text:
A heat treatable sputter-coated layer system for glass substrates may be applied before heat treatment if the layer system includes a metallic layer of nickel or a high nickel content alloy covered by a separate layer of metallic silicon or an oxide of nickel or the high nickel content alloy, which in turn is covered by a protective metal oxide such as stoichiometric Sn O2.
1. A method of forming a heat treatable coated glass article comprising sputter-coating onto said glass in the sequence given from glass outwardly the following layers:
a) a first layer having a thickness of about 5-100Å and comprised of an oxide or nitride of a metal selected from the group consisting of nickel and a nickel alloy having at least about 50% by weight nickel;
b) a second layer having a thickness of about 20-250Å and comprised of a metal selected from the group consisting of nickel and a nickel alloy having at least about 50% by weight nickel;
c) a third layer having a thickness of about 5-100Å and comprised of an oxide or nitride of a metal selected from the group consisting of nickel and a nickel alloy having at least about 50% by weight nickel; and
d) a fourth layer having a thickness of about 20-1000Å and comprised of an oxide of a metal selected from the group consisting of tin, zinc, titanium and alloys thereof.
2. A method according to claim 1 wherein said method includes first sputter-coating onto said glass before said first layer, a fifth layer having a thickness of about 1-1000Å and comprised of an oxide of a metal selected from the group consisting of tin, zinc, titanium and alloys thereof, and wherein the sputter-coating of each said oxide layer is conducted in an atmosphere sufficiently rich in oxygen so as to create substantially stoichiometric oxides.
3. A method according to claim 2 which further includes after applying said coating, subjecting said article to a heat treatment at a temperature of from about 1150� F.-1450� F.
4. A method according to claim 3 wherein said heat treatment includes the step of tempering said glass.
5. A method according to claim 3 wherein said heat treatment includes the step of bending of said glass.
6. A method according to claim 3 wherein said heat treatment includes the step of heat strengthening said glass.
7. A method according to claim 2 wherein said fifth and fourth layers consist essentially of tin oxide, said second layer consists essentially of an alloy having greater than about 70% of Ni by weight, and said first and third layers consist essentially of an oxide of the alloy of said second layer.
8. A method according to claim 7 wherein said second layer consists essentially of an alloy comprised of Ni, Fe, Cr, C, Al and Y.
9. A method according to claim 8 wherein said second layer is an alloy consisting essentially of:
______________________________________ELEMENT Wt %______________________________________Ni about 75.45Fe about 4.00Cr about 16.00C about .04Al about 4.50Y about 0.01______________________________________
10. A method of forming a coated, heat treated glass article comprising:
a) forming a substantially non-oxidized metallic layer (a) consisting essentially of nickel or an alloy having greater than about 50% by weight nickel and having a thickness of about 20-250Å;
separately forming on layer (a) a layer (b) selected from metallic silicon or a metallic oxide or nitride wherein the metal in said oxide is nickel or an alloy having greater than about 50% by weight nickel and having a thickness of about 5-100Å wherein said layer (b) tightly bonds layers (a) to layer (c);
c) separately forming on layer (b) said protective layer consisting of a substantially stoichiometric metallic oxide and having a thickness of about 20-1000Å; and thereafter heat treating said article.
11. A method according to claim 10 wherein said method further includes initially forming on said glass article a layer (d) of the same oxide as layer (c) and having a thickness of about 1-1000Å, and thereafter forming on layer (d) a layer (e) of the same oxide as layer (b) and having a thickness of about 5-100Å such that layer (e) tightly bonds layer (a) to layer (d) and layer (d) tightly bonds layer (e) to said glass article, and wherein the metal in said layer (b) is nickel or a non-siliceous alloy having greater than about 50% by weight nickel.
12. A method according to claim 11 wherein said heat treatment is selected from tempering, bending, heat strengthening, or combinations thereof, layers (c) and (d) consist essentially of stoichiometric tin oxide (Sn O2) and the metal in layers (b) and (e) are the same metal as that of layer (a).
13. A method according to claim 12 wherein said glass article is a curved, vehicular privacy window, and said metal of layer (a) is an alloy which consists essentially of Ni, Fe, Cr, C, Al and Y.
14. A method according to claim 12 wherein said glass is green tinted float glass, said privacy window appearing neutral gray from the glass side, gold from the coating side, and having a solar transmission of about 13-14% and a solar reflectance of about 10%.
15. A method according to claim 14 wherein said layers are arranged in the following order from glass outwardly and have the following approximate range of thicknesses:
______________________________________Layer Approx. Thickness (Angstroms)______________________________________d 1-1000e 5-100a 20-250b 5-100c 20-1000______________________________________
16. A method according to claim 15 wherein said layer (a) does not substantially alter the index of refraction of the glass.
This is a division of application Ser. No. 804,017, filed Dec. 19, 1991 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,229,194.
This invention relates to glasses provided with specific coatings which may be thereafter heat treated at temperatures sufficiently elevated to bend, heat strengthen, and/or temper the glass. This invention finds particular utility in architectural and automotive glass production.
The popularity of metal and metal oxide coated glasses in architectural and automotive design is well known. As reported prolifically in patent and other literature, such glasses, through the manipulation of the coating's layering system, usually by choice of metals and/or metal oxides and/or thicknesses, can usually achieve, quite acceptably, the degree of reflectance, transmittance, emissivity and durability, as well as the color desired. See, for example, in this respect, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,935,351; 4,413,877; 4,462,883; 3,826,728; 3,681,042; 3,798,146; and 4,594,137 just to name a few.
It has also been well reported that while several reasonably acceptable techniques exist for applying such coatings, one of the most efficacious, and thus preferred, is the well known technique referred to as "magnetically enhanced sputter-coating". Such a technique is reported in U.S. Pat. No. 4,166,018, a recognized fundamental teaching on the subject. (See also, Munz et al. "Performance and Sputtering Criteria of Modern Architectural Glass Coatings" SPIE Vol. 325 Optical Thin Films, 1982 pp. 65-73.)
While efficacious for many known layer systems, the use of sputter-coating has been known to result in mechanical durability qualities less than that achieved by another known method called the "pyrolytic" technique. As a reverse function, however, sputter-coated systems often achieve better infrared reflectance than typical pyrolytic coatings. Also, sputter-coated glasses have generally been recognized as having superior optical and thermal performance characteristics than pyrolytically formed coatings, such as having improved coating uniformity, good emittance, and better solar performance characteristics. It is clear, that if a sputter-coating technique could be devised for a particular coating system wherein the mechanical durability qualities of the sputter-coated system could approach or equal that of a pyrolytic technique, while at the same time achieving the enhanced benefits of sputter-coated technology, a significant step forward in the art would be made. The subject invention described below, in the preferred embodiments thereof, achieves this long-felt need in the art.
In recent years, the popularity of coated glasses has occasioned numerous attempts at achieving a coated glass article which prior to heat treatment can be coated, and which thereafter, can be heat treated without adversely changing the characteristics of the coated glass article. One of the reasons for this is, for example, that it can be extremely difficult to achieve a uniform coating on an already bent piece of glass. It is well known that if a flat glass surface can be coated and thereafter bent, much simpler techniques can be used to get a uniform coating than if the glass has been previously bent.
Certain techniques have been developed in the past for making heat treatable glass articles which may then, and thereafter, be heat treated by way of tempering, bending, or a technique known as "heat strengthening". Generally speaking, many of these prior techniques have suffered from not being truly heat treatable at the higher elevated temperatures necessary to achieve economic bending, tempering, and/or heat strengthening (i.e. 1150� F.-1450� F.). In short, such techniques have often suffered from a need to keep the temperature at approximately 1100�0 F. or less in order to achieve heat treatability without adversely affecting the glass or its substrate.
In this respect, however, two of the inventors of this invention have previously invented and offered for sale certain prior art coating systems which can be heat treated successfully at the higher, more elevated temperatures aforesaid, to achieve tempering, bending, or heat strengthening. Generally speaking, these prior art coating compositions find their uniqueness in a layering system which employs as a metallic layer, a high nickel content alloy which, in its preferred form, is an alloy known as Haynes 214, consisting essentially of 75.45% Ni, 4.00% Fe, 16.00% Cr, 0.04% C, 4.50% Al, and 0.01% Y (percentages are by weight). By using a high nickel content alloy, such as Haynes 214, and overcoating it with stoichiometric tin oxide (Sn O2) either alone or with other layers (such as an undercoating of the same stoichiometric tin oxide and/or an intermediate layer of aluminum between the top Sn O2 layer and the high content nickel alloy), it was found that heat treatability of glass articles at elevated temperatures of from approximately 1150� F.-1450� F. from about 2- 30 minutes, could be achieved without substantial degradation of color, durability, chemical resistance, emissivity, reflectance or transmittance. These compositions therefore constituted a significant improvement over prior heat treatable systems such as those disclosed in the following patents: U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,790,922; 4,816,034; 4,826,525; 4,715,879; and 4,857,094.
In addition to the above disclosures in the aforesaid patents, the Leybold "Spectrum" windshield glass system TCC-2000 is also known. In this system, four or five layers of metals and metal oxides are employed to obtain a sputter-coated glass which, being somewhat heat treatable at temperatures up to 1100� F. may be used as a pre-coated glass for making bent or unbent, glass windshields, provided that rapid time limits are placed on the heat treatment. The layering from glass substrate outwardly usually includes a first layer of tin oxide, a second layer of nickel/chrome alloy (usually about 80/20), a third layer of silver, a fourth layer of the nickel/chrome alloy, and a fifth layer of tin oxide. In addition to the rather low upper limit on heat treatment temperatures and times, the resultant coatings are rather soft and exhibit such unacceptably low chemical resistance characteristics that they can realistically be used only on the inner surfaces of laminated glass windshields.
In the aforesaid U.S. Pat. No. 4,715,879 it is specifically taught that the layering system therein can not be achieved unless the protective layer of a metal oxide (e.g. tin oxide) be formed such that the oxide has an oxygen deficit (i.e. is non-stoichiometric). This, of course, requires delicate balancing in the manufacturing process. Heat treatability, in this respect, is also disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,826,525. However, in this patent it is specifically taught that a layer of aluminum must be applied to achieve heat treatability.
The alloy most preferred for use as the high content nickel alloy (i.e. a nickel alloy having a nickel content greater than about 50% by weight) in the practice of this invention is an alloy produced by Haynes International Corporation known as Haynes Alloy No. 214. This alloy is a nickel-based, high temperature alloy that is known for its excellent resistance to oxidation, carburization, and chlorination. Its nominal chemical composition is as stated aforesaid. While this particular unique alloy, as well as nickel and/or other alloys thereof having a nickel content by weight of greater than about 50% have been found to be useful in the practice of the subject invention, it is not by the use of these alloys alone that the improvements achieved by the subject invention are realized. The improvements, instead, are realized from a unique layering system, as opposed to a particular layer in and of itself.
There are three different types of heat treatments that are generally employed in working glass for architectural or automotive purposes; namely, bending, tempering, and a lesser form of tempering called "heat strengthening" or "hardening". When bending without tempering conventional 1/4" clear float glass, for example, times of 10-30 minutes at 1150� F. or more, are generally necessary to use. In heat strengthening or tempering such glasses, with or without bending, temperatures as high as about 1450� F. (e.g. 1150� F.-1450� F.) are normally employed for about 2-5 minutes. As can be seen, there are significant drawbacks to many of the known or reported prior art techniques which are limited in their upper temperatures, for providing heat treatable, coated glasses, particularly of the efficacious sputter-coated type. By the term "heat treatable" as used herein, therefore, is meant that the coated (layered) glass can undergo one or more of the above three treatments, and that in the preferred forms of this invention heat treatability can take place for the requisite periods of time at temperatures of from 1150� F.-1450� F.
Coated glasses for use in architectural or automotive design (e.g. vehicular privacy windows) generally have eight (8) characteristics which determine their efficacy and/or marketability: commercial feasibility, durability (mechanical resistance to abrasion), chemical resistance, long-term stability, emissivity, transmittance, reflectivity, and color. In prior systems, including those developed by two of the inventors herein, as reported hereinabove, some of the characteristics had to be significantly compromised in order to achieve the necessary degree of acceptability for the remaining characteristics. For example, in the case of the inventors' prior systems, while high temperature heat treatability was achieved, mechanical durability was not optimized. For this and other reasons, therefore, it is apparent that there exists a need in the art for a heat treatable, coated glass useful in architectural and/or automotive design which does not significantly compromise any of the above eight characteristics, and which preferably also may be heat treated (i.e. bent, tempered and/or heat strengthened) at the upper temperature ranges and times of such treatments. There is also a need for a coating which can be formed by sputter-coating techniques, but which also achieves the mechanical durability of pyrolytically formed coatings.
It is a purpose of this invention to fulfill the above-described needs, as well as other needs apparent to the skilled artisan from the following detailed description of this invention.
Generally speaking, this invention fulfills the above-described needs in the art by providing a heat treatable sputter-coated glass article comprising a glass substrate having thereon a layer system which includes:
(a) a substantially non-oxidized metallic layer formed of nickel or a nickel alloy having greater than about 50% by weight nickel;
(b) a metallic oxide protective layer wherein the metal in the metal oxide is different than the metal in layer (a); and
(c) a separate layer of silicon or a metal oxide or nitride layer intermediate layers (a) and (b) wherein the metal in the metal oxide or nitride is nickel or a nickel alloy having greater than about 50% by weight nickel, and wherein layer (c) tightly bonds layer (a) to layer (b).
In certain preferred forms of this invention the aforesaid heat treatable glass article comprises a glass substrate having thereon a coating which includes:
(a) a first layer comprised of an oxide of a metal selected from the group consisting of tin, zinc, titanium, and alloys thereof;
(b) a second layer comprised of an oxide or nitride of a metal selected from the group consisting of nickel and a nickel alloy having at least about 50% by weight nickel;
(c) a third layer comprised of a metal selected from the group consisting of nickel and a nickel alloy having at least about 50% by weight nickel;
(d) a fourth layer comprised of an oxide or nitride of a metal selected from the group consisting of nickel and a nickel alloy having at least about 50% by weight nickel; and
(e) a fifth layer comprised of an oxide of a metal selected from the group consisting of tin, titanium, and alloys thereof.
In particularly preferred forms of this invention all oxides formed are stoichiometric. For example, in certain preferred forms of this invention the above first and fifth layers consist essentially of a stoichiometric oxide of tin (Sn O2), while the second and fourth layers are stoichiometric oxides of the same metal which is employed in the metallic third layer.
Most preferably in this invention, the metal of the second, third and fourth layers constitutes the aforesaid Haynes Alloy No. 214. When this particular alloy is employed and the aforesaid layering system is used, the invention is found to have unique applicability in the areas of vehicular glass, particularly glass known as "privacy windows".
This invention also envisions within its scope a method of forming a heat treatable coated glass article which comprises sputter-coating onto the glass substrate in the sequence given below from glass outwardly, the following layers:
(a) an optional first layer comprised of an oxide of a metal selected from the group consisting of tin, zinc, titanium and alloys thereof;
(b) an optional second layer comprised of an oxide or nitride of a metal selected from the group consisting of nickel and a nickel alloy having at least about 50% by weight nickel;
(c) a third layer comprised of a metal selected from the group consisting of nickel and a nickel alloy having at least about 50% by weight nickel;
(d) a fourth layer comprised of metallic silicon or an oxide or nitride of a metal selected from the group consisting of nickel and a non-siliceous nickel alloy having at least about 50% by weight nickel; and
(e) a fifth layer comprised of an oxide of a metal selected from the group consisting of tin, zinc, titanium and alloys thereof.
In certain preferred forms of this method, the sputter-coating of each of said oxide layers is conducted in an atmosphere sufficiently rich in oxygen so as to create substantially stoichiometric oxides. The preferred forms of the various layers are as set forth above in describing the heat treatable glass article envisioned within the scope of this invention.
Further included within the scope of this invention is a method for forming a coated, heat treated glass article comprising:
(a) forming a substantially non-oxidized metallic layer of nickel or an alloy having greater than about 50% by weight nickel;
(b) separately forming on layer (a) a metallic silicon or metal oxide layer wherein the metal in said oxide is nickel or an alloy having greater than about 50% by weight nickel;
(c) separately forming on layer (b) a protective layer of a substantially stoichiometric metallic oxide; and
(d) thereafter heat treating said article by one of the aforesaid treatments within the definition of the term "heat treating".
As aforesaid, the preferred layering systems employed are those as described above. In particularly preferred embodiments of this invention this method of heat treatment includes carrying out this heat treatment at temperatures in the range of about 1150� F.-1450� F. for a time sufficient to effect the necessary heat treatment. These particularly preferred forms, of course, also include applying the coatings by way of sputter-coating, as aforesaid. It is also envisioned within the scope of this invention that various glasses may be employed, the preferred forms of the glass being float glass in untinted or tinted (e.g. green tinted) form.
This invention also envisions within its scope heat treated articles manufactured by the aforesaid methods of this invention. Such articles can take many shapes or forms, but in certain preferred embodiments constitute heat treated (tempered, heat strengthened, and/or bent) vehicular privacy windows exhibiting the necessary characteristics for such a commercial glass.
This invention will now be described with reference to certain embodiments thereof as illustrated in the following drawings:
FIG. 1 is a partial, sectionalized view of a typical coating system as contemplated by this invention, applied to a glass substrate which may in the preferred embodiments be a vehicular privacy window.
FIG. 2 is a schematic of an Airco-Temescal three-zone architectural sputter-coater useful in carrying out an embodiment of this invention.
FIG. 3 is a schematic of an Airco-Temescal five-zone architectural sputter-coater useful in carrying out an embodiment of this invention.
With reference to FIG. 1, there is illustrated in side sectional view a typical example of a glass article coated according to this invention. Therein is illustrated a glass article (substrate) G and a five-layer system A-E. The layering system and its various combinations will be described hereinbelow. First, however, it should be understood that glass substrate G may take many forms and be of many types. Preferably, however, in the practice of this invention glass substrate G is typical float glass, either clear or tinted. Green tinting has been found to be particularly preferred in the practice of this invention when glass substrate G is a vehicular privacy glass window (shown here in FIG. 1 in partial sectional view).
In certain embodiments of this invention coating layers A and B are optional. Coating layer C is the metallic layer envisioned in the practice of this invention, which metallic layer consists essentially of nickel or a high nickel content, non-siliceous alloy (i.e. a non-siliceous nickel alloy having a nickel content of greater than about 50% by weight, and most preferably greater than about 70% by weight).
Envisioned within the scope of this invention is not only pure nickel, but nickel alloys such as Inconel, nichrome, and other well known high content nickel alloys. Particularly preferred for the purposes of this invention, however, is the high content non-siliceous nickel alloy known as Haynes No. 214. Such an alloy has a nominal composition as described hereinabove.
Layer D is a particularly important layer for the purposes of the practice of this invention in that it serves not only as a tight bonding mechanism between layers C and E but it is also believed to add significantly to the heat treatable characteristics of the preferred embodiments of this invention. Layer D, in this respect, is a separate layer formed by sputter-coating and may consist essentially of either elemental silicon (Si) or an oxide (preferably stoichiometric) of a metal selected from nickel (Ni), or an alloy (preferably non-siliceous) having greater than about 50% by weight nickel. In particularly preferred embodiments of this invention layer D is a separately formed oxide layer whose metal is the same metal as has been employed in forming layer C.
Layer E is a protective layer which is a metal oxide (preferably stoichiometric) of a metal selected from the group consisting of zinc, titanium, tin, and alloys thereof. However, in the preferred forms of this invention this protective layer E consists essentially of stoichiometric tin oxide (Sn O2).
The above three layers constitute the essential layers found in the practice of this invention. However, certain optional layers may be added, and in the preferred embodiments of this invention, they have been found to add significant improving characteristics to certain products as envisioned within the scope of this invention. In this respect, layer A is yet another protective layer which also serves to bond layer B to the glass substrate. Thus layer A should have the characteristic of not only protecting the layered system from undesirable effects from the glass substrate G, but also will serve as a tight bonding agent between substrate G and layer B. In the preferred embodiments of this invention layer A may be selected from the same group of oxides as is layer E, and in particularly preferred embodiments it is the same metallic oxide employed as layer E, and in this respect, is most preferably stoichiometric tin oxide (Sn O2).
Optional layer B serves the same function as layer D except that it now tightly bonds layer C to layer A. Layer B may be selected from the same metal oxides as are employed in making layer D, and in this respect, in its preferred embodiments, constitutes an oxide of the same metal employed as the metal in layer C. In the most preferred forms, of course, the metal of layers B, C, and D is Haynes 214, while that of layers A and E is tin.
The technique for coating employed in this invention may be any of the known coating methods, but in particularly preferred forms it is the aforementioned sputter-coating techniques which, in carrying out the invention, may be practiced by the use of any conventional sputter-coater, such as a conventional Airco-Temescal multi-zone architectural sputter-coater of known design. As shown in FIG. 2, this sputter-coater may take its conventional form wherein there are employed three targets in each of three zones, thus resulting in targets 1-9. Glass substrate G, herein shown as a flat glass sheet (e.g. in the shape of a flat, yet to be bent and/or tempered vehicular privacy window) is conveyed on conveyor 11 (roller type only schematically shown) through the Airco sputter-coater whose zones are separated in a known fashion by walls F having in their lower extremity an adjustable tunnel T. Pre-wash 13 and post-wash 15 are conventionally provided.
Because of these tunnels T in walls F, oxide coatings can be formed at the interface with proper regulation of pressures or selective addition of oxygen at nozzles O2, while the substantially non-oxidized metallic layer can be formed in the middle of Zone 2. Thus, for example, with reference to applying the coating of FIG. 1 as the coating on substrate G as it progresses through the three-zone apparatus shown in FIG. 2, all three targets 1-3 may be of the same protective metal (e.g. tin). In this situation, the pressure in Zone 1 may be regulated to approximately 2-3�10-3 Torr with an 80% 02 and 20% argon atmosphere. Zone 2 may then have as its targets the various elements desired for layers B, C, and D, while Zone 3 will have the metal desired for layer E. By applying a pressure in Zone 2 less than in Zone 1, and using 100% argon as the atmosphere (and/or selectively using oxidizing nozzles O2), and thereafter applying a pressure of 1.0�10-3 -3�10-3 Torr in Zone 3, five layers may be formed as shown in FIG. 1 in the following manner:
As glass G progresses through Zone 1 at its aforesaid pressure, stoichiometric tin oxide is applied to the glass as layer A if this optional layer is desired. By creating a higher pressure in Zone 1 than Zone 2, oxygen flows into Zone 2 and/or the first nozzle O2 is opened, such that if target 4 is to be employed to create optional layer B, the coating therefrom will be oxidized (preferably stoichiometrically). Target 4, in this respect, can be formed of nickel, Inconel, nichrome, Haynes 214, or other high content nickel alloys.
Insufficient oxygen is allowed to reach the area under target 5 so that essentially pure metal is now formed as a layer C on top of separately formed layer B. Thus target 5 can be the same as target 4, or within the same class as described. If, now, layer D is desired to be silicon, then target 6 is made of silicon and Zone 3 may be controlled at a pressure lower than that in Zone 2 (e.g. 1�10-3 Torr) and second nozzle O2 is closed, such that essentially unoxidized silicon is formed as layer D. If, on the other hand, it is now desired to form layer D of the same oxide as layer B, then the pressure in Zone 3 is made to exceed that in Zone 2 (e.g. 3�10-3 Torr) and/or second nozzle O2 is opened, so that an oxide (preferably stoichiometric) is created as layer D. Here, when not silicon, target 6 is conveniently of the same material or class of material as target 4 (and preferably the same as target 5 as well).
As glass G then progresses into Zone 3, targets 7, 8 and 9 provide the protective metal oxide coating (e.g. stoichiometric Sn O2, the same as layer A). This, then, completes the heat treatable coating system. Emerging from the end of Zone 3 is a tightly adhering, excellent coating system having outstanding levels of the eight characteristics including mechanical durability as listed above. It is to be pointed out, in this respect, that in the circumstances of this invention, whether using clear float glass or the preferred green tinted float glass, layer C, in whatever form employed, does not change the index of refraction of the glass substrate either before or during the heat treatment.
It is apparent from the drawing in FIG. 2 that other permutations and combinations of the targets may be employed. For example, rather than relying upon pressure differentials between the zones, and/or the use of nozzles O2, it may be desirable to use targets 3 and/or 7 for a purpose other than to help create the protective layer. In one embodiment then, targets 1-2 and 8-9 may be Sn, while targets 3-7 are Haynes 214. By using substantially equal pressures in the zones (and/or not employing either target 4 or target 6) a five-layer system as envisioned by this invention is formed, because the Haynes 214 oxide is now created in the same zone where the Sn O2 layers are formed. In another embodiment, of course, target 6 could be Si and target 7 could be inoperable, thus creating another layer system within the scope of this invention. Various other combinations will be apparent to the skilled artisan once given this disclosure.
FIG. 3 illustrates an alternative procedure for creating the above-described layering system. In this embodiment a conventional five-zone Airco-Temescal sputter-coater is employed. Nine targets, 1-9, of fifteen targets may be used (or all 15 targets can be used). In this embodiment, furthermore, targets 1-3 and 7-9 are preferably of the metal to be employed as the protective oxide (e.g. preferably stoichiometric tin oxide, Sn O2) and, of course, the various permutations and combinations as suggested above may be substituted here, because 15 targets are available.
The difference, then, between this embodiment and that of FIG. 2 is that by employing a separate zone for each individual layer, differential pressures and/or the use of special oxidizing nozzles O2 need not be employed. All that is normally needed, in this respect, is the control of the appropriate atmosphere in a known fashion to achieve the desired result in any given zone. For example, a nominal pressure of about 2�10-3 Torr may be employed in all five zones and thereafter, by employing either a 100% argon atmosphere, or an atmosphere of 80% O2 and 20% argon, either an essentially metallic layer (100% argon) or a stoichiometric oxide coating (80% O2, 20% Ar) may be formed. In this respect, of course, it is understood that, if desired, differential pressures and/or nozzles O2 (not shown) may be selectively used as they were described with respect to the embodiment of FIG. 2, to achieve a particular result. It is also understood, with regard to both embodiments, that the number of targets employed may be varied to achieve a particular result such as thickness, speed, etc. All of this is well known to the skilled artisan familiar with the technique of sputter-coating.
While thicknesses can be varied to achieve the desired end result, in accordance with simple trial and error techniques, it is preferred for the purposes of this invention to maintain the layers within the following general ranges:
______________________________________Layer Thickness (Angstroms)______________________________________A about 0-1000 (>1 when used)B about 0-100 (>5 when used)C about 20-250D about 5-100E about 20-1000______________________________________
While the actual mechanism by which the subject inventive concept and its unique layering systems achieves the high degree of heat treatability and, at the same time, mechanical durability, it is not fully understood, nevertheless it is believed that the following conditions and purposes apply in the normal situation:
______________________________________Purposes of Layers:Layer E: a) Reduces oxidation of metallic layer C during heat treatment b) Increases abrasion resistance of layer stack c) Increases chemical resistance of layer stack d) Adjust optical characteristics of layer stackLayer D: a) Promotes adhesion between layer E and layer C b) Slightly adjusts optical characteristics of layer stack c) Increases chemical resistance of layer systemLayer C: a) Reflects infrared radiation b) Reflects visible light c) Reduces solar energy transmission d) Reduces visible light transmission e) Resists high temperature oxidation during heat treatmentLayer B: a) Promotes adhesion between layer C and layer A b) Slight adjustments to optical characteristics of layer stack c) Increases chemical resistance of layer systemLayer A: a) Reduces visible light reflectance on glass side (anti-reflective) b) Reduces interaction between layer C and glass substrate at high temperatures c) Reduces sensitivity of layer C to light stain on surface of glass (glass corrosion by moisture) d) Increases chemical resistance of layer system e) Adjust color______________________________________
(FIG. 2, Targets 1-3, 7-9 are Sn; Targets 4-6 are Haynes 214 alloy. Glass: Green Tinted Float Glass)
______________________________________Typical ProcessConditions:Layer E: (Preferred)Working Gases argon and oxygen (80% O2, 20% Ar)Gas Pressure 0.5 to 5.0 � 10-3 Torr (1.0 � 10-3 Torr)Target Voltage 200-800 volts (393 volts)Target Amperage varies (7.4 amps)Target Power varies (2.9 kw)Layer D:Working Gases argon and oxygen (50% O2, 50% Ar)Gas Pressure 0.5 to 5.0 � 10-3 Torr (8.9 � 10-4 Torr)Target Voltage 200-800 volts (347 volts)Target Amperage varies (7.4 amps)Target Power varies (2.6 kw)Layer C:Working Gases argon and oxygen (14% O2, 86% Ar)Gas Pressure 0.5 to 5.0 � 10-3 Torr (7.7 � 10-4 Torr)Target Voltage 200-800 volts (407 volts)Target Amperage varies (7.9 amps)Target Power varies (3.2 kw)Layer B: (Same as Layer D)Layer A: (Same as Layer E)Typical Optical and Electrical Properties:(Properties Reported on 5/32" (4.0 mm) Green Tinted FloatGlass) [After firing in tempering furnace]Visible Transmission: 22-23% Ill. C, 2� observerVisible Reflectance (glass side): 11-12% Ill. C, 2� observerVisible Reflectance (film side): 31-33% Ill. C, 2� observerVisible Color (glass side): Gray a = - 0.5, b = - 0.8Visible Color (film side): Gold a = - 1.0, b = - 24.0Emissivity: 0.37-0.38Sheet Resistance: 35-37 OHMS per squareSolar Transmission: 13-14%Solar Reflectance: 10%______________________________________
(FIG. 2, Targets 1-3, 8-9 are Sn; Targest 4-7 are Haynes 214 alloy, out Target 7 is not operable. Glass was 5 /32 " tinted float glass.)
__________________________________________________________________________Typical Process Conditions: AtmosphereZone Target Kw Volts Amps Mat'l. Pressure (O2 %/Ar %)__________________________________________________________________________1 1 20 421 45 Sn 2 � 10-3 (Torr) 80/201 2 19 428 45 Sn " "1 3 19 427 45 Sn " "2 4 2 348 10 214 " 100% Ar (background O2)2 5 17 515 31.5 214 " 100% Ar2 6 5 371 10 214 " 100% Ar (background O2)3 7 -- -- -- 214 " 80/203 8 14 390 21 Sn " "3 9 12 399 34 Sn " "__________________________________________________________________________
In this example nozzles O2 are employed at the fourth and sixth target (e.g. sccm about 149) to insure oxidation of the Haynes 214 alloy at these locations. The tinted glass employed was a conventional green tinted float glass having a transition temperature for tempering, hardening and/or bending purposes of approximately 1140� F.-1160� F. Washer speed was set at 70.0% and gas bleed/background in the three zones were (sccm) 1099/275, 480/149, and 893/222, respectively. In Zone 2 background tubes (i.e. nozzles O2) were operable only for targets 4 and 6. To insure substantially no oxidation of the Hayes 214 at target 5, the voltage was maintained at greater than 505 volts. The resulting coating was a five-layered system from glass outwardly consisting essentially of: Sn O2 /214 oxide/214 metallic/214 oxide/Sn O2. All oxides were believed to consist essentially of stoichiometric oxide.
This glass structure in the form of an unbent vehicular privacy window boardered by a typical boarder paint (e.g. Degussa paint) was then subjected to a conventional tempering and bending operation (i.e. slump and press) at oven temperatures of about 1240� F.-1330� F. for times sufficient to achieve the final product. The result was an excellent privacy window appearing neutral gray from the glass side and gold from the coating side, with excellent durability characteristics.
A privacy window similar to that of Example 2 was created using the procedures set forth in Example 2, except that target 6 was rendered inoperative and target 7 was employed. An excellent, durable vehicular privacy window was obtained.
As can be seen from the above, the unique systems and methods of this invention achieve excellent mechanical durability, optical, and heat treatable characteristics. Once given the above disclosure, therefore, various other modifications, features or improvements will become apparent to the skilled artisan. Such other features, modifications and improvements are thus considered a part of this invention, the scope of which is to be determined by the following claims:
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HoopsHype Chuck Hayes rumors
Jason Jones: Sources tell me Kings would want to re-sign Chuck Hayes based on him being cleared and Hayes is open to re-signing with Kings Twitter
Ken Berger: Chuck Hayes' reps at BDA Sports release a statement saying he has no heart problem and has been cleared to play by the Cleveland Clinic. Twitter
Marc J. Spears: Cleveland Clinic clears Chuck Hayes to play, according to BDA Sports. Hayes flunked Kings physical due to heart issue and voided contract. Twitter
Adrian Wojnarowski: Agent for Chuck Hayes issues statement saying doctors at the Cleveland Clinic examined Hayes and say, "..He does not have a heart problem." Twitter
Jeff Zillgitt: Chuck Hayes sought 2nd opinion from Cleveland Clinic: "Team of doctors from clinic informed Hayes that he does not have a heart problem." Twitter
Ken Berger: Hayes underwent "a full day of exhaustive testing and exams" yesterday and this morning was cleared to return to the court, BDA Sports said. Twitter
Adrian Wojnarowski: Hayes met with doctors at clinic, and "their recommendation is that the can continue to play professional basketball without any concerns." Twitter
Chris Mannix: After undergoing testing at the Cleveland Clinic, Chuck Hayes has been cleared to play. Twitter
Jeff Zillgitt: Statement from office of Hayes' agent: "Their recommendation is that he can continue to play professional basketball w/out any concerns." Twitter
Chris Mannix: According to a team of doctors, Hayes does not have a heart problem. Twitter
Jeff Zillgitt: Press release states Hayes "went through a full day of exhaustive testing and exams at the Cleveland Clinic w/several specialists." Twitter
I am still working for further confirmation, but I have been told by two sources close to the situation that Chuck Hayes was diagnosed with Pericarditis, an inflammation of the sack surrounding the heart that can be life-threatening. The Kings subsequently nullified the veteran forward's four-year, $21 million deal. Hayes, who had been penciled into Paul Westphal's starting lineup, has asked the Kings to refrain from commenting and plans to address the matter himself at a later date. Sacramento Bee
Adelman said he spoke with former Houston center Chuck Hayes, who had his four-year, $21.3 million contract revoked by Sacramento after he failed a physical. Hayes was diagnosed with a heart abnormality. He had signed with Sacramento as a free agent after playing for Adelman in Houston. "He seems to be doing OK, but I know it had to be a blow to him," Adelman said. "He finally gets a good contract, and that happens to him. He never had anything like that in Houston. He's hoping it's minor." St. Paul Pioneer Press
Jerry Zgoda: Adelman talked to Chuck Hayes, said Hayes hopes heart condition that voided Kings' contract is "minor" and hopes to play again Twitter
The Rockets on Monday made inquiries about the prognosis of former Rockets forward Chuck Hayes to determine if his medical condition might allow him to be a free-agent option again, a person with knowledge of the talks said. Houston Chronicle
The Kings voided Hayes' $21.3 million, four-year contract on Monday, days after Hayes failed a team physical. The team had announced last week that an abnormality was found during a heart examination. No additional information was made available at Hayes' request. Hayes broke into the league in 2005-06, the season after his predecessor at power forward for the Rockets, Juwan Howard, was sidelined because of a heart condition. With Howard's return uncertain, the Rockets signed Stromile Swift and brought Hayes to camp as an undrafted free agent. Howard recovered, played the next season and is still in the league. Hayes was cut but brought back during the season, his first of six with the Rockets. Hayes is coming off his best season, averaging 7.9 points and 8.1 rebounds as the shortest starting center in NBA history. Houston Chronicle
Hayes has undergone further testing on his heart, but specifics about his condition have not been released. Messages left for Hayes' agent Monday were not returned. Monday evening, Hayes posted to his Twitter account, "Thank you everyone for your prayers and support, taking the next step to get healthy and back on the court, much love." Sacramento Bee
Jason Jones: Petrie on Hayes: "We're not going to be able to replace him. He was one of the best defensive frontcourt players in the league and a really unique player we thought would facilitate some offense. We'll take a look at what we can do but it's not going to be the same." Twitter
Sam Amick: Stop with the jokes people. Chuck's contract was voided b/c of questions surrounding his heart, meaning it's not the time for comedy. Twitter
Any rumor missing? E-mail us at firstname.lastname@example.com.

subset: commoncrawl


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As part of a facelift to the city in view of the World Classical Tamil Conference from June 23, 35 parks would be set up in and around Coimbatore with pathways for the public, Corporation Commissioner Ansul Misra said here on Monday.
A sum of Rs.8 rore has been allotted for setting up these parks in different wards, he said.
He was speaking after laying the foundation stone for a Rs.19 lakh park in the 52nd ward along with Mayor, R.Venkatachalam.
More In: Coimbatore | Tamil Nadu | National


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A man accused in a robbery case and who was undergoing imprisonment in the Central Jail in Parappana Agrahara in Bangalore in connection with other cases, on Thursday escaped from the custody of Malur police.
The police gave the name of the escapee as Vijaykumar alias Viji.
Vijaykumar was taken into custody by Malur police on January 13 through a warrant in connection with a robbery in Malur reported a month ago, Superintendent of Police Ram Nivas Sepat told The Hindu.
He was to have been returned to the Central Prison, after interrogation. However, the accused, who was kept handcuffed in a cell at the police station, escaped from there in the early hours of Thursday.
Three teams have been formed to arrest Vijaykumar, Mr. Sepat said.
He has directed Deputy Superintendent of Police to conduct an inquiry into the incident and ascertain whether police negligence helped the man escape from police custody.


text: The Culligan easy change ice maker/drinking water replacement cartridge The filter cartridge has a 6 Months/500 gallons cartridge life. The cartridge features a twist on twist off mechanism, and has quick connect fittings. The cartridge filter reduces bad taste & odor, chlorine taste & odor, sediment, lead, cysts such as cryptosporidium & giardia, turbidity, atrazine, lindane & particulate class I, The cartridge is NSF certified and is the replacement cartridge for IC-EZ-3, US-EZ-3 & RV-EZ-3. The filter also includes a change reminder sticker.


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Mission Statement
To create, maintain and operate a safe and reliable system for the movement of people throughout our community with the highest quality services, programs and facilities.
Vision Statement
To meet both current demand for transportation services, and plan for future needs of the local and regional transportation system. To be acknowledged as a national leader and an example for other communities to follow with transportation services, programs and facilities.
Values Statement
To accomplish our mission and create our vision with efficiency, integrity, and the advice and consent of the constituency we serve. To conduct our actions and ourselves always with civility, courtesy, and respect.


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- Morvelo Women's Rue Short Sleeve Jersey
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Morvelo Women's Rue Short Sleeve Jersey
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The Rue is a women's specific jersey packed with comprehensive features for rider comfort. Closer weave on the front, arms, sides and shoulders aid in improved aerodynamics & means that this jersey delivers great performance as well as looking great.
Top Features of the Morvelo Women's Rue Short Sleeve Jersey
- Dual BioActive fabric composition
- Closer weave on the front, arms, sides and shoulders for improved aerodynamics
- Open weave on the rear to accelerate moisture evaporation
- Printed Gripper Elastic (PGE) sleeve ends
- YKK cam-lock zip with large branded puller
- 3 deep rear pockets
- Hidden 4th zipped pocket for valuables
- Double stitched pockets for added strength
- Silicone Gripper at the hem
- Embossed neck seam stretch tape
- Heat seal label
- Panelled construction for superior fit
- Rubberised Morvelo seam tab
- Reflective details
- Sun Protection Factor 50
- Handmade in Europe from Spanish fabric
Product Data
Cycle jerseys are the staple item of any cyclists wardrobe so Morvelo place great importance on making sure they look superb and also perform magnificently. The jerseys use a side panel construction and set-in sleeves to tailor the fit so enabling the fast wicking properties of the polyester to work best.
Morvelo use two different types of unique fabric from Spain for their Nth Series jerseys. They then include details such as the PGE arm grippers, stretch tape in the neck seam and silicone gripper in the hem to make it effortlessly comfortable. With an incredible array of features and details, Morvelo's Nth Series jerseys are also hugely adaptable. Just what you need from item of clothing you'll be wearing all day every day.
BioActiveBioActive is antibacterial to resist the build up of odours and a micro-fibre to help dissipate moisture. Using a mix of close and open weaves across different panels, these jerseys cut through the wind and let heat and sweat escape easily.
NthNth is Morvelo's performance division. A place where they source the finest manufacturing processes, the highest performing fabrics and an obsessive attention to fine detail to create pro level clothing. Designed for speed. Built for abuse.
Their cycle clothing combines a potent mix of the creative and the technical features using their graphic design expertise and the vast and varied culture of the bicycle world to create modern and distinctive products.
About Short Sleeve Cycling Jerseys
Short sleeve cycling jerseys are cut to provide a close fit whilst riding, they are made from stretchy, breathable materials, which help transfer moisture away from the body and keep you comfortable on the bike. They are best combined with a quality base layer on hot days and can be worn under a jacket on cooler days, making them a good choice as part of a layering system as well as a single item. When choosing a jersey consider how much venting you would like and look at the zip lengths, the longer the zip the higher the ventilation choice you will have. Cycle Jerseys also feature open pockets on the rear for carrying items such as energy gels, energy bars or inner tubes.
About the Morvelo brand
Morvelo design and produce an increasingly diverse range of bicycle apparel from t-shirts, hoodies and sweatshirts to cycling jerseys, shorts and caps and even the gaps in between with their technical cycling tees. They philosophy is to combine bike culture with pop culture. To explore themes that run through the cycling world and combine them with the wider influence of art, music, fashion and film. Great looking and distinctive clothing is one thing but the bike world is also naturally full of bikes and riding. This is why they also conceive and organise cycling events like the much lauded Brighton Big Dog and instant hit Spin Up In A Brewery and collaborate with other iconic brands such as The Tour de France, Look Mum No Hands, Dark Star Brew Co, Alpkit, The Bicycle Academy and Reynolds Wheels amongst others. The Morvelo philosophy isn't constrained by clothing. It's a mindset that encourages diversity, exploration, challenges and a desire to thrash the hell out of two wheels.
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Magazine reviews for Morvelo Women's Rue Short Sleeve Jersey
Review from road.cc
The Rue jersey is part of Morvelo's 2014 season jersey collection for women. Each year, Morvelo come out with a range of new designs... 2014's offering is pretty impressive...Morvelo have chosen a technical but comfortable mid-weight fabric which wicks really well. The fabric is reasonably soft and silky, and I found it comfortable on the skin even when damp. The back panel is a more open weave, allowing even better ventilation where it's needed most...The panelled construction allows for a very good fit, especially on the bike. All the jerseys are available in XS to XL, and are pretty true to normal clothes size. As a 12, I opted for a Medium which was perfect...On the back, the standard three-pocket design is supplemented with a generous valuables compartment, accessed by a hidden zip on the right hand pocket. The pockets are deep, double stitched, and feature a reinforced elastic hem which has kept all manner of bottles, jackets and snacks secure.There's a strip of reflective fabric sewn under the middle pocket; barely visible in daylight, but ideally placed for car headlights. It's really worth noting this sort of attention to detail from Morvelo...In use, the jersey really has been excellent. It has outperformed many jerseys in my wardrobe, coping admirably in tandem with arm warmers or a baselayer on cool mornings, before keeping me comfortable on high intensity evening commutes in temperatures in the mid 20s. It's not felt too racy for slower paced jaunts either.
In conclusion...
Very good fit and thoughtful features add up to an excellent jersey suitable for across-the-board use
Rating: 9/10
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NEW DELHI: To popularise the saving habit among children, the National Savings Institute of the Union Finance Ministry organised a ``Sanchayika Day" function at Deen Dayal Upadhayay Sarvodaya Vidyalaya Senior Secondary School here on Tuesday.
An essay writing competition and debate on savings were organised. Tajdar Babar, MLA, gave away prizes to the winners.


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Thailand Needs to Be On Your List for Exciting Gay Vacations in 2011
Spirit Journeys has just added a wonderful new Journey to Thailand to their calendar of gay vacations for 2011.
New Milford, NJ (PRWEB) June 13, 2011
Come travel the magical land of Thailand on a very special gay vacation. Throughout this journey participants will weave the benefits of all vacations (relaxation, sightseeing, shopping, etc) with a mindful connection to the places and the people encountered. The journey begins in Bangkok with five days visiting some highlights of this Asian metropolis and the surrounding areas, including the Royal Grand Palace with its famous Emerald Buddha, Wat Pho, which houses a marvelous 46 meter long gilded reclining Buddha, the floating markets of Tha Kha, and more.
Next, it is on to the northernmost province of Thailand, Chiang Rai. Chiang Rai was the first capital of the independent, northern Thai Kingdom, Lanna Thai, established in 1262. There, attendees will visit several hill tribes which have settled in the Chiang Rai area, including the Karen Long Neck Hilltribe village.
From Chiang Rai it is wonderfully scenic drive to wonderful Chiang Mai. Chiang Mai has over 300 temples and became the Lanna capitol after Chiang Rai in 1296. Chiang Mai blends its old city center, a moated and walled area, with a modern and vibrant city. It also blends its rich cultural history with modern life.
This journey will be well-paced and relaxed. Spirit Journeys has learned from prior journeys in Asia that "less is more" and so they are providing plenty of opportunity to simply "be" at temples and a lot of free time to experience the people and sites of the these incredible places.
Howie Holben is the guide for this journey. He is also the owner and caretaker of Spirit Journeys. Since early childhood, he has been drawn to indigenous peoples and their spiritual teachings, traditions and practices. This attraction has taken him on many adventures, exploring the countless ways of "being in the world". His personal journey through addiction and recovery has spawned in him a genuine interest in assisting others on their own spiritual path and he takes great pleasure in introducing people to practices, sacred ways and cultures to help them "step outside their box". A Reiki/Karuna Ki Master, Quantum Touch and Breathwork Practioner, his desire is to help others uncover their potential and set their hearts and minds free.
For additional information on this or other Spirit Journeys gay travel, contact Howie Holben or visit http://www.SpiritJourneys.com.
For the original version on PRWeb visit: http://www.prweb.com/releases/prweb2011/6/prweb8497871.htm


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Electro-mechanical design team collaboration: new tools help global design teams meet time-to-market constraints.
However, this new design methodology is not really reflected in current CAD design systems. Currently, CAD systems are segregated between electronic design and mechanical design. ECAD defines the design process for PCBs, and MCAD defines the enclosure design in which this PCB is mounted.
As both design domains have become more sophisticated and specialized, systems have been developed for each, and the gap between the two disciplines has widened instead of narrowed. This has led to increasing design team communication problems and inefficiencies during product development that cannot be addressed with either existing interface standards or paper. The problem only gets worse with today's trend toward the globalization of companies and the increase in design and manufacturing outsourcing. The most used collaboration method for fast results is still a common meeting where the recognized problem gets pointed out.
Explaining by pointing a forefinger at a display or drawing is the most common method of cross-discipline communication. During this process, those involved are moving from one system to the other, and each designer shows possible solutions using his system, and is influenced to try other options by the cross-domain partner. Working in a CAD environment is preferred since it allows recognition of issues that can arise due to poor decisions in the process. This process is possible if both partners are working in the same building or site, but for a global team, travel cost and time restrictions in many cases prevent this approach.
Moving the Manual Methodology Toward More Automation
Mark-up and red-lining is one way the industry has addressed this problem. But it does not provide direct feedback for the intended change. Synchronization of changes requires strict workflow guidance. But still, inconsistencies are discovered too late in the process in many cases. The result is that each partner works for some time on the assumption the requested change will be executed, and that can cost additional time.
Another option is working with one system that represents both domains. But significant interdisciplinary training is needed to ensure that such a system is fully utilized in both domains and inadvertent changes are prevented. Even by adding cross-domain knowledge, the wall between the domains is not significantly lowered unless the corporate organization is altered to support the cross-function model.
CAD tool designs have further opened the void by becoming more specialized. Today, ECAD and MCAD systems are designed to give the highest performance and handle all aspects of the specialized application. Therefore, unneeded information used for the other domain has been eliminated, and the systems are subjects of totally changed design paradigms. In simple words, MCAD design tools cannot be used to represent and show electrical functions, and ECAD design tools do not allow the design of mechanical elements and assemblies.
However, connectors still must be designed onto PCBs so they do not mechanically interfere with other components or traces. Applied clearance models for interference checks and electrical isolation insurance are not really compatible and can be better solved in the native CAD environments, which are specialized to perform either the mechanical or electrical inspection.
While the current ECAD and MCAD systems have higher performance and richer feature sets, collaboration between both worlds has been treated like the ugly stepchild and is reduced to bills of material (BOM) integration and limited or restricted to file transfer. For data exchange, interfaces like DXF, IGES, EDI or IDF are used, but they don't allow design updates in a selective or incremental way, nor do they identify the selected objects by name or owner. Specific design elements such as mounting holes in some systems cannot be distinguished from each other. For shared CAD objects, synchronization mechanisms are completely missing. Unintended changes in one system because of an incorrect grouping or an accidental "include" in a movement operation are sometimes only recognized once a prototype has been built. The solution to these limitations is an interface standard.
STEP Combines Interface Standards
The standardization process is widely used in the industry. The non-profit German ProStep iViP association offers a platform allowing the collection of a set of basic requirements and processing guidelines for collaboration from its members, as well as from other invited mechatronic companies. Under the leadership of Mentor Graphics and the ProStep umbrella, a workgroup has been established with members representing users, consulting partners and vendors. In a series of workshops, the idea of a new data model that eliminates well known limitations and rebuilds the traditional way of collaboration in a new service-oriented environment has received strong support and attraction. Many companies contributed with user cases and process scenarios to ensure all aspects of collaboration were covered. The main requirements were related to ownership, network architecture, team organization, IP protection and usability of applications built using this collaboration data model.
The question of which standard to use was one of the first issues. STEP (Standard for the Exchange of Product Model Data) interfaces have been actively implemented to access layout and design systems for board and harness design. STEP complies with AP203 (mechanical design exchange), AP210 (PCB data exchange), AP212 (electric systems), AP214 (mechatronic structural data exchange) and AP233 (configuration management) models that, in combination, can reproduce most of the design objects and give lifecycle support for release and change processes. Furthermore, STEP has been introduced in manufacturing, aerospace and automotive industries with high acceptance.
To avoid "reinventing the wheel," STEP AP214 has been identified as the guideline for implementation of a new collaboration model at a high-level definition. Instead of exchanging all design data, a common collaboration space for MCAD and ECAD has been defined with some additional extensions from AP 210 (PCB). This collaboration space uses the terminology of the existing mechanical, as well as electronic design tools, and has been transferred in an XML collaboration model. Only a common standardized XML data model allows the flexible development of new collaboration applications in tight integration with the native design tools. The XML model and messaging connects two different domains, but does not hinder development activities nor narrow the feature sets of the native CAD tools. The model supports the process with workflow methods and contains all required information about the collaboration objects. Other electronic design process steps also can be integrated using this communication method.
Every domain is responsible for ownership of the function and integrity of its design and, therefore, for the release steps. Even if changes are proposed, acceptance and implementation must be made by its owner. That means collaboration technology must foster an ownership model that prevents unauthorized changes but allows "what-if" scenarios. Design proposals from both domains should not be limited by the ownership model, as long as test and validation happens in a sandbox and doesn't have influence on real designs. Definition of boundary conditions, tolerances and solution spaces is helpful to allow independent activities based on given guidelines.
The sandbox has to provide feedback to the users about applicability of changes and is connected to the native CAD model of both domains. Only by acceptance of both domains' business processes can the ECR/ECO (engineering change request/order) or direct takeover of changes transpire. How changes will occur depends on the established company policies and workflows. Especially for all CAD elements that are shared or required to make decisions about modifications, the collaboration module must be based on a living data model. This model must be aware of the differences and histories, must generate the notifications from one system to the other and must synchronize the changes after acceptance or revision. Such a model enables the protection of IP. This model does not fully open the system's data set, but filters the requests to provide only those elements really necessary to fix a problem. Furthermore, the application can represent the system in a way that is commensurate with the user's experience level.
Taking into account network performance, organizational structure, territorial distribution and time zone differences of design teams, a different collaboration paradigm must be created. For those members working in different time zones, asynchronous collaboration respects working hours, but allows engineers in identical time zones to also apply their own time management and prioritization.
In other cases, discussion about changes is better suited to a phone connection. In this case, synchronous collaboration has been seen as the better solution. The participants can follow the discussion of specific scenarios on the screen and exchange their suggestions and findings. For both peerto-peer engagements and consultation of larger teams, a data model must support agreement about the applicability of changes prior to final implementation.
Training users and the extensive learning curve makes the changeover somewhat expensive. This can be mitigated if existing models are applied or the application is integrated with the existing tools as an additional module under the same usage paradigm. In a sandbox environment, MCAD can contribute to mechanical tests like collision, air flow and stress. ECAD can concentrate on electrical design rules starting from timing requirements and routing ability that must meet given isolation classes. Both domains get these results in their native tools and can inform each other about design limitations or hazards that could negatively affect the other design domain.
Mark-up and red-lining technologies are seen by the user as an instrument to highlight changes or to point out specific areas of interest and, therefore, are part of the envisioned data model's documentation capabilities.
A Simple Modification Process Example
Let's take a simple example: moving any design object in a mechatronic design. The term "item" has been used in the collaboration model to identify CAD objects and to give them characteristics. This removes limitations on future unknown design elements. Every item has its own ownership, history, properties and relationships. In our example, the item is a mounting hole and a component. The mechanical engineer would like to move his mounting domes and the position of a component. This requires collaboration with the electronic engineer's layout system. Using an asynchronous process, he proposes a change in his collaboration model, and the service notifies the ECAD designer about his request.
In the ECAD collaborator, this proposed change is shown in highlighted 3D (See FIGURE 1) without any influence on the parallel visible native layout. By pushing the Validate button, the change is accepted and sent to a sandbox environment, which runs the DRC check routines. With a successful checkout, the engineer can accept the change by pushing the Accept button. But if design hazards are recognized and no other solutions are viable, the engineer can push the Reject button. Rejecting a modification reestablishes the previous design in the system and notifies the MCAD designer about the rejection. This does not allow the MCAD designer to progress with the change and undoes the initially proposed modification. FIGURE 2 shows how the rejected proposal appears on the tool's screen.
The originating engineer can propose a revised change, as shown in FIGURE 3. If the engineer using the ECAD system accepts the change, several processes can be implemented, depending on the company's release policies and PLM (parallel lookup memory) structures. In the simplest case, ECAD notifies MCAD and both continue with the synchronized change. The final accepted change is shown in FIGURE 4.
Either domain can initiate the collaboration process. In real life, every change request cannot be evaluated immediately, and multiple requests might be queued. Workflow mechanisms track each individual process and can be used to document the process for quality or tracking purposes.
This prototype implementation has been used to validate the collaboration data model. In a future product, additional features will be supported. To decouple change requests and open up multiple choice solutions, the collaborator will work with solution spaces and will be able to watch given boundary conditions. Chat functions will allow messaging between partners.
IP protection and design setup functions for the easy start of collaboration are also necessary. Links to PLM and integration in library management systems will allow the management of ECAD libraries in combination with 3D part libraries, which might be available in different formats, such as VRML or J-T. This will allow the designer first to do collision reviews in her/his own environment before engaging the mechanical domain. Since the data model ensures only the owner of a design object is allowed to make changes in the native design, even unintended changes in the sandbox produce notifications to the owner. Additionally, filtering and selecting dedicated product elements can help users in collaboration situations where the protection of their own design know-how is key to keeping a competitive advantage. Selecting only those elements that are required to understand and visualize the problem is controlled by the user.
Looking Ahead
Such a collaboration method also allows for the generation of a baseline for a mechatronic-driven design without the use of other exchange standards. It will substitute IDF with a richer feature set and provide access to additional board elements to support better integration in mechanical designs.
With this methodology, one of the last rationalization roadblocks is opened for time-saving and enables design process improvements. The highest goal addressed is the increase of a designer's creativity while solving difficult design tasks that can only be addressed in a cross-domain environment.
HANS-ULRICH HEIDBRINK is director strategic business development, collaboration projects with the System Design Division of Mentor Graphics Corp. He can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.com.
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Training in Bangladesh
From Peace Corps Wiki
Prior to being sworn in as a Peace Corps Volunteer, you will participate in an intensive nine-week training program. This training takes an experiential approach to learning, in which each Volunteer lives with a host family in order to experience the language and culture firsthand. In addition, trainees take group trips on public transportation to visit other towns and learn about the country outside the confines of classroom training.
An invitation to attend pre-service training is not a guarantee that you will be sworn in as a Peace Corps Volunteer.
Throughout the program, you will be evaluated on your language skills, motivation, cross-cultural sensitivity, emotional maturity, and technical competence as they pertain to your ability to serve successfully as a Volunteer in Bangladesh. However, this does not mean that you will be in a situation of constant observation and criticism. Those who are sincere in their commitment to Peace Corps service will receive all the support they need to satisfactorily complete training and assume their duties as Volunteers.
[edit] Technical Training
Technical training will prepare you to work in Bangladesh by building on the skills you already have and helping you develop new skills appropriate to the needs of the country and your work assignment. Training emphasizes learning how to transfer the skills you have to the community in which you will serve as a Volunteer.
Technical training will include sessions on the economic and political environment in Bangladesh and strategies for working within such a framework. You will review your technical sector's goals and will meet with the Bangladesh agencies and organizations that invited the Peace Corps to assist them. You will be supported and evaluated throughout the training to build the confidence and skills you need to undertake your project activities and be a productive member of your community.
[edit] Language Training
As a Peace Corps Volunteer, you will find that language skills are the key to personal and professional satisfaction during your service. These skills are critical to your job performance, they help you integrate into your community, and they can ease your personal adaptation to the new surroundings.
Therefore, language training is the heart of the training program, and you must successfully meet minimum language requirements to complete training and become a Volunteer.
Your language training will incorporate a community-based approach. In addition to classroom time, you will be given assignments to work on outside the classroom and with your host family. The goal is to achieve enough facility with Bangla that you can communicate with Bangladeshis on everyday matters such as taking public transportation, asking for directions, and buying food and use any specialized vocabulary pertinent to your assignment. We anticipate that you will reach functional fluency in your first six months on the job, but during training you will work on strategies to continue language studies on your own.
[edit] Cross-Cultural Training
Living with a Bangladeshi host family during pre-service training is designed to ease your transition to life at your site.
Sharing meals, spending free time, and celebrating holidays with your Bangladeshi host family during training are excellent opportunities to practice speaking Bangla and to learn about the cultural differences between Americans and Bangladeshis. Many Volunteers form strong and lasting friendships with their host families.
Cross-cultural and community development training will help you improve your communication skills and understand your role as a facilitator of development. You will be exposed to topics such as community mobilization, conflict resolution, gender and development, nonformal and adult education strategies, and political structures.
[edit] Health Training
During pre-service training, you will be given basic medical training and information by the Peace Corps medical officer, who will also be available to deal with any medical emergencies that arise. You will be expected to practice preventive health care and to take responsibility for your own health by adhering to all medical policies. Trainees are required to attend all medical sessions. The topics include preventive health measures and minor and major medical issues that you might encounter while in Bangladesh. Nutrition, mental health, safety and security, setting up a safe living compound, and how to avoid HIV/AIDS and other STDs are also covered.
[edit] Safety Training
During the safety training sessions, you will learn how to adopt a lifestyle that reduces your risks at home, at work, and during your travels. You will also learn appropriate, effective strategies for coping with unwanted attention and learn about your individual responsibility for promoting safety throughout your service.
[edit] Additional Trainings During Volunteer Service
In addition to pre-service training, Peace Corps/Bangladesh conducts regular in-service training events in which Volunteers can reexamine their commitment to Peace Corps service and upgrade their language, technical, and project development skills while sharing information, experiences, and strategies with other Volunteers. The number, length, and design of these trainings are adapted to country-specific needs and conditions. The key to the training system is that training events are integrated and interrelated, from the predeparture orientation through the end of your service, and are planned, implemented, and evaluated cooperatively by the training staff, Peace Corps staff, and Volunteers.


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MOREHOUSE PARISH, La. (KNOE 8 News) - The Morehouse Parish Sheriff's Office may be one step closer to solving a 2006 cold case murder.
Morehouse Parish Sheriff Mike Tubbs says new information lead to the arrest of 52 year old Renwick Jackson. Tubbs says Jackson was an original suspect in the case. Jackson is now being charged with home invasion and obstruction of justice.
In 2006, Morehouse Sheriff's deputies found the body of 67 year old Mattie Williams dumped in the woods, outside an abandoned house, four miles from Collinston. Earlier that day, deputies found blood smeared on the outside of Williams' house.
We spoke with Williams' daughter, LaShonda Williams on the 2 year anniversary of her mother's death in 2008. She told us through this tragedy she found out just how much her mother meant to her.
Williams says, "I've also learned that life is really hard without your mother, especially when she's your best friend." Family members were leaning on each other to find strength. It was a gruesome crime scene. The inside of Williams' home was covered in blood.
Williams says, "you find that strength somewhere in you, and you look to her for guidance; even though she's not here. You pretty much know what she'd say, and that's how you deal with things."
Ouachita Sheriff's deputies helped detectives collect evidence. Four months later in 2006, a car was found, with blood covering the back seat. No arrest was ever made. Sheriff Tubbs says the case is still under investigation. Jackson is in the Morehouse Parish Jail on a $125,000 bond.


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Articles Tagged Free Agents
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January 14, 2015 6:00 am
Max Scherzer and James Shields aren't the only players still available, and the staff offers reasons why teams should sign seven others.
November 5, 2014 6:00 am
Nelson Cruz wants what he wanted last year, and might get it, and might not.
Hello, old friend.
November 4, 2014 6:00 am
Evaluations of the top 50 free agents available in the 2014-2015 offseason, with near-worthless predictions about where they'll land.
Another year, another top-50 list. Here are three things to remember while reading through the rankings: 1) international free agents were excluded on the principle that if I haven't seen them in some manner or another, then I don't feel comfortable ranking them; 2) "Randy" is a random number generator whose predictions were made by pairing integers with teams (e.g. the number 1 and the Angels); and 3) the list is ordered based on expected AAV with some other considerations (learned from past lists) factored in:
March 12, 2014 6:00 am
The BP staff recounts some of the winter's best transactions and decisions.
February 27, 2014 6:00 am
Which free agents got more (or less) than we expected, and what do they tell us about next year's free agents?
Last March, I compared my free-agent rankings to the market. Since failure is a better teacher than success, and because the rankings were formed with each player's average annual value in mind, the exercise provided an idea of how to improve by identifying which players were incorrectly evaluated.
There were three takeaways from last year's recap. The most trivial concerned the list format and its tendency to understate the gap between the top free agents and the rest of the class. The other lessons dealt with the information asymmetry between teams and outsiders—namely when it comes to medicals, mechanical adjustments, or other tweaks that could lead to improved performance. Of course those additional insights don't grant teams infallibility: Brandon League and Jonathan Broxton, two pitchers used to make the point, went on to have poor seasons despite altering their mechanics and arsenals with their new teams.
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February 12, 2014 7:15 am
Which teams' glass slippers best fit the six still-unsigned top-50 free agents?
It was new and exciting in November, mundane in December, and comforting and familiar in January. But by mid-February, speculating about likely landing spots for attractive free agents is as tired as publicly celebrating the Beatles.*
Granted, the alternative would be talking about the sort of stuff that otherwise occupies us early in spring training: what players look like; what players look like from afar; what players might look like from afar, if we could see them; what players look like upside-down; meaningless quotes about team chemistry. There's only so much we can do to combat the boring until real baseball begins.
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January 31, 2014 6:00 am
Do opt-out clauses favor the player or the team?
There are certain things that seem so obvious that I can't even conceive of a counterargument. Then somebody presents a counterargument! This is why places like BP exist, to provide the counterargument to the obvious, and expose the nuance, and remind us of how often we only see one part of something. Nothing is ever so obvious as you think.
I've been horrified by player opt-out clauses for five years. They have always seemed to be terrible for the club, unless they come with some significant discount that the player takes to have that clause in his contract. (We'll never know whether this discount is there, because each player's maximum price is difference; eyeballing such deals—like Masahiro Tanaka's, for instance—I'd argue that there's no clear evidence of such a discount.)
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January 7, 2014 6:01 am
Ben and Sam discuss the remaining big-name free agents and talk about which might be best served by one-year deals.
November 26, 2013 6:00 am
Ben and Sam discuss the early movement on the free agent market, then break down the Jose Molina, Brian McCann, and Joe Smith signings.
November 26, 2013 6:00 am
Why it's silly to speculate about where free agents will sign.
While looking toward the future with our comprehensive slate of current content, we'd also like to recognize our rich past by drawing upon our extensive (and mostly free) online archive of work dating back to 1997. In an effort to highlight the best of what's gone before, we'll be bringing you a weekly blast from BP's past, introducing or re-introducing you to some of the most informative and entertaining authors who have passed through our virtual halls. If you have fond recollections of a BP piece that you'd like to nominate for re-exposure to a wider audience, send us your suggestion.
Joe Sheehan bemoaned the futility of predicting destinations for free agents in the piece reprinted below, which was originally published as a "Daily Prospectus" column on November 27, 2001.
November 25, 2013 8:49 am
The Rays re-sign their skilled receiver, and an unlikely career continues.
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November 25, 2013 6:01 am
Ben and Sam discuss Jhonny Peralta's contract with the Cardinals, and whose responsibility it should be to publish PED users.


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I read Shop-Eat-Surf at every opportunity, and I waited too long to sign up for the Executive Edition. It's timely, relevant and clearly "from the industry, for the industry.- By Andy Laats, President, Nixon
I find Shop-Eat-Surf to be a very useful and informative site that I enjoy browsing daily. Shop-Eat-Surf is the first thing I look at every morning to keep up-to-date on the latest talk, events, and happenings in the industry. I must say I am a fan of Shop-Eat-Surf.- By Bobby Abdel, Partner, Jack's Surfboards
SIMA: Sponsorship opportunities now available for Waterman's Weekend, Aug. 14-15.
ROTH CAPITAL PARTNERS: CEO Byron Roth, athletes including Amy Purdy to be honored by Challenged Athletes Foundation.
Details on Industry Insight.
La Jolla, California, 23 Nov. 2010 - The International Surfing Association (ISA) President, Fernando Aguerre, today announced the addition of Stacie Perry to the organization in the newly created Event Operations Manager position.
ISA President Aguerre said, "As the ISA continues to develop its premiere world championship events, it is crucial for the ISA's feature events to progress in both scope and excellence.
"The Event Operations Manager post will help to ensure that these events are first-class and will help the organization in achieving its long term mission, which includes the Olympic Games. Stacie's experience in event production, marketing and her passion for surfing will be a tremendous asset in this role."
Reporting to ISA Director General, Bob Mignogna, Perry will be responsible for overseeing the production of the ISA's signature events, including the Quiksilver ISA World Junior Surfing Championship, Billabong ISA World Surfing Games, ISA World Masters Surfing Championship, ISA World Bodyboard Championship, and ISA World Standup Paddle Championship.
Perry brings more than 10 years of action sports industry experience, most recently as the Marketing Manager at Pacific Sunwear, the surf industry's largest retail customer worldwide. She is also the former Managing Editor of TransWorld Surf.
"The ISA has been extremely successful in raising the visibility of the sport of surfing internationally and has united a phenomenal number of nations toward the goal of bringing surfing to the Olympic Games," says Perry.
"I am extremely honored to be joining the ISA organization and to have the opportunity to help deliver a better surfing future worldwide."
The ISA is also announcing the departure of Executive Director Stephanie Keith, who has been with the organization for two and a half years.
Keith successfully managed the organization during a period of significant growth both in ISA events and development programs. Keith will remain in the sport industry as the newly appointed Development and Events Director for the San Diego Sports Commission and San Diego Hall of Champions.
The International Surfing Association (ISA) is recognized by the International Olympic Committee as the World Governing Authority for Surfing. It was originally founded as the International Surfing Federation in 1964 and has been running Open Division World Championships since 1964, Junior World Championships since 1980, and Masters World Championships since 2007. The ISA will hold the first Stand Up Paddle (SUP) World Championship in 2011.
ISA membership includes the surfing National Governing Bodies of 64 countries on six continents. Its headquarters are located in San Diego, California. It is presided over by Fernando Aguerre (Argentina), first elected President in 1994 in Rio de Janeiro and re-elected seven times since. The ISA's three Vice Presidents are Alan Atkins (Australia), Mike Gerard (USA) and Karín Sierralta (Peru).


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The Ethnographic Turn in the visual arts describes a practice in which artists approach other cultures or realities through their research and documentation activities.... more
Frankfurt's long-serving ballet director William Forsythe on his
new start with a smaller company: new ideas, new stages and an unusual
Japanese master. The new Forsythe Company debuts today in Frankfurt.
read more


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If you are having issues with the site, please post them in the Support forum, and detail the issue. We'd be glad to help you fix it.
It sounds like you're having some type of login dilemma, this is your computer's fault, not the site. TWT stores cookies for 120 days, if you are clicking 'Remember Me' and it lasts under a day you are either a) clearing your cookies or b) have your memory cache set too low or c) some other browser password storing issue.


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Staff Reporter
PALAKKAD: Activists of the All India Students Federation (AISF) took out a march to the office of the Deputy Director of Education (DDE) at the Collectorate here on Wednesday demanding that their charter of demands, submitted to the government, be accepted.
The march started from near Victoria College. It was inaugurated in front of the Collectorate by AISF State vice-president E.K. Shelvakumar. The Students Islamic Organisation of India (SIOI) also took out a march to the DDE office demanding that the Education Department end the alleged neglect of the Malabar area.


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You may soon receive a phone call from Puget Sound's recycle and yard waste drivers on strike.
Just before 1:00 p.m., an employee in our newsroom received a call from 1-800-230-7418 -- the numberthe striking union, Teamsters Local 117, is directing customers to call if they don't have trash service.
An automated voicemail message was left, here's what it said:
I am Brent Barrett, one of your recycle drivers calling with a critical update on your garbage pickup:
Waste Management Corporation is substituting us with drivers from out of state who may not be qualified to drive heavy garbage trucks on our region's dangerous roads.
Please be careful. Make sure your children stay out of the way of the trucks. Call police if you see something dangerous.
No trash pickup? Leave it on the curb and then call 1-800-230-7418.
That number is also listed on SeattleTrashWatch.org, a website included in all of Local 117's latest press releases regarding the strike with Waste Management.
Local 117 represents the recycle and yard waste drivers only. Hower, Local 174, the union for garbage truck drivers, is refusing to cross picket lines while their colleagues negotiate with Waste Management.
The trash strike has been on for seven days and encompasses King, Snohomish and parts of Skagit counties. Waste Management has begun to hire replacement drivers to take the spots of striking workers.


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May 21, 2012
Dougherty County Tax Director Denver Hooten, left, gives the county's finance committee an update on the tax digest Monday.
Stories this photo appears in:
Dougherty tax digest shows slight growth
An increase in commercial and manufactured goods is part of the increase, tax officials say.
Use the comment form below to begin a discussion about this content.


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Challenge: Give Away a Promotional Product for Car Rental Company Anniversary Celebration Sale.
A car rental company needed a promotional product for their anniversary celebration sale. They advertised the event throughout the media and needed many products to give away for the large number of anticipated guests. These giveaways were an important part of the promotion and the celebration itself.
Solution: They Ordered Seperator Key Tag/Key Holders for the Promotion.
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Result: A Succesful and Joyous Anniversary Celebration.
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Drones have come to the skies of Rockdale County and it's more than just hobbyists who are abuzz about the possibilities of these zippy devices.
Page 1 of 1
Newton County resident Olivia Ware has filed a formal lawsuit against the city of Conyers, which in turn filed a lawsuit againt Ware for "abusive litigation" after she attempted to run for mayor.
The eligibility of Conyers mayoral candidate Olivia Holmes Ware is being questioned after it was discovered that Ware is not a registered voter in the city of Conyers, has provided various addresses to local courts and state agencies within the past year, and voted in Newton County last year.
A Conyers woman, Laverne Chavez, 50, was charged with elder neglect felony after the victim's other relatives found their 97-year-old step-grandmother had been left alone about 16 hours or more without food and in a home with no air conditioning.
The March on Washington on Aug. 28, 1963, was a seminal moment in the Civil Rights movement, which reshaped the social landscape of America.
Vampires, witches and film crews will soon be wandering the streets of Olde Town Conyers as production for "The Originals," the CW's "Vampire Diaries" spinoff, ramps up to begin shooting soon.
DeKalb County Sheriff Thomas Brown announced today the formation of an exploratory committee for the Fourth Congressional District seat, currently held by incumbent Congressman Hank Johnson.
More than 50 elderly residents were displaced and about 25 employees lost their jobs when the Garden House assisted-living facility in Conyers was abruptly closed at the end of May after two weeks' notice.
A Conyers man died on the way to the hospital following a boating crash on Lake Jackson Tuesday. Authorities are still determining the cause of death.
A new spin-off series of CW's popular "The Vampire Diaries" has been green-lighted and will likely be shooting in Conyers.
A Covington man with a record of armed robberies in Maryland was found guilty Thursday for the 2011 armed robbery of a Conyers bank and will likely spend the rest of his natural life in prison.
The man killed on Interstate 20 this morning in Rockdale County has been identified as 60-year-old Roy Arndt of Oxford.
A former high school teacher and former Covington resident will enter a plea next week in Rockdale County Superior Court to charges which include aggravated child molestation.
UPDATE: The Rockdale County Sheriff's Office announced that foul play was not suspected in the case of the burning body found in the woods on Sunday.
Hundreds gathered Sunday night in a celebration of freedom, faith and family in the Sesquicentennial Emancipation Proclamation community worship service, hosted at Springfield Baptist Church.
Page 2 of 10


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