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Testing a soil-landscape model for dry greywacke steeplands on three mountain ranges in the South Island, New Zealand.
Soil-landscape modelling in steeplands
A predictive soil-landscape model for steeplands with uniform geology and simple and repeating landforms has been developed by McIntosh et al. (2000). In such terrain they considered elevation and aspect, through their influence on microclimate, to be the main influences on soil variation. The model was developed on the Benmore Range, South Canterbury, New Zealand. It predicted soil properties on major landscape units identifiable at the 1 : 50 000 scale. These are the management units for which land-use decisions are made on this type of rangeland.
The aim of this study was to test the accuracy of this model and subsequently developed GIS-interpolation techniques for predicting soil properties at randomly selected sites in 3 areas having similar landforms and geology: (1) on the Benmore Range, (2) on parts of the adjacent Kirkliston Range, and (3) parts of a similar mountain range on Molesworth Station, 250 km distant in the South Island, New Zealand.
A number of authors, e.g. Skidmore et al. (1991, 1996), Moore et al. (1993), and McKenzie and Ryan (1999), have used the relationships of geology, landform, vegetation, and climate characteristics to soils, determined in typical areas, as `indicators' of soil map units and/or soil properties present in broadly similar landscapes elsewhere with varying success. Between 40 and 80% of the sample variance of 3 soil properties was explained by variation in landform, climate, and recently available airborne gamma radiometric data for their model projection area by McKenzie and Ryan (1999). McIntosh et al. (2000) postulated that in the dry greywacke steeplands, the prediction of soil distribution at the required scale (1 : 50 000) from traditional indicators was not useful in this geologically uniform area because the dominant ridge and valley landforms provide little indication of the soils on them; and the tussock, Hieracium, and scrub vegetation pattern (Newsome 1987) is largely the result of burning and grazing, and does not reflect soil patterns.
The results of traditional soil survey and mapping in a particular area are difficult to extrapolate to another because individual pedologists may relate soil properties to landscape features (e.g. aspect and elevation) in different ways. Hudson (1992) promoted the publication of soil-landscape models, noting the limited value of soil map units for information transfer. In these steeplands, individual soil properties can have a large variance, making soil map units unsuitable for predicting single soil-factor values. Soil trends tend to be gradual (McIntosh et al. 1981; McIntosh and Hunter 1997; McIntosh et al. 2000); therefore, a mathematical consideration of trends of individual soil properties is likely to be more useful for prediction than an artificial delineation of map units.
The drier greywacke soils of the South Island mountain ranges with <700 mm mean annual rainfall cover some 470 000 ha (National Water and Soil Conservation Organisation 1975-1979; Lynn 1996) (Fig. 1). These rangelands support fragile ecosystems prone to degradation by fire, overgrazing, pests (e.g. rabbits), nutrient decline (O'Connor and Harris 1991; McIntosh 1997), and weed invasion (Hunter 1991). Current resource data available for this terrain are a national spatial soil layer (i.e. a named soil type) incorporated in the New Zealand Land Resource Inventory (NZLRI) (National Water and Soil Conservation Organisation 1975-1979), linked to the national soil database (McDonald et al. 1988) from which `typical' soil characteristics can be derived. These sources provide insufficient detail for on-site farm management or national resource studies (McIntosh and Hunter 1997; Tate et al. 1997; McIntosh et al. 1998, 2000). An understanding of the pattern of soil nutrients and properties throughout this landscape would help predict environmental risks and trends, assist farm management decisions, and identify new land-use opportunities. Variation in leaching, weathering, and organic matter stability in relation to aspect and elevation is implied by several soil studies (Cuff 1973; Tonkin 1984; McIntosh et al. 1981, 1998, 2000). Soil moisture limits both leaching and weathering at low elevations on all aspects. At middle elevations soil moisture still limits leaching and weathering on sunny (N and W) slopes exposed to the desiccating north-west winds that characterise this environment. On the leeward shady aspect (S and E) slopes at this elevation, higher soil moisture levels for longer periods promote more weathering and leaching. At higher elevations the lower soil temperatures limit weathering, and soil leaching conditions are similar on all aspects. However, at these altitudes erosion becomes an important influence on soil properties.
Materials and methods
Description of the soil-landscape model
The soil-landscape model for dry steeplands (McIntosh et al. 2000) comprises the mathematical interpolation of a trend table using as input a digital elevation model (DEM). The trend table was established from a combination of pedological judgement and data from a structured stratified sampling program designed to `capture' the variation in soil properties as driven by elevation, aspect, and land system. Trend tables were developed for 0-7.5 cm %C, pH([H.sub.2]O), and P retention, and A-horizon total C, total N, exchangeable Ca, and A-horizon thickness. Statistical tests showed that aspect and elevation were poor predictors for exchangeable Mg and Na, stones in the A horizon, and profile depth (McIntosh et al. 2000); therefore, trend tables were not developed for these properties. Pedological judgement was used to smooth elevation trends, and to identify boundaries where properties changed sharply (Lilburne et al. 1998). A `fuzzy' boundary that spanned 20 [degrees] (i.e. 60-80 [degrees] and 240-260 [degrees]) was used to distinguish between sunny and shady aspects.
Implementation in a GIS
The distribution of dry greywacke steepland soils for which the predictive model is potentially applicable was extracted from the 1st and 2nd editions of NZLRI (National Water and Soil Conservation Organisation 1975-1979; Lynn 1996) (Fig. 1). The areas are concentrated in the Waitaki District, North Canterbury, inland and northern Marlborough.
On the basis of rainfall and landscape character (assessed from aerial photographs and field observation), the regions were assigned to 1 of the 3 steepland land systems (Glenbrook, Glencairn, Ben Omar) as defined in McIntosh et al. (2000). Elevation and aspect layers were derived from 20 m contour data supplied by Land Information New Zealand. Each of the data layers was clipped to cover the dry steepland area of interest.
Lilburne et al. (1998) describe how triangular irregular networks (TINs) were used to interpolate the trend tables in topographic space (i.e. elevation and aspect). A TIN was generated for each land system. Maps covering all of the dry steeplands were produced for each of the 7 soil properties.
Testing spatial predictions against new data
Additional data from 3 areas were collected to test the accuracy of the spatial predictions. The location, environmental characteristics, and sampling pattern followed in the 3 test areas are summarised in Table 1.
Testing spatial predictions against NZLRI data
Predictions of the McIntosh et al. (2000) model were also tested against values predicted using NZLRI data. Lilburne et al. (1999) evaluated a number of models of A horizon %C over the Benmore Range. The simplest LRI model involved the identification of units mapped on the range, their soil types, slope, and erosion severity descriptions. The mean A horizon %C value from the fundamental data layers of the regional soil legends (Barringer et al. 1998) was modified for the impact of percentage of bare ground and erosion as follows. Up to 20% bare ground was taken as `normal' in this environment and the regional legend A horizon %C value was adopted for those units with erosion severity of 2 (<20% bare ground) or less. For those units with erosion severity 3 (21-40% bare ground), 4 (41-60% bare ground), or 5 (>61% bare ground), 70, 50, and 20% of the adopted value was taken, respectively. Where bare rock was recorded in the soil field, the erosion severity was increased by 1 severity unit. Fig. 1a shows the distribution of A horizon %C using the LRI model.
Sampling pattern and procedure
On the Benmore Range, profiles were sampled by horizon at 25 randomly selected sites on a range of aspects at elevations between 476 and 1525 m. Sites were randomly selected using a GIS function but some were rejected due to difficult access. An additional 16 sites were sampled using the structured stratified sampling pattern (McIntosh et al. 2000), but only on I slope position, using a reduced set of land system-aspect-elevation combinations.
On the Kirkliston Range, we replicated the original structured stratified sampling pattern but again sampled only 1 slope position. Profiles were sampled by horizon on upper to middle backslopes on 4 aspects approximating magnetic N, S, E, and W, at low, medium, and high elevations (c. 650 m, 950 m, and 1260 m), on 2 major spurs. Only medium and high elevation sites were sampled at 3 locations on Molesworth as the valley floors are above 700 m. The positions of all sites were fixed by GPS.
Sampling was undertaken in spring when soils were moist. Profiles were described and all horizons sampled. Twenty bulked 0-7.5 cm samples were also taken at each site, using a 2.54-cm-diameter soil corer.
Analytical procedures and methods
Weight per unit volume of the <2 mm fraction of the A horizon was calculated by oven-drying a sample of known volume at 110 [degrees] C, and estimating stone content in the field. The soil properties measured were A-horizon pH([H.sub.2]O), total C, total N, P retention, exchangeable Ca, Mg, K, Na, A horizon thickness, stone content, and field moisture content. Samples from 0-7.5 cm were analysed for the same chemical soil properties and also for pH(Ca[Cl.sub.2]). Subsoil horizons were analysed for P retention and pH([H.sub.2]O). Soil analyses were by the methods of Blakemore et al. (1987): pH([H.sub.2]O) (method 2A), total C (Leco FP2000), total N (Leco FP2000), P retention (method 5G), exchangeable Ca, Mg, K, Na (method 6A1), and pH(Ca[Cl.sub.2]) (method 2B).
Analysis of model performance
Predictions based on the McIntosh et al. (2000) model were tested against actual observations at the test sites on the 3 ranges. There are a number of measures of the differences between measured data and predicted data. Root mean square error (RMSE) is a conservative measure of error that is often used, although it is sensitive to outliers. Mean absolute error (MAE) indicates the magnitude of the average error. Mean error (ME) estimates the bias, i.e. underestimating or overestimating. Graphs of measured versus predicted, and box plots or histograms of the differences, are also useful for detecting spatial or environmental patterns in model performance (Willmott 1984). All these methods were used. The scale problem of the support of the sampled sites being different from the support of the DEM (100 m) was avoided by using values for aspect and elevation collected in the field (by compass and GPS). This also avoided DEM error affecting predictions (Lilburne et al. 1999).
Comparison of predicted with sampled values
Graphs of measured versus predicted values for 0-7.5 cm %C, pH, and P retention, and A-horizon total C, total N, exchangeable Ca, and A-horizon thickness were plotted. At the 3 test sites the model was most accurate at predicting 0-7.5 cm pH, and least accurate at predicting A-horizon exchangeable Ca (Fig. 2). Graphs of measured versus predicted values also identified the presence of outliers. Outlier sites were not unexpected although every effort was made to sample only stable planar slopes when the stratified sampling pattern was followed. Such criteria could not be followed for random sites. Persistent outliers were present in both the stratified and random samples.
In box plots for the 3 test locations (Fig. 3) the y-axis represents the errors or residuals of the predictions--a positive error indicates underprediction by the model. Each box plot shows the bias, and the magnitude and variability of the error. The model performed best on the Benmore Range but did not consistently perform better at either of the other test locations, and no consistent trends were evident. Prediction error measures (ME and MAE) for the modelled attributes are shown in Table 2.
The model gave a slight overestimation of the 0-7.5 cm %C on the Benmore Range, and an underestimation on the Kirkliston Range and on Molesworth Station, where the biggest error was evident. The mean error of the 0-7.5 cm pH had a neutral bias on the Kirkliston Range but was slightly overestimated on Molesworth Station and underestimated on the Benmore Range. On the Benmore Range, 0-7.5 cm P retention was most accurately predicted even though large outliers were evident in the sample. On both Molesworth Station and the Kirkliston Range 0-7.5 cm P retention was overestimated. A-horizon C values were overestimated on the Kirkliston Range, and underestimated on the Benmore Range, and even more so on Molesworth Station, as was A-horizon N. A-horizon exchangeable Ca was underestimated on both Molesworth Station and the Benmore Range, with extreme outliers evident on the Kirkliston Range, indicating that variation in parent material Ca composition was poorly modelled. A-horizon thickness was slightly underestimated on Molesworth Station and the Benmore Range, and overestimated on the Kirkliston Range.
The mean absolute error (Table 2) for 0-7.5 cm %C, pH, A-horizon total C, and total N increased with distance from the model establishment area, i.e. MAE for Benmore Range < Kirkliston Range < Molesworth Station. For 0-7.5 cm, P retention and A-horizon thickness MAE is similar for both Molesworth Station and the Benmore Range, and greater on the Kirkliston Range.
No consistent patterns were evident in plots of RMSE with respect to aspect or elevation, indicating that there are no systematic errors in the model at the 3 test sites due to aspect and/or elevation. The efficiency of a model is analogous to the coefficient of determination derived in a linear regression analysis (i.e. [R.sup.2]) (Nash and Sutcliffe 1970). Calculating model efficiency indicates that up to 45% of the variability of 0-7.5 cm pH is explained by the model, with less for the other attributes.
Comparison of A horizon %C distribution from existing LRI and modelled data
Figure 1 (a and b) shows the distribution of the A-horizon %C generated from the LRI model and the interpolation of the trend table and the DEM for the Benmore Range. The RMSE of the 2 maps at 38 test sites and the percentage correctly classified into 3 categories (0-2, 2-4, 4+) of %C were 1.6, 44.7%, and 1.09, 50.0% for the LRI and trend table DEM models, respectively. Thus the model is useful for identifying land with environmental risk associated with low soil organic matter.
Although model efficiency is not high, it is comparable to that of McKenzie and Ryan (1999) which includes airborne gamma radiometric data and more terrain attributes. While the model is based on 3 input factors only (aspect, elevation, and land system), a number of other factors are known to influence variability of the soil properties of interest.
Geomorphic activity. The high tempo of geomorphic activity in this environment is evidenced by the presence of steep slopes, high uplift rates, the predominance of coarse colluvium, abundant visual evidence of surficial erosion and deposition, and the presence of buried soils and truncated profiles. Up to 40% non-vegetated bare ground and broken surficial rock or stone pavement and the presence of thin veneers of freshly deposited fine slope-wash material are common on many slopes. Over-thickened A horizons are also a feature, especially at high and middle elevations on E and S aspects. This source of variability could not be included in the model. Satellite imagery was investigated as a potential source of spatial input but it was not of sufficient detail to discriminate bare rock, scree, and eroded slopes in this steep terrain.
Parent material composition. Although the predominantly greywacke sandstone and argillite rocks of the `greywacke steeplands' are generally regarded as uniform, their composition does vary (Dickinson 1971), but remains largely unmapped. Rare conglomerate and limestone bands, thin beds of basic tuff, and small lenses of black limestone are present (Lensen 1962; Mutch 1963; Gair 1967). Differential loess fallout and retention on slopes is another source of variation that was not included in the model.
Management history and vegetation change. The management history of these rangelands over the last 160 years is complex, with major vegetation changes induced by fire and grazing by both domestic stock and pests (O'Connor and Harris 1991; Mark 1992, 1994; Hughes et al. 1995). Overgrazing, plagues of rabbits, and erosion resulted in the properties now amalgamated into Molesworth Station being abandoned and reverting to the Crown in the 1930s and 1940s (McCaskill 1969). Although rabbit numbers have been largely under control since the mid-1950s, and sheep have been replaced by cattle, vegetation recovery has been minimal (Moore 1976), and scrub and weed invasion significant (Stevens and Hughes 1973; Hunter 1991). No comprehensive data exist, at an appropriate scale, of past fire or grazing history for the majority of blocks.
Small-scale variation. Short-range variabilities related to detailed landform character and vegetation (Lilburne et al. 1998; Hewitt and Lilburne 1999), and plant species or associations of species (McIntosh and Allen 1993), were not addressed in this or the primary study (McIntosh et al. 2000), as land-use decisions are made on large blocks.
The surface incorporation of `fresh' slope material or loess would increase expected topsoil pH, decrease expected %P retention values, and dilute topsoil %C and C and N t/ha values. Conversely, the incorporation of pre-weathered materials at the surface, or the development of an A horizon on exposed pre-weathered materials, would be expected to lower topsoil pH, increase %P retention values, and also lower expected topsoil %C and C and N t/ha values. McIntosh and Allen (1993) found that pH was significantly lower and organic C values were significantly higher within Hieracium patches than in the adjacent soil, but found no significant difference in total N. There is a high turnover of rosettes within Hieracium populations as the rosettes are monocarpic (Makepeace 1985). As Hieracium cover has increased significantly over the last 50 years (Anon. 1976; Hunter 1991), variability from this source is expected to be large. McIntosh's (1997) review of work on nutrient changes accompanying botanical changes in the unfertilised South Island tussock grasslands shows a net decline in nutrients in biomass and soils under grazing, or grazing with burning, and measured maximum losses of up to 27 kg N/ha.year. The maldistribution of animal returns in the landscape is also a significant source of soil nutrient variability (Thorrold et al. 1985; Haynes and Williams 1993). The poor prediction of A-horizon exchangeable Ca most likely reflects unmapped variability in parent material composition.
Practical use of the modelled data
Environmental risk identification
The environmental risks associated with low levels of soil organic matter in the South Island high country have been reviewed by Hewitt and McIntosh (1996). They concluded that `total carbon of less than about 2.5% in the topsoil indicates that the soil is in poor condition'. Hewitt and Lilburne (1999) used a 4-fold classification of 0-7.5 cm C: 0-1.9% (very poor soil quality), 2.0-2.5% (marginal soil quality, at risk of decline), 2.6-4.0% (adequate soil quality), and >4.0% (high soil quality) as indicative of soil health on a study site on the Benmore Range. Adopting a simplified 3-fold classification--0-2% (poor), 2-3% (marginal), and >3% (adequate) of 0-7.5 cm carbon--59% of sites in the dry greywacke steeplands are correctly classified by the model; 39% of sites were classified in the adjacent class, and 9% in 2 classes removed. Some 94 000 ha are identified as having poor, and 187 500 ha as having marginal, 0-7.5 cm C values, i.e. 60% of the drier greywacke steeplands have marginal or poor 0-7.5 cm C values. Maps of such terrain are readily generated from the GIS.
Land management
Sound land management decisions can be made based on the enhanced knowledge of soil nutrient distribution resulting from the predictive modelling. The identification of sites with more favourable conditions for plant growth and response to applied seed and fertiliser can improve resource utilisation, and assist with species selection. For example, those sites below 1100 m with a 0-7.5 cm pH value of>5.5 and a P retention of <30% are recognised as being suitable for development by oversowing with clovers and topdressing, provided they retain adequate soil moisture (Floate 1992). For 0-7.5 cm pH and P retention, 79% and 70% of sites with the above characteristics, respectively, were correctly predicted. Of the 215 000 ha predicted to have potential for oversowing and topdressing with clovers, 65 000 ha have marginal 0-7.5 cm C values (2-3%) and a pH of 6.0-6.5, and 13 000 ha have 0-7.5 cm C values >3%. Of the soils with pH of 5.5-6.0, 61 000 ha have marginal 0-7.5 cm C values and 76 000 ha are predicted to have 0-7.5 cm C values >3%. Maps of each category of land can be generated from the GIS (e.g. Fig. 4--land suitable for development by oversowing and topdressing).
Improved resource inventories
Refined estimates of the carbon contained in the A horizons of the Benmore Range (0.93 million tonnes) confirms McIntosh et al.'s (1998) preliminary calculation of approximately 1 million tonnes. This value is about one-third of that calculated from previously available information using the NZLRI coverage and the national soils database (Tate et al. 1997, as discussed by McIntosh et al. 1998). A-horizon C for the dry greywacke steeplands for which the model is applicable is calculated to be some 18.6 million tonnes as against 43.1 million tonnes using the previously available information. Thus, the type of modelling outlined here has the potential to greatly improve the reliability of national resource inventories by incorporating variability driven by elevation and aspect, and pedological judgement.
Considering the harsh environmental conditions that operate in these dry greywacke steeplands, parent material variability, management history, and the history of vegetation change not directly included in the model, the model's performance was considered adequate. For example, it explained up to 45% of the variability for 0-7.5 cm pH. The model did not consistently perform better at any one of the test locations, and no consistent patterns were evident. The mean absolute error increased with distance from the model establishment area, for 0-7.5 cm %C, pH, and A-horizon total C and total N.
Predictions were most accurate for properties based on one laboratory measurement (e.g. 0-7.5 cm pH, %C, P retention). For derived values, based on several measurements (e.g. nutrient amounts in units of kg/ha), predictions are less accurate probably because of the cumulative effects of errors from field measurement and variability.
The mathematical model discussed greatly improves predictions of soil properties compared with a previous system based oil map units and a linked soils database. For example, the total dry greywacke steepland area of the South Island is estimated to contain 18.6 million tonnes of A-horizon C, rather than 43.1 million tonnes predicted by earlier models. The model can also be used to predict areas of environmental risk (e.g. areas of depleted topsoil organic matter) and areas that are in principle suitable for pasture improvement by oversowing and topdressing.
Table 1. Location and environmental characteristics of the three test areas Benmore Range Kirkliston Range Location Waitaki District (A) 15 km distant from Benmore Range Latitude c. 44 [degrees] 30'S c. 44 [degrees] 30'S Elevation range 400-1800 m 400-1900 m Uplift rates 0.4 mm/year 0.4 mm/year (Wellman 1979; Williams 1991) Bedrock Predominantly grey- Predominantly grey- wacke and argillite wacke and argillite (Mutch 1963; Gair (Gair 1967) 1967) Soil parent material Colluvium and loess Colluvium and loess Nearest Met. Station Tara Hills 488 m Tara Hills 488 m and elevation (NZ Met. Service 1984) Rainfall at Met. 528 mm (B), evenly 528 mm (B), evenly Station spread throughout spread throughout year year Mean air temperature 9.3 [degrees] C (1.5 9.3 [degrees] C (1.5 at Met. Station [degrees] C July; [degrees] C July; 15.9 [degrees] C 15.9 [degrees] C January) January) Vegetation Tussock grassland, Tussock grassland, Hieracium, scrub Hieracium, scrub Land system (McIntosh Glenbrook, Glencairn, Glencairn et al. 2000) Ben Omar Test sampling pattern Random & stratified Stratified sampling sites within the pattern (2 major model development ridges) (n = 24) area (n = 41) Molesworth Station Location Bonnington and Inland Kaikoura Ranges 250 km distant Latitude c. 42 [degrees] 15'S Elevation range 700-1800 m Uplift rates 2.0 mm/year (Wellman 1979; Williams 1991) Bedrock Predominantly graded bedded greywacke and argillite (Lensen 1962) Soil parent material Colluvium and loess Nearest Met. Station Molesworth Station 669 m and elevation (NZ Met. Service 1984) Rainfall at Met. 669 mm (B), evenly spread Station throughout year Mean air temperature 8.1 [degrees] C (1.5 at Met. Station [degrees] C July; 14.0 [degrees] C January) Vegetation Tussock grassland, Hieracium, scrub Land system (McIntosh Glenbrook et al. 2000) Test sampling pattern Stratified sampling pattern, 3 locations for coverage (n = 16) (A) Range on which the McIntosh et al. (2000) model was developed. (B) Rainfall increases with elevation to values above those stated. Table 2. Mean error (ME) and mean absolute error (MAE) for modelled parameters Location 0-75 cm A horizon %C pH % P C N retention (t/tha) (t/tha) Benmore ME -0.2 0.03 -1.1 4.1 0.4 Range MAE 0.9 0.2 8.0 16.4 1.2 Kirkliston ME 0.4 0.0 -12.8 -12.6 -0.8 Range MAE 1.0 0.3 12.8 22.1 1.3 Molesworth ME 0.7 -0.03 -8.0 9.2 0.7 Station MAE 1.6 0.3 8.0 23.7 1.6 Location A horizon Exch. Ca Thickness (kg/ha) (cm) Benmore ME 319 2.1 Range MAE 601 5.6 Kirkliston ME 19.6 -7.0 Range MAE 786 7.6 Molesworth ME 301 1.6 Station MAE 542 5.0
We thank the farmers of the Benmore Range, Black Forest, Haldon and Molesworth stations for allowing us access for the survey; K. Giddens for the soil analyses; H. Wallace for soil preparation and technical help; M. Kingbury for field assistance; T. Savage for preparing the maps; Dr A. E. Hewitt and M. McLeod, and the anonymous referees for commenting on the manuscript. This research was supported by the New Zealand Foundation for Research, Science and Technology, Contract CO9626.
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O'Connor KF, Harris PS (1991) Biophysical and cultural factors affecting the sustainability of high country pastoral uses. In `Proceedings of the International Conference on sustainable land management'. Napier, Hawkes Bay, New Zealand. (Ed. PR Henriques) pp. 304-313. (Hawkes Bay Regional Council: Napier, New Zealand)
Skidmore AK, Ryan PJ, Dawes W, Short D, O'Loughlin E (1991) Use of an expert system to map forest soils from a geographical information system. International Journal of Geographical Information Systems 5, 431-445.
Skidmore AK, Watford F, Luckananurig P, Ryan PJ (1996) An operational GIS expert system for mapping forest soils. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 62, 501-511.
Stevens EJ, Hughes JG (1973) Distribution of sweet brier, broom and ragwort on Molesworth Station. Tussock Grasslands and Mountain Lands Institute Special Publication No. 9.
Tare KR, Giltrap DJ, Claydon JJ, Newsome PF, Atkinson IAE, Taylor MD, Lee R (1997) Organic stocks in New Zealand's terrestrial ecosystems. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 27, 315-335.
Thorrold BS, O'Connor KF, White JGH (1985) Management influences on sheep behaviour, dung distribution and soil phosphate. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association 46, 127-134.
Tonkin PJ (1984) Studies of soil development and distribution in the eastern hill country, central South Island, New Zealand. PhD thesis, Lincoln College, University of Canterbury, Christchurch.
Wellman HW (1979) An uplift map for the South Island of New Zealand and a model for the uplift of the Southern Alps. In `The origin of the Southern Alps'. (Eds RI Walcott, MM Cresswell) pp. 13-20. The Royal Society of New Zealand Bulletin No. 181.
Williams PW (1991) Tectonic geomorphology, uplift rates and geomorphic response in New Zealand. Catena 18, 439-452.
Willmott CJ (1984) On the evaluation of model performance in physical geography. In `Spatial statistics and models'. (Eds GL Gaile, CJ Willmott) pp. 443-460. (D. Reidel: Dordrecht, The Netherlands)
Manuscript received 12 April 2001, accepted 24 August 2001
I. H. Lynn (A)(C), L. R. Lilburne (A), and P. D. McIntosh (B)
(A) Landcare Research, Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand.
(B) Forest Practices Board, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
(C) Corresponding author; email: firstname.lastname@example.com
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Very groovy and energetic full-band Pop/Funk tune. Catchy and uplifting arrangement.
WAV file available upon request.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Dota 2's New Bloom Festival/Patch 6.80 out now29 Jan 2014
Quick public service announcement: Dota 2 patch 6.80 – also known as the New Bloom Festival update – is now live.
The patch is roughly 500MB, and adds in Phoenix, Terrorblade, the New Bloom Festival stuff, many hats, the Random Ability Draft game mode, etc. You can read up on the specifics of what's new here and here.
And now, if you'll excuse me, it's time for Dota 2.Related to this story
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Shake well. Consume the entire content immediately upon opening. Intake can be daily or on alternate days. Tastes best when chilled.
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Shelly Campbell and Mairi Rankin lead classes for intermediate to advanced players who wish to further their skills and learn the Cape Breton style of playing.
Tag Archives | October 13
Start your day with a full breakfast. Includes choice of beverages.
See Related: Community Meals, Mabou and area, October 13
Located at the Gaelic College in St. Ann's, the licensed Festival Club offers an opportunity for artists to showcase in a more informal setting, as well as get a session in with friends and colleagues from near and far.
See Related: October 13, St. Ann's and area
Families who make music together are a joy to behold. They come from Scotland to share Gaelic songs and tunes with families from here.
See Related: Iona and area, October 13
The multicultural capital of Cape Breton basks in the glow of music and stories from Africa to Ireland. Welcome to the Pier, dear.
Irish, Creole and Acadian roots are showing in D'Escousse as fiddles, guitars and rousing songs get your feet tapping and your voice raised. Not for the faint of heart!
See Related: Isle Madame and area, October 13
Glorious airs in a gorgeous setting as fiddles and accordion warm our hearts. And fun always breaks out when Phil and Aly are on the scene.
It's time to kick back with friends and enjoy some high-energy bands, amazing dancers and heartwarming songs. Raise a glass to the most musical long weekend of the year!


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Steve BaileyInformation & Records ManagerJISC
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$27K raised so far toward Houma park for disabled
A Houma mother is making strides with her quest to have a park that can accommodate children with disabilities built in Houma.
The Courier reports (http://bit.ly/13JZM1l) that Erica Lambert met with Houma officials to present her proposal to have a new park include equipment approved under the Americans with Disabilities Act.
Lambert said her goal is to raise $140,000 for such a playground. In the meantime, the playground can be built in phases as money becomes available. She said she and others have already raised about $27,000, more than half the amount needed for phase one.
Recreation district president Gary Beeson said the playground "is going to get done;" however, more planning and money are needed.
Information from: The Courier, http://www.houmatoday.com


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Review: 'Giant' is sprawling, eloquent new musical
Miguel Cervantes is scene-stealingly dynamic as young Army enlistee Angel. Together with Mauzy and Jon Fletcher as Luz's would-be boyfriend, Bobby, they animatedly perform the optimistic song "Jump!"
A wide variety of costumes by Jeff Mahshie encompass young Leslie's flapper dresses in 1925, rougher outfits for the ranch hands and Mexican servants, and glamorous period fashions for the wealthy white Texas elite over the ensuing decades.
Multiple interiors and landscapes are suggested by Allen Moyer's spare scenic design, using sheer scrims, wonderful projections that convey mood with weather (clouds, rain, bright sun) and selective furnishings that gracefully appear and then vanish.
In fitting tribute to the original owners of the land, the musical begins and ends with a song sun in Spanish, "Aurelia Dolores" apparently a lovelier way to say "Heartbreak Country."
The Associated Press


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After nearly 20 years of churning out nonstop hit records we figured it was high time to take on the daunting task of putting together a Fat Wreck Chords box set. Why? Well, besides the fact that we love a challenge, we realized that with over 280 releases and a roster that reads like a hall of fame list, it was probably long overdue. So, over the past few months we here at Fat engaged in many long discussions, heated debates, and, ultimately, an office mud wrestling match (which Floyd won, of course), in order to determine a track list that we thought was worthy of representing Fat. And we don't mind saying that we did a damn good job. The box set is called Wrecktrospective (get it?) and it contains 3 discs. The first disc is a greatest hits of Fat, featuring 33 bands. The second disc features 28 previously unreleased demos. Finally, the third disc is the extremely limited Fat Club 7" series in it's entirety, previously unavailable on cd. Just to sweeten the pot, there is a fold out poster included and a bevy of entertaining stories provided by the bands. All in all, you'd be crazy not to pick this thing up.
And if 88 songs aren't enough for you, we will have Short Music For Short People on color vinyl available soon. 101 30 second songs never before on color vinyl.
We are pleased to announce NOFX are set to release Cokie the Clown on November 24th! This EP/7âx2 will be available on cd/vinyl and through ITUNES. Okay, wrap your brains around this release. Its five brand new songs by NOFX released on one CD and split up on two different 7âs. The CD EP is titled Cokie the Clown. The first 7â is also titled Cokie the Clown_, go here for details!  You may remember Fat Mike and his daughter performing "Straight Outta Massachusetts" for Pancake Mountain which you can watch here! The second 7â is titled My Orphan Year, click blank">here for details. Each will have different covers and both will have different colored vinyl. Phew! Did you get all that? If not, read what Fat Mike has to say:
All right, Australia is a pretty cool place. I like it a whole bunch. Itâs actually my favorite country/continent/island in the world, but Fuck them and their stupid time zone! Seriously, what the fuck? It takes us 18 hours to fly home (2 of which were in Hawaii cuz the toilets on the plane broke) and when we get back to Caliâ¦â¦.and itâs the same fucking day!
Fuck, like the shite(sp) plane ride wasnât bad enough, now I gotta stay awake for another 10 hours. No can do. I fall asleep at 10:00 pm. Sounds reasonable? Until I wake up at 12:30 am. Yeah, cuz thatâs 5:30 pm Aussie time. This isnât really enough to bitch about, but fuck, I canât fall asleep till 8:00 am and thatâs with Ambien and whatever-pam. I woke up at 3 in the afternoon yesterday, only cuz I had to get my daughter from school.
So now itâs 6:15 am and Iâm writing this many word thing to tell everyone about our new EP, but my brain is dumb now and I donât write in a making sense manner so much. This is what I got:
Hey, BTWV (Vanessa), not 5 new song EP. 5 songs that were recorded during Coaster but didnât make the record cuz they were too good! Thatâs right, they are so good that the stupid president of our record label made us leave them off the record cuz we could, âMake more money with an EP â says him/he. NOFX think makes not sense, but heâs the guy with the fountain so we do what he says. Dudes crazy anyway. Talks about himself in the third person nonstop.
OK, Gotta go catch a flight to Riot Fest in 3 hours. Iâm dressing like a fucking clown all weekend. Big stretchâ¦.later, Cokie
Hey guys, So we start a tour with Strung Out in a few days, and after that we hit The Fest in Gainesville. And if that wasn't enough we just confirmed a tour with the one and only Dropkick Murphys in November! We are beyond stoked that we get to drink only the finest of Irish alcoholic treats whilst (booze) cruising up the West Coast of the USA and across Canada with those fine gentlemen. This will be our first time back in Western Canada in some time too, so come get stupid with us and the Murphys and enjoy yourself.
STRUNG OUTâs brand new record, Agents Of The Underground, comes out today! Agents Of The Underground was produced by Cameron Webb (Motorhead, Social Distortion, Ignite) and can be heard on AOL Spinner by clicking here ! Check out this new interview with Jason from STRUNG OUT and a stellar new review! Available for a free download, you can get two tracks off Agents Of The Underground titled âBlack Crossesâ and âVanityâ by clicking here. Strung Out embark on a huge tour this October which includes Japan and Costa Rica, dates are below but be sure to visit their website to get the scoop on last minute additions and news. Agents Of The Underground can be purchased via cd, vinyl or ITunes by clicking here!
Strung Out live dates:
Oct 1 â San Antonio, TX Rock Bottom
Oct 2 â Austin, TX Red Seven
Oct 3 â Dallas, TX Granada Theatre
Oct 4 â Houston, TX Meridian/Red Room
Oct 5 â New Orleans, LA Howlin Wolf
Oct 6 â Panama City Beach, FL Crazy Marlins
Oct 7 â Tallahasse, FL The Engine Room
Oct 8 â Ft. Lauderdale, FL Culture Room
Oct 9 â St. Petersburg, FL The State Theatre
Oct 10 â Orlando, FL The Social
Oct 11 â Jacksonville, FL Freebird Cafe
Oct 12 â Atlanta, GA The Masquerade
Oct 14 â Fayetteville, NC Jesters
Oct 15 â Raleigh, NC Volume 11 Tavern
Oct 16 â Virginia Beach, VA Peabodyâs
Oct 17 â Jermyn, PA Eleanor Rigbyâs
Oct 18 â Columbus, OH The Basement
Oct 19 â Toledo, OH Frankies
Oct 20 â Milwaukee, WI Turner Hall
Oct 22 â Sauget, IL Pops
Oct 23 â Tulsa, OK The Marquee
Oct 24 â Albuquerque, NM Launchpad
Oct 25 â Colorado Springs, CO Black Sheep
Oct 27 â Fort Collins, CO The Aggie Theatre
Oct 28 â Casper, WI Downtown Grill
Oct 30 â Salt Lake City, UT V2
Oct 31 â Tempe, AZ The Clubhouse
Nov 1 â Victorville, CA Karma
Nov 15 â San Jose, Costa Rica Club Vertigo
Nov 27 â Tokyo, Japan Shimokitazawa
Nov 29 â Yokohama, Japan F.A.D. Yokohama
Nov 30 â Tokyo, Japan Daikanyama UNIT
Dec 1 â Nagoya, Japan Club Quattro
Dec 2 â Osaka, Japan Club Quattro
Three years after their widely acclaimed debut release, Cuban Ballerina, DEAD TO ME are back with the long-promised follow up full-length, African Elephants. The extra time spent crafting and honing the album, while agonizing for fans, proved to be well worth it. From the very first track, the dub inspired âXâ, the maturation of DEAD TO MEâs sound is overtly apparent. What follows is a course of songs that both disarm and captivate the listener while seamlessly switching tempos and genres. African Elephants completely dismantles all preconceived notions that listeners may have formed about DTM.
2. Modern Muse
3. Nuthin Runnin Through My Brain
4. A Day Without a War
5. Bad Friends
6. Liebe Liese
7. Cruel World
8. Three Chord Strut
9. California Sun
10. Fell Right In
11. I Dare You
12. Tierra del Fuego
13. Blue
Download âModern Museâ for free by clicking here !
Check out Dead To Meâs upcoming tour to fest and beyond!
Read a new Dead To Me interview by clicking here.
FAT WRECK CHORDS | 2196 Palou Ave. | San Francisco, CA 94124
Copyright © Fat Wreck Chords. All rights reserved.


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Custom Exhibition Stands
In order to sell products, your customers need to be able to see you and your brand over and above your competition. Proj-X Design can help you cut through the marketing noise. We are one of Australia's best producers of all types of Branded Environments specialising in customised exhibition stands. Our custom-made promotional display options also include modular exhibition stands to whole trade shows & retail environments, we give you a chance to market your products almost anywhere. Our projects help you catch the eye of of your buyers.
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Our modular exhibition stands and portable display products give you plenty of options to promote your business to passers by, from pop-up Graphics to pull-up banners design. Our point of sale packages can give your product more exposure through vibrant displays that reach out and connect with customers giving you a greater ROI (Return on Investment) than other options on the market. If your business needs a little help boosting sales, please get in touch with our team today. Lets talk about how to promote your products.
Proj-X Design have been providing Aristocrat Technologies with high quality exhibition stands for many years. From all facets of creative design and production, right through to the finished product, Proj-X have always delivered high quality service, sometimes within very tight timeframes.
Proj-X was always highly professional and characterized by attention to detail both during planning and implementation of the project. Proj-X proved to be always reliable and keen to find a solution, even under difficult circumstances that are a characteristic of the event business.
I just wanted to drop you a quick line to thank your team and highlight both Stephanie and Ian for their exceptional work on the Future Store @ Online Retailer. Not only did they run with the project, instantly understanding the concept and goals we wanted to achieve, they did so with great professionalism.
Proj-X Design has rewarded us with an excellent service which is the hallmark of their organisation, and fully justified the trust we placed on them. I have come to the conclusion that Proj-X is deeply committed, professional, knowledgeable and trustworthy business partners. Lastly, I would not hesitate to recommend Proj-X Design services to any organisation wishing to participate in any exhibition anywhere in the Asia Pacific region.
The Proj-X Exhibition Design Blog
3 ways to use pop-up stores to advance your brand
Why is the APAC region so valuable for business?
Motor show roundup: What's on the 2015-16 calendar?
Proj-X named official supplier for Pacific2015 International Maritime Exposition
Meet the Team
- Get to know Sarah BrooksBen Feltham
- Get to know Daniel JonesGuy
- Get to know Jacky ChanGuy
- Introducing Andrew SmithGuy
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Decade on, Iraq to replace iconic Saddam statue
Published on Sep 9, 2012 3:24 PM
BAGHDAD (AFP) - Nearly a decade after Saddam Hussein's statue was pulled down in an iconic moment seen globally, Baghdad will finally replace it with new artwork to mark its selection as the 2013 Arab Capital of Culture.
It is the latest in efforts by authorities to promote the country and the capital, which this year marks 1,250 years since its founding. Baghdad played host to a landmark Arab summit in March, followed by talks between world powers and Iran in May over the Islamic republic's nuclear programme.
Baghdad's selection as Arab Capital of Culture also gives the country a chance to make up for its failure to ready Najaf in time for it to take over as 2012 Islamic Capital of Culture, with the latter honour marred by delayed projects and allegations of corruption.
Organisers of the Baghdad cultural capital project are planning to erect 19 new statues, monuments and memorials across the city to highlight its cultural heritage and to mark late artists and cultural icons.
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Reporting of property related crimes had gone down by 16 per cent in 2013 when compared to 2012 and the recovery rate has improved to 84 per cent in 2013 from the 76 per cent of 2012, said City Police Commissioner A.K. Viswanathan on Tuesday.
He said that there were 774 cases in 2012 while number of cases reported in 2013 had been 649, recording a 16 per cent fall. He added that the number of murders in 2012 was 27 while it had gone down to 23 in 2013. City Police in 2012 had detected 607 of the 774 cases such as murder for gain, dacoity, robbery, snatching, burglary and theft while in 2013, as many as 530 of the 649 cases had been detected.
This helped in improving the percentage of recovery from 78 per cent to 82 per cent. Value of property lost was Rs. 4.32 crore in 2012 and recovery was Rs. 3.29 crore.
In 2013, the value of property lost was Rs. 6.97 crore and recovery was Rs. 5.83 crore.


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Ducks come back against Cardinal 35-28
The Cardinal closed the gap when Oregon center Max Unger's bad snap went over Masoli's head resulting in a safety to make it 27-22.
With 2:18 left, Anthony Kimble recovered his own fumble _ barely _ as he went into the end zone to make it 28-27 for the Cardinal. The play was reviewed after officials called it a fumble on the 1-yard line. Stanford's two-point conversion failed.
"That was probably one of the wildest things of my career," Kimble said. "The ball slipped out of my hands, I saw it, grabbed it and tried to dive for it. I'm glad to have instant replay. I knew I got in."
Stanford was coming off a 58-0 victory at home over woeful Washington State, the team's first shutout against a conference opponent since 1974 _ when they blanked Oregon 17-0.
Oregon was coming off a 26-16 loss to California, which all but dashed any hopes the Ducks had for a chance at the conference title. Oregon hosts Arizona and visits Oregon State for the season-ending Civil War game to wrap up the season.
The Ducks have won seven straight games against Stanford, and four in a row at Autzen Stadium. Stanford hasn't won in Eugene since a 49-42 victory in 2001.


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Tania Dall / Eyewitness News
KENNER, La. - A budget crunch in Kenner hasn't put the brakes on renovating an outdated recreational facility. The city is moving forward with an ambitious plan to upgrade Wentwood Adult Gymnasium.
First item on the list: a spanking new elevator costing nearly $200,000.
Right now, a local construction team is in the process of laying brick for the new elevator.
'As soon as the elevator is built, you'll start seeing walls being torn down, floor being torn up, you're going to see all the replumbing, reelectrical of building to make sure the building is to code,' said Kenner City Council President Kent Denapolis.
The city says the current facility is used mostly for boxing these days. Neighbor Debbie Landry has been watching the project get underway from her house across the street.
'I didn't know what to think and my husband went over there and they said they were building an elevator. We were wondering, why you building an elevator? Nobody ever uses that building,' said Landry.
The elevator's price tag surprises the Kenner resident, who has lived in the area for 18 years.
'They don't have money for fire stations and all that and they're doing this,' added Landry.
The city's plan is to build a food bank, provide meals for the elderly and offer outreach services on the building's second floor. City officials say it could take up to two years to finish the project.
However, step inside and the structure appears abandoned with holes in the floor and water damage clearly visible on the ceiling. The city recently staved off budget cuts, including a proposed plan to slash its park budget, reducing operating playgrounds from 11 to 5. That plan, which the city said would have saved $650,000, was abandoned with money diverted from elsewhere in the budget by citycouncil members.
Even though the elevator is being paid for with federal federal funding, one neighbor isn't convinced this is a smart spending strategy.
'They're not spending the money right, that's for sure,' said Landry.
But, city leaders are sticking to their guns.
'I think when you can get Washington, D.C. to come down here and spend money and improve rather then going to Missouri and Kansas City, I think that's a plus,' said Denapolis, who added that the future of the gymnasium is at the mercy of potential cuts.
Mayor Mike Yenni has also gone on the record in support of the community center plan.
Note: A previous version of this story incorrectly reported that the city was still dealing with a $3.5 million budget shortfall. As this web story points out, the budget hole has been filled.


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Wi-Fi and 3G could become competitors for mobile Internet access
A mobile phone tower provides 3G broadband access to those without a direct Internet connection (Image: Aboutmovies via Wikipedia Commons)
Article Summary
Accessing the Internet while away from the home or office has never been easier. When there's no Wi-Fi available users can jump on 3G broadband to get their online fix. And that's the way it has generally been, with the two main mobile communications technologies acting as complementary services. But with the advent of Wi-Fi based municipal wireless networks some experts say there is a strong possibility that Wi-Fi will compete with the 3G cell phone network in city areas and perhaps even become a substitute.
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Age of ApplianceMore than 10 years
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Gold Medal 2067M DescriptionSKU: 231-2067M
Disposable Cone-O- Corn Cups, 1,000 per case
Gold Medal 2067M Specifications
Gold Medal 2067M Customer Reviews
"KaTom is great. They always have what I am looking for at a great price. I wanted something to use that would be easy and quick to fill with kettlekorn. I was using the 1oz bags but those were difficult to fill and to keep upright. The cones were easy to fill. It was a challenge to find a way to display them without them falling over. I found a milk carton with holes in it and placed the cones in the holes. This worked great! I could fit about 8 cones in the holes with very little kettlekorn falling out. Customers loved the cones because they could stick their tongues in and get a few kernels without using their hands (that was the actual feedback I got!)."


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Typically, a beautiful girl with good grades and a big heart.
Jolena is so nice to everyone
από gossipgirl4ever 27 Αύγουστος 2008
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pretty, smart , can stick up for themselves , picky when it comes to boys.
man , a jolena won't date me but i would so date her.
από lovely123456789 30 Ιούλιος 2009


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Are you feeling blue? It may be the color of your room that is contributing to your sour attitude or conversely the reason why you can't relax or sleep. Room color effects your mood much more than you think.
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Timothy Dahl
Founder/EIC at Charles & Hudson
Timothy's background includes stints at This Old House, ELLE DECOR, Metropolitan Home and Woman's Day. His work has been published on Wired Design, Bob Vila, DIY Network, The Family Handyman and Popular Mechanics and he has been featured on the Martha Stewart radio show and as a speaker at the ALT Design Summit, K/BIS and the National Hardware Show.
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- Milwaukee 46″ Rolling Tool Storage Chest & Cabinet Review - May 27, 2015
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China Travel News
There areTotoal 346 News
by korla at 2011/9/21; Views: 1109; Comments: 0;
2011 Shanghai Grand Carnival lasts from July 23 to October 30 in Pudong Expo Park of Shanghai. It boasts the largest area of International Carnival in the world, which is over 80,000 square meters,…
World Chocolate Wonderland Theme Park to Open in Shanghai
by korla at 2011/9/21; Views: 1355; Comments: 0;
World Chocolate Wonderland Theme Park will be open to the public in Shanghai from December 12, 2011 to February 19, 2012, lasting for 66 days. The theme park is the second chocolate wonderland them…
2011 Shanghai International Music Firework Festival
by korla at 2011/9/20; Views: 930; Comments: 0;
Shanghai International Music Firework Festival, the originator of international music firework festival in Asia, is to be held in Pudong Century Park on September 30, October 3rd and October 6th, 2…
Fights Between Shenzhen and Ordos to Operate from September 28th
by joyce at 2011/9/19; Views: 618; Comments: 0;
According to Ordos Airport, direct flights between Shenzhen and Ordos will operate from September 28th, 2011, which will be the first direct flight from Ordos to Shenzhen. The flights operate e…
Kongcheng Old Street Cultural Festival during National Day
by joyce at 2011/9/15; Views: 836; Comments: 0;
Kongcheng Old Street cultural festival will be held during Chinas National Day holiday from October 1st to 7th when stars, celebrities, artists and folk craftsmen gather there to celebrate the fest…
2011 Jinshan Tourism Festival to Kick off from September 18th
by joyce at 2011/9/13; Views: 1419; Comments: 0;
2011 Jinshan Tourism Festival, which is part of the Shanghai Tourism Festival, is to be held from September 18th to October 8 in Shanghai, with the theme of a unique romantic travel in Jinshan. …
The Observation Wheel on Canton Tower Opens to the Public from September 1st
by miffy at 2011/8/31; Views: 733; Comments: 0;
On September 1st, 2011, the worlds highest horizontal observation wheel, the observation wheel on Canton Tower, is officially open to the public. It is open to the public from 17:00 to 22:00 every …
US Vice President Tasting Beijing Snacks in local snack bar
by fadri at 2011/8/25; Views: 1482; Comments: 0;
US Vice-President Joe Biden has just finished his visit to China from August 17th to 22nd. During his visit, Joe Biden tasted traditional Beijing specialties for lunch in a local snack-bar with his…
Seafood Festival to Kick off in Long Island of Shandong from September 3
by fadri at 2011/8/22; Views: 865; Comments: 1;
According to the tourist administration of the Long Island County in Shandong, the Long Island County is to host the second seafood festival from September to October, with the theme of tasting sea…
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Last Picture Shows: Film and Obsolescence
Biennial curators Elisabeth Sussman and Jay Sanders officially dedicated this year's exhibition to Mike Kelley, the eclectic, wildly influential Los Angeles–based artist who committed suicide this past January, at age 57. Kelley's final project, Mobile Homestead, was an unusually personal one: he built a full-size replica of his childhood home in Westland, Michigan—a middle-class western suburb of Detroit—with the intention of placing it at the Museum of Contemporary Art, Detroit (MOCAD) as a multipurpose community center and artists' studio. The replica was not brought to the Whitney, but it can be seen as the roving protagonist of a three-part video series Kelley made about the sixteen-mile journey from MOCAD in midtown Detroit to Westland and back. The trip is stitched together with interviews Kelley did with the deli owners, prostitutes, used-car salesmen, motorcycle gangs, churchgoers, mosquegoers, barflies and restaurateurs of Michigan Avenue. I drive down the same strip of the avenue at least once a week, and seeing Detroit play itself—instead of being treated, at arm's length, as an emblem of postindustrial decay—struck me as uncanny.
The videos reveal a geography rutted with socioeconomic disparity and ruin, though if Kelley had taken a route northbound or eastbound from downtown Detroit, he would have captured more stomach-churning, camera-ready inequalities of wealth. A lack of romanticism sets Mobile Homestead apart from the recent spate of "Doomtroit" documentaries like the Sundance award-winning Detropia and Julien Temple's Requiem for Detroit. But Kelley's project is repetitive, too ecumenical in its low-key evocation of common unhappiness, and non-Michiganders are likely to find it more wearying (and less charming) than I did. Suffice it to say that the videos of ordinary people addressing an ordinary camera have zero relation to what critic Jerry Saltz labeled Kelley's "clusterfuck esthetics." The documentary's exhibition prospects are unclear—Kelley's death put the larger project on hold—but MOCAD announced plans to complete the Mobile Homestead project this year and open it in 2013.
Cinema qua cinema, as an analogue for nothing but itself, received its most transcendent expression from Nathaniel Dorsky. The 68-year-old Zen Buddhist pioneer of "devotional cinema," which might best be described as a temporary reorientation of consciousness, Dorsky makes work that requires a sixteen-millimeter projector running at eighteen frames per second, or "silent speed"—six frames per second slower than normal speed. To show his films to the public, Dorsky cannot do without a space like the Whitney. His specifications are exacting and based on a personal metaphysics, wherein the realm of black matter surrounding the screen is a significant component of the experience itself. In his writings, Dorsky updates the distinction made by the midcentury French critic André Bazin between an image-based and a reality-based cinema, and the resulting humanist ethic would seem airy and Platonic if Dorsky didn't actually put it into practice:
In film, there are two ways of including human beings. One is by depicting them. Another is to create a film form which, in itself, has all the qualities of being human: tenderness, observation, fear, relaxation, the sense of stepping into the world and pulling back, expansion, contraction, changing, softening, tenderness of heart. The first is a form of theater, and the latter is a form of poetry.
Dorsky's films communicate through cryptic linkages, occlusions and odd angles, through edits both noncontiguous and graceful beyond belief—every puzzle piece tinged with a lyricism that transcends genre. It's supremely difficult to see a Dorsky film, and what's worse, it borders on cruelty to show one just once, to tease filmgoers with a glimpse of a sublime associational illogic that seems perfectly sustainable, given its proximity to the everyday. When making films that threaten to contain the entire world, Dorsky rarely travels far from his San Francisco apartment. The subject of his images' immanent rhythms is the "accumulation of being," and while his films can be screened only in specific locations, their materials can be found anywhere. (Dorsky's closest cousin in the realm of narrative cinema is Terrence Malick, and his own Arbor Vitae anticipates Malick's Tree of Life by ten years.)
At the Whitney, Dorsky presented Compline, the final film he shot in his preferred medium of Kodachrome (recently discontinued), and Aubade and The Return, his first films shot with Eastman and Fuji color negative, likely to become obsolete. Given that his films never acknowledge chaos, I can't expect him to meet this eventuality with anything less than calm acceptance. In a public conversation with Halter, Dorsky described his pleasure to be working in "these last moments of film." He struck at an alluring metaphor for his celluloid cohort, whose resignation was more straightforward and powerful than anything else in the exhibition: "We're guppies in a puddle…on a dirt road…in the sun."
Nation film critic Stuart Klawans reviews David France's How to Survive a Plague, Heidi Ewing and Rache Grady's Detropia and Nicholas Jarecki's Arbitrage in the October 1 issue.
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Current regulations (Instruction 1300.6 [3] for the Department of Defense) are clear that conscientious ...
Current regulations (Instruction 1300.6 [3] for the Department of Defense) are clear that conscientious objector status (or "CO status") is to be granted only to those individuals who object to "participation in war in any form." Therefore, conscientious objection [7], as it is currently acknowledged by the Department of Defense, is reserved to those who identify as strict pacifists [8]. An important caveat is that one's reason may be based on moral or ethical reasoning as well as religious training or belief. Selective objection, wherein a service member objects not to the idea of warfare as a whole but to particular wars, is not yet recognized.
Here is a comprehensive list of websites, books, films, and church statements which provide information and resources about conscientious objection, military counseling, the Truth Commission on Conscience in War, alternatives to the military, and more.
Center on Conscience & War (NISBCO) [9] is a nonprofit service agency sponsored by a broad association of religious bodies who join to protect, defend, and extend the rights of conscientious objectors.
The GI Rights Hotline [10]is a service of the GI Rights Network. This is a nongovernmental network providing free, confidential, counseling to members of the armed forces. Phone: 1-877-447-4487.
American Friends Service Committee Youth and Militarism Program [11] provides resources about the military and its impact on young people. The program supports local organizing campaigns to counter militarism in schools.
Central Committee for Conscientious Objectors (CCCO) [12] supports conscientious objectors and promotes individual and collective resistance to war and preparations for war.
Mennonite Church USA Peace and Justice Support Network [13] provides many resources and ideas for studying peace, including stories, worship materials, faith statements, curricula, and more.
Conscientious Objection - PAX Christi USA [14] gives information and resources prepared especially for Catholics by PAX Christi USA.
Iraq Veterans Against the War [15] hopes, through its numerous chapters of participants throughout the U.S., to "mobilize the military community" to call for the end of war in Iraq.
Courage to Resist [16] is a community of veterans, military families and other individuals whose activities include reaching out to troops, individuals, building support networks, promoting "People Power" anti-war strategies and public protests in support of conscientious objection to war.
Truth Commission on Conscience in War [17] gathered in Washington, D.C. in November and is a coalition of 60 army veterans and anti-war groups who are working towards persuading Congress to enact legislation that would provide the legal right to selective conscientious objection
CBS Report on Veteran Suicides [18]: A five month investigation which found that vets "were more than twice as likely to take their own lives than Americans who never served. "
Ferus Theology Blog [19] is Logan Laituri's personal blog which provides a bibliography of resources used for his Sojourners' article, information on the Truth Commission for Conscience in War [19], as well as many other articles and resources in support of selective conscientious objection.
Will to Resist [20]: Soldiers who refuse to fight in Iraq and Afghanistan [20] by Dahr Jamail (Haymarket Books, 2011).
Rules of Disengagement: The Politics and Honor of Military Dissent [21] by Marjorie Cohn (Polipoint Press, 2009).
Army of None: Strategies to Counter Military Recruitment, End War, and Build a Better World [22] by David Solnit and Aimee Allison (Seven Stories Press, 2007).
Dissent: Voices of Conscience [23], Government Insiders Speak Out Against the War in [24] Iraq [24] :by Ann Wright and Susan Dixon (Kora Books, 2008).
Road from Ar Ramadi: The Private Rebellion of Staff Sergeant Mejia: An Iraq War Memoir [25] by Camilo Mejia with a foreword by Chris Hedges (Haymarket Books, 2008)
Breaking Ranks: Iraq Veterans Speak Out Against the War [26] by Matthew Guttmann and Catherine Lutz (University of California, 2010).
Winter Soldier: Eyewitness Accounts of the Occupations [27] by Aaron Glantz with forward by Anthony Swofford (Haymarket Books, 2008).
Soldiers of Conscience [28] (2008) gives us "a dramatic window on the dilemma of individual U.S. soldiers in the current Iraq War – when their finger is on the trigger and another human being is in their gun-sight. Made with cooperation from the U.S. Army and narrated by Peter Coyote, the film profiles eight American soldiers, including four who decide not to kill, and become conscientious objectors; and four who believe in their duty to kill if necessary."
Sir! No Sir!: The Suppressed Story of the GI movement to End the War in Vietnam [29] (2006) "vividly demonstrates that GIs were the heart and soul of the anti-war movement. Poignantly narrated by a diverse cast of veteran GI resisters who recall the ferocious days of peace marches and stiff jail sentences."
Deserter [30] (2010) is "set in 1944 Belarus during World War II. This is the story of a German soldier who deserts the army in the hope of going home before being completely dehumanized by war. Forming an unlikely friendship with an orphaned Russian boy soldier he refuses to execute, he goes on the run and an act of self-sacrifice leads to his ultimate redemption."
Arlington West [31] (2006) "An ocean of over 4,000 crosses swells across the sand beside the Santa Monica Pier every Sunday, erected faithfully by Veterans For Peace [32]. Conversations recorded here display the entire spectrum of viewpoints about how our own military is currently feeling before and after being in the combat zone, and how our military families are handling the greatest loss, a child killed in war. It is a tribute to our fallen U.S. soldiers."
The Truth and Conscience in War God's Politics Blog Series [7] focuses on topics and issues that pertain to selective conscientious objection. Blog titles include:
More than 20 other God's Politics Blogs [38] have been written by Logan Laituri, which include:
Below is a list of church statements and websites in support of conscientious objection:
PAX Christi USA: The National Catholic Peace Movement [44]
Catholic Peace Fellowship [44]
Community of Christ [45]
Methodist Peace Fellowship [46]
Presbyterian Peace Fellowship [47]
Baptist Peace Fellowship of North America [48]
Lutheran Peace Fellowship [49]
[1] http://sojo.net/magazine/2011/02
[2] http://sojo.net/biography/claire-lorentzen
[3] http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/130006p.pdf
[4] http://sojo.net/magazine/2011/02/resources-selective-conscientious-objection#comment-covenant
[5] http://sojo.net/letter-to-the-editor?post=Resources%20on%20Selective%20Conscientious%20Objection
[6] http://sojo.net/donate
[7] http://blog.sojo.net/tag/conscientious-objection/
[8] http://blog.sojo.net/tag/pacifism/
[9] http://www.centeronconscience.org/
[10] http://www.girightshotline.org/
[11] http://afsc.org/program/youth-and-militarism-program
[12] http://objector.org/ABOUT_US.html
[13] http://peace.mennolink.org/cgi-bin/sitesearch.pl?Hits=20&Searchterms=conscientious+objection&Construct=All+search+terms&GO.x=15&GO.y=11&GO=GO
[14] http://www.paxchristiusa.org/pc_con_object.asp
[15] http://www.ivaw.org/
[16] http://www.couragetoresist.org/x/content/view/17/1/
[17] http://conscienceinwar.org/
[18] http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=3498534n
[19] http://feraltheology.wordpress.com/conscience/tccw/
[20] http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1608460959?ie=UTF8&tag=sojourners-20&linkCode=xm2&camp=1789&creativeASIN=1608460959
[21] http://www.amazon.com/Rules-Disengagement-Politics-Military-Dissent/dp/0981576923/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1294350704&sr=1-1
[22] http://www.sojo.net/CFIDE/scripts/ajax/FCKeditor/editor/Army%20of%20None
[23] http://www.sojo.net/CFIDE/scripts/ajax/FCKeditor/editor/Dissent
[24] http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0977333841?ie=UTF8&tag=sojourners-20&linkCode=xm2&camp=1789&creativeASIN=0977333841
[25] http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1931859531?ie=UTF8&tag=sojourners-20&linkCode=xm2&camp=1789&creativeASIN=1931859531
[26] http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0520266382?ie=UTF8&tag=sojourners-20&linkCode=xm2&camp=1789&creativeASIN=0520266382
[27] http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1931859655?ie=UTF8&tag=sojourners-20&linkCode=xm2&camp=1789&creativeASIN=1931859655
[28] http://www.soldiers-themovie.com/
[29] http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B000IB0DE4?ie=UTF8&tag=sojourners-20&linkCode=xm2&camp=1789&creativeASIN=B000IB0DE4
[30] http://www.deserterthefilm.co.uk/
[31] http://www.arlingtonwestfilm.com/
[32] http://www.veteransforpeace.org/
[33] http://blog.sojo.net/2010/11/22/preaching-on-truth-and-conscience/
[34] http://www.sojo.net/CFIDE/scripts/ajax/FCKeditor/editor/Veterans'%20Suicides%20and%20Selective%20Conscientious%20Objection
[35] http://blog.sojo.net/2010/11/01/moral-agency-and-selective-conscientious-objection/
[36] http://blog.sojo.net/2010/10/13/the-right-to-act-in-conscience/
[37] http://blog.sojo.net/2010/09/30/securing-soldiers-rights-to-selective-conscientious-objection/
[38] http://blog.sojo.net/author/logan_laituri/
[39] http://blog.sojo.net/2010/07/27/wikileaks-truth-tellers-and-a-crisis-of-conscience/
[40] http://blog.sojo.net/2010/07/06/why-christianity-and-july-4th-may-be-compatible/
[41] http://blog.sojo.net/2010/04/07/video-of-civilian-deaths-in-iraq-and-americas-culture-of-violence/
[42] http://blog.sojo.net/2010/02/02/reinvigorating-the-discourse-on-just-war-and-pacifism/
[43] http://blog.sojo.net/2009/02/26/the-sad-state-of-dialogue-on-civil-unions/
[44] http://www.paxchristiusa.org/pc_conscience_teaching.asp
[45] http://www.cofchrist.org/peace/statements/consc-object.asp
[46] http://www.mpf.org.uk/
[47] http://www.presbypeacefellowship.org/
[48] http://www.bpfna.org/
[49] http://www.lutheranpeace.org/