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Stories from the Dinner Table
My life explained through meals
by E-McMillan
My personal project to detail my life and personality as seen at the dinner table where many of these personalities and stories have been previously discussed.
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I see their husbands and they are very fit but the wife is a cow. If I was married to a sexy hard-bodied marine I''d make sure I was in shape waiting for Daddy to come home.
Aunt Ida
Dawn Davenport
Precious, waiting for her soldier
Fatty Boomblatty
not fat, no kids, thank god
just saying
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My partner and I might be moving to the Nashville area for a new job she has been offered. We are not sure where we will live but are considering southern Nashville as the job is south of Franklin. We have had three IUI attempts and think IVF is the next step--but now we need to know where to go. Any suggestions of gay friendly docs in Nashville? For that matter, any suggestions of gay friendly neighborhoods/sections of town in southern Nashville?
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MySearchLab provides students with a complete understanding of the research process so they can complete research projects confidently and efficiently. Students and instructors with an internet connection can visit www.MySearchLab.com and receive immediate access to thousands of full articles from the EBSCO ContentSelect database. In addition, MySearchLab offers extensive content on the research process itself–including tips on how to navigate and maximize time in the campus library, a step-by-step guide on writing a research paper, and instructions on how to finish an academic assignment with endnotes and bibliography.
Offering an excellent overview of approximately 400 years of social theory with a concentration on sociological thought, this book reflects the convergence of social science, natural science, philosophy, and history. It features a concise review of each major theorist¿s biography, the influences on their works, and a review of their major contributions. KEY TOPICS Individual chapters examine the lives and thoughts of Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, Georg Simmel, Max Weber, Charles Cooley, George Herbert Mead, Thorstein Veblen, Karl Mannheim, Talcott Parsons, and George Homans. A concluding chapter provides a comprehensive review of the many contributions from women. For individuals interested in the study of social theory with an appreciation for synthetic thought and for history.


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Add comfort and style to your bed, favorite armchair, or sofa with this plush kilim pillow, finished with a beautifully textured design in shades of blue and fuchsia. Insert included.


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Two New MiMedx Scientific Studies Published In Peer-Reviewed Journals
MARIETTA, Ga., May 6, 2014 /PRNewswire/ — MiMedx Group, Inc. (NASDAQ: MDXG), an integrated developer, manufacturer and marketer of patent-protected regenerative biomaterials and bioimplants processed from human amniotic membrane, announced today that two of its peer-reviewed scientific studies have been published in the scientific literature.
The Company's study "Angiogenic Properties of Dehydrated Human Amnion/Chorion Allografts: Therapeutic Potential for Soft Tissue Repair and Regeneration" was published in the May 1, 2014, issue of Vascular Cell. The paper (referred to as the "Angiogenesis Study" throughout the remainder of this press release) was authored by Thomas J. Koob, PhD; William W. Li, MD; Geoffrey Gurtner, MD; Robert Rennert, MD; Nicole Zabek; Michelle Massee; and Jeremy Lim, PhD. The electronic publication can be found at http://www.vascularcell.com/content/pdf/2045-824X-6-10.pdf.
The Company's other recently published peer-reviewed article, "Properties of Dehydrated Human Amnion/Chorion Composite Grafts: Implications for Wound Repair and Soft Tissue Regeneration" was electronically published in the Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials. The paper (referred to as the "Bioactivity Study" throughout the remainder of this press release) was authored by Thomas J. Koob, PhD; Nicole Zabek; Michelle Massee; Jeremy Lim, PhD; and Guilhem Denoziere. The hard copy is scheduled to be published in an upcoming edition of the Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. The electronic publication of the study is available in the Wiley Online Library at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jbm.b.33141/pdf.
In the Angiogenesis Study, MiMedx PURION® Processed dehydrated human amnion/chorion membrane (dHACM) tissue allografts were evaluated for properties to support wound angiogenesis. The creation of new blood vessels, or angiogenesis, is paramount during the late inflammatory and proliferation phases of wound healing since chronic wounds are commonly associated with poor circulation and vascularization. "Chronic wounds will not heal without new vasculature," said Parker H. "Pete" Petit, Chairman and CEO. "The results of this study conclude that MiMedx PURION® Processed dHACM may stimulate angiogenesis when applied to a wound. MiMedx dHACM allografts were confirmed to be a promising wound care therapy with the potential to promote revascularization and tissue healing within poorly vascularized, non-healing wounds."
The Angiogenesis Study examined the angiogenic properties of PURION® Processed dHACM both in vitro with human dermal microvascular endothelial cells and in vivo in a murine ischemic injury model. Numerous angiogenic cytokines are intrinsically present in MiMedx dHACM. Bill Taylor, President and COO, stated, "PURION® Processed dHACM was shown to have a direct effect on human microvasculature endothelial cells. The MiMedx dHACM caused these cells to proliferate in vitro and, significantly, it induced production of over 30 angiogenic factors by these cells, including granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, angiogenin, and transforming growth factor. The in vitro migration studies showed that MiMedx dHACM is able to recruit endothelial cells."
The presence of angiogenic factors coupled with the direct effect of PURION® Processed dHACM on the production of angiogenic factors by endothelial cells produces a potent local angiogenic environment that revitalizes the resident endothelial cells to regenerate normal vasculature. The effect of MiMedx dHACM is amplified by increasing the number of endothelial cells in the wound and inducing them to produce even more angiogenic factors. "Proof that PURION® Processed dHACM causes vascularization in a wound was obtained in the murine ischemic wound model in which there was a steady increase in microvessels over a four-week period to levels equivalent to healthy and healed skin," commented Petit.
Taken together, the results of the Angiogenesis Study demonstrate that MiMedx dHACM allografts: 1) contain angiogenic growth factors retaining biologic activity; 2) promote amplification of angiogenic cues by inducing endothelial proliferation and migration and by upregulating production of endogenous growth factors by endothelial cells; and 3) support the formation of blood vessels in vivo.
In the Bioactivity Study, MiMedx dHACM tissue allografts were analyzed for the effectiveness of the PURION® Process in retaining composition of the amniotic membrane and preserving bioactivity in the resulting products. MiMedx dHACM was analyzed for extracellular matrix composition through histological staining and for growth factor content. Bioactivity was assessed by evaluating endogenous growth factor production by human dermal fibroblasts in response to MiMedx dHACM.
"An array of 36 cytokines known to regulate processes involved in inflammation and wound healing were identified in the PURION® Processed dHACM. When dermal fibroblasts were treated with extracts of MiMedx dHACM in vitro, bioactivity was demonstrated through an upregulation in biosynthesis of three growth factors involved in wound healing: basic fibroblast growth factor, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and placental growth factor. MiMedx dHACM induces these cells to produce more wound healing growth factors, which may amplify the regenerative effect of MiMedx dHACM during the proliferative phase," stated Petit.
Inflammation is critical during the early stages of wound repair, but chronic inflammation is a primary cause of refractive healing of wounds. In the healing process, chemokines recruit immune cells to the site of a wound, and cytokines regulate activity of these immune cells. "The Bioactivity Study concluded that PURION® Processed dHACM contains inflammatory cell chemokines and cytokines that regulate the activity of cells derived from the immune system and directly affects inflammatory mechanisms. With MiMedx dHACM, this balance of inflammatory regulators modulates the inflammatory response within refractory wounds, and together with additional wound healing cytokines also retained in MiMedx dHACM, may provide an ideal balance to promote wound healing," added Taylor.
Petit concluded, "These scientific studies are part of our ever-increasing series of publications that chronicle the compelling scientific foundation of MiMedx PURION® Processed dHACM allografts."
About MiMedx
MiMedx® is an integrated developer, manufacturer and marketer of patent protected regenerative biomaterial products and bioimplants processed from human amniotic membrane. "Innovations in Regenerative Biomaterials" is the framework behind our mission to give physicians products and tissues to help the body heal itself. Our biomaterial platform technologies include AmnioFix® and EpiFix®, our tissue technologies processed from human amniotic membrane that is derived from donated placentas. Through our donor program, mothers delivering full-term Caesarean section births can elect in advance of delivery to donate the placenta in lieu of having it discarded as medical waste. We process the human amniotic membrane utilizing our proprietary PURION® Process, to produce a safe and effective implant. MiMedx® is the leading supplier of amniotic tissue, having supplied over 225,000 allografts to date for application in the Wound Care, Surgical, Sports Medicine, Ophthalmic and Dental sectors of healthcare.
Safe Harbor Statement
This press release includes statements that look forward in time or that express management's beliefs, expectations or hopes. Such statements are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements include, but are not limited to the increasing series of publications that chronicle the scientific foundation of PURION® Processed allografts. These statements are based on current information and belief, and are not guarantees of future performance. Among the risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those indicated by such forward-looking statements include that the results of the additional series of publications will not chronicle, as anticipated, the scientific foundation and effectiveness of the Company's PURION® Processed allografts, and the risk factors detailed from time to time in the Company's periodic Securities and Exchange Commission filings, including, without limitation, its 10-K filing for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013. By making these forward-looking statements, the Company does not undertake to update them in any manner except as may be required by the Company's disclosure obligations in filings it makes with the Securities and Exchange Commission under the federal securities laws.
SOURCE MiMedx Group, Inc.


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Director Ashim Samanta told a leading daily that the shooting of Aradhana's remake will done at air bases. "I want the sequences showing the hero emerge from the fighter planes to have the same impact as Tom Cruise's scenes in Top Gun. We are working towards creating the same level of adrenaline and authenticity in the air-base sequences," he said.
It has also been reported that Ashim Samanta's son Aditya Samanta will be seen playing the lead role in the remake. Aditya will be seen in his debut movie Yeh Jo Mohabbat Hai, along with Sanjay Dutt's niece Nazia Hussain.
Story first published: Monday, July 30, 2012, 16:13 [IST]


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Explaining entrepreneurial success: a conceptual model.
Explaining entrepreneurial success has long remained a contentious issue. Failures on this front have been attributed to extra emphasis on individual or environment and plethora of constructs. The paper proposes new constructs that are parsimonious and holistic in nature. These constructs are cognitive complexity, threat to identity, status inconsistency. The constructs assume that entrepreneurship is consequence of interaction between individual and environment.
Despite considerable work in the field of entrepreneurship, efforts to arrive at explanation and theory of entrepreneurial success have not produced desired results (Phan, 2004; Wortman, 1987; Shane and Venkataraman, 2000). The Inability of scholars to arrive at distinct theory is attributed to a number of factors that include disagreement on definition of entrepreneurship, (By grave and Hofer, 1991; Brazeal et al, 1999; Gartner,1989), inability to look beyond their disciplines (Hornaday et al, 1987), inability to apply multilevel analysis and new constructs (Phan, 2004), development and measurement of constructs used (Smith et al., 1989; Vanderwerf and Brush, 1989), lack of dynamism in theories (Bygrave and Hofer, 1991) and lack of parsimony in model development (Phan, 2004). If a distinct theory of entrepreneurship is to developed, field has to pay attention to interactions among cognition, organization and industry level analysis. Further, analysis at every level should be connected to provide holistic picture. This is obviously a tall order to achieve (Phan 2004).
This paper aims to build a conceptual framework which explains entrepreneurial process using psycho-social processes. It attempts to answer some of the above mentioned problems, by using new concepts like cognitive complexity, threat to identity and status inconsistency. The framework presented in this paper is based on psychological and sociological theories of information processing and emotions as basis for describing enterprise creation. It assumes that information creation and management along with emotions are the heart of entrepreneurial decision-making.
The paper first defines entrepreneurship and its implication for explaining the process. It then presents concepts that would be used to build the model. Towards the end, the paper describes the conceptual framework, which explains entrepreneurial process and why model claims acceptability.
A good science has to begin with a good definition (Bygrave and Hofer, 1991). If the field of entrepreneurship is to claim scientific accreditations, there has to be sharp and unanimous definitions. But sadly, there is no consensus on definition of entrepreneurship (Bruyat and Julien, 2001; Lumpkin and Dess, 1996). The number of definitions is almost equal to the number of scholars. Another problem with development of distinct theory of entrepreneurship is lack of reliability and validity of constructs developed to measure a phenomenon (Smith et al, 1998). This makes measurement of different constructs, developed in entrepreneurship, inconsistent. It renders comparison across different works difficult and in some cases even futile, hindering progress of research inquiry (Brazeal, 1999).
Given multiplicity of definitions, the author concurs with Misra and Kumar (2000) that there is no point in proposing another definition. However, without definition, research inquiry becomes difficult. For this very reason, the author adopted a definition from the existing literature. The Definition adopted is: "Entrepreneurship is the process that involves innovative action towards organization creation." The definition has elements of Gartner's (1988) definition which say's that entrepreneurship involves organizational creation and Drucker's (1985) definitions which say's entrepreneurship involves innovation. The definition is close though not same as Shumpeterian (Schumpeter, 2000) notion of "Creative Destruction".
Entrepreneurial Process
Consistent with the definition adopted- innovation and organization creation, the author is of the opinion that the explanation of enterprise creation cannot be separated from volition of entrepreneur. Assumption is that entrepreneur is at the heart of entrepreneurship though not the sole explanatory force. Given these assumptions, paper adopts Baron's (2004) framework for explaining entrepreneurial process. It states that "Willingness to start enterprise', 'Identifying opportunities' and 'Success of the enterprise' "are the three stages of the process.
As already emphasised, entrepreneur is at heart of organization creation. The decision to become an entrepreneur is volitional (Carland, 1988; Baron, 2000). Entrepreneurship literature abounds with studies probing propensity of an individual towards enterprise creation. This literature could be divided into two categories.
First category of research is on personality traits. Some of scholars, mainly psychologists, working in this field have developed useful insights towards this. Some of important concepts that have been explored by these scholars to explain entrepreneurship are: Need for Achievement (McClelland; 1961), Need for power (McClelland, 1975), Internal locus of control (Rotter; 1966), Risk taking propensity (Brockhaus, 1982), Tolerance for ambiguity (Begley and Boyd, 1987) etc. However, the research on trait theories has yielded, at best, moderate results (Gartner, 1988, Baron, 2000). The reasons for failure are twofold. Firstly there has been problem in measuring the various concepts (Chell, 1989) and secondly these concepts may not be good indicators of entrepreneurship (Robinson et. al: 1991).
The second line of inquiry is by sociologist, who have analysed background and demographical factors as reasons for successful enterprise creation. This emphasis led to finding out conditions that are responsible for emergence of entrepreneurship (Gnyawali and Fogel, 1994) The result of these findings have highlighted factors such as dissatisfaction with previous job or life experiences (Brockhaus, 1982), immigration (Borjas, 1986), ability to form social networks and social capital (Aldrich, 2000; Reynolds, Storey and Westhead, 1994), minority status (Hisrich and Brush, 1986; Turner and Bonacich, 1980) and host of other factors. However, like trait factors, sociological factors have also received lukewarm success.
What are the reasons for failure of these factors? Two kinds of explanations are possible for this question. First, it can be argued that homogenous characteristics, like background factors, cannot explain success of entrepreneurs, who are outliers. It is not the conditions (or background factors), per se, that are important but what are the impact on individuals of the conditions. Hence mere demographic variables should be abhorred in favour of consequences of these variables on individuals. This author is of the opinion that some scholars have not been able to focus on effect of demographic conditions on individual. Such analysis could have yielded better insights.
After these failures, research inquiry in entrepreneurship diverted from individual and social variables to development of models, which contained both individual and social factors. This approach was predominant in entrepreneurship literature in early 90's to mid 90's (Learned, 1992; Hornsby et al., 1994). However, these models also failed to account for the success of the process of entrepreneurship. This failure could be attributed to too many variables and hence lack of parsimony. Too many variables, leading to overlap and hence redundancy. For example, there is significant overlap in 'Need for achievement', 'Internal locus of control', 'Risk taking propensity', 'Dissatisfaction', 'and Immigration and Minority status'. An individual who has high need for achievement is likely to be moderate risk taker. Also, S/he is likely to have internal locus of control (Pandey and Tewary, 1979; Diaz and Rodrigues, 2003 and many others). Similarly, the person who migrates to different land might land up in a situation where S/he is denied upward mobility through normal channels. The individual may end up with dissatisfaction, leading to higher efforts.
Does it mean that research on individual variables, both trait and situational, which has yielded at best mediocre results (Chell et al, 1989, p44), should be discarded? Gartner (1988) went to the extent that results on individual personality characteristics have not yielded any result and hence question--"Who is a successful Entrepreneur?" should be discarded altogether. However, Carland (1988) and Baron (2004) have argued that entrepreneurship, as an act cannot be separated from entrepreneurs. Hence, it would be foolish to discard this research as there are some very useful insights that could direct the future research in achieving better results.
What are these useful insights and lessons? The first lesson is that these factors are may need to be improved upon. The second lesson that could be learnt from these results is- any explanation for entrepreneurial behaviour should include minimum number of factors. It requires building of minimum and valid constructs. Is this task achievable?
It is achievable if the new concepts can be thought of, which can encompass two or more earlier concepts. It would reduce duplicity of same phenomenon being explained through different concepts. This is a huge task. But an effort has been made in this paper, though conceptually. The following section discusses constructs that have been used in this paper to build the conceptual framework.
Consistent with Baron (2004) requirements of explaining entrepreneurial success, the author presents important concepts, which would act as a raw material for framework building, As pointed earlier, conceptual model will try and find answers to the three questions.
Threat to Identity
The Author feels that 'Perception of threat to Identity' could be one of the factors, which can encompass some of the inter-related concepts, if not all. It is a negative emotion which forces an individual to quit and start a fresh action. Individual is gripped by fear. He/she starts to think: "What would happen to me if I'm not able to achieve a particular goal. The fear leads to tension. Perception of threat to identity and hence fear can lead an individual to put extra efforts to search for identity. There are many scholars, who have highlighted importance of fear in enhanced information seeking. Minniti (2004) says that the need to prove leads to enhanced alertness (Gaglio and Katz, 2001). Negative emotions like fear, could lead to enhanced information seeking (Muramatsu and Hanoch, 2005). Information seeking may lead to information asymmetry. Hindle (2004) has also highlighted importance of studying fear of failure as a possible cause for decision to start enterprise.
Self Efficacy
Self-efficacy as concept has been found to have an effect on intentions of individuals to start enterprise. Albert Bandura (1986) defined "Self efficacy as a belief in one's capability to organize and execute the resources for actions required--"Manage Prospective Situation". It is related to intensity of efforts an individual would put in a particular task, how long would individual persist with the task and the nature of task an individual would choose. Boyd and Vozikis (1994) co-related entrepreneurship with self efficacy. They cleared the confusion between concepts such as 'self efficacy' and 'locus of control', 'self efficacy' and 'belief that an effort to lead to desired performance' and 'self efficacy' and 'outcome expectations'. They argued that self-efficacy is a broader concept that includes such factors as moods and coping abilities under stress.
Boyd and Vozikis (1994) have argued that a person's self-efficacy can be improved through four methods. These methods in decreasing order of effectiveness are 1. Mastery experiences or Enactive mastery 2. Modelling or Observational learning, 3. Social Persuasion and 4. Judgement of own Physiological states.
Boyd and Vozikis (1994), while further developing Bird's (1988) model of intentions claimed that entrepreneurial intentions are best predictors of entrepreneurial behaviour as compared to other factors like past experience. Similarly, Krueger, Reilly and Carsrud, (2000), while testing models of entrepreneurial intentions, proved that perceived self efficacy of an individual leads to perceived feasibility, which is a better predictor of intention. Noble, Jung and Ehrlich (1999) found that two dimensions of self-efficacy namely, developing new opportunities and meeting unexpected challenges, distinguish students who major in entrepreneurship against students with non-entrepreneurship subjects as majors.
Cognitive Complexity
Bieri (1955) was first to develop the idea of cognitive complexity. However, his concept could not hold ground; subsequently Crockett (1965) modified it. His concept of cognitive complexity is amalgamation of two concepts. The first concept is "Personal constructs" from Personal construct theory of George Kelly (1955). The second concept is taken from structural development theory of Heinz Werner (1957). According to Kelly (1955) every individual has his ways of knowing and dealing with the world through 'Constructs'. These constructs are bipolar in nature. Kelly said that all individuals are like scientists, who continuously apply their constructs to deal with different situations in day-to-day world. Individuals improve and change these constructs with experience. We interpret world through these constructs as per Kelly. He argued that all constructs that fall within same domain constitute specific subsystem. The constructs are organized in hierarchical fashion, such that some elements in the subsystem subsume or imply other elements.
Werner's (1957) theory of structural development states that development takes place from the state of little differentiation to high differentiation, low complexity to high complexity, little articulation to better articulation and hierarchical integration. Werner referred to this as orthogenetic principle of development.
Crockett (1965) combined the theories of Werner and Kelly to arrive at cognitive complexity. Applied to personal constructs, the orthogenetic principle suggests that more developed systems of constructs will be more differentiated (contain greater numbers of constructs), articulated (consist of more refined elements), abstract and integrated (organized and interconnected). These developed systems of constructs are relatively complex. That is, individuals with more differentiated, abstract, and organized systems of constructs, in a particular domain, are considered to possess higher cognitively complexity in the domain. Thus, someone with a relatively differentiated, abstract, and organized system of interpersonal constructs can be regarded as having a higher level of interpersonal cognitive complexity.
As per concept of cognitive complexity, two kinds of development can occur. First is development in a specific domain. This is similar to Sarasvathy's (2004) concept of Expertise and Intuition. Second is, development in general domain which Mitchell (2000) refers to as 'Arrangement Cognitions'. General development is not likely to be complex and its range would also be limited. Development in specific domain is likely to be highly differentiated and complex. Hence it is possible that an individual will have highly differentiated construct in one field and not in others. (Crockett, 1965).
Crockett (1965) related cognitive complexity to impression formation, which is a potential area that could contribute to the entrepreneurship literature (Downing, 2005). Cognitive complex persons were found to be related to better at judging impression of others when they are exposed to contradictory information (Delia and Crockett, 1973; Press, Crockett and Rosenkrantz, 1969). These people have the quality to differentiate and integrate information better than others. Streufert and Swezey (1986, p 61-90) have shown that more cognitively complex individuals gather and process information better, are flexible in their thinking, They change their attitude very quickly in response to the change in the environment and are better strategic planners.
Cognitive complexity of individual increases with age up to late twenty's and early thirties and then decreases with age. It is related positively to formal education. Cognitive complexity of an individual is also influenced by amount and variety of social interactions. Variety of social interactions and education would result in more constructs, whereas the amount of social interaction and education would result in differentiation of constructs. To put it differently, the breadth and depth of social interaction would influence the cognitive complexity. The experiences that an individual has are converted into cognitive constructs through learning. These constructs are used as data for making decisions.
Cognitive Complexity has been related to social perception skills like; identifying others' states and inferring in their dispositions, impression organization, information integration, social evaluation and reliance on evaluative consistency principles, social perspective-taking ability, production of person-centred messages (Crockett et. al, 1975). It is also related to message production forms, communication effectiveness, individual differences in listening, comprehension and conversational memory, differential responses of low and high complexity judges to person-centred, behaviourally complex messages, representations of conversational interaction, topic management during conversation, planning processes during conversation (Burleson and Caplan, 1998). All these skills are very important for entrepreneurs. Baron and Ward (2004) cite a few researches where more cognitively complex person has been found better at picking taxonomical categories.
Cultural Aspirations
Every culture can be conceptualised as a complex system of subcultures. These subcultures can, sometimes be in opposition to the dominant culture in a society. Such subcultures are referred to as contra-cultures. Subcultures are like Kelly's constructs which are integrated and differentiated in a hierarchy. Every subculture has a prescriptive element in it and is unique to the subculture. Subculture/culture transfers its aspirations to individuals through various modes of socialisation. Hence, every individual wants to live up to these aspirations that have been internalised through socialisation. Prescriptive element of culture have performance requirement from individuals if theses individuals have to live up to cultural aspirations and gain identity. These could be termed as "Construct of Performance Requirement". The requirements become standards against which the performance of an individual is measured. Entrepreneurship aspires to fulfil these requirements which would depend on his capability to gauge them properly.
As already said, the Author accepts Baron's (2004) position that explaining entrepreneurial success would require explaining three phenomena- 'Willingness to start enterprise', 'Identifying opportunities' and 'Success of the enterprise'. In the next section, explanations for these phenomena would be developed with the help of concepts mentioned in the previous section.
Willingness to Start an Enterprise
Why would a person like to start an enterprise, especially when entrepreneurship is not preferred career option? The willingness is determined by the pulls and pushes that an individual faces while starting an enterprise (Clark and Drinkwater, 2001; Olomi et al., 2000). Pushes and pulls arise from positive or negative emotions that a person experiences. Push is negative emotion that forces a person to leave the status quo whereas Pull is a positive force that attracts person towards new path, which can be enterprise formation. In other words, a person finds his current status to be unsatisfactory and alternatives like enterprise formation become attractive.
The push factors are: job dissatisfaction, job loss, unemployment, career setbacks, saturation in the existing market, language, immigrant status, deprivation, low family income and lack of flexibility in the previous job. The Author proposes that the perceived threat to identity, mentioned in previous section, can be used to explain as to why individuals are pushed into entrepreneurship. When an individual fears that his identity is threatened he is likely to indulge in actions, which would re-establish his identity or give him a new identity. Entrepreneurship could be a means towards that. However, fear of threat to identity is not enough to make him look for alternatives. Everyone with threatened identity does not start enterprise even if the entrepreneurial career is a preferred choice in the culture/subculture. Some individuals may perceive irreparable damage to their identity to the extent that they lose initiative for alternative action.
In addition to the push, pull is also required to initiate action to regain identity. Various pull factors described in literature are: Need for achievement, Internal locus of control, Intentionality, Practical purpose of individual action, Demand, Common culture, Language, Self sustaining economic environment, Good policy, Infrastructure and Profit. If we have to look for parsimonious model, then it is important that a new concept which encompasses the existing concept should be developed.
The Author proposes perceived self-efficacy as a concept, as described previously, can fulfil the role of providing positive energy to an entrepreneur. Carsrud et al (2000) have shown that self-efficacy is better predictor of entrepreneurial intentions. Chen, Greene, and Crick (1998) reported that self-efficacy is positively related to an individual's starting an enterprise. Self-efficacy provides individuals with the pull and can be a result of both personal and environmental factor, as Boyd and Vozikis (1994) highlighted. It can be used to explain entrepreneurship at culture and structural level of societies. Population in the lower strata in hierarchical societies would have low self efficacy because of high power distance and domination by higher ups. The high power distance leads to "Poor Modelling",' Social Persuasion 'and Mastery skills. On the other hand population in the upper strata would find it relatively easy to hold on to power. This would mean entrepreneurship is likely to remain low in that culture as opportunities for change are non-existent.
Self-Efficacy provides positive emotions and a belief that an individual can make a difference. The difference comes from ability to effectuate. Mere emotions can only lead to propensity and not action.
The Author proposes that decision towards enterprise creation could be explained by combining concepts of "Self Efficacy and Threat to Identity"
Identification of Opportunity
Author proposes that identification of an opportunity can be explained through cognitive complexity and perceived positive self-efficacy. How is it possible? An individual can have high cognitive complexity in both specific and general domain. Higher cognitive complexity in specific domain leads to differentiated constructs. For example, Bill Gate's would have high cognitive complexity in software. Similarly higher cognitive complexity, in general field, would lead to better connectivity with constructs from other field. Continuing with example of Bill Gates, this would mean that he would be able to connect his constructs in software to that of constructs in market. Cognitive complexity in a particular field makes individual expert and general cognitive complexity connectivity in related fields. Hence, a more cognitive complex individual is likely to generate more ideas through differentiation and integration. Hence an individual with high cognitive complexity is likely to be more creative.
Baron and Ward (2004) argue that creativity is related to opportunity identification. They hint towards the possibility that entrepreneurs use different, integrated knowledge structure. Creativity leads to better identification of opportunities through process of conceptual combination, analogical reasoning and abstraction.
A more cognitively complex person is likely to be more creative than less cognitively complex person (Streufert and Swezey, 1986, 73-74). A cognitive complex individual would have better information creating, handling, managing and manipulability capabilities leading to creativity. The more differentiated and integrated constructs an individual has better would be the capability to generate alternatives.
Innovation and creativity are nothing but ability to create new and additional constructs, different from existing constructs. A person with multiple constructs is likely to produce better integration and differentiation of his present constructs to produce newer constructs. To illustrate, we would take an example: Say there are two boys, A and B. Suppose A has vocabulary of 4 words and B has vocabulary of 6 words. If we replace "construct" for "word" then, A has four constructs and B has six constructs. Who has capability to create more number of sentences given this limitation? Obvious answer to this is B. Hence person with higher cognitive complexity would, under normal circumstances, generate more alternatives. After alternatives generation, next task is that of alternatives evaluation to decide upon the most feasible. This requires a good judgement. Cognitively complex makes better individual judgements (Tripodi and Bieri, 1964, 1966) especially when environment is dynamic and complex. The Entrepreneurs operate in a complex and dynamic environment. Hence Cognitive complex entrepreneur would do a better job of evaluation in dynamic environment.
A person with higher cognitive complexity would also be receptive to cultural aspirations. He is more capable at comprehending trends. She/he is likely to be more empathetic to environment. Empathy level can be defined "As overlap of individual constructs and environmental constructs". Higher cognitive complexity would result in identification of appropriate opportunities, as most of viable ideas come from aspirational culture.
Similarly, a persons need to have positive and affirmative outlook while generating and evaluating ideas. Person with higher self efficacy can do such. Kasouf (1997) showed that self-efficacy helps an individual in opportunity assessment and opportunities recognition. Krueger and Dickson (1993) also related self-efficacy to opportunity recognition. This is because self-efficacy could be the difference between something being termed as "opportunity" or "threat". An individual with higher self-efficacy may view a particular situation as opportunity whereas another individual with lower self-efficacy may end up viewing the same situation as a threat.
Hence, identification of opportunity could be explained by combining cognitive complexity and self efficacy. Some scholars have proved that cognitive complexity decreases with age. These results give support for the findings that people are less likely to form ventures as their age increases (Mayr, Ulrich; Kliegl, Reinhold, 1993).
Developing Opportunities/ Creation of an enterprise
Once an individual decides to start an enterprise after identification of opportunity the next stage is developing the opportunity to create organization. The success of an enterprise creation would depend on the ability of an entrepreneur to generate resources for running the organization. Self efficacy has been related to resource acquisition capacity (Brown and Kirchoff, 1997), though the relation was not strong. Cognitive complexity has been linked to higher level of empathy and understanding towards others, leadership skills, ability to attract people and problem solving (Streufert and Swezey, 1986). An entrepreneur is dependent upon all the stakeholders of an organization for success. The stakeholders have differing expectations from entrepreneur. Sometimes these expectations sometimes can be convergent while most times these are divergent. Managing this situation can be rattling to most individuals. For example; the expectations of customers might be different from those of venture capitalists, financiers, employees, shareholders and suppliers. In order to satisfy these divergent expectations, an entrepreneur has to be aware and sensitive to these divergent needs. A cognitively complex person, both in a specific domain and general domain is likely to be aware about the expectations and standards of performance that culture expects if an individual wants to be successful. Baron and Ward (2004) do not deny the possibility that entrepreneurs might possess ability to recognise complex pattern, which other persons do not possess. It helps in better resource acquisition from environment. As per Sternberg (2004) "Entrepreneurs are successful because they have better 'Successful Intelligence' which is different from intelligence measured through different IQ instruments". He says that the successful intelligence is combination of practical, analytical and creative intelligence. This relationship when combined with cognitive complexity can have better relation with successful running of an enterprise. Practical intelligence is combination of effectuation and ability to gauge environment.
Contingency in Model
An industry can be thought of as a dynamic environment. Every environment has certain performance requirements from individuals if individuals have to survive and grow in the same. The Environment is dynamic and competitive with many players in a particular field at a point of time. Hence one way of looking at success is synchronization between individual environments. Suppose in the earlier hypothetical example of A and B. A and B both study in school and they would be evaluated by school on the basis their ability to create more sentences. Suppose, out of six words that B has, three are slang and cannot be used in examination. Effectively, B has only three words, as other three are defunct. On other hand, all four words of A are valid. Effectively, A has more constructs than B. Hence despite B having more constructs, overall, but less constructs compatible with relevant environment, would be out competed by A. Entrepreneurs are more cognitively complex in a particular domain and out-compete others in the domain.
It is realized that success of an entrepreneur/enterprise will depend on his/its relative position to others with respect to framework established in the model vis-a-vis. other players in and out of industry. The survival and growth of these players would be dependent on the relative strength of cognitive complexity of players in the industry. The more cognitively complex person would be able to drive out the players who are less cognitively complex (industry). The assumption that the author has made is that a person who has higher cognitive complexity, is not only likely to assess the environment better than others but has more capability to generate more information and resources which are crucial for growth and survival of an enterprise.
On the other hand, self efficacy and threat to identity are likely to provide individual with emotional energy that acts as motivator to indulge in action of enterprise creation.
A Contradiction in Model
A first look at the model would suggest a contradiction in form of use of two constructs--"Threat to identity and Self-efficacy". A question can be raised as to how it is possible for a person to have both? This could be explained in terms of status inconsistency (Lenski, 1954, 1956), across time and space. An individual occupy more than one status in day-to-day life. It might so happen that he derives self-efficacy from one status (higher one) and he fears threat to his identity from the other status (lower one). The Fear of loss of identity and confidence of self-efficacy might lead to a balance or what Brockner (2004) called promotional and preventive focus in regulatory focus theory of enterprise opportunity identification and evaluation. The Author believes that in order for a person to be successful entrepreneur, it is important that he should have balance of negative and positive attitudes. This helps to avoid excessive optimism or pessimism and leads to better judgement. Brockner says that promotional focus is helpful during idea generation times and prevention focus is helpful during idea evaluation and day-to-day running of the organization. A desirability of both optimistic as well as pessimistic outlook explains why successful entrepreneurship is difficult and a rare phenomenon. Gaglio (2004) also refers to finding of Galinsky et al in his paper which states that, individual who indulges in both "Counterfactual Thinking" and "Mental Simulation" is less prone to biases. The two phenomena are almost opposite to each other but can co-exist.
If entrepreneurial process has to be successfully predicted, the field of entrepreneurship needs a comprehensive model (Bygrave and Hofer, 1991). The model should not only take individual level factors into consideration but also changing environmental conditions (Gartner, 1989). The model has to be dynamic in its relation between individual and environmental factors (Phan, 2004). The second property that a model should possess is that it should be parsimonious. It is non-productive to produce a model, which has numerous explanatory factors. Also, different constructs constituting model should also be measurable with fair degree of reliability and validity (Vanderwerf and Brush, 1989). These are some of the standards that have been set for successful development of the model.
There have been several models; some of them are moderately successful, proposed in the past to explain entrepreneurial behaviour (Chandler and Hanks, 2004; Hornsby and Nafziger, 1994; Lumpkin and Dess, 1996; Krueger and Brazeal 1994, Gnyawali and Fogel, 1994; Katz, 1994, Covin and Slevin, 1991; Misra and Kumar, 2001). Some of the models developed based on the cognitive theory. For example; models proposed by Bird (1988), Ajzen's and Shapero's model (Krueger, Reilly and Carsrud, 2001) have been good predictors of entrepreneurial intentions. However But these models have been at best moderately successful in explaining entrepreneurial behaviour.
Whereas other models, like this model, have been conceptually proposed are yet to be empirically tested. The Author does not claim the superiority of the model over other models that have been proposed in the past because it has not been empirically validated. However, author believes that model provides a fresh perspective. It claims novelty because of following reasons:
1. A number of constructs that are used to build a model is limited. Hence, the model can be called parsimonious.
2. Some fresh concepts like "Threat to identity" (though not entirely new), "Cognitive complexity" and "Status inconsistency" are used to explain the success of enterprise creation. These are scarcely used in the existing literature.
3. The model is built around core concept of cognitive complexity with respect to information creating, handling, managing and manipulating capability for an individual. Phan (2004) says that an ideal theory of entrepreneurship should predict the origin of firm, their density, survival and death. This model can be extended to the level of the firm and industrial level. The analysis of the firm and industry level can be done with the help of similar model, where firm and industry in the model replace individual. The analysis at this level can accomplish the above-mentioned requirements of a good model. For example; Survival, Growth and Death rates of firms can be explained using notion of competition and co-operation for generating information (or knowledge management) among various players in the industry. The efforts in this direction could be seen as theories like complexity theory, which are becoming important tools for organization analysis Streufert and Swezey, 1986). Looking from this perspective, a comprehensive theory, based on the information processing ability of units at various levels from individual to firm to industry level, can be thought off.
4. The model is dynamic as it makes entrepreneurial success as interplay between individual capabilities and environmental requirements. Synchronization between cognitive complexity and environmental requirement can explain as to how an entrepreneur would be successful under some condition while fails under others. As environment changes its requirement from entrepreneurs, also changes, hence creating a mismatch. Use of self-efficacy, in the model, makes it dynamic. Success under some conditions can lead to excessive level of self-efficacy which can make entrepreneurs blind to new aspirational requirements of stakeholders. For example, a successful entrepreneur can develop habit of applying heuristics, which were successful in past. This heuristics might not be ecological rational in new environment. Similarly, if a person fails, his self efficacy might come down to the level where his identity can be affected beyond repair. Similarly, an entrepreneur who is successful in one industry can be a failure in others because there is no synchronicity between his cognitive complexity and environment requirements.
5. Though model has been developed from psychological and sociological concepts it also has elements of economic (information asymmetry, Austrian school). Hence, the model has multi-disciplinary approach.
6. Inclusion of the concepts like status inconsistency, cognitive complexity, threat to identity make this model a strong contender to connect mainstream "Entrepreneurship Research" with what Jennings, Perrings and Carter (2005) called "Alternative Perspective" in entrepreneurship.
The first problem with model presented above framework is lack of empirical proof. Unless empirical proof is found out the model cannot claim acceptability. Secondly, the more serious problem can be that the concepts developed in this paper can turn out to be difficult to measure in reliably and validly. In fact, many scholars feel that inability of scholars to develop a distinct theory of entrepreneurship is because of problem in measuring different concepts (Chandler and Lyon, 2001). The concepts in the model like competition and cultural requirements are difficult to measure exactly because of their highly qualitative nature. Even concepts like cognitive complexity are difficult to capture because of specific domains involved.
The paper has been written to explain the process of organization creation right from the beginning to the stage when enterprise reaches self sustaining stage (Hofer et. al, 1998). The paper is an attempt to challenge established thinking in entrepreneurship literature. These are: First, the paper highlights the importance of both negative emotions and positive emotions as reasons why entrepreneurs take decisions to create their organizations. This is contrary to current notion that decision to start an enterprise may be because of only one or sometimes two factors. The search for identity is manifestation of some kind of negative emotion being driver of action towards organization creation. Self efficacy and cognitive complexity provide individual with positive emotions towards action. The paper challenges the accepted belief that some entrepreneurs are driven by "necessity/ push (negative)" whereas others are "opportunity/pull (positive)" force. It proposes that both forces are involved in decision to start enterprise. The support for this argument could be mustered from the fact that many researchers have proved that one's ability to look for opportunity or information alertness (pull) is result of fear of negative outcome (Muramatsu and Hanoch, 2005). Threat to identity and cognitive complexity are new and different constructs proposed in this direction. Cognitive complexity in a particular field is a better way of representing previously used constructs like education, skills, competence, market knowledge etc. The various constructs are the measures of two fundamental requisite for organization creation- Emotions and Information. The framework in the paper has been developed considering the individual in synchronization with environment. It assumes that all the constructs are dynamic in nature. For example, if there is change in technology the cognitive complexity might reduce for an individual in new settings. Similarly, a person's self efficacy and threat to identity would change depending on perception of environment.
The lessons that can be learnt from this model are summarized as follows.
1. The model can be empirically tested in future. The three questions- "Why a person becomes entrepreneur, How opportunity is identified and how is success created- could be taken as three independent stages". The constructs of self efficacy and threat to identity could be measured using instruments that are available. Instruments are also available for measuring cognitive complexity. However, cognitive complexity as construct poses important challenge if it has to be used in explaining entrepreneurial success. The available instruments cannot be used. An important bottleneck is that cognitive complexity is to a large extent is domain specific. It implies that if entrepreneurs have to be compared in a particular domain for cognitive complexity, it would require domain specific instrument for cognitive complexity. A related challenge is--What is going to be the domain? Is it going to be an industry or function(s)--Production, Marketing, Finance, etc.? The Author feels that instruments of cognitive complexity of entrepreneurs could be designed; taking industry to be domain. The weakness of this method is that it would require development of different instruments for measuring cognitive complexity in different industries that would render cross industry comparison redundant. However, work in this direction could give further insights to overcome above weakness.
2. The model can be extended to firm and industry level analysis where entrepreneur can be replaced by firm and industry in existing framework.
3. Alternative perspectives of looking at entrepreneurship could also be developed from the framework.
The Author is grateful to Professor K.S. Mandal (IIM Calcutta). His guidance and direction was instrumental in shaping the paper.
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Munish Kumar, Indian Institute of Management, Calcutta
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Environmental impact design
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
|This article does not cite any references or sources. (February 2008)
The theory and practice of Environmental impact assessment developed from the appreciation that development projects can have negative impacts - externalities which harm the environment. This led to the enactment of the US National Environmental Policy Act of 1969.
Environmental impact design is concerned with modifications to the design of development projects to achieve positive impacts - externalities which benefit the environment and raise the stock of public goods. Examples of positive impacts include:
- Habitat creation as a result of afforestation projects
- Coastal management projects which contribute to ecological and recreational objectives
- flood defense projects which create greenways
- public open space projects which contribute to surface water management objectives
- bridge designs which enhance the landscape and contribute to non-transportation objectives
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UN says human trafficking found in 118 countries
More News from Associated Press
UNITED NATIONS—A new UN report paints a grim picture of the millions of people trafficked for sexual exploitation and forced labor: They come from at least 136 different nationalities, have been detected in 118 countries, and the majority of victims are women though the number of children is increasing.
The UN Office of Drugs and Crime, which launched the report Tuesday at UN headquarters, said the victims can be found in the world's restaurants, fisheries, brothels, farms and homes, among other places.
The report said trafficking for sexual exploitation accounts for 58 percent of all trafficking cases detected globally while the share of detected cases for forced labor has doubled over the past four years to 36 percent.
In general, it said traffickers are adult men and nationals of the country in which they operate but more women and foreign nationals are involved than in most other crimes.
"This global crime generates billions of dollars in profits for the traffickers," Yury Fedotov, executive director of the Vienna-based agency known as the UNODC, said in the preface.
The International Labor Organization estimates that 20.9 million people are victims of forced labor globally, a figure that includes victims of human trafficking for labor and sexual exploitation, he said.
"While it is not known how many of these victims were trafficked, the estimate implies that currently, there are millions of trafficking in persons victims in the world," Fedotov said.
According to the report, trafficking for sexual exploitation is more common in Europe, Central Asia and the Americas while trafficking for forced labor is more frequently found in Africa, the Middle East, south and east Asia and the Pacific.
Women account for 55-60 percent of all trafficking victims detected globally, and women and girls together account for about 75 percent, it said.
One worrying trend is the apparent increase in the trafficking of children, with the percentage of detected victims increasing from 20 percent between 2003-2006 to some 27 percent between 2007-2010, the report said.
Among the child victims detected, it said, two of every three trafficked children were girls.
The report said detection of other forms of trafficking remain relatively rare.
Trafficking for the removal of organs, though comprising just 0.2 percent of detected cases in 2010, was reported by 16 countries in all regions surveyed, it said.
Trafficking for other purposes including begging, forced marriage, illegal adoption, participating in armed combat and committing crimes, accounted for 6 percent of detected cases in 2010, including 1.5 percent of victims exploited for begging, the report said.
The report said progress has been made in fighting trafficking, with 134 countries and territories passing laws making it a crime.
But the UNODC said progress in getting convictions is limited.
Of the 132 countries covered in the report, it said 16 percent did not record a single conviction for human trafficking between 2007 and 2010.
"Human trafficking requires a forceful response founded on the assistance and protection for victims, rigorous enforcement by the criminal justice system, a sound migration policy and firm regulation of the labor markets," said UNODC chief Fedotov.
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StartUpHire is the place to find Location: Roseville, MN jobs. Review the list of Location: Roseville, MN career opportunities to the left. These Location: Roseville, MN jobs represent some of the most rewarding careers available.
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Location: Roseville, MN NOW HIRING ACCOUNT EXECUTIVES TO JOIN OUR TEAM!!! Are you competitive, self-motivated, and want to be part of a winning team? Do you have a ?can do? attitude, a strong work ethic, and a sales mentality? The Account Executive (Freight Broker) role is3/21/2015 Roseville, MN Save This Job
Location: Roseville, MN Manager, Freight Brokerage The Manager, Freight Brokerage position is responsible for the overall management and business results of an assigned freight brokerage team. As both an expert in the Freight brokerage industry and a business leader, the3/21/2015 Roseville, MN Save This Job


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The job of a college or university admissions counselor is to work with incoming students for undergraduate or post-graduate study. They help the prospective student understand admissions requirements and road map their pre-admission studies for compliance with university standards.Read More...
These counselors also generally act as a point of contact for anyone seeking admission or transfer to the college, and much of their work involves being the point person to high school students considering undergraduate enrollment. The counselor provides these students and their parents with information about the university and any specific programs of interest. They must also be available as a point of contact to provide or schedule tours of the campus for students as well. In many situations, a university expects an admissions counselor to perform some form of outreach to high schools in the area to help promote the college's programs to these prospective enrollees.
The counselor also works with students finishing undergraduate work who are interested in post-graduate study. The counselor help choose a program that fits the career and study needs of these students, and then provides ongoing feedback on progress towards gaining enrollment. Additionally, the counselor also works with students interested in transferring to the university, helping a potential transfer decide whether their school has programs that fit the student's needs and if they have the necessary credentials to transfer.
To work as a college or university admissions counselor, an institution normally requires at least a bachelor's degree in some educational or counseling discipline. They also look for prior academic counseling experience.
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College Admissions Counselors may experience a large salary bump if they progress into a role such as College Admissions Director. The latter position pays an average of $58K annually. College Admissions Counselors moving up in their careers tend to step into positions as Associate College Admissions Directors or College Assistant Directors of Admissions. The median paychecks in those roles are $13K higher and $9K higher, respectively.
Survey results suggest that College Admissions Counselors put a wide range of professional skills to use. Most notably, skills in Marketing Communications, Counseling, Recruiting, and Public Speaking are correlated to pay that is above average. Those proficient in Counseling are, more often than not, also skilled in Public Speaking.
Median of all compensation (including tips, bonus, and overtime) by years of experience.
Relatively untried employees who have less than five years' experience make $34K, but folks with five to 10 years under their belts enjoy an appreciably larger median of $40K. After working for 10 to 20 years, College Admissions Counselors make a median salary of $45K. People who have worked for 20 years or more actually report earning less than people who are in the middle of their careers; the veterans take home a mere $42K by contrast.
For College Admissions Counselors, working in the bustling city of San Diego has its advantages, including an above-average pay rate. College Admissions Counselors can also look forward to large paychecks in cities like Los Angeles (+16 percent), New York (+16 percent), Tampa (+10 percent), and Indianapolis (+9 percent). The lowest-paying market is Louisville, which sits 11 percent below the national average. Employers pay around 7 percent less in Nashville and 6 percent less in Portland, below-median salaries for those in this field.
|Highly satisfied
Rated 4 out of 5
based on 238 votes.
67 %
33 %
|Medical: 87%
|Dental: 73%
|Vision: 58%
|None: 11%


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Danitra Vance
Her typecasting as maids and hookers often-frustrated Saturday Night Live's first Black female cast member. From 1985-1986, her recurring characters included "That Black Girl" (based on That Girl) and Diahann Carroll impressions. She later starred in the TV adaptation of The Colored Museum and the film Little Man Tate. Vance died of breast cancer in 1994 at the age of 40.
(Photo: Alan Singer/NBCU Photo Bank)
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Happy Kimyeversary: Kim and Kanye's Love Story05/24/2015
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Pixel Media Controller - mDLNA
50,000 - 100,000 downloadsAdd this app to your lists
+ By CMC Limited
Pixel Media Controller (Pixel DMC) enables you to browse digital media contents from your Digital Media Server (DMS) and play them to digital media renderers (DMR) such as "dlna-compliant" Digital-TV and other "dlna-compliant" audio/video renderer devices or your devices itself using local Media Player. It also enables you to browse image content from the DMS and print at UPnP/DLNA compliant/certified Printer (DMPr).
Pixel Media Controller allows you to remotely control the playback of your renderer devices, even if they're in a completely different area of your home. Using Pixel Media Controller, you can control volume of your TV, you can pause a media file or resume play back and it also support track change for Next media file and Previous Media file.
Pixel Media Controller allows you to print an Image file (JPEG/PNG/BMP) which is reside on the remote DMS to the "dlna-compliant" Printer. It also helps you to configure your Print Job before printing to the Printer.
Pixel Media Controller is one point solution on Android platform to control all "dlna-compliant" devices such as Digital TV, Mobile Phone, Printer, NAS devices and many more at your home.
*dlna compliant Digital Media Controller for Android Platform
*Discover for all dlna compliant devices – DMS, DMR, DMPr
*Support remote DMS browsing for digital media contents (Image, Song, Video)
*Select media content from DMS and Play back to DMR
*Media Playback control - Play, Pause, Stop, Rewind and Forward, Seek (Forward, Rewind)
*Audio control for Songs and Video – Volume-Up,
*PlayResume - Stop media playback while watching and start the last played file from same location using PlayResue (PlayResume track last 10 video files).
*Select media content from DMS and Play back locally using local media player
*Image Viewer for viewing Images form DMS to locally
*Image slideshow for Local Image previewing DMS and PlayToDMR
*Audio Player for playing audio file form DMS to locally
*Continuous Audio Track Playback from DMS to LocalPlayer
*Select Image content from DMS and Print to "dlna-compliant" Printer
*Support Print, Print Cancel, Printer Event (Job-ID, Print Successful, Print Cancel etc.) for DMPr device
*Support WiFi, Tether and Ethernet for DLNA Home Network
*AlbumArt for Audio & Video
*Image Thumbnail
* UPnP/DLNA device icons as DMS and DMR
Pixel Media Controller (v 5.5) is tested with "dlna-compliant" leading Digital Media Server, Digital Media Renderer and Digital Media Printer and with Conformance Test Tool for this technology. Please provide your valuable feedback on Pixel Media Controller.
Please have a look for our other "dlna-compliant" apps on Android platform from CMC Limited.
Digital Media Server: "Pixel Media Server – DMS"
Digital Media Renderer(DMR):"Pixel Media Renderer - DMR"
For any queries or issue related to Pixel Media Controller, please send e-mail to
We are happy to help you.
Disclaimer:This app is not DLNA certified solution and this app is not claiming that "App has passed interoperability testing standards approved, endorsed or sponsored by DLNA". This application is not certified by DLNA Organization (www.dlna.org) or its associate partner and we are not listed Member Company of this organization. DLNA® is trade mark of DLNA Organization.
Tags: pixel media controller, pixel media server, 안드로이드dlna 오픈소스, best dlna media server, dlna open source, pixcel media controller, dlna compliant dmr, pixel media controller source, dlna volume control, 안드로이드 dlna.
Current Version: 5.7
Release Date: MAR'10, 2015
- Stack update
Old Release:
- Unicode issue resolved
- Music Player GUI
- Audio, Video & Image Thumbnail
- AlbumArt Picture full-display at Audio Playback
App Tip: After getting update, if app does not work, uninstall the app & restart your device. Again re-install the app from Google Play Store.
SEND US MAIL BEFORE POSTING NEGATIVE FEEDBACK AT GOOGLE PLAY STORE: firstname.lastname@example.com
(38 stars)
Could not accomplish anything with ps3
(38 stars)
This is so stupid, it doesnt even give you optiones,it doesnt scan,it doesnt refresh, i cant control my damn tv. I need a remote asap
(38 stars)
(38 stars)
Crashes upon startup
(38 stars)
(38 stars)
I prefer to use .flac music files. It appears that this app does not support .flac. The interface is fairly basic and not as "pretty" as others (e.g. BubbleUPnP). It seems to perform as advertised; however, If those two issues were changed, I would increase my star rating.
(38 stars)
I could see one of my networks. Couldn't do anything with it. I went to bubbleunup, it works, alone, with out having to have a ton of apps. Bubble works with win7 and ubuntu. I tried both.


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FEATHERVILLE, Idaho -- More than 1,400 firefighters continue to work on the 119,000 acre Trinity Ridge Fire burning on the Boise National Forest.
But, there's some good news for homeowners in Featherville, which was evacuated one week ago. It looks like crews have cutoff the fire's main path to the town.
On Wednesday, crews started burning a line on the northwest side of Featherville, a back burn. The idea was to cutoff the fire when it made a run to the town, letting it fizzle when it hit the already charred forest land. Early Saturday, that's exactly what happened.
Sealing up that gap is going to keep a big steam of fire from heading right at Featherville, which was our objective, said Traci Weaver with the Incident Management Team. We burned this on our terms, not on the fire's terms.
Weaver says crews have also been helped by years-old fire scars on the north, east, and west sides of the fire. She says, a few hundred extra firefighters, and fresh crews have helped too.
Early on, we just couldn't hardly buy a crew. There just weren't any available. There were so many other fires going on, said Weaver. So, we were able to get the resources we really need to get in there, and make some progress on this fire.
Cyndie Christensen, owner-operator of Cyndies' Featherville Cafe is one of the few people who chose not to evacuate from the town. She's almost ready to claim victory, at least, in the fight for the survival of Featherville.
We're pretty much safe at this point, said Christensen. Unless we get some errant ember that starts a tree on fire behind us, we're fine.
But fire managers can't guarantee that yet, and say, there's still a lot of work to be done.
Obviously, this fire is not contained yet, said Weaver. So, there's always that risk of it hooking around, or getting somewhere you don't want it to.
But, one of the other consequences of adding fire to fire, is the incredible amount of smoke that's now settled in Featherville. While people there say it normally lifts in the afternoon, the smoke was almost choking in the morning, and visibility was less than 100 feet.
You stay inside as much as you can, said Christensen. That's why I feel sorry for the firefighters, because they're out there, they're in it.
They don't get a chance to get out and get some fresh air, they have to stick it out, said Jake Brollier.
Brollier has been fighting wildfires in Idaho and around the country for 15 years. He says, this is one of the smokiest fires he's been on. Besides adding one more physical obstacle for firefighters, Brolliers says, the thick haze also creates a strategic obstacle to fighting the fire.
You have to get right up on it, and you have to send people out to scout it out to see what they got, said Brollier. Because, you can't just look up and say, 'We can see the ridge line. We can see the fire. So, we can start forming a plan.' You don't have that luxury in this.
A Boise National Forest Spokesperson says three members of the Bonneville Hotshots were injured today when a large log rolled down a steep embankment into the crew.
Two of the injured firefighters were transported to Boise for treatment.
One suffered a minor head injury, the other had injuries to the back, neck and shoulders.
The fire is just 5% contained, and structures are still threatened.
It started August 3rd when a utility terrain vehicle caught fire. The owner has been identified but names haven't been released.


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Written on: 20/11/2005 by dacerace (12 reviews written)
Good Points
Modern, fresh, clean, not overpowering. Not too expensive.
Bad Points
General Comments
I have a few EDTs but Clinique Happy is certainly one of my favourites.It is an appropriate name, because I don't know if it's just me...but the scent is a cheerful smell that does make you happy.You also get plenty of people asking what you are wearing.
As rated by our community of reviewers
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Bobby Lashley recently spoke about his transition from pro wrestling to MMA and more. Check out the highlights:
On his goal when fighting: "Before when I was fighting, I just felt like I had to go out there and win. That was my only focus. Now I'm trying to get the rhythm, get to where I feel comfortable in there. I'm getting that ring time, and that's what's really important to me now. Because in practice, I do really well. But in fights I get a lot of pressure on me, and I get nervous. I'm trying to get that out of my system."
On fighting twice in a month: "I just decided, it's one of those things where I'm not getting any younger. If I'm going to fight, I need to fight. I need to stay active. I need to do something big now. If not, I need to hang it up and just do stuff with my gym. I'm fighting this fight, and I think I have two in August that were offered to me. Hopefully if I don't get hurt, I can stay active and just keep going."
On the early hype around him: "My first fight was at the American Airlines Arena, headlining a card at 0-0. There wasn't any chance to get comfortable in there. It was just go in there and finish that guy quick. You can't learn that way."
On going a different route in his career than Brock Lesnar: "I own a gym, and I want to get to the point where I can actually teach these martial arts to other people. I really enjoy learning. I wouldn't say that what Brock did was bad because he made a lot of money, and that's important. But I don't wish I had gone that route. I'm enjoying the route that I'm taking now. It's a little rockier, but I don't mind it."
On his first MMA loss in Strikeforce: "Some of these guys will go out and lose a fight, and yeah, they take a little heat, but pretty soon they're back in the scene. They shake it off and they go. For me, when I lost my first fight, it was terrible. I had mono. It was a bad idea for me to take that fight, but I felt obligated, and I went ahead and did it. Losing that fight, I took a huge blow in my career. It was a 180 [degree] turn after losing that fight."
On not fighting the big names right away: "Some guy was saying, 'You should have taken the fight with [Alistair] Overeem.' Well, I got offered a fight with Overeem after, like, my third fight. I got offered a fight with Fedor [Emelianenko] after, like, two fights. I don't think that would have been a smart move to take those fights. ... I have my thing going on, and I'm training and trying to get better, but fans don't understand that. They just want you to fight. They just want to see this guy fight that guy."
On taking his time: "Hopefully I can show these guys that I can be in one of these major promotions and be a threat there. But until I feel that way I'm going to keep taking these fights outside those promotions and keep getting better. If I can do that, I can really rattle some off. If I can feel comfortable in these next few fights, I'd like to do something big."


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Mob ransacks Forest Department office-cum-guesthouse at Chikkabaragi, torches furniture, vehicles
Renewed efforts will be made from Thursday to track the man-eating tiger of H.D. Kote in Chikkabaragi forest in Bandipur.
This follows authorisation to shoot down the tiger after three deaths were attributed to it in the villages adjoining the fringes of the Bandipur National Park.
The latest attack was on Tuesday evening. Basappa (70) was killed by a tiger close to the Chikkabaragi forest and his dismembered body was found nearly 1 km away from the spot where he was attacked.
All the three deaths are attributed to one tiger as the attacks took place in a radius of 6 to 10 km.
Six elephants will be pressed into service for the combing operation and additional forces are being deployed at Chikkabaragi, which is about 85 km from Mysore city, to help track the animal.
H.C. Kantharaju, Director, Bandipur Tiger Reserve, told The Hindu that four teams of veterinarians and armed marksmen had been set up and they would fan out in the region and comb along the fringes of the forests.
However, sources in the department said on condition of anonymity that their first priority would be to tranquilise and trap the tiger and not kill it, unless it was an act of self-defence. "We will go according to the protocol and will not kill any tiger just to satisfy the mob demand as it will not solve the problem. If a wrong tiger is killed, it will be tragic and the problem will also persist, and we will be answerable for it," a source said.
It is now being claimed that the Forest Department has the video footage of the tiger when it was sighted a few times on Saturday during the combing operation at Seegevadi haadi but could not be darted due to a faulty gun.
"The image of the tiger is clear and will help us ascertain its identity," a source said. The tiger seems to be ejected out of its territory by a dominant male and hence it was refusing to retreat beyond 300 metres inside the forest and does not venture out more than 100 metres outside the boundary, sources said. This trait has been observed at Seegevadi haadi and the team would focus on combing within a 500-metre range along the demarcation line.
Superintendent of Police Abhinav Khare, who was at Chikkabaragi, told The Hindu that the tiger was spotted on Wednesday close to Basappa's body and the police fired 29 rounds in its direction. Combing operations with the help of elephants on Thursday would help ascertain if the tiger had been shot or not.Targeted
A large number of people from Chikkabaragi, Doddabaragi and surrounding villages laid siege to the Forest Department office-cum-guesthouse at Chikkabaragi on Tuesday night, ransacked it and set fire to furniture. A motorcycle, a lorry and a jeep were also set ablaze.
On Wednesday, hundreds of people ventured into the core area of the Bandpur Tiger Reserve unmindful of the dangers and staged a dharna near Basappa's body, demanding that the Forest Minister and local elected representatives and Forest Department officials visit the place. H.D. Kote tahsildar Krishna was roughed up by the mob. The former MLA Chikkanna was gheraoed and forced to leave the place.Meeting
Later in the day, Inspector-General of Police (Southern Range) Ramachandra Rao, senior officials from the department visited Chikkabaragi and held a meeting with the local people. Post-mortem was performed on Basappa's body later and the last rites were conducted.
His family will receive a compensation of Rs. 5 lakh from the government.