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The title "Regents' Professor" is the highest faculty honor awarded at Arizona State University. It is conferred on ASU faculty who have made pioneering contributions in their areas of expertise, who have achieved a sustained level of distinction, and who enjoy national and international recognition for these accomplishments.
Rachel G. Fuchs, is a Distinguished Foundation Professor and has standing as one of world's most eminent social historians of modern France and Europe. Rachel Fuchs has achieved such distinction through the impact of her published works on the field of European History and through her very distinguished and effective leadership in her discipline. She is at the forefront in examining French and European history through the lens of women and children of the lowest social strata. This has been confirmed by the reception accorded to her canonical scholarship of Poor and Pregnant in Paris, and Contested Paternity. Her work has been awarded the Charles E. Smith Award, the Frances Richardson Keller-Sierra Prize for the best work in Women's History, and the J. Russell Major Prize of the American Historical Association. Her work as a whole was the object of a Round Table Tribute at the 2010 meeting of the Society for French Historical Studies.
Professor Fuchs has had an enormous impact, not only in the field of French history, but far more broadly. She has been among the pioneers of women's history, often the first to venture into particular areas of scholarship. She was the first scholar to take on the history of the poor in modern France; only her tireless research was able to reveal the face of the poor that largely had been buried under bureaucratic paperwork. A widely adopted textbook on gender and poverty in 19th-century Europe is a major synthesis of work in the field, as is her textbook on women's history in 19th-century Europe, which she co-authored with her colleague Victoria Thompson.
Professor Fuchs' distinguished leadership in the field includes her service as president of the Society for French Historical Studies and president of the Pacific Coast branch of the American Historical Association. She has had a pivotal role in promoting European history and French history at ASU, including the creation of a state-wide association of historians of France, the French Historians of Arizona. Largely owing to Professor Fuchs' efforts, ASU's history department is an important player in the discipline of French studies in the U.S. She is the recipient of three National Endowment for the Humanities awards and the National Endowment for the Humanities Fellowship for University Professors. At ASU, she has been honored with the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences Distinguished Faculty Award.
Devens Gust, has set the foundations of much modern research on the mechanisms of light interaction with organic and biomolecules. His leadership in the field has built a foundation for large-group research studies to develop practical new technologies for harvesting solar energy to meet modern society's needs. Professor Gust is internationally recognized for his pioneering work in photochemistry and artificial photosynthesis. His work with co-researchers Ana L. Moore and Thomas A. Moore has spurred massive international efforts aimed at designing new chemical approaches to absorbing and transforming solar energy into practical forms for storage and use. Their collaboration has become one of the most successful team efforts in science and engineering, garnering a reputation that is now legendary.
While they will long be remembered as a team, their individual efforts and contributions to the team are of notable importance. Professor Gust's contributions stem from his expertise on the physical chemistry and spectroscopy of electron transfer processes in organic molecules and from his interest in pursuing related practical applications. Professor Gust's research was based upon his deep understanding of optical spectroscopy and his ability to interpret how electrons behave in molecules that absorb light. His ability to experimentally probe and understand the functionality of organic molecules nicely complements the visionary design biochemistry of Professor Thomas A. Moore and the synthetic genius of Professor Ana L. Moore. He correlated the light absorbing behavior of molecules with their structures. With systematic experimental examination, this allowed the team to identify the essential structural and chemical components of a viable molecule for photosynthetic reactions.
These discoveries have led to cutting edge applications. As an example, such molecules can be used to power reactions in biomolecular systems to produce combustible fuels such as hydrogen and methane. Professor Gust was recently awarded, as principal investigator, an Energy Frontier Research Center grant to develop the Center for Bio-Inspired Solar Fuel Production at ASU, which was established by the U.S. Department of Energy to accelerate these types of scientific advances in the area of renewable energy.
Professor Gust was recently named a fellow of such prestigious societies as the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the British Institute of Physics and the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. He has also received innovation and creativity awards from ASU, AzTE Technology Ventures and the National Science Foundation.
Sally L. Kitch is an international leader in the field of women and gender studies. All her work is profoundly interdisciplinary within a humanities tradition. She is known as a rigorous and creative theorist who uses feminist theory, legal theory and philosophy to grapple with the larger issues of race, class and gender. A distinguished scholar, dedicated teacher and a gifted leader in higher education, Professor Kitch's pioneering scholarship has won the respect and recognition of scholars in many disciplines, including history, American studies, cultural anthropology and literary studies, as she has constructed thought-provoking, transdisciplinary analyses of the significance of gender in American and other cultures. Her rigorous and creative thinking about the construction of knowledge about gender makes her one of the leading figures in the intellectual formation of the interdisciplinary field of women and gender studies. Her book, This Strange Society of Women, has become a standard reference in the field.
With her expertise on race and gender, Professor Kitch has provided conceptual leadership for the School of Social Transformation and the Women and Gender Studies Program at ASU and for the Department of Women's Studies at The Ohio State University. At ASU, she is also the founding director of the Institute for Humanities Research. In that role, she has been active in the Consortium for Humanities Centers and Instituties (CCHI). As co-chair of the CCHI's steering committee on an international humanities and sustainability project, Professor Kitch works with more than 70 affiliate centers (in Australia, India, Taiwan, the United Kingdom and other European countries) to demonstrate and disseminate the exciting work of humanities centers and institutes on the topics related to the current environmental crisis.
As a result of her scholarly and administrative accomplishments, Professor Kitch has gained high visibility in the discipline of women and gender studies by publishing on the field's development, consulting widely on graduate education, evaluating programs around the U.S., serving on committees in the National Women's Studies Association and the National Council for Research on Women, planning conferences and conducting workshops on a range of topics important to the growth and development of the field. In 2001, she organized the first national conference to discuss the advancement of doctoral programs in women's studies. Professor Kitch has received many awards for her scholarship, including the Faculty Achievement Award for Defining Edge Research in Social Science at Arizona State University in 2009.
Ana L. Moore's extraordinary contributions in science stem from her genius for synthetic organic chemistry, exhibiting an ability to design complicated sequences of synthetic pathways that produce some of the most complex, but exquisitely functional, organic molecules. Much of her research career has been devoted to designing molecules that display essential features of naturally occurring photosynthetic molecules.
Her expertise has provided one of the essential foundations of a world-renowned program at ASU, along with team members Devens Gust and Thomas A. Moore, on artificial photosynthesis. This program has been devoted to simplifying the structure and design of molecules that can absorb light, temporarily store its energy in the molecule itself and eventually transform that energy efficiently into more practical forms. Her pioneering efforts, in concert with her team members, have helped spawn massive international efforts aimed at developing new chemical and biochemical methods to capture solar energy. She was one of the most prominent members of a team of 11 chemists to attract support for a highly coveted Energy Frontier Research Center from the Department of Energy for ASU.
Professor Moore's contributions stem from her ability to fabricate molecules that the team collectively conceptualizes and designs. This is rarely a simple task in that the end product is generally controlled by an intricate sequence of steps. Often the procedures and sequence of steps that must be invented to achieve the desired molecule are, in themselves, significant scientific achievements. The success of the overall effort on artificial photosynthesis was dependent on her ability to synthesize these molecules so they could be analyzed for their photochemical properties and subsequently redesigned to improve the desired properties. This ability allowed the team to identify the essential structural and chemical components of viable molecules for photosynthetic reactions. Professor Moore has an uncanny ability to figure out the pathway needed. This has enabled the team to subsequently probe the functionality of electron transfer processes in photochemical and biochemically inspired reactions.
Professor Moore has been recognized for her work in many ways. She was named a visiting scientist at the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, and at the Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Systémes Polyphasés, Associé au Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier. The latter is one of the high-level research laboratories of France's federal laboratory network. She also has been a major force in forming international research efforts between ASU and institutions in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Germany, Mexico and The Netherlands.
Thomas A. Moore has made sustained and extraordinarily important contributions to the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ASU and the scientific community. Working with colleagues Devens Gust and Ana L. Moore, a vision was developed that has influenced the development of artificial photosynthesis and bioenergy as a pathway for developing practical new technologies for harvesting solar energy.
Professor Moore's contributions stem from his expertise in photo-biochemical reactions and from his conceptual and facile understanding of how organic and biomolecules behave in reactions induced by light. He was able to combine complex, and sometimes disparate, observations and data to synthesize conceptual models of electron processes in molecules. His insight and experience led to major research funding on using light-activated molecules for powering reactions in biomolecular systems that produce combustible fuels, such as hydrogen, or electricity. As a result of his exemplary scientific leadership and expertise, Professor Moore is a founding member of the Center for the Study of Early Events in Photosynthesis, a Regents' Center, which is now known as the Center for Bioenergy and Photosynthesis, where he currently serves as director. He is a leader in ASU's Energy Frontier Research Center for Bio-Inspired Solar Fuel Production, which was recently established at ASU with substantial research funding from the U.S. Department of Energy.
Professor Moore is a senior ambassador of science, lecturing on the science and causes of global warming and providing assessments of ways to reverse deleterious trends. Scientists around the world frequently seek him out to discuss this broad subject and gain his insight. He has been named a visiting scientist on many occasions to prominent academic and research institutions in France and The Netherlands. Among these was an appointment as Chaire Internationale de Recherche Blaise Pascal, Région d'Ile-de-France; he has also held appointments at the Centre d'Etudes Nucléaires de Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette; and the Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Systémes Polyphasés, Associé au Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Montpellier. The CNRS is France's highest-level network of national laboratories.
Professor Moore was recently elected a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, one of the premiere science societies of the world. With an extensive record of professional commitment, Professor Moore's service to the field also includes roles as president of the Society for Photobiology; and as an expert on advisory panels for the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, the Catalysis for Sustainable Energy's Helios Solar Energy Research Center (a joint research program between the Technical University of Denmark and the University of California, Berkeley), the National Science Foundation and the U.S. Department of Energy.
V. Kerry Smith is one of the leading environmental economists in the world. Smith has shaped the field of environmental and resource economics like no other. It was because of his work and that of a few other pioneers that the profession first came to realize that environmental problems can be viewed productively through an economic lens. The true scope of his contributions, simply put, pertains to the origins of the field, its current importance within economics and its influence on policy matters.
Professor Smith is best known as a pioneer in measuring the implicit value of environmental resources, the most fundamental concept in environmental economics. He has changed the approaches used in valuation in a number of ways. He has created techniques that involve applied general equilibrium analysis. The use of meta-analysis for evaluating the consistency in hedonic property value measures for air quality was introduced by Professor Smith. His work on option pricing and uncertainty adds another important dimension in this line of research. Professor Smith was the first to incorporate spatial considerations into a general equilibrium model. One cannot study environmental economics without fully confronting all of these studies. His recent election as a member of the National Academy of Sciences is testimony to his influence. He is one of only four environmental economists inducted into the Academy.
Professor Smith's work has profoundly influenced government policy as well as the academic literature. Through his extensive service, Professor Smith has been described as a global ambassador for the field of environmental economics. In addition to the National Academy of Science, he has enjoyed high-level involvement in the prestigious National Bureau of Economic Research; was instrumental in setting up the Association of Environmental and Resource Economics; served on many advisory boards, including boards for the Environmental Protection Agency and the National Research Council; and is a University Fellow at Resources for the Future. Professor Smith has been recognized for his outstanding contributions to the field of environmental economics with an appointment as a Fellow in the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists in 2005, the ASU Faculty Achievement Award for Excellence in Defining Edge Research in 2008, and the W. P. Carey School of Business Award for Research in 2009.


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ATM is used as a transport and switching mechanism in a hybrid STM/ATM network while the signaling remains normal narrowband signaling. The narrowband signaling is transported on permanent paths over ATM connections, and the narrowband speech channels are transported on ATM and switched on a "Per call basis" (on-demand) through an ATM switch. A translator formats a call-setup-related signaling message into ATM cells so that the signaling message can be routed through an ATM switch to a circuit switched (STM) node. The circuit switched node (PSTN/ISDN) sets up a physical connection for the call and generates a further signaling message therefor that relates to the physical connection. The ATM switch routes an ATM cell-formatted version of the further signaling message to another ATM switch over an ATM physical interface. Thus, the ATM switch switches both narrowband traffic and signaling for the call over the ATM physical interface.
1. A method for combining narrowband and broadband transport mechanisms in a communications network, comprising the steps of:
receiving, at a first node, a communication, the communication including data information and signaling information;
sending, by the first node, the signaling information to a second node;
processing, by the second node, the signaling information to produce at least one routing instruction;
sending, by the second node, the at least one routing instruction to the first node;
sending, by the first node, the data information to the second node responsive to the at least one routing instruction; and
wherein the first node includes a broadband switching fabric and the second node includes a narrowband switching fabric and a switching intelligence.
2. The method according to
forwarding, by the second node, the communication to another node.
3. The method according to
4. The method according to
5. A system for combining narrowband and broadband transport mechanisms in a communications network, comprising:
a first node, said first node including switching intelligence;
a plurality of second nodes, each second node of said plurality of second nodes including broadband switching fabric;
an interworking entity, said interworking entity operatively connectable to said first node and said plurality of second nodes, said interworking entity adapted to receive data in a first format from said first node, map the received data into a second format interpretable by said plurality of second nodes, and send the mapped data to at least one second node of said plurality of second nodes; and
wherein said interworking entity Thereby enables said plurality of second nodes to be controlled, at least partially, by the switching intelligence of said first node.
6. The system according to
7. The system according to
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This Nonprovisional Application for Patent is a Continuation of U.S. Nonprovisional Application for patent Ser. No. 09/353,135, filed on Jul. 14, 1999.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention pertains to narrowband telephony and data communications, and particularly to using a broadband transport for narrowband telephony and data communications.
2. Related Art and Other Considerations
The increasing interest for high band services such as multimedia applications, video on demand, video telephone, and teleconferencing has motivated development of the Broadband Integrated Service Digital Network (B-ISDN). B-ISDN is based on a technology know as Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), and offers considerable extension of telecommunications capabilities.
ATM is a packet-oriented transfer mode which uses asynchronous time division multiplexing techniques. Packets are called cells and traditionally have a fixed size. A traditional ATM cell comprises 53 octets, five of which form a header and forty eight of which constitute a "payload" or information portion of the cell. The header of the ATM cell includes two quantities which are used to identify a connection in an ATM network over which the cell is to travel, particularly the VPI (Virtual Path Identifier) and VCI (Virtual Channel Identifier). In general, the virtual is a principal path defined between two switching nodes of the network; the virtual channel is one specific connection on the respective principal path.
At its termination points, an ATM network is connected to terminal equipment, e.g., ATM network users. Typically between ATM network termination points there are plural switching nodes, the switching nodes having ports which are connected together by physical transmission paths or links. Thus, in traveling from an originating terminal equipment to a destination terminal equipment, ATM cells forming a message may travel through several switching nodes.
A switching node has a plurality of ports, each of which can be connected by via a link circuit and a link to another node. The link circuit performs packaging of the cells according to the particular protocol in use on the link. A cell incoming to a switching node may enter the switching node at a first port and exit from a second port via a link circuit onto a link connected to another node. Each link can carry cells for plural connections, a connection being e.g., a transmission between a calling subscriber or party and a called subscriber or party.
The switching nodes each typically have several functional parts, a primary of which is a switch core. The switch core essentially functions like a cross-connect between ports of the switch. Paths internal to the switch core are selectively controlled so that particular ports of the switch are connected together to allow a message ultimately to travel from an ingress side of the switch to an egress side of the switch, and ultimately from the originating terminal equipment to the destination terminal equipment.
While ATM is envisioned as the transport mechanism for more advanced services such as Broadband ISDN (B-ISDN), it nevertheless must be recognized that the current narrow band networks (e.g., PSTN, ISDN) will remain (at least in part) for quite some time. It has taken decades for the present voice switched telephony networks (e.g., PSTN, ISDN) to reach their present advanced functionalities. While ATM networks are being built, the ATM networks likely will not easily acquire all the functionalities of advanced voice communication. Therefore, at least initially, ATM will in some instances be added to or replace parts of a circuit switched telephony network. In such instances ATM will be used for transport and switching.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,568,475 and 5,483,527 to Doshi et al. incorporate ATM switches for routing telephony voice signals between Synchronous Transfer Mode (STM) nodes. The ATM switches use a signaling system No. 7 (SS#7) network to establish a virtual connection, rather than a circuit switched connection (as would be the case in pure STN network). The signaling system No. 7 (SS#7) network of U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,568,475 and 5,483,527 includes signal transfer points (STPs) which are connected by special physical links to each of the ATM switch nodes. For call setup, for example, signaling messages are relayed through the non-ATM signaling system No. 7 network. In such relaying, a non-ATM STP receives the signaling message and advises its associated ATM node of the call setup. The associated ATM node then can identify idle resources to be used for forwarding voice signals to the next ATM node once the call has been setup, and prepares its own signaling message to be used in the relay. The signaling message prepared by the ATM node is returned to its associated STP, which forwards the signaling message via the signaling system No. 7 network to another STP associated with the next ATM node. Such relaying continues until the signaling message reaches a STP of a STM local exchange carrier-(LEC). Once the call has been set up, the ensuing speech (or voice-band data) is transported via the ATM nodes. STM/ATM terminal adapters are situated between the STM network and the ATM network for packing samples of voice signals as received from the STM network into ATM cells for application to the ATM network, and for unpacking ATM cell payloads to obtain voice signals for application to the STM network.
The incorporation of ATM into an STM network in the particular manner as descried above thus involves a non-ATM signaling network alongside the ATM nodes. What is needed therefore, and an object of the present invention, is a grafting of a network of ATM switches into an STM network in a manner whereby a separate physical signaling interface is not required for signaling purposes.
ATM is used as a transport and switching mechanism in a hybrid STM/ATM network, while the signaling remains norm, al narrowband signaling. The narrowband signaling is transported on permanent paths over ATM connections, and the narrowband speech channels are transported on ATM and switched on a "per call basis" (on-demand) through an ATM switch.
The hybrid STM/ATM network has an access node which services narrowband terminals and which generates a signaling message in connection with call setup. A translator formats the first signaling message into ATM cells so that the first signaling message can be routed through an ATM switch to a circuit switched (STM) node. The circuit switched node (PSTN/ISDN) sets up a physical connection for the call and generates a further signaling message for the call, the further signaling message pertaining to the physical connection. The ATM switch routes an ATM cell-formatted version of the further signaling message to another ATM switch over an ATM physical interface. Thus, the ATM switch switches both narrow band traffic and signaling for the call over the ATM physical interface. The ATM physical interface thus carries ATM cell-formatted version of the further signaling message amidst ATM traffic cells.
In view of the fact that the circuit switched node and the ATM switch employ different parameters (e.g., b-channel, etc., for the STM node and VP/VC for the ATM switch), in one embodiment the STM nodes obtains global position numbers (GPN) for use in setting a path for the further signaling message through the ATM switch. In this regard, at the circuit switched node a translation is made from STM to GPN using a STM/GPN translation table; at the ATM node a translation is made from GPN to VP/VC/port using a GPN/ATM translation table.
The ATM cell-formatted version of the further signaling message is transported over the ATM physical link and ultimately reaches a destination access node which serves a destination terminal. A destination translator unpacks ATM cells carrying the ATM cell-formatted version of the further signaling message to obtain the STM signaling information for use by the destination access node.
Preferably, the translators are situated at the access node. In an illustrated embodiment, the ATM switches are situated at nodes distinct from the PSTN/ISDN nodes, but such need not be the case in other embodiments.
The signaling messages can be in accordance with signaling system no. 7 convention, and the further signaling message can be one of an ISUP and TUP message, for example.
The foregoing and other objects, features, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following more particular description of preferred embodiments as illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which reference characters refer to the same parts throughout the various views. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention.
In the following description, for purposes of explanation and not limitation, specific details are set forth such as particular architectures, interfaces, techniques, etc, in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced in other embodiments that depart from these specific details. In other instances, detailed descriptions of well known devices, circuits, and methods are omitted so as not to obscure the description of the present invention with unnecessary detail.
The hybrid STM/ATM network 20 of
The STM/ATM network 20 of the present invention is considered a hybrid network in view of the fact that ATM nodes 40 are also included therein. As explained hereinafter, the ATM nodes 40 are used not only to route narrow band traffic between access nodes 22, but also for transport of signaling in ATM cells over an ATM physical interface. In the illustrated example, the ATM network aspect includes two example ATM nodes, particularly ATM node 40 1 and ATM node 40 2, which are connected by ATM physical interface or link 41. Again, it should be understood that the ATM component can (and typically does) comprise a greater number of ATM nodes, with the nodes being connected by ATM physical links.
In hybrid network 20, a PSTN/ISDN node 30 and a ATM node 40 can be paired together in the manner illustrated in
An ATM node such as ATM nodes 40 takes on differing configurations, but commonly has a main processor 42 or the like which executes application software including switch and resource control software as Generally depicted by 43 in
Each device board at ATM node 40 can have one or more different functions performed thereby or one or more different devices mounted thereon. For example, one of the device boards attached to a port of ATM cell switch 45 can, in one embodiment, have the main processor 42 mounted thereon. Other device boards may have other processors, known as "board processors". Some device boards serve as extension terminals (ETs) 46 which are used to connected the ATM node to other nodes. For example, the ATM physical link 41 shown in
As explained hereinafter, signaling (e.g., for call setup) is routed from an access node 22 through an ATM node 40 to an appropriate one of the PSTN/ISDN nodes 30. Such being the case, a circuit emulation or translator 50 is provided for each access node 22 which communicates with an ATM node 40. The translators 50 serve, e.g., to encapsulate signaling information from the access node 22 into ATM cells for signaling directed toward an ATM node 40, and conversely unpack ATM payloads received from an ATM node 40 to extract signaling information for use by the access node 22. In the illustrated embodiment, the translators 50 are preferably provided at or proximate to their associated access nodes 22. That is, translator 50 O is situated at or included in access node 22 O; translator 50 D is situated at or included in access node 22 D. A pair of physical links, shown as links 51, are provided for connecting each access node 22 to a corresponding one of the ATM nodes 40.
ATM node 40 is connected to a PSTN/ISDN node 30 by a physical link 60. With reference to ATM node 40 1, for example, a pair of switch-to-switch links 60 is employed to connect ATM cell switch 45 (through its circuit emulation board 70) to STM circuit switch 35 of PSTN/ISDN node 30 1 for the carrying of signaling messages. One of the links in pair 60 carries messages from ATM cell switch 45 (after translation at circuit emulation board 70) to STM circuit switch 35, the other of the pair carries messages in the reverse direction.
In the illustrated embodiment, a dedicated VPI, VCI internal to ATM cell switch 45 is used for signaling. Thus, with reference to ATM node 40 1, for example, link 51 O is connected to extension terminal (ET) 46 1, which in turn is connected to a first pair of dedicated ports of ATM cell switch 45. Signaling messages received at ATM node 40 1 which are destined to PSTN/ISDN node 30 1 are routed on the dedicated internal VPI/VCI to a port of ATM cell switch 45 which ultimately connects (via circuit emulator 70) to switch-to-switch links 60. However, since the signaling routed through ATM cell switch 45 is encapsulated in ATM cells, a translation to the STM signaling must be performed prior to transmitting the signaling information on switch-to-switch links 60. For this reason, a device board connected to switch-to-switch links 60 has the circuit emulation (CE) or translator 70 mounted thereon.
The circuit emulation (CE) or translator 70 serves to unpack signaling information which is destined to PSTN/ISDN node 30 1, but contained in ATM cells, so that the signaling information can be extracted from the ATM cells prior to application on switch-to-switch links 60. Conversely, signaling information received from PSTN/ISDN node 30 1 on switch-to-switch links 60 at translator 70 is encapsulated into ATM cells for routing through ATM node 40 1.
Interface 100 a is a logical interface which exists between processor(s) 32 of PSTN/ISDN node 30 1 and main processor(s) 42 of ATM node 40 1. Interface 100 a enables PSTN/ISDN node 30 to control the ATM node 40 connected thereto. That is, with the signaling carried by interface 100 a, PSTN/ISDN node 30 1 can order physical connections which are to be set up in ATM node 40 1. Interface 100 a can be a proprietary interface or an open interface (such as a General Switch Management Protocol [GSMP] interface [see Request For Comments (RFC) 1987]). Logical interface 100 a can be carried on any physical interface, such as interface 102 e described below. Alternatively, interface 100 a can be carried by a separate link (e.g., between processors 32 and 42), or carried on top of IP/Ethernet links.
Interface 100 b is the signaling between the PSTN/ISDN nodes 30 and the access node 22 connected thereto. Interface 100 b is carried on one or more semipermanent connections through the STM circuit switch 35; through the interworking unit with circuit emulation 70 into ATM cell switch 45; and over permanent virtual connections to access node 22 (particularly to translator 50 in access node 22, where it is emulated back and terminated). As mentioned above, translator 50 is employed to encapsulate the narrow band signaling from an access node 22 in ATM cells for use by an ATM node 40, and conversely for unpacking ATM cells with signaling information for use by an access node 22, Each STM channel on the user side has a corresponding VPI/VCI on interface 100 b.
Interface 100 c is the non-broadband signaling that is carried through and between the nodes. Interface 100 c thus carries the normal signaling system No. 7 interface (TUP or ISUP) which is transparently carried in ATM cell-formatted versions of signaling messages over ATM physical link 41. In PSTN/ISDN node 30, the signaling terminals 37 are used for common channel signaling. In at least one embodiment, signaling terminals 37 can be pooled devices situated at STM circuit switch 35. Alternatively, the signaling terminals 37 can be connected directly to the interfaces between the STM and ATM switches.
Interface 100 d is the physical interface provided by switch-to-switch link 60. Interface 100 d can be used to carry speech for a call to and from an STM network, and also to carry the signaling of interface 100 b and interface 100 c as described herein. In addition, interface 100 d can also be used to link in special equipment that is to be connected to a normal circuit switch, e.g., conference equipment, answering machines, and the like. Interface 100 d can be realized by any standard physical. media, such as E1, for example, it being understood that STM-1 or similar speeds may be may suitable. The physical interface 100 d can also carry the voice data for a conversation between any of the terminals shown in
Interface 100 e is the ATM physical link 41 to other ATM nodes. Any standard link for ATM may be employed for interface 100 e. A dedicated VP/VC is employed to transparently transfer the signaling system no. 7 signaling between PSTN/ISDN nodes 30 over interface 100 e.
Interface 100 f, shown in
For two traditional circuit switched PSTN/ISDN nodes to communicate with one another using protocols such as ISUP or TUP, it is required that ISUP entities in both PSTN/ISDN nodes have coordinated data tables. In this regard, each of the two PSTN/ISDN nodes must have a table which translates a CIC value onto a same timeslot in a same physical interface connecting the two PSTN/ISDN nodes. Thus, a CIC value (together with a point code) represents a particular timeslot on a particular physical link. One specific CIC must, in the tables of both PSTN/ISDN nodes, point out exactly the same timeslot. In other words, the data tables of the two PSTN/ISDN nodes must be coordinated.
The need to coordinate the data tables of PSTN/ISDN node 30 1 and PSTN/ISDN node 30 2 for ISUP/TUP similarly exists in the present invention. If two hybrid nodes 30 1/40 1 and 30 2/40 2 have a communication channel set up between them, by means of a semipermanent connection carrying SS7 signaling, the translation tables 39 in both hybrid nodes must be coordinated from the standpoint of using CIC. This typically means that in both hybrid nodes 30 1/40 1 and 30 2/40 2 a certain CIC must point at the same VP and VC (and possibly AAL2 pointer) identifying cells on a certain physical link (e.g., link 41) connecting the two hybrid nodes. (Alternatively, the same objective can be accomplished by other suitable means such as a cross-connected ATM switch positioned between the hybrid nodes which switches packets and gives the packets the VP and VC value understood by the other node).
At the translator 50 O associated with access node 22 O, as event E-2 the signaling from terminal 24 O-P is converted from STM to ATM by packing the signaling information into ATM cell(s). In this regard, after the circuit emulation a table is employed to translate from a 64 kbps speech channel from terminal 24 O-P to a corresponding ATM address (VP/VC).
The signaling of the SETUP message, now encapsulated in ATM cell(s), is applied to link 51 O and transmitted to ATM cell switch 45 of ATM node 40 1 as indicated by event E-3. As further indicated by event E-4, the ATM cell(s) containing the SETUP message signaling is routed through the ATM cell switch 45 in accordance with a switch internal VP/VC dedicated for STM-originated signaling. Upon egress from ATM cell switch 45, the signaling information for the SETUP message is retrieved from the ATM cell(s) by translator 70 [event E-5], and is reconverted at translator 70 from ATM to STM format, so that the SETUP message signaling information can be applied in STM format as event E-6 to switch-to-switch link 60.
The SETUP message, now again in STM format, is routed through STM circuit switch 35 (as indicated by event E-7) to an appropriate one of the signaling terminals 37. Upon receipt of the SETUP message signaling information at the appropriate signaling terminal 37, the signaling information is forwarded to processor(s) 32 of PSTN/ISDN node 30 1 which engage in STM traffic handling (as indicated by event E-8).
In its traffic handling, the processor 32 of PSTN/ISDN node 30 1 realizes that the incoming side of the call and the outgoing side of the call have physical connections through an ATM node. In this regard, when the access points of the connection were defined (subscriber or network interface), a bearer type was associated with the connection and stored in application software. In the present scenario, when the SETUP message (e.g., an IAM message in the case of an ISUP network interface) was received at PSTN/ISDN node 30, the stored bearer type data was checked in order to determine what switch was on the incoming side to PSTN/ISDN node 30. Further, the bearer type data stored for the outgoing point (based on B-Subscriber number) is similarly checked, and if the stored data indicates that both incoming and outgoing sides have an ATM bearer, the PSTN/ISDN node 30 can conclude that ATM node 40 is to be operated (e.g., utilized). In addition, data received in the SETUP message (particularly the B-subscriber number) is analyzed to determine that the called party (destination) terminal 24 D-P can be reached by contacting PSTN/ISDN node 30 2. The PSTN/ISDN node 30 1 realizes that it has a SS7 signaling interface 100 c to PSTN/ISDN node 30 2, and therefore selects a free CIC (e.g., a CIC not used by any other call) for use toward PSTN/ISDN node 30 2.
If, on the other hand, the stored bearer type data had indicated an STM bearer, both PSTN/ISDN node 30 and ATM node 40 have to be operated. Thus, PSTN/ISDN node 30 and ATM node 40 collectively function as a gateway between the STM and ATM worlds.
Upon realizing that further signaling for the call will be routed through ATM nodes, in the embodiment of the invention shown in
In connection with the foregoing, the global position number (GPN) is a common way to identify the connection points, and as such is understood by the pair of nodes (PSTN/ISDN node 30 and ATM node 40). In other words, the GPN is an address, or reference, or system internal pointer known by both PSTN/ISDN node 30 and ATM node 40, and used to translate between port/VP/VC and circuit switch address. Usage of GPN in the embodiment of
Then, as event E-10, the PSTN/ISDN node 30 generates an ATM switch control message intended to setup a physical connection in ATM node 40. This message of event E-10 contains the two global position numbers (GPNs) obtained from STM/GPN translation table 39 at event E-9, together with an order for ATM node 40 to connect the two GPN addresses in ATM switch fabric 45. The PSTN/ISDN node 30 sends the switch control message generated at event E-10 to processor 42 of ATM node 40 over interface 100 a, as shown by event E-11.
Upon reception of the switch control message sent as event E-11 to ATM node 40 1, as indicated by event E-12 main processor 42 consults GPN/ATM translation table 49 in order to translate the two global position numbers (GPNs) contained in the event E-10 switch control message into VP/VC/port information understood by ATM node 40 1. That is, the two global position numbers (GPNs) are used to obtain VP/VC/port information for ultimately reaching both the origination terminal (24 O-P) and the destination terminal (24 D-P). Upon successful translation of GPN to ATM, and assuming sufficient resources, processor 42 of ATM node 40 1 sets up a path through ATM switch 45 and reserves resources on the port (trunk or link 41) for the call from terminal 24 O-P to terminal 24 D-P. The path set up and resource reservation activities are accomplished using switch/reservation control 43, and are collectively illustrated as event E-13 in
Since PSTN/ISDN node 30 1 must know whether ATM node 40 1 was successful in performing a GPN/ATM translation, a successful translation message is sent over interface 100 a as event E-14 from ATM node 40 1 to PSTN/ISDN node 30 1. If the GPN/ATM translation is not successful at ATM node 40 1, or if there are no available resources at ATM node 40 1, a call rejection message is sent back to the originating terminal.
After PSTN/ISDN node 30 receives the confirmatory message of event E-14 (that ATM switch 45 has been setup and link reservations made [in accordance with event E-13]), as event E-15 the PSTN/ISDN node 30 1 prepares and sends its further signaling message (e.g., ISUP or TUP) toward the PSTN/ISDN node at the other end, e.g., PSTN/ISDN node 30 2. This filer signaling message is shown as event E-15 in
As the signaling of event E-15 arrives at ATM node 40, the ATM node 40 prepares its ATM cell-formatted version of the signaling. In particular, the translator 70 puts the signaling information of the signaling of event E-15 into the payload of one or more ATM cells. For example, the translator 70 is configured to take the 64 kbps signaling information bitstream, and pack it into ATM cells with a predefined VP, VC and to a physical port. As also indicated as event E-15, the ATM cell-formatted version of the further signaling message is routed through ATM cell switch 45 and onto a link indicated by the VP/VC/port information obtained from the translation. In particular, in
Upon reaching ATM node 40 2, the ATM cell-formatted version of the further signaling messages obtains a new internal VPI/VCI for the ATM cell switch 45 of ATM node 40 2, and is routed (as indicated by event E-17) through ATM cell switch 45 of ATM node 40 2 to a circuit emulator in ATM node 402 which is analogous to circuit emulator 70 1 in ATM node 40 1. The circuit emulator of ATM node 40 2 performs the conversion from ATM to STM format in like manner as circuit emulator 70 1 in ATM node 40 1, and then passes the signaling message to PSTN/ISDN node 30 2 as event E-18.
In PSTN/ISDN node 30 2 the ISUP message is received together with the CIC value (from the message transfer part [MTP]) and the B-Subscriber number (which is included in the ISUP message). As indicated by Event E-19, the second hybrid node 30 2/40 2 also performs an analysis of the B-Subscriber number and concludes that the B-Subscriber number is associated with terminal 24 D-P, which involves B channels. The PSTN/ISDN node 30 2 then selects a B-channel which can be used to reach terminal 24 D-P, or negotiates with the terminal 24 D-P as to which B-channel to use (depending on the terminal type and protocol type ISDN or PSTN). The PSTN/ISDN node 30 2 also signals terminal 24 D-P to activate a ringing signal (as indicated by Event E-20). When an answer is received from terminal 24 D-P (or before), the PSTN/ISDN node 30 2 consults its STM/GPN translation table 39 2 using a CIC value and a B-channel, and then operates the ATM switch 45 2 of ATM node 40 2 in the same manner as occurred in ATM node 40 1, as depicted by Event E-21.
Operation of ATM switch 45 2 of ATM node 40 2 allows in-band data (voice data) carried in ATM packets to be passed through the ATM switch. Such operation is accomplished in like manner as described previously, e.g., by consulting a table such as table 39, sending an ATM switch control message, consulting a table such as table 49, and setting up of a path in the ATM switch.
When an ATM switch is operated as described above, the resulting path through both ATM switches (carrying in-band information) has to be set up in the same way at both ends. This means that encapsulation of in-band information (which is controlled by circuit emulation (e.g., circuit emulation 70) at the two end points of the path, must be set up in the same way. Preferably, to minimize delay, AAL2 is utilized by circuit emulation 70 for the encapsulation, although other types of protocols are also possible.
It was mentioned above that a bearer type was associated with a connection and stored in the application software of the PSTN/ISDN node 30. It is presumed that the PSTN/ISDN node 30 already is able to handle traditional access points (subscriber or network interfaces) connected to STM circuit switches. In so doing, the PSTN/ISDN node 30 has logical representations of these existing access points in a static data structure of the PSTN/ISDN node 30. In accordance with the present invention, the PSTN/ISDN node 30 additionally handles access points connected to the ATM switch. In this regard, see (for example) interface 41 in
It was also mentioned above that encapsulation of in-band information must be set up the same way in both ends. More specifically, a same type of cell filling must be employed by two circuit emulation devices which are corrected together. For example, if on a link connecting two circuit emulation devices an ATM cell is packed with only one voice sample by a first of the circuit emulation devices, the second of the circuit emulation devices must pack ATM cells in a similar manner.
In the above regard, filling only part of an ATM cell with information is a technique for reducing delays, although it may increase overhead. Another way of reducing delay is employment of the AAL2 protocol. As understood by those skilled in the art, AAL2 is a protocol layer on top of ATM, and allows transport of mini-cells within ATM cells. Usage of the smaller AAL2 cells helps address bandwidth and delay problems in the air interface. The present invention can be utilized with AAL2 switching as an alternative to ATM switching. If one implements AAL2 in the present invention, the switch 45 operates as an AAL2 switch and GPN/ATM translation table 49 in ATM node 40 must also include an AAL2 pointer. Whenever the ingress and egress point is referenced, it can alternately include an AAL2 pointer. Thus, as used herein and in the appended claims, ATM encompasses ATM-related protocols on top of ATM, such as AAL2.
The principles as illustrated in the embodiments hereof are also applicable to the carrying of other types of signaling messages in ATM cells. Included among such other types of signaling messages are those destined for the originating terminal, e.g., call completion signaling message, in which case some of the events described herein are performed essentially in reverse order.
As shown in
The present invention advantageously reuses PSTN and ISDN software in the PSTN/ISDN nodes 30 in a fairly simple way. That is, already-developed narrowband application software residing in the PSTN/ISDN nodes 30 can be utilized, while on-demand ATM connections are used as traffic bearers. The present invention thus allows a PSTN/ISDN node such as PSTN/ISDN node 30 to control the call, which facilitates use of well-proven software for various services and functions (e.g., subscriber services, intelligent network (IN) services, Centrex, Charging Customer Care systems, etc.).
ATM is thus used as a transport and switching mechanism in the present invention, while the signaling remains normal narrowband signaling. The narrowband signaling is transported on permanent paths over ATM connections, and the narrowband speech channels are transported on ATM, and switched on a "per call basis" (on-demand) through an ATM switch.
The narrowband application software executed by processor(s) 32 of PSTN/ISDN nodes 30 thus acts as if operating on its STM circuit switched transport, when in fact it is actually operating on an ATM cell switch. It should be understood that the ATM switch can reside in a separate ATM node, or be integrated in the same node as the STM switch. On a "per all basis" the switching logic in the PSTN/ISDN nodes 30 requests the switching logic in the ATM nodes 40 to be set up and disconnected through an ATM cell switch.
It should be understood that variations of the foregoing are within the scope of the present invention. For example, the circuit emulation 70 is shown, e.g., in
While various processors, such as processors 32 and 42, have been illustrated as single processors, it should be understood that the functionality of such processors can be situated or distributed in different ways, e.g., distributed over several processors to achieve, e.g., scalability in respect to processing capacity and reliability, for example.
In the foregoing examples, the SETUP message (received at the STM node in STM format) is routed through STM circuit switch 35 as indicated by event E-8 to signaling terminals 37. It should be understood, however, that depending upon implementation in an PSTN/ISDN node, signaling may take another way to reach a signaling terminal (e.g., other than through a switch).
The present invention also describes a system with one STM switch and one ATM switch associated with one another. This particular configuration is advantageous in that resources which take care of certain kinds of signals, e.g., in-band signals, can be situated in the STM switch and be used also for the ATM transported calls. This is also a way of reusing the installed base, if such exists.
Also, the present invention can perform switching on various levels, such as the AAL2 level and with mini-cells, which would tend to reduce any delay/echo problems.
The present invention thus pertains to the telecommunications world, at an attempt to introduce ATM to a telecommunications network. The present invention addresses the situation in which a circuit switched telephony network pre-exits, and is to be augmented or partially replaced by parts that employ ATM for transport and switching. The present invention does not employ broadband signaling, but rather narrowband signaling and the bearer part of the call follow each other to the same extent as in a traditional narrowband circuit switched network.
While the invention has been described in connection with what is presently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiment, it is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited to the disclosed embodiment, but on the contrary, is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.
Patent Citations
Referenced by
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We've heard your feedback and are continuing to build a better Slickdeals. Click here to check out the updated site.
Welcome, Unregistered.
You last visited: Today at 02:24 AM
One other thing: is there a way the font of the first post can be the same as the other posts? I keep looking at the new lay-out trying to figure out what bothers me about it, and that is one of them. The font of the whole first post is too big, not just the banner and the heading.
It is kind of like when you do a presentation using powerpoint. If you use different fonts on different slides, you lose the audience. It takes the brain too long to adapt to the new style (just quoting research here that was taught to me in a PP class).
Last edited by Malyshka; 09-15-2008 at 01:42 PM..
Possibly to make OP and Wiki have hidden post links.
Recent coupon deals
30 Barilla pastas - $.13 each ($.88 each + $.75/2 Q)
6 boxes of Magnum ice cream - $.25 each ($3 each + $1/1 Q + $2 IS + $1.50 CAT)
14 POM juices - FREE ($1 each + $.50/1 Q)
7 Ghirardelli chocolate - FREE
10 GG veggie chips - FREE / overage ($1 each + $.50/1, $.60/1, $.75/1 Q's)
4 Oreo's - $1 each ($3 each + $1/1 Q + $4 IS)
8 Cracker Barrel Cheese - $1 each ($2 each + $1/1 Q)
5 Kraft Fresh Take - FREE+MM ($2.50 - $1.98 Q - $5 IS)
200 Marinades - FREE ($1 each + $5 IS wyb5)
I think the changes are great.
As a frequent contributor to Hot Deals - up until recently - I was made aware of the voting abuse that was increasing more and more. The intention behind the voting - I imagine - was to help people determine what was a good or bad deal. Unfotunately, some users were using the ratings system for more personal, sometimes misleading reasons. I know that the previous voting abuse has discouraged many people from contributing deals here anymore, so I'm hoping the new system will bring them back!
Except for a few minor cosmetic issues that were already mentioned, I really like the changes. Wiki looks great. There was an issue yesterday where the section to actually rate thumbs up or down wasn't visible until I restored screen size to regular, then maximized again, but that seems to be fixed today.
Great work SD!
Last edited by pickmyname; 09-15-2008 at 03:06 PM..
Last edited by redsolar; 09-15-2008 at 03:13 PM..
*NEW* SlickBlog - we talk to you, you talk to us
Have a cell phone or a pda with a browser? http://m.slickdeals.net will keep you updated on all the deals, like you never left home
Never miss a deal again with Deal Alerts & Get cheap items to reach $25 on Amazon with SlickFillers
while money>0 {
if (need(stuff)=="NORMAL" && slickdeals(stuff)) { buy(stuff); }
elseif (need(stuff)=="HIGH" && !slickdeals(stuff)) { pricegrabber [pricegrabber.com](resellerratings [resellerratings.com]>7); }
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All gave some. Some gave all. RIP SFC Earl Fillmore KIA 10.3.1993, SPC Anthony Cardinal KIA 12.25.2005 & SFC Lonnie Parson KIA 9.2.2005.
I like the new layout, no complaints.
Steve Gibson on password policies [grc.com]: I mean, I don't get this change it every eight weeks. ... It's not as if passwords are traveling by camel after they've been stolen, going to the bad guys, and so there's, like, some weird eight-week window, like, oh, we're going to change your password so that the stale password no longer works. ... And all this does is make IT people despised because users, who are not dumb, they think, why am I - why do I have to do this? What problem is this solving?
Here are some reasons people took issue with it:
- Votes were sometimes based on how well people liked an OP instead of the deal.
- People let religious and political beliefs get in the way instead of focusing on the deal.
- Some would not even bother to click the link and actually check out the deal beforehand.
- We needed a way to identify phishing, offers that never come, etc...
While the new system is distracting it serves a valuable purpose in keeping people
focused on the deal itself. And there are regular users who go to a great deal of trouble
hunting down and then posting and editing these deals. When their post gets a negative
review, they deserve to know why.
And you think this will change that?
I wish the text could be indented so it is inline with the rest of the posts. I don't like having to look to the left to start reading, unlike all the replies, which begin at the same place. It being a different font doesn't help either.
Actually, I don't like the entire thing, but I doubt it will be changed back.
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US: Big powers urge Russia to accept truce
Posted: 08/11/2008 - A State Department spokesman says the U.S. wants "to see the Russians stand down" from its conflict with the former Soviet republic of Georgia.
Posted: 08/11/2008 - A State Department spokesman says the U.S. wants "to see the Russians stand down" from its conflict with the former Soviet republic of Georgia.
Posted: 03/20/2008 - Shuttle astronauts on board the international space station are preparing for another excursion outside today.
Posted: 03/18/2008 - It's robot helping robot later today aboard the international space station.
Posted: 03/17/2008 - The international space station's giant new handyman robot got its first checkup today. Astronauts and flight controllers tested its electronics, joints and brakes.
Posted: 03/06/2008 - Two gunmen entered the library of a rabbinical seminary in Jerusalem and opened fire after nightfall Thursday, killing at least seven, police and rescue workers said.
Posted: 02/26/2008 - The Army's chief of staff goes before Senators today as lawmakers vote on a proposal to cut funding for the war in Iraq in 120 days.
Updated: 02/19/2008 - Fidel Castro is resigning after nearly a half-century as Cuba's president.
Updated: 02/18/2008 - The U.N. Security Council will hold an emergency session this afternoon on Kosovo.
Posted: 01/31/2008 - A U.S. monitoring group says an Islamist militant Web site has announced the death of the al-Qaida commander in Afghanistan, Abu Laith al-Libi.
Updated: 12/28/2007 - Even though it's on the other side of the world, what's happening in Pakistan is having an affect here in East Tennessee
Posted: 12/27/2007 - Rep. Zach Wamp has released his own statement about the assassination of former Pakistani Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto.
Posted: 12/25/2007 - Christmas is a-comin' to the international space station.
Posted: 11/30/2007 - Two brothers who were re-arrested in the Natalee Holloway case in Aruba last week are to be released from jail.
Posted: 11/30/2007 - Authorities have found the black box of a Turkish passenger jet that crashed in southwest Turkey early today.
Posted: 11/30/2007 - A New Zealand teenager who's suspected of heading up an international cyber crime network has been questioned by police and let go without being charged.
Posted: 11/30/2007 - There's word that Kurdish separatists fighting for autonomy from Turkey have left northern Iraq and returned to their homeland in the past two weeks.
Posted: 11/27/2007 - Officials in Sudan have been questioning a British teacher who could face charges of insulting Islam -- a crime punishable by up to 40 lashes -- for letting young students name a teddy bear "Muhammad" in a class project.
Posted: 11/27/2007 - They're the first U.S. combat deaths reported in five days.
Posted: 11/26/2007 - A new message from Osama bin Laden is set to hit the airwaves.
Posted: 11/26/2007 - A weak dollar and cold weather are combining to keep oil prices hovering near the $100 a barrel mark.
Posted: 11/26/2007 - There's word that Pakistan President Pervez Musharraf will take the oath of office for his next term Thursday as a civilian.
Posted: 11/23/2007 - At 670 pounds, former amateur sumo wrestling champion Emanuel "Tiny" Yarbrough's nickname doesn't really fit, but he's getting closer.
Posted: 11/23/2007 - Two brothers held in the disappearance of American teenager Natalee Holloway will stay in custody for at least another eight days on an Aruban judge's order.
Posted: 11/23/2007 - More than 150 passengers and crew who were rescued from a Canadian cruise ship are still stuck aboard the Norwegian vessel that rescued them from the troubled vessel in Antarctic waters today.
Posted: 11/20/2007 - The military now says two soldiers were killed and 12 others were hurt in the crash of a U.S. military helicopter today southeast of Baghdad.


text:
Too many bowl games
It reminds us of another time Smith was trying to generate extra income, more than three decades ago when he was still Padres shortstop.
Unable to reach a contract agreement with Smith before the 1980 season, the Padres renewed him at $72,500, the same amount as he made in 1979. Smith's agent, Ed Gottlieb, was angered and tried to embarrass the club by taking out a help-wanted ad in the San Diego Union. It read, in part, "Padre baseball player wants part-time employment to supplement income."
So Joan Kroc, the wife of Padres owner Ray Kroc, offered Smith a job as an assistant gardener at their Rancho Santa Fe estate.
Of course, Smith, always known for his defense, never claimed he could rake.
Trivia answer
Alabama has played in 59 bowl games, going 33-22-3. Rounding out the top five in wins: USC (31), Oklahoma (27), Texas (26) and Georgia (26).
From news services, online reports


text:
BioTime Announces Collaboration With the International Longevity Center on Regenerative Medicine
BioTime, Inc. (OTCBB:BTIM) and the International Longevity Center-USA today announced a collaboration aimed at research, education and advocacy for regenerative medicine and its application in aging. Founded by President and CEO, Robert N. Butler, M.D. in 1990, the International Longevity Center is a non-profit international research, policy, and education organization formed to educate individuals on how to live longer and better, and advise society on how to maximize the benefits of technology, such as the emerging field of regenerative medicine for today's age boom. BioTime is a biotechnology company developing human embryonic stem cell research and induced pluripotent stem cell ("iPS") products from human embryonic stem cells and iPS technology potentially useful in restoring function in tissues afflicted with age-related degenerative disease.
"The technology to transform aged human cells back to embryonic stem cells and then into the diverse cells types of the body has profound implications for the future of an aging population," said Michael D. West, Ph.D., CEO of BioTime, Inc. "Since the discovery of human embryonic stem cells has unlocked the potential to produce all of the cell types of the human body, there is a significant novel opportunity to develop a large number of products for an array of age-related degenerative diseases. It is critical to expedite the process of education of the public, policy makers, and members of the pharmaceutical industry to this important trend, and that is the purpose of our collaboration."
Dr. Butler, who recently joined the BioTime board of directors, is considered a foremost authority on aging. He was the first director of the National Institute on Aging of the National Institutes of Health, he founded the first department of geriatrics in a U.S. medical school at The Mount Sinai Medical Center, and he is the Pulitzer Prize-winning author of Why Survive, as well as more than 300 scientific papers and books. Dr. Butler is widely credited with coining the term "ageism" and educating the country about the need for innovative therapies for Alzheimer's disease. In his recently published book, The Longevity Revolution, he asserts that regenerative medicine, based on embryonic stem cells, could conceivably treat Alzheimer's as well as other dreaded diseases.
"The discovery of iPS technology has potentially broken the ethical logjam by providing a path to making embryonic stem cells identical to a patient without using embryos," said Dr. Butler. "We look forward to collaborating with BioTime to communicate through policy reports, symposia, and the media the potential of these new technologies in regenerative medicine for an aging population."
About The International Longevity Center
The International Longevity Center-USA (ILC-USA) is a not-for-profit, nonpartisan research, education, and policy organization whose mission is to help individuals and societies address longevity and population aging in positive and productive ways, and to highlight older people's productivity and contributions to their families and society as a whole.
The organization is part of a multinational research and education consortium, which includes centers in the United States, Japan, Great Britain, France, the Dominican Republic, India, South Africa, and Argentina. These centers work both autonomously and collaboratively to study how greater life expectancy and increased proportions of older people impact nations around the world. ILC publications are available online at www.ilcusa.org.
About BioTime, Inc.
BioTime, headquartered in Alameda, California, develops blood plasma volume expanders, blood replacement solutions for hypothermic (low temperature) surgery, organ preservation solutions, and technology for use in surgery, emergency trauma treatment and other applications. BioTime's lead product Hextend is manufactured and distributed in the U.S. by Hospira, Inc. and in South Korea by CJ CheilJedang Corp. under exclusive licensing agreements. BioTime has recently entered the field of regenerative medicine through its wholly owned subsidiary Embryome Sciences, Inc. where it plans to develop new medical and research products using embryonic stem cell technology. Additional information about BioTime can be found on the web at www.biotimeinc.com. Hextend(R), PentaLyte(R), HetaCool(R), Embryomics(TM), ESpy(TM), and ESpan(TM) are trademarks of BioTime, Inc.
Forward-Looking Statements
Statements pertaining to future financial and/or operating results, future growth in research, technology, clinical development and potential opportunities for the company and its subsidiary, along with other statements about the future expectations, beliefs, goals, plans, or prospects expressed by management constitute forward-looking statements. Any statements that are not historical fact (including, but not limited to statements that contain words such as "will,""believes,""plans,""anticipates,""expects,""estimates,") should also be considered to be forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties, including, without limitation, risks inherent in the development and/or commercialization of potential products, uncertainty in the results of clinical trials or regulatory approvals, need and ability to obtain future capital, and maintenance of intellectual property rights. Actual results may differ materially from the results anticipated in these forward-looking statements and as such should be evaluated together with the many uncertainties that affect the company's business, particularly those mentioned in the cautionary statements found in the company's Securities and Exchange Commission filings. The company disclaims any intent or obligation to update these forward-looking statements.
To receive ongoing BioTime corporate communications, please click on the following link to join our email alert list: http://www.b2i.us/irpass.asp?BzID=1152&to=ea&s=0.


text: The Fredzilla wiki last edited by Comicbookman26 on 04/20/15 11:09AM View full history Brief HistoryFred is the last member of the current Big Hero 6 to be shown. The team meets up with him in the U.S. where he is already protecting the teams objective. Go-Go and Honey Lemon decide to test him which leads to a short rumble between Fred and most of the team ( Hiro did not participate). Fred took the team to football practice for a team Fred was helping coach where he stands up to Wasabi saying his loyalty was with his team (regarding football that is).PowersFred seems to surround himself in a type of mysterious aura, shaped like a giant purplish-red kaiju, which acts like a massive suit of psionic armor when expanded to it's full-size. Even when used at less than half it's full height and stature, the aura seems to enhance some of his abilities such as strength and stamina but to what level and what else it is capable of is unknown. During Big Hero 6's battle with Everwraith at the behest of Spider-Man (who had been coordinating with the Japanese government) to try and stop Dr. Octopus' scheme, Fred demonstrated his aura's ability to protect him from injuries that would have normally killed a normal human, as seen when he leapt out of a jet several miles over Tokyo to deliver a powerful blow to the team's ghostly adversary. Other MediaMovieFredzilla appears in the feature-length animated Walt Disney film based on Big Hero 6. In the movie, Fredzilla is a young American boy with much of the same powers as he has in the comics.


text:
I lost my best friend.I'm wondering can anyone see the future and tell me if I'm lucky enough to find another?
holywren 51-55 6 Answers 1 Dec 3, 2011
Actually You will find good friends here if you are good for them
Best Answer
I lost my best friend in 1997. I haven't found another to replace her since then.
Best Answer
I can't see into the future, but I'm sure you will ...
Best Answer
I wish I could, I really do. Sorry man.
Best Answer
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WITH SOME NOTABLE EXCEPTIONS, DINING out in Texas has not yet reached the status of a high art. Compared to the East or West Coasts', Texas restaurants are a pedestrian bunch, afflicted by gimmicks and uninspired cuisine. For many Texans a meal of grilled steak, salad, and baked potato-with-everything is still the first thought that comes to mind when the suggestion is made to "go out for dinner." (On the other hand, anyone who has tried to find a decent meal in Arkansas or Oklahoma knows that urban Texans are better off than they realize.)
The European tradition of dining as an aesthetic experience got lost with a lot else on the frontier; it is only now beginning to reappear. Perhaps the key to the problem can be found in the very words, "go out for dinner." Texas dining is still dominated by the school of thought which holds that restaurants exist primarily to give Mom a night off from the kitchen.
There are, however, an increasing number of Texas restaurants which do not cater to these base motives. Never mind that these first-class places, many of them, are often marred by their willingness to treat dining as a form of conspicuous consumption, thereby mistaking show for substance and reducing themselves to entertainers instead of artists. Never mind: because there are some which aspire to greater things and occasionally attain them. Of these, Austin surprisingly has more than its share—even though only two of the most noteworthy eight are in the center of town. The fact is, they are open and thriving; and that is a cause for modest rejoicing.
There is a little stone cottage in the Hill Country 15 miles west of Austin on Highway 71. Out front is an inconspicuous, hand-painted sign that reads: "Andre's. Belgian-French cooking." The owner-chef inside regularly prepares the best food in the Austin area-food which is arguably the best in Texas.
Superlatives should not be tossed about recklessly, but here they are deserved. We have enjoyed fine meals at Tony's, Old Warsaw, and La Louisiane…but our meals at Andre's have been better than any of these. If there is better food in Texas we have yet to find it. There are many in Austin who insist we never will.
Andre Graindorge, 31, has been in the restaurant business for four years. This is his second location (the first, a cramped little store-front across from the Travis County Courthouse, was short on atmosphere but long on love). He serves two fu1l-course dinners every night, plus a limited selection of a la carte dishes. There are only ten tables, each graced with a white table cloth and a candle.
On a recent visit, our dinner choices included a gorgeously subtle trout stuffed with crabmeat, and a filet, aged to perfection, served with fresh mushrooms in a wine sauce. Each was accompanied by pommes croquettes, delicately-seasoned baby carrots, and—wonder of wonders—crusty home-made French bread. Andre always prepares his own soups. This time he had chosen cream of broccoli, which could not have been better; on a previous visit we had a tomato soup so good that we left thinking Campbell's and Heinz should be charged with false advertising. His famous Boston lettuce vinaigrette won accolades from an obdurate friend of ours who has spent 30 years avoiding salads. Andre's own light chocolate eclair was a pleasant finish to a totally satsifying meal, although if you want something a little heavier and the restaurant is not too crowded, he will prepare classic crepes suzette. Our bill, including tax and tip, came to less than ten dollars each.
The a la carte menu included such appetizers as fondue Bruxelloise, burgundy snails, and an exemplary onion soup; among the entrees were Dover sole a la meuniere, duck with orange sauce, and peppered filet steak. In the past Andre has served rack of lamb for two, but a shortage of top-quality lamb has caused him to drop this item for a while.
The dinner choices vary from night to night, depending upon the quality of the ingredients Andre finds in the markets. Among the most popular last year were Carbonnades of Beef (a sort of Belgian pot roast cooked with beer) and domestic rabbit in Sauce Espagnole. At the time you make your reservations it is worth asking what is planned, particularly since the restaurant has no mixed beverage permit and you therefore can bring your own wine if you choose. (Andre has a good, and growing, selection of French wines. Prices are a little high, but not as unreasonable as most Austin restaurants demand.)
There are a handful of little things that could be better at Andre's, but most are so small it seems almost petty to mention them. Some of the tables are too close together for comfort, and the utilitarian, functional silverware (while perfectly adequate) is nothing special. The corkage fee of $3.50 for each bottle of wine you may bring along is, frankly, exorbitant; two dollars would be more than enough. But these are minor flaws.
This is not the place to go if you just want to have a good meal before dashing off to the theater or a concert. The intimate atmosphere and the distinguished food virtually compel you to savor each course slowly and linger over coffee as the candle dims. You should set aside at least three hours for the experience, including the leisurely 20 or 25 minute drive each way. Unless the Chicago Symphony is in Austin, there is hardly a more rewarding way to spend an evening out.
THE INN AT BRUSHY CREEK has the most far-flung national reputation of any of Austin's restaurants. Snugly nestled in an 1840's farm house 20 miles north of the city, it is conveniently located just a stone's throw off Interstate 35 in the booming, history-conscious community of Round Rock. Both Holiday magazine and, lately, the National Observer have steered curious gourmet travelers in its direction.
Like a well-appointed country home, its yard carefully manicured and its rooms embellished with diverse antiques that


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Notice to Readers: American Heart Month --- February 2002
February is American Heart Month. During 2002, an estimated 1.1 million Americans will have a first or recurrent heart attack, and approximately 700,000 will die of heart disease. Among those who die, approximately 60% will die suddenly before they can reach a hospital. Recognizing and responding promptly to heart attack symptoms and receiving the appropriate artery opening treatment within 1 hour of symptom onset can prevent or limit heart damage (1). Early defibrillation within 6 minutes is the best treatment for cardiac arrest.
The American Heart Association, American College of Cardiology, state and federal agencies, and many CDC cardiovascular programs are developing and implementing activities to increase public awareness about the symptoms and signs of a heart attack. For example, during February, the Missouri state health department will promote information about heart attack symptoms at sporting events; the National Heart Attack Alert Program of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and the American Heart Association are collaborating on a nationwide heart attack education campaign, "Act in Time to Heart Attack Signs," which promotes awareness of heart attack symptoms and the formulation between patient and physician of a heart attack survival plan that emphasizes the importance of calling 9-1-1 as soon as symptoms begin (1).
Additional information is available at the American Heart Association at http://www.americanheart.org/, the American College of Cardiology at http://www.acc.org/, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/actintime. Information about CDC's Cardiovascular Health Program and an interactive mapping of heart disease mortality at state and county levels are available at http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/cvd.
Disclaimer All MMWR HTML versions of articles are electronic conversions from ASCII text into HTML. This conversion may have resulted in character translation or format errors in the HTML version. Users should not rely on this HTML document, but are referred to the electronic PDF version and/or the original MMWR paper copy for the official text, figures, and tables. An original paper copy of this issue can be obtained from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC 20402-9371; telephone: (202) 512-1800. Contact GPO for current prices.**Questions or messages regarding errors in formatting should be addressed to firstname.lastname@example.com.
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Redridge Alpha
This NPC can be found in Redridge Mountains (82).
Quotes (2)
- Redridge Alpha says: Grrrr... fresh meat!
- Redridge Alpha says: More bones to gnaw on...
|Quick Facts
The Wowhead Client is a little application we use to keep our database up to date, and to provide you with some nifty extra functionality on the website!
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Peregrine x Lanner Falcon
Art Print | by John Morgan | #256946
The Lanner Falcon is a large bird of prey that breeds in Africa, southeast Europe and just into Asia.
The Lanner Falcon is a bird of open country and savanna. It usually hunts by horizontal pursuit, rather than the Peregrine's stoop from a height, and takes mainly bird prey in flight. It lays 34 eggs on a cliff ledge nest, or occasionally in an old stick nest in a tree.
They are bred in captivity for falconry; hybrids with the Peregrine Falcon are also often seen. Merret claimed that the lanar lived in Sherwood Forest and the Forest of Dean in England; such populations would seem to derive from escaped hunting birds of the nobility.
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Peregrine x Lanner Falcon by John Morgan
Peregrine x Lanner Falcon by John Morgan
Peregrine x Lanner Falcon by John Morgan
We partner with the world's top museums and galleries to bring you exclusive prints of the highest quality. Our teams of designers ensure the colours are accurate, papers are well suited and the best frames are suggested.
In the printing room, artworks are printed on state-of-the-art machines with a team of technicians checking colour and quality every step of the way.
After being cut down to size, our team carefully finish any stray edges, check measurements and prepare the prints for mounting and framing.
We have a team of master framers who work with high-quality, responsibly-sourced wood to create our vast range of framing combinations - each frame is bespoke and made to order for every print.
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The artwork is carefully mounted in preparation for framing.
Once mounted, the print is ready to be covered by glass or perspex - a delicate procedure but expertly done with not a fingerprint in sight.
After a final, thorough check, the framed print is ready to be carefully packaged up and shipped to the customer.
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By the conclusion of the study 48 of 680 men and 93 of 937 women developed OA detected by x-ray. At the end of the 30-month period 10.1% of women and 7.8% of men displayed signs of symptomatic knee OA. "Our results showed thigh muscle strength was not a significant predictor of radiographic knee OA," concluded the authors. Women in the top third of peak knee extensor strength had a lower incidence of symptomatic knee OA, while men with strong thigh muscles had only slightly better odds of developing OA symptoms compared to men with weaker knee extensor strength. "The H:Q ratios were not predictive of symptomatic knee OA in either men or women," added researchers.
Researchers acknowledge there to be some limitation to the study by not including assessments of hip abductor strength. "Study of hip abductor strength, which is important for control of the knee joint, may be useful in a more comprehensive study of risk for OA of the knee," said Dr. Segal. "These findings suggest that targeted interventions to reduce risk for symptomatic knee OA could be directed toward increasing knee extensor strength," he added.
|Contact: Dawn Peters


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Sparky the Skeleton Dog on Leash 37 41
Great skeleton dog! The dog looked exactly as pictured when it arrived. The plastic was durable and the leash was attached. Such a great looking skeleton dog for Halloween - I'm so happy I bought it! August 2, 2014
Realistic and Made Well I love this dog! His size is perfect and the detail is believable. The quality is good. I'm glad I spent the money for him. I'm very happy with this purchase. September 2, 2014
Love the Small Skeleton Dog Love this dog! We now have all three sizes. Can't wait for Halloween. Had an excellent transaction with fast shipping. Good value for product. August 19, 2014
Disappointed I have purchased most of my Halloween décor from Grandinroad over the past 5+ years because in addition to having very unique items, the quality of the merchandise is always very good. This purchase, unfortunately, was a disappointment. The dog is just as cute as his picture in the catalog, but I was not expecting him to be so fragile. His leg broke off as we were taking him out of the packaging. The plastic piece holding the screw broke. I was able to glue it back in place; I expect I will need to do this again every year as I bring him back out. November 6, 2014
great dog!! I purchased this small skeleton dog along with the 5ft. skeleton. They are amazing!! Not at all flimsy. Very sturdy. The mouth of the dog can be opened to place a stick in it. Tried a tennis ball, but that proved too heavy for it. Both items were on backorder, so finally got them two weeks ago. Placed them in my front yard, by a large oak tree. Everyone stopped or drove by slowly to see my decorations. Unfortunately, someone liked them too much and now they both are gone. Will need to reorder next year and secure them better. October 29, 2014
SMALL SKELETON DOG I was disappointed when I opened my box & found that the dog came damaged. This particular item requires no assembly although it does have screws holding it together. Unfortunately I couldn't "screw" the leg back on. It came broken. I improvised by placing this dog where no one would bump/move it or it will fall. There is no fixing it. Overall the look was what I was looking for. Need to contact Grandinroad so they can send me a replacement. November 8, 2014
Howling good fun! Just loved the little dog - had him tied to his skeleton master - what a great scary pair they made on the front porch - just the ticket for a fun Halloween - well made - movable - very life like - and a great price! November 7, 2014
Good Addition Great looking, very well built addition to my Halloween collection. November 8, 2014
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Are the legs positionable?
9 months ago
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Answer:The Small Skeleton Dog's legs cannot be moved.
9 months ago
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is it ok to put outside?
8 months ago
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Answer:The Small Skeleton Dog can be used outdoors.
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Easy Weddings Bride Claire J. has reviewed the following suppliers. The wedding was on Saturday, 8 October 2011.
Gemma was very helpful through the entire process. Everyone is still enjoying the lovely lollies.
Supplier: Designer Candy
Karen was fantastic, I would definitely recommend her to anyone getting married.
Supplier: Karen Wilmot ~ Civil Marriage Celebrant
Julie did a great job making us all beautiful on the day!! I will definitely use her again for any function in the future.
Supplier: Style & Grace


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vibrating cell phone
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research guide
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The confrontations between police and demonstrators at the Stonewall Inn in New York City the weekend of June 27-29, 1969 mark the beginning of the modern glbtq movement for equal rights.
Formed soon after the Stonewall Riots of 1969, the short-lived but influential Gay Liberation Front brought a new militancy to the movement that became known as gay liberation.
The sexual revolution of post-World War II America changed sexual and gender roles profoundly.
"Leather" is a blanket term for a large array of sexual preferences, identities, relationship structures, and social organizations loosely tied together by the thread of what is conventionally understood as sadomasochistic sex.
Although best known for her crusade for women's suffrage, Susan B. Anthony spoke out on a range of feminist issues.
With reports from hundreds of sub-Saharan African locales of male-male sexual relations and from about fifty of female-female sexual relations, it is clear that same-sex sexual relations existed in traditional African societies, though varying in forms and in the degree of public acceptance
Androgyny, a psychological blending of gender traits, has long been embraced by strong women, soft men, members of queer communities, and others who do not easily fit into traditionally defined gender categories.
A cultural crossroads between Asia and Europe, Russia has a long, rich, and often violent heritage of varied influences and stark confrontations in regard to its patterns of same-sex love.
Barbara Gittings (left) with partner Kay Lahusen.
On October 1, 2012, Philadelphia marked the beginning of LGBT History Month by dedicating a city center block in honor of Barbara Gittings, the late glbtq activist who resided in the city for thirty years.
As Mike Dunne reports in CBS Philly, a community choir heralded the dedication of the block of Locust Street in Philadelphia's "gayborhood" between 12th and 13th Streets as "Barbara Gittings Way."
Gittings (1932-2007), sometimes known as the "Mother of the LGBT Rights Movement," was instrumental in having homosexuality removed from the American Psychiatric Association's list of mental disorders; founded the New York chapter of the Daughters of Bilitis and edited its magazine, The Ladder; and worked tirelessly within the American Library Association to make materials with glbtq content more accessible to the reading public.
Gittings, along with Frank Kameny, helped steer the American homophile movement toward greater militancy, including the embrace of direct action tactics. She and Kameny organized and participated in early gay rights demonstrations, picketing the White House in 1965 to protest federal employment discrimination and also participating in annual demonstrations on July 4 at Philadelphia's Independence Hall.
The renaming of the block of Locust Street "Barbara Gittings Way" was spearheaded by Malcolm Lazin of Philadelphia's Equality Forum.
"She really stepped forward in 1965, at a moment in time when almost no one was out." Lazin told Dunne. "It was really a remarkably courageous thing that she did. She, like a Rosa Parks, helped to launch a civil rights movement."
As Jen Colletta reported in the Philadelphia Gay News in June, the proposal to name the block Barbara Gittings Way sailed through the Philadelphia City Council when it was proposed by the Equality Forum and sponsored by Councilman Mark Squilla.
"Washington, D.C., has a Frank Kameny Way and San Francisco has a Harvey Milk Plaza, so we thought it was important we in Philadelphia honor Barbara, who we view as the mother of the LGBT civil-rights movement," Lazin told the PGN.
Councilman Squilla was enthiastic about designating the particular block in Gittings' honor. "What better place than right in the Gayborhood? That block of Locust is right in the middle of the Gayborhood and a location that people can really relate to. I thought it seemed like a good fit."
Gittings' longtime partner Kay Lahusen also welcomed the initiative.
"I know Barbara would have been thrilled by this turn of events had she lived to see it," she said. "I'm very grateful to Equality Forum for initiating this idea and especially am happy that this block is in the very heart of the Gayborhood."
In the video below, from the Equality Forum documentary "Our Pioneers," Gittings speaks of her early activism.
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This site and its contents Copyright © 2002-2015, glbtq, Inc.


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Special Correspondent
CHENNAI: The State government on Saturday said citizens of Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, China, Iran, Nepal and Bhutan cannot buy or sell immovable property in India without the permission of the Reserve Bank of India as per rules.
In a press release relating to reports in a section of the press on purchase of property in Tamil Nadu by Sri Lankan refugees, the government clarified that non-Indians should follow relevant rules and orders of the Central government and the RBI for purchasing and selling immovable property.
More In: TAMIL NADU | NATIONAL


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MOSCOW -- The Moscow Chamber of Commerce is asking the Idaho Republican Party not to move its state convention out of the northern Idaho city.
The Moscow-Pullman Daily News reports that the Moscow chamber on Friday sent an email to state and regional party representatives noting that many hotels have turned away other opportunities because of reservations associated with the state GOP convention in June.
Executive Director Gina Taruscio in the email also says that besides the financial impact there would be an emotional impact to the community.
Party leaders are considering moving the convention due to a conflict between the leader of the state's dominant political party and a local GOP official.
A telephone conference for GOP leaders across Idaho is set for next week to discuss moving the convention.