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The present invention discloses a method for building, defining, and storing features in an application neutral format comprising building a feature based on a feature class, wherein the feature class comprises feature geometry, feature constraints, and feature dimensions, defining the built feature as a geometric representation of an individual feature type, and storing the representation in a binary file format.
1. A method for converting a two-dimensional drawing to a complete three-dimensional model, as an output that is readable and editable in a 3-D computer-aided-design ("CAD") software system, comprising:
(a) inputting the two-dimensional drawing;
(b) correcting errors associated with the two-dimensional drawing to give a corrected two dimensional drawing;
(c) using an automated feature detection system to create matched feature loops;
(d) performing a profile analysis and a feature analysis on the matched feature loops;
(e) producing an ordered list of three-dimensional features using geometry of up to six orthographic views of the three-dimensional features, wherein the ordered list of three-dimensional features is ordered consistently with the CAD system's ordering expectations;
(f) writing the ordered list of three-dimensional features to an intermediate binary file format;
(g) interfacing the binary file format to a binary file format that is specific for the CAD system; and
(h) producing a parametric feature-based three-dimensional model
wherein step (d) comprises:
receiving the matched feature loops,
performing a profile analysis on each loop match,
building feature subtrees, wherein each of the feature subtrees contains necessary data to create a 3-D feature,
setting a relative volume operation for each of the feature subtrees, and building feature relations on the feature subtrees; and
step (e) comprises:
building a model tree based on the feature relations, and
producing a final feature tree based on the model tree to give the ordered list of three dimensional features.
2. The method of
3. The method of
4. The method of
5. The method of
step (a) comprises:
automatically filtering non-graphical entities, wherein the non-graphical entities include all dimension lines, centerlines, construction lines, hatching, text, title blocks, and borders, and
exploding any blocks in the drawing to accumulate indivisible geometric entities; and
step (b) comprises:
performing error checking on the drawing,
if errors are found, correcting the errors, and
automatically splitting entities in the drawing or in the corrected drawing corresponding to top, front and side views.
6. The method of
7. The method of
8. The method of
9. The method of
receiving the corrected two-dimensional drawing;
performing a subpart extraction of the corrected two dimensional drawing, wherein the subparts are join features including single features or combinations of features and wherein all subparts are extracted;
performing a subpart matching of the corrected two dimensional drawing;
extracting nested loops and circular loops;
matching the nested loops and circular loops; and
producing matched feature loops.
The present application is related to and claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/397,902, filed Jul. 23, 2002, entitled METHODOLOGY FOR INCREMENTALLY UPDATING 3D FEATURE-BASED CAD MODELS IN A COLLABORATIVE ENVIRONMENT, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/397,903, filed Jul. 23, 2002, entitled METHODOLOGY FOR AUTOMATED CONVERSION OF 2D CAD DRAWINGS TO PARAMETRIC 3D CAD MODELS, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/397,965, filed Jul. 23, 2002, entitled UNIVERSAL FEATURE OBJECT—A METHODOLOGY TO STORE FEATURES IN A CAD NEUTRAL FORMAT. Applicants hereby claim the benefit of these Provisional patent applications under 35 U.S.C. Section 119(e), the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference herein.
The present invention relates to a system and method for converting a two-dimensional (2D) drawing to a three-dimensional (3D) model and, more particularly, to a system and method for creating and updating a 3D model and creating a related neutral file format.
There have been various attempts to create an intermediate file format for the exchange of feature data or graphical information between systems (such as Computer Aided Design (CAD) systems) and products. A native file format is typically associated with each CAD system, some of which are complex, do not always translate accurately to other CAD systems, and only transfer graphical information. Therefore, there is a need overcome such limitations and to create an intermediate file format that can represent a feature-based 3D model as well as a simple representation of the graphical information for use in multiple applications.
Several companies offer some version of homogeneous collaboration within their products. Such functionality allows users to share models in the native format of the CAD system for design changes. In the homogeneous environment, several conventional techniques are used today. These include using streaming technology to stream large size models between users, redlining and markup using viewers that do not display intelligence in the model (such as features and their associated parameters), or propagating design commands to users. A limitation of such conventional products, however, is the lack of collaboration in a heterogeneous CAD environment.
In order to currently achieve true collaboration between designers, an entire model is transferred between users in real-time. Such a procedure can be very inefficient and slow for large CAD models and assemblies. Hence, there is a further need for a methodology that will propagate only design changes to the collaborators that are concise and easily deliverable over various networks (such as, for example, narrowband networks). This obviates the transfer of entire models between users or manually recreating the design changes at each collaboration node.
Companies have traditionally accumulated large amounts of legacy data as 2D drawings and most new designs are currently modifications to legacy designs that are only available in 2D drawings. Certain conventional solutions can semi-automatically convert simple 2D drawings to 3D models. However, the 3D models generated by these systems are "dumb" geometric models that cannot be edited easily. Certain products available for 2D to 3D conversion create 3D solid models of simple prismatic parts within software that is automated only for the simplest of parts with other more complex parts having to be interactively modeled. Other products also convert simple drawings to 3D models using an intuitive modeling approach whose generated models are not true parametric models. As such, they lack constraints and dimensions and do not represent design intent well. Other products create 3D solid models using a completely manual approach. Although these 3D models are parametric and feature-based, the class of features handled is typically limited to extrusion joins and cuts.
As such, what is also need is a system and method for easily and cost effectively converting 2D drawings to usable 3D models, and generating intelligent 3D parametric and feature-based models. These improvements would allow designers to easily modify the models in the CAD system of their choice. There is also a need to convert older designs to 3D models to for archiving purposes or to manufacture spare parts when users or systems cannot use the 2D data.
It is therefore desirable for the present invention to overcome the limitations and problems described above that are involved with creating and updating a 3D model and creating a related neutral file format.
The present invention achieves technical advantages as a system and method for creating and updating a 3D model and creating a related neutral file format.
In one embodiment, a method for building, defining, and storing features in an application neutral format comprises building a feature based on a feature class, wherein the feature class comprises feature geometry, feature constraints, and feature dimensions, defining the built feature as a geometric representation of an individual feature type, and storing the representation in a binary file format.
In another embodiment, a method for incrementally updating a binary file comprises indicating changed features between a first binary file and a second binary file at a first client, receiving the changed features at a second client, comparing an identification of the first binary file with the second binary file, and if the identification is new, writing the second binary file to the first binary file.
In a further embodiment, a method for converting a two-dimensional drawing to a three-dimensional model (or object) comprises detecting the two-dimensional drawing, correcting errors associated with the two-dimensional drawing, receiving the corrected drawing by an automated feature detection system, performing a profile analysis and a feature analysis, producing a list of three-dimensional features, and writing the features to a binary file format.
Universal Feature Object (UFO)—A Methodology to Store Features in a CAD Neutral Format
The present invention (which may be implemented as software, hardware, and/or a combination of software and hardware) includes a neutral file format that is capable of handling graphical representations of a 2D drawing and fully constrained feature-based 3D models from multiple CAD systems. This neutral or generic intermediate file format allows for the conversion of 2D legacy drawings to 3D feature-based models in a targeted CAD system and also allows for the collaborative update of a 3D model from one CAD system to another.
Referring now to
The UFO consists of two libraries that are necessary to create the 3D model. These two libraries are the geometry library and the feature library. The geometry library contains classes for all 2D and 3D entities as well as points and vectors. Common classes exist for 2D entities (for example, GE2D_Entity) as well as 3D entities (for example, GE3D_Entity). All entity types (lines, circles, etc.) will inherit from the common entity class. The data within each class is private and can only be accessed via member functions. In the geometry classes (both 2D and 3D), the member functions that set and retrieve the data actually copy the data between the class's private data space and the address of the data specified from the calling function. For example, a 2D line contains a start point. However, to retrieve this point, the calling function must pass an address where this particular point data is to be copied. This guarantees data integrity. Within each class, the data is classified as fundamental data, which is the minimum data necessary to define the entity, and the derived data, which is any information that may be used in or with the present invention. It is the responsibility of the individual classes to guarantee that any change made to the fundamental data via a function (for example, a member SET_function) will update the derived data accordingly. For example, if the start point of a line is changed via another function (for example, a Set_Start_Pt function), it is the responsibility of that function to update all fundamental data (i.e. length and slope of the line) accordingly.
An important class in the geometry library 16 is a 3D coordinate system class (for example, a GE3D_Coordinate_System class). The coordinate system is what permits each feature to be independently defined. It contains all the data necessary to detect a work plane, sketch plane, or face upon which a feature may need to be built. This data comprises plane vectors (positive x, positive y, and positive z), the origin of the plane, and the elevation (or distance) of the plane from world origin. In most cases, the geometry classes are simply a method of holding the data associated with some geometric type. An exception to this case is a class developed to aid in converting coordinate system data to other useful formats for use in the various applications (for example, a GE3D_Coordinate_System_Converter class).
Referring now to
Several features are created by first drawing a profile shape from a collection of entities on a specific surface. Two such features are extrusion features and revolve features. A separate class is created to handle all profiles (for example, a FEAT_Profile class). The coordinate system needed to draw a feature is defined within the profile class and is due to the nature of the coordinate system class that contains the data necessary to detect the face or work plane. Within the profile class, the data needed to draw the profile can be handled as an array of 2D poly-lines or entities. Each CAD interface application can build the profile using the method that is native to that CAD system when drawing the profile.
Feature constraints are handled via two classes. The first class, (for example, a FEAT_Constraint class), defines the constraint type, constraint data value (i.e. dimension value) and up to two (or more) constraint objects (such as a 3D point or a 3D edge). The second class, (for example, a FEAT_Constraint_Object class), contains the constraint object type indicating the constraint is to an edge or to a point, and the point or edge definition.
In addition to containing a data representation for a 3D feature-based model, the UFO of the present invention also contains a method for storing the 2D views via a class (for example, a FEAT—2D_View class). The view class contains an array of 2D entities (lines, circles, arcs, etc.) and a coordinate system associated with the view. The view data is not necessary to build a 3D model and may be null.
By utilizing the current format for the UFO, the software of the present invention is easily maintained and updated. The UFO can be incrementally updated with additional features and little or no overhead. By using an object-oriented approach with the UFO, compatibility between versions is simplified. Upward compatibility between versions of the UFO can be achieved through the use of inheritance. Another compatibility issue deals with versions of a particular CAD system and involves attempting to transfer a model from a CAD system to an earlier version of that CAD system. With the exception of new features that are not handled in an earlier version, backward compatibility is achieved (using UFO) through the CAD application.
Another advantage of the UFO of the present invention is the amount of data transferred. The UFO file is a binary file of the individual CAD features and the metadata associated with each feature. By utilizing the application to determine the build method of the model, CAD specific data is not transferred through an intermediate file. Therefore, the UFO can be used in a collaborative environment. The UFO also lends itself to other possible uses such as an incremental update of a model in a collaborative environment. Finally, the UFO can handle manufacturing features as well as design features which include pocket, step, notch, etc.
A Methodology for Incrementally Updating 3D Feature-Based CAD Models in a Collaborative Environment
3D CAD models can get extremely large in size for complex parts and assemblies such as those used on airplanes and automobiles, for example. If such complex parts are to be collaboratively designed using conventional CAD systems, users have the choice of simply marking up a visualization version of the model (that is smaller in size) or transferring the model among them each time a design change is made. This is true of collaboration either in a homogeneous CAD environment where all users have the same CAD system or in a multi-CAD heterogeneous environment where all or some users do not have the same CAD system.
A feature of the present invention allows collaborators to only share design changes and not transfer entire product models between collaborators. This feature is a significant improvement over current collaboration models and enables users to collaborate on complex models over narrowband networks.
Referring now to
The second client 63 receives the changes from the server 62 at step 74 and compares the ID with the old UFO at step 75. If the ID is new, the entire UFO is written to the old UFO at step 76. Changes are updated in the old UFO at step 77, otherwise the part is updated at step 78. If the earlier collaboration was skipped, the entire part is redrawn at step 79.
Referring now to
If the file with the same tag is found at step 88 then this new file is read at step 96. The new file is compared feature by feature with the old file at step 97. Each of the features are individually compared at step 98. If a match is found, the method moves on to the other features; if not, the new feature is marked as "Added" and is added to a new list at step 99. This is done until the comparison is completed. When the comparison is completed, File2 is compared with File1 at step 100. The unmatched feature is marked as "Deleted" and added to the new list at step 101 and the same process is continued. Once the comparison is complete, the features in the new list are compared at step 102. If the features are the same, then the tag is changed to "Modified" and one copy is deleted from the list at step 104.
Once the comparison is completed, a "DUFO" tag is added to the new list and is serialized at step 105. This file is then sent to the server for collaboration at step 106. The server then sends the file to all the other collaborators at step 107. The other collaborating systems receive the file from the server at step 90 and check to see if there is a DUFO tag at step 91. If there is a DUFO tag, the file is run through a design conversion engine to map the features at step 108. The feature type and the index are received from the file, the corresponding feature is searched in the CAD system at step 109, and the changes to the part in the CAD system are affected at step 110. The same process is carried out on the saved UFO file and it is updated at step 111. The CAD system waits for a new part or sends another part at steps 112 and 93. When the collaborating system receives the part and if the part does not contain a DUFO tag, then the part is drawn on the CAD system at step 92.
The following description further describes and clarifies the system and methods described in
At the receiving end, the collaboration client receives the file and checks to see if the file has a "DUFO" tag attached to it. This is done after serializing the UFO file. In the case where the entire part was sent out, no tag would be found and hence the entire part would have to rebuild/build on the receiving end CAD system. A unique tag that came with the UFO is added to the name of the file on the receiving CAD system. Now that the part has been sent to all collaborators, the users can collaboratively make design changes. The first collaborator can change the model and write it out to the UFO. Now the model has a unique tag attached to its name. This tag is taken and compared with all the UFO files that are in the current directory. A match may be found (for example, this UFO file can be referred to as file2), and file2 is serialized and compared with the feature tree that was read from the model. File1 is compared with file2. Every feature from file1 (the feature tree read from the model presently open) is sequentially compared with every feature in file2. If the feature is not found in file2, the feature is added to a new list as an "Added" feature. Once the comparison is complete, features from file2 are compared with features from file1 (for example, the feature tree that was read from the opened model). Any unmatched feature is added to the new list as a "Deleted" feature. When comparing, if the features are same but their feature index is different, then the feature is added to the tree as a "moved" feature.
Once this comparison is complete, features in the new list are compared with other features. If the feature type and the feature index (this is the index that keeps track of the relative position of the feature in the feature tree) are the same, one copy is deleted and the tag on the other one is changed to "Modified". Once a complete comparison is performed, the new list is serialized (after adding a "DUFO" tag to the list). This new UFO is sent to the server which sends the file to all the collaborators other than the one that sent the file. The other collaborators receive the file and open it to see the DUFO tag. Each feature is extracted and is run through a feature-mapping engine to map the feature to an available feature in the CAD system. Once mapped, the mapped feature is taken and identified on the feature tree. The identification is accomplished using the feature type and the relative feature index in the tree. Once identified, the feature is either deleted, added or modified based on the tag that the feature carries. Added features are simply added without comparing these added features with existing features. Only modified and deleted features have to be compared.
In the case of fillets and chamfers, modified features are first deleted and then added. This is done because fillets and chamfers are typically dependant features and have a modified tag since the feature on which they are dependent is modified. This would make sure that the fillet and chamfer move to the right place when modified. When a fillet is deleted or added, it is reordered in the feature tree since all added features are by default added at the end of the feature tree. Since this does not maintain the design intent, when the feature is deleted, its position is noted down. Thus, when the modified feature is added, it is moved to the old position in the tree thereby maintaining the design intent.
Currently, when a feature is being modified, all attributes of the feature are modified even though a particular attribute would have remained the same. Eventually, the DUFO can note only the changes or mark and change the changed parameters. Once the feature in the DUFO file has been mapped and compared with the feature tree, the new features are added to the file that has the same tag as the part that is open in the CAD system. This makes sure that the UFO file in the system is up to date with the one opened in the CAD system. The feature is added or deleted from the list and its relative position is maintained in the list.
When collaborators are collaborating with a heterogeneous CAD system, a problem of un-mappable features usually arises. These features are either converted into another feature supported by the CAD system or added to the part as geometry (surfaces stitched together). In such a collaboration situation, incremental updating is difficult. For example, Collaborator A may have a dome feature and sends the file to Collaborator B who builds up the part by changing the dome to a loft in his/her system (since the dome is unsupported by Collaborator B). Collaborator B may then add a few more fillets and send the file to Collaborator A. When the incremental update is not used, the entire file is sent to Collaborator A who loses the dome as it gets converted into a loft on his/her system. This scenario is called a loop-through problem.
The present invention overcomes the loop through problem. When Collaborator B adds new fillets to the part and collaborates, the new part is compared with the one saved in the system. New fillets are detected, but the loft is not detected as changed. So only the fillets go to Collaborator A as new features and Collaborator A does not lose the dome.
In the present invention, every feature attribute is compared between the files. For example, if two extrusion features are being compared, attributes such as extrusion height, blind or through extents, and extrusion directions are compared. The profile is also checked. Each entity in the profile is compared and the coordinate system attached to the profile is also checked. If a change is found in any one of the attributes, the feature is added to the list that maintains every new, deleted and changed feature. If the base feature is changed, most (if not all) of the other features will also need to be changed. In such a situation, it is appropriate to send the entire file to the other end rather than sending a DUFO file.
The manner in which the UFO is organized is similar to the manner in which features are represented in a feature tree. This helps in the comparison, deletion and addition of features. The UFO is object oriented and extensible which aids in the easy addition of comparison operators, and comparison of disparate features with just one class. Serialization of a single feature or list of features is possible. Serialization of single feature without involving the depended features helps in making the differential update possible.
A Methodology for Automated and Semi-Automated Conversion of 2D CAD Drawings to Parametric Feature-Based 3D CAD Models via the UFO
The present invention also provides a robust and modular approach to converting drawings from 2D to 3D and consists of three primary steps in the conversion of a 2D drawing to a 3D feature based model. These steps are feature detection, feature analysis, and model creation which are further described below.
Referring now to
In a further embodiment, the method may proceed to various steps where this result is merged with a 2D representation of the UFO file to form the basis for any interactive feature definition for features that were missed by the automated conversion. In the interactive feature definition, a user could define feature profiles and interactively specify feature heights to completely define a new feature in the 2D drawing. This feature could then be added to the existing UFO file to create a new UFO file that can again be interfaced to the CAD system to generate a new 3D model.
Referring now to
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Once all subparts views have been extracted, an attempt is made to find matches for each. This is a two-step process. Initially, subparts are compared with subparts from other orthographic views looking for a possible match. Further searches look for matches using, for example, an atomic loops means. This second step is executed when there is a third view or only two views where the matching loop is nested inside the view. An example of this is the block with the cylindrical boss with three views 181, 183, and 185. The cylindrical boss subpart 186 will have a subpart view (or views) associated with the rectangular extrusion loop 182, 184, while the remaining view will have a circle within a square. If there are three views, the two rectangular subparts will be matched during subpart matching, while the associated circle will be detected via the atomic loops means.
Once subpart extraction and matching is complete, the remaining, nested features will be detected. First, any circle loop that has not been marked as subpart match is handled. For each circle, a search is made in the orthographic views for tangential reconstruction matches, followed by tapered reconstruction matches. This will include holes, bosses, tapered holes, tapered bosses, drill tip angles, and circular fillets/chamfers.
A final step for feature detection involves a means for the nested loops. Nested loops are basically internal loops that are completely inside the outer boundary of the input views (i.e. attempts to find matches use the atomic loops). At each of the previous steps, entities are marked as 'used' once they have been associated with a feature (subpart or circular feature). The unused entities become the focal point of the nested loops means which eliminates unnecessary processing time and reduces the number of invalid detected features.
Nested loops are formed in a view when loops corresponding to two or more features overlap each other. The main purpose of this means is to identify the individual features in the nested loops by matching loops in available 2D views. A 3-stage approach is followed to identify the features. The steps involved are identification of atomic loops, combination of atomic loops, and validation of combined loops. A beginning step is to identify all possible loops in each view. These loops are called atomic loops which are passed as the input for the next step. A next step is to identify the combination of loops in each view, which would correspond to a valid profile. The view in which the number of atomic loops is a minimum is taken as a reference. Each atomic loop is checked with the other view for any match. If a match was found, then the dimension of the loops is verified. If no match was found then it is considered an invalid loop. For example, if top and front view loops were to be matched then x-coordinates would be matched. If the dimension were not found to be equal, the combination of loops would be employed.
A later stage is the validation of the combined loops. In this step, the projection of the combined loop from one view is mapped on to the other view and checked for a match. The projection could be along the horizontal or vertical axis depending on the views under test. If any projection did not give a match, the loop corresponding to that projection would be removed from the combination. After the profile is validated, it is taken from one view while the height would be taken from the other view.
Upon completion of this phase, an array of matched loops which represent one or more features in different orthographic views are encountered resulting in a single matched loop that can be viewed as a back-projected representation of a 3D feature. It is not necessary to have all views represented for each feature. This allows for future expansion to additional views, in particular projected views.
Converting medium-to-complex 2D drawings with complete accuracy is difficult to achieve primarily because there may be multiple interpretations in matching feature loops in all orthographic views. Introducing human interaction at various stages of the conversion process would lead to better identification and interpretation of loop matches and would improve the percentage of drawings that can be successfully converted. As such, the present invention allows for a semi-automated approach, which provides a layer of user-interaction over the automatic software, and aids the automatic software in improving accuracy.
More specifically, the present invention introduces an application to perform 2D to 3D conversions that will allow the user control in the creation of the 3D model. This interactive process is a combination of the automated software and user controls. An initial stage consists of a feature detection step of the 2D to 3D conversion process. If the features selected are incorrect, or if one or more features are missed during the extraction process, the 3D model cannot be correctly created. A separate path is thus represented within software but is not developed as a separate application. This path can be linked in conditionally. In this manner, only one application will need to be maintained. Various tools enable the user to make selections via the desired CAD system.
The matched loops automatically detected by the software are presented one at a time to the user in the target CAD system. The user is then given the option to either accept the matched loops as such, reject them (if they are totally wrong, for example), or modify them (if minor flaws are uncovered, for example). When all of the loops are processed (either accepted, rejected or modified), the user also has the option of adding more loops, which, for example, may have been undetected by the automatic software. The conversion then proceeds to feature analysis and model build using these new matched loops.
Referring now to
The feature tree is a classic tree data structure containing a root node and children nodes where each child node, in turn, can contain more children nodes. Each node contains the necessary data to create a single 3D feature. That data consists of the matched loops, the revolve profile if necessary, a reference to the parent feature tree, the profile loop index, the associated tree level, a blind/through flag, and a pointer to the 3D feature (for example, FEAT_Base 32). Additionally, the tree contains two volume operation values—one indicating the relationship to the parent feature (same or opposite) and one indicating the actual operation (cut or join).
Each feature (matched loop) goes through up to three different stages in the profile analysis step. If a feature is found to be a specific type during any of the three stages, subsequent test are ignored.
The first stage is a revolve test. This means will determine if the feature is any kind of revolve feature and includes holes, bosses, tapered holes/bosses, drill tip angles, and circular fillets/chamfers as well as traditional revolve cuts and joins. Initially, the means searches for a circle loop as one of the matched loops. If there are no circle loops, the software moves on to the next profile test. However, when a circle is found, the remaining loops are tested for valid revolves. If a valid revolve is not found, one half of the loop is randomly selected to be the revolve profile, but information is propagated to the user which indicates that the revolve feature has an error in the original 2D drawing. The revolve algorithm also detects circular fillets on holes and bosses. Once complete, a tree structure is created for the feature. Child trees are created on the returned tree for circular fillets.
The second stage is a circular boss test and involves a conditional algorithm means. Inputs from the initial dialog box determine whether this algorithm is executed. The algorithm determines if a feature, while not actually a circle, can be converted to a cylindrical boss with cuts. If one loop of the matched loops contains arcs that share a center point and radius, an algorithm is executed to test if the entire loop is within a circle of the same center point and radius. This test contains a simple Boolean XOR function to determine the possible cuts, followed by a test to see if all cuts are within the circle.
If the feature is eliminated from both tests above, a third means is executed which selects one loop (based on complexity) to be the extrusion profile, and converts any other non-rectangular loops to a series of cut features. Again, a simple Boolean XOR function is executed to determine possible cuts. This means further executes an additional test to determine possible chamfers and fillets on a profile. A feature tree is created with the matched loops and their associated relationships with each other.
After the profile analysis stage is complete, an array of feature trees exist that mostly contain single feature trees with a few multi-level trees containing fillet and/or chamfer child trees. The purpose of the feature relationship software is to determine the relationship between every pair of connecting features. This is accomplished by comparing the relationship between the two features' loops containing the same coordinate system (i.e. from the same view). Loop relationships include one loop inside the second loop, one loop inside or outside the second loop with a shared edge, one loop overlapping the second loop, or two equivalent loops. In the final case, the two features are tested to possibly eliminate one feature or to combine the two features. A combination of relationships is necessary for features to be related and one relation must be overlapping or contain a shared edge. Using the previous block 185 with the cylindrical boss 186 as an example, the circle for the boss is "inside" the block's rectangular loop in one view, whereas the orthographic views contain rectangular loops for both features. The relationship between these two loops is "outside-shared" so the two features are related with the same volume operation. Had the circle loop been associated with a hole within the block instead of a boss, the rectangular loops would have had an "inside-shared" relation and the volume operation would be opposite. Once a relationship is found between two features, one feature will be have the second feature listed as its ancestor, while the second feature will have the first feature listed as its descendent.
After the first two stages are completed, all features and their relationships to one another are available to begin building the 3D model. An initial step in the model creation process is to create a single tree (if possible) from the array of trees and their relationships. The root node, or root part, of the model is first determined. A feature with no ancestors is selected as the root node feature. Once the first feature is selected, the features are added to the tree via the descendent route until no more descendents can be added. If there are features remaining that have not been added to the model tree, an ancestor feature will be added, followed by a test for the inclusion of further descendent trees. This process, one ancestor followed by descendents, will continue until all possible features have been added. As each feature is added to the model tree, the first of the volume operators is set indicating whether the child (descendent) feature is the same or an opposite operation as its parent feature. In the event that a feature is missed, that feature will be added to the error file.
Once a single 3D model tree exists, it is necessary traverse the tree again setting the final volume operation flag to cut or join. A tree function (for example, a CascadeSet function) exists which traverses through the nodes in a top down manner, setting the volume operation to cut or join depending on the parent feature and the relationship operation.
Once the 3D model is complete with the volume operations, a tree function (for example, a PopulateFeatModel function) will create a 3D model of type FEAT—3D_Model, for example, by converting each node of the tree to a 3D feature and adding it to the 3D model. Two functions exist, one that will create join features and a second that will create cut features. In both cases, analysis of the profile loop will determine the feature type. If the profile loop is a circle and the operation is a cut, a feature of type FEAT_Hole, for example, will be created. Before a hole is created, a test is made that checks any possible hole to see if it is a tapped hole. If the hole's profile is made up of dashed entities, and the node contains a child node with a volume operation of opposite and a profile type of circle, a test is made to see if the boundaries of the outer circle's reconstruction loops are within the inner circle's bounds. If so, a tapped hole is created combining two nodes and the tree is updated accordingly.
After a 3D model is created, a final step is executed which will combine 3D features. Recombination of features includes, two concentric connecting holes converted to counter-bore or countersink holes or a hole and a tapered hole being recombined to a hole with a drill tip angle.
Further information relating to the various features and embodiments of the present invention is available in Appendices A-D. More specifically, Appendix A describes an object-oriented analysis of three primary libraries (Geometry, Features, Geometry Network) in order to produce more robust classes. The data (attributes) associated with each of the classes, the relationships between the classes, and the classes that execute certain actions are determined. Appendix B describes multiple CAD-based applications including 2�-D editing and 3D-to-3D CAD exchanges. Since similar algorithms exist across multiple applications, libraries of related classes, their attributes and the methods (operations) that are performed on these classes are described. Appendix C describes an application to perform 2D to 3D conversions that will allow a user control in the creation of the 3D model.
Although an exemplary embodiment of the present invention has been illustrated in the accompanied drawings and described in the foregoing detailed description, it will be understood that the invention is not limited to the embodiments disclosed, but is capable of numerous rearrangements, modifications, and substitutions without departing from the spirit of the invention as set forth and defined by the following claims.
GS Object Oriented Analysis
Introduction. An object-oriented analysis of the three primary libraries will result in more robust classes. The purpose of this analysis is to best determine the data (attributes) associated with each of the classes and the relationships between the classes. It will determine which classes should execute which actions. This document will summarize the classes associated with the three major libraries (Geometry, Features, Geometry Network).
Validity flags will exist for many of the classes—in particular the geometry and the features. These validity flags will be important when the data is being retrieved. If the data is not valid, an error code will be returned to the user indicating this.
Whenever possible, base classes will be created to avoid duplicating data and/or member functions. For example, in the geometry library, an "Entity" class will be created to represent the basic entities. The "Line" class and the "Circle" class will inherit directly from the "Entity" class and the "Arc" class will inherit from the "Circle" class.
Geometry Library. The geometry is divided into two-dimensional and three-dimensional entities. Entities are points, vectors, lines, arcs, and circles. Additional geometry classes are polyline and polyline point in 2D and coordinate systems in 3D. A brief description of each geometry class with its attributes will be given. All the base geometry classes inherit from the CObject class. Since the geometry is a fundamental part of the features, this is necessary for serialization of the 3D feature model to a file.
The features library is the basic foundation for all three dimensional models and features. The purpose of these classes is to maintain the validity of the data. Data is set and retrieved via member functions. This library is not responsible for analysis of data between classes.
This class contains an array of entities (2D) and the coordinate system associated with the view.
This class contains an array of features, which make up the model. It also contains a pointer to the base feature and an array of 2D projections (views) associated with the model (if any).
This class contains all the necessary data to draw a profile. Profiles are used in extrusion and revolve features. The fundamental data associated with a profile is an array of polylines, and a coordinate system that indicates where the polyline is to be drawn in space. The profile also contains an array of entities as derived data for use in some CAD systems.
The geometry network library will be the foundation for analysis of all two-dimensional drawings. This library will generate a nodal network of the drawing that will allow for more efficient analysis by the various applications. This will eliminate duplicate code in many instances. The library will consists of classes for intersecting pairs, nodes, clusters, loops, and views. Filter classes will exists to allow the applications to search for data that meets the desired criteria. The filter classes are intersecting pair filter, node filter, and entity filter. The data for each class is protected and must be accessed by the member functions.
The intersecting pair is essentially two connecting entities and the xy-coordinate at which they connect. This is the lowest level of the geometry network. This class keeps track of the relationship between the entities via its data. The intersecting pair data consists of the point, addresses of the two entities, and a connection indicator for each entity representing whether the entity connects at its start point or its end point ('s' or 'e'). The class also contains data for analysis. Examples of this type of data are angles and direction angles for each entity (see GE2D_Arc or GE2D_Line), angle between entities (angle 1 to 2 and angle 2 to 1), direction angles between entities, and comparison flags (i.e. tangential, and point projects vertically or horizontally). Each intersecting pair also contains pointers to the node that shares the pairs' coordinate (See NET2D_Node) as well as the nodes that are reached by traversing each of the two entities. Public member functions exist to retrieve the data for analysis. Data can only be set during the creation of the intersecting pair via private member functions. This maintains the validity of the data.
GS Specifications
Introduction. Imagecom GS consist of multiple CAD-based applications including 2�-D editing and 3D-to-3D CAD exchanges. Since similar algorithms exist across multiple applications, libraries of related classes, their attributes and the methods (operations) that are performed on these classes will be developed.
The third most important library is the "Geometry Network" library. The 2D drawing can be described similar to a nodal network. The relationships between various networks classes can then be easily extracted without duplicate or similar algorithms being written. The nodal network functions associated with each class will be designed to handle the difference algorithms in the 2D to 3D conversions. The Geometry Network will consist of classes for Intersecting Pairs, Nodes, Clusters, Loops, and Views. Filter classes can be used to extract the desired data from the View, Cluster, or Node. Loop relationship functions will handle all possible relationships between two closed loops.
The remaining libraries will be an extraction and expansion of common algorithms from the initial product (FlexiDesign). These will be converted to object-oriented classes, with their attributes and functions. General mathematical algorithms will be incorporated into a "Geometry Tools" library. AutoCAD functions to read entities from or write entities to the AutoCAD database will be incorporated into an "AutoCAD Tools" library. All interfaces to outside devices will be incorporated into an "Interface" library. Other libraries may be created as needed as development progresses.
Product Applications
After the libraries have been completed, future applications can be written. In the initial phase of development, two applications will be created. The first will be a Mechanical Desktop Interface application. It will consist of creating a Mechanical Desktop 3D model from the 3D model defined in the feature library. This will be referred to as the "Read" function since the model is being read from the features library. Concurrently, the Mechanical Desktop 3D model will be converted to the feature library 3D model (referred to as the "Write" function).
The second application will be a 2�-D editor that will allow editing of the 3D model created in FlexiDesign. This application consists of four stages. These stages are
Interactive FlexiDesign
Interactive FlexiDesign (iPlus) is an application to perform 2D to 3D conversions that will allow the user control in the creation of the 3D model. This interactive process will actually be a combination of the automated software (G1) and user controls. The initial FlexiDesign G1 document ("FlexiDesign G1", December 2002) shows the breakdown of the automated software into three distinct processes: Feature Detection, Feature Analysis, and Model Build. If the features selected are incorrect, or if one or more features are missed during the extraction process, the 3D model cannot be correctly created. For this reason, the initial stage of Interactive FlexiDesign, will concentrate on the Feature Detection step of the 2D to 3D conversion process. In iPlus, the feature detection stage can be fully automated (FDG1), fully manual, or a combination of automated/manual. iPlus will represent a separate path within the FlexiDesign G1 software but will not be developed as a separate application. This path can be linked in conditionally. In this manner, only one application will need to be maintained. The initial development of iPlus will require that various tools be created that enable the user to make selections via the desired CAD system. These tools will be developed as library tools within FlexiDesign GS ("Imagecom GS Object Oriented Analysis", December 2001). The following sections will describe the sequence of events within G1 to allow the user to select the desired features followed by a description of the CAD tools and how they will be used within G1. Sample dialog boxes for each stage of the manual feature selection steps (both fully and partially manual) are shown in the figures below.
Feature Selection
The FDG1 iPlus software is implemented as a series of property sheets. The initial dialog box for iPlus is unchanged from G1. The user must still select the desired file, the number of views, and the view type. This dialog box is shown in
If the user has selected the fully manual approach, a manual loop selection dialog will contain a button allowing the user to select the entities and a second that the user may select when the matching loop selection process is complete. Once a feature selection has been made, the software will validate the loops for a valid feature. Validation will consist of checking for complete, closed loops as well as verifying matched boundaries within the selected loops. If the selected loops do not pass the validation process, the user will be prompted to either correct the loops or cancel the selection. Once the matched loops are validated, these loops will be added to the array of feature loops (see FDG1), and the next dialog sequence will ask the user if more feature selection is needed, or if this step is complete. The process will be repeated until the user has indicated that no further selection is necessary at which point the remaining FDG1 steps (feature analysis and model build) will continue. This fully manual process, complete with sample dialog boxes, is depicted in
If partially automated, the FDG1 software will perform the feature detection algorithms as usual. Once all possible features have been automatically detected, the iPlus software will display a selection screen containing radio buttons that allows the user to accept or reject the matching loops displayed by the software. The software will display each set of matched loops until the user has accepted or rejected each feature. If at any point the user rejects a feature, the software will ask if the user desires to edit the matching loops generated by the software. If the user does not wish to edit the feature's loops, the software continues to the next set of matched loops. If the user wants to edit the loops, the software will continue in manual selection mode via the manual loop selection screen with the Select and Done buttons. As in the manual mode, the software will validate the selected matched loops and indicate any errors to the user. This semi-automated sequence complete with sample dialog boxes is depicted in
iPlus software sequences. The outline of the feature selection process sequence for iPlus software is given below:
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Apparently I'm not meant to have a boat...
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Re: Apparently I'm not meant to have a boat...
Thank you, all this talk about floating debris is making me feel better about not being in the water!
I spent some time with the boat again on Saturday. I took advantage of the fact that she was out of the water and put the new name on. Of course, that meant that I first had to wash the hull (Awlwash) then clean the area where the name is to go, then get both sides aligned properly, etc. Then some Awlcare over everything. That "simple" job turned out to take from about 9:45 until a little after 1:00 PM. Then I replaced the gaskets and screens in 4 of the 6 opening ports. That, too, took longer than I expected, which is why only 4 got done. Then I made patterns for the dodger. That was an experience.
The engine was still off the boat, and I didn't see any obvious signs of it having been worked on. I called late last week to get a status update, but they didn't return my call which is a little disappointing. Hopefully I'll hear something today, otherwise I'll call them tomorrow.
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"Assessing the role of tissue regeneration and clinical testing of the new growth factor analogs is the next step as we bring these important new treatments to surgeons and their patients," Rouech said. "A previously patented growth factor analog, B2A, designed to improve bone repair, is currently in clinical trials for spinal fusion of the lower back and we remain very encouraged by the early results of these studies."
The U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Science, the National Institutes of Health, and BioSET funded the initial research to develop this growth factor technology. One of three patents related to this technology issued to BSA and BioSET, the new patent (US 7,700,563 B2), was issued on April 20, 2010.
|Contact: Diane Greenberg
DOE/Brookhaven National Laboratory


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Architectural and Protective Coatings [closed to new applicants]
- GECA 23-2005 Architectural and Protective Coatings [closed to new applicants]
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- Issue Date: Jan. 14, 2005
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GECA 23-2005 - Architectural and Protective Coatings covers three categories of paint products including water-based coatings, solvent-based coatings and surface-coating systems.
GECA Certified paints meet the requirements of the VOC credit under indoor environment quality, as part of Green Star.
NOTE: This standard is now closed to further applications, and has been re-released as PCv2 2i-2012 Paints and Coatings as of June, 2012. (Many thanks to all who participated in the public commentary stage prior to the release of this new standard.)


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Recent Meetups
July 15, 2013 · 6:30 PMTransforming and Optimizing your Data with TalendJaspersoft & Talend Team up for the Toronto User Group Meeting In this session, we will learn how Talend's Data Integration Tools can be used to source, transform,... Learn more
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September 18, 2012 · 7:00 PM4.7 Overview & 5.0 PreviewHi All; I hope you all have had a good summer. Its time to get back on the Jaspersoft User Group train with an overview of our 4.7 release. Also as an added bonus I will... Learn more
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60D survied a decent rainstorm
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The deadlift is classed as the king of all exercises in powerfilting and bodybuilding. It involves lifting a barbell from the ground to the hips and then lowered back to the ground. It is not the most complicated move, but it uses nearly every muscle group in the body. It does not only benefit by strengthening the appropriate muscles but it also helps with poor posture and back pain. The deadlift allows the body to lift a heavy object from the ground in the most efficient way possible. It is used by many powerlifting and bodybuilding athletes in order to lift as much weight possible. As powerffting and bodybuilding has rapidly grown it has put athletes to the test challenging both their physical and mental toughness. This has not gone unnoticed by online bookmakers as they now offer reasonable odds for powerlifting and bodybuilding at the Olympia and at the Common Wealth games.
The deadlift is a simple movement that is considered by many as the best total body exercise. deadlifts will mainly work your…
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Ruin Your Life: An Invitation to Let God Recreate the Real You
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|Format: Paperback
Number of Pages: 176
Vendor: Zondervan
Publication Date: 2011
|Dimensions: 9.13 X 7.38 (inches)
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Where most teen devotionals teach about God, Ruin Your Life is designed to inspire teens to interact with God in unconventional, creative, honest ways, showing them they are part of an ongoing, artistic narrative between a holy God and his most beloved creation. The worlds great masterpieces all have one thing in common: the artists who made them felt a deep, internal connection with their subject. Our relationship with God is no different. His desire is to work with us to turn our lives into masterpieces. In this new devotional journal, students are prompted to look at the world around them through a new lens, to indulge in artistic reflection, to collaborate expressively and to practice faith in raw and emotional ways. They will not only find their place within the artistic brush-strokes of a loving God, but also create their very own masterpiecesa personal and candid journal of their own spiritual journey. With an available co-learners edition, which provides leaders with the same transformative experiences as the students, leaders and students alike can share in the act of ruining their lives for Christ.
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Nate Severson has been in middle school ministry for over 15 years. He currently serves at Hillcrest Covenant Church in Prairie Village, KS. Nate is passionate about doing things out of the box in ministry, really good coffee, raising his four kids, and spending time with his wife, Kirsten.
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text:
|Comune di Fondachelli-Fantina
|Coordinates: 37°59′N 15°10′E / 37.983°N 15.167°ECoordinates: 37°59′N 15°10′E / 37.983°N 15.167°E
|Province of Messina (ME)
|• Mayor
|Francesco Pettinato
|• Total
|41.0 km2 (15.8 sq mi)
|604 m (1,982 ft)
|Population (Mar. 2009)
|• Total
|• Density
|30/km2 (78/sq mi)
|Fondachellesi or fantinesi
|Time zone
|• Summer (DST)
|Postal code
|Dialing code
|Official website
Fondachelli-Fantina is a comune (municipality) in the Sicilian Province of Messina. Situated between Novara and Francavilla di Sicilia, in the southern Peloritani mountains, it rises on an inland area and is 604 metres (1,982 ft) above sea level. The community also borders the municipalities of Antillo and Rodì Milici. It is 81 km from Catania, 87 kilometres (54 mi) from Messina, 129 kilometres (80 mi) from Syracuse, and 235 kilometres (146 mi) from Palermo.
Developed from a number of rural hamlets in the territory of Novara di Sicilia, the collective community attained autonomous status in 1950 and called itself Fondachelli-Fantina, a name derived from Fondaci (Arabic funduq : "stores" or "warehouses") and Fantinia (Latin infans: "child"). It is historically important as one of the last Sicilian municipalities where Gallo-Sicilian survives as a spoken dialect.
History: political and geological[edit]
The area now known as Fondachelli-Fantina always has been quite isolated. Even today, the long, winding road connecting the municipality to the Ionian coast can become impassable during the winter. However, this insularity has aided in preserving the Gallo-Sicilian dialect, a remnant of the period during the Swabian-Norman domination (1061–1266) when people from Northern Italy migrated to the area.
The town passed into the hands of the Palizzi family, who held it until 1353, when the Gioiemi of Novara took possession. Between 1720 and 1880, the territory endured heavy mining activity. The 26 scattered mines used a great quantity of lumber, destabilized the land and degraded the mountains. Additionally, continuous flooding had devastating consequences. Major floods in 1880, 1951, 1958 and 1973 continued the territorial degradation.
However, administrative autonomy from Novara di Sicilia on 20 June 1950 gave Fondachelli-Fantina legislative powers and control of public works as well as financial means to begin reforestation efforts and build roads, houses and aqueducts.
Demographic evolution[edit]
As of March 2009, the population of Fondachelli-Fantina was 1,234 with a density of 30 inhabitants per square kilometer. Its economy is based primarily on livestock breeding (cattle, pigs, goats and sheep) and the cultivation of grains, dried fruit, wine grapes and wood. On 22 June and the second Friday of July each year, the town hosts cattle fairs which are attended by exhibitors from other communities.
The town has four schools: one pre-school, two primary schools, and one secondary school. Community churches (Messina diocese) include S. Maria della Provvidenza and Santi Angeli Custodi ES Giuseppi. The community celebrates two unique feast days: the Feast of Santissimi Angeli Custodi on the second Sunday of July, and the Feast of Madonna della Provvidenza (Our Lady of Providence) on 8 September.
The War Memorial ("Monument to the Fallen") is in the town centre on the Piazza santissimi Angeli Custodi, where social and sporting events are held. The Monument to Padre Pio is on via XX Giugno 1950.
Municipal administration[edit]
Comune di Fondachelli-Fantina
Mayor: Francesco Pettinato
Address: via Col. Mastroeni provincia Messina – ITALY
Fondachelli Post Office
Address: via Rubbino No. 7 CAP 98050
Fondachelli-Fantina, Messina Province (ME)
- http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fondachelli-Fantina
- http://www.comune.fondachellifantina.me.it/
- http://sicilia.indettaglio.it/eng/comuni/me/fondachellifantina/fondachellifantina.html
- http://www.comuni-italiani.it/083/023/index.html
- http://www.sicilie.it/wiki/Fondachelli_Fantina
- http://www.gentracer.com/fondachellifantina.html


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Ramat Gan, Israel - Announcing that KPL Studios has released "Rotten Search", a new app for iPhone and iPod touch. Finally an elegant, stylish and easy to use way to check about the movies you want to see when you're on the go.
Based on Rotten Tomatoes famous database of movies, Rotten Search gives users all the cast members info, the synopses, the posters and much more about virtually any past, showing and upcoming movies... and Rotten Tomatoes' review & public ratings are already included as a special bonus!


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We Invest
We seek to invest $50,000 to $2,000,000 in successful startup companies.
Capital is More Than Just Money
The success or failure of your business is often based on the tenacity of your people. We provide investments in capital, the most important being the people that help to make your business a success.


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Across the country teachers have felt the pinch of a tight economy as they aim to provide a quality education for their students but often lack the necessary fiscal support. The Turlock Education Foundation is aiming to alleviate this stress by endowing 12 local teachers with a total of over $10,000 this school year.
How similar are major league baseball and the military? While the stakes may be different, both require one thing: discipline.
Middle and high school students from Northern and Central California will descend upon Modesto Junior College (Mary Stuart Hall, 2200 Blue Gum, Modesto) on Saturday for the 3rd Annual VEX Toss Up Robotics Competition. Seventy teams will come together for a non-stop, action packed day of competition where they will battle against each other with robots created from the VEX Robotics Design System. Co-sponsored by the Stanislaus County Office of Education and Modesto Junior College, the tournament will be held from 8 a.m. to 6 p.m. and is free and open to the public.
Junior high is often a transitional time for students as they become acclimated to heavier workloads and face new challenges, but Renee O'Connor of Dutcher Middle School has been well versed in balancing activities for years.
While the holiday season is typically a time of joy it can also present its own set of stresses, especially for parents and caretakers who have children with special needs returning home for holiday breaks.
Every teacher and coach at each school site in the Turlock Unified School District will often impact thousands of students in their individual careers. It's hard to say exactly how many students were positively impacted in the 37 year-career of Turlock Junior High School's Ardie Feucht, who was recently named Educator of the Year by the California League of Middle Schools.
Geography often brings to mind school lessons on different countries and their locations, but the field also has multiple real-world applications. In order to educate individuals about the benefits of geographic technology the CSU Stanislaus Geography Department and Office of Service Learning organized an event last week to celebrate international GSI, or geographic information systems, Day.
After spending over a year on the California State University, Stanislaus campus as interim president before being appointed to the official position in May, President Joseph Sheley's formal investiture ceremony was held Friday morning in the presence of colleagues, friends, alumni, students, dignitaries, and community members.
Most successful people can identify a moment or person that inspired them and propelled them towards success and for many people that moment occurs in school.
When most students perform field work it typically means they are gaining experience in a particular area of study, but for Turlock agriculture students this is a literal term.
The Denair Unified School District continues to cope with their fiscal crisis as they wait for fact-finding developments to play out and continue their search for a new superintendent.
Wal-Mart awarded 20 Brown Elementary teachers with a total of $1,000 in gift cards last Friday morning as part of the Wal-Mart Teacher Rewards Program. The program aims to thank teachers for their dedication and sacrifice as well as help them purchase school supplies for their classroom since teachers often buy materials out of their own pocket.
The Modesto Junior College Civic Engagement Project will host the "Faith and the Environment Panel Discussion: Challenges and Solutions" at 7 p.m. Thursday in Forum 110 on MJC's East Campus, 435 College Ave. The free event is part of the CEP Fall Film and Lecture Series. Campus parking is available for $1 in student parking lots.
Brandon Shively recently joined the ranks of a select group of gentlemen: Eagle Scouts. Brandon is a recent graduate of Pitman High School who joined Boy Scouts in the 2nd grade with his two longtime friends. After performing numerous hours of community service to earn his 21 merit badges, Brandon was awarded his Eagle Award, the highest rank attainable in the program, in a ceremony on Sunday.
The California State University employs thousands of people and hosts even more students, which often makes it difficult to bridge the gap between those who govern the universities and those who attend them. CSU Chancellor Tim White aims to minimize that gap by touring every CSU campus this year to connect with students face to face as he did on Thursday at CSU Stanislaus.
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Turlock High School senior Henna Hundal is no ordinary teenager.
For special education students in the Turlock Unified School District's On Track Transitions Program, this year was full of significant milestones: learning how to tie shoes without help, completing a load of laundry, and performing tasks with multiple steps.
While Cunningham Elementary School students were heading to the multipurpose room for lunch on Monday afternoon, fifth grader Ben Watson was en route to his favorite restaurant, Panera Bread, with Principal Tami Truax.
The Turlock High School competition math club had a strong showing at the MJC Math Superbowl.
Less than expected enrollment and average daily attendance has prompted Denair Unified School District to reduce hours for four instructors at Denair High School.
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About me
I work at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. My main interests are in the evolution of gut protozoan parasites, especially those in the genera Entamoeba and Blastocystis. Genetic diversity, both within and between species, is being explored in both Entamoeba and Blastocystis, and in other little studied intestinal amoeba genera.
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Narrow your search
The Sony Pictures hack has exposed the inner workings of one of Hollywood's biggest studios.
Startup plans to use the funds to meet demand for its iPad point-of-sale platform for retailers, restaurants and grocery stores.
The app for syncing, sharing, and editing photos -- available on iOS since 2011 -- has now made its way to Google's mobile operating system.
Commentary: A slow rail journey from Albuquerque to New York City gives Crave writer Amanda Kooser plenty of time to contemplate how trains fit into a world where so many people prize velocity.
Brad Garlinghouse, CEO of the collaboration and data-sharing service, says customers' data-security worries slow their purchasing. And Hightail has had to change its own business.
Reports that the carrier provided phone data to the NSA could hamper its chances of getting European approval for acquisitions, says The Wall Street Journal.
"This is for Everyone" showcases how the internet has grown into a place of sharing, learning and discovering.
A smart belt that slims or expands to adjust to granular changes to your waistline. Because why not.
There is a disturbance on the freeway. A dashcam video parody shows what happens when a popular "Star Wars" vehicle gets in an accident on Earth.
Properly prepare for your next Mars vacation with a beautiful new map of the planet from the US Geological Survey.


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A failed heater blend door or actuator can cause the temperature control for the HVAC system to stop working. A clicking sound from the dash area would commonly indicate an actuator fault. If the heater gets stuck on the hottest setting, the heater blend door may be broken requiring replacement of the heater box to repair the issue.
Problems for specific Ford Explorer years:
Car problem reports
Problem with your car? See what our experts say or submit your own.
Most reported 1997 Ford Explorer problems
Worn Timing Chain Cassettes May Cause Rattling Noise From Engine
A rattling noise from the engine may indicate that the timing chain cassette is worn. Our technicians tell us that installing an updated cassette and timing chain tensioner should correct this concern.
Vacuum Leak From Intake Manifold O-Ring Gaskets
The intake manifold O-ring gaskets commonly leak, causing stalling and poor idle quality; the Check Engine Light will illuminate.
Rear Wiper May Not Fully Contact Rear Window
The rear window wiper may not fully contact the rear window. Our technicians tell us that replacing both the wiper blade and wiper arm will generally correct this issue.
Loud howling noise from air intake
Both V6 and V8 ford engines from various years sometimes experience a very loud low pitched moan or howl that sounds as if it is coming from the air intake area..
The culprit is the Idle Air Control Valve. (I.A.C.).
It is possible to remove and clean the IAC with the proper care but it is not advised to do so...Although it may work for a short time, it will eventually fail again and possibly force you to call a towing service when you le...
Rear Wiper Not Working
The rear wiper may stop working. This could be due to a rear wiper motor that has failed requiring replacement.
Problems With Early Production 5-speed Automatic Transmission
Various problems with the 5-speed automatic transmission were common. These problems can be more common on the 2002 models with build dates before March, 2002. There are many service bulletins describing the diagnoses and repairs, which include fluid leak repairs, transmission software updates, or internal failures requiring a costly repair.
Rough Idle When Cold Due to Upper Intake Manifold Gasket Leak
The Check Engine Light will illuminate and the engine will idle roughly when cold. There are updated upper intake manifold gaskets to resolve the problem.
Dry Excluder Seals May Cause Squealing in Front Wheels Under 30 MPH
4wd vehicles may develop a squealing noise coming from the front wheels when driving below 30 mph. This is generally caused by dry excluder seals, lubricating the seals will commonly correct this concern.


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Simply developing a website and releasing it in the online market is not enough to take your business to success. Equal effort has to be put into marketing the products to the target group at which it is aimed. Marketing must be properly done to ensure that your website is recognized by people and then only will they come and purchase your products and services. You can either market your website on your own with minimal costs or invest in a reputable online marketing solution company to do the job for you. There are many such companies in the internet and you should not be fooled by some company who claims to bring your website ranking on top of Google search engine results and despite paying them thousands of dollars they cannot get you the required results. You can also try and learn to do web marketing solutions by yourself using tutorial lessons. This is not only cheaper, but it adds up to your skills that you can use for years to come.
With the skills you earn from these classes, you can develop your own web marketing solutions creatively. In online marketing, the most important factor to consider is to focus on the right kind of customers. For ex; if your website is for a toyshop, it should be designed so as to attract kids and not old people. Each factor about the site should be colorful and attractive so that kids get attracted to it. A professional online marketing solution company will take care of all such factors and ensure that your site gets maximum hits.
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Doctors Discover Gold Mine in Woman's Knees
A 65-year-old South Korean woman went to a doctor complaining of severe joint pain after receiving dozens of acupuncture treatments. When the doctor examined her X-rays he saw hundreds of acupuncture needles left behind in the soft tissue of her knees.
The unnamed woman was diagnosed with osteoarthritis, a common cause of debilitating pain and stiffness in the knee joints caused by worn cartilage.
Doctors usually prescribe Tylenol®, Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs NSAIDS (e.g. Motrin®, Advil®, Aleve®), and narcotic painkillers to treat the pain.
But when conventional medicine failed to alleviate her pain, the woman turned to acupuncture sessions for relief.
In acupuncture treatment, needles are used to relieve pain and other physical ailments by supposedly stimulating certain points in the body.
There is little scientific evidence to suggest that acupuncture works. Acupuncture provides a placebo effect for people who desperately want to believe the treatments work.
In the woman's case, the needles, presumably made of gold, were left behind in the soft tissue for continued stimulation, Yahoo News reports.
Dr. Ali Guermazi, a professor of radiology at Boston University, cautions against leaving acupuncture needles inside the body. Needles are considered foreign objects and may trigger the body's defenses to attack and form scar tissue around the objects. This could lead to inflammation, abscess, infection and more pain.
It could also make it hard for a doctor to read an X-ray. "The needles may obscure some of the anatomy," Guermazi said.
"The human body wants to get rid of the foreign object," Guermazi said.
"The patient can't go into an MRI because needles left in the body may move, and damage an artery."
57 Responses to "Doctors Discover Gold Mine in Woman's Knees"
Shoulda used Robitussin
Could put some Vicks Vapor Rub on em. Ray Charles mama put some in the form of some "sass" in his eyes and he was perfectly fine.
Or she could take a laxative. Anything wrong with you…dont go see my dayum mama. You getting some Correctol and two glasses of water.
Ma I burned my hand.
MamaDub: What you need is a good cleaning. Here. Take these. Go lay down.
She coulda been shytted those needles out.
how in the fack do you manage to do that..not one but several
And they all up there in her dayum UPPER thigh.
Well I'm pretty sure they ain't call out to him like marco polo so he had to find him some way right
That Vicks/crushed up cough drops his mama put in his eyeballs at 4 yo helped him smell things out huh
Hate you
Wonder if her knees felt like they were asleep all the time.
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Casio Watches Are The Wrist-Wear Of Choice For Hipsters And Al-Qaeda
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Sooner or later, travelers will find themselves with a layover in Hong Kong en route to a farther destination in the southern hemisphere, as Kate Donnelly did recently. Don't stay at the airport. Go to town. Literally. Here's a checklist — good for whether you have a few hours or one night. read
Cleveland police Officer Michael Brelo was found not guilty of voluntary manslaughter and felonious assault in the 2012 deaths of Timothy Russell and Malissa Williams following a car chase. The officer shot the unarmed Black occupants 15 times — after the car had already been riddled with bullets. CNN reports that read