this message to me Send Email

subset: commoncrawl


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Weapons Stop Firing
I'm still attempting to track down solid repro steps on this. I'm spinning the topic off into a new thread because it became obvious that Confuse effects (while originally the most likely culprit) have turned out to not be the true and only cause of this.
I have a few questions for anyone that has experienced this. Please think carefully about the answers and only answer if you are certain it is the truth. Good information will help lead to a solution to this problem.
1) Did you experience this as a Fed or KDF (or both)?
2) Which ship were you flying at the time?
3) Were you on a PvP map? If no, were you on a queue'd map of some other kind? If yes, has anyone experienced this outside of PvP?
4) If in PvP, which faction were you engaged against at the time? (FvF, FvK, KvK)
5) Did it affect all weapons? If no, which were left active?
6) When you were affected by this, did any of your other abilities stop working? If so, which ones?
7) Did you notice any other active UI elements at the time of shutdown that normally are not active? (e.g., the Need/Greed Loot window, or accidentally hit ESC to bring up options, etc)
8) If you managed to fix the issue, what was your solution? (I've heard dying and relogging, but does changing instances work? How about turning the UI off and on again with Alt-F12?)
Thanks, in advance, for your help in tracking this down!
1) Fed
2) Recon
3) PvP - Salvage Operation
4) FvF
5) Only all three aft phaser beam arrays
6) Only these weapons
7) Not as far as I remember
8) Solution was to let the enemy destroy me
1: Both
2: Recon, Assault Cruiser, Vorcha Refit, MVAM, AE.
3: I have never noticed it outside of pvp maps. Admittedly the only pve I do is the Fleet stuff now, with the odd STF hoping I get a purple drop.
4: It seems about even. FvF and FvK. I even had it happen in a KvK on all maps.
5: I have had it happen to 1 weapon (most commonly was my torps.. and this has been an issue since at least Season 4 that I can remember), but I have had it happen to all of them but 1 or 2. The number of unusable weapons seems to very from occasion to occasion, but most commonly if it happens to more than 1 weapon it happens to all of my forward weapons.
6: My bridge officer abilities occasionally go white boxed. Things like EPTS, TSS, Tac teams. No stuns, or disables necessary. Much more commonly however is having a bridge officer ability fired off, and all you get for your trouble is an expired cool down with no ability activation, or it will kick itself into linked cool down and still not give you the use of the ability. The only things I have not had it do this with are my Captain Abilities. The two issues, at least on the surface do not appear to be related, as they do not happen together very often. (thankfully, at least for us players.. probably something that is going to make it a nightmare for you guys)
7: It does not seem at least for me, any more prevalent in one instance or another. I have had it happen with extra windows up or not.
8: Dying, and relogging seems to be the best bet. Never tried turning off the UI.
Let's be specific -- only include answers from events that happened AFTER Season 6 launched. I'm aware that this may have been happening prior, but the circumstances that caused those previous outages may have differed from current code.
Focus your experiences to the past 2 weeks.
I wouldn't have mentioned stuff like expiring boff CDs with no ability granted, if it were not happening now.
In the last 2 weeks I have had all of the above happen at least on 3 distinctly different occasions. On all of those ships, in all of those matches, and all of those maps. I don't know how to consistently reproduce it yet, since it seems like after going over my combat footage, that there's alot of different things going on, in each video. I did manage to have it happen right after Jesse Logged and I did catch it on camera. I'll comb over the footage frame by frame and see if I can isolate it or not.
Also @Thissler had it happen to him as well. We were farting around with @Sivar in the same match Jesse had left, to go work on things.
well im in a no win for fleet advent, as i used my extends i got hit with psw. after that i could not use my extends. the power is greyed out. so i assume its when use using something and a power interrupts it.
this was fed sci oddy
1. Fed
2. Armitage
3. Not a pvp map, I was in Starbase Defense (against Gorn NPCs)
5. Not all weapons, just my two forward facing DBBs. Forward torp and Quad cannons were unaffected. Aft weapons were unaffected as well.
6. Not sure about all of my abilities, but I was able to use my shield and hull heals
7. Did not notice any
8. The problem fixed itself after dying and respawning
Same here, to add occasionally happens in starbase defense and freighter escort PvE maps as well, and effects only forward weapons.
Also have similiar problem in 'the Vault' event but I've noticed at the time weapons cease firing is when target lock appears to 'unlock' or targets nothing at all.
1 Federation
2 Patrol Escort
3 No not a PVP map, Yes PVE map-Federation Fleet Alert, No-Win
5 All weapons were locked
6 all powers still worked
7 no
8 deselect target, fly away out of combat range of all hostiles, smash space bar repededly while a energy weapons power was active.
While this has happened to me while i was mostly fighting the KDF npc i was not hit with the disable weapons power some of the NPC have. I have popped an engi team while i was unable to attack, a weapon battery, and red matter. My weapons power was not at zero it was well over 75% i could still move and turn. I thought it was that power but when i fought the Romulins in No-Win several instances my weapons would stop firing with me at most 8km away from the nearest target while running cannons and cannon powers.
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All Stories
North Clayton retires former player's jersey
Kyle Love was once asked by his college coach Sylvester Croom why he wasn't heavily recruited during his high school career.
MAHONE: Beloved friend, mentor passes
It was "Career Day" in 1978 at my elementary school.
Clayton Extension Office offering free parental services
Officials with the Clayton County Extension office in Jonesboro have made it a priority to assist teen parents raising their infant children. On Thursday evening, at First Presbyterian Baptist Church in Jonesboro, 14 teen parents attended a "Pamper Party" where they were introduced to a program called "Parents as Teachers."
Waites working to make over District 60
State Rep. Keisha Waites (D-Atlanta) is about to take a page from the canceled television show, "Extreme Makeover: Home Edition," in an effort to revitalize abandoned properties in her legislative district.
Three teens earn Eagle Scout status
Matthew Cannon, 18, Ryan Lynch, 17, and Josh Grossnickle, 17, will be honored Saturday during an Eagle Court of Honor at Jonesboro's St. Philip Benizi Catholic Church, where the troop meets.


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Holiday Festival Gingerbread House Contest Will Have A Theme This YearWednesday, October 30, 2013
House Tours On Hiatus, Trolley Tours Added For 28th Annual Holiday FestivalThursday, October 17, 2013
NYFS Expanding To Meet The Needs Of The CommunityTuesday, August 27, 2013
Anyone unfamiliar with Newtown Youth & Family Services may have found themselves wondering what NYFS is. What does NYFS do for Newtown and area residents?
Answering these questions is easier than you think. Newtown Youth & Family Services, Inc. (NYFS) is a licensed, non-profit, mental health clinic and youth services bureau, that has been dedicated to helping children and families achieve their highest potential for almost 30 years.
NYFS Annual Meeting Honored Volunteers, OthersSunday, June 30, 2013
Representatives of Cos Cob's Kids in Crisis stood with Newtown Youth & Family Services (NYFS) Executive Director Candice Bohr, second from left, during NYFS's Annual Meeting, held on Monday, June 24. Kids in Crisis earned NYFS's H.D. Bassett Award.
Time To Find Newtown's Outstanding YouthTuesday, May 28, 2013
Newtown Youth & Family Service is looking for one youth in Newtown to be awarded an Outstanding Youth Award during NYFS's 2013 Annual Meeting.
NYFS annually recognizes a youth who has shown exemplary leadership skills as well as being a good role model for his or her peers. This youth should be community oriented, and demonstrate good character.
Gestures Of Kindness, Part Nine— Residents Continue To Receive Love, Provide Inspiration To OthersMonday, May 13, 2013
A two-day food drive at Six Flags New England conducted over the two-day 2013 season opening weekend filled more than two trucks with donations for Newtown Food Pantry. It was one of countless gestures of kindness that continue to be done for the residents of Newtown since 12/14.
Orange County Choppers To Fundraise For NYFSThursday, April 11, 2013
NEWBURGH, N.Y. — The world's most famous roommate turned DJ — DJ Pauly D — will be behind the turntables at Orange County Choppers Café on Friday, May 10. This charity event will benefit Newtown Youth & Family Services. At the end of the night, Paul Teutul, Sr, founder of Orange County Choppers, will present DJ Pauly D with a fully customized OCC motorcycle.
Doors open at 9 pm. Tickets are $50 general admission and $125 for a meet and greet with DJ Pauly D and Mr Teutul.
American Red Cross First Aid ClassTuesday, March 12, 2013
American Red Cross First Aid Class, 6-8 pm, Newtown Youth & Family Services, 15 Berkshire Road,$55 (or $100 if combined with March 18 CPR class), class will cover sudden illnesses, bleeding, burning, diabetes & environmental emergencies, certification good for 2 years, registration requested; 203-270-4335.
Newtown Youth & Family Services To Offer 'Safety Town'Thursday, March 7, 2013
Newtown Youth & Family Services is planning to offer a program called "Safety Town" for two sessions in July. The program will give children about to enter kindergarten the chance to learn about safety in a town environment, to scale.
NYFS Community Coordinator Kaitlyn Johnson said the organization is currently looking for local builders to design small buildings that could be replicas of buildings in town, if local companies or individuals sponsor the construction of the buildings.
NYFS Seeking Volunteers For Independent Living Day 2013Tuesday, March 5, 2013
An annual event for Newtown Youth & Family Services (NYFS), Independent Living Day allows low- to moderate-income seniors and disabled residents to remain in their homes independently for longer periods of time by receiving assistance with basic home upkeep, free of charge. Additionally, NYFS provides the seniors with a link to the outside community making them feel welcomed and cared for as part of the larger community.
Independent Living Day 2013 will be Saturday, April 27, and NYFS is looking for volunteers to help.


text: Clinical Trials Search Results Initial search results include only NCI-sponsored clinical trials. To search all trials, click the "REFINE SEARCH" button, scroll down to the Trial ID/Sponsor section and select the "All" check box in the Sponsor of Trial section. View Content for: Patients Health Professionals Display: Title Description with: Locations Eligibility Full Trial Description Custom ? Hide Search Criteria Show Search Criteria Drug: PI3K inhibitor BGT226Find trials that include: Any drugs shownTrial Status: Closed Results 1-2 of 2 for your search: Start Over Select All on Page Sort by: Phase of Trial Title Type of Trial Status of Trial Age Range Sponsor of Trial Protocol IDs Show 10 25 50 100 200 Results per Page 1. A Phase I/II Study of BGT226 in Adult Patients With Advanced Solid Malignancies Including Patients With Advanced Breast Cancer Phase: Phase II, Phase IType: TreatmentStatus: CompletedAge: 18 and overSponsor: Pharmaceutical / IndustryProtocol IDs: CBGT226A2101, NCT00600275 2. Phase I Study to Determine the Maximum Tolerate Dose (MTD) of BGT226 in Advanced Solid Tumors in Japan Phase: Phase IType: TreatmentStatus: CompletedAge: 20 and overSponsor: Pharmaceutical / IndustryProtocol IDs: CBGT226A1101, NCT00742105 Select All on Page Start Over


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"From the old country to the new." Top 5 Page for this destination Province of Nova Scotia by scottishvisitor
Province of Nova Scotia Travel Guide: 2,346 reviews and 6,545 photos
A fantastic Province lots to see. The weather was marvellous, senic drives - simply stunning. Friendly people .
Ah wait a minute.....They moved Scotland!
Inverness? New Glasgow? Iona?
Dundee? Even came across Aberdeen!
Seriously though..........had a great time.....forgot to buy a Nova Scotia Flag and my Mayflower candle has long been extinguished.
Ah well "Haste me Back"
Let's go to Inverness .. No not up the A9 but on the Ceildh Trail!
Nice little place - when I say little I mean TINY.
Lovely beach - great boardwalk ... goes on for ages!
Great little gift shop called the "Bear Paw" free Gaelic lessons!
Sadly .. no pink castle.... Scotland has enough anyway!
If I had all the time in the world I couldn't honestly begin to describe such awesome scenery.
My pictures do it no justice.. well I ask you "how can you take a picture without your eye wandering to the next shot!" Spot the mistake on the pic! Lovely weather for the time of year! Must have pressed the wrong button.........pay attention and stop looking at this wonderful place.
We only spent one day on the Cabot Trail and Cape Breton National Park...........have learnt by my mistake.........yet another reason to go back.
I have added the song Farewell to Nova Scotia in a YouTube link to the first tip in things to do
- Pros:Cape Breton simply stunning
- Cons:You might not want to leave!
- In a nutshell:CAPE BRETON SIMPLY HEAVEN
Reviews (33)
The Souwester Restaurant has a nautical feel as you would expect given its location at Peggy's Cove, people come here by... more travel advice
We stopped here on our way to Halifax airport after a visit to Peggy's Cove. Swissair flight 111 came down in the... more travel advice
Peggy's Cove is home to one of the world's famous lighthouses. The lighthouse is also a post office, where you can mail... more travel advice
If you are in Halifax around noon listen out for a loud bang. The Halifax Citadel is a National Historic Site & is still... more travel advice
Shopping (3)See All Free Gaelic lessons
Transportation (3)See All Hire a Car and drive the roads.
Nightlife (2)See All Maritime Music & Great Crepes
What to Pack (1)The Three Most Important things I like...
Warnings and Dangers (3)See All You may not want to leave!
Tourist Traps (1)Choose your location wisely
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Hotels (5)See All No Room at the Inn
Off The Beaten Path (1)Ingonish has a great beach
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Comments (68)
Great page
Great tips!
Please, I am moving to Cape Breton and I need to know the name of the natural plant based repellant, I hate to use chemicals on my body!!! thank you
Very nice Nova Scotia pages. I am hoping to head there in the spring, and your tips will help!
What a delightful page! Very interesting tips. I want to know if you were messing around w/ the guy in the plaid skirt at the Citadel? Loved the cabins..wonderful views..sweet seaside villages.
ha ha !! Sorry the black flies got ya. They aren't any nicer to the locals.. Glad you like Cape Breton...my birthplace.
We loved Ingonish as well. We were amazed how warm the water felt especially in comparison with further south in Nova Scotia near Kejimkujik adjunct where the water felt really freezing cold. Couldnt stay in for long there.
Hey there! We did relocate to "New Scotland" but we ended up in Fall River! So glad you are representing our new home province and we are so glad we moved! We hope all goes well with your travels and all the best from Nova Scotia!
I am so exited!! Leaving for our trip next week, and looking again at some VT pages. I wonder if I will like this place as much as the "real" Scotland....
I can see that the name of Nova Scotia is not only a name but that the province is a lively duplicate of Scotland except for the St Andrew's cross! The settlers must have missed a lot their former home! Even midges! Lunenburg is a real marvel!
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Montpellier hotels
Magnetic Montpellier
Rich history meets contemporary chic in Montpellier, a confident yet modest city in southern France. Seventeenth-century philosopher John Locke once said, 'I find it much better to go twice to Montpellier than once to the other world.' Of course, much of the 'other world' hadn't been discovered at the time Locke was waxing so lyrical, but his point remains. Because if you want style, culture, natural beauty and the wonderfully French joie de vivre from morning until long into the night, you want Montpellier.
Meander along the vast tree-lined esplanade and explore some history at the Place Royale du Peyrou, test your expertise in edibles with a fantastic tour through the world of food and foods of the world at Agropolis, or just while away the afternoon among the flowers in France's oldest botanical garden – Jardin des Plantes.
Montpellier's Top 10
10. Musée du Vieux Montpellier A delightful collection of Montpellier memorabilia from the Middle Ages to the French Revolution.
5. Musée de l'Histoire de Montpellier For a lively retelling of Montpellier's history, this museum is well worth a visit.
9. Hôtel de Varennes Medieval but made-over in the 18th century, the whimsical old-world feel is palpable.
4. Cathédrale St-Pierre Just opposite the botanic garden, this 15th century cathedral is a Montpellier icon.
8. Musée Atger Housesa charming collection of southern European drawings.
3. Palavas-les-Flots Take some time off and watch the vibrant flamingos idling around the lagoon.
7. Musée Languedocien Delve into Montpellier's past, and admire the 16th-19th century art.
2. Musée Fabre For an abundance of rich European artwork spanning over five centuries, this museum is a must!
6. Aquarium Mare Nostrum From polar waters to jungle rivers, this aquarium will immerse you with its 15 aquatic environments.
1. Serre Amazonienne This spectacular appendix to Montpellier's zoo houses all kinds of fantastic creatures from the Amazon rainforest.
Montpellier History
- La Tour de la Babotte – This tower has been used an observatory to study the eclipse of the sun.
- Château du Flaugergues – A grand 17th-century château, home to a collection of furnishings and artwork.
- Château de la Mogère – This château was renovated in the 18th century.
- Cathédrale St Pierre – A cathedral notable for its twin church towers.
- Arc de Triomphe – A much-loved Montpellier landmark.
Montpellier Art & Culture
- Antigone District – Here, tourists can find housing projects designed by the Spanish architect Ricardo Bofill.
- Le Musée d'Anatomie – Home to a rich collection of comparative anatomical exhibits.
- Musee Fabre – A museum housed in an old high school building.
- El Cuba Café – Learn salsa dancing here on Fridays.
- Musée Languedocien – Montpellier's Museum of Languedoc is home to an extensive collection of prehistoric artefacts.
Montpellier Shopping
- Rue Foch – An abundance of clothing stores can be found here.
- Polygone shopping centre – Home to a wide variety of stores.
- Montpellier flea market – Held every Sunday morning, this market sells brand-name clothing and assorted household goods.
- Sauramps bookstore – Located at the end of la Comedie, this independent bookstore offers a wide range of literature
- Gibert Joseph bookstore – Located at the Place de la Prefecture, this independent bookstore is a great alternative to the Sauramps bookstore.
Gay & Lesbian Montpellier
- Lesbian et Gay Pride – A lesbian and gay pride festival held every year at the end of May and start of June.
- La Villa Rouge – A well-known gay clubbing destination.
- Speedboat Gay Tour – A gay boat tour, which takes guests to Espiguette Beach.
- Les Jardins de la Source – A gay wellness centre in the heart of Montpellier.
- Plage des Aresquiers – A popular, gay-friendly beach ideal for sunbathing and mixing with tourists and locals alike.
Montpellier Outdoor
- Les Jardin des Plantes (Botanical Garden) – The ideal destination to explore Montpellier's rich variety of plant species.
- Montpellier Zoo – This zoo features an outdoor area with lions and bears.
- The Festival de Radio France et Montpellier – An outdoor festival of opera and music.
- Bois de Montmaur – This park offers adequate space to roam and is home to picnic areas and children's playgrounds.
- Domaine de Grammont – This 90-acre park is situated within the estate of a château. It is home to botanical greenhouses, a vast horse-riding centre, modern sports facilities, a beautiful bird park and more.
Montpellier Sport
- See the Montpellier HSC play association football at the Stade de la Mosson.
- Watch the Montpellier Hérault RC play rugby union at the Stade Yves du Manoir.
- Catch the Montpellier Red Devils rugby league team at the Stade Sabathé.
- Check out the skills of the Montpellier Agglomération handball team.
- Wrap up warm and see the Montpellier Vipers ice hockey team play at the Patinoire de l'Agglomération de Montpellier.
Montpellier's Events
For an exploration of religious cinema that will have you praying for more, head to the Festival Chrétien du Cinema every January.
If you are lucky enough to be in town every second February, revel in the delights of a multitude of Mediterranean wines at the VINISUD event.
For the biggest adrenaline rush in all of Europe, hit the International Extreme Sports Festival in May.
For some highbrow French culture, slide on your ballet slippers and pirouette over to the Montpellier Dance Festival in June.
For an explosion of Montpellier's vivid culture, make sure you're in town for the annual Quartiers Libres Festival in October.
When To Go
- For pleasant weather for lying on the beach to smelling the roses, a Montpellier spring is divine.
- For the best time for sunshine and swimming, summertime in Montpellier is perfection, with average highs of 29ºC (84ºF).
- Most of the year in Montpellier is quite mild, and it's perfectly enjoyable in winter for al fresco dining, or coffee under the sun.
Getting Around
There is a beautiful and extensive network of bike tracks around Montpellier, and hiring a bicycle is a fantastic and unique way to see the sights.
Montpelier's bus system is comprehensive and relatively inexpensive.
Montpellier is a quaint, compact city and taking a walk to see the sights will take less time than ordering a macchiato!
Attractions & Activities
Montpellier has a Mediterranean climate, with mild winters and hot summers.
- Winter (December to February) 3-13°C
- Spring (March to May) 6-23°C
- Summer (June to September) 16-30°C
- Fall (October to November) 6-21°C
HotelClub Blog
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- Paris hotels (954 hotels)
- Levallois Perret hotels (6 hotels)
- Nice hotels (99 hotels)
- Montrouge hotels (3 hotels)
- Marseille hotels (56 hotels)
- Cannes hotels (63 hotels)
- Clichy hotels (6 hotels)
- Lyon hotels (81 hotels)
- Bordeaux hotels (49 hotels)
- Serris hotels (2 hotels)
36 hotels in Montpellier, FR
1 Kyriad MONTPELLIER CENTRE - Antigone
890, avenue Jean Mermoz Map
Perfectly situated to enable you to mix business with pleasure under the Mediterranean sun, Kyriad MONTPELLIER CENTRE - Antigone offers you a warm welcome and is an ideal place to reside while in... More
2 Hôtel Mercure Montpellier Centre Antigone
285 bld de l'aéroport Map
Leisure travellers visiting Montpellier explore the area with ease by staying at Mercure Montpellier Antigone which offers comfortable accommodations positioned in the city centre of this city in... More
3 Campanile MONTPELLIER EST - Le Millenaire
1083 rue Henri Becquerel Map
Be it for business or leisure, travellers in this southern France city find fitting base at the comfortable and conveniently set accommodations of Campanile Montpellier Est - Le Millenaire. This... More
4 Hôtel Mercure Montpellier Centre Comédie
6 RUE DE LA SPIRALE Map
Mercure Montpellier Centre Comedie welcomes travellers to modern accommodations and convenient services set near a number of attractions in Montpellier. From the upscale hotel, vacationers can... More
5 Novotel Montpellier
125 bis Avenue de Palavas Map
Elegant and sophisticated in design, the Novotel Hotel Montpellier is complemented with a friendly and knowledgeable staff to make your stay a memorable one. GeneralThe hotel offers 13 conference... More
6 Courtyard by Marriott Montpellier
105 Place Georges Freche (Rue du Chelia) Map
Situated close to go-to Montpellier attractions, right in the city centre, Courtyard By Marriott Montpellier serves as a convenient starting point for vacationers looking to experience everything... More
7 Crowne Plaza MONTPELLIER - CORUM
190 RUE D'ARGENCOURT Map
Crowne Plaza Hotel Montpellier - Corum offers tastefully appointed accommodations with creative decors set close to Le Corum in the French town. Discerning guests at this centrally located... More
8 Pullman Montpellier Centre
1 rue des Pertuisanes Map
Presenting excellent standards of accommodation for business as well as leisure travellers, the Pullman Montpellier Hotel Antigone is an ideal place for a pleasant and tranquil stay. ... More
9 BEST WESTERN Hotel Le Guilhem
18 Rue Jean Jacques Rousseau Map
Discover the relaxing atmosphere and charm of a 16th century mansion, the rich historical heritage of the city and feel good at any one of the accommodation at the Best Western Hotel Le Guilhem... More
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NorwayGeographic group with 153 members, open to all members
Group that is open for everyone, but I would like to get as many Norwegians in here as possible. But everyone is welcome!
My hobby is the computer, for both gaming, watching anime and reading manga. When it comes to real life, I'm not that Social, I'm mostly inside, except when it comes to school or friends inviting me for something, I don't drink. I can be friendly with most people, I'm a calm person and I hate fighting with friends or anyone at all. I'm not smart, but I'm not that dumb either, I just need time to think, math isn't really my best subject, but I can do some. English is my favorite subject. Also, I really like to play mods for games like the Half-Life 1 and 2 series, and Crysis, and some other games. The only thing I can do myself is mapping, not good, but not bad, I might map a little blocky, although I like to make maps which are fun.
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Group that is open for everyone, but I would like to get as many Norwegians in here as possible. But everyone is welcome!
This is a group for all developers using the Unreal Developer's Kit. Open for all commercial, non-commercial and personal projects!


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24 Thanksgiving Dinner Recipes and Fall Craft Projects
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Autumn Leaves Frame
By: Beacon Adhesives
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Take a plain picture frame and turn it into an autumn leaves frame for a fun fall craft idea from Beacon Adhesives that doubles as home decor.
- 8" x 10" lucite frame
- Light tan handmade paper
- Green mulberry paper
- Two kinds of flower punches, large and medium
- Maple leaf paper punch, small
- Red, green, yellow & brown dimensional paints
- liquid laminate
- zip dry paper glue
- Scissors
- 1⁄2" wide, soft craft brush
- Tear tan paper and glue to front of frame leaving a 4" X 5" opening a little off center to right of frame. (Or experiment with a different placement.) Glue down with a few dots of ZIP DRY. Cover entire frame with LIQUID LAMINATE, following bottle directions. Let dry.
- Cut small strips of green paper for leaves and grass. Glue as in photo using ZIP DRY. Add dots of red paint here and there and let dry.
- Punch out small flowers from pink flower photo paper and glue in branches over leaves. Add dots of yellow paint to centers. Add lines of light green paint for grass randomly around base of flowers.
- Glue twigs to side of frame, extending over opening. Let completely dry before moving.
- Punch out large flower from yellow photo paper and glue onto base of "trees" and frame and then add brown paint to the center of each flower.
- Punch out maple shape leaves and glue to branches and paper.
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2012-07-10 15:08:00
Power 96.5Fr
Frank Ocean has had a newsworthy couple of weeks and last night was a monumental night in his career. His album, Channel ORANGE, was scheduled to be released on July 17th but he surprised his fans by deciding to release the album late last night, a week before the original date. Not only that, he made his debut national TV appearance on Late Night With Jimmy Fallon and performed one of the records from the album "Bad Religion" with a little help from The Roots and a New York orchestra. The album is on iTunes now, but you can also get a physical copy of the album, Channel ORANGE, next week on the 17th.
1. Omarion - Post To Be f/ Chris Brown& Jhene Aiko
2. Fetty Wap - Trap Queen
3. Big Sean - Blessings f/ Drake & Kanye West
4. Trey Songz - Slow Motion
5. Ciara - I Bet
6. Kanye West - All Day
7. Natalie La Rose - Somebody f/ Jeremih
8. Future - Commas
9. Wale - The Matrimony f/ Usher
10. Chedda Da Connect - Flicka Da Wrist
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Memories Still Golden for Howard
|12.01.08 at 11:39 pm ET
Dwight Howard isn't living in the past. He just isn't ready to put it behind him yet.
It's been more than three months since he won a gold medal at the 2008 Summer Olympics with the U.S. Men's Basketball Team and he relives the glory every day. Howard brings his medal on the road with him as he tries to capture another piece of hardware ' the Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy.
'It's to remind me of something I accomplished this summer, a goal I've been wanting to have since I was little,' Howard said following the Orlando Magic-Boston Celtics game. 'Watching the Dream Team I always wanted a gold medal, and I have one now. I take it and it reminds me every day to keep pushing for something because reach for the stars and you might get it.'
If Howard needs another reminder of Olympic success, he can just look down the Magic bench. Original Dream Team member Patrick Ewing is his assistant coach.
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PRLog - Feb. 23, 2009 - CJ Solves it is very proud that CompUSA and TigerDirect.com have decided to offer Laptop Lifts to their customers.
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This topic is included in the EPPI-Centre knowledge library. The Knowledge Pages facility enables users to search for the key messages within specific subject areas to which EPPI-Centre reviews have contributed.
Health Boards and Local Authorities recognise that to improve the joint working performance of the professionals within the services, there is a requirement to develop structures to support joint working including joint funding of services, joint management and joint training. This tool intends to focus on the joint training arrangements and to augment the joint training activities, by developing opportunities for a shared learning within integrated services.
Guidance, consisting of nine separate modules, which aims to supply social care organisations with the tools and resources necessary to plan for and cope with the challenges posed by pandemic influenza.
Report examining the residential care workforce in Scotland. It looks at what is known about the profile of the current residential workforce and makes recommendations for change and improvements so that the increasingly diverse and complex needs of children and young people can be better met.


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A proposal to require all West Allis residents to buy a city trash cart to combat a growing rat problem in parts of the city, and to beautify it, was delayed by the Public Works Committee on Tuesday so that more information can be gathered.
Among other things, the committee wants to know if there is enough of a problem to warrant the requirement. The committee will likely take the matter up March 11.
About 65 percent of residents already have city carts, said Alderman Vincent Vitale, who proposed requiring the remaining 35 percent to buy them also. Not only are rats becoming amore of a problem in some eastern sections of the city, but the trash cans blow around and sometimes make it hard to get through alleys, he noted.
A 60-gallon cart would cost about $40 and a 90-gallon cart $45, he said, and residents would have two years to purchase them. The city might even be able to buy them in bulk and get a better deal for residents, Vitale said.
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Clover the Moon Skirt
Details & Measurements
Details & Measurements
You fell head over heels when you first laid eyes on this lightly textured, clover-hued skirt. Featuring a front waist tie, this fully lined, A-line skirt will add a fresh dose of color to all your springtime-inspired ensembles. For a look you'll be sure to fall in love with, tuck a classic white tee into the cinched waistband, slip your feet into a pair of lace-up brogues, and sling a woven, wheat-hued bag across your shoulders.
Final Sale: This item cannot be returned or exchanged.
- Shell: 100% Rayon. Lining: 100% Polyester.
- Shell fabric does not provide stretch. Lining fabric provides stretch. Elasticized waist provides 5 inches of stretch.
- Dry clean or hand wash cold. Do not bleach. Lay flat to dry.
- Fully lined. Ties at waist.
- Made in the United States
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Gables Ponce Apartments310 Granello Ave, Miami, FL 33146 View On Map
Some Places are just Special. Ideally situated at the gateway to historic Coral Gables, this new community bursts with excitement, modern architecture, elegance and beauty. Once you enter Gables Ponce you will discover calming water fountains, palm trees, gathering areas to socialize such as Cafe de Ponce, Fuego, * our outdoor grill area, or Club Ponce that will gladly challenge your competitive side. The sun drenched * pool area beckons your attention and encourages swimming or maybe you prefer our * exclusive Cabana Azul for a day of relaxation. For those seeking pampered moments you will * delight in Spa Cielo or maybe a visit to VIDA Fitness will give you that much needed workout. Two hundred and forty-eight upscale apartment homes. Perfectly designed amenity areas, fitness * center, pool and spa services. A lounge to meet, greet and relax. A nearby community steeped in * fine cuisine, shopping and nightlife. It's all yours.Become a * resident and enjoy full access to these luxuri
Gables Ponce is located in the Miami Area in the 33146 zip code. View this apartment on a map.
Pricing & Floor Plans
Office Hours
- Monday: 9:00 am - 8:00 pm
- Tuesday: 9:00 am - 6:00 pm
- Wednesday: 9:00 am - 8:00 pm
- Thursday: 9:00 am - 6:00 pm
- Friday: 9:00 am - 8:00 pm
- Saturday: 10:00 am - 5:00 pm
- Sunday: 12:00 pm - 5:00 pm
Features & Amenities
- Business Center
- Community room with demonstration
- Lavishly landscaped Zen garden
- Resort style heated pool with sundeck
- Close proximity to Merrick Village
- Fitness/Health Center
- Outdoor grilling and seating
- Clubhouse
- Internet cafe with computers
- Private Cabanas
Maps & Directions
About Us
Professionally Managed By: Gables Residential


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posted 6 years ago
We have several scoops (three litter boxes) and this one is my favorite of the three. It's wide for quick scooping and has slots narrow enough to catch small clumps.
My only complaint would be the handle. It would be more comfortable if it had more of an angle.
Pros: Wide scooping, narrow slots
Cons: Handle
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Beautiful pattern dress, nice fabric it was longer than what i was expecting but with nice heels its perfect.
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I am 5'9 and have a similar build to the model wearing the dress. I ordered a size medium like she is wearing. It was huge - very wide and fit like a balloon. It was also short. At 5'9 it hit my ankles, not the floor like it shows in the picture. It was such a cute design that I was really sad I had to return it.


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"Hey, there's a Perot bumper sticker," says George W. Bush, peering out the window of the Secret Service's gray Suburban. It is Memorial Day, and the Republican presidential nominee-in-waiting is returning to Austin after giving a speech at a ceremony in Killeen. "Ross was right," he reads aloud. "Hmmph. Right about what?"
Earlier, Bush had been reflecting on the program he had just attended on a sweltering afternoon. It had been, he noted, a solemn and uplifting experience, from the playing of taps and the 21-gun salute to the reminiscences of aging veterans and their tributes to fallen comrades. But he was also struck by the frequent references to the great perils that America faces today. "Am I missing something?" said the man who may be our next commander in chief. "Aren't we safer today than we have ever been?"
I had joined Bush for the ride home because I wanted to ask him about his strategy to win the presidency, a subject I had previously discussed with several of his senior aides. But as so often happens with him, the most intriguing and revealing moments were not his answers to questions but his unrehearsed, regular-guy reactions to unpredictable stimuli such as encountering a Perot supporter. The fault line between Bush fans and foes is most clearly evident in this aspect of his personality; the former see him as ebullient, bantering, and irreverent, while the latter (including his media critics) characterize him as smug, cocky, and arrogant. Even though he has turned his campaign around since losing the New Hampshire primary in February—defeating one formidable rival, John McCain, and seizing the initiative in addressing the nation's problems from another, Al Gore—Bush's critics simply won't be satisfied, and he knows it. He sums up their case against him succinctly: "He doesn't say anything; he doesn't stand for anything; he doesn't know anything."
So how does he combat the criticism? That's where strategy comes in. It is no coincidence, for instance, that Bush has issued a series of high-profile policy proposals ever since he wrapped up the GOP nomination in March; his plan was to keep the media busy covering what he wanted them to cover, and so far it has worked. While Bush was behind Gore in a few national polls as recently as early March, he has led the vice president ever since, typically by two to six percentage points. His take on issues ranging from nuclear disarmament to Social Security reform is driv- ing the agenda. The doubts about Bush—foremost among them, whether he has the smarts to be president—have subsided, though he hasn't heard the last of them; the head-to-head race has hardly begun. Still, as the campaign reaches the end of the post-primary phase and approaches the national party convention season, he could hardly be better positioned.
What comes next? Here is an inside look at how Bush and his top aides plan to win in November.
Hamilton Elementary School in Columbus, Ohio, is not a promising venue for aspiring Republican politicians. The ethnic profile of its students (97 percent African American) and the surrounding inner-city neighborhood (aging frame houses) indicate that this is solid Democratic territory. So why has George W. Bush come to Hamilton on this sticky, stormy afternoon in late May? Because there are votes to be won here—perhaps not those of the hundred or so invited professional educators and parents who are assembled in the school's cramped, dimly lit gymnasium, but those of people who are not even here. Remember Bob Jones University? The Bush campaign hopes you don't. Through appearances at places like Hamilton Elementary, Bush's strategists hope to erase the memory of him at the archconservative South Carolina school back in February, when the Republican nomination hung in the balance, and replace it with an image like this one: He is sitting at a long table, flanked by parents, teachers, volunteers, and school administrators. Draped on the cinderblock wall behind him, obscuring part of a seascape mural, is a navy banner with white letters that spell out one of the mantras of the Bush campaign: "No Child Left Behind."
Nothing is so important in a presidential race as being viewed as the right person at the right time. That is why events like this one are the key to Bush's hopes for winning the presidency. Not particularly significant by itself (only a few members of the national press corps are here), the trip to Hamilton represents the Bush campaign's attempt to have him break through the stereotypes about America's two political parties and define himself as a new kind of Republican, just as Bill Clinton before him successfully defined himself as a new kind of Democrat.
Bush has not come to unveil any proposals. He will not even make a formal speech. His presence itself is the message, and his audience is the two dozen or so members of the media who've come from other cities and towns in Ohio to see him lead a roundtable discussion (or, as he calls it, "a rectangular table discussion") on reading, a skill at which only 9 percent of Hamilton's fourth graders are proficient. A stunningly attractive mom wearing a pink sundress tells how she insists that her children read more than they watch TV. A teacher pleads for good nonfiction books. Another teacher wants to know what Bush has done about parental involvement. And on it goes, the candidate participating in the discussion but also taking care to deliver his soundbites: "the soft bigotry of low expectations," "cultures and societies change one child at a time," "reading is the new civil right."
Bush's appearance here will be reported on the evening news and in the morning dailies all across the state. Tomorrow he will do the same thing in Michigan. If all goes according to plan, the Bush campaign will implant in the minds of voters—event by event, crucial state by crucial state—that he is just as committed to tackling the


text: No recent wiki edits to this page. "Pride Comes..., Part 1"*Daken's is suddenly the most wanted man in America and has the entire LAPD and the FBI on his tail! When the shadow king of the Hollywood Hills is revealed, can Daken save Donna Kiel when he's at his weakest? Maybe the better question is, does he even want to?


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Pascal Boyer
Selected Articles
Boyer P, Firat R, van Leeuwen F (2015) Safety, Threat and Stress in Intergroup Relations. A Coalitional Index model Perspectives in Psychological Science xx: xxx-xxx.
Click here for draft version [pdf].
Contact between people from different groups triggers specific individual- and group-level responses, ranging from attitudes and emotions to welfare and health outcomes. Standard social psychological perspectives do not yet provide an integrated, causal model of these phenomena. As an alternative, we describe a coalitional perspective. Human psychology includes evolved cognitive systems designed to garner support from other individuals, organize and maintain alliances, and measure potential support from group members. Relations between alliances are strongly influenced by threat detection mechanisms, which are sensitive to cues that express one's own group will provide less support or that other groups are dangerous. Repeated perceptions of such threat-cues can lead to chronic stress. The model provides a parsimonious explanation for many individual-level effects of intergroup relations and group-level disparities in health and well-being. This perspective suggests new research directions aimed at understanding the psychological processes involved in intergroup relations.
Firat R, Boyer P (2015) Coalitional affiliation as a missing link between ethnic polarization and well-being: an empirical test from the Euroepan Social Surveyt, Social Science Research xx: xxx-xxx.
Click here for draft version [pdf].
Many studies converge in suggesting (a) that ethnic and racial minorities fare worse than host populations in reported well-being and objective measures of health and (b) that ethnic/racial diversity has a negative impact on various measures of social trust and well-being, including in the host or majority population. However, there is much uncertainty about the processes that connect diversity variables with personal outcomes. In this paper, we are particularly interested in different levels of coalitional affiliation, which refers to people's social allegiances that guide their expectations of social support, in-group strength and cohesion. We operationalize coalitional affiliation as the extent to which people rely on a homogeneous social network, and we measure it with indicators of friendships across ethnic boundaries and frequency of contact with friends. Using multi-level models and data from the European Social Survey (Round 1, 2002-2003) for 19 countries, we demonstrate that coalitional affiliation provides an empirically reliable, as well as theoretically coherent, explanation for various effects of ethnic/racial diversity.
Boyer P, Parren N (2015) Threat-related information suggests competence: A possible factor in the spread of rumors, PLoS ONE xx: xxx-xxx.
Click here for draft version [pdf].
Information about potential danger is a central component of many rumors, urban legends, ritual prescriptions, religious prohibitions and witchcraft crazes. We investigate a potential factor in the cultural success of such material, namely that a source of threat-related information may be intuitively judged as more competent than a source that does not convey such information. In five studies, we asked participants to judge which of two sources of information, only one of which conveyed threat-related information, was more knowledgeable. Results suggest that mention of potential danger makes a source appear more competent than others, that the effect is not due to a general negativity bias, and that it concerns competence rather than a more generally positive evaluation of the source.
Baumard N, Hyafil A, Morris I, Boyer P (2015) Increased Affluence Explains the Emergence of Ascetic Wisdoms and Moralizing Religions, Current Biology 25: 1-6.
Click here for draft [pdf].
Between roughly 500 BCE and 300 BCE three distinct regions, the Yangtze and Yellow River Valleys, the Eastern Mediterranean, and the Ganges Valley, saw the emergence of highly similar religious traditions with an unprecedented emphasis on self-discipline and asceticism, and "other-worldly", often moralizing, doctrines, including Buddhism, Jainism, Brahmanism, Daoism, Second Temple Judaism, and Stoicism, with later offshoots such as Christianity, Manichaeism and Islam. This cultural convergence, often called the "Axial Age", presents a puzzle: Why this emergence at the same time of distinct moralizing religions with highly similar features in different civilizations? Quantitative history evidence demonstrates an exceptional uptake in energy capture (a proxy for general prosperity) just before the "Axial Age" in these three regions. Statistical modeling confirms that economic development, not political complexity or population size, accounts for the timing of the Axial Age.
Boyer P (2015) How Natural Selection Shapes Conceptual Structure: Human Intuitions and Concepts of Ownership, in S Laurence & E Margolis (Eds.), The Conceptual Mind. New Directions in the Study of Concepts, Cambridge, MA; The MIT Press, pp. 185-200.
Click here for proofs [pdf].
How do we map the inventory of human concepts? Here I propose that a precise description of selective pressures on species-specific cognitive systems is the best source of empirical hypotheses about conceptual repertoires, and I illustrate this in the case of ownership concepts. The example of ownership illustrates how a highly specific selective context can predict and explain equally specific aspects of human concepts. Oownership as a conceptual domain is part of our responses to the adaptive challenge of reaching a measure of coordination that optimizes the extraction of resources.This account also suggests more general though tentative lessons, to do with what general computational properties, if any, should be expected from concepts; whether categorization is crucial to concept structure; and what role concepts play in linguistic reference.
Boyer P (2013) Why 'Belief' is hard work: Implications of Tanya Luhrmann's When God Talks Back Hau, Journal of Ethnographic Theory 3(3): 349-57.
Click here for proofs [pdf].
A consequence of our common evolved psychology is that most people, at most times, in most situations will not consider their gods real, in the sense of having a definite intuition of their presence. As Tanya Lurhmann's When God Talks Back (Luhrmann 2012) demonstrates, it requires considerable work to achieve an intuitive grasp of something—the actual presence of a god—that is reflectively accepted as certainly true. Tanya Luhrmann's detailed monograph addresses the question, why belief, far from being a simple matter of receiving and accepting information, requires complex cognitive processes, some of which can be illuminated by meticulous ethnographic investigation.
Boyer P (2013) Explaining religious concepts. Lévi- Strauss the brilliant and problematic ancestor, in D Xygalatas & L McCorkle (Eds.) Mental Culture, Classical Social Theory and the Cognitive Science of Religion, Durham, UK: Acumen, pp. 164-75. Click here for proofs [pdf].
Claude Lévi-Strauss went further than most in renewing our understanding of universal constraints on human cultures. Surprisingly, his findings and models have had very little influence on contemporary accounts of religion. This is because he was a proponent and an eminent practitioner the "science mode" in anthropology. Also, Lévi- Strauss clearly had no trust in the notion of "religion". He did not believe that the term denotes any coherent set of phenomena. He was, I will argue, quite right about that, but this of course did limit the appeal of his models for scholars of religion, many of whom do believe that there is such a domain as "religion". Finally, Lévi- Strauss did not relate his hypotheses on cultural phenomena to any precise cognitive models of psychological processes, for the perfectly good reason that the latter did not exist at the time he put forward the basic tenets of structural anthropology. As a result, most structural models lack the psychological precision required to account for actual religious concepts and behaviours.
Baumard N & Boyer P (2013) Explaining moral religions Trends in Cognitive Science.
Click here for proofs [pdf].
Moralizing religions, unlike religions with morally indifferent gods or spirits, appeared only recently in some (but not all) large-scale human societies. A crucial feature of these new religions was their emphasis on proportionality (between deeds and supernatural rewards, between sins and penance, and in the formulation of the Golden Rule, according to which one should treat others as one would like others to treat oneself). Recent models of evolved dispositions for fairness in cooperation suggest that proportionality-based morality is highly intuitive to human beings. This may explain the cultural success of moralizing movements, secular or religious, based on proportionality.
Baumard N & Boyer P (2013) Religious beliefs as reflective elaborations on intuitions: A modified dual-process model Current Directions in Psychological Science. Click here for proofs [pdf].
Religious beliefs apparently challenge our view of human cognition as evolved system that provides reliable information about environments. We propose that properties of religious beliefs are best understood in terms of a dual-processing model, in which a variety of evolved domain-specific systems provide stable intuitions, while other systems produce explicit, often deliberate comments on those intuitions. This perspective accounts for the fact that religious beliefs are apparently diverse but thematically similar, and that they are immune to refutation and more attractive to imaginative individuals.
Boyer P & Petersen, MB (2012) Studying institutions in the context of natural selection: limits or opportunities? [forthcoming] Journal of Institutional Economics. Click here for proofs [pdf].
In this comment, we respond to comments raised by Eastwood (2010) in response to our article on the role of evolutionary psychology in understanding institutions (Boyer and Petersen, 2011). We discuss how evolutionary psychological models account for cultural variation and change in institutions, how sociological institutionalism and evolutionary models can inform each other, how evolutionary psychological models illuminate the role of power in institutional design and the possibility of a 'general theory' of institutionsons.
Boyer P, Lienard P, Xu J (2011) Cultural Differences in Investing in Others and in the Future: Why Measuring Trust Is Not Enough, PLoS One, 7(7) e40750.
Click here for article [pdf].
Stan dard measures of generalized trust in others are often taken to provide reliable indicators of economic attitudes in different countries. Here we compared three highly distinct groups, in Kenya, China and the US, in terms of more specific attitudes, [a] people's willingness to invest in the future, [b] their willingness to invest in others, and [c] their trust in institutions. Results suggest that these measures capture deep differences in economic attitudes that are not detected by standard measures of generalized trust .
Kwan, D, Craver, C, Green, L, Myerson, J, Boyer, P & Rosenbaum, SR (2011) Future Decision-Making Without Episodic Mental Time Travel [forthcoming] Hippocampus.
Click here for draft version [pdf].
Deficits in episodic memory are associated with deficits in the ability to imagine future experiences (i.e., mental time travel). We show that K.C., a person with episodic amnesia and an inability to imagine future experiences, nonetheless systematically discounts the value of future rewards, and his discounting is within the range of controls in terms of both rate and consistency. Because K.C. is neither able to imagine personal uses for the rewards nor provide a rationale for selecting larger future rewards over smaller current rewards, this study demonstrates a dissociation between imagining and making decisions involving the future. Thus, although those capable of mental time travel may use it in making decisions about future rewards, these results demonstrate that it is not required for such decisions.
Boyer, P & Petersen, MB (2011) The Naturalness of (many) social institutions Journal of Institutional Economics 8(1): 1–25.
Click here for proofs [pdf].
Most standard social science accounts only offer limited accounts of institutional design, i.e. why institutions have common features observed in many different human groups. Here we suggest that these features are best explained as the outcome of evolved human cognition, in such domains as mating, moral judgment and social exchange. As empirical illustrations, we show how this evolved psychology makes marriage systems, legal norms and commons management systems, intuitively obvious and compelling, thereby ensuring their occurrence and cultural stability. We extend this to propose under what conditions institutions can become "natural", compelling and legitimate, and outline probable paths for institutional change given human cognitive dispositions. Explaining institutions in terms of these exogenous factors also suggests that a general theory of institutions as such is neither necessary nor in fact possible. What is required are domain-specific accounts of institutional design in different domains of evolved cognition.
Boyer, P (2011) From Studious Irrelevancy to Consilient Knowledge: Modes Of Scholarship and Cultural Anthropology [forthcoming, in] Slingerland E & Collard M (Eds.), Creating Consilience, New York: Oxford UP.
Click here for draft version [pdf].
Why is most cultural anthropology largely irrelevant? The voice of that particular field in broader academic discussions is almost inaudible; its scholars are no longer among the recognizable and important public intellectuals of the day; and its contribution to public debates is close to non-existent. My diagnosis is that this is a largely self-inflected condition.What is a stake is that a certain intellectual style has stymied the creative energy and social import of cultural anthropology. The traditional concerns of cultural anthropology are currently being given a new lease of life and often a much more lively public relevance by evolutionary biologists and economists – suggesting that there may be such a field as the "science of culture" or at least some incipient moves towards such an integrated discipline.
Boyer, P (2010) Intuitive Expectations & The Detection of Mental Disorder: A Cognitive Background To Folk-Psychiatries
[forthcoming] Philosophical Psychology.
Click here for draft version [pdf].
How do people detect mental dysfunction? What is the influence of cultural models of dysfunction on this detection process? The detection process as such is not usually researched as it falls between the domains of cross-cultural psychiatry (focusing on the dysfunction itself) and anthropological ethno-psychiatry (focusing on cultural models of sanity and madness). Here we provide a general model for this "missing link" between behavior and cultural models, grounded in empirical evidence for intuitive psychology. Normal adult minds entertain specific intuitive expectations about mental function and behavior, and by implication they infer that specific kinds of behavior are the result of underlying dysfunction. This suggests that there is a "catalogue" of possible behaviors that trigger that intuition, hence a limited catalogue of possible symptoms that feed into culturally specific folk-understandings of mental disorder. It also suggests that some mental dysfunctions, as they do not clearly violate principles of intuitive psychology, are 'invisible' to folk-understandings. This perspective allows us to understand the cultural stability and spread of particular views of madness. It also suggests why certain types of mental disorder are "invisible" to folk-understandings.
Boyer, P & Bergstrom, B (2010) Threat-Detection in Child Development: An Evolutionary Perspective
[forthcoming] Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews.
Click here for draft version [pdf].
Evidence for developmental aspects of fear-targets and anxiety suggests a complex but stable pattern whereby specific kinds of fears emerge at different periods of development. This developmental schedule seems appropriate to dangers encountered repeteadly during human evolution. Also consistent with evolutionary perspective, the threat-detection systems are domain-specific, comprising different kinds of cues to do with predation, intraspecific violence, contamination-contagion and status loss. Proper evolutionary models may also be relevant to outstanding issues in the domain, notably the connections between typical development and pathology.
Keren H, Boyer P, Mort J & Eilam D (2010) Pragmatic and idiosyncratic acts in human everyday routines: The counterpart of compulsive rituals Behavioural Brain Research 212:90-95.
Click here for draft version [pdf].
Our daily activities are comprised of motor routines, which are behavioral templates with specific goals, typically performed in an automatic fixed manner and without much conscious attention. Such routines can seem to resemble pathologic rituals that dominate the motor behavior of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and autistic patients. This resemblance raises the question of what differentiates and what is common in normal and pathologic motor behavior. [...] In this study we applied ethological tools to analyze six motor routines performed by 60 adult human volunteers. We found that longer normal everyday routines included more repetitions, but not more types of acts, and that in each routine, most acts were performed either by all individuals (pragmatic acts) or by only one individual (idiosyncratic components). Thus, normal routines consist in a relatively rigid part that is shared by all individuals that perform the routine, and a flexible part that varies among individuals. [...] Altogether, the present study supports the view that everyday normal routines and pathologic rituals are opposite processes, although they both comprise rigid motor behavioral sequences.
Boyer P, (2010) Why Evolved Cognition Matters To Understanding Cultural Variation Interdisciplinary Science Reviews 35(3-4):377-87.
Click here for draft version [pdf].
Geoffrey Lloyd's Cognitive variations: Reflections on the unity and diversity of the human mind seems to perpetuate a misleading description of the state of the role of cognition in culture. As a correction to that picture, it may be important to stress that evolution does not usually result in innate cognitive structures, that more learning requires more, not less, genetically specific structure, that most cognitive processes are not accessible to conscious inspection and therefore also to ethnographic investigation. It may also be of help to emphasize differences between two kinds of mental events, intuitive and reflective, that are sometimes confused in anthropological discussions of cognition and culture. I suggest that a more accurate description may help dispel various misunderstandings, about the connections between evolution and cognition, between evolved cognition and cultural representations, and about the need or value of certain kinds of anthropological relativism.u
Boyer, P (2009) What are memories for? Functions of recall in cognition and culture,
in Boyer P & Wertsch JV (Eds), Memory in Mind and Culture, Camnridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 3-28.
Click here for proofs [pdf].
What is memory for? Th e easy and spontaneous answer is that "memory is for storing information about the past," "memory helps us preserve
past events," and variations on that theme. But what is the point of that ? Why should any organism have that kind of a capacity? What good is it? Surprisingly, this is not a topic that has received much attention from specialists of memory.
Memories and fantasies make us feel, right now, all the consequences of our actions, by way of emotional rewards. So imagination and memories may well be functionally adaptive – not because they liberate us from down-to-earth, here-and-now cognition but, on the contrary, because they constrain our planning and decision making in efficient ways.
Boyer, P (2009) Cognitive predispositions and cultural transmission
in Boyer P & Wertsch JV (Eds), Memory in Mind and Culture, Camnridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 288-319.
Click here for proofs [pdf].
To what extent does cultural transmission require memory? If we understand "memory" in the ordinary sense of information about past situations that we can access and consider explicitly, the answer is that cultural transmission does not actually require much of that kind of memory. Once we understand memory, as psychologists do, as including processes beyond conscious inspection (Roediger, 1990), then memory really is the crux of cultural transmission. In the pages that follow, I will justify these statements on the basis of a few examples of cultural domains where the work of memory(in the wider sense) has been extensively studied.
Boyer, P (2009) Extending the range of adaptive misbelief: Memory "distortions" as functional features
Behavioral and Brain Sciences 32(6): 513-4.
Click here for draft version [pdf].
A large amount of research in cognitive psychology is focused on memory distortions, understood as deviations from various (largely implicit) standards. Many alleged distortions actually suggest a highly functional system that balances the cost of acquiring new information with the benefit of relevant, contextually appropriate decision-making. In this sense many memories may be examples of functionally adaptive misbelief [as described in the target article by Ryan McKay & Daniel Dennett]
Boyer, P (2008) Religion: Bound to Believe? Nature vol 455: 1038-39.
Click here for draft version [pdf].
Is religion a product of our evolution? In the past ten years, the evolutionary and cognitive study of religion has begun to mature. It puts forward new hypotheses and testable predictions. It asks what in the human make-up renders religion possible and successful. Findings from cognitive psychology, neuroscience, cultural anthropology and archaeology promise to change our view of religion.
Boyer, P & Lienard, P (2008) Ritual Behavior in Obsessive and Normal Individuals. Moderating Anxiety and Reorganizing the Flow of Behavior Current Dirctions in Psychological Science 17(4): 291-4.
Click here for draft version [pdf].
Ritualized behavior is characteristic of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), but it is also observed in other, nonclinical contexts such as children's routines and cultural ceremonies. Such behaviors are best understood with reference to a set of human vigilance–precaution systems in charge of monitoring potential danger and motivating the organism towards appropriate precautions. Ritualized behavior focuses attention on low-level representations of actions, probably leading to some measure of intrusion suppression. Cultural rituals too may be understood in this framework.
Boyer, P & Bergstrom, B (2008) Evolutionary Perspectives on Religion
Annual Review of Anthropology 37:111-130.
Click here for draft version [pdf].
Recent work in biology, cognitive psychology, and archaeology has renewed evolutionary perspectives on the role of natural selection in the emergence and recurrent forms of religious thought and behavior, i.e., mental representations of supernatural agents, as well as artifacts, ritual practices, moral systems, ethnic markers, and specific experiences associated with these representations. One perspective, inspired from behavioral ecology, attempts to measure the fitness effects of religious practices. Another set of models, representative of evolutionary psychology, explain religious thought and behavior as the output of cognitive systems (e.g., animacy detection, social cognition, precautionary reasoning) that are not exclusive to the religious domain. In both perspectives, the question remains open, whether religious thought and behavior constitute an adaptation or a by-product of adaptive cognitive function.
Boyer, P (2008) Evolutionary Economics of Mental Time-Travel?
Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12(6):219-223.
Click here for draft version [pdf].
What is the function of our capacity for 'mental time-travel'? Evolutionary considerations suggest that vivid memory and imaginative foresight may be crucial cognitive devices for human decision-making. Our emotional engagement with past or future events gives them great motivational force, which may counter a natural tendency towards time-discounting and impulsive, opportunistic behaviour. In this view, while simple episodic memory provides us with a store of relevant, case-based information to guide decisions, mental-time-travel nudges us towards more restrained choices, which in the long term are advantageous, especially so given the human dependence on cooperation and coordination.
Boyer, P (2007) Specialised Inference Engines As Precursors Of Creative Imagination?
in Ilona Roth (Ed.), Imaginative Minds, London, British Academy, pp 239-258
Click here for proofs [pdf].
We usually consider imagination in terms of its high-end, creative products like literature, religion and the arts. To understand the evolution of imaginative capacities in humans, it makes more sense to focus on humble imaginations that are generally automatic and largely unconscious, and help us produce representations of, e.g. what people will say next, that people exist when out of sight, or what aspects of our environment are potentially dangerous. These examples suggest that there may not be one faculty of imagination but many specialised "what if" inferential systems in human minds.
Boyer, P (2006) Ten Problems In Search Of A Research Program: Towards Integrated Naturalistic Explanations of Human Culture Unpublished and probably unpublishable programme for an empirically based behavioral science.
Click here for pdf.
This is a concise statement of ten different problems for which a behavioural science should (and may soon be able to) provide coherent, empirically grounded explanations. These problems were chosen for their social importance as well as their theoretical interest, as demonstrations of the need to integrate psychological, economic and evolutionary factors in explanatory models. For each question, I mention pointers to incipient or possible research programmes. The questions are the following: What are the natural limits to family arrangements? Do we have an intuitive understanding of large societies? Why are despised social categories essentialised? Why gender differences in politics? What logic drives ethnic vio-lence? How are moral concepts acquired? What drives people's economic intui-tions? Are there cultural differences in low-level cognition? What explains individ-ual religious attitudes? Why religious fundamentalism and extremism? The general aim is to propose a new approach to issues of human culture, not through an ab-stract discussion of paradigms and traditions, but through specific examples of possible empirical research.
Boyer, P, & Lienard, P (2006) Why Ritualized Behavior? Precaution Systems and Action-Parsing in Developmental, Pathological and Cultural Rituals Behavioral and Brain Sciences 29: 1-56.
Click here for pdf of proofs.
Stereotypic, rigidly scripted behavior is found in cultural rituals, in children's routines, in obsessive-compulsive disorder, in normal adults around certain stages of the life-cycle. We propose an explanation in terms of an evolved Precaution System geared to the detection of and reaction to inferred threats to fitness, distinct from systems for manifest danger. The Precaution system includes a repertoire of potential hazards as well as a repertoire of species-typical precautions. Impairment in the system's feedback accounts for OCD rituals. Gradual calibration of this system occurs through childhood routines. Mimicry of this system's natural input makes cultural rituals salient and compelling.
Lienard, P & Boyer, P (2006)
Click here for pdf of draft version.
Ritualized behavior is a specific way of organizing the flow of action, characterized by stereotypy, rigidity in performance, a feeling of compulsion, and specific themes, in particular the potential danger from contamination, predation, and social hazard. We proposed elsewhere a neurocognitive model of ritualized behavior in human development and pathology, as based on the activation of a specific hazard-precaution system specialized in the detection of and response to potential threats. We show how certain features of collective rituals—by conveying information about potential danger and presenting appropriate reaction as a sequence of rigidly described precautionary measures—probably activate this neurocognitive system. This makes some collective ritual sequences highly attention-demanding and intuitively compelling and contributes to their transmission from place to place or generation to generation. The recurrence of ritualized behavior as a central feature of collective ceremonies may be explained as a consequence of this bias in selective transmission.
Bergstrom B, Moehlmann B, and Boyer P (2006) Extending the testimony problem: Evaluating the truth, scope and source of cultural information. Child Development, 77(3): 531-538. Click here for draft pdf.
Children's learning- in the domains of science and religion specifically, but in many other cultural domains as well - relies extensively on testimony and other forms of culturally transmitted information. The cognitive processes that enable such learning must also administrate the evaluation, qualification, and storage of that information, while guarding against the dangers of false or misleading information. Currently, the development of these appraisal processes is not clearly understood. Recent work, reviewed here, has begun to address three important dimensions of the problem: how children and adults evaluate truth in communication, how they gauge the inferential potential of information, and how they encode and evaluate its source.
Boyer, P & Barrett, HC (2006) Causal Inferences: Evolutionary Domains and Neural Systems
Invited contribution to an Interdisciplines.org Web-conference on Causation (Anne Reboul & Gloria Origgi, Editors).
We consider two apparently distinct questions: [1] What are the neural correlates of causal inference? And [2] How do we distinguish between different domains of causal inferences? To understand the varieties of causal thinking in human minds, we need to bring together behavioral and developmental data on the one hand and information from both neuro-psychology and neuro-imaging on the other. Once this evidence is replaced in an evolutionary framework, it becomes easier to understand the functional divisions between neural systems. We discuss these questions in the context, first, of high-level conceptual differences between living-things and artifacts, and then of low-level causal perception.
Boyer, P & Barrett, HC (2005). Evolved Intuitive Ontology:
Integrating Neural, Behavioral and Developmental Aspects of Domain-Specificity
in David Buss (Ed.), Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology, New York: Wiley.
Link to html version (for browsing)
Link to pdf file (for printing)
Recent research has begun to suggest that human expertise about the natural and social environment, including what is often called 'semantic knowledge', is best construed as consisting of different domains of competence. Each of these corresponds to recurrent evolutionary problems, is organised along specific principles, is the outcome of a specific developmental pathway and is based on specific neural structures. What we call a 'human evolved intuitive ontology' comprises a catalogue of broad domains of information, different sets of principles applied to these different domains as well as different learning rules to acquire more information about those objects. Neuro-imaging and cognitive neuroscience are now adding to the picture of a federation of evolved competencies that has grown out of laboratory work with children and adults.
Boyer, P (2004) Why Is Religion Natural? Skeptical Inquirer Magazine, March 2004.
Link to Skeptical Inquirer archive.
Is religious belief a mere leap into irrationality as many skeptics assume? Psychology suggests that there may be more to belief than the suspension of reason. Religious beliefs and practices are found in all human groups and go back to the very beginnings of human culture. What makes religion so 'natural'? Here I want to discuss one particular view of religion, popular among skeptics, that I call the 'sleep of reason' interpretation. According to this view, people have religious beliefs because they fail to reason properly. If only they grounded their reasoning in sound logic or rational order, they would not have supernatural beliefs, including superstitions and religion. I think this view is misguided, for several reasons; because it assumes a dramatic difference between religious and commonsense ordinary thinking, where there isn't one; because it suggests that belief is a matter of deliberate weighing of evidence, which is generally not the case; because it implies that religious concepts could be eliminated by mere argument, which is implausible; and most importantly because it obscures the real reasons why religion is so extraordinarily widespread in human cultures.
Boyer, P (2003) Science, Erudition and Relevant Connections
Journal of Cognition and Culture 3(4): 344-358. Link to pdf version
How does the community of anthropologists actually decide that a person could be considered an anthropologist, or decide that their publications count as contributions to anthropology? It seems that the opposition between "scientiŽfic" and "non-scientiŽfic" modes, or perhaps "humanities" vs. "science", are too simple, and that there are three clearly distinct ideal types here. I call three modes science, erudition and relevant-connections respectively. In what follows I will try brie�fly to describe these three modes before returning to the speciŽfic case of science in anthropology.
Blakemore, S-J, Boyer, P , Pachot-Clouard, M], Meltzoff, A et al. (2003).
The detection of contingency and animacy in the human brain
Cerebral Cortex 13 : 837-844. Link to pdf version
The ability to detect contingency is fundamental for understanding the world and other people around us. We used simplified stimuli to investigate brain regions involved in detection of mechanical and intentional contingencies. Using a factorial design we manipulated the 'animacy' and 'contingency' of stimulus movement, and the subject's attention to the contingencies. The perception of mechanical contingency between shapes whose movement was inanimate engaged the middle temporal gyrus and intraparietal sulcus. The detection of intentional contingency between shapes whose movement was animate activated superior parietal networks. These activations were unaffected by attention to contingency. Additional regions, the middle and inferior frontal gyrus, superior temporal sulcus and anterior cingulate, became activated by the animate-contingent stimuli when subjects specifically attended to the contingent nature of stimuli. Our results help to clarify neural networks previously associated with 'theory of mind' and agency-detection.
Boyer, P (2003) Religious Thought and Behaviour As By-products of Brain Function.
Trends in Cognitive Sciences Vol. 7No. 3March2003 ,119 -124.
Religious concepts activate various functionally distinct mental systems, present also in non-religious contexts, and 'tweak' the usual inferences of these systems. They deal with detection and representation of animacy and agency, social exchange, moral intuitions, precaution against natural hazards and understanding of misfortune. Each of these activates distinct neural resources or families of networks. What makes notions of supernatural agency intuitively plausible? This article reviews evidence suggesting that it is the joint, coordinated activation of these diverse systems, a supposition that opens up the prospect of a cognitive neuroscience of religious beliefs.
Blakemore, S J; Fonlupt, P; Pachot-Clouard, M; Darmon, C; Boyer, P; Meltzoff, A N et al.
How the brain perceives causality: an event-related fMRI study, Neuroreport: For Rapid Communication of Neuro-science Research, 12(17), 3741-3746.
{Medline abstract} Detection of the causal relationships between events is fundamental for understanding the world around us. We report an event-related fMRI study designed to investigate how the human brain processes the perception of mechanical causality. Subjects were presented with mechanically causal events (in which a ball collides with and causes movement of another ball) and non-causal events (in which no contact is made between the balls). There was a significantly higher level of activation of V5/MT/MST bilaterally, the superior temporal sulcus bilaterally and the left intraparietal sulcus to causal relative to non-causal events. Directing attention to the causal nature of the stimuli had no significant effect on the neural processing of the causal events. These results support theories of causality suggesting that the perception of elementary mechanical causality events is automatically processed by the visual system. [Journal Article; In English; England]
Boyer, P., Bedoin, N. & Honore, S.
Relative contributions from kind- and domain-concepts to inferences concerning unfamiliar exemplars.
Cognitive Development 15:457 -479. Link to pdf version
Abstract: Two inferential routes allow children to produce expectations about new instances of ontological categories like 'animal' and 'artefact'. One is to generalise information from a 'look-up table' of familiar kind-concepts. The other one is to use independent expectations at the level of ontological do-mains. Our experiment pits these two sources of information against each other, using a sentence-judgement task associating proper-ties with images of familiar and unfamiliar artefacts and animals. A look-up strategy would lead children to reject them and an independent expectation strategy to accept them. In both domains we find a difference in reaction to strange properties associated with familiar vs. unfamiliar items, which shows that even young children do use independent domain-level information. We also found a U-shaped curve in propensity to use such abstract information. Also, animal categories are the object of much more definite domain-level expectations, which supports the notion that the animal domain is more causally integrated than the artefact domain.
Boyer, P, & Ramble, C, (2001).
Cognitive Templates for Religious Concepts: Cross-cultural Evidence for Recall of Counter-Intuitive Representations Cognitive Science 25:535-564.
Click here for pdf.
Abstract: Presents results of free-recall experiments conducted in France, Gabon and Nepal, to test predictions of a cognitive model of religious concepts. The world over, these concepts include violations of conceptual expectations at the level of domain knowledge (e.g. about 'animal' or 'artifact' or 'person') rather than at the basic level. In five studies we used narratives to test the hypothesis that domain-level violations are recalled better than other conceptual associations. These studies used material constructed in the same way as religious concepts, but not used in religions familiar to the subjects. Experiments 1 and2 confirmed a distinctiveness effect for such material. Experiment 3 shows that recall also depends on the possibility to generate inferences from violations of domain expectations. Replications in Gabon (Exp. 4) and Nepal (Exp. 5) showed that recall for domain-level violations is better than for violations of basic-level expectations. Overall sensitivity to violations is similar in different cultures and produces similar recall effects, despite differences in commitment to religious belief, in the range of local religious concepts or in their mode of transmission. However, differences between Gabon and Nepal results suggest that familiarity with some types of domain-level violations may paradoxically make other types more salient. These results suggest that recall effects may account for the recurrent features found in religious concepts from different cultures.
Boyer, P (2000).
Natural Epistemology or Evolved Metaphysics? Developmental Evidence for Early-Developed, Intuitive, Category-Specific, Incomplete, and Stubborn Metaphysical Presumptions, Philosophical Psychology, 13:277 -297.
Link to pdf version.
Abstract: Cognitive developmental evidence is sometimes conscripted to sup-port "naturalized epistemology" arguments to the effect that a general epistemic stance leads children to build theory-like accounts of underlying properties of kinds. A review of the evidence sug-gests that what prompts conceptual acquisition is not a general epis-temic stance but a se-ries of category-specific intuitive principles that constitute an evolved 'natural metaphysics'. This consists in a system of categories and category-specific inferential processes founded on definite biases in prototype formation. Evidence for this system provides a better understanding of the limited 'plasticity' of ontological commitments as well as a computationally plausible account of their initial state, avoiding ambiguities about innateness. This may provide a starting point for a 'naturalized epistemology' that takes into account evolved properties of human conceptual structures.
Boyer, Pascal, (2000).
Functional Origins of Religious Concepts:
Conceptual and Strategic Selection in Evolved Minds [Malinowski Lecture 1999]
Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute,6 :195 -214. Link to pdf archive.
Abstract: Culturally successful religious concepts are the outcome of selective processes that make some concepts more likely than others to be easily ac-quired, stored and transmitted. Among the constructs of human imagination, some connect to intuitive ontological principles in such a way that they constitute a small catalogue of culturally successful supernatural concepts. Experimental and anthropological evidence confirm the salience and trans-mission potential of this catalogue. Among these supernatural concepts, cog-nitive capacities for social interaction introduce a further selection. As a re-sult, some concepts of supernatural agents are connected to morality, group-identity, ritual and emotion. These typical 'religious' supernatural agents are tacitly presumed to have access to information that is crucial to social interac-tion, an assumption that boosts their spread in human groups.
Boyer, P. (2000)
Evolution of the modern mind and the origins of culture: religious concepts as a limiting case, in Carruthers, P. & Chamberlain, A. (Eds.), Evolution and the Human Mind: Modularity, Language and Meta-Cognition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp93 -112.
Abstract: The human cultural explosion is often explained in terms of "liberating events", of a newly acquired flexibility in mental representations. This chapter considers a domain where such flexibility should be maximal, that of religious representations, and shows that actual cultural transmission in in fact constrained by evolved properties of ontological categories and principles. More generally, this suggests that the "cultural mind" typical of recent human evolution is not so much an "unconstrained" mind as a mind equipped with a host of complex specialised capacities that make certain kinds of mental representations likely to succeed in cultural transmission.
Boyer, P. & Walker, S.J. (2000).
Intuitive Ontology and Cultural Input in the Acquisition of Religious Concepts, in Rosengren, K., Johnson, C. & Harris, P. (Eds.), Imagining the Impossible: Magical, Scientific and Religious Thinking in Children, New York: Cambridge University Press, pp.130 -156.
Abstract: Do children have religious beliefs, and in what ways are they different from adult ones? Clearly, the question is of interest to anthropologists who need to understand how religious representations are acquired and therefore how cultural assumptions are transmitted from generation to generation. It is also important for developmental psychology. What children grasp of religious concepts and beliefs may illuminate how they build complex conceptual structures on the basis of limited input. Surprisingly, studies of the development of religious concepts are still few and far between. They are not really satisfactory either, for two reasons. One is that such studies often apply to developmental phenomena views of adult religious concepts that have no sound cognit`ive basis. Another reason is that such studies generally ignore a wealth of anthropological material concerning the diversity as well as recurrent features of religious concepts. This is why the first part of this chapter deals with religious representations in adults, introducing a cognitive framework based on anthropological evidence. We then argue that this framework makes it possible to evaluate the relevance of recent developmental evidence to an understanding of religious concepts, and to specify in what ways children's religious concepts differ from the adult version.
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Resolution: standard / high
Figure 6 .
The expression of transcripts putatively involved in the biosynthesis of terpenes and sterols. The mRNA expression of genes putatively involved in the biosynthesis of volatile monoterpenes (A), tri-terpenoids and sterols (B), di- and tetra-terpenoids (C), as determined using RT-qPCR, and a schematic representation of this pathway. IPP: Isopentenyl diphosphate; GPP: Geranyl diphosphate; GES: geraniol synthase; LS: Limonene synthase; FPP: Farnesyl diphosphate; FPPS: FPP synthase; GGPP: Geranyl geranyl pyrophosphate; GGPS: GGPP synthase; SQS: Squalene synthase; LUPS: Lupeol synthase. The relative mRNA levels are expressed as ΔΔCt. Bars = ±SE, n = 3. Different letters indicate significant differences between samples as determined using analysis of variance (Bonferroni's post hoc tests, P < 0.05).
Alagna et al. BMC Plant Biology 2012 12:162 doi:10.1186/1471-2229-12-162


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Results for St. Clare
Of Saints and Presidents
Originally Posted: 10/04/2012 - 1:48pm | Type: Blog
Last night I found myself vexed. Frustrated and disappointed at the fearful rhetoric and the bombastic posturing of the first Presidential debate, I went to bed soured by the whole thing. This morning I awoke ...