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23 Comments | Add Yours
My sis wentas glimmer, me clove, and my bff katniss. We did the hair and evrything. Cargo pants, nylon jackets, brown leather boots, our candy bags were black backpacks w our dictrict number. It was cool
by taylorbrooke on 11/2/2012 9:47:40 PM
@ Candy87
I have read Divergent and Insurgent and they are AMAZING! (Can't wait till the 3rd book comes out!) I was thinking about being Tris but I was afraid that no one would no who I was. But still, it's a great idea. I would go with my hair down, wear kinda baggy greenish army style pants, a black v-neck tee, and a pair of black combat books (Kinda Katniss' outfit before she gets ready to go into the arena) along with a fake gun (Maybe even an unloaded, real BB gun) to show that you are a true Dauntless. I would also get a henna tattoo of Tris' birds on her collar bone. (You can make your own henna for about 5$ instead of spending 20-30$ on something that will look exactly the same). Hope this helps spark your ideas!
by Starlight2012 on 10/21/2012 12:55:36 PM
I'm going as Katniss Everdeen. But not the pretty "Girl On Fire". The hardcore hunter girl from district 12. I even have a real bow with arrows to complete my outfit. @BeautyQueen10: That's a great idea! I love it!
by Starlight2012 on 10/21/2012 12:47:24 PM
I soooooooo wanted to dress like Katniss for halloween so I showed my mom... then she said no! Idk what I'm gonna do! I'm thinking about might dress like Beatrice(Tris)Prior so if anyone has read the book Divergent or Insurgent maybe u can give me some tips :I
by Candy87 on 10/21/2012 1:29:17 AM
by lilmissamazing on 10/14/2012 7:16:17 PM
@ soccerlover99 - I know, incredibly annoying!
by awesomegirl4everandalways on 10/13/2012 11:52:38 PM
I <3 hunger Games! im going out of the box. Im going 2 be a Mockingjay
by BeautyQueen10 on 10/13/2012 9:48:17 PM
by rainyseattlegirl on 10/13/2012 9:20:04 PM
I am going as a masquerade girl! Got the mask last night
by sfluv on 10/13/2012 8:55:18 PM
GAHHHH all the katniss costumes are making me so mad! i did her last year and im gonna have to see a bunch of copycats who probably never even read the books.
by soccerlover99 on 10/13/2012 8:29:22 PM
QUIZ: Are *you* secretly magical?
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text:
WESTMED Practice Partners and OnBase by Hyland have jointly won the
"Global Award for Excellence" from the Workflow Management Coalition (WfMC) for
streamlining business operations. WPP has earned national recognition as a productive
and efficient healthcare management services organization.
WESTMED Practice Partners (WPP) is a healthcare management services company that has evolved from the success of WESTMED Medical Group. In the late 1990's, WESTMED rolled out the healthcare delivery model of the integrated multispecialty practice, a community-based facility providing coordinated, efficient and quality care.
During the decade of implementation of this model, WESTMED has received national recognition for its coordinated clinical services and highly integrated information systems that have improved patient care, increased physicians' professional satisfaction and boosted physicians' and staff income. Remarkable growth and patient satisfaction with our integrated multispecialty practice have positioned us as the future of healthcare today.
WESTMED Practice Partners provides a turnkey solution to hospital systems looking to build a free-standing, comprehensive ambulatory center offering a full range of primary, specialty and ancillary services.
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Benefits of an integrated multispecialty practice

subset: commoncrawl


text:
May 17, 2012
Radha Jhatakia
Recently, the College of Business clubs at San Jose State University held a Business Olympics. In this mini-Olympics, students from the various CoB clubs participated in many different athletic games and fun activities where students had the opportunity to get good workouts, blow off some steam and socialize with others.
According to the club board members who united to host the CoB Olympics, there was a great deal of planning involved. They had to ensure a date, time and space on campus where the games could be held, as well as find faculty members who would be willing to oversee the event since it was an on-campus activity. They also needed enough of the clubs in the College of Business to join so that there would be enough participants for a competition and needed to plan which games to play (touch football and volleyball tournaments, a five-legged race, a balloon stomp game, tug-of-war and business trivia). This being the bare minimum, the board members of the clubs went above and beyond for the event: They even found sponsors for the Olympics – Monster (energy drinks), State Farm Insurance and WiLD 94.9 (a local radio station) – that provided supplies, t-shirts, snacks, water and food for a barbeque after the event. After the eight-hour competition filled with bumps and bruises, we all left having made new connections with students from other clubs and the successful nature of the event will be continued in a now semi-annual College Olympics.
Depending on the department or major you are in, you can tailor the Olympics to fit your criteria and the great part is that this kind of event can be held by any organization on campus. Does your school have any Olympic-like event like SJSU's? If not, will this article help you in planning your own?
Radha Jhatakia is a communications major at San Jose State University. She's a transfer student who had some ups and downs in school and many obstacles to face; these challenges – plus support from family, friends and cat – have only made Radha stronger and have given her the experience to help others with the same issues. In her spare time, she enjoys writing, reading, cooking, sewing and designing. A social butterfly, Radha hopes to work in public relations and marketing upon graduation.
May 22, 2012
Jessica Seals
After my high school graduation, I could not wait to start attending college and gain more life experience by being out on my own. Before I graduated from college, however, I heavily anticipated the break that I would be taking before I began law school. I dreamed about all of the extra rest that I would be getting and became even more excited when I thought about all of the extra energy that I'd have. Today, I find myself missing college more and more each day...and I am only six months into my break!
When I first told people that I would be taking a break after I graduated, my decision was met with mixed feelings. Some people said that they were jealous of all of the free time that I would have and some stated that I would go crazy from having too much time to myself but I never would have guessed that the latter would be right! I began to miss school so much that I would dream about random classroom scenarios several times a week. It sounds crazy but I soon realized how much I loved learning new things and having my mind challenged on a daily basis.
Some students may need a long break in order to recover after undergrad but six months was more than enough time for me to realize that I am not one of those students! I have a full-time job but it does not even come close to comparing to what I experienced as an undergrad. I know that I am not ready to begin my journey in law school so I decided to pursue a master's degree to compensate for the chaotic state that my mind has been in since I took my last final exam. Wish me luck!
Jessica Seals is recent graduate of the University of Memphis, where she majored in political science and minored in English. She was the secretary of the Pre-Law Society, the philanthropy chair of the Phi Kappa Phi Student Council and a member of Professional Assertive United Sisters of Excellence (PAUSE), Golden Key Honor Society, Alpha Lambda Delta Honor Society, Sigma Alpha Lambda Honor Society and Black Scholars Unlimited. As she prepares for law school, Jessica will continue to tutor and volunteer in her community.
Alexis Mattera
The average college student has lots of free time on his or her hands but add in part-time jobs, internships, group work and even commuting and those hours disappear fast. Time spent studying has dipped from 24 hours to 15 hours per week since the 1960s but according to the Washington Post and the National Survey of Student Engagement, students still make ample time and they've listed five schools where they're known to hit the books...hard.
Now how do YOUR study habits compare?
May 24, 2012
Kara Coleman
Thousands of college students across the country have been making their way home from school to spend the summer relaxing and taking a break from studying. But how do you keep from forgetting everything you've learned throughout the academic year? Here are a few simple tips:
How do you choose to keep those brain juices flowing over the summer? Let us know what works for you!
This past summer, Kara Coleman graduated from Gadsden State Community College with an Associate of Arts degree and she is currently studying communications with concentration in print journalism at Jacksonville State University. Kara's writing has also been featured in Teen Ink magazine and she is a children's author through Big Dif Books.
June 5, 2012
It's the end of the academic year which means summer vacation, summer school and, for many students, moving home until the fall. Moving out is never a simple process but for the items and supplies that you do not want to keep, selling them or giving them away for free are some options. This is also the best time for students to purchase furniture and other household items especially if they are living off campus – they might be second hand but it will save you quite a bit of money!
College students who want to sell items have a variety of outlets to consider. Create a free Craigslist posting – all you need to do is take a picture of the item you're selling, give a brief description and list a price and some contact information so interested buyers can reach you. Advertising on campus through flyers in the student union and dorms is also an option; student buyers might be more willing to meet with you if they know you are another student. Lastly, if you are moving or graduating and taking items with you isn't an option or storing them is too inconvenient, you can donate the items or give them away for free – believe me, students trying to furnish their abodes will thank you.
The dorms at SJSU did something innovative this year to help students get rid of things they didn't need in a convenient manner and for students to find something they might need: We used a spare lounge in the dorms to pile up items including mini-fridges, TVs, game consoles, bookshelves, clothing, books and so much more. Many students found it useful and were able to take whatever they wanted for free; everything that was left at the end was donated. Success all around!
June 22, 2012
One of the best ways for a student to learn something is to teach it. This is an ideology that many professors use by assigning students projects in which they must demonstrate something to their classmates. When these projects expand to outside the classroom and become open for any students to attend, it becomes a seminar and an opportunity for other students to learn something.
Student-run seminars are growing in popularity because they allow students an access to knowledge and allow other students to hone their teaching and presenting abilities. At SJSU, the College of Social Sciences hosts "COMM Week" – five days devoted to projects presented by students in seminars that are open for all students to attend. Professors in the communications department give students guidelines and the students have the entire semester to conduct research for their presentations. An example of one project was to design and market an app for a smartphone. Students conducted research on what apps were profitable and how to sell their app and then proceeded to create interfaces, pamphlets and websites to promote their ideas. (A few students even turned their innovative ideas into career opportunities, as these projects were presented at a trade show with investors from different companies.) Another project included conducting a training workshop for students to assist them learning something such as presenting, networking and other skills valued by employers. Companies pay trainers to teach employees different procedures and policies within a company so really, the students who were successful with their seminars could continue to train as a form of work.
Whenever students ask when or how they will use something they learned in the classroom in the real world, they should know that what they learn in school gives them skills to use in life after college. Any of these or other school projects can even be used to jumpstart a career!
June 26, 2012
Kayla Herrera
Yoga has many benefits including stress relief, strengthening of the immune system, mind and body balance, emotional strengthening, flexibility and so much more. College students especially should give yoga a chance because not only are most of us bogged down with the stress of school but demanding work schedules as well. Here are some very imperative benefits to taking yoga in college.
Stress relief: Homework and readings killing you? Drama at the sorority house? College is just bursting with different stressors and yoga allows you to take a breath and slow down to revitalize your body.
Body strengthening: Yoga positions allow for the strengthening of your body, which in turn keep it healthy, toned and flexible.
Increased concentration: This could be helpful during exams and homework when your focus has to be at an all-time high. Yoga increases concentration so that the college student has an expanded attention span and can better retain information.
All-around wellness: Personally, yoga makes me want to be healthy inside and out. School seemed like too much to handle before but as I started taking yoga classes, I slowly learned to control my stress.
Meet new people: Though you're not really supposed to talk in class, yoga is a great way to make friends with similar interests. Men should not feel like yoga is strictly a female activity, as most yoga classes are mixed gender.
Yoga provides more benefits than you may think and everyone should give it a shot! Namaste.
In addition to being a Scholarships.com virtual intern, Michigan Tech student Kayla Herrera is a media coordinator for the Michigan Tech Youth Programs and is a writer for The Daily News in Iron Mountain, Mich., Examiner.com and WHOA Magazine. She love a tantalizing, action-packed video game and can't get enough of horror movies (Stephen King's books always have her in their grip, though she prefers the old over the new). Writing is what she has always done and that is what she is here to do.
July 2, 2012
As we get older, one of the necessities of life is to always have legal identification with us – a piece of paper or plastic card that confirms who we are. A most basic form that many of us have is a driver's license but if you want to work or intern, you'll have to provide specific identification depending on where you'll be employed.
When applying for a job or internship, you'll need legal documentation to prove citizenship status within the U.S. and/or eligibility to work in the U.S. The most common forms of identification that you are allowed to use are a birth certificate, passport, driver's license, state identification card, social security card, school ID and military ID, though there are others. Unless the document you have has both your picture and social security information, which proves citizenship such as a passport, you will need two documents. (One of these documents must have your full name, state of residence, picture, and/or SSN if the other document provides the rest.) This is the bare minimum for jobs and internships in the United States.
If you are looking to work abroad or even study abroad, you will need some additional documents. Students wishing to study abroad will need a visa but the type of visa depends on the length of the time you will be traveling and the country you are going go. The most common type of visa for students is the F-1, which allows the students a small period of time after their education period is over to stay in the country. If one wishes to work abroad, a different type of visa is required; however, it also depends on if it's a U.S. company with a location in another country or if it is a foreign company. Most likely, you will need an international work visa...but don't wait until the last minute to procure what you need: There is a process that should be started a minimum of six to eight months prior to traveling in order to have the documents on time.
July 6, 2012
Whether your career aspirations include a large salary, a flexible schedule or an ethical employer, it's up to you to turn those dreams into realities. Sure, high marks in your major classes, several internships and glowing recommendations from members of your field are excellent additions to your portfolio but that's not all you can do to secure the job you desire most. Here are a few suggestions from U.S. News & World Report:
What are some other paths job seekers should take to find their ideal careers?
July 5, 2012
Darci Miller
When preparing for your semester abroad, you're bombarded with advice – bring this amount of clothes, make sure to see these cities, make sure to experience the culture of your new country, etc. – but what about when you go home? I spent five months living in London and becoming pseudo-British. What was I left with when I returned to the U.S.? A strong affinity for tea, thousands of pictures and no idea how to deal.
Reverse culture shock was almost as scary as culture shock itself. I went from the Tube to the subway, chips to French fries, looking left when crossing the road to looking right, a flat to a house and (most jarringly) life in a big city to life in a suburb. I can no longer see Olympic Stadium from my bedroom window and my friends are scattered across continents. Life in America seemed incredibly unappealing.
What really helped me has been keeping some of the habits I picked up in London the same. A group of friends and I still send Facebook messages instead of texting, I still drink tea every night before I go to bed, and I still keep my Oyster card in my wallet. Blogging about everything while the feelings and memories were still fresh was very cathartic and a quick glance at photos never goes amiss. These things remind me that, while I'm not physically there anymore, studying abroad HAS changed me: I'll never be the same as I was before I went...and that's okay.
At the same time, jumping back into home life is very important. Don't give yourself time to be too sad: find a job, restart a hobby, reconnect with old friends. Is there something you've wanted to do for a while but haven't gotten around to it? Now's the perfect time! Getting excited about things you're doing at home make the sting of no longer being abroad much more tolerable.
If you were happy at home once, you can be again – you just have to figure out how to make it happen for the new, world-traveling you. But you do have to look the country-appropriate way when crossing the road. There's really no getting around that one!
Darci Miller is a New Yorker studying journalism and sport administration at the University of Miami. When she's not writing for the school newspaper, you can find her at the gym, either working or working out. She loves all '80s pop culture (the cheesier, the better!) and glues herself to her TV when the Olympics are on. She dreams big and believes the sky's the limit.
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text:
A multiple access technique is described, which is capable of maintaining orthogonality between transmitted signals in multipath conditions, even when part of or all of the transmitted signals belong to the family of Single Carrier modulation. The Single Carrier signals are converted into multicarrier signals which utilize just a fraction of the spectral lines by transmitting each fragment of data several times. The orthogonal multiplexing technique enables transmitters to enjoy both the advantages of OFDMA, such as noninterference between signals, adaptive bandwidth allocation and wideband diversity, and the Peak-to-Average Power Ratio advantage of the single carrier modulation. The multiplexing technique described allows to incorporate in the same multiple access system both OFDM signals and Single Carrier signals.
1. A transmitter for a multiple access passband communication system, which is capable of generating signals in which each data-carrying signal frame is composed of a integral or non-integral number of repetitions of a smaller data-carrying signal segment followed by an optional offsetting of the carrier frequency.
2. A transmitter of
3. A transmitter of
4. The transmitter of claim 22, where the frequency offset is achieved by placing the values into the frequency-domain array at equally spaced locations offset from the center.
5. The transmitter of
6. The transmitter of
7. The transmitter of
8. The transmitter of
9. A multiple access communication system in which the transmitters are capable of generating the transmitted signals according to the method of either claim 66 (repeated single carrier) or claim 77 (repeated OFDM), in which each transmitter is assigned a repetition factor and a frequency offset.
10. A multiple access communication system of claim 99, some transmitters are capable of generating OFDMA signals with arbitrarily chosen set of subcarriers.
11. A multiple access communication system of claims 99 or 1010, in which the transmitters are directed to use either of the modulation methods according to channel conditions.
12. A system of claim 1111, in which the subcarrier set is hierarchically partitioned into smaller sets, and in which subcarrier sets are dynamically assigned to users according to resource allocation policy.
13. A system of
14. A single-carrier signal transmission apparatus for transmitting a signal, comprising:
modulation means for generating transmission symbol signal (carrier) from incoming source data;
means for splitting symbol stream into segments of size related to the desired repetition ratio;
replicating means for creating at least two repetitions of each segment;
filtering means for shaping signal as required by the respective modulation schemes and rejecting the extra images of the signal;
frequency offset means for shifting signal frequency center;
D/A converting means and analog filtering means for converting samples to signals.
15. A single-carrier signal transmission apparatus according to
16. A single-carrier signal transmission apparatus according to
17. A single-carrier signal transmission apparatus according to
18. A method of preparing source data for transmission using a single-carrier transmitter, said method comprising the steps of:
Generating transmission symbol signal (carrier) from incoming source data according to specified modulation scheme;
splitting symbol stream into segments of size related to the desired repetition ratio;
replicating each segment for creating at least two repetitions thereof;
shaping signal as required by the respective modulation schemes and rejecting the extra images of the signal;
Shifting signal frequency center; and
converting samples to transmission signals
19. An allocation policy of a medium access controller which is integrated within multiple access networking system associated with down stream transmitter, multiple access receiver and data buffers, said policy determining the carrier modulation rules according to the respective transmitter modulation scheme: in case of OFMDA transmitters determining subchannels allocation; incase of single-carrier transmitter according to
[0001] 1. Technical Field
[0002] This invention relates generally to multiple access systems, and in particular to a wireless multiple access networks utilizing sets of orthogonal waveforms for separation of multiple simultaneously transmitting users.
[0003] Multiple access systems enable many simultaneous users to share the same fixed bandwidth radio spectrum. The bandwidth, which is allocated to any radio system, is always limited—for example, mobile phone systems use 25 MHz in each direction. On the other hand, we are interested in allowing multiple users simultaneous access to the network, for example in order to maintain multiple phone conversations in parallel. FDMA, TDMA and CDMA are the three major methods of sharing the available bandwidth to multiple users in wireless system. There are many extensions, and hybrid techniques for these methods, such as OFDM, and hybrid TDMA and FDMA systems.
[0004] 2. Prior Art
[0005] In Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), the available bandwidth is subdivided into a number of narrower band nonoverlapping channels. For each user is allocated a unique frequency band designated for data transmission. During a call, no other user can use the same frequency band. Each user is allocated a forward link channel (from the base station to the mobile phone) and a reverse channel (back to the base station), each being a single way link. The transmitted signal on each of the channels is continuous allowing analog transmissions. In TDMA the users send bursts of data in assigned time slots. This technique, while having numerous advantages, requires higher instantaneous transmit power or lower link loss due to higher instantaneous data rate.
[0006] There is a special interest in waveforms which maintain orthogonality under conditions of dispersion in the medium, and in particular in the wireless multipath channels. The Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (OFDM) modulation, which uses a plurality of narrowband waveforms (subcarriers), was developed with this objective in mind. OFDM is similar to FDMA in the sense, that the available bandwidth is subdivided into multiple channels. Contrary to FDMA, however, OFDM achieves orthogonality between the subchannels in spite of the fact that their spectra overlap. This results in closer packing of frequency subchannel and more efficient use of the spectrum. Unlike conventional single-carrier modulation schemes—such as AM/FM (amplitude or frequency modulation)—that send only one signal at a time using one radio frequency, OFDM sends multiple high-speed signals concurrently on specially designed, orthogonal carrier frequencies. The result is much more efficient use of bandwidth as well as robust communications during noise and other interferences.
[0007] Recently an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) technique was developed, which is a variant of OFDM. This technique assigns subsets of subcarriers to different transmitters in order to maintain orthogonality (sect separation) between the signals of different users. OFDMA facilitates adaptive bandwidth allocation to the users by varying the amount of subcarriers allocated to each user, and improves the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) to power-limited users by reducing their effective noise bandwidth. There are several strategies of allocating sets of subcarriers to users, optimizing different aspects of the system—multipath induced diversity, interference between different users, ease of channel estimation etc. The techniques for modulation and demodulation of OFDM waveforms using Fast Fourier Transform techniques is a common art today, as well as techniques for equalization and error correction decoding of OFDM in presence of multipath.
[0008] The relative disadvantage of OFDM is the high crest factor, known also as Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) of the OFDM waveforms. A high peak to average ratio is created due to fact that at each instant the transmitted OFDM signal is a sum of a large number of slowly modulated subcarriers. A Single Carrier system avoids this effect, so the peak-to average transmitted power ratio for single carrier modulated signal is smaller.
[0009] This feature of OFDM motivated the proponents of Single Carrier modulation (which is better in PAPR respect) to develop processing techniques, which improve its performance in highly dispersive media.
[0010] Recently such a technique was developed, known as Frequency-Domain-Equalized Single Carrier modulation (FDE-SC). This technique utilizes concepts similar to OFDM in the sense that the receiver utilizes Fast Fourier Transform based processing for equalization. The FDE-SC waveforms, while lending themselves to convenient equalization, do not possess the qualities of OFDMA in the sense of adaptive bandwidth allocation in multiple access environments. Therefore it is the object of the present invention to provide an innovative modification of the FDE-SC modulation, which enables using multiple-access setting in a way which allows both maintaining the orthogonality between the different received signals while also facilitating adaptive bandwidth allocation. Moreover, the proposed scheme allows creation of multiple access systems in which both Single Carrier (SC) signals and OFDM signals are used so that orthogonality is maintained for SC signals as well as to OFDM signals or any combination thereof. These advantages are achieved while maintaining the PAPR advantage of single carrier modulation. We shall denote the proposed scheme as Orthogonal Single Carrier Modulation (OSCM).
[0011]FIGS. 2a to 2 d show basic examples of the transmitters structure according to prior art techniques. The structure of the transmitters is presented by the basic essential signal processing operations, for comparing the different prior art techniques and further to explain the improvements and modifications of the present invention.
[0012]FIG. 1a illustrates the basic structure of traditional single carrier transmitter. The operation of this transmitter is further explained. Block 200 describes a typical module for converting original data to signal symbols. The data received from data source 201 is first encoded using Forward Error Correction (FEC) encoder 202 (FEC encoding enables the receiver to correct errors automatically without requesting re-transmission). The encoded data bits are converted to carrier symbols by modulator 203, by converting small groups of bits to the required amplitude and phase based on pre-defined modulation scheme such as ASK, PSK, QAM, OQPSK, OQAM, MSK, CPFSK or any other appropriate method of mapping bit groups to symbols. As this set of operations is performed for all digital modulation schemes, we will collectively denote the process of converting the source data into a stream of encoded modulation symbols "data-to-symbol conversion" 200 and will not deal further with the internals of this process.
[0013] The shaping filter and the interpolator unit 204 define a signal shaping filtering which is required by the respective modulation schemes for achieving the desired spectral efficiency. For single carrier signals it is commonplace to use Square Root Raised Cosine (SRRC) characteristics, for achieving low Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI) after matched filtering on the receive side. The interpolation filter increases the sampling rate and rejects the extra images of the signal spectrum resulting from the interpolation operations.
[0014] Block 208 aggregates several components jointly to convert the signal samples into the actually transmitted signal. The signal is initially converted from digital samples to an analog signal using a Digital-to-Analog converter 205. The analog signal is further filtered by an analog filter 206, removing any unwanted frequency components which remained after the action of the interpolator within block 104. At the end, an up-converter 207 converts the signal to the desired frequency band and transduces the resulting signal into the transmission medium, for example an antenna in the case of wireless transmission. As the operations contained within block 208 are commonplace in every digital transmitter, we will refer to those collectively as "Samples-to-signal conversion" (block 208).
[0015]FIG. 2b illustrates the structure of FDE-SC transmitter. After data-to-symbol conversion 211 (same as block 100 in FIG. 1a), the symbol stream is segmented by unit 212 creating blocks of fixed size. Each block of symbols is processed by the cyclic prefix generator 213, creating a waveform with periodic property which is essential to the proper functioning of the fast Fourier transform (OFT) operation at the receiver end. The resulting stream of symbols is then subjected to filtering and interpolation (214) and to conversion to the actually transmitted signal in block 215.
[0016] The process of OFDM transmitter bears similarity to the FDE-SC transmitter as seen in the illustration of the transmitter structure (FIG. 2c). In this process the generated symbols are segmented into groups (222), each corresponding to a separate OFDM symbol. The symbols are located within a numeric array representing frequency samples, the numeric array is further edited by inserting zeros and pilot symbols at appropriate locations using unit 323, and then converted from frequency into time samples by inverse FFT modulation unit 224. The time samples are further processed by cyclic prefix generator 225, and converted to the actually transmitted signal in block 226.
[0017] The OFDMA transmitter (FIG. 2d) is similar to the OFDM transmitter in terms of processing. The main difference is that the transmitter utilizes only a fraction of the frequency subcarriers within the operational frequency channel. The rest of the subcarriers are used by other transmitters within the multiple-access network, and the sets, of subcarriers are assigned to each transmitting station according to allocation policy of the Medium Access Control (MAC) entity. In order to transit on the assigned subcarriers only, block 233 inserts the encoded data symbols to the corresponding locations within the numeric array, adds pilot subcarriers and fills with zeros all the unused locations. From here the processing continues as in OFDM transmitter, by adding a cyclic prefix 235 and converting the samples to the actually transmitted signal in block 236.
[0018] At this point, it is appropriate to discuss the subcarrier allocation strategies used in different OFDMA systems, as these considerations are applicable to the transmitters operating according to present invention. The dominant factors affecting the strategy are the correlation in channel coefficients of adjacent subcarriers, on one hand, and the interference between adjacent subcarriers (ICI) on the other hand. One possible policy is to pick the allocated subcarriers from locations spread all over the frequency channel. An alternative policy is to cluster the subcarriers assigned to a transmitter together in order to optimize the interaction between signals of different stations (as only the edges of the allocations interact). This policy also has beneficial effect on the estimation of channel response. Within the wideband subcarrier allocation policies, we may differentiate between those, which assign the subcarriers to a station at regular intervals, and those, which allocate irregularly spaced locations. The irregular allocation of OFDMA subcarriers has the beneficial effect that for any two stations only a fraction of the subcarriers are adjacent, thus reducing the mutual interference. The irregular OFDMA technique was adopted in DVB-RCT uplink channel and in 802.16a broadband wireless access standard OFDMA mode.
[0019] [1] IEEE P802.16a D1 Fixed Broadband Wireless Access System standard—draft.
[0020] [2] IEEE 80216t-01/01, D. and S. L. Ariyavisitakul, Frequency Domain Equalization For 2-11 Ghz Broadban Wireless Systems
[0021] In accordance with the present invention, a signal that is to be transmitted to a destination is segmented into fragments, and then each fragment is repeated several times. This operation causes the transmitted waveform to have a comb-like spectrum, as exemplified in FIG. 2b. Furthermore, a frequency shift is applied to the transmitted waveform, either by a physical oscillator, digitally by applying a Numerically Controlled Oscillator (NCO) to a waveform, or in frequency domain by-shifting the Fourier coefficients to new bin locations. Shifting the "combs" of the different users by different frequency shifts allows interleaving of the combs in a frequency domain in a manner, which facilitates their orthogonal separation on the receiving side.
[0022] The number of repetitions and the frequency offset can be changed dynamically on a per-user and per-allocation basis, facilitating thus dynamic bandwidth allocation.
[0023] These and further features and advantages of the invention will become more clearly understood in the light of the ensuing description of a preferred embodiment thereof, given by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein—
[0024]FIG. 1 is a block diagram representing the environment in which the present invention is practiced;
[0025]FIGS. 2a-2 d bring examples of transmitters corresponding to prior art:
[0026]FIG. 2a is a simplified illustration of a prior art single carrier transmitter
[0027]FIG. 2b is a simplified illustration of a prior art Single Carrier—Frequency Domain Equalized transmitter
[0028]FIG. 2c is a simplified illustration of a prior art OFDM transmitter
[0029]FIG. 2d is a simplified illustration of a prior art OFDMA transmitter
[0030]FIGS. 3a-3 c illustrate the relation between time domain repetition and spectral properties of a signal:
[0031]FIG. 3a illustrates a spectral decomposition of a Segment-Repeat-Add cyclic prefix According to prior art;
[0032]FIG. 3b illustrates a spectral decomposition of a waveform which contains two identical segments;
[0033]FIG. 3c illustrates a spectral decomposition of waveform which contains four identical segments;
[0034]FIGS. 4a-4 c present different possible implementations of OSCMA transmitter:
[0035]FIG. 4a is a simplified illustration of orthogonal Single Carrier Multiple Access (OSCMA) transmitter
[0036]FIG. 4b is a simplified illustration of Repeated-waveform OFDMA transmitter
[0037]FIG. 4c is a simplified illustration of Fourier Transform based OSCMA transmitter
[0038]FIG. 4d illustrates the effect of frequency offset imposed on the signal by a Numerically Controlled Oscillator;
[0039]FIG. 5 illustrates an example of Multiple Access OSCMA operation;
[0040]FIG. 6 illustrates an example of Multiple Access operation involving both OSCMA and OFDMA transmitters
[0041]FIG. 7 illustrates an example of hierarchical decomposition of the subcarrier resource to OSCMA, regular OFDMA and irregular OFDMA transmitters
[0042]FIGS. 8a-8 c illustrate the receiver architecture of an orthogonal multiplexing multiple access system
[0043]FIG. 8a illustrates a receiver for a multiple access system involving both OSCMA and OFDMA stations
[0044]FIG. 8b illustrates an orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access receiver.
[0045]FIG. 8c illustrates an orthogonal Single Carrier Multiple Access receiver. OSCMA and OFDMA transmitters.
[0046] The basic concept of the present invention is to provide new modulation scheme for maintaining orthogonal relation between sequential signal carriers of multiple users using single carrier transmitter.
[0047] For better under standing of the new scheme let us review the generation of orthogonal signal, using OFDM system.
[0048] The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) transforms a cyclic time domain signal into its equivalent frequency spectrum. This is done by finding the equivalent waveform, generated by a sum of orthogonal sinusoidal components. The amplitude and phase of the sinusoidal components represent the frequency spectrum of the time domain signal. The IFFT performs the reverse process, transforming a spectrum (amplitude and phase of each component) into a time domain signal. An IFFT converts a number of complex data points, of length which is a power of 2, into the time domain signal of the same number of points. Each data point in frequency spectrum used for an FFT or IFFT is called a bin.
[0049] The orthogonal carriers required for the OFDM signal can be easily generated by setting the amplitude and phase of each bin, then performing the IFFT. Since each bin of an IFFT corresponds to the amplitude and phase of a set of orthogonal sinusoids, the reverse process guarantees that the carriers generated are orthogonal.
[0050] The orthogonality between the signals of different transmitters, according to the present invention, is achieved by a different modulation method, not utilizing IFFT transformation technique. The basic operation of the suggested modulation is a replicating process for creating at least two repetition of the each signal segment. This operation creates a transmission spectrum having a "comb" like appearance, as seen in FIG. 3b. The "combs" created in this manner can now be interleaved, provided that an appropriate frequency offset is introduced between tie signals. Such signal transmission configuration has orthogonal characteristics similarly to the OFDMA method. Yet, according to the present invention the modulation process can be implemented within a single carrier transmitter. Thus, the Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) deficiency of multi carrier transmitter is avoided. A diagram block of the orthogonal single carrier multiple access (OSCMA) transmitter is illustrated in FIG. 4a.
[0051] The basic operation of this transmitter is similar to prior art transmitters as shown in FIG. 2a and FIG. 2b. The modulation process according to the present invention further comprises two main operations: segment replication and frequency offsetting. The second operation is preferably implemented by numerically controlled oscillator 404.
[0052] Both operations of replication and frequency offsetting is determined and controlled by the Medium Access Control (MAC) entity, which is located at the cellular base station.
[0053] The basic concept of the present invention is to utilize the modulation characteristic of the replication and frequency offsetting operations for improving the allocation polices.
[0054] Present invention deals with an improvement of multiple access systems. FIG. 1 shows an example structure of a point-to-multipoint network. In this example the communication with multiple stations is performed through a wireless medium. The allocated frequency channel is shared among the stations, according to a medium access policy governed by the base station. The channel resource is partitioned into quanta, and those are allocated to the stations according to the traffic demand. The partitioning of the channel resource can be performed in many manners—TDMA, in which time slots are assigned, FDMA in which frequency subchannels are assigned, CDMA, in which coded signature waveforms are assigned, or, as in present invention, by specially designed orthogonal waveforms. The main elements of a base station 100 are a downstream transmitter 101, a multiple access receiver 102, and a MAC controller 103. The MAC controller at the base station decides how to allocate the upstream channel resource to the station and inserts into the downstream control information to the stations. In the case of TDMA the information is which station will use which time slot; in OFDMA—which station will use which subchannel etc. In parallel with informing the stations how to transmit the information, the MAC controller informs the multiple access receiver how to extract the information from the received signal (at what time, in which frequency subchannel etc.) and where to send the received information. Some of the received information may serve the MAC entity for deciding on future allocation policy. The matter of present invention is design of transmit waveforms for the upstream direction, with appropriate transmitter embodiments, and methods for dynamic allocation the channel resource to such transmitters.
[0055] The present invention adapts the regularly spaced subcarrier allocation policy, which is closely related to the (OSCMA) new modulation scheme suggested by the presented invention. FIGS. 3a to 3 c depict the relation between the time domain properties and the frequency domain properties of a waveform composed of several repetition of a smaller segment. A waveform which has no repetitions, such as 304 or 305, will typically have distinct non-zero values for all of its Fourier coefficients, as exemplified in 306.
[0056] In the case that the FFT interval contains two repetition of same waveform, such as 324-325 or 326-327, the frequency spectrum, as exemplified in 328, possesses the property that only even Fourier coefficients may accept non-zero values, while the odd values are mathematically identical to zero.
[0057] In the case that the time domain signal is composed of four repetitions, as in 344-347 or 348-351, the spectrum 352 possesses the property that Fourier coefficients at locations which are multiple of four may accept non-zero values, while all the rest are identically zero. This property carries for any integral number of fragments, however we will focus on numbers which are powers of 2, such as 1, 2, 4, 8 etc., as this is closely related to FFT processing which is also typically implemented in blocks which are of power-of-2 size.
[0058] The discussed spectral properties of repeated signals carry both for signals generated in frequency domain and for single-carrier signals.
[0059] When single-carrier signals are repeated, the PAPR properties of the single-carrier signal are retained. When several stations transmit signals possessing comb like spectrum, it is desirable to stagger the signals in frequency in order to achieve orthogonality and avoid mutual interference. Note that offsetting the carrier frequency of a single-carrier signal (either continuous or repeated) does not degrade its PAPR properties.
[0060]FIGS. 4a-4 c show several implementations of multiple-access transmitters utilizing repeated waveforms. FIG. 3a shows an OSCMA transmitter in which the symbol stream is divided by block 401 into segments of variable size which are then repeated in block 402 several times. The size of the segments and the number of repetitions are determined by the multiple-access controller. The length of the segment depends on the number of repetition so as to maintain constant duration of the repeated signal. The repetition process may be extended to further include the generation of a cyclic prefix, which is desirable for frequency-domain processing on the receiving side. After performing the operation of shaping and interpolation of the symbol stream in block 403, a frequency offset is imposed on the signal by multiplying (in block 405) its samples with those generated by a Numerically Controlled Oscillator 404. The effect of this operation is exemplified in FIG. 4d, where we can see that after replication operation one of the subcarriers (440) coincides with center frequency (441) while after the action of the NCO same subcarrier (450) is offset with respect to the center frequency (451). The implementation benefit of this scheme is that the desired spectral properties of the signal are achieved by time domain processing only, without involving any Fourier transform implementation.
[0061]FIG. 4b shows an OFDMA transmitter implementation, which utilizes the properties of repeated waveforms in order to reduce the implementation complexity of the transmitter. In this case the initial waveform segment is generated by a short length IFFT (block 413) consuming little implementation resources (hard-ware, memory, processing time), while the full-length waveform is generated by the much-simpler replication process performed by block 414. In this implementation we also utilize the NCO unit (415) to achieve frequency offsetting of the resulting subcarrier comb.
[0062] The third implementation of an OSCMA transmitter suggested according t the present invention, which is exemplified in FIG. 4c, does not attempt to save on Fourier transform processing. On the contrary, it converts the stream of single carrier samples into frequency domain (block 432), and then performs the relocation of subcarriers to equally spaced locations and weighting by the shaping filter in frequency domain (block 423). The resulting numeric array is then IFFT-transformed into time domain samples, a cyclic prefix is added (block 424) and the resulting sample stream is sent to the medium via block 425. In this implementation the frequency offsetting may be achieved by choosing the subcarrier locations within the numeric array, rather than by an NCO. This implementation may be beneficial in dual mode (OSCMA and OFDMA) transmitters. In this case it is the PAPR benefit of OSCMA, which is sought after. Additional potential use of this type of processing is to replicate the frequency domain components into adjacent frequency locations. This results in "spectrum squeezing", equivalent to "time domain stretching"—an operation that also preserves the PAPR properties of single-carrier waveform.
[0063] The above mentioned principles can be applied to systems employing multiple transmit chains, such as, for example, space-time coded systems, by performing the segmentation, replication and frequency offsetting process (with same set of parameters) in each of the transmit chains.
[0064]FIGS. 5 and 6 exemplify the multiple-access operation aspects of the above-described transmitters. FIG. 5 focuses on the case that only OSCMA transmitters are used. In the example in the FIG. 5, OSCMA transmitters (510, 511, 521) are operating. OSCMA transmitter 1 (501) is assigned by the base station's MAC controller to transmit with repetition factor 2 and with frequency offset equivalent to one bin, resulting in utilization of odd subcarriers. The OSCMA transmitters 2 and 3 (511, 521) are both assigned repetition factor 4, but different frequency offsets: 2 bins for transmitter 2, and 0 bins for transmitter 3. The resulting spectra 502, 512 and 522 are all disjoint, assuring that after the receiver 531 processes the sum spectrum 532 it is capable of separating the subcarriers belonging to different transmitters without mutual interference. The operation of the receiver will be discussed in more detail in the sequel.
[0065]FIG. 6 focuses on exemplifying the case in which both OSCMA transmitters and OFDMA transmitters are present. In the depicted example the OSCMA transmitter 1 (601) utilizes odd subcarriers, as before. The two other transmitters 2 and 3 (611 and 621) are OFDMA transmitters capable of irregular subcarrier allocation. Each of those is assigned a disjoint irregular subset of the even subcarriers (612 and 622), so that again the receiver (631) is capable of separating the resulting sum spectrum into the contributions of the different transmitters.
[0066]FIG. 7 depicts a possible strategy of allocating subcarrier sets to users in OSCMA only or in mixed OSCMA-OFDMA deployment scenarios. The allocated frequency channel is divided into a pool of equally spaced subcarriers (block 701, exemplified graphically in 751). The resulting resource is then divided into allocation quanta by a process of hierarchical halving. The hierarchical halving results in allocation quanta which are either whole, �, �, ⅛ etc. of the whole resource. This property readily associates with the fact that FFT algorithm is performed on vectors of size 2K, and therefore it is preferred that the number of waveform repetitions (which is a reciprocal of the allocation size) is also a power of 2. Note that this restriction is not imposed on the part of the resource which is designated for irregular OFDMA—those can utilize any fraction of the subcarriers. The allocation method described above allows mixing OSCMA, regular OFDMA and irregular OFDMA transmitters in same deployment. Additional flexibility inherent in the hierarchical halving approach is that the halving can be performed at each stage either by dividing the subcarriers into odd set (711, exemplified graphically in 761) and even set (712, exemplified graphically in 762), or by dividing into lower half (721, exemplified graphically in 771) and upper half (722, exemplified graphically in 772). Repetitive usage of low-high division results in clustered allocations that, as mentioned before, have advantages in some scenarios. In the example of FIG. 7 the subcarrier subset 712 is divided irregularly into sets 723-725, corresponding to the graphical illustration of division of set 762 into sets 773-775. The operation of both OSCMA and irregular OFDMA in the same multiple access domain allows OSCMA transmitters to enjoy the advantages of irregular subcarrier allocation in spite of the fact that their subcarriers are spaced regularly. Indeed, if even subcarriers are allocated to OSCMA stations and even subcarriers to irregular OFDMA stations, the subcarriers of any two OSCMA transmitters are at least two bins apart, while the interaction between the signals of OSCMA transmitter and an irregular OFDMA transmitter is similar to interaction between irregular OFDMA signals in the sense that only a fraction of the subcarriers of the two transmitters are adjacent.
[0067] For completeness, we would like to address the structure of the multiple-access receiver (see FIG. 8a(. The first part of the receiver resembles an OFDMA transmitter in that the received waveform is decomposed into subcarriers (block 800) and the subcarriers are sorted into groups (block 805), each group corresponding to a different upstream transmitter. The groups are then directed to the per-station modems (receivers) (blocks 811-829). Each of the modems operates on its own subcarriers and needs not be aware of other subcarriers, due to the orthogonality property. In pure OFDMA system all the modems are of the OFDMA type. In a mixed OSCMA-OFDMA system every modem is configured to process the corresponding modulation format, with a set of parameters provided by the MAC controller. The modem is informed of the modulation format, number of subcarriers and other parameters essential for the demodulation process. For OSCMA modems, the processing is similar to the SC-FDE processing, as described in 8c. The main difference is that the size of the FFT applied after the frequency domain equalization (and the number of symbols generated) varies according to the allocation size (repetition factor in the transmitter). In OFDMA modems the familiar processing of per-subcarrier equalization and ECC decoding is performed.
[0068] While the above description contains many specifities, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the invention, but rather as exemplifications of the preferred embodiments. Those skilled in the art will envision other possible variations that are within its scope. Accordingly, the scope of the invention should be determined not by the embodiment illustrated, but by the appended claims and their legal equivalents.
Referenced by
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The State government will take strict action against clinics and blood banks that are found functioning in the State without recognition, Health Minister V.S. Sivakumar has said.
He was inaugurating a diabetes detection and awareness camp organised by the Indian Institute for Diabetes (IID) for Secretariat employees here on Friday.
Minister's plea
Mr. Sivakumar appealed to the public not to be duped by unrecognised clinics or health practitioners and to seek proper treatment in the initial stages of the disease.
350 schemes
He said the State government was in the process of implementing over 350 schemes to improve health delivery.
Expensive life-saving cancer drugs and medicines for dialysis would be offered to people at fair prices, Mr. Sivakumar added.
Biggest challenge
Lifestyle diseases had emerged as the State's biggest challenge in the health sector and it was important that the public was educated on how best these diseases could be prevented, the Minister suggested.
The Director of Indian Institute for Diabetes, Meenu Hariharan, the Additional Secretary, Health, K. Sudarshanan, and the Additional Director of IID, P. K. Jabbar, were present on the occasion.
Keywords: Health ministry, public health, illegal blood banks


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California Legislature Approves Trial Program For Electronic Plates 185
from the but-for-bumper-stickers-it's-not-so-bad dept.
Don't forget the part where everyones plates show gay pornography gifs after some 14 year old hacks their system.
Have you ever tried to read an LCD screen in sunlight? This is the best privacy idea evar! Thanks moron legislators from California.
"What was wrong with standard plates?"
No patents.
If you check the translation on hueso, you will see that Californians Ben Hueso'd. Should be his customized plate.
oh well, I was worried that our ex governors have nothing to brag about anymore. See that one right there? I did those plates, the way I made the R's look just right
Post modified for those of us here in Illinois...
"What do you have in the Blagojevich signature series? How about Ryan? Walker? Kerner?"
I dont think my state government has even discovered the internet yet.
the DMV office is still using TRS-80 computers in the registration section.
and they're the newest equipment in the place.
There are two major products that come out of Berkeley: LSD and UNIX. We don't believe this to be a coincidence. -- Jeremy S. Anderson


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Twins arrested Monday in park vandalism
Police suspect teens part of group of vandals
CORPUS CHRISTI - Police believe twin brothers arrested Monday related to graffiti at South Bluff Park are part of a crew of vandals to blame for other neighborhood destruction.
An officer responding to a disturbance call about 5:40 a.m. spotted three teens walking in the 1100 block Mary Street. One had paint splatter on his shoes and a permanent marker in his pocket.
Another had paint on his hands, a spray-paint can in his pocket and five more cans in his backpack. The pink and orange paint colors matched fresh spray-paint left on a sidewalk near the park's tennis courts and in a restroom, according to a police report.
Brothers John Dominguez and Mark Dominguez, both 19, were arrested on suspicion of graffiti, a state jail felony.
The third teen, who also was searched, wasn't arrested because he didn't have any paint or markers.
Police found similar graffiti on about a half dozen vehicles and houses in the surrounding area including on Coleman Avenue and on Morris, Mary and 12th streets.
Detective Ramiro Torres said more arrests are likely because he suspects the twins were part of a group of vandals involved in a graffiti spree.
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'Ring of Fire' eclipse visible from China to Texas
If you buy special eyewear, you can recycle it. Two weeks later, Venus will crawl across the face of the sun - a rare occurrence known as the "transit of Venus" that will also require viewers to take precaution.
Veteran eclipse chaser Jay Pasachoff has traveled to remote corners of the globe to see the moon take a bite of the sun. This time, the Williams College astronomer will travel to New Mexico with his students to collect data.
Sunday's event will be his 14th ring eclipse and 55th solar eclipse overall. So what does someone who has seen it all look forward to?
Seeing "the symmetry of a ring of sunlight around the dark silhouette of the moon," Pasachoff said in an email.
The next ring eclipse won't be visible in the U.S. for more than a decade - October 2023.
U.S. viewing details: http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OHtables/OH2012-Tab03.pdf
World viewing details: http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OHtables/OH2012-Tab02.pdf
AP writers Eric Talmadge in Japan, Peter Enav in Taiwan and Kelvin Chan in Hong Kong contributed to this report.
Follow Alicia Chang at http://www.twitter.com/SciWriAlicia .
The Associated Press


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We've brought you bits and pieces, and some glorious pieces they've been, of the Nuts 'Interactive' pictorial for super darn Britty hotties Rhian Sugden and Holly Peers. And, now, the outtakes, where the word 'outtake' means the hotter, more faptastic photos that never made original publication but are mostly certainly destined to take you out to a place of private quiet time for some soulful reflection.
One hot blonde, one sweetly sextastic brunette. Remove tops. Four spectacular funbags. The simple recipe for a Humpday Huzzah. Enjoy.


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Showing 1 - 20 of 56
24 Mar 2015
Japan Contributes USD 2.5 million to Community Stabilization and Resilience in the Border States of Sudan
28 Jan 2015
Japan Contributes USD 750,000 to the Strengthening of Rule of Law in Sudan
04 Dec 2014
Seeking Alterative Energy in Sudan: UNDP and the Ministry Of Water Resources Initiate the Use of Wind Power in Sudan –A 200 Million Dollar Project
Khartoum - The Ministry of Water Resources and Electricity and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) have signed today an agreement on the funding and implementation of a five-year project on "Promoting Utility Scale Power Generation from Wind Energy" in Sudan. The project's total budget amounts to US$ 217 million of which US$ 213 million is invested by the Government of Sudan, with additional support from the Global Environment Facility and UNDP amounts US$ 4 million.
04 Dec 2014
Qatar Development donates $1.7 Million for Darfur Internal Dialogue Consultations
Khartoum, 04 November 2014. During the joint visit to Doha of African Union-United Nations Acting Joint Special Representative (JSR) and Joint Chief Mediator a.i. for Darfur, Mr. Abiodun Bashua and Ali Al-Za'tari, UN Resident Coordinator/ Humanitarian Coordinator and UNDP Resident Representative in Sudan, the Qatar Development Fund (QVN) signed a USD 1.7 million grant agreement to finance the Darfur Internal Dialogue Consultations, led by the United Nations African Union Hybrid Mission in Darfur (UNAMID).
23 Nov 2014
Groundnut Production in Sudan: Opportunities Ahead and Unseen Challenges
30 Sep 2014
Combatting Malaria in Sudan Distribution of Over Five Million Insecticide Treated Bed Nets
18 Sep 2014
Switzerland Continues its Support to the Recovery and Development Efforts in Darfur
Khartoum-September 17, 2014 - Switzerland continues its support to the recovery and development efforts in Darfur. Today, an amount of USD267,000 has been granted to the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in support for its Livelihoods and Recovery Programme targeting vulnerable communities in Central, West, North and South Darfur.
10 Sep 2014
Launch of the African Economic Outlook Report 2014
Khartoum, September 10th, 2014 – The 13th Edition of the African Economic Outlook Report for 2014 was launched today with participation of policy makers, ambassadors of African countries, national and international development partners, and the media. The occasion took place at Mamoun Behiery Centre (MBC), where representatives of the Government, African Development Bank (AfDB), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and MBC addressed the event.
26 Jun 2014
Graduation Ceremony of Darfur Youth Volunteers - Youth Volunteers Rebuilding Darfur
The ceremony took place simultaneously in El Fasher and Nyala to celebrate the volunteers' graduation under the project led by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in cooperation with the Peace Studies and Research Centres of the Universities of El Fasher and Nyala. Local authorities such as the State Ministry of Finance, State Judiciary, Ministry of Animal Resource, Darfur Regional Authority (DRA) as well as representatives of the African Union - United Nations Mission in Darfur (UNAMID), El Fasher and Nyala universities have participated in the event.
09 Jun 2014
Darfur reshapes its public spending processes
Planning a state's public spending on local infrastructure and basic services, and keeping reliable and transparent records of that expenditure, is crucial. These processes boost citizen confidence about the integrity of its public officials and good use of the public purse.
21 May 2014
Crafting South Kordofan's First Locality Development Plan
South Kordofan- The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in collaboration with South Kordofan state ministries and local authorities have kick started recently South Kordofan's first ever Five Year Locality Development Plan.
13 May 2014
UNDP Regional Meeting on Sustainable Development in a Time of Transition
Khartoum - The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Sudan country office and the UNDP Regional Centre- Cairo are organizing a three day high level regional event hosting the Arab states Environment & Energy Community of Practice (CoP) Meeting during the period 13-15 May, 2014.
20 Feb 2014
Sudan Signs USD 1,395,000 Project for Creating Job Opportunities for Youth in Sudan
Khartoum, Wednesday 19 February 2014, marked the first engagement between the Government of Sudan and the IBSA Fund for Poverty and Hunger Alleviation through an employment generation project funded to the tune of USD $1,395,000.
28 Jan 2014
USD 1,300,000 Allocated for Creating Job Opportunities for Youth in Sudan
Khartoum - The Government of Sudan, The India, Brazil and South Africa Facility for Poverty and Hunger Alleviation (IBSA Fund) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) endorsed today a USD 1,300,000 project for the creation of youth employment opportunities in Sudan.
19 Dec 2013
Sudan Releases First National Human Development Report Time to Consolidate Peace by Focusing on Human Development
Khartoum - Sudan's first-ever National Human Development Report (NHDR) launched today representing a significant milestone in Sudan's path towards advancing human development.
10 Dec 2013
South Kordofan: Towards New Prospects of Peace and Development
09 Dec 2013
Boosting Human Development in South Kordofan
Inauguration of Kadugli Civil Service Development Center
Kadugli - South Kordofan - Today the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the government of South Kordofan inaugurated the Kadugli Civil Service Development Center (KDTC) with participation of local authorities, UN agencies, civil society, and the media.
02 Dec 2013
Livelihoods Projects in Darfur: Towards Improving the Leather Industry in Darfur
Some of Darfur's poorest hides and skins producers are getting a chance to benefit from the growing regional demand of leather products with UNDP's pilot project 'Darfur Livelihoods Value Chain Project' working to improve production techniques for leather production in Sudan.
01 Dec 2013
The Darfur Community Peace and Stability Fund (DCPSF) Donor's visit to Project Areas
The Darfur Communities Peace and Stability Fund (DCPSF) donors visited the project site areas in West Darfur region from 24th to 26th of November. The donor monitoring team visited out reached areas and held meetings with NGO consortiums and government officials.
01 Dec 2013
The Challenge within the Challenged Conflict Settings
The daily security advisories, sounds of radio checks, news of aid workers or peace keepers under attack is something you hear quiet often in the conflict ridden Darfur. The life inside for an aid worker itself is a challenge in the conflict which is intensive care towards peace and stability.
Contact UNDP in SudanMedia Inquiries Phone: (+249) 1 87120000
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- We are in need of a nanny/driver/babysitter in our family home here in United Kingdom applicant that is willing and ready to should pm me into my via email address(email@example.com) Here in just for a verification applicant should email asap Tuesday AT 10:02 AM
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Christien L. Noda, PGA
Main Address:
Kapalua Bay Course
Lahaina, HI 96761-9041
(877) 527-2582
Lahaina, HI 96761-9041
(877) 527-2582
300 Kapalua Dr
Lahaina, HI 96761-9041
Lahaina, HI 96761-9041
(877) 527-2582
Christien Noda is a PGA Professional in Lahaina, HI. The PGA of America comprises 27,000 men and women professionals with one singular goal in mind - to make the game of golf more enjoyable for you.
Services Offered:
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National Awards
- 2010 PGA President's Council on Growing the Game
- 2007 PGA President's Council on Growing the Game
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The hour started with discussions about the rain rule, the difficulties of speaking mathematics to the cricketing community, the criticism faced frommembers of the media largely ignorant of the technique and later the conversation diverged to horses and pop groups named after the duo, hilarious episodes of being mistaken for the former England captain, being compared to Osama Bin Laden and much more… And every answer was accompanied by a heart-warming jovial bout of laughter.
A brief look at the men and their method
Limited-overs cricket had for years been tormented by interruptions. Teams batting second sometimes walked away as victors having scored 126 for eight in 25 overs after chasing 250 to win. The rules were tweaked, but the modifications resulted in South Africa trying to figure out how to get 22 runs in one ball on the huge stage of the1992 World Cup semi-final. The cricket world was looking for a solution that could reduce overs and still keep the situational balance intact. It was also very evident that this was not a simple problem with solutions offered by elementary arithmetic.
Tony Lewis had for long been intrigued by the problem, mostly while watching matches at the WACA ground in Perth where he was working as a lecturer at the Business School of Western Australian College of Advanced Education. When he returned to England with a lecturing job in Bristol Polytechnic, later University of the West of England, he witnessed the notorious semi-final between England and South Africa in 1992. While he thought about the problem, he came to know of another mathematician, and another Lancastrian to boot, Dr Frank Duckworth, of the Berkeley Nuclear Laboratories, who was passionately trying to devise a more realistic rain rule. The two communicated from 1993 onwards and started working tediously on the concepts, using old scorecards of the Wisden to test their evolving method.
In 1996-97, the Duckworth-Lewis method was used for the first time in an international match — during the second ODI game of the series between Zimbabwe and England. An elegant mathematical solution based on exponential decay functions, the technique has been refined often, and still remains the best available rain-rule for interrupted matches.
It has continued to be a labour of love. Contrary to popular perceptions, the two gentlemen have never made money from their sterling service to cricket – bar the occasional expense reimbursements and nominal consulting fees. One cannot copyright or patent a method.It is neither a document nor a material invention. They were not commissioned by the cricket authorities to produce the method. They responded to a need and offered it for use. And, they don't really regret it.
Here is Tony Lewis in a candid interview:
CricketCountry (CC): Could you tell us about explaining sophisticated mathematical techniques to non-mathematicians, convincing administrators about the method, explaining it to the media and the fans…
Tony Lewis (TL): I think the key is to keep it simple. There is an acronym KISS.
CC: Keep It Simple Stupid?
TL: Or 'Keep it Short and Sweet' which is a variation of the same. One tries to avoid technical details and shows how it works in practice. Lots of examples of the past can be used: the 1992 World Cup semi-final for instance and many before and since then. We need to show that the system we are using is fair and works in most circumstances. The driver or key to getting things accepted is to create scenarios, to show how it works in the wide variety of scenarios.
We had good fortune in many ways that the people we were talking to were quantitatively acute; they did figure out what we were doing. The chief executive of ICC (International Cricket Council), David Richards, had an economics background. So he did have certain mathematical expertise. So, we did explain the general principles without going into the background mathematics of the model. His technical background ensured his interest and helped him in understanding what we were getting at.
But the best way was to put scenarios on paper and try them out. Keeping the technical side as limited as possible, mentioning whatever is necessary and keeping it as simple as possible.
CC: But, you have been hounded by some members of the media, who have made no effort to understand the system. Jonathan Agnew and David Lloyd to name two of them.
TL: That's been a difficult area. We have taken the view that we are happy to explain things to them. We have offered many sessions that were suitably pitched. I am a lecturer by trade, and can tweak the material to suit the audience as necessary. Unfortunately the media in general has not shown much interest in taking up the offerings.
We have given lots of seminars, initially to scorers and umpires. They need the training, the scorers certainly do. The umpires too attended at first before they realised that the scorers were doing the job. The cricketers — we haven't really talked to too many of them. Their situation is that they realise it works, and they don't need to know why it works. But the media has been a little difficult.
[In their excellent book Duckworth Lewis: The Method and the Men behind it, it is written: "Initially we had produced a simple explanation of the methods with worked examples, and ECB had circulated this to the media. But few, if any, ever gave the indication that they had read it, let alone gone through the examples"]
CC: Do you get irritated when people, of the media and otherwise, who cannot quite explain an elementary concept like, say, the net run-rate, go on to lambast a far more sophisticated method that they obviously cannot understand?
TL: Mathematics is a conceptual and written language, when the journalists try to convert it into a spoken language, it often sounds silly — that's what irritates me sometimes. They have said quite a few things down the years. If the journalists ask us to comment on something, yes, we talk to them. But then they have often gone on to publish pieces which are rubbish, nonsense, without understanding what is going on — making fun of the mathematics. It sort of denigrates the system. We decided early not to respond in print or even directly to adverse comments. We generally ignore such comments and that's a policy that has worked very well.
Shaun Pollock (left) looks on as rain falls during the ICC Cricket World Cup 2003 Pool B match between South Africa and Sri Lanka held on March 3, 2003 at Kingsmead Cricket Ground, in Durban, South Africa. The match ended in a tie. Photo by Getty Images
CC: There have been some occasions when D/L has been in focus. Like the time Sri Lanka and South Africa tied the match at Durban during the 2007 World Cup.
TL: The only issue [during that match] was a misreading of the par-score sheet. The par-score sheet is an over-by-over, ball-by-ball table of what the par score should be. And the sheet of paper says this is the par-score; it is very clear. What South Africa did was that they considered the par score of 229 as their target (they finished on 229 for five from 45 overs chasing Sri Lanka's 268 from 50), whereas it was not their target, it was the par score.They needed one more to win. So it was a total misreading by the South African camp that led to that misunderstanding. [Sanath] Jayasuriya the Sri Lankan captain knew exactly what the situation was, he knew it was a tie and it was okay for the Sri Lankans.
CC: But, it got you compared to Osama Bin Laden?
TL: (Laughs heartily) Yes, an anonymous correspondent did write that. ['How does it feel to be the most hated person in the world, more hated even than Osama Bin Laden?'] We did not respond.
CC: But you did respond to Tony Grogan the cartoonist. [The cartoon appeared in a South African newspaper depicting Duckworth and Lewis being hanged from the gallows]
TL: (Laughs heartily again)The cartoon appeared on BBC television, Channel 4. It was a fantastic cartoon. We rang up Channel 4 and were referred to Tony Grogan himself in South Africa. I rang him up and said who I was, and he was alarmed and asked, 'have we offended you?' I said, 'No, it's fantastic. Can we use it?' And he said we could use it wherever we liked. [The cartoon is reproduced in the book written by the duo].
CC: What about the time John Dyson, the coach of West Indies, who misread the table and lost the match as a result [against England at Guyana in 2008]
TL: John Dyson, yes. I am not entirely sure what happened there. They seemed to have the par-score sheet, and on the top of the sheet we have the wickets as the column headings from zero to nine. Dyson's sheet did not have the wickets and he labelled them from one to 10. (Dyson read the par score as 242 and asked the batsmen to take the offered light at 244 for seven after 44.2 overs, when the par score was actually 245. As a result the West Indies lost by one run)
CC: The method would have been severely criticised had India won against Australia in the 2003 World Cup Final. (In the 2003 final, India were 145 for three from 23 overs in response to 359 for two of Australia. They were just four runs behind par. If the game had stopped after two overs and India had scored five runs on par without losing a wicket, they would have won)
TL: Yes. That was something we knew about. We were then using what is now known as the Standard Edition. We knew that under normal circumstances it worked well, but we had also known for a while that in case of very big totals the approach was not really that good. We did have in place a computerised version, but it meant that the transparency was lost. You couldn't do it manually by looking up the tables. Up until that point the ICC were very happy with the manual version and the transparency that came with it. But Australia got 359 and that showed up the flaws and straightaway the next edition was introduced which handled high scores much better. The par score for India is likely to be much higher now.
CC: How is the model kept in synch with the changing approach to run scoring?
TL: What we do is we monitor how the game changes. With Twenty-20 thinking coming along, they score a lot quicker early in the innings. Then we need to tweak the parameters. We did that in 2009. The basic model stays the same, but the parametersare adjusted. The database is updated every two years.
CC: There have been some sterling helping hands like David Kendix and Dr Steven Stern.
TL: Yes. David Kendix, the MCC scorer, is a very good sounding board. Dr Steven Stern of Australia has shown a lot of interest in the method. He published apaper with a suggestion about how to evaluate the par scores differently. He has done some good work in the rating of teams and cricketers as well. He has also written the Windows Software for our method (WINCODA). It was in a basic format and needed to be written for Windows. We did not have the expertise, but he did. The software is brilliant and highly thought about around the world.
CC: You have received academic acclaim for your method. Duckworth Lewis method has also received awards in the academic world. And later you have been honoured in the cricketing world as well. Which is more satisfying?
TL: Both are extremely satisfying; there is no difference. You see something you do actually used across the world on such a scale. The academic world appreciates the mathematics behind it, recognising the contribution in our academic profile. In cricket, we have not made any money, but we have met great personalities. It was a great pleasure, for example, meeting Clyde Walcott. As I said, both are satisfying.
CC: What do you make of Sunil Gavaskar's comment that it does not matter if another method is used in Indian domestic cricket because never rains in India?
TL: (laughs) It does rain sometimes … but the difference is that the need for a rain rule is not that important as it is here.
CC: You have had two pop groups named after the two of you, as also a race horse.
TL: Yes. The first Duckworth-Lewis group disappeared years ago, but the second one is still producing music. The horse didn't do too well, though. He has retired.
(Coley Racing, a syndicate based in Cheltenham, included several well-known cricket personalities. They gave their horses names such as Caught in the Slips, Nudge and Nurdle and Silly Mid-off. One horse was named Duckworth-Lewis and the two mathematicians were invited to its first outing at Uttoxeter in November 2006. The horse started as joint favourite but finished tenth. The best it managed in a two-year career was a third position.)
CC: Once an alternative rain rule from India was sent to the Prime Minister's office…
TL: Yes. Tony Blair was the Prime Minister at that time. And his office received the suggested method and sent it to ECB. ECB directed it to us for our comments.
CC: What about being mistaken for the former England skipper Tony Lewis. Does that still happen? (One such invitation meant for Tony Lewis, the cricketer, to attend a garden party at Hertfordshire estate was received from Lord MacLaurin of Knebworth, then the president of the ECB)
TL: Not very often, but it still sometimes happens. Sometimes in a seminar people are expecting the other Tony Lewis, and I sometimes end up apologising. I was giving a seminar in Cardiff University a few years ago. And Cardiff is the homeland of Tony Lewis. I was introduced and it felt embarrassing after coming to Cardiff and Glamorgan. And I said, 'if you are expecting the other Tony Lewis I would be happy if you want to go.'
I used to receive invitation to parties meant for him, with his my wife's name written as Joan instead of Loris, which I used to think was a mistake. But that doesn't happen anymore.
CC: A last question from very close to the heart. Often we try to produce statistical articles to settle various age-old arguments about who the better player was and so on. Quite often, the responses read 'numbers don't mean anything'. Any advice from someone who has managed to get a mathematical system successfully across to the cricketing world?
TL: (laughs) When we suggested our method, cricket was looking for a solution to a long standing problem. So, it was accepted. What you are trying to do is settle cricketing arguments. In this case mathematics defeats the purpose. People don't want solutions, they want to argue about cricket. So, it is very different.
(Arunabha Sengupta is a cricket historian and Chief Cricket Writer at CricketCountry. He writes about the history and the romance of the game, punctuated often by opinions about modern day cricket, while his post-graduate degree in statistics peeps through in occasional analytical pieces. The author of three novels, he can be followed on Twitter at http://twiter.com/senantix)


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