text:
Baked Golden Syrup Lemon Tarts
|Shortcrust pastry
|200 Gram
|1⁄4 Cup (4 tbs) (For dusting)
|Golden syrup
|150 Gram
|25 Gram
|Double cream
|50 Milliliter
|Fresh eggs
|1 Large
|White breadcrumbs
|65 Gram
1)Make the shortcrust pastry and allow it to rest.
2)Make the white breadcrumbs.
3)Finely grate the rind from the lemon into a small bowl and then cut the lemon in half and squeeze out the juice into the bowl, removing any pips.
4)Lightly butter the flan cases. Here, we are using four 10cm cases. Then, after the pastry has rested, lightly dust the surface with a little flour, roll out the pastry and neatly line the flan cases with the pastry. Place the cases in the fridge until required.
5)Break the egg into a small bowl and beat lightly and weigh and measure all ingredients.
6)Pre-heat the oven to 180°C (Gas Mark 4).
7)Pour the golden syrup into a clean bowl and add the butter and lemon. Place the bowl over a saucepan of hot water over a low heat on the hob. Allow it to warm through and for the butter to melt. When the butter has melted, remove the bowl from the saucepan and mix well with a wooden spoon.
8)Beat in the egg and stir in the cream. Finally, stir in the fresh white breadcrumbs and mix well together.
Divide the mixture between the pastry-lined flan cases. Place onto a baking tray and put it in the pre-heated oven to bake for about 30 minutes.
9)Remove from the oven and allow them to cool slightly before removing the tarts from the flan cases. Serve slightly warm with custard or cream.
10)Serve as a dessert and enjoy!
As the syrup tart is quite sweet, it is nice to serve something that is a touch sharp in flavor as an accompaniment, such as raspberries or a little poached rhubarb.

subset: commoncrawl


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West Branch Marina Boating Club
What is the boating club?
It is a unique program that combines the principal ideas of leasing and time sharing to offer our customers an affordable, flexible, and worries free approach to boating.
In these challenging times people are working longer hours and have more demands on their leisure time. Our new program makes logical sense because it can relieve much of the financial burden of owning a boat and frees you from the time associated with maintenance - and even cleaning - while lowering your costs at the same time.
Read more: Fractional ownership
West Branch Marina will be hiring for the 2015 season.
We will open April 1,2015 and begin hiring at that time.
1. Dock Hand
2. Concession Help
3. Sales Associate/Social Media Promoter


text: My bulk has been going pretty well. I'm up to 180lbs, which is the heaviest I've ever been. My BF% is also the highest it's ever been, so I'm trying to tell myself it's ok, you're on a bulk. I'm going to keep pushing until atleast 190. I still have hopes to do a show at some time, which would be my first. I'm thinking of making a return trip to NC and possibly compete in the Mountaineer on the last weekend of September. I could possibly compete as a middle weight. My diet has been pretty clean, and I've been averaging about 4500 cals a day.


text:
Tech Helproom
It's free to register, to post a question or to start / join a discussion
E mail response to answers to a thread?
Likes # 0
Posted September 27, 2011 at 7:42PM
Referring to No response I mention here about a lack of e mail response when there has been a response to a topic I have raised. What would cause this to stop coming through now? I don't think I have done anything because all I do is wait for an e mail and then go to the topic. How else am I expected to know when someone has put forward a response, short of continually visiting the site?
Likes # 0
Posted September 27, 2011 at 8:09PM
Don't know why those notifications have stopped but maybe if you tick the box below the compose "Tick here if you would like to subscribe to this thread" you might get email to say there has been a post.
I agree we didn't have to do that before to get notifications for our own thread - must be a new quirk.
I have ticked the box so I'll post back if I get an email.
Likes # 0
Posted September 27, 2011 at 8:15PM
Your response above resulted in an e mail for me telling me so!! I have done nothing except taking out the tick in one of the boxes, "Allow users to subscribe to my posts", in my Profile!
Ah! well.
Likes # 0
Posted September 27, 2011 at 8:22PM
That explains why I got an email to say you had posted, but I didn't get one to say I had (you hadn't unticked the box when I posted first time)
Likes # 0
Posted September 27, 2011 at 8:25PM
Or then again, I might be confused, maybe I don't get one to say I've posted.... Ho Hum
Likes # 0
Posted September 27, 2011 at 8:32PM
There has been no e mail for your last two responses. I give up!!
PS: this "new" site has been working for some months now, but how I wish it could do the simple things simply. Come back old site, all is forgiven!!
Likes # 0
Posted September 27, 2011 at 8:36PM
I've now reverted back to ticking my un-ticked shown in my 8:15pm above.
Likes # 0
Posted September 27, 2011 at 8:44PM
I've had no more emails to say new posts. So at least you have success in stopping them ;-)
Likes # 0
Posted September 27, 2011 at 8:52PM
My problem is I want to get the e mail that says there is a response. It just seems to have gone AWOL!
Likes # 0
Posted September 27, 2011 at 8:54PM
On that last response I actually checked the box Below the answer box. I'll see what happens there. Maybe you have to click that every time you post a response! No permanent setting to get the e mail.
Likes # 0
Posted September 27, 2011 at 9:18PM
I'll try it again with box below ticked
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SELECTIONS From JOYCE'S lATEST RECORDING "STELLA DI NAPOLI"
Ove t'aggiri (Pacini)
O di sorte crudel (Caraffa)
Par che mi dica ancora (Donizetti)
"Publicity is like poison; it doesn't hurt unless you swallow it." – Joe Paterno
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Dec 3, 2014 | Blog | 4 Comments
During the flurry of my insanely bizarre and wonderful fall schedule, I received a request from the Mu Phi Chapter at Radford University in Virginia, asking for some words of encouragement. As a proud Mu Phi Alum, it took me a few weeks to respond, but I managed to get a few thoughts down onto "paper" while speeding across Europe on a high speed train. It's not my most eloquent writing, but it captured that particular moment in time where my brain was buzzing with the desire to impart some, eh hem, wisdom, words of encouragement, and perhaps even so much as empowering them to get fierce about their paths!
We need you to remind us what empathy is by taking us deep into the hearts of those who are, God forbid, different than us – so that we can recapture the hope of not only living in peace with each other, but THRIVING together in a vibrant way where each of us grows in wonder and joy.
~ Joyce DiDonato


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Pinterest The way you go about pinning things into your boards that you find on the Web is by either using a bookmark link that triggers a save function (you can select which board to add the item to after you press the button), or by uploading an image that you have saved locally.
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MSA (Measurement Systems Analysis) encompasses all aspects of measurement system planning and analysis. While Gage R&R is the most commonly discussed MSA topic, other important topics include stability, bias, and linearity. The Automotive Industry Action Group's MSA Manual is the reference for MSA, and is well worth the investment for companies that are serious about maintaining proper measurement systems.
Information and downloads on this website are for general educational purposes only, provided as-is, to be used at your own risk, with no warranties of any kind. While we strive to develop highly relevant content, the information and files provided on this site are not guaranteed to be completely relevant or up to date.


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The Physical Therapist provides timely evaluations, plans, documents, and executes meaningful physical therapy programs for patients with oncology related disabilities to maximize functional mobility, strength, and independence. The Physical Therapist makes recommendations for safe patient discharge and patient handling and participates in departmental quality improvement and patient/family experience initiatives.
Applicants must possess a license to practice as a physical therapist in the State of New York and a Doctorate degree from an approved physical therapy program; or a Master's degree from an approved physical therapy program and the equivalent of one year of full time experience in physical therapy or a related field; or a Bachelor's degree from an approved physical therapy program and the equivalent of three years of full-time experience in physical therapy or a related field.
However, all candidates must have a license to practice as a physical therapist in the State of New York.
The preferred candidate will have oncology or acute care experience, pelvic floor rehabilitation interest/experience, and electronic medical documentation experience. The preferred candidate will also have an excellent time and attendance record, excellent written and oral communication skills, and a strong commitment to their employer.
Applicants must reference the Posting # when applying for this position.
Interested applicants may apply by uploading a cover letter and resume below in Microsoft Word or PDF format.
This question is to prevent automated spam submissions.


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Free Tax Return Preparation
STUART - Any person currently on unemployment may bring their tax information and a current check stub or payment notification from the State Unemployment Agency to Liberty Tax Service at 2430 SE Federal Hwy. in Stuart for a free tax return preparation. Call 772-463-1131.
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Genuine Bosch part. Bosch brands include Bosch, Thermador, Gaggenau, and others. See all items in Range Hood Gasket Or Seal.
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Part Number 00413767 (AP2831200) replaces 1048522, 413767, AH3459251, EA3459251, PS3459251, PS8709585.
Felt 3/16 IN.X1/2 In.x 3.9167


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According to Tom's Video Hierarchy Chart, 3 Classes different. (they say never make an upgrade if the improvement is less than 2 classes)
In real world improvement, if your not doing super high res on larger 23+ monitors, probably not really that much of a difference. I've been looking for a reason to upgrade my 4850 and when I start comparing the titles I play at the res I play at, (Not a hard core gamer of newer titles) I'm having a hard time pulling the trigger on a new card, If I had a MC close to me, I'd jump on this as It's definitely an upgrade and at that price, a steal, but how much improvement you see, is dependent upon the titles your playing. both put out quite a bit of heat, both are somewhat power pigs compared to the newer cards.
According to Passmark Softwares Benchmarks, the 560 TI kicks the 4870's butt.
The 560ti comes in at 3500
the 4870 at 1350
Looks like a hell of an upgrade.
Last edited by GregWmson; 04-03-2013 at 09:42 AM..
according to this website, the 560ti is 3x faster
Anyways, I would pay the extra $20 for a 560 TI (the TI cards are tweaked version of non-TI cards). It may only be a little bit faster, maybe not $20 worth, but newer cards tend to use a smaller micron (aka nm) so you'll save $20 easily in power usage over the next 2yrs. But overall the 460, 560 and 650 all perform the same, speed wise, but they can vary greatly in price. If you can find a good deal on a 650 I would recommend it over a 460 because it's very low power usage and still faster than a 460, you'll get $20 back easily, but if it's like $50 more, not really worth it.
And to everybody asking if X is faster than Y, stop being lazy and read.
That's all you need to know. And don't forget to look at the nuances of cards, there's a difference (sometimes big) between a xx0, xx0 TI and xx0 SE card.
If you found this advice useful or agree with it, thank-a-brotha!
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The book 'The Outliers', by Malcolm Gladwell, talks about how better opportunities lead to more successful lives. When one reads books like that of like Amy Chua's 'Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother', one gets inspired to be pushy. But what defines the fine line between pushing and being pushy? Between nudging your child, and burning him or her out? What's the difference between attracting the limelight for your child, or stealing it for yourself? Try and spot what sort of mum you are from the list below:
The Tiger Mum:
The tiger mum believes that her child can do it all and that she has the secret powers (or tools) to ensure that he or she does do it all. She will show other mums that she's casual in her approach, but will be the one screaming besides the swimming pool or shoving mouthfuls of banana's into the child's mouth in between classes;all this believing that he or she has the potential to be the best. Although the child may be happy with second best. But she is not. This mum sizes up the competition everywhere she goes and may even use tactics to eliminate it.
The Look-but-don't-touch Mum:
She looks perfect all the time. Literally all the time. Her hair is always blow-dried and pinned up, her nails always manicured and her make-up always done. While she wants her children to progress in life, she is quite sure they will manage with her husband's wealthy background and not need to depend on an education. Her children know better than to get sticky fingers on her DVF dresses, or even on their own clothes. The children of these mums usually match them. And I don't mean that figuratively. It's cute when a mum and child match once, or even twice, but if it happens on every occasion...well, then it's borderline neurotic.
The Boardroom Mum:
This is the working mum who is usually just angry at the world. She is happy to be working but annoyed that others don't. She cannot tolerate mums who claim to be 'stay-at-home' especially as they probably spend more time in the gym and salon than she does in the office. This mum wants the best for her children but has no time to bother. She cannot stand those mums who discuss recipes, sit in at classes or volunteer with the PTA. She is always on the phone, always in formal wear and usually in heels. She believes she has done her bit by producing kids, now others can look after them.
The PTA Mum:
She probably gave up her career to raise her children, then realised she has too much time on her hands and instead of lunching and working out, she will contribute her hours to school. All great thoughts, until she turns the school into the corporate world and starts competing on every level. This mum uses her BlackBerry and iPad to make spread sheets and allocate tasks. She yells out orders and seeks accolades. She realises that she can play pretend 'business' here and does just that. She makes enemies with her children's friends all with the hope to get ahead (read: another pat on the back from the teachers). She confuses the real world for this, and gets lost in a world of mums and art and craft and bake sale competitions along the way!
You may recognise yourself, or you may not, but mums are a breed of their own these days! Remember, you were made a mum because of that child you are now steering – stop for a moment and appreciate him or her for who they are!


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Writer's Notebook
Now What?
Read Leslie Pietrzyk's post-AWP15 suggestions in the latest blog article.
Writer's Chronicle
The Grail of Origin
Kurt Heinzelman on translation and originality in our May/Summer 2015 issue.
In the Spotlight
Get to know our newest featured member: Sam Slaughter, Book Review Editor at Atticus Review
National Program Directors' Prize Winner
R2: The Rice Review wins the 2015 content award!
Career Advice
I Want to Get Paid to Travel the World!
Suzanne Roberts on travel writing.
Featured This Month
In the Spotlight: Sam Slaughter
Atticus Review, Book Review Editor
Writer's Notebook: Everyday Failure
Matthew Zapruder | April 2015
Writer's Chronicle Archives: Report from the Director
Eric Staley | November 1982
The Writer's News
May 21, 2015
Pulitzer Prize-Winning Poet Franz Wright Has Died
Last Thursday, Franz Wright died in his Waltham, Massachusetts home after a long bout with lung cancer, a representative of Wright's publisher, Alfred A. Knopf, reported.
Read more...
May 21, 2015
Are Review-Bots in Our Future?
In her review of Rise of the Robots by Martin Ford and Shadow Work by Craig Lambert, New York Times writer Barbara Ehrenreich considers whether robots could take over her book-reviewing job, and do it better.
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May 21, 2015
Entire Class of MFA Students at the University of Southern California Withdraws to Protest University Administration
The entire class of seven first-year MFA students dropped out of the University of Southern California's arts and design school in protest of faculty and curriculum changes, according to The Huffington Post.
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May 21, 2015
Writers Challenge Conventions of the Book with Diary-Like Modes
There's been much buzz around books that verge into the diary-like mode, and this buzz has raised questions about their conventions and applicability.
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Writers Tweet Fiction During #TwitterFiction Festival
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May/Summer 2015
May 26
NYU Writers in New York
Live the writer's life in Greenwich Village.
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North Words Writers Symposium
Exploring the Frontiers of Language.
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Bear River Writers' Conference
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Hedgebrook VORTEXT
Join us for an extraordinary Hedgebrook weekend salon led by six renowned women writers: Carole DeSanti, Ruth Ozeki, Victoria Redel, Rahna Reiko Rizzuto, Dani Shapiro, Hannah Tinti. Connect in diverse and powerful small-group workshops. Enjoy dynamic keyn
May 30
Indiana University Writers' Conference 2015
The Indiana University Writers' Conference offers workshops, classes, panel discussions, craft talks, as well as nightly readings by the conference faculty.
Jun 01
Bread Loaf Translators' Conference
The Bread Loaf Translators' Conference includes workshops in poetry, fiction, and creative nonfiction, as well as lectures, craft classes, meetings with editors and agents, and readings by faculty and guests.


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Download a free MP3 from Beyond Up High
Vocalist Jeffrey Gimble's critically acclaimed debut CD "Beyond Up High" is a cool & mellow romp with an unusually broad selection of material. The recording features the arrangements & piano artistry of jazz great Tamir Hendelman, with Bob Sheppard on sax, Ryan McGillicuddy on bass, Dean Koba & Zach Harmon on drums and was produced by singer/songwriter/producer Mark Winkler. "Beyond Up High" takes the listener on a musical ride, journeying from "All The Things You Are" (with a vocalese written by Gimble) to a fresh take on Jobim's "Agua de Beber" to contemporary tunes like Chick Corea's "High Wire" and Bill Withers' "Ain't No Sunshine".
Jeffrey Gimble
Beyond Up High
(Cafe Pacific Records)
Glenn Zottola
Reflections Of Charlie Parker
(Classic Jazz Records)
Joanna Pascale
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text:
Gateway of Nepal
|Sub-Metropolitan City
The Nepalese bordering gate to India in Birgunj
|Nickname(s): BRJ
|Coordinates: 27°0′N 84°52′E / 27.000°N 84.867°ECoordinates: 27°0′N 84°52′E / 27.000°N 84.867°E
|Narayani Zone
|Parsa District
|Population (2011)
|• Total
|Time zone
|Nepal Time (UTC+5:45)
|Postal code
|44300, 44301
|Area code(s)
Birgunj (also Birganj) (Nepali: बीरगंज) is a sub-metropolitan municipality and border town in Parsa District in the Narayani Zone of southern Nepal. It lies 283 km (176 mi) south of the capital Kathmandu, attached to north of the border of the Indian state of Bihar. As an entry point to Nepal from Patna and Kolkata, it is known as the "gateway to Nepal". The town has significant economic importance for Nepal as most of its trade with India is via Birgunj and the Indian town of Raxaul. Tribhuvan Highway links Birgunj to Nepal's capital, Kathmandu.
The settlement was named after the Rana Prime Minister Bir Shamsher ,thus acquiring the name Birgunj .
According to the 2011 Census, Birgunj has a population of 285,011. It is the biggest city in Narayani Zone and the headquarters of Parsa District. In addition to Nepali, several other languages are spoken, including Bhojpuri, Hindi, Maithili and English. However Nepali is the official language. Birgunj is known as the financial capital of the country[citation needed] and as a major trade hub.
Birgunj is a major business centre of Nepal, especially for trade with India. Almost all trade with India occurs through this route. The Indian border town of Raxaul has become one of the busiest towns for heavy transportation due to high trade volume. The 29 km (18 mi) distance from Birgunj to Pathlaiya is the busiest highway in Nepal. Most industries are represented, including agriculture, chemicals, textiles, wood, petroleum, etc.[1] Almost 56% of the total products of Birgunj are exported to the Indian state of Bihar.[2]
As an important business hub of Nepal, infrastructure and facilities are being improved continuously. The biggest building in the city is Triveni Gopal Complex, followed by Ganesh Apartment, and Laxmi Compartment. Markets include Rungta Market, Sarraf Market, New Market, and Pumpum Building. New buildings are being built,[when?] including Nepal Telecom, Siddartha Bank, and Pujan Hotel. The Nepal Telecom building, in particular, has been built with modern techniques. The city is facilated with luxurious Hotels like Hotel Visuwa, Hotel Makalu, Hotel suraj, Baba International Hotel, Kailash Hotel, Hotel kumu Palace serving international fooding n lodging facility. The city also includes one and only national cricket and football stadium named Narayani Stadium, the largest stadium of the Narayani Zone.
Birgunj was the only city that connected the capital city with India. Birgunj railway station was connected by the Nepal Government Railway (NGR) to Raxaul station in Bihar across the border with India. The 47 km (29 mi) railway extended north to Amlekhganj in Nepal. It was built in 1927 by the British but discontinued beyond Birgunj in December 1965.[3] The 6 km (3.7 mi) railway track from Raxaul to Birgunj was converted to broad gauge two years after the Indian railways converted the track to Raxaul inside India to broad gauge. Now, broad gauge railway line connects Raxaul to the Sirsiya (Birgunj) Inland Container Depot (ICD) that became fully operational in 2005. Talks have been held to reopen the railway route from Birgunj to Amlekhganj in Nepal by converting it to broad gauge because of its socio-economic importance. Trains run to major cities of India from Raxaul, including the Satyagraha express to Delhi, Mithila express to Kolkata, Lokmanya Tilak express to Mumbai, and HYD-RXL express to Hyderabad.
Goods are transported to and from India via Birgunj dry port, which is the key terminal of surface cargo delivery to Nepal. This cargo point on the south connects the heart of the country, Kathmandu, via another key industrial city, Hetauda. It is also served by Tribhuvan Highway, extending from the Indian border at Raxaul through Birgunj and Hetauda to Kathmandu with frequent bus service. Simara Airport – 18 km (11 mi) north near the highway in Pipara Simara, Bara district – offers scheduled flights to Kathmandu.
India and Nepal have an open border with no restrictions on the movement of their citizens without passport or visa. There is a customs checkpoint for the movement of goods and third country nationals.[clarification needed]
Colleges and Universities[edit]
Birgunj is an educational solution to many villages associated to Parsa and other surrounding districts. Majority of Students from Villages prefer Birgunj as there career making place.
There are many colleges associated to Tribhuvan University (TU) of Nepal and Purbanchal University (PU). Thakur Ram Multiple Campus is the government college that has the most reasonable fee and qualified faculties.
Whereas for children schooling parents always choose the top schools like Gyanda Academy, Delhi Public School, DAV. However Gautam School, Children's World School and Kadambari Academy are considered to be the best for SLC stream. National Infotech College is one of the best college of the city dedicated to science and technology. BPC college is considered as the largest management college of the city. National Medical College is the largest private hospital of the zone and good choice for the MBBS study(students from India , Pakistan and other nearby countries). Birgunj is always in a front look for bringing a change in the teaching learning system though the teaching system still set back compared to the Western and some parts of Eastern. Birgunj Institute Of Technology is one and only one Engineering diploma college in Birgunj affiliated with CTEVT.
Birgunj has many FM community radio stations including Radio Birgunj, Narayani FM, Bhojpuriya FM Indreni FM, etc. and several websites focused on local news and events. It is covered by the national television station, Terai Television (TTV).
2006 unrest[edit]
On 18 May 2006 the parliament of Nepal declared that the country would become a secular state. This led to unrest by Hindu fundamentalist groups across Nepal; the town of Birgunj was forced to close for two days.[4]
2015 Nepal earthquake[edit]
The town of Birgunj had been destroyed during the 1934 Nepal–Bihar earthquake, along with its telephone line to Kathmandu.[5]
The town shook during earthquake on 25 April 2015. However, the town did not suffer any damage.[6]
- ^ http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia-pacific/2010/05/2010525101847265629.html
- ^ CPS, NEPAL 2013, Annual UN Report Bureau..
- ^ http://nepal.saarctourism.org/transportation.html
- ^ Nepal's Hindu majority is denouncing the recent move to end Nepal's longtime status as the world's only Hindu state. - The Christian Science Monitor
- ^ Dr. Bipin Adhikari. The Great Earthquake of 1934. NewSpotLight Nepal News Magazine, Vol. 8, No. 22, May 22, 2015. Accessed May 29, 2015.
- ^ Singh, Santosh (27 April 2015). "Nepal Earthquake: 12-year-old lies dead by the broken road". Archived from the original on 1 May 2015.


text:
Originally written on Fox Sports | Last updated 11/18/14
Brook Lopez is the highest scoring center in the NBA, but DeMarcus Cousins isn't far behind. Although Cousins got the better of the most recent matchup, it was Lopez and the Brooklyn Nets that emerged with the win. The centers will be matched up for the final time this season as the Nets and Sacramento Kings attempt to continue their respective surges Saturday night at Barclays Center. Lopez leads all starting centers with an average of 18.9 points, while Cousins has 17.1 per game and has added 10.3 rebounds. Cousins was much more productive than his counterpart on Nov. 18, scoring 29 points while holding Lopez to 13. However, Brooklyn (18-15) won 99-90 for its sixth victory in the last eight meetings. Both teams enter this matchup having won four of five with their respective centers playing key roles. Lopez is averaging 24.8 points and 9.0 boards while hitting 60.0 percent from the floor in that span, while Cousins has 19.4 points and 14.0 rebounds in five games since missin...
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LOS ANGELES – Theirs was a "loving and trusting" relationship, as court documents describe it – an on-again, off-again love affair that lasted 13 years.
Now, multibillionaire Donald Bren and his former girlfriend Jennifer Gold are headed to court. In a legal saga that has dragged on for more than seven years, Gold has sued for additional child support from the Irvine Co. chairman.
Bren, one of the richest people in the world and a man who guards his privacy, certainly can't be eager to have details of his lifestyle aired in court.
But barring a last-minute settlement, that's what's about to happen. Jury selection begins Tuesday at the Los Angeles County Courthouse in a fraud and breach-of-contract lawsuit filed by two children he fathered out of wedlock with Gold.
The case, stemming from a lawsuit filed on behalf of Christie Alexis Bren, now 22, and David Leroy Bren, 18, in May 2003, will begin with opening statements Wednesday.
The first witness to be called to the stand?
Bren, who has an estimated net worth of $12 billion and is 16th in Forbes magazine's ranking of the 400 richest Americans.
The trial is expected to last seven to 10 days.
The Bren children live with their mother in Los Angeles. They are seeking retroactive child support of $400,000 a month each between August 1988 and December 2002.
During that period, Bren paid the two a combined total of $3 million in child support, his lawyers say.
In all, Bren has paid more than $9 million to Christie and David Bren – the additional $6 million-plus resulting from a separate case Bren filed in 2003 to determine what, if any, back child support he should pay.
Reams of public documents generated by lawyers on both sides reveal a fiercely contested battle between Bren and Gold.
The case file includes allegations of deceit and unfaithfulness – as well as a peek into Bren's personal lifestyle.
Bren has two sons from a first marriage, a daughter from a second and a 6-year-old from his current marriage.


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The Global FlyFisher - The Largest and Best Place to go for Online Fly Fishing and Fly Tying
GFF Videos
4 Months
Like many northern Rockies and Pacific Northwest fly fishers, we occasionally find ourselves bouncing off the walls as the dark days of winter persist. Just a few days ago a friend reminded us that the long days of high summer are just four months away.
This short highlights a few bits and pieces of footage we shot on Montana's Missouri River in July of 2013 working on a project with Fire Girl Jess McGlothlin and angler Zack Williams.
Canon 5d Mark II and Adobe Premier Pro CC
Originator:Dry Fly Media
Submitter:Martin Joergensen


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Narrow your search
Because not all home theaters are spaceships.
It's "Star Wars" vs. "The Lord of the Rings" as Princess Leia takes on Galadriel in a geeky rap battle, riffing on rings, rebels and re-edits.
Mysterious images and a contemplative teaser trailer give fans a few more clues before the August 23 "Doctor Who" premiere.
When Crave's Michael Franco trades his aged iPhone for a sleek new slab of tech, he's hit by guilt over tossing his trusty iDevice. Guilt over letting go of a phone, really? Why? He goes searching for answers.
CNBC's David Faber says the two will get together next week to talk about Apple's share buyback program, though he didn't say how he learned of the major meeting.
The two men are expected to discuss Apple's share buyback program and the extent to which the company should purchase shares.
Apple has a $60 billion share buyback program to use cash and increase its share price, but shareholder Carl Icahn said he'll discuss increasing it with Tim Cook.
After proxy advisory firm Glass Lewis reiterates that shareholders should vote "no" to an acquisition by Sprint, Clearwire pipes up.
BBC business editor reports that Dell plans to ship iPad-sized tablets as soon as Android 3.0 Honeycomb is available.


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Select Local Merchants
Ken's Korny Corn MazeRead MoreSpanning 10 acres, the fall-themed fun at Ken's Korny Corn Maze is more than just 2.5 miles of mazes to explore. A whole host of activities aims to keep the entire family entertained, whether playing a game of checkers made with gourds for pieces, or taking on a round of mini-golf against a resident scarecrow. Open Friday through Sunday for the fall season, brave visitors are also invited to bring along or rent a flashlight to explore the maze after dark.3175 BENSON RDGARNER, NC US
Falls River MusicRead MoreThe dedicated musicians at Falls River Music help students create beautiful notes during private weekly music instruction with a brigade of professional instruments. During 30-minute drum, guitar, violin, bass, or trumpet lessons, children or adults work toward personal goals, such as learning how to read music or mastering solos that erase "Freebird" from minds. Falls River Music provides instruments for use during classes, which, though not required, students may rent for home practice at an additional cost. When not practicing their tuneful arts, musicians can send in their stringed instruments for expert repairs or test out new sounds plucked from the shop's large selection of acoustic and electric guitars, amplifiers, and effects pedals. Falls River Music offers a 14-day trial period after purchase of new equipment, encouraging musicians to fully explore their new sonic possibilities before declaring themselves satisfied. The musical menagerie also hosts a full coffee bar and lounge area, where parents may relax during children's lessons. Falls River Music also allows intermediate-level students to put their skills to use each Saturday at 1:30 pm at a two-hour jam session ($10/hour), which may include performances or recording with other musicians and note aficionados.10930 Raven Ridge RoadRaleigh, NC US
Red Hill General StoreRead MoreRed Hill General Store's 4,200-square-foot showroom boasts an extensive and eclectic selection of items ranging from sodas and snacks to garden tools and quality apparel. In the housewares section, visitors can peruse everything from turkey frying kits ($73.99) to playful decorations for hanging on the dog. The lawn and garden aisle presents shoppers with a delightful outdoor thermometer ($8.99+), galvanized pail and colored buckets ($.79+), and enough beans in bulk, from yellow and black eyed to pinto and garbanzo ($2.49/lb), to get green thumbs excited about huge springtime beanstalks. The store also spreads out a selection of apparel, with brand-name items from Carhartt, OshKosh B'Gosh, and Columbia to keep bodies clad.1141 Falls River AvenueRaleigh, NC US
Savory Spice ShopRead MoreFour hundred herbs, spices and seasonings are ground and blended weekly to ensure superior freshness, gift sets, organic products and more.8470 Honeycutt RdRaleigh, NC US
Jack's Seafood and Barbeque RestaurantRead MoreFresh fare can be found at Jack's Seafood and Barbeque Restaurant, where patrons seek to sample every seafood dish on the menu. Jack's Seafood and Barbeque Restaurant is a fantastic spot to indulge and with no low-fat options, you'll need to save the diet for another day. Jack's Seafood and Barbeque Restaurant is kid-friendly, so little ones are welcome to tag along. Wifi access is totally free at Jack's Seafood and Barbeque Restaurant, perfect for catching up on the news, hopping on social media, or even working. Call Jack's Seafood and Barbeque Restaurant for catering if you have a big event coming up. If you need to get somewhere fast, the restaurant also serves up grub to go. null Jack's Seafood and Barbeque Restaurant is a mid-priced establishment, with the average meal costing under $30.1516 New Bern AveRaleigh, NC US
The Candy ShopRead MoreCandy Evans's mother was a hairstylist, but Candy never asked her advice when she began experimenting with her friends' hair as a curious 15-year-old. In fact, she taught herself how to weave synthetic braids from a photograph. She then quickly learned to create flawless cornrows, box braids, and other styles on her friends. Her mother soon noticed her talent and, after showing her a few more advanced techniques, appointed Candy as her personal stylist to let her practice the things she had learned. Her true passion discovered, Candy soon earned her cosmetology degree, moved to Raleigh, and opened The Candy Shop. Today, Candy puts an emphasis on her clients' hair health as she performs creative cuts, imbues eye-catching color, and lengthens tresses with luxurious extensions and weaves.4406 Wake Forest Rd.Raleigh, NC US


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"This was exactly what I was looking for my daughter's birthday to get everyone for a showing of her favorite flick with this movie themed party invitation."
"These birthday invitations are perfect! Bright colours, nice large photo space on front and complementary photo space on back, artsy font, and strong cardstock paper. Our friends have been raving about the invitations!"
"Just right for a little kid's party. This one is for our son, but I think you could even use it for a little girl who is interested in outer space. There were no coordinating address labels for this design, but we ordered "Eye Catching Event" return labels in the yellow/grey color scheme, and they went well enough with these cards."
"There were multiple color options for customization, it featured a unique design and the invitations were delivered quickly."
"I ordered this for my son's 1st birthday party and couldn't be happier!!!! It is so cute and I have gotten several comments on how great it looks. It was a little tricky to get a photo that "worked" with the layout and writing, but other than that the design process was very simple and straightforward. We love Tiny Prints!!!"


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For the latest in local arts-and-entertainment news, check out the current section of Oxford Town, The Oxford EAGLE's weekly entertainment guide. It's published every Thursday.
IN THIS WEEK'S ISSUE – The Blackbird Hour is the entertainment this Sunday for the Summer Sunset Series in the Grove; Jimbo Mathus' "Mosquitoville" kicks off this weekend's Oxford Rhythm Revival on the Square; Author Aimee Bender visits Off Square Books in support of her novel "The Particular Sadness of Lemon Cake;" The Abbeville restaurant Yocona in Exile is reviewed; and the Oxford Shakespeare Festival continues on the UM campus. (June 17, 2010)
'Mosquitoville' launches Oxford Rhythm Revival tonight at Lyric
OXFORD TOWN – Thacker Mountain Radio will present a special benefit show tonight (Thursday, June 17) at the Lyric Theater kicking off Oxford's first Rhythm Revival featuring Jimbo Mathus and his musical "Mosquitoville." Find full details of the family-friendly show in this week's edition of Oxford Town. Also featured this week; full details of the Oxford Rhythm Revival and the events and bands surrounding it. The weekend festival benefits Oxford Medical Ministries. (June 17, 2010, Page 10)
Blackbird Hour to rock the Grove this Sunday
OXFORD TOWN – The Sunset Series in the Grove rolls on this week, featuring a new project fronted by local musicians Brad Hayden and Dave Woolworth called The Blackbird Hour. Page 11 of this week's Oxford Town has Kate Anthony's coverage of one of the new bands in town that's literally popping up everywhere. Next Sunday, the Sunset Series concludes with the Germantown Symphony Orchestra. (June 17, 2010, Page 11)
Film Freak begins "Where I Begin"
OXFORD FILM FREAK – I've gotten a lot of questions from friends recently wondering where I have been as they hardly see me anymore, not even out at the movies. It's true. I rarely left my house when not at work for the past two months. The reason is that I have been collaborating with filmmaker Thomas L. Phillips on a new movie to be filmed in July. (June 17, 2010, Page 14)
Calling all Mississippians: Movie needs help
Oxford Film Freak – The new Mississippi film, "The Help" needs your help. An open casting call for extras and some speaking roles will be held on June 19 at the Leflore County Civic Center from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. (June 10, 2010, Page 14)
Oxford Town#878
IN THIS WEEK'S ISSUE OF OXFORD TOWN – The annual Oxford Shakespeare Festival releases it's schedule; resident rocker Charlie Mars returns to Proud Larry's with the Manhattan-based band Harper Blynn; The Hill Country Picnic's workshop registration begins; Irie on the Square hosts a triple-threat of songwriters this Saturday; the Summer Sunset Series continues on Sunday featuring The Swinging Prevaricators; and sports columnist Steven Godfrey focuses on Rebel's head coach Mike Bianco's worth. View the complete edition in PDF format. (June 10, 2010)
Irie hosts Triple Songwriters Night this Saturday
OXFORD TOWN – Irie On the Square is hosting what is being billed as Triple Songwriters Night on Saturday, June 12, beginning at 9:30. The free show will feature three great songwriters; Ben Jordan from Denver, Allen Thompson from Nashville and Lafayette County's own Kevin Larkin from Taylor. Page 6 in this week's Oxford Town has details of what will prove to be an awesome night of acoustic music on the Square. (June 10, 2010, Page 6)
Sunset Series rolls on with the Swinging Prevaricators this Sunday
The Summer Sunset Series continues this Sunday (June 13) after a hugely successful opening performance by the Mississippians Jazz Combo last week in the Grove. YAC's Oxford Songwriter's Showcase had to cancel for this Sunday but the new band, The Swinging Prevaricators, is filling in. Page 8 in this week's issue of Oxford Town has all the details of Oxford's favorite Sunday night gathering. (June 10, 2010, Page 8)
Charlie Mars returns to Oxford
OXFORD TOWN – Resident musician Charlie Mars returns to Oxford and the stage at Proud Larry's this Saturday night (June 12) for a stop on his nationwide tour promoting his 2009 record "Like a Bird, Like a Plane." The Manhattan-based band, Harper Blynn, is scheduled to open the show. Check out Page 11 in this week's edition of Oxford Town for Alexander McAdams' coverage and interview with Mars. (June 10, 2010, Page 11)
Oxford Town #877
IN THIS WEEK'S ISSUE — The 2010 Summer Sunset Series returns to the Grove on Sunday featuring The Mississippians Jazz Combo; Oxford Town columnist Jim Dees recalls the worst summer jobs he's held over the years; Steven Godfrey shares his opinion on the Diamond Rebs' chances of making their way to Omaha; the Mid-Town and Taylor Farmers' Markets return this Saturday; local band, Shooting Out The Lights, rocks Proud Larry's on Friday; and OPC's Movies in the Park crank up this Friday. View the complete edition in PDF format. (June 5, 2010)


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Blocky Batman goes to space in Lego Batman 3: Beyond Gotham
Posted on May 27, 2014 AT 06:00am
For Batman's next Lego-ified adventures, developer TT Games is taking the Caped Crusader out of this world—literally.
As Lego Batman 3: Beyond Gotham kicks off, the dastardly Legion of Doom are attempting to take over the Watchtower, the Justice League's space-station headquarters. Standing in their way? Batman, Robin, Superman, Wonder Woman, Green Lantern, Flash, and a cast of other familiar DC faces. Indeed, much like recent Lego Marvel efforts, Beyond Gotham will be a who's who of the DC universe, with over 150 DC character figures showing up—each with their own powers and abilities.
One big change TT Games is implementing this time around is the removal of key locations where suits can be swapped; now, players can use a gadget wheel to switch from different power sets at any time. In additional to popular powers from previous games, some new suits will be available for Batman and Robin. One such option is the sensor suit, which gives players a night vision-like power; another, the illumination suit, bathes areas in a special light that helps point out secrets.
Also seeing some mixing up is the types of gameplay that will be available throughout the game. One moment of this we saw was the ability for the Dynamic Duo to enter the Bat Computer to hunt down secret codes hidden in a virtual world. Another section that especially caught my eye was when Batman and Robin flew the Batrocket up to the Watchtower. Upon getting there, Joker was determined to stop them—resulting in a sort of mini game stage that clearly played like a homage to Housemarque's Resogun.
While the game may be called Lego Batman 3, TT Games and Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment are clearly positioning this more as a bigger experience encompassing the entirely of the DC Comics universe. So, Beyond Gotham won't just be for the Batman fans—but anyone who wants to see their favorite superheroes brought to life in Lego form.
Lego Batman 3: Beyond Gotham hits this fall for Xbox One, PS4, Wii U, Xbox 360, PS3, PS Vita, 3DS, and PC.
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2012 BEST Makeup Artist, Wedding
Dani Wagener, DW Beauty
An expert in false lashes and airbrush foundation, Dani Wagener has a flair for the dramatic — a talent for making eyes pop and cheekbones glisten. Fortunately, that's where the drama ends. Wagener's laid-back approach makes for stress-free wedding-day beauty — and her makeup application stays put all day long, from the walk down the aisle to the very last dance.
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Cheap WNA to Great Falls flights
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Browse the most popular airlines servicing the Great Falls (GTF) airport. Visit their flights pages to learn more about the most popular routes these carriers fly.


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Belle Epoque
Top your bed in style with this beautifully textured, pre-shrunk cotton sham, in white and blue.
Elegantly running the gamut from clean, crisp contemporary design to classic traditional styles, Belle Epoque offers superlative materials, super-luxurious quality and beautiful design. Each piece is subjected to rigorous testing, so you can rest easy that your beautiful bedroom investment will also be an enduring one.


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- X-Fusion Velvet RL2 DLA 140/110mm Tapered QR15 Fork
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|1 1 / 8 - 1.5 Tapered
The Velvet is our 32mm chassis XC and trail fork. With 140mm - 110mm of on the fly DLA travel adjust. The RL2 is a high performance aluminum cartridge damper with mid-valve damping system for improved control that offers rebound damping adjustment.
Top Features of the X-Fusion Velvet RL2 DLA 140/110mm Tapered QR15 Fork
- Travel: 140mm/110m on the fly travel adjust
- Weight(APR0: 4LBS (9mm axle, 1 1/8th Steerer), 1814grams (9mm axle, 1 1/8th Steerer)
- Spring: Air
- Steerer: 1 1/8 - 1.5" Tapered
- Adjustments: Lockout, Rebound, Air, DLA
- Stanchion: 32mm, Aluminum
- Casting: Magnesium
- Axle: LockX 15mm
- Wheel: 26"
- Colors: Black
- Axle to Crown: 519mm @ 140mm
- Max Rotor Size: 180mm
Product Data
|Fork Material:
|Aluminium Alloy
|Wheel Size:
|26" (559)
|Fork Type:
|Dropout Size:
|9mm QR
With its adjust travel Velvet RL2 DLA is prepared to go for as long as your legs can keep spinning those gears.
The RL2 is a high performance aluminum cartridge damper with mid-valve damping system for improved control that offers rebound damping adjustment and uses an on-off switch for lockout.
The DLA Crown activated travel adjustment system allows you to deceased travel from 140mm to 110mm to aid your climb back up the trail. With new Nvolve Wipers that are ultra durable, low friction wiper seals fitted to keep dirt out of the lowers.
The LockX 15mm Axle is a new locking axle for all 15mm forks and the brake house guides provided for simplistic and easy brake line mounting.
Please Note: These come in Black not White as shown in the image.
About the X-Fusion brand
X-Fusion was established in 1999 as a bicycle suspension manufacture. Over the last decade, we at X-Fusion have built and supported our brand globally by establishing Distributors and Service Centers all over the world. The focus has not just been to create amazing suspension products for consumers, but to stand behind our products and build strong relationships with customers.
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Goods are shipped from the UK. Does not include delivery charges, local taxes or import duties, if applicable.
More information on International delivery options
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We will happily refund or exchange any item purchased on Wiggle if returned to us within 365 days, excluding Wiggle gift vouchers and personalized products except when faulty.
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Wiggle will pay the return postage costs for any faulty items.
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Excessive alcohol consumption is responsible for considerable harm from chronic disease and injury. Within most developed countries, members of sporting clubs participate in at-risk alcohol consumption at levels above that of communities generally. There has been limited research investigating the predictors of at-risk alcohol consumption in sporting settings, particularly at the non-elite level. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between the alcohol management practices and characteristics of community football clubs and at-risk alcohol consumption by club members.
A cross sectional survey of community football club management representatives and members was conducted. Logistic regression analysis (adjusting for clustering by club) was used to determine the association between the alcohol management practices (including alcohol management policy, alcohol-related sponsorship, availability of low- and non-alcoholic drinks, and alcohol-related promotions, awards and prizes) and characteristics (football code, size and location) of sporting clubs and at-risk alcohol consumption by club members.
Members of clubs that served alcohol to intoxicated people [OR: 2.23 (95% CI: 1.26-3.93)], conducted 'happy hour' promotions [OR: 2.84 (95% CI: 1.84-4.38)] or provided alcohol-only awards and prizes [OR: 1.80 (95% CI: 1.16-2.80)] were at significantly greater odds of consuming alcohol at risky levels than members of clubs that did not have such alcohol management practices. At-risk alcohol consumption was also more likely among members of clubs with less than 150 players compared with larger clubs [OR:1.45 (95% CI: 1.02-2.05)] and amongst members of particular football codes.
The findings of this study suggest a need and opportunity for the implementation of alcohol harm reduction strategies targeting specific alcohol management practices at community football clubs.
Keywords:Alcohol drinking; Sports; Public health
Excessive alcohol consumption continues to be a primary cause of chronic and acute harm in almost all countries [1]. Causally linked to more than 60 types of injury and chronic disease, alcohol causes 3.2% of deaths worldwide and is responsible for 4.0% of disability adjusted life years [2,3]. The economic costs of alcohol abuse are estimated to be significant; for instance, in the United States the cost of alcohol abuse is predicted to be 2.7% of the country's gross domestic product (purchasing power parity) [3].
A number of studies have demonstrated a link between sport, excessive alcohol consumption and alcohol-related harm among sports fans/spectators [4-6] and elite athletes [7]. A relationship between alcohol-related harm and sport has also been established among non-elite players and spectators of community-level sport. For example, studies conducted in England and New Zealand have reported higher levels of harmful alcohol consumption among people involved in community sporting clubs than amongst community members generally [8,9]. A number of Australian studies have also reported alcohol consumption levels among members of community sports clubs to be markedly higher than those in the general community [10,11]. One such study found that 48% of players and members of non-elite community football and cricket clubs consumed more than four drinks on a single occasion at least once a month at their sports club [11]. A similarly high prevalence of risky alcohol consumption (54% consuming six or more drinks at least once a week) has been documented amongst non-elite Gaelic footballers in Ireland [12]. Explanations as to why excessive alcohol consumption and alcohol-related harm are more prevalent amongst people involved with sport include: the ritualism associated with sporting events, with overindulgence more acceptable and even expected [4]; alcohol marketing and promotion specifically targeting sports [5]; drinking as a reward for sports participation [9]; and drinking as a coping mechanism for dealing with the stresses of sports participation [9].
In order to address such harms, the World Health Organisation's Global Strategy to Reduce the Harmful Use of Alcohol has identified community organisations such as sporting clubs as important settings for policy interventions to reduce alcohol-related harm [13]. Governments and peak sports organisations within Australia have made similar recommendations regarding the implementation of strategies to reduce the risk of alcohol-related harms in sports clubs [14-17]. Identifying the determinants of alcohol-related harm in sporting clubs is an important first step in the development of evidence based harm reduction interventions in this setting. Research conducted in other, somewhat analogous, venues that sell alcohol (e.g. bars, taverns and pubs) suggests a range of alcohol management practices are associated with at-risk alcohol consumption and alcohol-related violence. Such practices include: possession of an appropriate license to sell alcohol; existence of an alcohol management policy; staff training in responsible service of alcohol and patron aggression management; effective supervision of alcohol-service staff [18,19]; responsible service of alcohol [19-21]; alcohol sale promotions and drinking games; and acceptance of sponsorship benefits from the alcohol industry [19,21-23].
The prevalence of alcohol management practices and the extent to which such practices are associated with alcohol-related harms and at-risk alcohol consumption in community sporting clubs is largely unreported. A literature search by the authors identified just one study that examined the association between the alcohol management practices of community (non-elite) sports clubs and alcohol-related harms or consumption [23]a. The study conducted in New Zealand, found that alcohol sponsorship at the individual, team and club level, particularly in the form of free or discounted alcohol, was associated with higher scores on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test among players [23]. The study did not examine the relationship between other alcohol management practices of clubs and alcohol consumption. An additional study investigating the correlates of high risk alcohol consumption in Australian Rules Players was found, however, this study only included professional players [7]. This study found that players who received a drink card entitling them to free drinks were 1.68 (95% CI, 1.11 to 2.55) times more likely to report monthly risky drinking than those who did not report receiving a drink card [7].
Given the limited evidence available regarding practices that contribute to excessive alcohol consumption in community sports clubs, a study was undertaken to examine the association between the alcohol management practices and characteristics of community football clubs and at-risk alcohol consumption by club members (e.g. players, committee members, spectators and coaches).
Ethics approval
The study was approved by the University of Newcastle Human Research Ethics Committee on the 29/1/09 and conforms to the provisions of the Declaration of Helsinki.
Design and setting
A cross sectional survey of community football club management representatives and members was conducted in the state of New South Wales, Australia, as part of a larger randomised controlled intervention study. The larger study assessed the effect of a two-and-a-half-year alcohol management intervention on at-risk alcohol consumption and alcohol-related harms amongst members of community sports clubs [24]. The study area included metropolitan, regional and rural communities and accounted for approximately 75% of the state population and 25% of Australia's overall population [25].
a) Community football clubs
The sample of clubs consisted of community-level, non-elite football clubs across four major football codes: soccer/association football, Rugby League, Rugby Union, and Australian Rules football. All are team-based ball sports predominantly involving male players, played at both the amateur and professional levels in Australia and in the first three cases internationally. Clubs were defined as amateur or non-elite if they were not a part of a major national or state level league or competition.
To ensure relevant clubs participated in the study, clubs were considered eligible if they: had players over the legal drinking age (18 years of age and over); were a non-elite community sporting club; had over 40 members (enough to participate in the survey); and, held a liquor licence enabling sale of alcohol at the sporting club.
b) Club members
Club members were eligible to participate in the study if they were 18 years of age or over and were current members of the club. Members included players, committee members, spectators and coaches.
Recruitment procedures
a) Community football clubs
In the absence of a state or national register of community sporting clubs, a list of all community football clubs in the study area was created by contacting local councils and the peak association for each football code, and searching telephone directories and sporting web sites.
b) Club management representative
The presidents of identified clubs were invited to complete a survey on behalf of club management. Alternatively, the president was able to nominate another member of club management (eg vice president or secretary) to complete the survey for the club.
c) Club members
Lists of club members were provided by participating clubs. A quasi-random procedure was used to select club members to participate in the survey, with the 25 club members who most recently celebrated a birthday being invited to participate [26,27].
Data collection procedures
Computer-assisted telephone surveys [28] were conducted with the nominated management representative from each of the participating clubs to assess the club's alcohol management policies and practices (average length: 40 minutes), and with the selected members from each participating club to assess alcohol consumption at the club (average length: 19 minutes). Interviews were conducted by trained interviewers and were conducted during playing season (May to September 2009). Alcohol consumption questions were developed based on validated measures of alcohol consumption [29-31]. Alcohol management items were developed by an expert advisory group of health promotion practitioners and alcohol researchers, with reference to the scientific literature [7,32,33].
a) Club alcohol management practices
Club representatives were asked to report on the following club alcohol management practices: liquor licence status (yes/no) and type [34]; existence of a written alcohol management policy (yes/no); alcohol-related sponsorship of the club (yes/no); sponsorship through free/discounted alcohol (yes/no); proportion of staff trained in responsible service of alcohol (all/most/some/none); how often staff consumed alcohol on duty (never/rarely/sometimes/usually/always); availability of non-alcoholic and low-alcoholic drinks (yes/no); relative pricing of low-alcohol and full-strength alcohol drinks (low-alcohol more expensive/priced the same/full-strength alcohol more expensive) [32]; availability of substantial food when alcohol is sold (snacks/light meals/full meals); and, existence of alcohol promotions: drinks discounted for a defined period of time ('happy hour' promotions), 'all you can drink' promotions, other discounted/cheap drink promotions (eg. two drinks for the price of one) [33], alcohol awards/prizes and drinking vouchers (all yes/no) [7].
b) Club code, size and location
Club representatives were also asked in the telephone interview to describe their club in terms of: football code; number of registered players (as a measure of club size); and postcode of the club's sports ground. Postcode was used to categorise clubs as 'major city', 'inner regional' or 'outer regional' [35].
c) Club member alcohol consumption
Level of alcohol consumption of club members whilst at their club was assessed using a modified version of the graduated frequency index (GFI), a validated measure widely used in population surveys [29-31]. Members were asked how often they consumed the following number of standard drinks of alcohol in one drinking session at their club over the past three months: 20 or more; 11-19; 7-10; 5-6; 3-4; and 1-2 (5 to 6 days a week; 3 to 4 days a week; 1 to 2 days a week; 2 to 3 days a month; about 1 day a month; less often; or never). The GFI was modified to only cover alcohol consumed within the sports club setting and only alcohol consumed over the past three months, as this was the period when clubs were operating (sporting season). Based on Australia's national drinking guidelines, consumption of five or more drinks at least once a month was defined as placing members at risk of immediate harm [36].
Club members were also asked how often they had witnessed alcohol being served to intoxicated people at the club and how often they had witnessed intoxicated people being admitted to the club (never/rarely/sometimes/frequently/always).
Club members were asked to report their age, gender, income and highest level of educational attainment [29].
Statistical analyses
The following categories were used for analysis: number of players grouped into 'less than 150' or 'equal to or above 150'; postcodes used to group clubs as 'major city', 'inner regional' or 'outer regional' [37]; proportion of staff trained in responsible service of alcohol grouped as 'all' or 'most/some/none'; how often staff are allowed to consume alcohol on duty grouped as: 'never' or 'rarely/sometimes/usually/always'; pricing of low-alcohol drinks relative to full-strength alcohol drinks grouped as 'full strength drinks most expensive' or 'low-alcohol drinks most expensive/priced the same'; and, availability of food when alcohol sold grouped as 'light meals/full meals' or 'snacks'.
Responses to questions from the graduated frequency index were used to categorised club members as consuming either 'five or more drinks at least once a month' or 'not' [38].
Analysis of the association between club alcohol management practices and characteristics, and club member alcohol consumption was undertaken as a two-step process. First, univariate analysis (chi square) was undertaken to test associations between at-risk alcohol consumption of members and 18 club alcohol management practices and three club characteristics. Second, variables with a chi-square p-value ≤0.2 were included in a backwards stepwise logistic regression analysis, controlling for age and gender as known variables associated with at-risk consumption of alcohol [36,39,40]. Variables that had a p-value greater than 0.05 were removed from the analysis one at a time until all variables in the model had a p-value below this level. Club members who reported that they abstained from consuming alcohol were excluded from such analyses.
In both stages of analysis, adjustments were made for clustering at the club-level. SAS version 9.2 was used for all analyses.
Results and discussion
a) Club management representatives
A total of 328 community football clubs within the study area were identified and contacted. Upon screening, 228 (70%) of these clubs were deemed eligible to participate and invited to take part in the study. Of these, 72 (32%) clubs consented to participate. Consenting clubs did not differ significantly from non-consenting clubs in terms of football code (χ2=6.68 df=3; p=0.0764) or location (major city; inner regional; outer regional) (χ2=0.20 df=1; p =0.6559). Half of the club management representatives who completed the club survey were club presidents or vice presidents (n=36; 50%), 31% were club secretaries (n=22) and 19% had other executive roles on club committees (n=14).
b) Club members
Participating clubs provided contact details for 1726 club members. Of these, 1671 (97%) were eligible to participate in the study, 1514 (90%) were able to be contacted and 1428 completed the survey - an overall consent rate of 94% and response rate of 85%. An average of 20 members per club completed the survey (range: 12–24 members). Of the 1428 club members surveyed, 7% (n=93) reported that they did not ever consume alcohol. As shown in Table 1, the vast majority of the 1335 survey participants who reported consuming alcohol were male (83%) and employed (87%) and just over half were players (55%). The average age of participants was 34 years. Study participants were comparable to participants in football codes across Australia generally in terms of gender (national data: male 82%) [41], and slightly older in terms of age (national data: average age 18–24 years) [42-45]. While equivalent national data are not available for the other variables, national data for all sports indicates that the study sample may have had more employed people (national data for all sports: 65% employed), and more people in non-playing roles (national data for all sports: 15%) [46] than the national average.
Table 1. Characteristics of participating club members (not including abstainers) (N=1335)
Of the 1335 club members who consumed alcohol, 26% (n=366) reported drinking five or more standard drinks at the club at least once a month.
Association between risky alcohol consumption and club alcohol management practices and characteristics
Table 2 displays the results of univariate analyses of the association between club alcohol management practices and characteristics and at-risk alcohol consumption by club members. The eight club alcohol management practices and two club characteristics with a chi square p-value of ≤0.2 were included in the subsequent logistic regression analysis.
Table 2. Univariate association between club alcohol management practices and characteristics and at-risk alcohol consumption by club members
As shown in Table 3, five of the 10 variables entered into the logistic regression model were independently associated with members consuming alcohol at levels linked with immediate harm (p<0.05).
Table 3. Multivariate association between club alcohol management practices and characteristics and at-risk alcohol consumption by club members
Members of clubs where service of alcohol to intoxicated people was observed had significantly greater odds of consuming alcohol at risky levels than members of clubs were this practice was not observed (OR: 2.23). This was also the case for members of clubs that had happy hour promotions (OR: 2.84) or alcohol-only awards/prizes (OR: 1.80).
Members of Rugby Union and Rugby League clubs had significantly greater odds of consuming alcohol at risky levels compared to Australian Rules football club members. Rugby Union club members had significantly greater odds (adjusted odds ratio: 2.1; 95% CI: 1.28-3.47) of consuming alcohol at risky levels compared to soccer/association football club members. Members of clubs with less than 150 players had significantly greater odds of consuming alcohol at risky levels compared to members of larger clubs.
The findings of this study suggest that a number of modifiable alcohol management practices are associated with at-risk alcohol consumption by community sport club members, and that such consumption is more likely to occur in small clubs and in specific football codes. Service of alcohol to intoxicated people, happy hour promotions (where alcohol is provided at a discounted rate for a defined period of time) and alcohol-only awards or prizes were found to be associated with club members being more than twice as likely to consume alcohol to excess. These findings confirm the need and the opportunity for the development and implementation of alcohol harm reduction interventions in these settings [13].
To our knowledge, this is the most comprehensive study examining the association between the consumption of alcohol by club members and the alcohol management practices of sporting clubs, at either the community or professional level [7,23]. The identification of service of alcohol to intoxicated people, happy hour promotions and alcohol-only awards or prizes as predictors of at-risk alcohol consumption is consistent with work conducted in other drinking contexts [18-21], and with professional sports players [7]. For instance, Dietze and colleagues [7] found greater alcohol consumption among professional football players who received a drink card entitling them to free drinks, which is analogous to the alcohol-based awards and prizes examined in this study. Also consistent with our findings, Dietze and colleagues found that having formal club rules (or policy) on alcohol consumption was not a predictor of excessive alcohol consumption amongst professional players. Such findings are consistent with evidence from the broader body of scientific literature on licensed premises in general, which suggests that policies alone are insufficient to reduce excessive alcohol consumption and prevent alcohol-related harm [47].
This study's finding regarding a lack of association between alcohol-related sponsorship of clubs and at-risk alcohol consumption by club members is in contrast with that of O'Brien and Kypri [23], who found that players receiving alcohol sponsorship had significantly higher scores on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test than those receiving no sponsorship. A number of factors may account for this contrast. First, the O'Brien and Kypri [23] study examined an individual's total alcohol consumption (not only that within the club setting) and covered a number of sports, whereas the present study only investigated the consumption of alcohol within the sporting club setting and focused solely on football clubs. Furthermore, O'Brien and Kypri [23] examined sponsorship at individual, team and club levels whereas the current study examined sponsorship at the club-level only. Future studies seeking to explore the impact of alcohol-related sports sponsorship may benefit from utilising the more comprehensive approach reported by O'Brien and Kypri [23].
While previous research has found a positive association between the size of licensed premises and alcohol-related violence (with larger premises associated with greater levels of violence), the relationship between premises size and level of alcohol consumption has received less attention in the literature [48]. The findings of this study, which suggest that excessive alcohol consumption is greater in smaller clubs, appear to be in contrast to that reported in relation to licensed premises size and alcohol-related violence. As sporting clubs are typically staffed by volunteers [49] and alcohol consumption is often permitted in large areas surrounding playing fields, including grandstands [50], the increased risk of at-risk alcohol use within smaller clubs may reflect a lower level of capacity of such clubs to monitor and manage alcohol consumption compared to larger clubs.
By targeting those club practices that have been identified as predictors of at-risk alcohol consumption, community sports clubs have an opportunity to reduce alcohol-related harm involving players and spectators. A number of interventions in non-sporting licensed venues have been found to reduce patron intoxication and prevent alcohol-related harm [1,18-21] and the potential exists for such interventions to be similarly effective if appropriately tailored to the sports club setting and focussed on the predictors identified in this study. For instance, such interventions should prohibit happy hour promotions and alcohol-only awards and prizes and include strategies to assist staff or volunteers to identify intoxicated patrons, refuse them service of alcohol and ask them to leave the club (actions that are consistent with current state liquor laws [34]). However, as with non-sporting licensed premises, it is unlikely that these interventions would be effective without adequate monitoring and enforcement [1,18,21,34,47,51]. Given the cost of enforcement, a lower cost strategy for increasing the uptake of harm reduction strategies by clubs is through accreditation with a recognised authority, as has been described by Duff and Munro [49]. Findings from past, non-randomised studies suggest that such an intervention approach may be acceptable [52] and have the potential to reduce at-risk alcohol consumption and related harm [53,54].
The results of this study need to be considered in the context of the study methodology. First, the study relied on the self-report of club delegates to report on club alcohol management practices. While the validity of such self-reported assessments are not known, self-reported assessment of the health promotion policies and practices of alcohol outlets as well as community organisations such as schools and childcare services is common [55-57], with representatives of such organisations having previously been found to validly and reliably report organisational policies and practices [58,59].
The low club consent rate (32%) obtained for this study is likely to be related to clubs being concurrently recruited into a large intervention trial that required an ongoing commitment to data collection and other activities for a four-year period [24]. Comparison of the characteristics of consenting and non-consenting clubs in terms of football code and location suggested that this risk of bias was limited. Finally, the study involved participation by clubs that served 75% of the population in the most populous state in Australia. The extent to which the findings are generalisable to other states, to other sports codes, and to other countries is unknown and warrants further study.
Further research should be conducted to confirm the findings of this study, particularly in the context of sports other than football. It would also be beneficial if future research investigated the relationship between, and relative importance of, individual and club-based predictors of excessive alcohol consumption and alcohol-related harm.
This study highlights the importance of both modifiable practices and club characteristics as factors associated with at-risk alcohol consumption at community football clubs. Given the extensive participation of community members in football clubs around the world, an opportunity exists to reduce alcohol-related harm associated with at-risk consumption by club players and spectators through the implementation of appropriately tailored and targeted alcohol management strategies.
aThe authors search the following databases: The Cochrane Library (1996–2013), MEDLINE (1950–2013), EMBASE (1988–2013), PsychINFO (1806–2013), CINAHL (1956–2010) and SPORTDiscus (1977–2013), using the search terms 'alcohol' and 'sport'. Articles were eligible for inclusion in the review if they examined club-based predictors of excessive alcohol consumption or alcohol-related harm amongst amateur or non-elite athletes/other club members.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
MK drafted the manuscript and conducted a review of the literature and the statistical analysis. JW and LW helped to conceive the study, participated in its design and helped to draft the manuscript. BR and SW assisted with the literature review and BR assisted with the statistical analysis. KG, VK, RR and RC provided conceptual advice and advice regarding the setting and participants. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
The research team acknowledges the funding support of the Australian Research Council, Hunter New England Population Health, the Australian Drug Foundation, The University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, and assistance provided by Jennifer Tindall, Christophe Lecathelinais and Daniel Groombridge.
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Pre-publication history
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West Park Completion Celebrated
A ceremony is held today to celebrate the completion of West Park in the Kendall Whittier neighborhood. The project is part of a plan to revitalize the area just west of Tulsa University. It includes a mix of new residential and office uses, and improvements to the neighborhood park. One example of the new residents is Claire Theriot who is a pre-school teacher at the nearby EduCare Center. She and her three year old son have recently moved into a new apartment just across the street from her work and the new park. The George Kaiser Family Foundation, Tulsa University, and Kendall Whittier Main Street organization are all involved in the revitalization effort.