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Journal Sentinel business reporter Tom Daykin talks about commercial real estate and development.
Is Columbia Hospital's sale closer?
The Business Journal, citing unnamed sources, says the sale of Columbia Hospital is getting closer.
If that property--which has been on the sale block forever--is finally sold, it will likely be for redevelopment into student housing, classroom space and other facilities for its neighbor, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. The hospital is to shut down next year as Columbia St. Mary's Hospital continues the expansion of its Lake Drive campus.
But any attempt to do student housing at the Columbia site will draw huge opposition from east side residents and Ald. Nik Kovac, whose district includes the UWM area.
Kovac and Ald. Bob Bauman recently introduced an ordinance that would steer future UWM student housing developments to downtown.
Meanwhile, the Common Council's Zoning, Neighborhoods and Development Committee will consider Tuesday the proposed comprehensive plan for Milwaukee's northeast side. That plan includes a recommendation that the Columbia site be considered for a variety of options, including UWM classrooms, research facilities and student housing.
Of course, this all assumes the property will be sold. Columbia St. Mary's spokeswoman Kathy Schmitz says there's no agreement yet. Developer Doug Weas, whom the Business Journal identified as one of the prospective buyers, declined to comment.
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The present invention relates to a communications system between low-orbit satellites and terminals, in which the beams (12) of each service area (14) are illuminated according to a beam-hopping spatial scanning. For each satellite and for each terminal transmission and reception are separated in time and synchronized. Time-division duplex is used. Applicable especially to the field of space telecommunications.
1. A communications system, comprising:
low-orbit satellites, each of said satellites providing ground coverage over respective service areas by using a plurality of radiation beams; and
a plurality of ground terminals, located within said service areas, and communicating with said satellites over respective links;
wherein the beams of each of said service areas are switched on in accordance with a beam-hopping technique;
wherein transmission and reception, for each of said plurality of ground terminals and each of said low-orbit satellites communicating over each of said respective links, are (1) synchronized and (2) separated in time;
wherein an identical frequency band is used for said transmission and said reception; and
wherein time-division duplex is utilized for each of said respective links.
2. A communications system according to claim 1, wherein each satellite comprises a communications antenna system which ensures uniform flux coverage through the plurality of beams.
3. A communications system according to claim 2, characterized in that the beams are elliptical beams elongated in the direction of passage of the satellite.
4. A communications system according to claim 1, characterized in that the access mode of the satellites is a TDMA mode.
5. A communications system according to claim 1, characterized in that the access mode of the satellites is a CDMA mode.
6. A communications system according to claim 1, characterized in that the satellites have a polar orbit.
7. A communications system according to claim 1, characterized in that the satellites have an inclined orbit.
8. A communications system according to claim 7, characterized in that it employs two Walker type satellite constellations.
9. A communications system according to claim 1, wherein a footprint of said beams on the ground forms a cell of said satellite communications system.
10. Assignment of resources of a satellite forming part of a communications system according to claim 1, of which the coverage is formed by a set of spots which are the plots on the ground of different service area beams of each satellite, characterized in that the said assignment of resources illuminates in succession groups of spots selected among the N spots of the satellite, in a sequence according to a beam-hopping law.
11. Assignment of resources of a satellite forming part of a communications system according to claim 1, characterized in that interference between beams is avoided by means of a frequency allocation scheme.
12. Assignment of resources of a satellite forming part of a communications system according to claim 1, characterized in that said assignment of resources uses all of the available band in a beam and in that interference between beams is avoided by said beam-hopping technique with space diversity.
13. Assignment of resources of a satellite forming part of a communications system according to claim 1, characterized in that said assignment of resources is adapted to provide beams elongated in the direction parallel to the passage of the satellite in such a manner as to reduce the number of handoffs which have to be made during the course of the same communication.
14. The communication system according to claim 1, wherein at least one of said terminals first effects open loop synchronization with one of said satellites using signals received from a network-controlling station, and then effects closed loop synchronization with said one of said satellites.
15. A terminal forming part of a communications system according to claim 1, characterized in that said terminal sends a synchronizing first message indicating a time delay which is appropriate for perfect synchronization.
16. An interconnection earth station forming part of a communications system according to claim 1, characterized in that said station comprises means for tracking and controlling the synchronization of receptions and transmissions of terminals and satellites of said system.
17. A communications system, comprising:
low-orbit satellites, each of which (1) provides ground coverage over respective service areas by using elliptical radiation beams elongated in a satellite direction of passage, and (2) comprises a communications antenna system that ensures uniform flux coverage through said beams;
ground terminals, located within said service areas, and communicating with said satellites over respective links; and
an interconnection earth station comprising means for tracking and controlling the synchronization of said respective links;
wherein the beams of each of said service areas are switched on in accordance with a space diversity beam-hopping technique;
wherein a ground footprint of each of said beams forms a respective cell of said communications system;
wherein transmission and reception, for each of said ground terminals and each of said satellites communicating over each of said respective links, are (1) synchronized and (2) separated in time;
wherein an identical frequency band is used for said transmission and said reception; and
wherein time-division duplex is utilized for each of said respective links.
18. The communications system as set forth in claim 17, wherein said satellites have an access mode selected from the group consisting of TDMA and CDMA.
19. The communications system as set forth in claim 18, wherein at least one of said terminals first effects open loop synchronization with one of said satellites using signals received from a network-controlling station, and then effects closed loop synchronization with said one of said satellites.
20. The communications system as set forth in claim 18, wherein at least one of said terminals sends a synchronizing first message indicating a time delay appropriate for perfect synchronization.
21. The communications system as set forth in claim 1, wherein:
said plurality of ground terminals communicate with said satellites over said respective links according to a communications frame; and
said communications frame has a duration determined by said time-division duplex operation of a farthest one of said plurality of ground terminals which, within a respective one of said service areas, is farthest from a communicating one of said satellites.
22. The communications system as set forth in claim 21, wherein:
said communications frame has transmission time periods and reception time periods interleaved on a one by one basis.
23. The communications system as set forth in claim 21, wherein:
said communications frame has transmission time periods and reception time periods, said transmission time periods being not interleaved with said reception time periods.
24. The communications system as set forth in claim 17, wherein:
said plurality of ground terminals communicate with said satellites over said respective links according to a communications frame; and
said communications frame has a duration determined by said time-division duplex operation of a farthest one of said plurality of ground terminals which, within a respective one of said service areas, is farthest from a communicating one of said satellites.
25. The communications system as set forth in claim 24, wherein:
said communications frame has transmission time periods and reception time periods interleaved on a one by one basis.
26. The communications system as set forth in claim 24, wherein:
said communications frame has transmission time periods and reception time periods, said transmission time periods being not interleaved with said reception time periods.
This is a Continuation of U.S. application No. 08/066,147, filed as PCT/FR92/00911, Oct. 1, 1992, now abandoned.
This invention concerns a low-orbit satellite communications system for terminals, which may or may not be mobile and may be transmitter/receivers or just receivers.
Satellite communications with mobile terminals investigated up to the present use two types of orbit, namely geostationary satellite orbits and strongly inclined elliptical orbits, both with the property that they can be located, on the average, above the regions of space with strong concentrations of particles, known as Van Allen belts. Recently lower orbits have been considered, with altitudes located between 800 Km and 2000 Km. One characteristic of satellite communications systems which use such orbits is the possibility of communicating with a large number of mobile terminals, for example of portable type. However the poor radio performance of these terminals makes it necessary to provide compensation by way of superior radio performance of the satellite. The difference between the orbits at an altitude higher than the Van Allen belts and those at lower altitude lies in attenuation in space which is the less the closer the satellite is to the earth.
Depending on the frequency bands available there are two possible transmission systems. The first uses only the L band for the mobile-satellite links; the other uses the L and S bands. However, these systems can vary from country to country, since several transmission standards can be used, for example using TDMA access techniques, techniques of CDMA type, etc.
The communications system of the invention is compatible with "special mobile group" GSM standards. It is equally adaptable to CDMA transmission techniques. This system uses only one frequency band for the terminal-satellite links.
The object of the invention is thus to provide a particular transmission sequence, inasmuch as neither the satellite nor the terminal can receive and transmit at the same time. This makes it necessary to set up a transmission/reception frame and to establish special synchronization procedures, in time for a TDMA system and in time and in code for a CDMA system.
A CCIR Report (document No. US IWP 8/14-52, 1st Aug. 1990) entitled "Technical characteristics of a personal communication mobile-satellite system" describes a communications system by means of low orbit satellites with multi-beam antennas, each comprising 37 conical beams. Such a system suffers from the major problem of having a large number of beams which each form a small plot on the ground. Moreover changes in the beams can be produced with the passage of time, both because of the mobility of the users and because of the progression of the satellites. These are accompanied in general by a change of resources (handover). A high number of these in the course of a conversation spoils the quality of the link and affects listening comfort. Such a system has the disadvantage of a long transmission/reception frame.
The object of the present invention is to ameliorate these problems by teaching a communications system which allows the capacity of the satellites to be improved greatly, using a short transmission/reception frame.
To this end it provides a communications system between low-orbit satellites and terminals, characterized in that the beams of each satellite service area are turned on in accordance with a beam-hopping spatial scanning technique, in that transmission and reception are synchronized and separated in time for each satellite and each terminal, and in that time-division duplex is utilized.
In one embodiment, the communications antenna system of each satellite ensures uniform flux coverage through a plurality of beams, which may advantageously be elliptical, and elongate in the direction of progression of the satellite.
The invention will be set forth in more detail below, with the aid of the description and the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 shows a service area in a prior art satellite communications system;
FIG. 2 illustrates the satellite communications system of the invention;
FIGS. 3 and 4 show two types of transmission/reception frames for the system shown in FIG. 2;
FIG. 5 shows a particular embodiment of the system of the invention.
The system or "constellation" of satellites considered is a system with worldwide cover which complements existing terrestrial communications systems. In this system a terminal, whether or not mobile and whether a transmitter/receiver or just a receiver, is identified, located and connected by a satellite of the constellation through a gateway to the permanent public network, allowing access to all of the services of the public telephone network or of the future ISDN.
The radio resources allocated to the set of terminals are divided into satellite cells which each correspond to an area of small size in relation to the satellite service area and of large size relative to a terrestrial cell of a mobile network of the GSM (special mobile group) type. This cell is associated with a gateway station and the terminals belonging geographically to this area are associated with this station.
In such a satellite communications system there are two possible classes of low orbit:
polar orbits, whose planes pass through the poles (or quasi-polar to take account of sun-synchronous orbits, i.e. orbits whose planes remain fixed in space). These orbits have the property of ensuring, in principle, continuous whole earth coverage;
inclined orbits, whose planes make a given angle, in practice less than 60�, with the plane of the equator. Continuous coverage is then provided in two bands with edges parallel to the equator and symmetrical about the equator.
Each type of orbit has points of intersection between the planes of the orbits. In the case of polar orbits, they intersect in the vicinity of the poles. In the case of inclined orbits, they intersect in the vicinity of the equator. Furthermore, the service area of a satellite is determined by geometrical conditions: it comprises the set of points on the earth where the satellite is observed with an elevation (the angle made by the line from the user to the satellite with the plane tangent to the ground at the location of the terminal) greater than a predetermined value (which lies in the range 10� to 15� in practice).
These two orbit types have the same property that the service areas of the satellites overlap at different places or times:
in the case of polar orbits it is approaching the poles that the service areas gradually overlap;
in the case of inclined orbits the description of the overlap phenomenon is more complex but, in certain areas, it can amount to 100%. There are even satellite constellations which give quadruple coverage in some areas.
Such a property is advantageous, since it allows calls to be established with at least two satellites in most cases. The concept of the system of the invention takes account of this multiple coverage to avoid interference between service areas. The access mode for these satellites in low orbit equally takes account of this problem of interference.
In prior art satellite communications systems, such as that defined above, a coverage area is formed on the ground with the aid of a plurality of beams 10, as shown in FIG. 1. The useful coverage is the area 11. Such a coverage has several problems. In the path from the satellite to the terminal there are several areas in which the interference power is very high. These areas, whether in TDMA (time division multiple access) or CDMA (code division multiple access) are material to dimensioning, i.e. they play a large part in determining the size, weight and cost of the satellite in question. If the orbits are more inclined, the interference can lead to a link being interrupted for several tens of seconds. Moreover, such coverage with narrow beams requires resources to be changed rather frequently. In systems in which the number of beams is large, this leads to changes in resources every few minutes for example. The expense of processing then involved on the ground is far from negligible.
Moreover, both in CDMA in which the near-far effect can be very large, and in TDMA/FDMA or FDMA (frequency division multiple access), in which the bad effects of carriers of large amplitude on those which are less powerful are known, it is desirable to have antenna gain such that the power received on the ground (per unit area) is as uniform as possible. As is well known in the art, the near-far effect refers to the principle that signal power decreases in proportion to the square of the transmitted distance, and thus near transmissions tend to "drown out" far transmissions.
Like terrestrial systems of radio-communications with mobile stations, the satellite system of the invention, such as that shown in FIG. 2, is a cellular system for which the cells of the largest size are formed by the plots on the ground of different coverage beams 12 of each multi-beam satellite 13. From a radio point of view, a cell is characterized by a set of resources (frequencies, intervals of time, codes) in which the terminal becomes an element for establishing a call. The system of the invention is a system with N beams 12.
In the example illustrated in FIG. 2, the ground coverage 14 of a satellite 13 of the constellation is shown. Groups of several spots 12 are turned on is succession, selected from the N spots of the satellite, sequentially. This operation is effected both in transmission and in reception, which leads naturally to a transmission frame. In general terms, the coverage is built up from a set of N spots (which may be circular, elliptical or of any other shape), turned on simultaneously according to a beam-hopping law.
Transmission and reception in the different spots conform to the scheme of satellite frames considered later.
Thus, in the case of a multi-beam system there are two means for overcoming interference between neighboring beams pertaining to the same satellite:
each of the beams is permanently turned on and limitation of interference between beams is made possible by a frequency allocation scheme. The whole available band is not then used in a beam.
the whole available band is used in a beam. The technique which overcomes interference between neighboring beams is spatial scanning or beam hopping. Simultaneously switched on beams are sufficiently far apart spatially for their levels of mutual interference to be acceptable.
As to limitation of interference between beams from different satellites, when two or more satellites cross or approach each other, their plots on the ground overlap to a greater or lesser extent. Such events occur relatively frequently in a multi-beam system. Furthermore, additional interference can result from propagation over the horizon. This random interference cannot in this case be limited by the beam-hopping technique.
Among all existing access modes, several modes make a judicious compromise between performance (number of channels) and complexity (and hence cost) of the demodulator. This applies to modes using either separation of signals by frequency (FDMA) or separation in time (TDMA) or code separation (CDMA) or hybrid modes, a CDMA-TDMA combination for example.
The most advantageous modes are those which can be compatible with the modes used for cellular networks on the ground. These are three in number:
frequency division access mode (FDMA) using frequency duplexing. This requires four frequency bands to establish a link: two frequency bands to establish the links between the terminal and the satellite and two frequency bands to establish the links between the satellite and the fixed stations of the ground network (connecting links).
A capacity of slightly less than 40 carriers per MHz and per narrow beam can be attained, (half-rate GSM type or speech signal coded at 4800 bits/second).
time division access mode (TDMA), in particular one which increases the data rate in such a way that respective users only have access to the satellite during short intervals pre-assigned to each of them. In the system of the invention several carriers per frequency band are used in such a way that the data rate will not be too high. The selected data rate is that of the ground cellular network which the satellite system complements. For example, in Europe the GSM network (ETSI European standard) is chosen for preference, in the United States the DAMPS network (US digital standard). In this kind of access, since the frequency band used by each carrier is higher than the Doppler effect, beam-hopping is used. However, beam-hopping requires synchronization between transmission and reception, both for the satellite and for the terminal. Several solutions are then possible, depending on the frequency bands which are available to the mobile station:
in the conventional case in which two frequency bands are available for the mobile terminal-to-satellite links it is possible to simplify the structure of the terminal by using transmission and reception that are always separated in time, (this technique being called "time-division duplex" and denoted TDD). The access principle then adhered to is as follows: to establish a call a frequency resource is allocated (choice of a carrier frequency), then within this resource the transmission instants are defined. Synchronization has to be ensured by the terminal and the gateway station. This is effected firstly in a special channel, and then in the transmission channel where transmission instant is changed incrementally.
in the case of a single frequency band for the mobile terminal-to-satellite links, operation in TDD for the mobile terminals and the satellite is obligatory. This leads to a particularly simple assignment of satellite resources. Synchronization of transmission from a mobile terminal is effected using firstly a special channel, then by using a closed loop method which increments or decrements the transmission instant. In this case, as in the preceding case, centralized management of the frequency resources enables interference to be limited. Moreover, having to make rapid changes in resources (handover) is not ruled out since the system of the invention is required to supplement a ground network which already has these features. The management is effected on the following principle: above a certain satellite altitude, the geographical areas in which there is a possibility of interference are restricted. In these areas only are resources allocated by spectrum. In all others, a terminal can have access to the whole spectrum. Nevertheless, it is possible to find a cure for interference without having recourse to total central management of the system, by using frequency hopping at a low rate, such that, if there is interference, it will exist for a short time only.
The capacity which can then be obtained is slightly less than 35 carriers per MHz. (This capacity seems lower than that referred to for FDMA but it is necessary to take account of the fact that there is only one band of frequencies; this type of system actually has almost twice the capacity). The main advantage of this type of system is that it allows use of a very simple assignment of satellite resources.
the code division access mode (CDMA), otherwise known as "spread spectrum" enables a decentralized solution to the problems of interference. The use of spread spectrum allows several carriers to be superimposed, originating from one or more satellites. This mode can be used either with FDD type access (transmission and reception having different frequency bands) or with TDD type access.
In the case of two frequency bands for the mobile terminal-to-satellite links, both FDD and TDD access types are possible. A TDD type of solution allows reduction of the interference rate resulting from multiple coverage in the case of inclined orbits. Thus, when there is superimposed coverage, there is local degradation of capacity, which can be compensated for by a system of power control. Such a system is used essentially in the satellite-to-terminal path. It enables each user to be guaranteed a minimum call quality. In a multiple coverage situation, certain users are penalized by too great interference power. On the other hand, if this interference is not too great, it is possible to increase the satellite power assigned to these users. The total resultant increase in power is minimal in principle. However it has an impact on the quality of the links of other users, who then see their interference power increased. The use of a power control system thus has limitations which cannot be avoided.
As in the case of TDMA, it is possible to operate with a single frequency band. In this case the access procedure is of TDD type. However, spreading the spectrum poses some specific problems. Demodulation of spread spectrum signals assumes that the receiver is capable of recovering the timing reference used in transmission. Two methods can then be used: either reconstruction of the reference timing from the received signals (but the use of long codes made necessary by the number of users simultaneously present in the system makes this method very complex to use) or storing the timing reference in memory, then reconstituting it during reception by estimating the variations which may exist between reception of two packets.
The main problem with TDD access is the initial acquisition of transmission synchronization. This synchronization is effected firstly in open loop, then in closed loop with the aid of the station which controls the network. In a first interval, a terminal acquires the signalling channel of the network. Then, if it is required to transmit, a first message is sent whose reception makes it possible to define the time delay, which it is appropriate to apply in order to be in perfect synchronism. Once this synchronization of the loop has been attained and the terminal is synchronized, tracking and control of the synchronization is effected by measurement of the synchronization in the terrestrial station providing the interface with the switched telephone network. However, there is a particularly simple case of TDD operation in which this procedure does not have to be applied and in which the reception of the signal by the terminal is sufficient on its own to provide the synchronization information, this being the case in which only the terminal operates in TDD. In this case, the terminal operates with two frequencies, but alternately. As soon as it receives a signal from the satellite, it transmits. At the satellite, on account of the differences in distance, it is not possible to receive all the signals from terminals in the same beam simultaneously. Satellite transmission is framed with beam-hopping, i.e. it is effected alternately byway of half the number of beams, each transmitting beam being separated from another by a non-transmitting beam. In the following interval of time the reverse applies. However, reception by the satellite must be continuous because of the time dispersion arising from the dispersion of distances. Code access is sensitive to the amplitude dispersion of the various carriers at the same frequency. Strictly orthogonal codes (for example Walsh-Hadamard codes), that are perfectly synchronized are used to ensure that this effect is not significant. (However synchronization is never perfect with low orbit satellites, although it can be very good.) The shape of coverage obtained with the aid of the satellite antennas is thus very significant, if it is desired to avoid what is known as the "near-far problem". In other words, the large amplitude carriers interfere much more than the small amplitude carriers. In a system which is functioning correctly, all the carriers are brought to levels that are as close as possible.
In the system of the invention there are two possibilities for synchronization which lead to two different frame structures. Firstly however it is convenient to identify the constraints.
The adopted satellite constellation ensures that every point on the ground is covered by at least two satellites, so that it is necessary to control the interference between satellites. The most troublesome interference is that emanating from a satellite at a low elevation when a high elevation satellite is in use;
It is necessary to have coverage by narrow beams to establish a compatible balance with the constraints arising from the use of portable terminals. The minimum number is six service areas. Thus the interference of one beam with another should be controlled, which leads, in TDMA, to the use of beam-hopping. Of six beams, two or three will be turned on simultaneously, leaving two or one separating beams between the active radio beams.
In the system of the invention only a single frequency band is available; it is thus necessary to operate in alternation. Such alternation of operation must be possible both for a mobile station located near the sub-satellite point and for a mobile station at the edge of the service area.
The latter constraint allows two frame structures to be considered:
a) In one structure satellite transmissions E in each of the beams are linked in time in the same way as the instants of reception R. Frame duration is then determined by the time-division duplex operation of the mobile station farthest from the satellite. Assuming that the instants of transmission and of reception in each beam are of the same duration, this constraint is expressed by the following inequality:
n is the number of instants of transmission,
Te is the duration of each of these instants,
Dmax is the maximum distance (at the minimum elevation),
F is the duration of the frame.
Such a frame, called "short", is shown in FIG. 3. It comprises a succession of transmission-reception pairs, forming a frame of length Tf. For a given transmission, the corresponding reception occurs one frame later.
The conditions for non-collision of transmission-reception packets is interpreted geometrically by the separation of the E/R bands drawn in full lines in the range of altitudes between Dmin and Dmax.
In one particularly advantageous embodiment of the system of the invention shown in FIG. 4, groups of two spots selected from the 6 spots of the satellite are illuminated in succession. This operation is effected both in transmission and in reception. In this system the geometrical shape of the of the beams 12 has been modified; from circular they have become elliptically elongated. The time of communication without handover is thus increased appreciably. The major axis of the ellipse is located parallel to the direction 15 of progression of the satellite. In this manner, as long as the user remains visible from the satellite, that user is illuminated continuously by the same beam throughout the call. The adoption of a restricted number of elongate elliptical beams thus imports a definite advantage at the system level: the complexity of several sub-systems is reduced (flow control, antenna) and the management of certain functions is simplified at the global level (management of communications and resources). Greater flexibility and greater availability of the system for communication with mobile terminals thus result.
The system of the invention advantageously comprises satellite constellations belonging to the group of constellations known as and classified under the name "symmetrical Walker constellations". (On this topic, the article by J. G. Walker entitled "Continuous whole earth coverage by circular orbit satellites" appearing in "Satellite systems for mobile communications and surveillance"; IEEE conference publication 95; 1973). These constellations are symmetrical beth as to the distribution of satellites in the same orbit and as to the equal inclination of their orbital planes in space. They are chosen because they allow the number of satellites for a given coverage to be minimized and they are particularly effective in covering a band of latitudes.
A Walker constellation is characterized by five parameters:
Altitude, here 1389 km (for reasons of length of life).
The triplet of parameters T/P/F:
T is the total number of satellites,
P is the number of orbital planes,
F is the phase parameter which indicates the relative positions of the satellites of one orbital plane to the next.
To optimize coverage of inhabited areas, i.e. lying between the equator and latitude 65� (north and south), requires a Walker constellation (1389 km, 52�, 48/8/1). This constellation has the advantage of allowing optimum coverage of the area, especially from the point of view of elevation, but it has the disadvantage, as with all constellations having a large number of satellites of requiring at least two years to be put into place. The system which is used therefore has two constellations, which can be put in place in succession.
The constellations used are the following:
Walker constellation (1389 km, 47�, 24/08/3), which provides proper coverage of the contiguous United States (CONUS) and of the south of Europe (typically up to the latitude of Lille), but which has large gaps in coverage below latitude 30�.
Walker constellation (1389 km, 55�, 24/08/3), which covers the rest of the world and allows optimization of coverage, especially in elevation for countries between latitudes 10� and 60�.
Thus at 10� elevation and 1389 km altitude, this leads to: (n-1)Te≧23.05 ms, namely 5 GSM frames.
If n=2 is selected, the minimum frame duration is then 4Te, namely F=92.3 ms.
If n=3 is selected, the value for Te which suits in a GSM frame is 3. This leads to F=83.07 ms.
If n=6 is selected, the value of Te is one GSM frame and F =55.38 ms.
The periods are long and it is necessary to note that, as n increases, the capacity of the band decreases.
b) The other possibility is to alternate transmission and reception on each of the groups of beams operating simultaneously. Alternate operation leads to two constraints, one arising from the terminals near the zenith, the other from those near the edge of the service area. The two inequalities which determine these constraints are:
for terminals having the satellite at zenith:
for the terminals at the limit of coverage:
Te is the ON-time of a transmitting beam,
Tr is the ON-time of a receiving beam,
Dmin is the minimum distance (altitude of the satellite),
Dmax is the distance between the satellite and the mobile station at the edge of the area at minimum elevation,
m is the number of transmit-receive pairs forming the frame,
f is the duration of the frame.
Such a frame, known as "long" is shown in FIG. 4. In one frame period all transmissions occur followed by the corresponding receptions. The condition for non-collision is interpreted geometrically by the spacing of the E/R bands up to a distance Dmax.
In the embodiment shown in FIG. 5:
The first given constraint, assuming Te=Tr, Te≦4.63 ms, allows taking:
Te=1 GSM frame=4.615 ms;
The second constraint gives:
at 10� elevation, F>23.07 ms or F>5.01 GSM frames, where m=3 and F=27.69 ms.
at 20� elevation F>18.39 ms or F>3.98 GSM frames, where m=2 and F=18.46 ms.
In an advantageous implementation based on the system shown in FIG. 5 a synchronizing method is selected with a short frame, F=18.46 ms since once the constellation is in place in most regions of the globe, elevation exceeds 20�. During the start-up phase, a double frame duration may be selected so as to be able to operate at zero elevation. Since the two frames can operate simultaneously in the low latitudes, which are also the regions of little traffic, the frame duration can be 36.92 ms. Even and odd terminals are then distinguished, each operating with a single spacing frame. The double frame system allows the capacity of the satellites to be maximized.
The only problem which can occur is the transmission of a terminal of one parity at a low elevation during reception from a terminal of the other parity located in the vicinity of the former. However, there are two remedies for this situation, which probability calculations show to occur infrequently. The first relies on the assignment of resources from the same station. Thus the two terminals pertain in principle to the same gateway, since they are near to one another. The algorithm for assignment of resources can be such that the even and odd terminals do not have access to the same channel, which solves the problem in principle for the great majority of operational situations. The second is to effect a handover on detecting persistent interference.
The selected frame structure, seen from the satellite, thus comprises two transmission-reception intervals, the transmission duration being equal to that of reception. The duration of a transmission interval is equal to that of a GSM frame, namely 4.615 ms. The duration of the base frame is four GSM frames but a mode of operation with double duration is possible, to take account of a mode of operation at elevations less than 20�.
The structure of the GSM frame is thus imposed because of the constraint of the altitude of the satellites. It should be noted that the organization (arrangement in time) of the frames cannot be adhered to as such, at least in this mode of alternate operation. However it is operationally possible to set up the same types of channels, even if the numbering is modified.
The frame sequence is preserved, as are the modulation and the packet duration. The signalling channels are kept identical. With an additional delay, of some milliseconds, nearly the same procedures can be applied.
It is clear that the present invention has only been described and shown by way of preferred example and that its parts could be replaced by equivalent parts without however departing from the scope of the invention.
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14 November 2013 07:39 [Source: ICIS news]
SINGAPORE (ICIS)--Lotte Chemical Titan Holding is currently running its two naphtha crackers at Pasir Gudang in Malaysia at 95-100% capacity, an industry familiar with the matter said on Thursday.
The nameplate capacity for both crackers are at 285,000 tonnes/year and 435,000 tonnes/year respectively, according to ICIS data.
Meanwhile, the company does not plan to shut any of the crackers for maintenance in 2014, the source said.
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Department of NatioNal associatioN Washington, DC Permit No. 9366 Non-Profit Org. U.S. Postage of Parish catechetical Directors Religious Education PAID T he Department of Religious Education provides national leadership and services which foster total religious education/catechesis at all levels – youth, adult, family, parish and school. Through its publications and projects, the department encourages education and catechesis that are evangelizing, ecclesial and responsible. The department is especially committed to the support of catechetical leaders in diocesan offices, parishes and schools. The principal membership group is the National Association of Parish Catechetical Directors (NPCD). Voice of NCEA Department Vision Statement Inspired by the vision and mission of Jesus Catechetical Christ, recognizing our role as stewards of the mysteries of God, the Department of Religious Education serves all departments of NCEA and thousands of catechetical leaders by being a The Parish collaborative, evangelizing force through creative and transformative programs and resources, National Catholic Educational Association while promoting Catholic identity in parishes and schools. The Parish Catechetical Voice of NCEA The National Association of Department of Religious Education Parish Catechetical Directors 1077 30th Street, NW, Suite 100 NPCD is the parish catechetical voice of the "The single most critical factor in an Washington, DC 20007-3852 NCEA, a professional membership organization. effective parish catechetical program NPCD advances excellence in catechesis by networking, representing and empowering is the leadership of a professionally trained parish catechetical leaders at the national, catechetical leader." regional and local levels. —National Directory for Catechesis, N. 54, B 5 NCEA Mission Statement Rooted in the Gospel of Jesus Christ, the National Catholic Educational Association (NCEA) is a professional membership organization that provides leadership, direction and service to fulfill the evangelizing, catechetical and teaching mission of the Church. National Catholic Educational Association Highlights of NPCD New Member Application 2009–2010 Membership Benefits n Professional Development Programs & Annual Membership Fees Services through the Department of Religious Education's Institute for Please Check One: Transformative Catechetical Leadership n Networking through meetings and ❑ First member from a parish: $85 activities of National, Regional, and Local ❑ Second and third members from same parish: $68 each Catechetical Associations ❑ Fourth and more members from same parish: $53 each n Annual NPCD Convocation & NCEA Convention Name_________________________________________________________ Title ________________________________ n Member Newsletters: NPCD News (quarterly), NPCD Highlights (semi- Diocese____________________________________________ Parish _________________________________________ annually); and, NCEA's Journal Momentum (5 times a year). Office Address _____________________________________________________________________________________ n ACRE & IFG Religious Education Assess- City ___________________________________________ State _____________________ Zip _____________________ ment Instruments for Youth and Adults n Catechetical Scholars Program Phone (_______) __________________________________ Fax (_______) _____________________________________ n National Recognition of Outstanding Catechetical Leaders though the Emmaus E-mail _________________________________________________ Date of Application _______/________/________ Award, the Mustard Seed Award and the Religious Educational Excellence Award n NCEA and Department of Religious Parish Membership $350 Education publications For further information call 202.337.6232, x5740 or e-mail firstname.lastname@example.com n Insurance Programs n Includes pastors, directors and coordinators of religious education/faith formation, catechumenate, youth ministers n Five staff members individually named for voting, surveys and special mailings n Membership cards for all catechists: access to NCEA/NPCD Web site & discounts n 4 copies of NPCD News and 2 copies of Momentum to each parish n Discount benefits for all members Send completed form with payment to: NPCD, Department of Religious Education National Catholic Educational Association 1077 30th St. NW, Washington DC 20007-3852 (202) 337-6232 • (800) 711-6232 • fax (202) 333-6706 • email@example.com The National Association NPCD Membership Benefits of Parish Catechetical Directors (NPCD) National Recognition Awards n Readings for Effective Catechetical Leaders n The Emmaus Award is presented to outstanding II from the writers of NPCD News. national leaders in catechesis. n A Crucial Key: Generational Perspectives and n The Mustard Seed Award is presented to parishes Catechetical Leadership, Thomas Walters, Ph.D. Our Focus For 2009-2010 that exemplify outstanding parental participation. and Rita Walters. n The Religious Educational Excellence Award is given n Ministry and the Mystical Path: Formation Guide for n Advance the professional development to catechetical leaders who model creativity and Lay Ministers, Barbara Hughes. excellence in parish catechetical programs. of parish catechetical directors through Professional Development Services the 2009 NPCD Convocation workshops Networking Opportunities n Annual NPCD Convocation will be held April 6-8, and program. n NPCD elected regional representatives bring 2010 in Minneapolis. member perspectives to national initiatives. n The Institute for Transformative Catechetical n Foster continuing education through n NPCD dialogues with other national organizations Leadership is a new initiative that offers catechetical professional development programs and on national initiatives. leaders continuing education in leadership, spiritual services. n NPCD sponsors DRE Talk, an open forum Internet deepening and catechetical enrichment. n Generate a strong voice on catechetical e-group for catechetical leaders. n NCEA Catechetical Scholars invites veteran diocesan n NPCD hosts an annual Convocation for its members and parish catechetical professionals to participate issues at the local, regional and national with professional development workshops, prayer, in a significant research project and learn from levels. regional meetings, an issues forum, business nationally recognized theologians. n Create networks of NPCD members that meeting and an awards banquet. n The NCEA National Job Bank for catechetical leaders serve, support and encourage parish can be reached through the association Web site. Member Journal and Quarterly Newsletter catechetical directors. n The award winning NPCD News is sent to members Member Discounts quarterly, featuring professional and practical n NCEA Publications information regarding leadership, spirituality, n NCEA Convention and NPCD Convocation educational enrichment, current issues and news. n Assessment Programs n NPCD Highlights is sent to members twice a year • ACRE (Assessment for Catechesis/ Religious following the NPCD executive committee meetings, Education for Youth) informing members of new initiatives and updates. • IFG (Information For Growth for adults) n NCEA's award winning journal Momentum is n Discount on subscriptions to Today's Parish and sent five times a year featuring educational and Religion Teacher's Journal catechetical articles, including "DRE Directions." n Tax-Deferred Annuity Plan by Mutual of America is available when adopted by the institution. Professional Publications and Resources n Discounted auto rental (Hertz, Alamo, National) n NCEA ACRE (for youth) and IFG (for adults) are religious education and formation assessment tools Insurance Program that help parish catechetical leaders evaluate, monitor n Up to $2 million professional liability coverage and improve catechetical programs at all levels. available for employed educators (English and Spanish versions available.) n $500,000 Cancer Plan: for members under age 65; the plan includes special mammography coverage Recent Publications n GEICO auto insurance: Call 800-368-2734. (Not n The Nature, Tasks and Scope of the Catechetical available in NY or MA). Ministry, Berard Marthaler, OFM, Conv., S.T.D., n Supplemental Insurance Programs sponsored by Ph.D. 2009 Catholic Press Association Award for NCEA through the Trust for Insuring Educators. second place in the professional books division. n For Religious Educators: Islam: What Catholics Need to Know, Rev. Elias D. Mallon, Ph.D. 2006 Catholic Press Association Award for second place in the professional books division. NPCD Regional Representatives 2009–2010 MIDWEST Kevin J. Cody ★ NORTHWEST NPCD Vice President NEW YORK Tricia Boyle (630) 257-2371, firstname.lastname@example.com Patricia Manuli (503) 364-7202 (845) 297-7586 firstname.lastname@example.com firstname.lastname@example.com HEARTLAND GREAT LAKES Evelyn P. Tucker M. Colleen Gerke (314) 487-7970 NPCD President email@example.com (513) 777-4322 email@example.com NEW ENGLAND Mickie Prinzivalli- Abatemarco (203) 637-3661 email@example.com MID ATLANTIC Catherine McGuire (908) 273-6975 firstname.lastname@example.com SOUTH Agnes Kovacs (901) 754-7146 firstname.lastname@example.com WEST Glenna J. Benton SOUTHWEST (925) 939-9544 Mary Jo Wilt firstname.lastname@example.com (713) 840-8213 email@example.com SOUTHEAST Carol Kruskamp (770) 978-6751 email@example.com New England: CT, MA, ME, NH, RI, VT, Int'ntl. Southeast: AL, FL, GA, LA, MS, NC, SC Southwest: AR, NM, OK, TX New York: NY, PR, VI Great Lakes: MI, OH West: AZ, CA, HI, NV, UT, GU Mid Atlantic: NJ, PA Midwest: IL, IN, MN, WI Northwest: AK, ID, MT, OR, WA, WY South: DC, DE, KY, MD, TN, VA, WV, Military Services Heartland: CO, IA, KS, MO, ND, NE, SD
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Results for republican governor
'Farewell Rob Bell' (Or, John Piper's Inferno)
Originally Posted: 08/31/2011 - 4:40pm | Type: Blog

"Farewell Rob Bell." With this three word tweet John Piper -- senior pastor at Bethlehem Baptist church in ...
This is Not Fiscal Conservatism. It's Just Politics.
Originally Posted: 07/14/2011 - 8:35am | Type: Blog
The current budget and deficit debate in America is now dominating the daily headlines. There is even talk of shutting down the government if the budget-cutters don't get their way. ...
Why I'm Trying to Resist Political Prejudice
Originally Posted: 07/14/2011 - 8:35am | Type: Blog
I'll be honest, I've been pretty disgusted with the callousness of our national discourse, how so many politicians, including Democrats, seem all too eager to balance state and federal <a href=&qu ...


text: Quick Measure can be used to measure distances up to 100m. Use to check out the length of rooms in your home, design a new garden layout, or simply measure how far you can kick a ball! It is simple to use: a target will be shown overlayed on your ...Read more


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Grateful Dead
Hi...here is a funny movie I made about a Wharf Rat...not as in the group of non-drug users...but just as an interpretation I had of the song once when I was 8 years old. For real...
I'll be at the Hammerstien shows and New Years Eve shows!!
Dont need dope to dance!!!
Hey all,
If the universe is willing, on the first of December I'll have 6 months. Just thought I'd give everyone a little update. Still truckin'.
I just saw this forum and about S*&^ on myself too kind my sobriety dat is 04-19-07
I remeber seeing the warf rats on tour and would mock and ridicule them out of spite. Once sober and able to regain my composer and clarity its funny how you see the world through different eyes. The song itself really gets to me Ill get back on my feet again the good lord willing! What a inspiration. To think I was the Captain of the Titantic and was going down with my ship and there aint a damn thing you can do about it.
Any other Southest people out there Id love to catch a meeting -PM me Peace,Rich
Hey friends-are any of you goin to Sat Dec. 12 in Asbury? I have tickets for Sun Dec. 13 and just found out I have to go to a conference on Monday so I need to see if I can find someone KIND enough to trade with me.....I wanna go so bad but duty calls I guess...lol....if anyone knows anything hit me up-peace love n sobriety-hippiechickmom
are you still lurking around here? drop me a message to let me know
nothing left to do but smile, smile, smile
Most excellent news on NYE shows today - hoping for another trip out from the desert to the city and another chance to say Hi to the Wharf Rats! Sobriety Rocks!
havent posted in a looooong while-life on lifes terms i guess-hope you are all well.....life is so great-sobriety is awesome...anyone goin to the further shows in december????
so glad you made it! keep up the good work bro. your post said you were at 9 months and that was just over a month ago. now you are in double figures with 10 months, strive on dude and get a year. i hope you have a single sobriety date, it worked and still does for me. personal message me anytime bro. i had a srv jam out today, ahhh! peace, shack
Well I have been in recovery for 9 months..I never thought I would ever be sober this long and actually enjoy it. I checked into a long term rehab a while back. I got sick of being a slave to booze and drugs;plus watching my kids die around me. I will be going to my first shows (dso) soon since being clean. I am a little nervous about it. I don't know how my fam is going to react or how I will handle it. I was a ghetto tour kid. If you know what I am talking about you can understand the big change for me. I quit doing tour about 4 or 5 years ago and just starting catching shows. I landed a career as a sound engineer/stage hand. Dream come true. I have worked with Donna, Phil and Bobby. I mostly mix at festies around the north east though. I haven't got back into work yet either. I am waiting for the spring so my head will me better. Anyways it is hard for me to relate to people sometimes at meetings and I was wondering if there are any heads in Northeastern PA that are sober and might want to talk, kick it or go to shows together. I need a sober support base in the lifestyle. I am in Scranton PA...If there are any Wharf Rats around NEPA or anyone with good advice hit me back....


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Ariza3 wrote:I thought leaving in Meeks but putting in Duhon for Morris would have been god. giving Kobe just a minute more rest
escobar8 wrote:fkmikebrown wrote:one stream is minutes behind. the other one is stuttery as hell. the smooth one has...jazz announcers.
this one is fine...
http://www.thefirstrow.eu/watch/158193/ ... -jazz.html
fkmikebrown wrote:i dunno why i was rushing to finish my work to watch this
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Deadline Poet
A Scholarly Analysis of Dick Cheney's Role in the George W. Bush Administration
Though Bush the Elder was convinced
His boy was now a man, he
Decided, just to hedge his bet,
To furnish him a nanny.
Attentive parents always have
A way of keeping track.
If nanny isn't feeling well,
Will Dad come hurrying back?


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Fears in my 3 yr old. HELP!
HI - We have gone through this with my son too. I hear it's common at this age. We thought it was very important to empower him to make the "monsters" (or whatever it is that scares him) go away on his own. Sure we have stayed in the room with him, but we found when he is in control of the situation, it works better. We did two things:
First - the night it started, I grabbed a blanket and told him it was a magic blanket. I told him that the monsters were afraid of the blanket and as long as he had it near him... the monsters would be frightened and leave.
Second - we once saw a tv show where a genie would make things appear and disappear by clapping his hands and saying "poof out." Since he loved that show, I told him that he was the genie of his room and he had the power to "poof out" the monsters. Worked like a charm! We went around the room and poofed out all the monsters before bed.
Hope this helps! Good luck!
11/18/09 - Proud mom to our adorable munchkin Jake!


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Newcastle United boss Sam Allardyce is delighted his gamble on Claudio Cacapa has proved correct.
Big Sam told the Evening Chronicle: "Cacapa has taken to the Premier League like a duck to water. You can't beat experience and a player like him from Brazil, who has played across the world of football in his lifetime, is fantastic.
"He's just breezed into the Premier League like he's never been anywhere else, and that comes out of experience and from being a very intelligent footballer. This man knows where to stand and knows how to stand there before anyone else on the park.
"In fact, he can work his way into positions that other people have to run into. That's how far ahead he thinks. He never leaves himself exposed because he's always in the right starting position. That's why he looks so comfortable, and I'm so pleased to have him here.
"When we signed Cacapa, it was Claudio who? That's born out of the ignorance of this country. This lad has had five years at Lyon - and they were five years where he was captain and they won the title.
"To go with it, that's five years of Champions League football. It just shows the quality of the player that he is. We were the first to get in there with one of our scouts.
"We brought up the situation and I knew a little bit about him myself. We did a bit of checking, invited him over and he flew past every test we put in front of him. He could be a terrific boost this season.
"We captured him on a free transfer because he didn't want to stay at Lyon any longer due to his will to have a new challenge in the Premier League."


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In This Issue:
1 Practicing a Standard Can Be Used to Prove Infringement
2 Angiotensin Receptor Blocker Not Obvious Under Lead Compound Doctrine
3 Successor to U.S. Subsidiary Liable for Predecessor's Patent Damages Liability Notwithstanding Its Establishment Pursuant to Foreign Agreement Between Foreign Companies
3 Manufacturers of Patented Products Must Be Licensed to Recover Lost Profits
4 Party Intent Controls Interpretation of Patent Assignments
5 Strict Compliance with Notice Provisions Not Required for Termination of License Agreement
5 Unless Release Is Clear and Unambiguous, Look Out
6 Preambles as Limitations: Storm Flag on the Horizon
6 Court Breathes Life Back into CPR Mask Dispute
7 Envisioning an Invention Not Yet Made Is Not Constructive Reduction to Practice
8 Be Careful What You Argue For
9 Board Continues to Reject Computer-Related Method Claims
9 Exotic Dancing Attire May Be Inherently Distinctive, but the Chippendales "Cuffs & Collar" Costume Is Not
10 Contrary to Fourth Circuit, Eighth Circuit Finds No Confusion from "Stuffing" Towel Dispensers With Non-Branded Toweling
11 European Court of Justice Rules That Shape Of Lego Brick Cannot Be Protected As Trademark
12 No Sale? No First Sale Doctrine Defense
13 Digital Music Downloads Are Not Public Performances
14 Broad but Definite License Agreement on Eminem Masters Means $$
14 Ravens' Fair Use Defense Won't Fly
15 Beware Non-Compliance with E-Discovery
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Greg Johnson: Obama accomplished nothing in Berlin
Neeshto. That is exactly what President Barack Obama's vaunted reset of U.S. relations with Russia has yielded. Nothing.
Otherwise, Russia would not have blocked every effort to end the slaughter in Syria. Obama's weakness enabled Russian President Vladimir Putin to stop any United Nations Security Council effort to send one of its meaningless warnings to Syrian President Bashar Assad, who has unleashed chemical weapons.
Obama abandoned our Eastern European allies by reneging on missile defense, allowing Moscow to become more assertive. Emboldened by Obama's naivete, Russia attacked and occupied part of the sovereign nation of Georgia. Obama the Brilliant has apparently learned neeshto when it comes to dealing with the former KGB agent.
How else to explain Obama's Berlin speech this week? "After a comprehensive review, I've determined that we can ensure the security of America and our allies, and maintain a strong and credible strategic deterrent, while reducing our deployed strategic nuclear weapons by up to one-third," Obama said.
As North Korea works to throw a nuke to our West Coast and Iran races to build a bomb that can obliterate Israel, the American president, standing, ironically, near the former Berlin Wall, announces what, for all practical purposes, amounts to unilateral disarmament?
Tennessee Sen. Bob Corker, ranking Republican member of the Foreign Relations Committee, responded forcefully. "Maintaining a strong nuclear deterrent is vital for our nation's security and that of our allies around the world," Corker said in a statement. "While the administration has assured me that no further reductions will occur outside of treaty negotiations and the advice and consent of the Senate, the president's announcement without first fulfilling commitments on modernization could amount to unilateral disarmament."
In April, Corker, with Sen. Jim Inhofe, wrote in Foreign Policy, "As the gap between what was promised for modernization and what is provided continues to grow, it becomes increasingly difficult to achieve the responsive nuclear infrastructure that even the president acknowledges is essential for nuclear reductions and the continuing credibility of our nuclear deterrent."
In the Wall Street Journal in February, again with Inhofe, Corker got to the nub of the matter when he wrote, "If anything, reducing the American arsenal is likely to cause the very instability that the U.S. seeks to avoid. Without an American commitment to a strong nuclear deterrent, the country's friends and allies could develop doubts about where the U.S. stands and what it would do to safeguard its own interests and theirs."
This is what Obama fundamentally doesn't understand. Russia, Iran, North Korea, et al hear the leader of the free world announce disarmament and rub their hands with glee. Poland, Hungary, Romania, the Czech Republic and other former Soviet satellites quake with fear.
In Berlin, Obama added, "And I intend to seek negotiated cuts with Russia to move beyond Cold War nuclear postures." Putin probably laughed. To him, Obama's words mean neeshto. Absolutely nothing.
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Playskool Mr. Potato Head Little Taters Big Adventures Deluxe Themed Potato Assortment
Where To Buy
You can also find the brands you know and love at these retailers:
Product selection, availability, and pricing may vary by retailer.
Product Description:
These little spuds are off an another adventure! Each tater figure comes with a vehicle and children will have tons of fun attaching one face to the tater and another to the front of the vehicle! Get these little taters so your little ones can start mixing up the fun for big adventures every day!
Each figure sold separately! Attach one face to the potato and the other to the front of the vehicle. Parts work with other Mr. Potato Head Little Taters sets (each set sold separately).
Each pack Includes 1 potato body, 2 faces, 2 arms, legs, and accessories. Styles may vary.
Playskool, Mr. Potato Head and all related characters are trademarks of Hasbro.
© 2012 Hasbro. All Rights Reserved.


text:
Top Linksmain detailsbiographyby votesphoto galleryquotes
Filmographiesby yearby typeby ratingsby votesby TV seriesby genreby keyword
Did You Know?photo galleryquotes
Captain Brown (Character)
from "Cranford" (1972)
FilmographyEdit Credits
- "Cranford"
... aka "Return to Cranford" - International (English title) (second season title), UK (second season title)
- Return to Cranford: Part Two - October 1844 (2009) TV episode, Played by Jim Carter
- Return to Cranford: Part One - August 1844 (2009) TV episode, Played by Jim Carter
- May 1843 (2007) TV episode, Played by Jim Carter
- April 1843 (2007) TV episode, Played by Jim Carter
- November 1842 (2007) TV episode, Played by Jim Carter
(2 more)
- "Cranford"
- Part 1 (1972) TV episode, Played by Roland Culver
Additional Details
Fun Stuff
[Miss Deborah has just found out that Captain Brown works for the railway]
Miss Deborah Jenkyns: You are the architect of our community's destruction! You have betrayed your daughter, your neighbors, and your town, and you've willfully kept your machinations secret!
Captain Brown: I did not mean to deceive you. I am sorry if I have offended you.
Miss Deborah Jenkyns: Oh, do not think that you owe us an apology. Apologies are required only when friends cause vexation to friends. Our acquaintance is clearly at an end.
See more »
You may correct errors and omissions on this page directly. Clicking the 'Update' button will take you through a step-by-step process.


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Simply confirm your registered email address below and click "Reset Password." We will immediately email you a link back to the site where you can enter a new password for this account.
We've found your existing Listener Advisory Board (LAB) account. Please login below to complete the Facebook login process.
Its the Loren & Wally Podcast of the Day. Wally Tom and Hank share some of thier most embarassing stories along with some listeners as well. Mr. Everything Bob Ryan to talk some sports. Jake Pevey buys a duck boat after parade. MFM and News from maine. Also LBF with Dirty Laundry amd Birthdays.
105.7 WRORWROR is Boston's home for Loren & Wally in the morning and Boston's Greatest Hits! Enjoy more songs you know and love, more songs you can sing along with, and more songs that make you feel good….all day and night!
Your feedback is important! Send us your comments or suggestions.
© 2014 Greater Boston Radio, Inc. - WROR


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Milo's Kitchen® Grilled Burger Bites Dog Treat
Show your canine companion how much you care by offering these Milo's Kitchen Grilled Burger Bites with Sweet Potato and Bacon Dog Treats, which are bursting with mouthwatering flavor from beef, sweet potatoes and bacon packed into each delicious bite. The irresistibly chewy consistency is sure to appeal to your pup, since it provides a useful outlet for his urge to chew.
Features: Beef, sweet potato and bacon offer irresistible flavor; chewy consistency appeals to your dog's instincts; ideal for puppies to senior dogs
Food Type: Dog Treats
Food Consistency: Chewy
Life Stage: Puppy to Senior
Flavor: Beef
Primary Ingredient: Beef
Package Weight: 2.7 oz.
Under 5 lbs.: 1/2 1 piece daily
5 10 lbs.: 1 1-1/2 pieces daily
11 25 lbs.: 1-1/2 2-1/2 pieces daily
26 50 lbs.: 2-1/2 4-1/2 pieces daily
51 75 lbs.: 4-1/2 6 pieces daily
More than 75 lbs.: add 1 treat for every 14 lbs. of body weight over 75 lbs.
Feed as a snack or treat as part of a healthy diet.
Break into small pieces for small dogs.
Always monitor your pet while treating.
Fresh drinking water should always be available.
Beef, Soy Grits, Sugar, Sweet Potato, Propylene Glycol, Rice, Bacon, Salt, Monoglyceride, Textured Vegetable Protein, Garlic Powder, Natural Smoke Flavor, Sodium Tripolyphosphate, Potassium Sorbate (Preservative), Citric Acid, Caramel Color, Sodium Erythorbate (For Color Retention), BHA (Preservative), Sodium Nitrate (For Color Retention) and Onion Extract
Guaranteed Analysis:
Crude Protein (min) 16.0%
Crude Fat (min) 8.0%
Crude Fiber (max) 3.0%
Moisture (max) 30.0%
$ 32.99 to $ 42.99
$ 17.49Reg: $ 19.99
$ 4.49
$ 3.99 to $ 11.99Reg: $ 3.99 to $ 12.99
$ 4.99Reg: $ 5.99
$ 3.79Reg: $ 4.29
$ 6.39Reg: $ 7.99


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Pronunciation: imponderabilità
Added on: 2012-01-27 Listened: 2 timesin: sostantivo, femminile
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- Pronunciation by nipo (Male from Italy)
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The non-governmental organisations (NGOs) are trying their level best to educate people to save water this Holi. Meanwhile, Thane Municipal Corporation (TMC), is also trying its bit to save water. Every year, TMC supplies additional water tanks to the housing societies but this year the corporation has decided to not give more water to residents, in order to ensure a dry. This has been done as many parts in Thane are facing water crisis. Sandeep Malvi, TMC PRO informed, "We are not going to give any additional water supply to residents in order to have a safe and dry Holi. Not only this, all residents are requested to use natural colours which do not not harm the environment." Many societies have agreed to this decision.
Ulhas Karle, chairman of Prestige Garden society said, "We have decided to celebrate an eco-friendly Holi. Committee members have convinced children and youth to play dry Holi and also use non-toxic herbal colours. Use of plastic bags and water balloons has also been strictly prohibited. Through holika dahan, the message of burning and abolishing social evils such as dowry, caste system, female foeticide and many more would be propagated among the kids and youngsters."
Women from Brahmand society were unhappy after learning that TMC would not give additional water tanks. Surabhi Shah said, "Holi is both about dry and wet colours but since we don't have surplus water, we will be forced to celebrate dry Holi this year." Residents from Happy Valley society have been celebrating dry holi since years with grandeur. Residents celebrate Holi followed by lunch. They are happy to learn that TMC has taken an initiative to ensure water-free Holi this year. To ensure a waterless Holi, TMC has also issued a circular to all the residential societies to celebrate a safe Holi by contributing in saving water. Both the society types which are suffering from water crisis as well as having abundant water supply have restricted themselves to celebrate a dry Holi. Sulabh Jha, a resident informed, "Much of the fresh water is wasted during Holi celebration. Hence, I support TMCs decision and now that summer has arrived, we will be facing water crisis. We should start saving from now for our future usage."


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Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee. 2008. Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Placek, J. H., L. L. Griffin, P. Dodds, C. Raymond, F. Tremino, and A. James. 2001. Middle school students' conceptions of fitness: The long road to a healthy lifestyle. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education 20(4):314-323.
Plowman, S. A. 2005. Physical activity and physical fitness: Weighing the relative importance of each. Journal of Physical Activity and Health 2:143-158.
Plowman, S. A. 2008. Muscular strength, endurance, and flexibility assessments. In Fitnessgram/Activitygram reference guide, edited by G. J. Welk and M. D. Meredith. Dallas, TX: Cooper Institute. Pp. 11.11-11.40.
Rasberry, C. N., S. M. Lee, L. Robin, B. A. Laris, L. A. Russell, K. K. Coyle, and A. J. Nihiser. 2011. The association between school-based physical activity, including physical education, and academic performance: A systematic review of the literature. Preventive Medicine 52(Suppl. 1):S10-S20.
Rosas, S., J. Case, and L. Tholstrup. 2009. A retrospective examination of the relationship between implementation quality of the coordinated school health program model and school-level academic indicators over time. Journal of School Health 79(3):108-115.
Safrit, M. J. 1990. The validity and reliability of fitness tests for children: A review. Pediatric Exercise Science 2:9-28.
Safrit, M. J. 1995. Complete guide to youth fitness testing. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishers.
Saint Romain, B., and M. T. Mahar. 2001. Norm-referenced and criterion-referenced reliability of the push-up and modified pull-up. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science 5(2):67-80.
Simons, J., S. Dewitte, and W. Lens. 2003. "Don't do it for me. Do it for yourself!": Stressing the personal relevance enhances motivation in physical education. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 25(2):145-160.
Standage, M., J. L. Duda, and N. Ntoumanis. 2003. Predicting motivational regulations in physical education: The interplay between dispositional goal orientations, motivational climate and perceived competence. Journal of Sports Sciences 21(8):631-647.
Stewart, S., and M. Mitchell. 2003. Instructional variables and student knowledge and conceptions of fitness. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education 22:533-551.
Stroot, S. A., C. Collier, M. O'Sullivan, and K. England. 1994. Contextual hoops and hurdles: Workplace conditions in secondary physical-education. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education 13(4):342-360.
Tremblay, M., and M. Lloyd. 2010. Physical literacy measurement: The missing piece. Physical and Health Education Journal 76(1):26-30.
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Welk, G. J., A. W. Jackson, J. R. Morrow, Jr., W. H. Haskell, M. D. Meredith, and K. H. Cooper. 2010. The association of health-related fitness with indicators of academic performance in Texas schools. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 81(Suppl. 3):S16-S23.
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Disc Price:
WorrystoneArtist/Band: Michael Var Fickle
Released in 1993. Many fine moments on this one. "Fined", "Two Tons of Crazy" and "Haven't A Clue" are early signs that there may actually be a songwriter hidden somewhere in this hyper, poetic, funk-punk free for all. I read an interview with MVF some years back and he was recalling his early experience with seeing live bands. "I noticed that most of the bands had the same problem. All of their songs sounded the same! I decided right then, that would not happen to me". Clearly he took it to heart, as he jumps from one style to the next with wild abandon. Not an easy task, so it helps that the musicianship on "Worrystone" is top-notch. The lyrical styles range from confessional to an interior monologue. It's fun to listen to where Michael Var Fickle started, especially after hearing his latest release, "The Clavicle Gate". The early writing featured on "Worrystone" seems to show off a confused tragedy in the making. With "The Clavicle Gate"...the confusion is no more. -NLo
Title #2214796
Format: CD-R


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Burn Rubber:
After so much years.... (I can't even remember it myself) ..... Burn Rubber finally get release!
Dvik\Joyrex did managed to make the most impresive smooth scrolling engine ever made for ColecoVision! You'll have to see it in action to beleive it!
The fun really comes when you plug an Expansion Module #2 (aka the Driving Module)
You have the possibility to plug 2x Driving Module to play some two players action racing!
Side Trak:
After 30 years, Side Trak finally come on Colecovision! As seen in the silver CV catalog, Side Trak was supposed to be released by Coleco but apparently it never get released
No known prototype was found too.....
So, RKgames (Russ Kumro) decided to make his own Side Trak for CV , ... later, Newcoleco joined the project to make the song for Side Trak
Needless to say that Daniel did an AWESOME tune for Side Trak wich fit just fine for this game!
The CV version is in my opnion, a WAY BETTER than the Arcade version, wich is simply too much though ... Russ did managed to make Side Trak a really fun & addictive game!
If you want to secure your game(s) , send me a PM or EMAIL
Shipping start 1st week of May
Edited by retroillucid, Fri Mar 23, 2012 8:19 PM.


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I'm looking for some other Jewish families with intact boys for playdates etc. I'm sure my boys aren't the only ones out there...but sometimes it feels like it. I've recently gotten some comments about it...and would like my boys to grow up knowing that there are other intact Jewish boys out there! I'd love to connect with some mamas who are on the same wavelength too! We're in the Baltimore area.
So what if I don't fit cleanly into a defined parenting style, my kids don't fit into a personality archetype either!
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This tutorial will teach you how to set up Sony Vegas Pro 12 for rendering/exporting 1080p or 720p HD Video suitable for YouTube, Vimeo or playback on your home computer.
Which format should I use ?
There are always many different ways to skin a cat with Sony Vegas Pro 12. With the release of this version of Vegas Pro, Sony has created some easy to use Internet Rendering Templates under the MainConcept AVC/AAC (.mp4) format.
MainConcept AVC/AAC (.mp4)
Mainconcept uses the H.264 codec which is widely used and accepted on all websites, so it is a safe choice to use. Mainconcept produces a slightly higher contrast look with very vivid colours. If your Bit Rate is on the low side, you can lose some detail in dark and shadowy areas of your video. It does have the advantage of the option to use your GPU (Graphics Card) to help speed up your rendering times. Please note that you will need a compatible Graphics Card for GPU Acceleration to work. You can read more about the requirements for GPU Acceleration here on the official Sony Creative Software website.
Windows Media Video (.wmv)
The other choice you could use for making your videos is Windows Media Video (.wmv)
Windows Media Video creates a slightly different look to Mainconcept, which some people may prefer. The colours are a little more muted with this codec, however it does hold onto small detail in any dark and shadowy areas of your video.
One dis-advantage of Windows Media Video is that it is extremely CPU intensive when rendering. So it takes a lot of juice and time to render this codec out. You will also need a fair amount of RAM (memory) installed if you intend to render full 1080p video with WMV. On lower powered computers with not enough memory, it can just keel over and die halfway through rendering.
If you are interested in Rendering to Windows Media Video instead of MainConcept AVC/AAC, then you can watch a video tutorial I made for Sony Vegas Pro 11, where I showed three different ways to render. About one third of the way through this video I showed how to render with WMV.
Sony Vegas Pro 11: How to Render 720p and 1080p HD Video for YouTube
Where can I play back this type of video ?
Rendering to an Interent Template does not limit you to just uploading it to a website. You can also use this format for playback on your computer.
However, if you want to make a BluRay Disc or DVD, you will have to render to some different formats. You can learn about this through these related articles:
How to Render Video for BluRay Disc using Movie Studio Platinum 12
How to Render a Video Suitable for turning into a DVD
Special Upgrade Deals - remember to buy the right version !
If you already own an older version of Sony Vegas Pro, Sony Movie Studio Platinum or Sony Vegas Movie Studio HD Platinum, you automatically qualify for special discounted upgrade pricing if you purchase directly through the Sony Creative Software website.
Don't own Vegas Pro yet and would like to start editing ?
Use the link below to grab your first copy of Sony Vegas Pro direct through Sony Creative Software now.
About Derek Moran
Derek Moran is the author of all articles on Movie Studio Zen.
You can find me on YouTube, Google+, Facebook, Twitter. Read more about Derek...
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great article and I'm hoping you can help.
I've assembled a bunch of clips that I want to now render as one big file. Preferably lossless so I can go back in and add some colouring. Doing it clip by clip was ridiculous as the render time was 3 days!
I'm thinking one big AVI but it keeps rendering it in blocks. No idea and have to say Vegas has got a mind of its own. The film is only 12 minutes long too.
Have you got an ideal setting that could achieve this?
I have never heard of Vegas rendering a project in blocks - you must be doing something wrong. Video for Windows is a completely uncompressed format and will produce insanely large files - too big to be practical. Did you watch 100% of the tutorial and follow my instructions precisely or come up with your own method ?
Please check the bottom of the Render As window and make sure that Render Loop Region Only has not been selected. Doing this will mean that only part of your project will render.
How many minutes in total is this "bunch of clips" you have added to one big project ? If Vegas is saying that it is going to take three days, you must have a very old and slow computer and/or you have added a tonne of Video Fx in large chains.
Do you have the GPU turned ON in Vegas preferences ?
Which encode mode did you choose ? CPU, Cuda or OpenCL ?
Until I know just how big (length in time) your project is, I am in the dark a bit.
Most professional Video Editors using Vegas Pro, render to Avid DNXHD Video Codec to use as an intermediate Video File in the situation you have described for yourself. You will need to download and install Avid DNXHD and make sure your have Apple Quicktime installed.
You then render using the Quicktime format and have to press Customize Template and then select Avid from the Video Format options.
John Rofrano has a tutorial which explains this in full.
This is an advanced technique. If you are a beginner, I would suggest you bring it down a couple of gears and try something simpler and smaller. If however you have some experience with these things, go for it.
Nine thousand seven hundred and thirty nine Mega Bits per second ?
In guess you actually mean something like 9.739 Mbps.
When rendering video you should always render to the same Frame Rate the original video was recorded in were possible. For best quality, leave the Bit Rate settings in Vegas at the default high values. Something like 24mbps high and 12Mbps low.
Some people also like to turn of Sampling. Right-click your videos on the timeline and select Disable Re-sample - this will reduce motion blur.
However are you saying know need to as your demo and setting using the Main concept avc mp4 is actually definitely using the h264 codec anyway ?
(but just does not actually say so?)


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The withdrawals were made from two ATMs at Thumkunta in RR district and Secunderabad
Unidentified persons withdrew Rs.2.40 lakh cash from the savings account of a businesswoman residing in West Marredpally.
In her complaint, Madhoo Rawat of West Marredpally said she was holding a savings account in Axis Bank in West Marredpally branch. On Monday, she came to know through the bank that her account was debited with Rs.2.40 lakh through cash withdrawals from two ATMs at Thumkunta in Ranga Reddy district and Secunderabad.
The complainant said the transactions were made between December 2 and 9. Ms. Rawat further stated that she had recently gone to a resort in Shamirpet where she had given her debit card at the cash counter and disclosed the PIN number. The staff at the counter returned the card after swiping it for Rs.6,806. "The card was with me since then and I did not withdraw any amount," she said.
When contacted, Marredpally Inspector K. Shashank Reddy said, "We suspect the role of gangs indulging in cloning credit and debit cards. We are trying to collect more details from the resort officials to trace those involved in the fraud."
Keywords: West Marredpally, Axis Bank, Shamirpet, PIN number, debit card, Ranga Reddy district, Secunderabad district, Shamsabad