text:
Pilot Projects
Info Society
Study Groups
Exploring What Works and Why
A Conference at the University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, October 26 & 27, 1998
by Johan Ernberg, ITU
(email@example.com - www.itu.int/ITU-D-UniversalAccess/)
Most of the populations of developing countries live in rural and often isolated areas. This is also where most of the resources are located. Access to information and telecommunications is essential for development of such areas but is still inadequate or non-existing.
The overall objective of the BAAP Programme No. 9 (VAP Programme 3) is to develop best-practice, sustainable and replicable models of ways to provide access to modern telecommunication facilities and information services, particularly to people in rural and remote areas. To this end pilot projects are implemented in a number of countries in different regions, at different stages of development and with different geographical, social, economic and cultural conditions.
One objective of the programme is to evaluate the social, economic and cultural impact of providing access to such facilities and services and thereby sensitize policy makers to the needs and cost-effectiveness of providing such tools for development.
Another objective is to assess the needs and demand for ICT in rural and remote areas.
Provision of telecommunications and IT facilities is not a goal in itself. To have a real impact on development, the introduction of such facilities and services must be done as an integral part of a cross-sectoral, multi-disciplinary effort of community development. Thus, many specialized UN agencies and NGOs have an important role in capacity building for the development and adaptation to the local context of applications and "content" relevant to their field of activity. The
Multipurpose Community Telecentre (MCT), introduced in the pilot projects will provide facilities and support for a wide range of services and applications responding the needs of the community. By sharing the cost of the telecom infrastructure, IT facilities and support, the MCTs are expected to provide both public and private ICT-based services at more affordable cost and still become commercially viable.
The set up and applications supported by so called telecentres varies considerably. In its simplest form the Telecentre may be limited to providing public telephone and fax services and be run, for example, by a local shopkeeper. However, such "telecentres", sometimes called Public Call Offices (PCO) or quot;telekiosks" are usually established in more densely populated or urban areas and would not qualify as "multipurpose" centres. Such telecentres have in recent
years mushroomed in many developing countries. Recent studies indicate that such telecentres are commercially attractive both for the franchisee and the telecom operator and that they generate a considerable number of jobs (at least in densely populated
Policies, tariffs, mode of operation, that has spurred the phenomenal growth of such telecentres and the impact of these telecentres should also be studied as these too contribute to improve Universal Access to ICT and there are important lessons to
be learned.
At the other end of the scale there are telecentres with (shared) offices for local small business and "teleworkers" and equipped with computers, printer, photocopier, etc. Such MCTs would provide access to data networks (e.g. Internet) for e-mail, file transfer, access to electronic libraries and databases, government and community information, systems, market and price information, environment watch, etc. In addition they may well contain facilities and equipment for teletraining and telemedicine. Some may also provide facilities, equipment and training for local production and reception of radio and TV broadcasting programmes, so as to offer information relevant to the local population and to promote local culture.
The BAAP programme 9 focus on the latter type and on reaching out to rural and remote areas. The "Multipurpose" and "Community" aspects of the telecentres are essential in the pilot projects. As well as providing a community
owned, shared information and communication facility for people living in rural and isolated areas, each MCT offers user support and training so that the community can gain the maximum benefit from these facilities and services.
Within the BAAP Programme 9, pilot projects are currently being negotiated and implemented in Benin, Bhutan, Honduras, India, Mali, Mozambique, Suriname, Tanzania, Uganda and Vietnam. Feasibility studies have also been made for pilot projects
in Haiti, the Maldives, and Romania. Other proposals have been received from a number of developing countries and may be implemented at a later stage. The pilot projects in Benin, Mali, Mozambique, Tanzania and Uganda are implemented within the framework of the UN-System-wide Special Initiative for Africa. More information about the status of these projects is given in Annex 1.
All pilot projects are implemented in partnership with concerned national and international organizations, including, in some cases, the private sector.
A common framework for evaluation of these pilot projects including research questions to be answered, indicators and tools is now being collaboratively developed among the partners. This will provide a broader research base, enable cross-cultural comparisons and facilitate the identification of "best practice" and sustainable and replicable models among the increasing number of pilot projects implemented under various development programmes.
The international community and social researchers have for some time been working on the development of indicators to measure the impact of ICT on social, economic and cultural development at a macro level.
Following a session on this theme at the Global Knowledge Conference (Toronto 97), the ITU initiated a computer mediated discussion focussed on the development of a common framework for evaluation of the MCT pilot projects [1]. This also involves
development of indicators at institution and community levels and of methods for disaggregated information and data collection at micro level.
It was felt that the development of the evaluation framework should be done collaboratively by partners in the pilot projects and others who implement similar pilot projects and that this continuous process requires field testing of tentatively proposed the methodology and indicators. In May-June 1998 the first field test was carried out by the ITU in an evaluation of the ITU MCT pilot project implemented in 1996 in Suriname [2].
Simultaneously, an initial study carried out within the framework of the Evaluation and Learning Systems for Acacia (ELSA) of the IDRC's Acacia program proposed a Telecentre Research Framework, which provided additional inputs to the
development of a common framework [3]. Staff members of UNESCO [4]and the Pact Institute [5], as well as the consultant [2], who carried out the evaluation in Suriname and his research group also contributed with inputs. Other members of the evaluation discussion group submitted valuable comments and suggestions.
In accordance with the objectives of the programme outlined above, the proposed framework will focus on the following broad research questions:
To answer these questions one needs to define and agree with stakeholders at all levels what is meant by "development" and identify observable indicators that will measure as many dimensions as possible of development at
the following levels:
The programme especially aims at enhancing participation of rural populations, particularly women and youth in democratic processes and to generate contribution to "development" in terms of transfer of "indigenous knowledge" from the local community to all other levels, including exchange of knowledge and experience among MCT projects in different countries.
Thus, indicators also need to be developed to measure:
The proposed framework includes:
Each of these will include:
The methodology calls for a combination of participatory case-studies, focus groups and data collection across projects, before (base-line study), during and by the end of the pilot projects. It will involve all stakeholders and will rely heavily on
nationals in the participating countries for the continuous data, and information collection and monitoring of the projects. It therefore includes the development and implementation of a stakeholders' learning system, to enable them to fully participate in and contribute to the evaluation.
The base-line study aims to get an overall picture of the specific characteristics, needs, resources and limitations of the community and the potential users/user groups and to establish the value of selected indicators before the MCT is starts to operate.
Thus, the base-line results will provide an input to:
The evaluation involves also gathering information about expected and unexpected (side-) effects, generated by the project, in particular about any kind of community development activity, involving people at the community level, policy development at the national level, establishment of support structures at the national and community levels, private sector participation, effects of tariff changes, if any, synergy created by coordination with development agencies, NGOs and private sector funded projects or activities.
Comparative studies of similar communities which do not have MCTs is, at present, ruled out in the ITU programme due to limited resources for the evaluation. However, such comparisons are foreseen in the Acacia evaluation of the South African MCT
pilot projects. Data collected in the South African evaluation exercise can also be used in the evaluation of the ITU programme to facilitate the difficult task of isolating impact attributed to the MCTs from other factors contributing to change.
Data and information will be collected at national, institutional, project and community level and it is recognized that stakeholder may emphasize different aspects of the evaluation and propose different indicators to measure aspects of
particular interest to them.
It was agreed that two sets of measurable (qualitative and quantitative) indicators would be needed:
A large number of quantitative and qualitative indicators at national, institutional and community levels have been proposed (see Annex 2). It is expected that, by trial and error, some of this initial set of indicators will need to be specified further and that some of them will turn out to be too difficult or impossible to measure and monitor.
One aspect of the cost-benefit analysis, of particular interest to the ITU, is the costs of building and operating the MCT and the associated telecommunication network, in relation to the revenues generated for the MCT operator and the Telecom operator (the
business case).
For this purpose, it is propose that the following information be collected:
From the above the sustainability of the MCT can be assessed and the commercial viability of the project can be calculated (including financial break-even year, Internal Rate of Return for the life of the MCT and the network, etc.)
Some questionnaires to map current information and communication processes and needs, and to collect the some information with reference to the proposed indicators have been drafted by the ITU and is now being collaboratively refined by the
international and national partners involved (see Annex 3).
Pilot projects are by definition of a 'discovery' nature. It is therefore understood that the proposed evaluation framework model will develop and evolve considerably during implementation.
A rapidly increasing number of development agencies have now realized the potential of of MCTs or Community Information Centres as tools for development and are now either joining the ITU programme of MCT pilot as partners or starting similar pilot
projects themselves. Sharing of information and lessons learned among all these initiatives is envisaged within the framework of Partnership for ICT in Africa (PICTA) and the Global Knowledge Partnership (GKP). This will also contribute to the development of
the evaluation framework.
To meet growing demand for more information about Multipurpose Community Telecentres and to stimulate sharing of experience and resources developed in the MCT pilot projects, ITU/BDT will organize a series of five regional seminars/workshops
on the subject in the coming year (1998-1999). Subject to availability of funds, these workshops are tentatively planned for Eastern Europe, The Arab States, Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
The objectives of these seminars are to:
Concerned international organizations are invited to partner with the ITU in these seminars.
In particular they are invited to contribute speakers to highlight the ways that ICTs can foster development and participative democracy through applications in the fields of health, education, agriculture and trade, government-on-line, etc. and to sponsor participation of nationals from their respective sector or projects.
Two basic telecentres, each comprising public phones, a fax and a computer were established in 1996 and 1997 respectively in the interior of Suriname where there were no communication facilities, nor any continuos electrical power supply before the establishment of the telecentres and the associated infrastructure. The telecom technology used is inexpensive a fixed cellular communication system, linked to the the national network by a digital microwave link built by the project. The equipment is solar
powered, with batteries and a generator, which works during evening hours or in case of cloudy weather.
The The Brownsweg "MCT" is located in a rural community of scattered villages in the jungle in the Brokopondo district at a distance of some 160 Km. from the capital Paramaribo. The centre occupies some 20 m2. of the ground floor in a
small building shared with other local government offices, in particular a primary health centre on the first floor. The facilities were clean and the equipment in good working order at the time of the evaluation. On the front there is a sign saying "Telephone-Facsimile-Data Communications-Paging", yet the latter two services are not effectively delivered on a regular basis at the time of the evaluation.
The Gujaba MCT is located in the heart of a Bushnegro community in the upper Suriname River, some 240 Km. from Paramaribo. Access to the village of Gujaba is by river, only by canoes or small motorboats), since there are no roads. The surface of Gujaba MCT is slightly bigger than the Brownsweg MCT but it has only one telephone line to serve the facilities which is often out of order due to power problems (fuel for the diesel does not always come in time).
Also some individual subscribers (village chiefs, etc.) in both regions have been provided with cell-phones using the same cellsites.
The pilot project was to include also the development and testing of a range of public and private information and communication services, relevant to the needs of the people in the interior. Therefore, at an early stage other potential partners and
stakeholders, including the Ministries of Education and Health; UNESCO, WHO/PAHO and a number of national and international NGOs, as well as the local authorities in the concerned villages were invited to participate in, and to contribute to the project. Most
of these organizations and government agencies expressed their interest and intention to participate in the pilot project. Regrettably, this has not materialized yet.
It was initially planned to upgrade the two basic telecentres to fully-fledged MCTs with several multimedia stations for user training in computer and communication skills and to test applications such as tele-education, telemedicine, videoconferencing, and also to provide facilities for community radio and video production. In subsequent phases of the project, a number of additional telecentres and network access points were to be implemented in other regions of the interior. Once fully accomplished, the plan claimed it would provide access to telecommunications for some 80% of the rural population in the interior.
However, funding for the subsequent phases could not be mobilized. Hence, at present, neither the infrastructure, nor the services originally envisaged are implemented. Naturally, this adversely affected the proposed outcomes; the telecentres at
Brownsweg and Gujaba are presently limited to only public telephony, a little fax usage and some occasional work in the single PC units, still in place at each location.
Critical aspects, such as marketing, promotion, introduction and development of new services, partnership enlargement, customer training and service, etc. have been almost entirely disregarded. As a result of the lack of market research and
follow-up information systems including customer surveys, little data is currently available to support planning and decisions influencing subsequent phases of the project.
Information was generally not available or hard to get by. For example, there are no official, desegregated data from the villages of Brownsweg and Gujaba available at the village level. It is estimated that there are roughly 3'000 inhabitants (600-800 households) in Brownsweg and neighboring villages and some 1000 inhabitants (300 households) in Gujaba. There are several small primary schools and health centres in both areas. Economic activities, besides subsistence forming, include forestry and gold mining. A number small NGOs are active in the areas.
A short-term target of 10% users among the population, based on experiences elsewhere, would yield 300 prospective customers for Brownsweg and 100 for Gujaba. However, in fact there are 3 to 5 times less customers at present. PCs usage is
very scarce and there are no training or educational services. Nevertheless, a survey found that over 96% of the locals are willing to attend any kind of training courses on a 2 to 6 hours a week basis, if these are offered free of charge at the MCT locations. Subjects like "Food Preparation", "Fishing", "First-aid and other health care matters", and "Woodcarving and other works in soft wood" were among the courses demanded. Experiences from the "Cybercafé" inaugurated in 1998 in the capital, Paramaribo and currently run by entrepreneurs also indicates that the demand and business opportunities do exist.
From a baseline customer survey carried out at Gujaba, it appears that about 43% had an income of less than US$33 per month. Only two respondents earned more than US$ 222/month.
Preliminary findings indicate that the lower income group is prepared to spend more than 3% of their available income, as compared with a word average of about 1.5%, reflecting the lack of alternatives for communication and the high opportunity cost
(long and cumbersome travel).
With this small customer base, limited service offerings and relatively high operational costs, the telecentres are currently not commercially viable and the project has not achieved the objectives.
Some of the reasons the failure (besides those indicated above) to achieve the project objectives are:
A web site for sharing information and resources about pilot projects has been set up. A significant amount of information related to Universal Access, telecentres and rural telecom development, as well as information pertaining to regional
seminars, is now available. (See http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/univaccess/)
Update on Multipurpose Community Telecentre Pilot Projects
A summary of the situation regarding MCT pilot projects as of October 1998 is given below.
BDT has pledged a total contribution of some US$ 500'000 for 5 MCT pilot projects in Benin, Mali, Mozambique, Tanzania and Uganda. This programme is to be implemented within the BAAP P9 and the framework of the UN Special Initiative for Africa,
in partnership with national partners, UNESCO and IDRC, each of whom have pledged matching contributions to this programme. Other agencies are now joining. Typically, national partners, in particular the national Telecommunication operator, contribute with some 50% of the total project cost.
Project site: Malanville. Duration: 3 years. Starting date: End 1998 (to be confirmed)
International partners: ITU, UNESCO/DANIDA, IDRC and possibly CIDA. UNDP/SDNP has developed a complementary proposal for a project in Benin and expressed the intention to participate in the pilot project (not yet defined).
National partners: OPT plus concerned Ministries and local authorities
Status: Project Document not yet finalized. Draft proposal, including preliminary business plan, received in 1997, following ITU missions (preparatory assistance). A joint ITU/UNESCO/IDRC/UNDP (SDNP) mission together with representatives of potential local partners visited Malanville in April 98 and reported that local authorities and user groups are very enthusiastic. A local project committee has been established and local authorities have offered to contribute to the project by providing
land and building.
A joint IDRC/UNESCO mission was also undertaken to Cotonou and Malanville in August 98 to assist in finalizing the project document (report not yet available).
An ITU consultant carried out a mission to Benin in September/October 98 with the task of assisting in the planning and specification of the VSAT system for the MCT in Malanville (preparatory assistance funded by BAAP P9).
Project site: Timbuktu, Duration: 3 years. Starting date: 1 December. 97 (delayed to January 98).
International partners: ITU, UNESCO/DANIDA, IDRC, FAO, WHO
National partners: SOTELMA, National Commission for UNESCO, Ministère de la Culture et du Tourism
Status: Project Document signed (by all the above partners, except WHO and local authorities) in December97/January 98. Since then FAO has joined the project. FAO has a community radio project which may be complementary to the MCT pilot project. WHO has expressed the intention to join.
National executing agency: SOTELMA. SOTELMA will initially be responsible for the operation of the MCT. By the end of the pilot project, the intention is to hand it over to the local authority/association and/or that it be operated by a
The National and local steering committees have been established. A national project co-ordinator was appointed in October. As part of the start up activities, a workshop was organized in Timbuktu in May 1998 to develop training plans for the various user groups. Some 40 representatives, consisting of local Malian partners and user groups, participated in the workshop.
The MCT is now operating in temporary premises in an underused wing of the local hospital, while awaiting the construction of a building, provided by the local community, to be located in an attractive setting in the centre of Timbuktu. The existing Domsat link Timbuktu - Bamako will be upgraded to handle a leased 64 kbs line to the MCT.
Short-term international volunteers have been active in helping to install PCs and to establish the network. They are also providing the local community with training and on how to use personal computers and Internet applications such as e-mail and
the WWW. A Web site has been established for the Timbuktu project (hosted on a server in Bamako).
Project site: Mahnica and Namaacha, Duration: 4 years. Starting date: end 1998
International partners: ITU, UNESCO/DANIDA, IDRC
National partners: Eduardo Mondlane University Informatics Centre (CIUEM)
Status: Feasibility study and development of project proposal with tentative business plan done by national team with members from CIUEM, TDM (Mozambique Telecommunication Company) and social sciences, funded by IDRC and with support of the Mozambique Acacia Advisory Committee Secretariat (MAACS). Project approved by IDRC (?) will be revised after planned round-table meeting with partners.
The ITU is currently studying a proposal to set up a series of Multipurpose Community Telecentres in small towns and rural areas in Senegal. Other agencies like CIDA and the World Bank have expressed interest.
Project site: Sengerema, Duration: 3 years. Starting date: 1999.
International partners: ITU, UNESCO/DANIDA, IDRC (and possibly CIDA)
National partners (proposed) Tanzania Telecom Company Ltd., Ministry of Health, Ministry of Science, Technology & Environment (COSTECH), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development Peoples Communities, local Government, Open
University in Tanzania, Hospital and Health organizations in provinces/area, Local industries and/or sales offices in Tanzania, DATEL
Status: Project Document still to be finalized. Initial proposal received 1996. Revised draft proposal received in 1997 following joint ITU/UNESCO mission (preparatory assistance). A joint ITU/UNESCO/IDRC mission together with representatives of
potential local partners visited Tanzania to assist in finalizing project document in September 98.
Project site: Nakaseke, Duration: 3 years. Starting date: 1 Oct. 97 (delayed to January 98).
International partners: ITU, UNESCO/DANIDA, IDRC, British Council
National partners: Uganda Telecom Ltd. (UTL), Uganda Public Library Board and Uganda National Commission for UNESCO
Status: Project document signed (by all the above partners) in December97/January 98.
National executing agency: National UNESCO Commission in collaboration with other national partners. However the telecom infrastructure required to link the Nakaseke MCT with Kampala will be executed by Uganda Telecom Ltd. (UTL former
UPTC) and a separate agreement with ITU is being developed which will stipulate how they will use the ITU contribution allocated for this purpose.
National and local steering committees have been established. A national co-ordinator has been appointed. The Nakaseke sub-county council will initially own the MCT. After three years, transfer of ownership to a private entrepreneur is envisaged.
The Uganda Telecom Ltd. (UTL) is providing the telecommunication link to Nakaseke, waiving the justification in terms of economic potential and financial viability normally required. The cost of this link will be partly covered by the ITU contribution allocated for this purpose. The link is expected to be in operation by December 1998.
The local council provides the building for the MCT, currently being
refurbished and secured. The council will also be responsible for providing local
assistants and ensuring maintenance. A small branch library based in the Telecentre is
already stocked with donated books and the IDRC, within the framework of its Acacia
programme, will fund the implementation of 4 additional MCTs in Uganda that will be linked
to Nakaseke pilot project.
The Nakaseke Multipurpose Community Telecentre is expected to start
operating by the end of 1998.
Project site: Valle de Angeles Duration: 3
years (approx.) Starting date: End 1998
International Partners: ITU, UNESCO, and UNDP/SDNP
National partners: Hondutel and local authorities
National Executing Agency: Hondutel
Status: Draft project document prepared and reviewed by
Hondutel (now being revised)
ITU has funded a study of the network for MCTs in Honduras and the
preparation of a prototype web page for the MCT. Round table meeting with potential
partners held in June 98. (preparatory assistance)
Site, duration and starting dates not yet defined
Feasibility study for an MCT pilot project, funded by ITU being carried
out in August 1998 (report will be available in October).
Project site: Brownsweg and Gujaba Duration: 1 year. Starting
date: January 1996
International partners: ITU, Dutch Government, Berocan
International, Canada Northern Telecom (in kind), UNESCO (complementary project), WHO (to
be defined)
National partners: Telesur, concerned Ministries and NGOs
Status: First phase, including the base line evaluation May
98 (report pending).
Project site: Jakar Duration: 3 years. Starting date:
October 1997.
International partners: ITU, UNESCO, FAO, WHO and bilateral
agencies (Danida and Dutch) have expressed their intention to participate. Telemedicine
equipment (X-ray scanner and software) offered by Japanese supplier. IDRC is implementing
a complementary project aiming at the establishment of an Intranet in Bhutan and will
collaborate in capacity building.
National partners: Division of Telecom, Bhutan. Other proposed
partners include the Ministry of Education, Ministry of Health and the hospitals in Jakar.
National executing agency: Telecom Division, Royal Government of
Bhutan. National Co-ordinator appointed.
Status: Feasibility study carried out with ITU assistance in 1996.
Project document signed by RGoB in May 98. The project started in 1997 on the basis of
exchange of correspondence between the BDT and the Division of Telecom, implying mutual
acceptance of the project.
Equipment has been purchased and will be installed in November/December
98. Mission to identify telemedicine applications carried out in 1997. The MCT building is
being refurbished. Training will start at this time and the MCT will be connected to the
Intranet to be implemented with assistance from the IDRC.
Project site: 12 MCTs in rural villages in the Rajkot, State of
Gujarat. Duration: 3 approximately years Starting date: End 1998
International partners: ITU, UNESCO. Other international
partners who have indicated intention to participate include FAO, WHO and CIDA
National partners (to be confirmed): Department of
Telecommunications (DOT), India: and State Government of Gujarat: other proposed partners
include National Diary Development Board, Worldtel, the Ministry of Education, Ministry of
Science and Technology, Ministry of Health and the hospitals in Rajkot.
National executing agency: DOT or State Government of Gujarat (to
be defined)
Status: Feasibility studies and business plan, including project
proposal was prepared with minimum ITU support and submitted in 1997. Following a
roundtable meeting with potential partners in May 1998, the project document now being
revised. A draft MOU has also been prepared and now awaiting comments national partners.
Feasibility study and preliminary project proposal carried out in
January 98 under BAAP P9. Four islands tentatively short listed.
Project site: Two MCTs in villages in the Dac Lac province, two
MCTs in villages in the Ha Bac province. Duration: 3 years. Starting date:
March 1998.
International partners: ITU, Sida, Sweden, Ericsson,
Siemens, Sagem. UNESCO, FAO, WHO, UNIDO and International Red Cross/Red Crescent
have expressed their intention to participate.
National partners: DGPT/VNPT and local partners. Other
proposed partners include Ministry of Education, Ministry of Health and hospitals in the
concerned regions and Ministry of Science and Technology.
National executing agency: VNPT
Status: Agreements with Sida signed in 1995 (for preparatory
assistance) and 1997. Project Document signed by ITU and DGPT, Vietnam in February
98. National project coordinator appointed.
Networks for the two regions are being planned in collaboration with
suppliers (private sector partners). Preliminary plans for development of services and
applications have been prepared with assistance from international partners. Mission to
identify telemedicine applications undertaken in 1997. Mission of 3 ITU experts (review of
work plan, project planning and telemedicine applications) will take place in October
1998. Vietnam plans to convert post offices throughout the country to become MCTs in a
longer perspective.
Project site: Balotesti. Duration: 3 years? Starting date:
International partners(proposed): ITU, UNDP
National partners (proposed): ROM Telecom, Prisma supermarket
National executing agency: ROM Telecom (to be confirmed)
Status: Feasibility study and business plan, including project
proposal was prepared by ITU consultant under BAAP P9 in November 1996.
Annex 2: Preliminary proposal for indicators
- population (age and gender distribution)
- type of settlement (isolated, scattered, along road, river, in the jungle, in the
mountains, on an island, etc.)
- role of NGOs and other development agencies
(descriptive information about projects and programmes and their effectiveness
· income
- primary and secondary sources of income
- height of income
- income distribution
- employment rate
· services and other businesses
- non-formal vs formal sector
- type of services
- local businesses
- in-come generating activities/programmes
2. Communication means and information resources
· physical infrastructure
- road network
- road conditions
- transport availability and accessibility
- % households with electricity/water/
· communication means (telephone/fax/radio/meetings)
- access and availability ( % households with telephone/fax/computers)
- public phones/fax
- costs
- reliability
· media (newspapers, radio,
- access and availability ( % households with radio/TV/newspapers)
- other access points to TV/radio
- production
· libraries
- access
- available resources
- usage
3. Local government
· structure and organization
- specific responsibilities
- budget and expenditures
- existing processing of dissemination of government and community information
· community participation (per
gender and age groups)
- voting percentage
- community representation at district and national level
4. Education (formal and non-formal)
· access and participation (by
- enrolment
- attendance
- public and individual expenditure
- number of primary and secondary schools
- % of qualified teachers
- staff development programmes
- physical conditions (safe drinking water, electricity, sanitation)
- furniture, chalkboards, and other basic teaching aids
- % of books per student
- resource centre/library
· community involvement and
- parents/community association
- community activities
· specific characteristics of
- language of instruction
- curriculum
- diversity of teaching methods
· achievements/outcomes (by
- completion rates
- repetition rates
- drop-out rates
- passing marks final examinations
- literacy rates
5. Health
· basic data
- maternity mortality
- population growth
- life expectation
· nutrition
- breastfeeding
- underweight, wasting or stunting
- average calorie intake
- vitamin deficiencies
· sanitation
- access to safe drinking water
- access to adequate sanitation
· health care and predominant
- access to hospital or health clinic and equipment/resources of these
- doctor/population ratio
- basic health programmes
- vaccinations
- costs of health services
- traditional healers
- prevalence of predominant illnesses (AIDS, malaria, etc.)
6. Agriculture, forestry and fishery
· production
- primary crops
- derived crops
- primary livestock
- processed products
- primary fishery products
- fuel wood
- wood for furniture
- pulp, paper and paperboard
- fruits and vegetable
- flowers
· trade:
- in the above products
· prices:
- production costs
- consumer prices
· land:
- ownership
- land use
- irrigation
· means of production:
- agricultural machinery
- fertilizers
- pesticides
· food aid:
- quantity
- type
7. Services and other businesses (SMEs)
- productivity/profitability
- prices
- volume of trade
8. Culture
To be developed
9. Environment
ANNEX 3 - MCT Evaluation
ID No.
This information should be captured before the MCT is implemented from a
representative sample of inhabitants in the community. The persons interviewed could then
be revisited periodically and any changes recorded as part of the impact evaluation. Each
person should be given an id-number which can be used every time he/she uses the MCT
facilities (if they do), when information about usage will be recorded (see Questionnaire
No. 2- usage).
1. Name(optional):
2. Residence: town rural village outside town/village
other what?
Homeless? Yes NO
Name of commune/village/town
3. Age: less than 10 years 10-20 21-30 31- 40 41-50 51-60 over 60 years
4. Sex: Masculine Feminine
5. Family status: Are you: single married divorced other
6. Functionally literate (can you read and write) Yes No a little
7.Education: None 1-3 years primary 4-6 years
primary 1-2 years secondary
completed secondary 1-2 years post-secondary university degree other what?
8. Languages: English French Spanish Other (indicate mother tongue):
9. Employment status: unemployed employed by: community government
non-governmental organization cooperative private company
self-employed retired
If employed, in which sector? agriculture husbandry commerce tourism handicraft fishing services (garage, repair shop gas station, plumber,
electrician, etc.) student
Name of organization where you are employed (if applicable)
State your Profession (if any):
10. Income level: None
less than minimum wage 1-2 m. w.
3-4 m. w. 5-6 m. w.
7-8 m.w. 9-10 m. w.
11-15 m. w. 16-20 m. w.
More than 20 m.w.
11. Availability of, and Exposure to ICT
Tick the box for each of the following items that you have used in your home, in your
job or in some other place (in a friends house, a public phone, a Telecentre, etc.).
12. What kind of information do you need? Information about:
Where, and how I can get education or learn new skills
health care Welfare programmes
How to improve my/our business Who wants my/our
products and where Current prices of my/our products Things I need to buy
Available jobs Social/cultural events
books and research studies Weather How to improve my crops
Other matters What?
13. What kind of information do you need most?
14. If you can't read or write, would you like to learn to do this? Yes No
Don't know
15. Would you like to learn another language? Yes
No Don't know
If yes, which language?
16. What else would you like to learn?
17. What kind of information would you like to give to people outside your community?
Information about: what I am doing what I am
selling what I can do (I look for a job)
our culture our social events other
18. Do you do business (sell or by products or services) with people in:
your community neighboring villages town(s) the capital other countries
19. Do you have friends or relatives in:
20. Needs for information and communication tools
In the table below indicate tools you need by marking the appropriate boxes (for what purpose and how often)
21. Would you be interested in renting an office with all the above facilities on an
hourly basis if the price was right? Yes No Don't know If yes,
How often?
22. If you don't have a telephone is this because it is: too expensive
difficult/impossible to get one No need other reason
24. If you read books, what do you like most to read?
25. If you don't, why?
I am not interested no time
Books are not available I can't afford them can't read
26. Do you read newspapers or magazines? frequently
sometimes never
27. If you do, what do you like most to read?
28. If you don't, why?
I am not interested no time
they are not available I can't afford them can't read
29. Do you listen to radio? frequently
sometimes never
30. If you do, What do you like most to listen to?
31. If you don't, why? I am not interested
no time can't afford to buy radio don't know anybody with radio
no radio broadcast where I live no electricity
32. Do you watch TV? frequently sometimes never
33. If you do, what do you like most to watch?
34. If you don't, why? I am not interested
no time can't afford TV
There is there is no other place to watch TV no TV
broadcast where I live no electricity
35. Do you go to the movies or other shows? frequently
sometimes No
36. If you do, what type of films/shows do you like most?
37. If you don't, why?
I am not interested no time
there are no films/shows where I live
37. Do you watch video tapes? Yes, frequently
Yes, sometimes No
38. If you do, what types of video tapes do you like most?
39. If you don't, why? I am not interested
no time can't afford the equipment
There is no place I have not access to video tape player
or video tapes no electricity
40. If you had access to a computer what would you use it for?
Word processing spreadsheet
graphics other
what: Don't know
41. What other sources of information do you use?
42. Which type of social cultural and religious events do you attend?
43. Perception of Public services
Indicate your level of satisfaction/dissatisfaction with the following public services
in your community (if available) or wherever else they are available:
44. TRAVEL How often do you visit the following, and for what purpose?
45. To which place outside your village do you go most often?
46. Name of village/town/city: 47.Distance (km):
48. Means of transport: 49. Time required one way: 50.Cost of
51. Average time spent away from home on these trips:(hours/days/months)
52. Why do you go there?
53. Would you travel less if you had access in your community to the communication and
information technology tools described in Question 11 above? Yes No Don't know
55. Would you travel less if you had access to video and or TV in your community?
Yes No Don't know
MCT evaluation ID No.
The information gathered by means of Questionnaire 1 should ideally be recorded in a
"profile" database, indexed by the ID No., so that usage can easily be related
to user and all the data more easily analyzed. Using the ID No. to identify the user only
the following information of his/her usage needs to be recorded at each visit to the MCT
(and preferably entered in "usage" database, linked to the profiles database).
Some of this could be automatically recorded with appropriate software (e.g. what is used,
how computers, email and Internet is used (software used, destination of email and URLs
1. Indicate which facilities/services you have used during your visit to the MCT and
for what purpose (by crossing the appropriate box) as well as for how long time and at
what cost.
2. The time spent in the MCT was: wasted of a
little value to me of some value to me
of great value to me
3. How did you (will you) benefit from using the MCT (if you did benefit)?
4. What would you have done if the MCT didn't exist? Nothing/Don't know Used the facility of somebody else in my community gone to the nearest place with the facility/service I
5. If you would have used the facility of somebody else in your community, how much
would it cost (in local currency)?
6. I you had gone somewhere else (outside your village), where would you go?
Name of village/town/city: Distance (km):
Means of transport: Time required one way: Cost of transport (round trip):
Average time spent away from home on these trips:(hours/days/months)
7. How much is your time worth to you in terms of money?
8. How much did you save by using the MCT?
9. In what way will the fact that you have access to an MCT change your life (if at all)
10. Were the services provided: poor adequate good very good
11. Proposals for improvement of the MCT services
Thank you.
ID no.
Changes in people's profiles (needs, occupation, education, perception of public services, etc.) collected periodically (yearly?) by means of Questionnaire No. 1 will tell something about the impact.
What people use in the MTC and for what purpose, what they learn, perceived benefits, savings, etc., and how this change over time, can be assessed by analyzing the data collected by means of Questionnaire No. 2 each time a user visits the MCT. This provides further inputs to the impact evaluation.
Longitudinal studies of statistics on education, health care, commercial activities, taxes, etc. as well as interviews with stakeholders, national and local institutions and authorities, focus groups, etc. will provide additional inputs.
This questionnaire could be used to find out how users in a community feel that the availability of the MCT has impacted their lives (through periodic interviews with a representative sample of both users and non users).


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Shelter In Buildings
There are occasions when library staff and users are safer inside a building than evacuating a building (as one would in the case of fire or power outage). Staying inside is advisable in severe weather, when there is external threat from people who are rioting or violently protesting, or when a confrontation may precipitate violence.
The library floor marshals and/or other staff members on duty in such times should alert library staff and users of the need to stay inside. Especially in cases of severe weather, they should direct everyone to a safe area in the library - preferably a windowless room or a hallway near the center and at the lowest level of the building.
If library staff members feel library staff and users are under serious and imminent danger of rioters, they should call 911 or x5-3333 (or #3333 if using a cell phone) to have doors locked. However, library staff members cannot require any individual to stay who wants to leave the building. The doors, even if locked to outsiders, permit exit.
For more detailed information see LEC shelter in place document.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Warhammer Quest levels up to a PC, Mac, and Linux release
Warhammer Quest will be making the jump from iOS to PC, Mac, and Linux on January 7, 2015. Gather your party and prepare to do some exploring!READ MORE >
"I thoroughly enjoyed playing this on my phone and I wouldn't mind doing it again on my computer! ..."see all 3 comments
Dungeon Defenders 2 enters Steam Early Access in December
Dungeon Defenders is making a triumphant return this year as it'll be available on Steam Early Access starting next month.READ MORE >
"no xbox? this was super fun as a local multiplayer co-op game"see all 3 comments
Grim Fandango coming to PC, Mac, and Linux too
Grim Fandango was announced for PS4 and Vita at E3, but Double Fine has now announced that it's hitting PC, Mac, and Linux too.READ MORE >
"https://twitter.com/AndrewNK/status/505458955527946241/photo/1"see all 12 comments
Summer Spotlight: Shovel Knight digs up a diamond
We take a closer look at Shovel Knight with an open dialogue.READ MORE >
"I need to play this game. After reading this and hearing people talk about it on Idle Thumbs it ..."see all 2 comments
Gods Will Be Watching gameplay trailer debuts
Dilemma-based adventure game Gods Will Be Watching has gotten its first gameplay trailer, showing some of the ugly scenarios you'll have to face.READ MORE >
"Yea I linked it directly from their site in my post above. It was from Ludlum Dare 26 where the ..."see all 6 comments
Dreamfall Chapters goes episodic with Book One coming this fall
Dreamfall Chapters is going episodic, with the first chapter set to release this fall on PC.READ MORE >
"Er, last sentence fail, I meant the experience they got from making The Secret World. (The team ..."see all 3 comments
Mighty No. 9 video shows some 'Mega' inspiration
Comcept has released some more footage for Keiji Inafune's upcoming Mighty No. 9, revealing more pieces of Mighty No. 2 and 5's stages.READ MORE >
Kerbal Space Program 'Kerbin Cup' mod celebrates the World Cup
Kerbal Space Program is getting into the spirit of the World Cup with the new Kerbin Cup, which also acts as the game's first official mod.READ MORE >
"my neighbor's mother-in-law makes $84 /hr on the computer . She has been fired from work for ..."see all 6 comments
Pillars of Eternity preview: to Infinity and beyond
Pillars of Eternity is looking to live up to the vaunted legacy created by classic Infinity Engine games. If the opening stages are any indication, it's well on its way.READ MORE >
"Yeah, I'll probably do the same. I did that with Shadowrun Returns as well."see all 20 comments
Steam Summer sale kicks off today
The annual Steam Summer Sale began today, offering the yearly steep discounts on PC games.READ MORE >
"Uh... if it has choices, it's by definition not a linear game."see all 40 comments
PSA: Civilization 5 on SteamOS (and on sale)
Civilization 5 is now available on SteamOS and Linux, and it's on sale for a hefty discount for a limited time as well.READ MORE >
Costume Quest 2 coming to new platforms, first screens released
Double Fine revealed the first screenshots of Costume Quest 2, and announced that its platforms will include PlayStation 4 and Xbox One.READ MORE >
"Cannot wait. Up there as one of my most anticipated games for (hopefully) 2014."see all 10 comments
Homefront: The Revolution fighting for freedom in 2015 on PC, Xbox One, and PS4
In 2011, Crytek announced their intention to developer a sequel to Homefront. Today, they've announced Homefront: The Revolution, which sees North Korea conquer the United States in 2025 and average citizens in Philadelphia fight for their freedom.READ MORE >
"It didn't have anything to do with China being too friendly. It was THQs fuckup for not letting ..."see all 25 comments
Mighty No. 9 still looks awfully familiar
Comcept has released more footage of Mighty No. 9, showing off the stages of Mighty No. 2 and 5 (water and artillery-based, respectively).READ MORE >
"I'm sure Infaune and his team have the experience and acuity to decide when to incorporate ..."see all 15 comments
Valve delays Steam Controller to 2015
Valve's Eric Hope says that because of the amount of feedback and improvements, the Steam Controller will "realistically" launch in 2015, rather than 2014 as originally anticipated.READ MORE >
"They have to delay it because HL3 isn't ready yet. They're going to throw in a free copy of HL3 ..."see all 16 comments


text:
Along with a full list of features, you could receive updates on your favorite Ironman triathletes participating in Ironman Florida this weekend.
For decades now, Timex® has been keeping time with a fast-moving world. Innovation and creativity has supported, and often led, rapidly changing lifestyles among people who want and need greater convenience from technology in their daily lives. Like the line they made famous years ago, Timex® keeps on ticking.
Or in the most recent innovation to hit the market, they keep on beeping. The latest and greatest wrist-worn technology to come out of the Timex headquarters in Middlebury, Connecticut is the Timex® Internet Messenger™ watch. This little dynamo receives Internet e-mails, numeric and word message pages, news updates, weather reports, stock quotes, sports scores, flight info, snowfall alerts, horoscopes and more - even updates on your favorite Ironman triathletes in selected Ironman events!
World Triathlon Corporation's VP of Information Technology Ben Fertic has been wearing one of these new watches around for weeks now. With a new baby recently arrived, he has been spending a bit of time at the hospital, where cell phones are a no-no. So how did he tell people to contact him? Yep - send a short message to his special Skytel e-mail address, and it will beep on his watch and appear as a scrolling message wherever he happens to be - even in the hospital nursery.
Then during the Ironman Triathlon World Championship, he plugged in the race numbers of three people he knew running the race, and every time one of them crossed any of the 10 timing pads on the course, he would received a pager message with their latest splits. He almost certainly knew their split times before they did, right on the course.
Apparently, a couple of great partnership has made the Timex Internet Messenger watch far more than just a novelty. In addition to all the great features of the top-selling Timex Ironman watch, this wireless wonder is "fortified with Yahoo!," so it receives updates from Yahoo! Sports, News, Finance and more. Right there on the face of the watch - a scrolling, easy-to-read message about almost anything - up to 100 characters long..
Ben was able to stay very closely connected to family and friends during the hospital time, and while away in Hawaii. All-important messages, business e-mail and the mobile alerts from Yahoo! got to him around the clock - no problem. He could even check the weather forecast for the race.
To top it off, the SkyTel® paging service is very slick. Just sign up and receive your pager number (PIN), which doubles as your e-mail address . . #####@timex.skytel.com. Then you can receive word messages, Internet e-mail messages or e-mail alerts anytime - since SkyTel® is a leader in the paging industry, and has this mega-wireless network in place.
The Internet Messenger's time and date are automatically set and maintained with the amazing FLEXtime™ feature. And when you travel to different time zones, or switch to and from Daylight Savings, FLEXtime™ automatically makes these changes, too (when in SkyTel® coverage areas.)
The Timex® Internet Messenger™ watch is a lotta watch - an Internet message watch . . . a full-featured alphanumeric pager watch . . . an Ironman* Triathlon® sports watch ... all in one. It combines the styling and popular features of the Ironman* Triathlon® watch with the state-of-the-art wireless messaging technology of Motorola®, and the vast, nationwide paging coverage of SkyTel® for easy activation and affordable low rates. Plus, the Timex Internet Messenger watch is fortified with Yahoo!, so it can receive updates from Yahoo! Sports, News, Finance and more.
For more information on the Timex® Internet Messenger™ watch, click on http://mobile.timex.com, and get even better connected.
If you are checking out Ironmanlive.com this weekend for Ironman Florida, make sure to have your Timex® Internet Messenger™ watch ready. Ironman Florida will be sending out real-time updates to anyone who would like to receive them on their Internet watch. Click on the graphic at the top of this story to sign up!
Originally posted to ironmanlive.com on 11/6/2001 09:09am by Staff.


text:
Recommended Just For You
Customer Raves & Reviews
I have been doing a magnet Christmas card since 2008. Every year, we see our card year round at our friends houses. They are perfect, unique and functional. Magnet Street has produced a fabulous magnet for us each year which is why for the 7th year in a row I have shopped there! Thank you for always getting our order just right and allowing me to design and word cards to perfectly represent our family!
Graduation Invitation
Invitation was easy to design and was shipped fairly quickly. Re-ordering was easy and was shipped less than two weeks later. Downside is the higher postage its costs to send magnets.


text:
This was my first mothers day. and it SUCKED!!! Just alittle BG- Me and DH moved in with my parents while i was pregnant cause i was on bedrest. Well my parents moved 3 hours away and we stayed in the house. My DH makes more then enough money to pay the bills and support his family. But my father still continues to pay the rent, water, gas, electic, cable, and internet. Which i do not like that my father basically supports us,when my husband is working.
Well Sat my dad and my DH had a "talk". Which is more like my father screaming a DH that he doesnt take care of me and my son, and DH doesnt care about anything,ect. It just totally ruined my mothers day, cause there was alot of tension in the house.
Ive tried to take over the money sitution, my DH told me i could manage the money. And so when i did, DH would go behind my back and take money and spend it on whatever( i have no idea what he spends the money on, he wont tell me) Things between me and DH has been bad lately. He is like a new person. He lies about everything, he seems like he doesnt care about anything. He will just get up and leave and when i ask where he is going, he tells me not to worry about it or its none of my business. He smokes, but when i was pregnant i begged him to stop and he agreed to. I spend tons of money on patches, gum, ect. And He said he has stopped smoking, but that was a lie. He smoked behind my back.
My father is fed up, which he has every right to be. I feel soo stuck in the middle of a husband that lies and i cant trust and my family who is always there for me. My father has offerd to pay for a divorce and a lawyer for custody, and he would continue to support me and my baby, So i can continue to go to school and get my degree. some days i really think about if my life would be better if i did get a divorce and try to be the best single mom i can be. I know that somebody will say try talking to DH, Ive tried lots and lots of times, He just sits there and says nothing, and once again acts like he dont care. I dont know what to do. I hate this. Sorry so long, i had to get this out or im gonna have a breakdown.


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|Property type
|Minimum Stay
|6 nights
Across the street from Lake Superior and six miles of sand beach, Wade Inn offers exceptional value with modern lodging for 6 to 8 people. Walking distance from Canal Park, walk, bike, hike west to the Lift bridge or east to the Bird sanctuary at the Pine Forest, (Best Kept Secret in Duluth Minnesota). Public beach access to Lake Superior and six miles of sand beach across the street. Wade Inn on Park Point has three bedrooms, Master Loft Suite featuring two person jacuzzi bath. Deluxe Gourmet Kitchen, Living room with wood fireplace, Harbor view. Private deck with table and chairs and a gas grill. Our price listed is subject to change for special events and Holidays. We also offer low off season and longer term rates, please call for details and a quote. Thank you Wade Inn. Please call Mary at 218-591-0016 or Dave at 218 720 3895
Mary Wade has lived in Duluth all of her life. She has wealth of knowledge regarding Duluth attractions and North Shore ! Dave Wade has worked and lived in Duluth since 1987.
Mary Riddell-Wade purchased this house in 1990
WADE INN offers the City of Duluth at your door step an island connected to Canal Park by the Aerial lift Bridge!! This is the best value close to restaurants ,shops, and the Duluth Convention Center. WADE INN offers; Private decks, air conditioning, fire pit, gas grill, large backyard with basketball hoop, plenty of, off street parking! And the perfect place to begin a Beautiful day trip to Scenic North Shore, or other area attractions.
Great location and it has everything you need!!!
It was in a nice location and was very well equipped. The beds were very comfortable The only disappointment was a misunderstanding of the view we would have. The owners were available for any questions. We would stay there again and would also recommend to friends.
We stayed at Wade Inn Monday September 2nd through the 5th and had just the best time. The location could not be much better. We loved the back yard for the kids to play in and just steps from the beach made it perfect. Fire pit in, in the back yard was great for smores. The kitchen was perfect as a gathering space and cooking area. The deck made outdoor eating nice. We enjoyed everything about the Wade Inn, and will be back next year for sure!
Our stay at the Wade Inn was great! We had 3 couples, one bridesmaid and a baby all at the rental house and it worked so well. The house is well equipped with all the modern conveniences of home. We were able to grill out on the patio with family, cook big breakfasts on the Jenn-Air stovetop and made use of their crockpots too. The loft upstairs was an excellent area for my son, his wife and their baby. Lots of room for the playpen and their own private bathroom.
It was a wonderful experience & a very well stocked place. We & our family & friends had an absolutely fantastic week. Thanks Mary!
The Wade Inn was just what we needed. The location was perfect as we were attending a wedding on Park Point. Being on the Park Point side of the bridge assured us that we wouldn't get "bridged" when trying to get to the wedding. The property was clean and the photos are very accurate. It's also very close to Canal Park. I would recommend the property.
Great location - within walking distance to beach and Canal Park and the lake walk. Plenty of room - we had 4 adults and 4 kids stay comfortably. House was clean and well equipped. There is a nice deck for having meals when the weather is nice. There is also a fire pit, which we didn't utilize, but is definitely a plus. Owners are very responsive to questions. Overall, we would consider returning.
Located six blocks from the Aerial Lift Bridge, Canal Park Restaurants and Shops. Direct access to the Number Rated Beach in Minnesota, ( by USA Today 2012), Park Point's six miles of sand beach!! Enjoy a walk on the beach, wade in or lay in the Sun, the beauty of Lake Superior will comfort your soul. The Big Lake is the must be experienced, it is beyond description! The Duluth landmark Lift Bridge is a short walk where ships arrive and depart the entry to Superior Harbor. Canal Park attractions include the Vista Fleet scenic tours of the Harbor, Entry and Lake Superior!! The Great Lakes Aquarium features animals, and fish found within the Great Lakes Basin. The Duluth Depot has a Train Museum, Duluth Playhouse and Minnesota Ballet. Ride the Northshore scenic railway. The end of Park Point has the Pine forest for a walk back in time. If you want peace and Quite, this hike takes you through a beautiful pine forest where you can explore a historic lighthouse walk the east end of the beach where it meets the Superior Entry.
|Rate Period
|Weekend Night
May 15 2015 - Sep 30 2015
6 night minimum stay
My Standard Rate
6 night minimum stay
Payment is usually accepted in the quoted currency (USD) unless the currency and the amount is specifically agreed in advance with the owner / advertiser.


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An employment facilitation programme under "Rajiv Yuva Kiranalu" of the Urban Community Development wing of GVMC will be taken up on Tuesday and Thursday.
On Tuesday it will be held at Swarnabharati Indoor Stadium and on Thursday at Rajiv Gandhi Indoor Stadium at Vikasnagar at Gajuwaka, according to Municipal Commissioner M.V. Satyanarayana.
Apart from those trained by GVMC in various trades and other unemployed between 18 and 35 years of age may attend. Those with academic qualifications from SSC to post-graduation may attend.
Interviews will take place for 1,661 jobs during the two days by 21 companies, according UCD Project Director M.N.A. Patrudu.
The job opportunities are wide ranging from security guards, industrial assistants, marketing and HR executives to tele-callers and BPO services.
IBM is offering 150 jobs for BPO services with intermediate qualification and proficiency in English and Hindi. IBM and Mahindra Satyam have their own recruitment process, says Mr. Patrudu.


text:
Mon-Fri: 7am-1am EST / Sat-Sun: 7am-11pm EST
ApplianceGeneral Electric Dishwasher
Level of DifficultyReally easy
Time to do repairLess than 15 mins
Age of Appliance5 - 10 years
8 out of 8 people found this instruction helpful
Turned spray arm while lifting upward to remove the old part. Place new spray arm over the water outlet and turned with light downward pressure until properly seated.It less time to do the repair than it took to open the box and unwrap the part!
Help other customers find the most helpful instructions.
Were these instructions helpful?
Part Number: PS260550
All brand logos are trademarks of their respective owners.
The PartSelect logo is a Registered Trademark of Atlantic Laundry Centres, Ltd.
Copyright © 1999-2015 , Eldis Group Partnership. All rights reserved.


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Recent Additions to the Niels Bohr Library & Archives
Donations to the Library & Archives allow us to acquire historically relevant and valuable materials. Since we are mainly the collecting body of AIP and its member societies, as new collections are offered to us we work hard to find an appropriate home for them. This often means that they are not kept here, but at a repository with stronger ties to the subject of the records. Though some collections are sent away, we continue to grow our archives and help give a home to records, photos, and books that fit within our realm of collecting. Again this year we have collected at a steady pace with many new and interesting materials.
Audiovisual Collections
The Emilio Segrè Visual Archives (ESVA) now makes over 22,500 images available online at http://photos.aip.org.
The American Geophysical Union (AGU) donated nearly 600 images which were processed by a spring 2010 intern from the University of Maryland's iSchool. Peter Armbruster of the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI) in Darmstadt, Germany donated several photos depicting his life and work. Lucien Baillaud donated a few photos of his grandfather, Benjamin Baillaud, the first President of the International Astronomical Union (IAU). Leo Beranek donated dozens of stereo slides taken before 1975 documenting employees of Bolt, Beranek, and Newman. Hilmar W. Duerbeck donated several photos featuring his wife, Waltraut Seitter, a German astronomer who taught at Smith College and Vanderbilt University in the U.S. as well as Bonn University and Muenster University in Germany. Jonothan Logan made a large donation of prints largely from the collections of Samuel Goudsmit and Brookhaven National Laboratory. George Tressel gave us several photos of physicist and composer Art Roberts at a recording session for music he composed for a film on the 1964 Atoms for Peace Conference as well as images of John Wheeler, Leslie Groves, and Walter Ziin made while making the film 'The Day Tomorrow Began.' Kameshwar Wali, a previous donor, gave us several images of Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar and family via Physics Today magazine, who featured Chandrasekhar in their December 2010 issue.
The 2010 Nobel Laureates in Physics, Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov, donated photos at our request. We also thank these generous donors for giving us their images: Donald D. Clayton, Michael Duncan, John C. Hardy, Randall G. Hulet, Maureen A. Rafferty, Veerabhadran Ramanathan, Martin Walt, and Benjamin P. Weiss.
Lastly, we thank the following AIP Member Society Presidents for sending us their photos for our Gallery of Member Society Presidents: Christopher Dainty, George V. Frisk, Thomas Koetzle, Angus A. Rockett, J. Anthony Seibert, and David R. Sokoloff.
Manuscript Collections
As always, being the official repository of the American Institute of Physics (AIP) and its ten member societies, we have continued in our effort this year to preserve their records. We have received large donations from the American Physical Society (APS), and smaller donations from the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM), the AVS, and the Society of Rheology (SoR). In addition, we have worked to complete our collections of back issues of each member society's and AIP division's printed newsletters that are part of our Miscellaneous Publications collection. Each division or society has their own finding aid that can be found on our website, which will allow researchers easier access to these resources. From the Library & Archives, we have added to our collection on the Center for the History of Physics' (CHP) Project on the History of Recent Physics records and the administrative materials and interviews from the History of Physicists in Industry project are also available.
Along with these collections from AIP and its member societies we have received the Lillian Hoddeson papers, which include transcripts from some of the oral history interviews she conducted throughout her career and much of her research material and from the grant-funded projects she worked on, especially those she did in conjunction with CHP. This collection has been processed and a finding aid is available online. Furthermore, we were sent an addition to the Samuel Goudsmit papers, the records of William C. "Bill" Kelly from his time at the American Association of Physics Teachers (AAPT) along with a roll of microfilm on AAPT's Committee on Apparatus for Educational Institutions lecture demonstrations, and a set of Edson Wolcott's diplomas.
In addition to our larger manuscript collections, we collect audio visual recordings, institutional histories, unpublished manuscript biographies and single or few item collections of "miscellaneous physics." These types of materials make up a majority of our collection and often offer new points of views on historical events and people important to the physical sciences.
This year our audio visual donations ranged from speeches for awards given by member societies, such as B. C. Wang's acceptance of the Patterson Award, Frank Herbstein's acceptance of the Fankuchen Award, and Angelo Gavezzoti's acceptance of the Trueblood award for the American Crystallographic Association (ACA); to presentations that are history-focused from large conferences, for example we received recordings from the AAPT Winter meeting from Jacksonville, Florida and the APS March and April meetings. We also received audio reels from AAPT's Women in Science series of interviews with women of physics and astronomy from the 1970s and 80s and a recording of the actor Clay Jenkinson's portrayal of J. Robert Oppenheimer.More information is now available about the Niels Bohr Institute and the APS's collected papers relating to their formation of the division of nuclear physics in our institutional histories collection. In our manuscript biographies, we have received memoirs, autobiographies or unpublished biographies about Henry Paul, Raymond McAllister, Donald B. Keck, David K. C. Cooper, Morris Berg, Sidney C. Abrahams, Vesto Melvin Slipher and Jack Eddy. Finally, in our miscellaneous physics collection, we received more course notes from a nuclear physics class taught by Julian Schwinger that were compiled by Martin J. Klein and from a neutron physics course at Los Alamos University taught by Enrico Fermi that were written by Isaac Halpern; and a report from the first workshop of the National Resource for Computation in Chemistry from Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory.


text:
Why are all sizes not listed? We only display sizes that are currently available for you to order.
Fire Resistant Clothing - Carhartt® Flame - resistant Midweight Work Clothing Bib Overalls Protective clothing delivering quilted warmth, famous Carhartt® durability and flame - resistant protection.
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State Size, as available in the Shopping Cart.
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text:
Club competitions
National team competitions
The women's Group D table is gearing up for a nailbiting finish on Saturday.
Third-placed Finland needs a victory over Poland having the lastchance to reach the finals next year.Poland won the first game by 3 (63-60), so this one will probably be very close, too.
"This defeat still hurts", Piipari said, "but we wouldn't be in such a situation, if we had played this game with the same confidence, as the last two games. We only have to focus now on the game against Poland. But I'm really looking forward to it, because we developed as a team."


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Job Search
The 20th century's demand for knowledge workers is giving way to an increasing need for "service workers" in the 21st century.
Losing a Job
Unemployment can be a blessing in disguise. Regardless of age or occupation, people who have positive attitudes, re-evaluate goals, and work hard, usually become stronger, wiser, and fully employed.
Starting a New Job
With the rise of the Internet, there have been growing opportunities for those who want to provide "virtual assistant" services for busy people and companies.
Job Termination
If you do decide it's time to move on from your current position, it may be tempting to leave in a blaze of glory, but you may regret doing anything dramatic or inappropriate.
Job Interviews
We can actually see some of the similarities between dating and job interviewing.
Time Management
You have calls to return. Emails to answer. A report to complete. A coworker to meet with. And a desk littered with reminder notes. And it's only 9 a.m.! What step would you take first?
Career Planning
Here are the top 5 dream jobs chosen by the moms, along with descriptions of those jobs.
Education / Training
If you want to hold onto your job and study as well, how would you balance both of these responsibilities?
Changing Careers
The 20th century's demand for knowledge workers is giving way to an increasing need for "service workers" in the 21st century.
Becoming a manager
On October 16, workplaces throughout Canada and around the world celebrate Boss's Day.
Workplace Issues
As the weather warms up, it's the perfect time for office celebrations like birthdays, anniversaries and wedding showers, but employees should keep their wallets handy.
Working in the cold can be uncomfortable and even dangerous.


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Tap, jazz and just plain hoofing
Seniors get their kicks from song and dance
EL CAJON – They have a saunter in their step and a gleam in their eyes. Dressed in fringe, sequins and feathers, they can Charleston like flappers and kick like Rockettes.
Although a few wrinkles line their faces and some gray peeks through their hair, they are as energetic as a group of teenagers.
The women are members of the Memory Lane Dancers, a dance troupe formed in 1983 by La Mesa resident Bettie Warburton, who is now 76. The senior troupe performs at about 75 venues each year, pirouetting, plie-ing and flapping through a repertoire of about 50 routines.
The troupe meets for three hours once a week at the Hillside Recreation Center in El Cajon to review and polish each routine. Usually, they prepare for upcoming shows, most of which are at nursing homes, conventions, parks and senior events.
Warburton – the choreographer and director – decided to form the troupe after Marge's Madcap Mothers, the group she used to dance with, disbanded. "I thought, I have to keep dancing," she said. "I asked three of the other gals if they'd be interested in forming a group of our own."
The other women – Jean Lande, Elfriede Massi and Yvonne Wilson – jumped at the idea, and the foursome began performing together at a few shows each year.
Their popularity grew, and so did their schedule. They held auditions and picked up new feet throughout the year, but also lost a pair when Wilson died several years ago. There are now nine members – although Warburton is always "looking for ladies, age 55 plus, with tap and jazz experience."
Shows usually last about a half-hour, with 10 routines on the program. Each routine has a different costume, requiring quick changes.
"It's hard to remember all the different dances, but when we hear the music, we almost always know what is supposed to come," Massi said. "It's automatic. That's why we practice. It keeps you on top of it."
Some routines are fast-paced tap numbers. Some are slower, like "Singing in the Rain," which requires yellow slickers and umbrellas. And some are silly, like "Be a Clown," where the dancers are decked out in clown costumes – red nose and all – and use slapstick choreography.
All of their music has an "oldies but goodies" feel and plays out of a small tape machine.
Between routines, Massi, a professional singer who used to perform with Starlight Theatre in Balboa Park and at USO shows during World War II, belts out tunes that make audience members nostalgic.
"I performed at all the camps here in the '40s," she said, "and I was also a soloist on a radio program."
She had never tap-danced before joining the Memory Lane Dancers. "It was very hard," she said. "I liked it so much I decided I was going to learn it or else."
Besides remembering the steps to dozens of routines, the women also design and make their own costumes, sewing on every last sequin and bow.


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Special Correspondent
THANJAVUR: Collector C. Vijayaraj Kumar has appealed to officials to be in a state of preparedness to meet any eventuality that might arise due to floods during the northeast monsoon in the district.
He discussed safety and security measures to be adopted during the season. He asked the education department officials to prepare a list of school buildings and their condition before September 15 and submit the list to the revenue and public works departments. School buildings that were in a dilapidated condition should be strengthened immediately. He recalled the unprecedented floods faced by the people in 2005.
Ambulances given by the Government to 14 panchayat unions should be kept ready. Municipalities and town panchayats should supply protected drinking water. The Tamil Nadu Electricity Board should remove poles that had loose wires and replace them with new ones.


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Can Statistics Do without Artefacts?
This article presents a particular case of spurious regression, when a dependent variable has a coefficient of simple correlation close to zero with two other variables, which are, on the contrary, highly correlated with each other. In these spurious regressions, the parameters measuring the size of the effect on the dependent variable are very large. They can be "statistically significant". The tendency of scientific journals to favour the publication of statistically significant results is one reason why spurious regressions are so numerous, especially since it is easy to build them with variables that are lagged, squared or interacting with another variable. Such regressions can enhance the reputation of researchers by stimulating the appearance of strong effects between variables. These often surprising effects are not robust and often depend on a limited number of observations, fuelling scientific controversies. The resulting meta-analyses, based on statistical synthesis of the literature evaluating this effect between two variables, confirm the absence of any effect. This article provides an example of this phenomenon in the empirical literature, with the aim of evaluating the impact of development aid on economic growth.
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References listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- Denton, Frank T, 1985. "Data Mining as an Industry," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 67(1), pages 124-27, February.
- Fama, Eugene F. & French, Kenneth R., 1993. "Common risk factors in the returns on stocks and bonds," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 33(1), pages 3-56, February.
- Hristos Doucouliagos & Martin Paldam, 2005.
"Conditional Aid Effectiveness. A Meta Study,"
Economics Working Papers
2005-14, School of Economics and Management, University of Aarhus.
- Hristos Doucouliagos & Martin Paldam, 2010. "Conditional aid effectiveness: A meta-study," Journal of International Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 22(4), pages 391-410.
- Jean-Bernard Chatelain & Kirsten Ralf, 2012.
"Spurious Regressions and Near-Multicollinearity, with an Application to Aid, Policies and Growth,"
Documents de travail du Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne
12078, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (Paris 1), Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne.
- Chatelain, Jean-Bernard & Ralf, Kirsten, 2014. "Spurious regressions and near-multicollinearity, with an application to aid, policies and growth," EconStor Open Access Articles, ZBW - German National Library of Economics, pages 85-96.
- Chatelain, Jean-Bernard & Ralf, Kirsten, 2014. "Spurious regressions and near-multicollinearity, with an application to aid, policies and growth," Journal of Macroeconomics, Elsevier, vol. 39(PA), pages 85-96.
- Chatelain, Jean-Bernard & Ralf, Kirsten, 2012. "Spurious Regressions and Near-Multicollinearity, with an Application to Aid, Policies and Growth," MPRA Paper 42533, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Søren Johansen, 2005. "Interpretation of Cointegrating Coefficients in the Cointegrated Vector Autoregressive Model," Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Department of Economics, University of Oxford, vol. 67(1), pages 93-104, 02.
- Doucouliagos , H. & Paldam, M., 2007.
"The aid effectiveness literature: The sad results of 40 years of research,"
Cambridge Working Papers in Economics
0773, Faculty of Economics, University of Cambridge.
- Hristos Doucouliagos & Martin Paldam, 2009. "The Aid Effectiveness Literature: The Sad Results Of 40 Years Of Research," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 23(3), pages 433-461, 07.
- Hristos Doucouliagos & Martin Paldam, 2005. "The Aid Effectiveness Literature. The Sad Result of 40 Years of Research," Economics Working Papers 2005-15, School of Economics and Management, University of Aarhus.
- repec:cup:cbooks:9780521452175 is not listed on IDEAS
- Aldrich, J., 1995. "Correlations genuine and spurious in Pearson and Yule," Discussion Paper Series In Economics And Econometrics 9502, Economics Division, School of Social Sciences, University of Southampton.
- repec:cup:cbooks:9780521002882 is not listed on IDEAS
- Mitchell A. Petersen, 2005.
"Estimating Standard Errors in Finance Panel Data Sets: Comparing Approaches,"
NBER Working Papers
11280, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Mitchell A. Petersen, 2009. "Estimating Standard Errors in Finance Panel Data Sets: Comparing Approaches," Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 22(1), pages 435-480, January.
- Ravi Jagannathan & Zhenyu Wang, 1996.
"The conditional CAPM and the cross-section of expected returns,"
Staff Report
208, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.
- Jagannathan, Ravi & Wang, Zhenyu, 1996. " The Conditional CAPM and the Cross-Section of Expected Returns," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 51(1), pages 3-53, March.
- Michel Armatte, 2001. "Le statut changeant de la corrélation en économétrie (1910-1944)," Revue Économique, Programme National Persée, vol. 52(3), pages 617-631.
- Burnside, Craig & Dollar, David, 1997.
"Aid, policies, and growth,"
Policy Research Working Paper Series
1777, The World Bank.
- David Dollar & Craig Burnside, 2000. "Aid, Policies, and Growth," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 90(4), pages 847-868, September.
- Michel Armatte, 2001. "Le statut changeant de la corrélation en économétrie (1910-1944)," Revue économique, Presses de Sciences-Po, vol. 52(3), pages 617-631.
- T. D. Stanley, 2005. "Beyond Publication Bias," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 19(3), pages 309-345, 07.
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I have a table representing standards of alloys. The standard is partly based on the chemical composition of the alloys. The composition is presented in percentages. The percentage is determined by a chemical composition test. Sample data.
But sometimes, the lab cannot measure below a certain percentage. So they indicate that the element is present, but the percentage is less than they can measure. I was confused how to accurately store such a number in an SQL database. I thought to store the number with a negative sign. No element can have a negative composition of course, but i can interpret this as less than the specified value. Or option is to add another column for each element!! The latter option i really don't like. Any other ideas? It's a small issue if you think about it, but i think a crowd is always wiser. Somebody might have a neater solution.
Question updated:
Thanks for all the replies.
- The test results come from different labs, so there is no common lower bound.
- The when the percentage of Titanium is less than <0.0004 for example, the number is still important, only the formula will differ slightly in this case.
Hence the value cannot be stored as NULL, and i don't know the lower bound for all values. Tricky one.
Another possibility i thought of is to store it as a string. Any other ideas?


text:
The Power of Independent Thinking
David J. Theroux Discusses Libertarianism on WichitaLiberty.TV
Recorded: Sunday, December 1, 2013
Independent Institute Founder and President, David J. Theroux discusses libertarianism and gives liberty-based perspectives on current events with host Bob Weeks on WichitaLiberty.TV.
Experts: David J. TherouxType: TelevisionIssues: Civil Liberties/ Human Rights, Culture/ Society, Free Market Economics, Freedom, Political Ideology and Philosophy
Álvaro Vargas Llosa on Immigration and Globalization
Recorded: Tuesday, November 19, 2013
International political commentator and Independent Institute Fellow, Álvaro Vargas Llosa, discussed his book Global Crossings at the Dole Institute of Politics.
Experts: Alvaro Vargas LlosaType: TelevisionIssues: Culture/ Society, Economic History and Development (International), Economic History and Development (U.S.), Economic Policy, Immigration, Latin America, Political Ideology and Philosophy
Mary L. G. Theroux on the Epic Life of Willard Garvey
Recorded: Sunday, November 17, 2013
Mary Theroux, Senior Vice President at the Independent Institute, is interviewed by Bob Weeks of WichitaLiberty TV. Mary reflects on the
accomplishments of her father's life as told in the book Willard Garvey: An Epic Life authored by Maura McEnaney.
Experts: Mary L. G. TherouxType: TelevisionIssues: Business, Culture/ Society, Free Market Economics, Housing
Maura McEnaney on Willard Garvey at Wichita Rotary Club
Recorded: Monday, October 28, 2013
Maura McEnaney, author of Willard Garvey: An Epic Life, speaks before the Rotary Club of Wichita on October 28, 2013, about her new book published by The Independent Institute's LibertyTree Press.
Experts: Maura McEnaneyType: TelevisionIssues: Business, Culture/ Society, Economic Policy, Entertainment, Family, Government Waste/Pork, Housing, Privatization, Trade
Willard Garvey: An Epic Life Author Maura McEnaney on KWCH-TV
Recorded: Monday, October 7, 2013
Maura McEnaney, author of Willard Garvey: An Epic Life, discusses her new book with host Kara Sewell of KWCH-TV in Wichita, KS.
Experts: Maura McEnaneyType: TelevisionIssues: Business, Culture/ Society, Entertainment, Free Market Economics
Benjamin Powell Discusses Government Shutdown on Stossel
Recorded: Thursday, October 3, 2013
Senior Fellow Benjamin Powell discusses the partial Government shutdown on the Fox Business Channels Stossel show.
Experts: Benjamin W. PowellType: TelevisionIssues: Bureaucracy and Government, Economic Policy, Fiscal Policy/Debt, Political Ideology and Philosophy
The Challenge of Liberty 2013 | Student Perspectives
Recorded: Wednesday, September 4, 2013
The students of The Challenge of Liberty 2013 Summer Seminars share their thoughts on the program.
Type: TelevisionIssues: Culture/ Society, Education, Free Market Economics
Anthony Gregory: The Myth of War Prosperity
2013 Summer Seminar for High School Students
Recorded: Wednesday, July 24, 2013
Anthony Gregory exposes the fallacies behind the common notion that war boosts the economy, showing how it helps some at the expense of others and society as a whole. Talk given on July 24, 2013 in Oakland, CA.
Experts: Anthony GregoryType: Independent Institute EventIssues: Corporate Welfare, Defense and Foreign Policy, Economic History and Development (U.S.), Economic Policy, Labor and Employment


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Modartt Pianoteq 5 Pro
Modelling marvel sounding better
While some software instruments seem to receive universal praise, it's fair to say that Modartt's Pianoteq has always divided opinion. Unlike many of its contemporaries, this is a premium piano solution that doesn't rely on samples to generate its sound but uses physical modelling instead.
On the plus side, this means no massive storage requirements and fast preset loading times, but critics have claimed that this convenience comes at the expense of realism.
"There's definitely a greater sense of clarity, and the feeling that the pianos are 'breathing' and sustaining more naturally"
Although it's now at version 5, then, some would say that Pianoteq still has something to prove. Initially, nothing much seems to have changed - the interface is broadly similar to that of Pianoteq 4, but start playing and the under-the-hood developments become apparent. A key benefit of version 5, you see, is improved sound.
Modartt has spent the last couple of years refining the note attack and soundboard models, and you can hear the difference. It's hard to put into words exactly how this revision sounds better, but there's definitely a greater sense of clarity, and the feeling that the pianos are 'breathing' and sustaining more naturally.
It's worth noting that the improvements apply to all of Pianoteq's piano models, including the new Grand Piano K2. Said to combine elements from various source pianos, this has a great contemporary tone and is eminently playable.
Assume the position
Another area of the software that's felt the hand of the developers is the microphone section. In fact, we now have an almost bewildering selection of options to choose from: 15 well-known mics are modelled, and you can choose from different polar patterns where applicable.
What's more, as well as being able to position mics, you can now rotate them in three dimensions, attach them together and control the polarity and proximity effect.
This is impressive technology, certainly, though you'll inevitably need some knowledge of how pianos are miked up in reality to get the most out of it. Still, it all adds to the sense of realism.
That said, one of the beauties of Pianoteq is that it doesn't just do straight-up acoustic pianos: it can sound decidedly quirky if you want it to, and it also models electric piano and chromatic percussion. You can choose which of these 'flavours' you'd like when you buy any version (Stage, Standard or Pro - the latter reviewed here).
The Acoustic Pianos flavour comes with D4 and K2 grands; Electric Pianos has R1 and W1 Rhodes/Wurly emulations and a CL1 Clavinet; and Chromatic Percussion comes with Vibes and Xylo packs. Any or all of the other instruments can be added later on, should you wish to buy them.
If you're a long-time Pianoteq user, version 5 should put a smile on your face and serve to convince you that there's plenty of potential in the software still to be unlocked. Unacquainted pianists seeking an alternative to their bulky sample-based instrument should check it out, too.
Those who've been dubious in the past might not find anything here to fully win them over, but they might just have to accept that, for many players and producers, Pianoteq is far from a compromise solution.
MusicRadar Rating
Sounds better than ever. More piano models. Extra mic positioning options. Customise your purchase.
The Pro version is expensive. A step forward; not a revolution. Needs a controller to get the most from it.
Pianoteq keeps improving in sound quality. Those still bemoaning its inauthenticity must be hearing a different instrument!
Piano-focussed software instrument that uses physical modelling to generate its sounds
PC/Mac (VST/AU/RTAS/AAX/standalone)


text:
Resolution: standard / high
Figure 1.
The lifestyle dataset consists of 58 bacteria. The 58 bacteria were classified in 4 broader lifestyle groups based on the location of the bacterium in its host: obligate intracellular INTRA, cell associated CA, extracellular EXTRA (16, 17 and 19 organisms, respectively) and the control group FL. We further grouped them in subcategories on the basis of the association type (mutualism M, commensalism C, parasitism P) and the transmission mode (vertical V, horizontal H). INTRA includes only obligate intracellular bacteria, whereas CA includes bacteria which are facultatively intracellular, live on the surface of the host cell or are extracellular with a described intracellular step. These two groups have bacteria with obligate associations with their host (the totality of the individuals of the first group and 76% of the second one). EXTRA presents only bacteria that are facultatively associated with their host and are also free-living. The group FL has been used as a control group for all the analyses performed and includes organisms that have none of the three types of associations used for the grouping in the HAMAP information on interactions [40]. For that reason we included in FL one representative of each taxonomic class present in the dataset depending on the availability in the Microscope platform [39]. Two Mycoplasma species were classified in the CA group as they live on the surface of the host cell, although in another study they have been grouped together with the INTRA because of their reduced genome and the invariant environment within the hosts [44]. The codes for the organisms are the ones from HAMAP [40].
Klein et al. BMC Genomics 2012 13:438 doi:10.1186/1471-2164-13-438


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Monika Bulaj:
Monika Bulaj: Skriveno svjetlo Afganistana
Fotografkinja Monika Bulaj dijeli snažne, intimne slike Afganistana — domaćeg života, rituala, muškaraca i žena. Iza naslova, što u stvari svijet zna o tom mjestu?
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