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A process is provided for creating microstructure coupling guides for aligning photonic devices with optical signal carrying apparatuses. The process includes applying a photoresist to a semiconductor material, spinning the semiconductor material, baking the semiconductor material, exposing the photoresist, baking the semiconductor material a second time, and developing the resist. The process creates a microstructure that acts as an integral guide to align and maintain the relative position between an optical signal carrying apparatus and a photonic device.
1. Preparing a photonic device comprising:
a) applying a photoresist to a material having the photonic device;
b) spinning the material to substantially evenly distribute the photoresist on the material;
c) baking the material;
d) imaging the photoresist;
e) baking the material a second time; and
f) developing the photoresist, thereby forming an integral guide on the photonic device, wherein the integral guide extends outwardly from the material to form a protrusion and is configured to align and receive an optical signal conveying element.
2. The method of
3. The method of
a first baking temperature and a second baking temperature, wherein the first baking temperature is below the glass transition temperature of the photoresist and the photoresist is exposed to the first baking temperature for a predetermined period, then the photoresist is exposed to the second baking temperature for a predetermined period, wherein the second baking temperature is above the glass transition temperature.
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15. Preparing a photonic device comprising:
a) applying a photoresist to a material having the photonic device;
b) spinning the material to distribute the photoresist substantially evenly on the material;
c) baking the material;
d) imaging the photoresist;
e) baking the material a second time;
f) developing the photoresist;
g) depositing a metal within a region defined by the developed photoresist; and
h) removing the photoresist, thereby forming an integral guide on the photonic device, wherein the integral guide extends outwardly from the material to form a protrusion and is configured to align and receive an optical signal conveying element.
16. The method of
17. The method of
a first baking temperature and a second baking temperature, wherein the first baking temperature is below the glass transition temperature of the photoresist and the photoresist is exposed to the first baking temperature for a predetermined period, then the photoresist is exposed to the second baking temperature for a predetermined period, wherein the second baking temperature is above the glass transition temperature.
18. The method of
19. The method of
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28. The method of
This application is a division of application serial No. 09/111,943 filed Jul. 8, 1998 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,151,430.
The present invention relates generally to a wafer scale integrated coupling guide for use in photonic devices. More particularly, one embodiment of the present invention relates to the use of polymers, especially an epoxidized novolak (novolac epoxy), in the manufacturing of guide structures on photonic semiconductor wafers.
In the area of opto-electronic packages, it is generally accepted that the most time consuming and costly component of the package is the alignment of the optical fiber, or waveguide, to the semiconductor emitter or receiver. The traditional approach to this alignment requires that the two parts be micromanipulated relative to each other while one is operating and the other is monitoring coupled light. Once the desired amount of coupled light is attained, the two parts must be affixed in place in such a way as to maintain this alignment for the life of the product. This process, commonly referred to as active alignment, can be slow and given to poor yields stemming from the micromanipulation and the need to permanently affix the two objects without causing any relative movement of the two with respect to each other.
To alleviate this problem, opto-electronic package designs have been suggested which incorporate passive alignment techniques. These designs do not require activation of the opto-electronic device. Generally, they rely on some mechanical features on the laser and the fiber as well as some intermediate piece for alignment. By putting the pieces together with some adhesion mechanism, alignment can be secured and maintained for the life of the component. Typical of this technology is the silicon optical bench design. In this design, the laser is aligned via solder or registration marks to an intermediate piece, a silicon part, which has mechanical features—"v-grooves"— which facilitate alignment of an optical fiber. The drawbacks to this design are the number of alignments in the assembly process and the cost of the intermediate component. Additionally, these designs can be difficult to use with surface emitting/receiving devices because of the need to redirect the light coupled through the system.
Other approaches have been suggested which do not incorporate a silicon intermediate structure. Swirhun et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 5,631,988) suggests that defined features in a surface emitting laser array could be used as an alignment means for a structure that holds embedded optical fibers. This third structure adds complexity and adds to the overall tolerance scheme for the alignment system.
In other prior art, attempts have been made to cope with the dilemma of adding intermediate parts and their associated costs and tolerances. Matsuda (U.S. Pat. No. 5,434,939) suggests a design that allows direct fiber coupling to a laser by way of a guiding hole feature in the backside of the actual laser substrate. The precision with which such guiding holes can be manufactured is not currently adequate for reliable coupling. Additionally, the process of making a hole in the actual laser substrate can weaken an already fragile material. Furthermore, this design is not appropriate when it is desired to have light emit from the top surface of the opto-electronic device, commonly called a top emitter in the vernacular of the industry. In contrast, a bottom emitter is a photonic device wherein the emitted light propagates through the substrate and out the bottom surface of the device.
What is needed is a photonic device that allows direct passive alignment and attachment of an optical signal carrying apparatus, such as an optical fiber for example, via robust guide features formed integrally on the surface of the photonic device. This photonic device would enable precise positioning of the fiber relative to the active region with the potential for sub-micron alignment accuracy without the addition of interfacial alignment components. Furthermore, it would be advantageous if the fabrication method for the above is compatible with standard semiconductor processing equipment.
In one embodiment of the present invention, a wafer scale polymer defining process is provided as well as an apparatus that uses a resist or photoresist to form microstructures for forming coupling guides on photonic devices.
It is an object of this invention to provide an article that comprises a photonic device having an integral polymeric guide.
It is a further object of this invention to provide an article comprising a photonic device with a plated guide, wherein the plated guide is formed in an opening in a resist prior to the resist being removed.
It is a further object of the invention to provide a photonic device with an integral guide formed from a photo-imagable polymer material.
It is a further object of this invention to provide a method of preparing a photonic device with an integral guide formed from a polymer material.
It is a further object of this invention to provide a method of preparing a guide on a photonic device comprising the steps of applying a resist, transferring an image to the resist, and developing the image.
It is a further object of this invention to provide a method of preparing a plated guide on a photonic device comprising the steps of applying a resist, transferring an image to the resist, developing the image, plating the resist, and removing the resist.
The present invention is illustrated by way of example and not limitation in the accompanying figures. In the figures, like reference numerals indicate similar elements.
FIG. 1 illustrates a method according to the present invention for manufacturing guides from a negative photoresist on a material;
FIG. 2 illustrates a post-exposure bake temperature profile according to the present invention;
FIGS. 3A, B, C, and D illustrate a singulated photonic device from a semiconductor wafer with a discrete coupling guide structure integrated with the photonic device (top emitting);
FIGS. 4A ,B, C, and D illustrate a singulated photonic device from a semiconductor wafer with a discrete coupling guide structure integrated with the photonic device (bottom emitting);
FIG. 5 illustrates a segmented portion of a semiconductor wafer with a coupling guide structure and a plurality of VCSEL apertures;
FIG. 6 illustrates a segmented guiding structure for arrayed devices;
FIG. 7 illustrates a segmented portion of a semiconductor material with a plurality of photonic devices, an integrated guide, and a plurality of photonic fibers;
FIG. 8 illustrates the formula for SU-8;
FIG. 9 is a photograph of a structure created with a polymeric material on a semiconductor material; and
FIG. 10 illustrates a method for manufacturing a plated guide.
FIG. 1 illustrates a flow diagram of the steps for creating an integral guide on a photonic device according to one embodiment of the present invention. The guide can be an optical fiber guide. Since, no adhesive or other material is used to connect the guide to the photonic device, the guide is integral with the photonic device, i.e., in direct contact with the photonic device. After the process described in FIG. 1, the guide and the photonic device form a single integral device.
In Step 100, a photoresist or other resist material is applied to GaAs or another material such as a semiconductor material. A variety of traditional methods of applying resist to a semiconductor material can be used including using a dispensing tool such as a syringe, spatula, or other application device.
In a preferred embodiment the applied resist material is thick, mechanically stable, and capable of forming substantially perpendicular walls such that the guide created from the resist material has these features. A resist material that satisfies these needs is SU-8, which can form a coating (layer) as thin as 0.0015 inch thick and yet the layer remains substantially non-brittle and non-distortable. Additionally, SU-8 can be used to from thick (high) structures using conventional semiconductor manufacturing apparatuses.
SU-8, an epoxidized novolak, is sold under the tradenames EPON� SU-8 and Nano� SU-8, made by Shell Chemical Company of Houston, Tex., is available from Microlithography Chemical Corp., 1254 Chestnut Street, Newton, Mass. 02164-1418. This photoresist was developed and patented by Gelorme, et al. of IBM Corp., U.S. Pat. No. 4,882,245 for application on printed wiring boards. SU-8 has an epoxide functionality of approximately 8.0, an epoxide equivalent weight of approximately 195 to 230, and a melting point of approximately 77� C. to about 82� C.
SU-8 is an epoxy based negative acting photoresist. That is, the portions of the wafer that are exposed to light covered by SU-8 remains after the development process. SU-8 can be applied to a surface after which portions can be etched away, leaving very small scale structures (micro-structures). SU-8 is photosensitized with a triaryl sulfonium salt. Acceptable solvents for use with SU-8 include gamma-butyrolacate (GBL) available from Microlithography Chemical Corp., 1254 Chestnut Street, Newton, Mass. 02164-1418. Acceptable developers for use with SU-8 include GBL and propylene glycol methyl ether acetate (PGMEA).
The semiconductor material can be any practical size wafer, limited only by the availability of processing devices that can handle various wafer sizes. For example, 1 inch, 2 inch, 5 inch and 8 inch wafers are commonly used today, however, this invention could be utilized on small or larger wafer sizes including non-circular wafers. Preferably, the wafer used in step 100 has photonic devices within it such as surface emitting lasers, Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs), vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, photodiodes, photodetectors, light sensitive devices or other devices for emitting or receiving optical or photonic signals.
In step 110, the wafer with the deposited resist material is then spun at an appropriate rate, approximately 100 RPMs to 5000 RPMs, to form a uniform layer of resist. A consistent rotational speed can be used or a variety of speeds can be used to achieve the desired distribution of resist on the various portions of the wafer. In a preferred embodiment, this step results in the resist material being spread evenly over substantially the entire wafer. Various spin speeds and spin duration can be used to achieve a desired thickness and uniformity of the resist. For example, a wafer can be spun at 1000 RPM (revolutions per minute) for 15 seconds. For a given spin duration, slower spin speeds result in a thicker layer of resist and faster spin speeds result in thinner layers, for a given resist and starting volume. By varying the spin speed and the spin duration, a resist thickness of over a millimeter or less than a millimeter can be achieved. For example, a two inch wafer spun at 1000 RPM for 15 minutes results in 280 microns +/−20 microns of SU-8 resist thickness. The thickness of the resist after the spin step is, of course, dictated in part by the amount of resist that is initially applied to the wafer.
In step 120, the wafer with a substantially uniform layer of resist is then exposed to a pre-exposure bake. The wafer is baked until the resist film does not mark when it is lightly touched by a blunt instrument after the wafer has cooled to room temperature after the bake. For example, a two inch wafer can be baked at 95� C. +/−2� for 60 minutes +/−30 minutes. Initial empirical evidence shows that relatively fewer adverse effects result from over baking than from under baking. Finally, the wafer is allowed to cool to approximately room temperature.
In step 130, the pre-baked wafer is then exposed to a light source with a portion of the area covered by a mask between the wafer and the light source. For example, when SU-8 photoresist is used, a near UV light source approximately 350 to 400 nanometer ("nm") can be used in a contact aligner, such as a Karl Suss MJB-3. The duration of exposure depends on the intensity of the light and the thickness of the resist. For example, a two minute exposure of 400 nm light is suitable for 300 microns of resist.
In step 140, the exposed wafer is then exposed to a two temperature post-exposure bake. This step precedes the photoresist development step 150 discussed below. The post-exposure bake includes baking the wafer at a first temperature (T1) (FIG. 2) for a period of time (0 to t1), then ramping the temperature to a second, higher temperature (T2) during a second period of time(t1 to t2). The wafer is baked at T2 for a period of time(t2to t3). See FIG. 2 for an illustration of the post-exposure bake temperature profile.
In a preferred embodiment, T1 (FIG. 2) must not exceed the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the uncured resist. This prevents the resist from flowing and blurring the mask image. For example, SU-8's Tg is approximately 55� C. and T1 can be 53� C. A low temperature bake, that is below Tg, causes some cross-linking (solidification) of the imaged resist. For example, the first post-exposure bake temperature (T1) of 53� C. +/−2� C. lasts 10 minutes. It is desirable to have T1 relatively close to Tg, yet still below Tg.
The temperature is then ramped to the second post-exposure bake temperature (T2) over the time period t2to t3(FIG. 2). For example; a temperature increase from 53� C. to 95� C. over 5 minutes. The rate of transition between the two temperatures depends on the size of the elements being defined, the thickness of the resist, and the environment around the element. For example, smaller elements will move more than larger ones. Thinner resist layers exert less force than thicker layers. An element located relatively far from other elements will swing (shift) more than an identical element that is surrounded by other elements.
The temperature is maintained at T2for a period of time t2to t3. For example, 10 minutes. This is the high temperature bake. T2is higher than Tg.
In step 150, the wafer is developed. The wafer is removed from the post-exposure bake and immersed in a developing solution. Numerous commercially available developing solutions are suitable, such as gammabutyrolacate (GBL) or propylene glycol methyl ether acetate (PGMEA). It is desirable that the wafer be agitated during the development process. It is also desirable that the developing solution be refreshed periodically during the developing process. For example, replacing the developing solution every 3 minutes. Replacing the developing solution tends to enhance the development time. Once the development process is complete, the wafer can be rinsed in the developer and blown dry with nitrogen.
In step 160, the wafer is singulated. That is, components on the wafer are separated for example by dicing with a high speed dicing saw, slicing with a diamond tipped slicing saw, cleaving, or other method.
Following the process described in FIG. 1, the resulting structures have walls that are smoother and straighter than structures made with conventional semiconductor wafer manufacturing processes. The structures have glass transition temperatures (Tg) of up to 200� C. with degradation temperature of approximately 380� C.
Further enhancement of the mechanical properties is achieved by an optional hard bake of 200� C.
FIG. 2 shows an example of a post-exposure bake temperature profile. For example, the profile for a resist with a Tg of 55� C. is T1=53� C. +/−2� C. and T2=95� C. +/−5� C., with t1=10 minutes, t2=15 minutes and t3=20 minutes. That is, the wafer is exposed to T1 for 10 minutes, then the temperature is ramped up to T2 over 5 minutes, then the temperature is maintained at T2 for 5 minutes. Finally, the wafer is removed from the heat source and allowed to cool to room temperature.
FIGS. 3A-D illustrate a singulated photonic device 300 made in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. The photonic device 300 includes a laser substrate 302 and a polymer-based microstructure coupling guide 304. The coupling guide 304 is dimensioned to receive an optical signal carrying apparatus such as, but not limited to, a lightpipe, waveguide, optical fiber, or other apparatus suitable for carrying on optical signal. In a preferred embodiment, the laser substrate 302 includes a vertical cavity surface emitting laser ("VCSEL") having a VCSEL aperture 308.
FIGS. 4A-D are views similar to FIGS. 3A-D,except that a bottom emitting photonic device is illustrated.
The photonic device 300 can be a transmitter or receiver of optical or photonic signals. The laser substrate 302 can be Gallium-Arsenide (GaAs), Indium Phosphide (InP), or other suitable material.
FIGS. 5 and 6 illustrate alternate embodiments of photonic devices made in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.
FIG. 7 illustrates the function of the coupling guide 304, being to provide a reliable and accurate guide for an optical signal carrying apparatus 306, such as an optical fiber for example. The guide 304 is used to guide the optical fibers 306 during the initial insertion and to maintain the position of the fibers 306 relative to the VCSEL apertures 308. The walls of the guide 304 can be "V" shaped, "U" shaped, semicircular, or other shape that provides accurate insertion of the photonic fiber 306 on to the photonic device 300, or maintains the photonic fiber's 306 alignment with VCSEL apertures 308.
FIG. 8 illustrates the formula for the epoxidized novolak (novolac epoxy), SU-8, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,605,781 at Column 11.
FIG. 9 is a scanning electromicrograph (SEM) of an isometric view of a structure made of a polymeric material after the process described in FIG. 1. This SEM shows guides formed on a semiconductor material.
FIG. 10 illustrates a plating embodiment of the present invention. Steps 800 through 850 of FIG. 10 correspond to steps 100 through 150 of FIG. 1, respectively. However, the mask in step 830 is a different design than the mask in step 130. The purpose of the mask in step 830 is to leave behind after the development step, step 850, channel(s) for the plating material. After the plating step, step 860, and the resist removal step, step 870, The plated channel(s) form the guide(s) for the fiber(s).
In step 860 the wafer with the developed resist is plated. Plating can include, but is not limited to, electroplating. Appropriate plating materials include metals such as nickel, gold, copper and other metals. The plating step leaves the channels formed in the resist development step, step 850, filled with the plating material.
In step 870 the developed resist is removed by standard processes. Thus, the plating material can be used as guides for the fiber(s).
While a preferred embodiment has been shown and described, it will be understood that it is not intended to limit the disclosure, but rather it is intended to cover all modifications and alternate methods and apparatuses falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims or their equivalents.
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Sulforaphane regulates self-renewal of pancreatic cancer stem cells through the modulation of Sonic hedgehog–GLI pathway
- Shih-Hui Li,
- Junsheng Fu,
- Dara Nall Watkins,
- Rakesh K. Srivastava,
- Sharmila Shankar
- … show all 5 hide
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Sulforaphane (SFN), a component of dietary cruciferous vegetables has been characterized for its anti-proliferative properties. We have recently demonstrated that pancreatic CSCs display activation of sonic hedgehog pathway which are fundamental drivers of stem cell renewal, and SFN inhibits the self-renewal of pancreatic CSCs in vitro. Consistent with these observations, we sought to determine the chemopreventive potential of SFN in an in vivo setting. We show here for the first time that sulforaphane treatment resulted in a significant reduction in the tumor growth of orthotopically implanted primary pancreatic CSCs isolated from human pancreatic tumors into the pancreas of NOD/SCID/IL2Rgamma mice, which is mediated through the modulation of Sonic hedgehog–GLI signaling. Hedgehog pathway blockade by SFN at a dose of 20 mg/kg resulted in a 45 % reduction in growth of pancreatic cancer tumors and reduced expression of Shh pathway components, Smo, Gli 1, and Gli 2 in mouse tissues. Further, SFN inhibited the expression of pluripotency maintaining transcription factors Nanog and Oct-4 and angiogenic markers VEGF and PDGFRα which are downstream targets of Gli transcription. Furthermore, SFN treatment resulted in a significant reduction in EMT markers Zeb-1, which correlated with increase in E-Cadherin expression suggesting the blockade of signaling involved in early metastasis. Interestingly, SFN downregulated the expression of Bcl-2 and XIAP to induce apoptosis. These data demonstrate that, at a tolerable dose, inhibition of Shh pathway by SFN results in marked reduction in EMT, metastatic, angiogenic markers with significant inhibition in tumor growth in mice. Since aberrant Shh signaling occurs in pancreatic tumorigenesis, therapeutics that target Shh pathway may improve the outcomes of patients with pancreatic cancer by targeting CSCs, thus suggesting the use of sulforaphane to further improve preventive and therapeutic approaches in patients with this devastating disease.
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- Shankar, S, Nall, D, Tang, SN, Meeker, D, Passarini, J, Sharma, J, Srivastava, RK (2011) Resveratrol inhibits pancreatic cancer stem cell characteristics in human and kras transgenic mice by inhibiting pluripotency maintaining factors and epithelial–mesenchymal transition. PLoS One 6: pp. e16530 CrossRef
- Tang, SN, Singh, C, Nall, D, Meeker, D, Shankar, S, Srivastava, RK (2010) The dietary bioflavonoid quercetin synergizes with epigallocathechin gallate (EGCG) to inhibit prostate cancer stem cell characteristics, invasion, migration and epithelial–mesenchymal transition. J Mol Signal 5: pp. 14 CrossRef
- Li, Y, Zhang, T, Schwartz, SJ, Sun, D (2011) Sulforaphane potentiates the efficacy of 17-allylamino 17-demethoxygeldanamycin against pancreatic cancer through enhanced abrogation of Hsp90 chaperone function. Nutr Cancer 63: pp. 1151-1159 CrossRef
- Kallifatidis, G, Labsch, S, Rausch, V, Mattern, J, Gladkich, J, Moldenhauer, G, Buchler, MW, Salnikov, AV, Herr, I (2011) Sulforaphane increases drug-mediated cytotoxicity toward cancer stem-like cells of pancreas and prostate. Mol Ther 19: pp. 188-195 CrossRef
- Chen, X, Thakkar, H, Tyan, F, Gim, S, Robinson, H, Lee, C, Pandey, SK, Nwokorie, C, Onwudiwe, N, Srivastava, RK (2001) Constitutively active Akt is an important regulator of TRAIL sensitivity in prostate cancer. Oncogene 20: pp. 6073-6083 CrossRef
- Iwatsuki, M, Mimori, K, Yokobori, T, Ishi, H, Beppu, T, Nakamori, S, Baba, H, Mori, M (2010) Epithelial–mesenchymal transition in cancer development and its clinical significance. Cancer Sci 101: pp. 293-299 CrossRef
- Bailey, JM, Singh, PK, Hollingsworth, MA (2007) Cancer metastasis facilitated by developmental pathways: Sonic hedgehog, Notch, and bone morphogenic proteins. J Cell Biochem 102: pp. 829-839 CrossRef
- Shin, JO, Nakagawa, E, Kim, EJ, Cho, KW, Lee, JM, Cho, SW, Jung, HS (2012) miR-200b regulates cell migration via Zeb family during mouse palate development. Histochem Cell Biol 137: pp. 459-470 CrossRef
- Drake, JM, Strohbehn, G, Bair, TB, Moreland, JG, Henry, MD (2009) ZEB1 enhances transendothelial migration and represses the epithelial phenotype of prostate cancer cells. Mol Biol Cell 20: pp. 2207-2217 CrossRef
- Liu, Y, El-Naggar, S, Darling, DS, Higashi, Y, Dean, DC (2008) Zeb1 links epithelial–mesenchymal transition and cellular senescence. Development 135: pp. 579-588 CrossRef
- Akada, M, Crnogorac-Jurcevic, T, Lattimore, S, Mahon, P, Lopes, R, Sunamura, M, Matsuno, S, Lemoine, NR (2005) Intrinsic chemoresistance to gemcitabine is associated with decreased expression of BNIP3 in pancreatic cancer. Clin Cancer Res 11: pp. 3094-3101 CrossRef
- Arumugam, T, Ramachandran, V, Fournier, KF, Wang, H, Marquis, L, Abbruzzese, JL, Gallick, GE, Logsdon, CD, McConkey, DJ, Choi, W (2009) Epithelial to mesenchymal transition contributes to drug resistance in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Res 69: pp. 5820-5828 CrossRef
- Bednar, F, Simeone, DM (2009) Pancreatic cancer stem cells and relevance to cancer treatments. J Cell Biochem 107: pp. 40-45 CrossRef
- Du, Z, Qin, R, Wei, C, Wang, M, Shi, C, Tian, R, Peng, C (2010) Pancreatic cancer cells resistant to chemoradiotherapy rich in "stem-cell-like" tumor cells. Dig Dis Sci.
- Lau, J, Kawahira, H, Hebrok, M (2006) Hedgehog signaling in pancreas development and disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 63: pp. 642-652 CrossRef
- Nalls, D, Tang, SN, Rodova, M, Srivastava, RK, Shankar, S (2011) Targeting epigenetic regulation of miR-34a for treatment of pancreatic cancer by inhibition of pancreatic cancer stem cells. PLoS One 6: pp. e24099 CrossRef
- Kasper, M, Regl, G, Frischauf, AM, Aberger, F (2006) GLI transcription factors: mediators of oncogenic Hedgehog signalling. Eur J Cancer 42: pp. 437-445 CrossRef
- Katoh, Y, Katoh, M (2008) Hedgehog signaling, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and miRNA (review). Int J Mol Med 22: pp. 271-275
- Sarkar, FH, Li, Y, Wang, Z, Kong, D (2009) Pancreatic cancer stem cells and EMT in drug resistance and metastasis. Minerva Chir 64: pp. 489-500
- Wellner U, Schubert J, Burk UC, Schmalhofer O, Zhu F, Sonntag A, Waldvogel B, Vannier C, Darling D, zur Hausen A, Brunton VG, Morton J, Sansom O, Schuler J, Stemmler MP, Herzberger C, Hopt U, Keck T, Brabletz S, Brabletz T (2009) The EMT-activator ZEB1 promotes tumorigenicity by repressing stemness-inhibiting microRNAs. Nat Cell Biol 11:1487–1495. doi:10.1038/ncb1998
- Hanlon, N, Coldham, N, Gielbert, A, Kuhnert, N, Sauer, MJ, King, LJ, Ioannides, C (2008) Absolute bioavailability and dose-dependent pharmacokinetic behaviour of dietary doses of the chemopreventive isothiocyanate sulforaphane in rat. Br J Nutr 99: pp. 559-564 CrossRef
- Li, Y, Zhang, T, Korkaya, H, Liu, S, Lee, HF, Newman, B, Yu, Y, Clouthier, SG, Schwartz, SJ, Wicha, MS, Sun, D (2010) Sulforaphane, a dietary component of broccoli/broccoli sprouts inhibits breast cancer stem cells. Clin Cancer Res.
- Myzak, MC, Karplus, PA, Chung, FL, Dashwood, RH (2004) A novel mechanism of chemoprotection by sulforaphane: inhibition of histone deacetylase. Cancer Res 64: pp. 5767-5774 CrossRef
- Park, EJ, Pezzuto, JM (2002) Botanicals in cancer chemoprevention. Cancer Metastasis Rev 21: pp. 231-255 CrossRef
- Shankar, S, Ganapathy, S, Srivastava, RK (2008) Sulforaphane enhances the therapeutic potential of TRAIL in prostate cancer orthotopic model through regulation of apoptosis, metastasis and angiogenesis. Clin Cancer Res 14: pp. 1-16 CrossRef
- Kallifatidis, G, Rausch, V, Baumann, B, Apel, A, Beckermann, BM, Groth, A, Mattern, J, Li, Z, Kolb, A, Moldenhauer, G, Altevogt, P, Wirth, T, Werner, J, Schemmer, P, Buchler, MW, Salnikov, AV, Herr, I (2009) Sulforaphane targets pancreatic tumour-initiating cells by NF-kappaB-induced antiapoptotic signalling. Gut 58: pp. 949-963 CrossRef
- Title
- Sulforaphane regulates self-renewal of pancreatic cancer stem cells through the modulation of Sonic hedgehog–GLI pathway
- Journal
Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry
Volume 373, Issue 1-2 , pp 217-227
- Cover Date
- 2013-01-01
- 10.1007/s11010-012-1493-6
- Print ISSN
- 0300-8177
- Online ISSN
- 1573-4919
- Publisher
- Springer US
- Additional Links
- Topics
- Keywords
- Cancer stem cells
- Pancreatic cancer
- Pluripotency maintaining factors
- Sonic hedgehog pathway
- Sulforaphane
- Epithelial–mesenchymal transition
- Industry Sectors
- Authors
- Shih-Hui Li (1)
- Junsheng Fu (1)
- Dara Nall Watkins (1)
- Rakesh K. Srivastava (2)
- Sharmila Shankar (1)
- Author Affiliations
- 1. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Kansas Cancer Center, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
- 2. Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, and Medicine, The University of Kansas Cancer Center, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA


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Digitally pinpointing areas of need in Nepal overcomes obstacles on the ground.
Study shows chocolate can increase brain characteristics of attention and significantly affect blood pressure levels.
NAU's first crowdfunding campaign, Lights for Yellow Bikes, provides front and rear lights for 150 Yellow Bikes on campus in an effort to keep our students cycling safe.
In honor of her mother, Samia Ashraf created the Khursheed Fatima Scholarship, a gift that has benefited international students at NAU for more than a decade.
Nearly 600 guests gathered as the Arizona Board of Regents officially installed Rita Hartung Cheng as the 16th president of Northern Arizona University.
Professor Sharon Moses is investigating the site of the Hume Plantation's slave quarters on South Carolina's Cat Island.
Alum Morgan Coffinger starts company to support sustainability.
More than fifty years later, Prof. Andrew Paul Gutierrez credits NAU for success.
The award provides funding to help NAU researchers study the effects of climate change on white pine tree disease resistance.
Students lead sustainable energy efforts on campus.
Northern Arizona University has been recognized by Best College Reviews as the top college offering online degrees.
NAU serves 27,000 students statewide and creates one in five jobs in Coconino County.
Lisa Bacus uses personal experience to establish the Nogales High School Hall of Fame Scholarship.


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We've heard your feedback and are continuing to build a better Slickdeals. Click here to check out the updated site.
Welcome, Unregistered.
You last visited: Today at 07:01 AM
Loan out $1000 to 20 different people @ 10% interest. Spend the remaining 5K on hire hands to regain your money in case of runaways. Also, make sure the repayment terms end prior to your pay back date. To be safe give yourself a month buffer and be certain the hired hands are experienced. Boom one year later you just made yourself 2500, if not more due to people re upping their loans.
Or you could just forget the loan and go out and earn 25K extra by working, since it might be easier.
I can't believe all the horrible advice in this thread.
Investments? Savings? Bonds? International Currency? Under the mattress?
The best option is so obvious I can't believe no one has mentioned it.
Just wait until the next uber hot deal comes along on SD. Something along the lines of the HP TouchPad price drop. Or the $450 StarBucks Gift Card. Then, buy $25,000 worth. Sell on eBay/CL and pocket the difference. You could easily double your money in a month. Rinse and repeat for a year. In the end, you could turn that $25k into $250k.
-The San Francisco Bay Area, commonly known as the Bay Area, is a metropolitan region that surrounds the San Francisco bay in Northern California.
-The Bay Area is home to approximately 7.2 million people.
-The San Francisco Bay Area is one of the wealthiest regions in the U.S.
Last edited by nrdk00; 01-18-2013 at 02:26 PM.. Reason: Automerged Doublepost
Original Poster
One of the best recent deals I saw was for the Jawbone Jambox.
If you aren't familiar with it, it's an overpriced ($199 retail, $150 commonly priced and ~$130 on sale) battery powered bluetooth speaker. Very popular. Anyway, Cricket Wireless, who apparently has retail stores in some states (whodathunkit) decided to stop sell them and put them on clearance for $50. Since most people don't live near a Cricket Wireless store, they went to Best Buy to pricematch. I got one using this method, but it was like pulling teeth. Others however picked up a TON. One guy got ~100. It helped if you actually lived near a store, since BB doesn't technically price match far away competitors. The deal got even better when Best Buy had some special "buy a Jambox get a $25 Best Buy gift card" promotion one week. They would buy it for the discounted $50 price, get a $25 gift card at check out, and then sell the device for $120-130 on eBay/CL.
So, with $25,000 and a post-tax price of ~$53 (6% tax rate) and a modest post-fee sale price of $105.... You could have made about $24,492 in profit, plus $11,775 in Best Buy gift cards. If you used those gift cards to purchase even more Jamboxes, which would have yielded you even more gift cards back, your talking about closer to $40k in profit!
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The Los Santos State Gas Company
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The Los Santos State Gas Company is the organization in charge of supplying gas to Los Santos, San Andreas and its surrounding areas. Its storage tanks are located in the Port of South Los Santos.


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Isle Of Wight Festival 2015
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The Vaccines are a London, UK indie rock band formed in 2010, consisting of Justin Young (vocals, guitar), Árni Hjörvar (bass), Freddie Cowan (guitar), and Pete Robertson (drums). After signing to Marshall Teller Records, they released their debut single, "Wreckin' Bar (Ra Ra Ra)"/"Blow It Up". The band recorded their first radio session for Marc R...
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IAEA: First Iranian response on enrichment deal
VIENNA, Austria Iran has given an initial response to a plan that calls for Tehran to ship most of its enriched uranium abroad, the International Atomic Energy Agency said Thursday. An official familiar with Iran's response said Tehran was unwilling to accept the deal, which would delay Tehran's ability to make a nuclear weapon.
The U.S. and allied countries were seeking Iranian agreement to ship out 70 percent of its low-enriched uranium to Russia in one shipment for further enrichment and conversion into fuel for a Tehran research reactor.
Sending that amount in one batch would not leave Tehran with enough material to make weapons-grade uranium should it decide to make a warhead. Experts say Iran would need at least a year to produce enough to make up for the exported material, giving the international community a window in its efforts to persuade the Islamic Republic to freeze its enrichment program.
But a Western diplomat familiar with the Iran offer said Tehran was instead proposing to enrich the material domestically under supervision of the International Atomic Energy Agency.
The Tehran research reactor needs fuel enriched to just under 20 percent – far from the 90 percent and above needed to make the fissile core of a nuclear weapon. Iran's stockpile is low-enriched uranium enriched to around 3 percent, suitable only for nuclear fuel.
But the higher the level of enrichment, the easier it is to reach weapons-grade level. Such a proposal outlined by the diplomat is unlikely to be endorsed by the U.S. and its allies, which would see it as bringing Tehran closer to nuclear weapons capacity instead of reducing such a threat.
"They don't want the LEU taken out," said the diplomat, referring to low-enriched uranium. "They want to enrich it there (in Iran) under IAEA supervision."
Iran has signaled in recent days that it was unwilling to give up most of its enriched stockpile in a single shipment and would seek to re-negotiate terms worked out by IAEA chief Mohamed ElBaradei in talks last week with Iran, Russia, France and the U.S. That Iranian stance was reinforced by the language of the IAEA statement.
Besides speaking of "an initial response from the Iranian authorities" – suggesting that Iran was looking for further talks – the statement indicated the possible need for further negotiations. It said ElBaradei expressed "hope that agreement can be reached soon" and was consulting with the four nations involved.
The plan would commit Iran to turn over more than 2,600 pounds (1,200 kilograms) of low-enriched uranium – more than the commonly accepted amount of low-enriched uranium needed to produce weapons-grade uranium. The West says Tehran agreed in principle to export that amount in one shipment during Oct. 1 talks in Geneva with the U.S. and five other world powers – something Iranian officials have denied.
In Iran Thursday, President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad said that his country will not give up its nuclear program although the West and Iran are now cooperating on the issue – remarks that signaled a divide between the Islamic Republic and the West on what Iran needed to do to comply with the outlines of the enrichment plan.


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Jan De Cock (born in Etterbeek 2 May 1976) is a contemporary Belgian visual artist. From the start of his career, his art has revolved around production and the ways in which an artist relates to the broad culturally-injected concept of Modernism. In 2003 Jan De Cock entered the competition Prix de la Jeune Peinture Belge (Prize for Young Belgian Painters). He is, after Luc Tuymans, only the second Belgian artist to have had an exposition at Tate Modern and the first living Belgian artist to have an exhibition at MoMA, which opened on 23 January, 2008.
Much of his work appears to draw visual and formal comparisons between early-20th century abstract art movements (such as Constructivism, Cubism, and Suprematism) and contemporary design and mass production. Additionally, de Cock commonly includes a performative element intended to act as social critique or to place his work demonstrably into a system of exchange.
He is represented by Office Baroque in Brussels, Belgium.
- 1 Art projects
- 1.1 Everything for you
- 1.2 Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, Staatliche Kunsthalle Baden-Baden, Germany, 2011
- 1.3 Repromotion, BOZAR, Brussels, 2009
- 1.4 Denkmal 11, Museum of Modern Art, West 53 Street, New York, 2008
- 1.5 Denkmal 4, Casa del Fascio, Piazza del Popolo 4, Como, 2006
- 1.6 Denkmal 53, Tate Modern, London, 2005
- 1.7 Randschade Fig.7 / Collateral Damage Fig.7, Museum Fine Arts and S.M.A.K., Ghent, 2002
- 1.8 Vertigo or the Era of Free Catalogues, Part 2, Felix Hap Park, Brussels, 2000
- 2 Publications
- 3 Solo exhibitions
- 4 References
- 5 External links
Art projects[edit]
Everything for you[edit]
This series of exhibitions tackles the concept of the free market. The first edition Everything for you, Mexico-City opened in the spring of 2013 in Galería Hilario Galguera, in Mexico City.[1] Jan De Cock grants the city a number of different sculptural Gifts, with which he rejects today's supply-and-demand economy by giving the inhabitants of the city a gift pur sang, voluntarily and in places where no one has asked for them. Before the Gifts are exhibited, they are first activated in the city by means of a photographic portrait. These photos are then printed and spread over the city in large numbers. Everything for you, Otegem opens on 8 september 2013 in Deweer Gallery, followed by Everything for you, Milan and Everything for you, Beijing.[2]
Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, Staatliche Kunsthalle Baden-Baden, Germany, 2011[edit]
Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis (or JKO) is the encompassing generic term for the exhibition project. The project took place between September 2011 and June 2012 and can be divided into two separate but interrelated parts. Part 1: A series of six Cahiers was published as a periodical picture story to mark the project. White-out Studio systematically exhibited the Cahiers as five different presentations that were spread over a period of five months (September 10, 2011- January 31, 2012). Part 2 : The Staatliche Kunsthalle Baden-Baden subsequently presented the exhibition Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis (March 10, 2012 - June 24, 2012) and the catalogue 'Jan De Cock: Handbuch Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis. Eine Romantische Austellung'.[3]
In this exhibition Jan De Cock unfolds a complex, interlocking system of fragments, changing the perfect white rooms of the Kunsthalle and the glass pavilion of the Stadtmuseum into a landscape of splintered units that seemingly has no point of departure, nor one of arrival. The works shown in the exhibition were made using industrially produced materials. A series of sculptures entitled Romantische Skulpturen consists of grand steel profile frames measuring almost 3m x 3m, upon which precisely crafted layers of coated wood and other materials have been attached. The works bring to mind expansive objects from former series by Jan De Cock, that now seem to have been shoved against the wall. In other words, entire rooms have been transformed into layered reliefs. For De Cock, the layering and unkempt surfaces are again references to his studio process.
Repromotion, BOZAR, Brussels, 2009[edit]
This exhibition was sculptured and organized within its space as a sequence from a fictional film. Jan De Cock probed the very sources of film and played with movement, repetition, and reproduction, which are the main concepts for reading the exhibition. The montage took place from room to room, following a directed path, indicated by three Herculean archers by the sculptor Antoine Bourdelle. With Repromotion, the artist dedicated himself to the issue of representing movement in modern sculpture or "the development of the artist studio in space". Jan De Cock chose BOZAR because of his personal relationship to the institution and the history captured in the museum as a sublimated representation of modernist culture and art.
Denkmal 11, Museum of Modern Art, West 53 Street, New York, 2008[edit]
Jan De Cock's first US museum exhibition took place in 2008.[4] A multipart installation featured a complex display of framed images punctuated by boxlike plywood modules. Photographs and photomontages is austere black frames are clustered on the walls, some as high as the ceiling or as low as the floor. In some of these groupings, smaller photographs are arranged on white backgrounds. Others are partly obscured by white mats with peekaboo cutouts, or by sculptural interventions in the form of slotted plywood boxes. The photographic material was created in response to the specific location in which it will be screened, and shows different objects from the collection of the MoMA, in combination with images from art, architecture or film history.[5]
Denkmal 4, Casa del Fascio, Piazza del Popolo 4, Como, 2006[edit]
In 2006 Jan De Cock realized a series of in-situ sculptures in Casa del Fascio that entered into dialogue with the existing architectural shapes of two different locations in the region of Lombardy in Northern Italy: the gallery Francesca Minini in Milan and Galleria Massimo Minini in Brescia.[6] Daniel Buren was then invited to elaborate in-situ on the museum reference frame created by De Cock, and hence to complete the work. Buren's intervention consisted of putting his well-known motive of green vertical ( 8.7 cm ) wide stripes onto De Cock's sculptures and using mirrors to interact with the piece.
Denkmal 53, Tate Modern, London, 2005[edit]
With Denkmal 53, Jan De Cock built his own museum by creating deceptively simple constructions that refer to the formal language of the building of Tate Modern, especially the window distribution and structure of the Central Hall.[7] Through this installation, with references to the legacy of the abstract art of Piet Mondriaan to Donald Judd, De Cock evokes an ingenious game of vistas and blind walls to redirect our gaze and hide certain aspects of an existing edifice to reveal others.[8]
Randschade Fig.7 / Collateral Damage Fig.7, Museum Fine Arts and S.M.A.K., Ghent, 2002[edit]
This exhibition was conceived as an orchestrated walking tour with pauses and hindrances: the sculptures in the middle of the rooms are spread over different exhibition spaces, thus reducing the available space and creating a trajectory past the old masters that sometimes leads to a dead-end. The lines, areas, and solid colours of the sculptures harmonize on an abstract level with the furnishings, the architecture, and the paintings, resulting in a Gesamtkunstwerk.
Vertigo or the Era of Free Catalogues, Part 2, Felix Hap Park, Brussels, 2000[edit]
This installation was created for the group exhibition Beeld in Park in 2000 (June 30, 2000 - October 15, 2000) for which Jan De Cock created a new entrance, namely the carriage entry of a private residence that opened onto the public space of the Jean-Félix Hap Park. The pavilion was built as an extension of the new entrance, adjacent to an 18th century gateway building in the classical style. An extension "module" measuring 85 square meters divided the park into two areas.
- Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, Disambiguation #1 Saturation, #2 Spectacle, #3 Value, #4 Imitation, #5 Fanatism, #6 Overcome, 2012 576 pages
- Handbook A Romantic Exhibition, Staatliche Kunsthalle Baden-Baden, curated by Johan Holten, Buchhandlung Walther König, 2012
- Denkmal isbn 9789080842441, 2008 The Museum of Modern Art, New York 210 pages
- Denkmal isbn 9789080842434, 2008 Collaboration with Daniel Buren, Italy 650 pages
- Denkmal isbn 9080842427, 2006 Tate Modern, London 456 pages
- Denkmal isbn 9080842419, 2004 De Appel, Amsterdam 556 page
Solo exhibitions[edit]
- 2013 : Everything for you, Otegem, Deweer Gallery, Otegem
- 2013 : Everything for you, Mexico-City, Galeria Hilario Galguera, Mexico-City (Mexico)
- 2013 : Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, Romantik IX, Galerie Fons Welters, Amsterdam (Netherlands)
- 2012 : Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, A Commercial Exhibition, Galeria Filomena Soares, Lissabon (Portugal)
- 2012 : Occupying the Museum, Galerie Ronny Van de Velde, Knokke
- 2012 : Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, A Romantic Exhibition, Staatliche Kunsthalle Baden-Baden, Baden-Baden (Germany)
- 2011 : Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, White-Out Studio, Knokke-Heist
- 2011 : Improvise and Overcome, KIOSK, Gent
- 2010 : Repromotion, Francesca Minini, Milano (Italy)
- 2010 : Repromotion, Galerie Fons Welters, Amsterdam (Netherlands)
- 2009 : Repromotion, Gallery Luis Campaña, Berlin (Germany)
- 2009 : Repromotion, Palais des Beaux-Arts, Brussels
- 2008 : Modern is changing fig. 4, Stella Lohaus Gallery, Antwerp
- 2008 : Modern is changing fig. 3, Gallery Luis Campaña, Berlin (Germany)
- 2008 : Modern is changing fig. 1, Galerie Fons Welters (Netherlands)
- 2008 : Denkmal 11, Museum of Modern Art, 11 West 53 Street, New York (USA)
- 2007 : Denkmal 70, Sint-Lukas Hogeschool, Paleizenstraat 70, Brussels
- 2007 : Denkmal 87, Glenn Horowitz Bookseller, 87 Newton Lane, Easthampton (USA)
- 2007 : Denkmal 1, Art Brussels, Belgiëplein 1, Brussels
- 2006 : Denkmal 4, Casa del Fascio, Piazza del Popolo 4, Como (Italy)
- 2006 : Denkmal 4, Casa del Fascio, Piazza del Popolo 4, Como - Massimo Minini Gallery, Brescia (Italy)
- 2006 : Denkmal 4, Casa del Fascio, Piazza del Popolo 4, Como – Francesca Minini Gallery, Milano (Italy)
- 2006 : Denkmal 25, Haus Konstruktiv, Selnaustrasse 25, Zürich (Switzerland)
- 2006 : Denkmal 47, Stella Lohaus Gallery, Vlaamse Kaai 47, Antwerp
- 2006 : Denkmal 1901, Convention Center, 1901 Convention Center Drive, Miami Beach (USA)
- 2005 : Denkmal 53, Tate Modern, Bankside 53, London SE1 9TG (UK)
- 2005 : Denkmal 7, Schirn Kunsthalle, Römerberg 7, Frankfurt am Main (Germany)
- 2005 : Denkmal 5-12-3, Minami Aoyama 5-12-3, Minato-ku, Tokyo (Japan)
- 2004 : Denkmal 23, Palais des Beaux-Arts, Rue Ravenstein 23, Brussels
- 2004 : Denkmal 47, Stella Lohaus Gallery, Vlaamse Kaai 47, Antwerp
- 2004 : Denkmal 9, Henry Van de Velde Universiteitsbibliotheek, Rozier 9, Gent
- 2004 : Denkmal 1a, Gallery Luis Campaña, An der Schanz 1a, Köln (Germany)
- 2003 : Denkmal 3, Kerstin Engholm Gallery, Schleifmuhlgasse 3, Wien (Austria)
- 2003 : Denkmal 10, De Appel, Nieuwe Spiegelstraat 10, Amsterdam (Netherlands)
- 2003 : Art Statement, Art 34 Basel (Switzerland)
- 2002 : Art Basel Miami Beach, Art Positions (USA)
- 2002 : Randschade Fig.9 / Collateral Damage Fig.9, Gallery Fons Welters, Amsterdam, 2002 (Netherlands)
- 2002 : Randschade Fig.7 / Collateral Damage Fig.7, Museum voor Schone Kunsten en S.M.A.K., Gent
- 2001 : Randschade Fig. 4, Gallery Fons Welters, Amsterdam (Netherlands)
- 1999 : Argos, Brussels
External links[edit]
- Official website
- Collecting Emerging Artists. The Wall Street Journal March 29 2013


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Sedu Revolution Clipless Curler Chic Set DZDG
Out of Stock
he latest styles seen on the most fashionable celebrities. The clipless curler does not have a clamp so curls andThe Sedu Revolution Clipless Curler Chic Set has the latest rage in styling tools; the Sedu Revolution Clipess Curling iron in 25MM barrel size. The Sedu Clipless Curler allows you to create waves, textured curls, all the latest Hollywood looks. Since it does not have a clamp, waves are crease- and frizz- free!


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I'm not complaining but ...My 80 yr old neighbors has sons and grandsons that come over yet I'm the one mowing her lawn
That is because you are doing it for free.
She may never have asked them either. People don't always realize what's needed if no one tells them.
How often do they come over?
Then by all means, they should do it. I thought you meant a once a month visit.
An old Chinese proverb says that when you do someone else's job they thank you for helping them. When you do the job again you don't get thanked because now its your job.

Mowing your neighbor's lawn and shoveling her walk is YOUR job. That's why the kids won't do it. To get them to do it, you first have to give the job back.
So you're a fool.
Up the top you said you're not complaining. Yet you are doing that too. If you aren't complaining what do you call it? Whingeing?
Related Questions
Anonymous2day 36-40 5 Answers 2 Sep 2, 2012 in Beliefs
Why is it when I express myself and feelings everyone thinks I'm complaining? Am i not allowed to express myself?lonelyheartofmine 41-45, F 16 Answers 7 Jul 27, 2011
My boyfriend does things that bother me. How do I bring those up to him without seeming like I'm complaining or nagging?I really try not to complain to much about things, but I just can't deal with certain things anymore. I know my boyfriend needs time to hang out with his friends and family and I...justaninvisiblegirl 26-30, F 13 Answers 7 May 14, 2013 in Struggles
I get a lot of random people messaging me .-. How do they even find me? XD (not that I'm complaining)
Would a younger man be turned off if he knew a woman's son was his age? I'm 52 and my sons 23 and I am singlelindatheworkoutmom 51-55, F 9 Answers 2 Nov 29, 2014 in Dating & Relationships
Friday already.Arcadia24 18-21, F 6 Answers 4 Feb 4, 2011
My son is 21 weeks old and weighs 21lb and is above 95% percentile, my auntie's 4 year old was 23lb at 4 and half months, now shes gotten taller as shes gotten older shes slimmed...Jayceex 18-21, F 8 Answers 2 Dec 29, 2012 in Motherhood
AltairIbnLaAhad 22-25, M 12 Answers 2 Jul 21, 2013 in Hobbies
CharleeLuv 18-21, F 7 Answers 1 Sep 16, 2013 in Food


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They are constructed of a multilayer 48-ga PET/60-ga nylon/30-ga aluminum/100-ga polyethylene. The nylon strengthens the pouch, and the aluminum provides both oxygen- and UV-barrier protection.
IPN determined the size and shape of the pouch. The company, which performed all contract packaging services on the pouches, worked within Esio's dimensional constraints on the dispensing-system compartment.
The concentrates are being sold primarily through dealers of the water-dispensing system, but glossy graphics on the pouches and cartons make the pouches retail-ready.
Graphics are designed in-house at Esio Beverage with bold colors and illustrations to convey the flavor variety against a black background. The pouches are gravure-printed in eight colors in India by a partner of IPN India plc.


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The Valley City Area Chamber of Commerce held its annual Winter Agriculture Social Friday at the Valley City Eagles Club. A crowd of area ag producers were on hand to enjoy an appreciation dinner and to be honored for their efforts.
The second 2014 spring flooding prediction for Valley City shows a lower chance than normal for any type of flooding by April 27, according to Bill Barrett, National Weather Service meteorologist/technician for the Grand Forks office. More in Monday's issue of the Times-Record.
Students at Valley City Public School district raised a total of $5,060.36 for the Schnoert family, whose house was destroyed in a fire late last month.
John and Linda Schonert and their children Tucker and Ashton accepted the checks Friday afternoon at a kindness pep rally at Washington Elementary School.
More in Monday's Times-Record.
Barnes County Sheriff Randy McClaflin hopes to add a sixth road officer to his department, to help deal with growth seen in recent years. "It has to do with growth in the eastern part of the (state) that will affect us," McClaflin said. More in Friday's issue of the Times-Record.
Tavern 94, attached to Valley City's Wagon Wheel Inn, has a large assortment of food and a full bar. Manager James Veach said the eatery is known for its unique pizzas.
More in Friday's Times-Record.
Three bars in Valley City are teaming up to bring the street dance back to Main Street during Rally in the Valley community days June 14. The Nu Bar, Veterans of Foreign Wars (VFW) Club and Captain's Pub are planning a street dance with live music and an evening of family-friendly activities outside on the street they share.
More in Friday's Times-Record.
Engineering work for construction on Barnes County Road 21 from the North Valley Bridge to the Bayshore Resort at North Dakota 26 will run $206,270, KLJ Engineer Sean Mayfield told Barnes County commissioners at a Tuesday meeting. More in Thursday's issue of the Times-Record.
A horse was injured in an Oriska fire Wednesday, but no people were injured in the blaze.
The fire, which destroyed a vacant shop in Oriska, burned for several hours before firefighters from Tower City and Valley City began knocking down the structure. The origin of the fire is unknown.
The North Dakota Winter Show is dedicating a day to dogs this year. On Wednesday, March 5, dogs will fill the main arena of the Winter Show as a dog stunt team and two rescue groups will be on site.
More in Thursday's Times-Record.
William Jason Wall, of Valley City, was sentenced last week to 10 years in prison and 10 years of supervised probation for gross sexual imposition. He will be registered as a sex offender upon his release, according to Carl Martineck, Barnes County States Attorney.


text:
To embed, copy and paste the code into your website or blog:
The Securities and Exchange Commission is suing Goldman, Sachs for defrauding investors by misstating and omitting key facts about a financial product tied to subprime mortgages as the U.S. housing market was beginning to falter.
The SEC alleges that Goldman Sachs structured and marketed a synthetic collateralized debt obligation (CDO) that hinged on the performance of subprime residential mortgage-backed securities (RMBS). Goldman Sachs failed to disclose to investors vital information about the CDO, in particular the role that a major hedge fund played in the portfolio selection process and the fact that the hedge fund had taken a short position against the CDO.
Investors are alleged to have lost more than $1 billion.
The SEC's complaint charges Goldman Sachs and Goldman Sachs Vice President Fabrice Tourre with violations of Section 17(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and Exchange Act Rule 10b-5. The Commission seeks injunctive relief, disgorgement of profits, prejudgment interest, and financial penalties.
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Twitter has blocked few tweets after Pakistan requested the micro-blogging site to block messages that the country regarded as blasphemous.
The micro-blogging website honoured five requests put forward by an official from the Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA) to block tweets that he regarded as blasphemous.
According to Dawn News, PTA's Abdul Batin made all five requests in May, asking Twitter to censor accounts, tweets or searches on the social network that he described as 'blasphemous' or 'unethical'.
Twitter blocked content that included drawings of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), photographs of burning copies of the Holy Quran, messages from a handful of anti-Islam bloggers, and an American porn star who now attends Duke University.
The blocking of these tweets in Pakistan is in line with Twitter's country-specific censorship policy that it made public in 2012, the report added.


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Crazy thought: The Iconians saved Romulus
View Single Post
Empire Veteran
Join Date: Jun 2012
Posts: 2,221
# 27
Originally Posted by
What if we got Mirror Romulus tied into this all somehow... you know... with Tholians and the like?
Hey, maybe the Romulan ships in the teaser are Mirror Romulans for all we know
And jexsamx, I never said anything about bringing Romulus back
I was thinking more along the lines of we find out the Iconians swapped Romulus with a proxy (which was destroyed), we try and find out more about why and how, and perhaps even find the original on the other side of the galaxy through a gateway XD But even if not, we deal a blow to the Iconians anyway.
This will heal the Romulans a bit, and maybe strengthen relations just a bit, but they'll continue as normal, sorta. After all, time traveling to stop this from happening would null JJ's Trek... which I doubt CBS would approve of.
Was named Trek17, but still an author.
Been playing STO since Open Beta, and have never regarded anything as worse than 'meh'. I have nothing against the game/devs, nor any particular wish to talk bad about either, or praise most decisions. Still, it's better to be positive than cynical.


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Arizona Wildcats
Former UA star Ka'Deem Carey selected by Chicago Bears in 4th round of NFL Draft
The leading rusher in Arizona Wildcats history now knows where the next chapter of his career will begin.
Former UA star Ka'Deem Carey was selected in the 4th round -- No. 117 overall -- by the Chicago Bears on Saturday, making him the 11th running back selected.
Carey, whose 5,483 yards top the UA's all-time rushing list, led the nation in rushing as a sophomore and finished No. 3 as a senior despite missing six quarters due to suspension.
The 5-foot-10, 207-pound back likely fell in the draft due to a combination of off-the-field issues and a poor combine performance, where he posted a 4.7 in the 40-yard dash.
He had a run-in with campus police at a basketball game faced domestic violence charges, though those were eventually dropped.
Carey finished his career by crossing the 100-yard mark in 16 straight games, which is the longest streak in Pac-12 history and the longest for any FBS player in the last 10 years.
Carey also owns the Pac-12 single-game rushing mark after racking up 366 yards on the ground against Colorado as a sophomore. He was also the first UA running back to record back-to-back 200-yard rushing games.
Most Popular
Wildcats Audio
- Bearing Down with Adam and Jarrett - May 6, 2015Adam and Jarrett talk about zero Wildcats being drafted by an NFL team.
- Bearing Down with Adam and Jarrett - April 24, 2015Adam and Jarrett talk about what Arizona basketball has lost and what it moves forward with.
- Glenn Parker, Pac-12 Networks football analystGlenn talks about the upcoming Pac-12 spring football games and shares his thought on the NFL draft.
- Rich Rodriguez, Head Coach UA FootballWhat is Coach Rodriguez doing to get his team ready for the upcoming football season?
- Doug Haller- ASU beat writer for azcentral sportsDoug Haller previews the college basketball national championship game.


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See your brown on these designs right now!
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Customer Raves & Reviews
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Gorgeous Wedding Stationary
So happy with the wedding stationary I have received so far. It was so much fun to customize the colors and I even asked for some customization of the design, which MagnetStreet took care of exactly to my preferences and quickly. The quality of the product when it arrived exceeded my expectations. So far I have ordered my Save the Dates and the favor boxes. Thank you MagnetStreet!
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The nautical box is perfect! Both are in the Navy and the wedding is nautical. The box is so cute and easily holds five pieces of salt water taffy for favors. Very pleased!


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July 25, 2014
POMEROY — The Daily Sentinel's website now faster, easier
If you haven't visited The Daily Sentinel's website lately, you should take a look.
Just a few days ago, The Daily Sentinel unveiled a significant upgrade to our website, making www.mydailysentinel.com easier to navigate, faster to load and more effective for advertisers.
As with the recent redesign of our print edition, the new website is largely the result of feedback from both readers and advertisers over the past several months.
Among our improved and upgraded features are:
In our evolving digital world, it's never quite accurate to say that an online platform is finished. Constant changes in technology require ongoing upgrades and improvements, and our goal is to stay on the cutting edge.
We invite you to visit www.mydailysentinel.com and let us know what you think. When you're on our site, you can connect with us through your favorite method - through email, Facebook, Twitter or any of the other communication icons located on our online pages. Or, just pick up the phone and give us a call at (740) 992-2155. As always, thank you for reading The Daily Sentinel.


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Sci-MX GRS-9 Hour Protein Strawberry 2.28kg
Price per kg: £31.57
Product Description
Whey, milk, egg & soy protein blend
A gradual amino acid supply to muscles
Enhanced with Aminogen & Vit-MX-Sports
High protein nutrition shake mix with sugar (fructose) and sweetener.
Dietary supplement.
Formulated for:
- Building lean muscle size & definition
- Gaining more strength & power
- Combating muscle breakdown
Who will benefit from GRS-5 protein system:
- Regular gym users training for superior muscle size and definition
- Athletes - to support muscle development and recovery, including rugby players, sprinters, combat athletes, track-and-field athletes and endurance athletes
Why Choose GRS-5 Protein System:
- Supplies amino acids to muscles over a longer period than ordinary protein products
- No similar product contains Aminogen®, Vit-MX-Sport™ and OptiZyme™
- Superior to ordinary protein products - contains scientifically researched ingredients
How GRS-5® Protein System Works:
- GRS-5® Protein System is probably the most scientifically advanced and effective muscle-building protein drink you can buy!
- It supplies both rapidly-absorbed sources like whey, as well as more gradually-absorbed sources like milk, egg and soy. This is because developing muscles will grow faster if supplied with amino acids over a sustained period, especially between meals and during sleep. The combination of proteins used in GRS-5® Protein System does exactly this, ensuring that your hard-working muscles get a constant supply of amino acids over a long period.
- GRS-5® Protein System also contains other nutrients that complement its muscle-building ability and help you achieve your training goals. Vit-MX-Sport™ is a unique blend of vitamin C, B6, B12, folic acid, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc and copper which is specifically formulated for sports people. It contributes to factors that are vital to athletes such as healthy immune function, muscle oxygenation, hormonal health, and muscle and nerve function.
- We've also added a revolutionary new compound called Aminogen®, shown in research to increase your body's absorption of protein, and also boost the levels of nitrogen found in muscle tissue, which increases your muscle growth. OptiZyme™ digestive enzymes package ensures optimum protein digestion.
- The result is a truly superior muscle-building protein drink. Simply mix it with water for a rich-textured and delicious shake.
Maximise results with other Sci-MX products:
- When training for muscle-gain and fat-loss combine with Sci-MX's CLA Lean-1000™
- When training for extra power and size combine with Sci-MX's Creatine CT-MX™
- After intensive exercise combine with Sci-MX's L-Glutamine Pro™ for enhanced recovery
Contents packed by weight, some settling may occur.
When training for muscle-gain and fat-loss combine with Sci-MX's CLA Lean-1000™
When training for extra power and size combine with Sci-MX's Creatine CT-MX™
After intensive exercise combine with Sci-MX's L-Glutamine Pro™ for enhanced recovery
Product Information
- Brands: Sci-MX
Store in a cool, dry place out of reach of young children.
Recommended Use: Add 2 heaped scoops to 300-400ml of cool water in a hand-held shaker and shake for 30 seconds. Allow to settle for around 45 seconds after mixing. Have 2-3 servings per day between meals, after training and before bed-time.
Do not exceed the maximum daily intake
Supplements should not replace a varied and balanced diet and a healthy lifestyle
Contains milk protein, soy protein
Contains no nuts ingredients but may contain traces of peanuts and various types of nuts and seeds
Preparation and Usage
When to Use
After training and between meals.
Upon waking and before bedtime.
Take up to 3 servings per day.
How to Prepare
Add 2 heaped scoops (56g) to a shaker with 350-400ml of water.
Shake for 10 seconds.
Allow to settle for 45 seconds and drink.
Country of Origin
Produce of the EU
Country of Packing
Produce of the EU
Sci-MX Nutrition LLP.,
Unit 1 The iO Centre,
Hurricane Road,
Gloucester Business Park,
Package Type
Other Information
Allergy Other Text:
Contains milk protein, Contains no nut ingredients, but may contain traces of peanuts and various types of nuts and seeds
Store in a cool, dry place out of reach of young children.
Safety Warning:
Do not exceed 3 x 56g servings per day.
Food supplements should not replace a varied and balanced diet and healthy lifestyle.
Additional Information:
Contents packed by weight, some settling may occur.
Allergen Information
May Contain Eggs, May Contain Nuts, May Contain Peanuts
GRS 9-Hour® Gradual Release Protein Blend (Whey Protein Concentrate*, Soya Protein Isolate, Peptide Bonded Glutamine Rich Hydrolysed Wheat Protein, Milk Protein Concentrate*), Glycine, MCT Oil, Flavouring, Maltodextrin, Red Beet Powder (Colouring), Calcium Carbonate, Magnesium Oxide, Xanthan Gum (Stabiliser), Optizyme™ (Lactose Enzymes), Aminogen® (Digestive Proteases from Aspergillus Niger and Aspergillus Oryzae), Ascorbic Acid, Ferrous Gluconate, Sucralose (sweetener), Zinc Oxide, Copper Gluconate, Calcium D-Pantothenate, Cyanocobalamin, Pyridoxine-5-Phosphate, Pteroylmonoglutamic Acid, *Sources of Lactose and Milk protein
Dietary Information
Contains Eggs
Contains Lactose
Contains Milk
May Contain Peanuts
Contains Soya\Soybeans
Nutritional Data
|Typical Values
|Per 100 g
|Per serving (56g) 2 heaped scoops
|Key Muscle Performance Ingredients Per Serving:
|GRS-5 Protein
|100 g
|BCAAs & Glutamin
|18 g
|3.5 mg
|100 mg
|1518kJ / 363kcal
|850kJ / 203kcal
|Protein (on dry matter)
|71 g
|40 g
|4 g
|2.24 g
|Of which sugars
|4 g
|2.24 g
|5.68 g
|3.18 g
|Of which saturates
|3.09 g
|1.9 g
|0 g
|0 g
|0.464 g
|0.259 g
|Vitamin C
|214 mg (267% RDA*)
|120 mg (150% RDA*)
|Vitamin B6
|1.25 mg (89% RDA*)
|0.7 mg (50% RDA*)
|Folic acid
|178 µg (89% RDA*)
|100 µg (50% RDA*)
|Vitamin B12
|2.23 µg (89% RDA*)
|1.25 µg (50% RDA*)
|Pantothenic acid
|5.35 mg (89% RDA*)
|3 mg (50% RDA*)
|714 mg (89% RDA*)
|400 mg (50% RDA*)
|335 mg (89% RDA*)
|187.5 mg (50% RDA*)
|8.92 mg (89% RDA*)
|5 mg (50% RDA*)
|0.89 mg (89% RDA*)
|0.5 mg (50% RDA*)
|12.5 mg (89% RDA*)
|7 mg 50%
|*RDA = Recommended Daily Allowance
|Amino Acid Profile
|Mg per 56 g serving
|Aspartic Acid
|Glutamic acid
|Isoeucine (BCAA**)
|Leucine (BCAA**)
|Valine (BCAA**)
|**BCAA = Branched Chain Amino Acid
- Disclaimer
- These summary details have been prepared for information purposes only, and are designed to enhance your shopping experience on the Ocado website. While we have taken care in preparing this summary and believe it is accurate, it is not a substitute for your reading the product packaging and label prior to use. You should note that products and their ingredients are subject to change. If you do require precise ingredient information you should consult the manufacturer, whose contact details will appear on the packaging or label.
- Ocado is therefore unable to accept liability for any incorrect information. Where this description contains a link to another party's website for further information on the product, please note that Ocado has no control over and no liability for the contents of that website.
- You should also note that the picture images show only our serving suggestions of how to prepare your food - all table accessories and additional items and/or ingredients pictured with the product you are purchasing are not included.
- This data is supplied for personal use only. It may not be reproduced in any way whatsoever without Ocado Limited's prior consent, nor without due acknowledgement.


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All Court Racquet Recommendations
View Single Post
Hall Of Fame
Join Date: Jun 2009
Location: England
Posts: 2,993
Originally Posted by
That sounds a little bit like a coach at my club, who also captains our 1st team. He's an Aussie guy who's plays alot of doubles and has a clever all court game without one dominant shot but he has every trick in the book and a game that leans towards S&V. He just loves his volleys and getting to the net, with a huge variety of serves that allow him to get there. Just to confuse your buying decision further he plays, believe it or not, with an old AeroPro Drive....
What racquet did you play with before? It might be an idea to start from there and see what the current day development of that would be. Also, if I was in your position, I'd be tempted to buy some racquets from e.Bay or from TW's used racquet service see what suits (I'm glad that you acknowledge that whatever you buy, you'll probably be changing in 6 or 12 months time once you've got your groove back). That way, they'll be relatively easy move on without losing too much money until you find something that definitely suits.
That's our club coach too, who also captains the first team! He plays with an n95, his synthetic strings usually around 30lb....
View Public Profile
Find More Posts by Meaghan


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RB Green-Ellis signs deal with Bengals
Running back BenJarvus Green-Ellis signed a three-year deal on Thursday, giving the Cincinnati Bengals another option out of the backfield.
Green-Ellis replaces Cedric Benson, a free agent after leading the Bengals in rushing each of the last four seasons. Cincinnati also has Bernard Scott and Brian Leonard in the backfield. The Bengals also might take a runner in the draft.
Green-Ellis was an unrestricted free agent after playing four seasons with New England. He topped 1,000 once - in 2010. He has run for 24 touchdowns over the last two seasons and hasn't lost a fumble.
He played in all 19 games last season as the Patriots reached the Super Bowl, running for 667 yards and 11 touchdowns in the regular season.
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Please note by clicking on "Post comment" you acknowledge that you have read the Terms of Use and the comment you are posting is in compliance with such terms. Be Polite. Inappropriate posts may be removed by the moderator.
NFL Headlines
NFL Insiders: Dolphins name Dennis Hickey new general manager
Carroll: Seahawks CB Richard Sherman sorry about postgame rant
Browns to interview Bills' Pettine with Broncos' Gase out of running
NFL talking to 49ers about sideline hit vs Seahawks in NFC title game
Falcons hire former Chiefs GM Pioli as assistant general manager


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Pennsylvania's 8th Congressional District elections, 2014
2016 →
← 2012
November 4, 2014
May 20, 2014
Michael G. Fitzpatrick
Michael G. Fitzpatrick
Cook Political Report: Likely Republican[1]
Sabato's Crystal Ball: Likely R[2]
Pennsylvania is one of 12 states to use a strictly closed primary process. Voters are required to register with a political party to vote in the primary election.[3][4][5]
Heading into the election the incumbent is Michael G. Fitzpatrick (R), who was first elected in 2010.
Pennsylvania's 8th Congressional District is located in eastern Pennsylvania and borders the state of New Jersey. It includes portions of Bucks and Montgomery counties.[6]
Note: Prior to the signature filing deadline, candidates will be added when Ballotpedia writers come across declared candidates. If you see a name of a candidate who is missing, please email us and we will add that name. As the election draws closer, more information will be added to this page.General election candidates
- Michael G. Fitzpatrick - Incumbent[7]
- Kevin Strouse - Army Ranger, Former CIA intelligence officer[7]
May 20, 2014, primary results
Race background
Democratic Super PAC House Majority PAC listed incumbent Michael G. Fitzpatrick as one of 10 vulnerable, Republican incumbents in 2014.[10] In May 2013, the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee launched Jumpstart, a program that "provides early financial, communications, operational and strategic support to help top-tier candidates get a head start in these highly-targeted races," according to the DCCC memo. Kevin Strouse was one of the eight Democratic candidates on the list. He was chosen based on polling figures, which indicated Fitzpatrick's vulnerability to losing re-election in 2014.[11] Due to this vulnerability, Fitzpatrick, along with 11 other House Republicans, qualified for financial assistance under the Patriot Program.[12] The program was run by the National Republican Congressional Committee and helped raise money to protect GOP incumbents who were deemed in danger of being unseated.[13]
District history
The 8th congressional district of Pennsylvania held an election for the U.S. House of Representatives on November 6, 2012. Incumbent Michael G. Fitzpatrick won re-election in the district.[14]
|U.S. House, Pennsylvania District 8 General Election, 2012
|Vote %
|Kathryn Boockvar
|Michael G. Fitzpatrick Incumbent
|Total Votes
|Source: Pennsylvania Department of State "Official Election Results, 2012 General Election"
On November 2, 2010, Fitzpatrick won election to the United States House of Representatives. He defeated Patrick Murphy in the general election.[15]
|U.S. House of Representatives, Pennsylvania Congressional District 8 Election, 2010
|Vote %
|Michael Fitzpatrick Incumbent
|Patrick Murphy
|Total Votes
See also
- United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, 2014
- United States House of Representatives elections, 2014
External links
- ↑ Cook Political Report, "2014 HOUSE RACE RATINGS FOR AUGUST 8, 2014," accessed August 21, 2014
- ↑ Sabato's Crystal Ball, "2014 House Races," accessed August 21, 2014
- ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures Website, "State Primary Election Types," accessed January 6, 2014
- ↑ Fair Vote, "Congressional and Presidential Primaries: Open, Closed, Semi-Closed, and 'Top Two,'" accessed January 6, 2014
- ↑ Ballotpedia research conducted December 26, 2013, through January 3, 2014, researching and analyzing various state websites and codes.
- ↑ Pennsylvania Redistricting Map "Map" accessed July 30, 2012
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Associated Press, "Pennsylvania - Summary Vote Results," May 20, 2014
- ↑ PhillyBurbs.com, "Bensalem Army Ranger to begin 8th District campaign," April 4, 2013
- ↑ Official Campaign Website, "About," accessed June 6, 2013
- ↑ Sunshine State News, "Democratic Super-PAC Targets Steve Southerland," accessed March 8, 2013
- ↑ Roll Call, "Democrats Launch New Program for House Recruits," May 3, 2013
- ↑ The Washington Post, "11 House Republicans named to incumbent-protection program," April 22, 2013
- ↑ NRCC Patriot Program, "About," accessed April 23, 2013
- ↑ Politico "2012 Election Map, Pennsylvania"
- ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 2, 2010"


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A few of Andrea Joseph's intricate illustrations. Andrea has prints and original art on sale here.
*Previously: Funny reviews of a ballpoint pen for sale at Amazon.
*Buy moleskines at Amazon.
Thursday, June 24, 2010
Andrea Joseph's intricate illustrations
Posted by John at 9:41 PM
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Staff Reporter
Minister M. R. K. Panneerselvam inspects wards, training facilities in the hospital
Chennai: Students of nursing in Stanley Medical College and Hospital have urged Health Minister M. R. K. Panneerselvam to provide better basic amenities.
The Minister, accompanied by Health Secretary V. K. Subburaj and Director of Medical Education T. P. Kalanidhi, inspected some of the hospital wards and training facilities on Tuesday.
Mr. Panneerselvam interacted with students of nursing, many of whom reside on campus.
The students said they lacked adequate safe drinking water.
Also, toilets were not cleaned regularly.
The students require bigger classrooms, as over 100 of them have to be seated in a single room.
The Minister also inspected a dilapidated building, the ground floor of which houses the cardiology wards.
The first floor has been vacated and the building would be demolished to make way for a new one, he said.
New hostel blocks for medical students of Stanley Medical College and Hospital would be built in two years, Mr. Panneerselvam said.
The proposed new buildings would be constructed with funds from the State government's allocation of Rs. 100 crore for upgrading the hospital.
Mr. Subburaj said tenders had been floated for building projects worth Rs. 25 crore.


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Al-Raqqah, Raqqah also spelled Raqqa or Rakka , town, northern Syria, on the Euphrates River just west of its confluence with the Balīkh River. Al-Raqqah is on the site of an ancient Greek city, Nicephorium, and a later Roman fortress and market town, Callinicus. It flourished again in early Arab times when the ʿAbbāsid caliph Hārūn al-Rashīd built several palatial residences there and made it his headquarters against the Byzantines. For a time the town was called Al-Rashīd. The Arab astronomer al-Battānī (Albatenius) made his observations there in the 9th and 10th centuries. Mongol invasions in the 13th century destroyed much of the settlement. Gradually the town fell into decay and was replaced in importance by its suburb, Al-Rafiqah, which took over its name. After the Ṭabaqah Dam, just up the Euphrates from Al-Raqqah, began to be built in 1968, Al-Raqqah grew. It became a supply centre for the community at the dam site, where jobs were provided. Local cultivation increased, and Al-Raqqah again became an increasingly important market centre. The town has a small museum exhibiting finds from excavations in the area; a team of archaeologists from the Syrian Department of Antiquities is excavating and restoring buildings of the ʿAbbāsid period. Pop. (2003 est.) 260,000.
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Alternate titles: Al-Rakka; Al-Raqqa; Al-Rashīd; Ar-Raqqah
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20-year-old Wisconsin cheddar makes debut at $209 a pound
MINERAL POINT, Wis. (AP) — A Wisconsin cheesemaker is debuting a 20-year-old cheddar this week that's short in supply and big on price. Full Story
(Matthew Mead — The Associated Press)
A cure for dry chicken
This is the chicken breast recipe you've been searching for. Because it will taste nothing like those flavorless, dry breasts you've grown to tolerate. Full Story
(RJ Sangosti/AP)
The Latest: James Holmes says God would care about shootings
CENTENNIAL, Colo. (AP) — 10:55 a.m. (MDT) The man who opened fire in a Colorado theater, killing 12, says he believes God might care about those killed. Full Story