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Measuring progress in Parkinson's research
A Cleveland-based company is providing tools to help researchers explore unconventional therapies for Parkinson's patients
A technology developed in Cleveland is helping researchers track Parkinson's disease in patients. In this week's Exploradio, we see how the diagnostic tool allows scientists to hone new therapies.
(more )
Breast cancer vaccine targets 'retired' protein
A novel approach to cancer prevention teaches the body's immune system to target tumors, but a breast cancer vaccine may be too far outside the box for mainstream funders
A Cleveland scientist has devised a novel approach to treating breast cancer. But in this week's Exploradio, WKSU's Jeff St.Clair reports that the hardest part of Vincent Tuohy's work has been getting fellow researchers to believe cancer prevention is possible.
(more )
The ancient art and modern science of wine
People have been drawn to the complex chemisty of wine for thousands of years, but wine researchers are only beginning to unlock its secrets
The grape harvest is in full swing in northeast Ohio, and in Wooster's viticulture research lab, those ripe grapes are being turned into data for the Ohio wine industry. In this week's Exploradio, WKSU's Jeff St.Clair explores the complex chemistry of getting wine right.
(more )
The perfect microbial storm
To prevent the next pandemic, global health needs a new approach that integrates human, animal and environmental monitoring
Seventy-five percent of all new diseases affecting humans come from animals, and according to the dean of veterinary medicine at Ohio State University, many more pathogens are out there waiting to infect us. In this Week's Exploradio, WKSU's Jeff St.Clair visits the Wooster science café where the topic is "The Perfect Microbial Storm."
(more )
From the belly of the beast
Technology modeled after a cow's digestion system could pave the way to Ohio's energy independence
Ohio is on its way to becoming a national leader in waste-energy production. At least that's the vision of one company that turns bio-waste into natural gas and electricity. In this week's Exploradio - how a cow's belly could be the model for Ohio's energy independence.
(more )
Lucy and our tangled family tree
A new hall at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History tells the still-emerging story of human evolution
The Cleveland Museum of Natural History has unveiled its new human origins gallery. The highlight of the exhibit is a lifelike model of the prehuman known as 'Lucy'. In this week's Exploradio, WKSU's Jeff St.Clair finds that in the 40 years since her discovery, our prehistory has both expanded, and become more convoluted.
(more )
The true costs of mountaintop removal
New research shows that 3,000 miles of mountain streams have been impacted by mountaintop removal mining to produce just two years worth of coal
Mountaintop removal is the controversial mining process where layers of rock and soil that sit above a thin seam of coal are stripped off and dumped in adjacent valleys. Half the coal produced in central Appalachia now comes from these kinds of mines. New research is putting an environmental price tag on each ton of coal produced this way. And it allows for comparison of mountaintop removal with other energy sources. In this week's Exploradio, Jeff St.Clair talks with one of the authors of the study, Brian Lutz, bio-geochemistry professor at Kent State University.
(more )
A tree falls in the woods
Scientists from around the world come to Davey Tree's research farm to gather data on the biomechanics of falling trees
Trees are an integral part of our Northeast Ohio landscape. But trees felled by storms cause hundreds of millions of dollars in damage each year. Likewise, keeping trees healthy and upright can be challenging. In this week's Exploradio, WKSU's Jeff St.Clair takes us to an international gathering of scientists studying the biomechanics of how trees topple, tilt, and heal.
(more )
Coyote documentary is an inside look at wildlife research
Metroparks' coyote tracking project reveals a healthy, widespread, and elusive population of wild canines in Northeast Ohio
A four-year study tracking and monitoring Northeast Ohio's coyotes is wrapping up. And researchers have produced a mini-documentary to share their findings. In this week's Exploradio, WKSU's Jeff St. Clair reports on what they learned about our wily neighbors.
(more )
Gojo and the science of clean
Hospital acquired infections affect 1.7 million patients and cost health providers $4 billion a year, and better hand washing is the cure
A company that got its start in the grimy machine shops of post-war Akron is now the world leader in fighting hospital-acquired infections. In this week's Exploradio, WKSU's Jeff St.Clair looks at how Gojo is changing the way we think about clean.
(more )
Filling the pediatric void
Medical devices for babies lag years, even decades behind similar devices available for adults. That's something a Cleveland non-profit is working to remedy.
Developing new medical devices is an expensive process, but companies can usually recoup the costs when the products hit the market. That formula doesn't work for pediatric devices because, like the patients, the profit margins are small. In this week's Exploradio, WKSU's Jeff St.Clair looks at how a Cleveland non-profit is working to bring life-saving technology to the smallest patients.
(more )
Dragons and Damsels
Summer is the season of dragonflies and damselflies, and a local guidebook opens up the world of these ancient insects to new discovery.
Originally broadcast 8/01/2011:
Where there's water, you'll find dragonflies. They lived long before the dinosaurs, when they cruised primordial swamps on three-foot wingspans.
Today 140 types of dragonfly, and their smaller cousins the damselflies, hunt mosquitoes in the backyards, rivers, and ponds of Northeast Ohio. On this week's Exploradio WKSU's Jeff St.Clair hunts them with naturalist Larry Rosche. He's co-author of The Cleveland Museum of Natural History's guide to dragons and damsels.
(more )
The beauty in evolution
Natural selection is how new species evolve, but sexual selection is also a powerful driver and one group of birds has taken it to the extreme
Evolution is the process where animals change, adapt and eventually become new species. It's usually described as 'survival of the fittest,' but in this week's Exploradio, WKSU's Jeff St.Clair looks at how beauty also drives evolution.
(more )
The nutraceutical gap
Research shows that natural products can treat a range of diseases, but basic research isn't enough to make nutraceuticals mainstream
Americans spend around $4.3 billion each year on herbal medicine. Nearly one out of five take botanicals of some kind each day, very few of them under doctor's orders. But in this week's Exploradio, WKSU's Jeff St.Clair finds that researchers at the Northeast Ohio Medical University are proving plants can provide powerful medicine.
(more )
The lore and science of herbal medicine
Medicinal herb lore has been passed down through the generations, but tradition tells us, you first need to get to know your plant
For thousands of years, people have treated illnesses with herbs. And plants are still the source of dozens of modern pharmaceuticals. But many people are rediscovering traditional herbal medicine, taking extracts, capsules, and infusions to treat everything from arthritis to Alzheimer's, often with little more than vague information to back up health claims. In the first of a two-part Exploradio, WKSU's Jeff St.Clair looks at bridging the gap between herbal lore and modern science, starting with two people who say we first need to get to know the plants themselves.
(more )
Wearable robot is a bold step for Parker Hannifin
The Cleveland company's first step into the biomedical market offers increased mobility for spinal cord patients
A Cleveland-based company better known for making hydraulic hoses and fittings is now entering the biomedical field. Parker Hannifin is actually the world's leading manufacturer in what it calls 'motion and control' technology, with $13 Billion in world-wide sales. In this week's Exploradio, WKSU's Jeff St.Clair explores Parker's foray into human motion and control that's helping paralyzed people regain mobility.
(more )
|Copyright © 2015 WKSU Public Radio, All Rights Reserved.


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Minecrafters Unite
Minecraft players meet Thursday, Feb. 7, from 5 to 7:15 p.m. If you have your own account and a laptop with Minecraft installed on it, you can bring it to connect to our wireless and play together with others in the room. Handhelds with Minecraft P.E. can also join each others games. Sorry, no XBox Minecraft.
Story Time
A grouchy groundhog was tunneling through the children�s room at the Clyde Public Library. Preschoolers colored a groundhog shape, complete with a shadow to take home.
The books shared were: Substitute Groundhog by Pat Miller. Too sick to perform his once-a-year job, Groundhog interviews other animals to come out of his hole on Groundhog Day.
Double Trouble Groundhog Day by Bethany Roberts. When Grampie Groundhog decides to retire from forecasting the weather he has twins Greta and Gregory draw straws to see who will take over the important job, but the winner is so nervous the two put aside their squabbling and work together.
Ten Grouchy Groundhogs by Kathryn Heling. Ten groundhog friends eat, play and work in their crowded den until one by one they surface to see their shadow.
Our music leaders were Garrett Tipton and Paige Bradfield. The Clyde Public Library offers Story Time in two weekly sessions from September through May. Story Time sessions are on Tuesday evenings from 6 to 6:30 p.m. and Thursday mornings from 11 to 11:30 a.m. Story Time is for children two and a half to seven years old, preschoolers two and a half to three and a half years old must be accompanied by an adult. Join us for stories, fingerplays and crafts. Celebrate Valentine�s Day with us on Feb. 12 and 14 for the program Heart to Heart.
Tween Art Program
Love Manga? Come to the Clyde Public Library and learn to draw Chibis, the super-cute characters of Japanese comics. They populate Manga with chunky bodies, oversized heads, and huge expressive eyes. Step- by -step Savannah Dean will teach you how to get started with this art form. This program will be taught on Feb. 21, from 4 to 5:30 p.m. in the meeting room. Please register for this program by calling 419-547-7174 or in person at the circulation desk in the lobby.
Reading Practice Pooch
Warm up with a cool read and practice your reading skills at the Clyde Public Library by reading to a dog. Practice reading to a service dog in training and boost your confidence in reading. Reading practice pooches will be available on Monday, Feb. 25 downstairs in the children�s room, from 6 to 7 p.m. Please register for this program by calling 419-547-7174 or in person at the children�s desk downstairs.
Crazy Crafts
Waddle into the Clyde Public Library and create a bobbing penguin. Join us on Thursday, Feb. 28, from 4 to 5 p.m. for Crazy Crafts Day. Also create your very own bobblehead doll, just like the players, no NFL contract required. Please register for this program by calling 419-547-7174 or in person at the circulation desk in the lobby.
Tell Me a Story!
Come and celebrate our first year of Tell Me a Story! We will be making Valentines out of birdseed. Bring a cookie cutter in your favorite shape. Tell Me a Story! is open to all children ages two to seven, but no one is ever turned away. There will be a special treat for the children, in celebration of our first year. Tell me a Story! is on Saturday, Feb. 9, at 10 a.m.
Book Babies
The Clyde Public Library is proud to announce a new program Book Babies starting Thursday, Feb. 7, from 10:30 to 10:50 a.m.
Join the fun with songs, tickles, bounces and books for ages 0 to 24 months. Book Babies will run from February through the end of April. A fall series will start in September and run through the end of November.

subset: commoncrawl


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Devils looking to utilize momentum in 3A opener
The Blue Devils are hoping their recent momentum carries over into the postseason.
Boasting a 9-2 overall record, and its first region championship since 2000, the Water Valley football team will host Leflore County in the first round of the Class 3A playoffs on Friday. (November 3, 2011, Page 9)
WVHS closes out regular season with win
MANTACHIE—The Water Valley Blue Devils showed no signs of slowing down — even when they are not playing their best.
A week after knocking off Aberdeen to claim the top spot in Region 2-3A, the Blue Devils continued their winning ways with a 42-6 road-thrashing of Mantachie on Friday night to close out the regular season. (more…) (October 31, 2011, Page 4B)
Chargers host important game with West Point
Plenty will be on the line tonight for both the Oxford Chargers and Water Valley Blue Devils football teams.
While the Chargers host West Point in a game that's as close to a must win as possible, the Blue Devils look to conclude their regular season with a win at Mantachie. (more…) (October 28, 2011, Page 8A)
WV Blue Devils looking to finish regular season strong
Coming off of the biggest regular season victory in 11 years, the Water Valley football team buckled down and emphasized remaining focused during this week's practices leading up to Friday's regular season finale at Mantachie.
Having locked up the school's first region title since 2000, it would be easy for the Blue Devils to overlook the 2-7 Mustangs, but according to head coach Brad Embry, his squad has remained focused on finishing the season strong. (October 27, 2011, Page 6)
Area teams have a lot on the line tonight
The area's three football teams are definitely at different junctures in their respective seasons.
While the Lafayette Commodores will look to solidify their position as the No. 1 team in Region 2-4A and remain undefeated tonight at Senatobia, the Oxford Chargers are in a do-or-die situation as they travel to Saltillo. (more…) (October 21, 2011, Page 6A)
Devils remain undefeated in 2-3A
WATER VALLEY — The Blue Devils remained undefeated in Region 2-3A as they defeated the Nettleton Tigers 53-7 Friday night at Bobby Clark Field. As the squad broke the post-game huddle, there were plenty of grins and rambunctious shouts of Blue Devil pride.
"Any time you work hard and play well, you have to be gratified," Water Valley coach Brad Embry said. "Like always, we told them to enjoy this one until Monday." (more…) (October 17, 2011, Page 5B)
Area teams back home for region matchups
Tonight will be a busy evening for the area's prep football teams.
While Lafayette will be hosting the New Albany Bulldogs in a battle for first place in Region 2-4A, the Water Valley Blue Devils will be hosting an athletic Nettleton Tigers team and the Oxford Chargers will be hosting a throwback Hernando Tigers squad for Homecoming.
All games are set to kickoff at 7. Lafayette's game will be broadcast on 93.7 FM, Water Valley's on 105.5 FM and Oxford's on 95.5 FM as well as 102.1 FM. (October 14, 2011, Page 6A)
WVHS gearing up for speedy Tigers
WATER VALLEY — Fresh off of a lopsided victory at South Pontotoc, the Blue Devils must buckle down and prepare for a tough Region 2-3A contest against the Nettleton Tigers on Friday.
Although the Tigers (2-5 overall) are coming off of a 43-7 loss to Aberdeen, Water Valley coach Brad Embry cautioned that his team must be on its A-game against Nettleton. (more…) (October 13, 2011, Page 7)
Blue Devils take care of business, clobber Cougars
RANDOLPH — Friday night the Water Valley Blue Devils made the short trip east to South Pontotoc and did exactly what head coach Brad Embry wanted them to do by taking care of business.
Against an overmatched Cougars squad, the majority of the Blue Devils saw playing time in the 49-7 victory. (October 10, 2011, Page 1B)
Conard's experience has led to leadership
WATER VALLEY — During the Water Valley Blue Devils' difficult loss to Charleston earlier this season, Chris Conard really made his presence felt.
Late in the 39-3 blowout, Conard overheard two underclassmen cutting up while their teammates continued to battle the Tigers on the field. (more…) (October 7, 2011, Page 6A)


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Join our ESPN.com NFL experts for the second half of "Monday Night Football" as the Houston Texans visit the San Diego Chargers.
Contribute your thoughts and questions beginning at 10:15 p.m. ET. See you there.
Join our ESPN.com NFL experts for the second half of "Monday Night Football" as the Houston Texans visit the San Diego Chargers. Contribute your thoughts and questions beginning at 10:15 p.
Kubiak has floated the idea of having a two-point specialist on the Denver roster.
If the Chargers, Raiders or Rams move to Los Angeles, they'd likely have to pay the league a substantial amount of money.
Moss met fan when she was 8 and he was a rookie with the Vikings, and the former star has kept in touch while she battled leukemia and a brain tumor.
If the New York Giants ended up on "Hard Knocks," I'd caution fans not to worry too much about it.
Miami's coaches have never viewed Lamar Miller as a bell cow or workhorse RB -- will that change this season?
Za'Darius Smith, a former basketball player, has the athleticism to make an impact right away as a situational pass-rusher for Baltimore.
The fiery style of Houston Texans coach Bill O'Brien and the quirks of center Ben Jones could make for intriguing TV.
Some of the notable news items and sound bites from NFL Players Association executive director DeMaurice Smith's appearance on Outside the Lines.
The Houston Texans appear to be the favorite to be featured on the HBO show, according to an ESPN.com report.
The Miami Dolphins recently gave Ryan Tannehill a lucrative contract extension, but being their franchise QB was in question early in 2014.
The Houston Texans seem to be emerging as the favorites for the HBO training camp show.
Second-year receivers Allen Hurns, Marqise Lee and Allen Robinson each showed growth last season.
Still trying to prove his worth as a professional player, Michael Sam made the best -- and probably only -- move he could make.
Defensive coordinator Joe Barry said he wanted his defense to lead the league in takeaways, but should that be his focus?
The Browns did not want to appear on the NFL/HBO training camp reality show, and according to a report, NFL Films will honor their request.


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Netsmart Announces 'My Avatar' at National Council for Community Behavioral Healthcare Annual Conference
GREAT RIVER, N.Y., March 15 /PRNewswire-FirstCall/ — Netsmart Technologies, Inc., a leading provider of enterprise-wide software and services for health and human services organizations, today announced the planned release of My Avatar(TM), the next generation of the company's industry leading electronic health record (EHR) and practice management software suite. The My Avatar software is being demonstrated at the National Council for Community Behavioral Healthcare's 40th Annual National Mental Health and Addictions Conference and Expo held March 15-17 in Orlando, Fla.
Scheduled for availability in fall 2010, My Avatar will enable staff in provider organization to personalize screen views and functionality in Avatar software by individual work roles.
"For providers to realize the efficiency and productivity gains from software, it needs to work the way their staff works, provide a user-friendly experience and offer them functions in a readily-available format that does not complicate their current work flow," said James L. Conway, chief executive officer, Netsmart Technologies. "Over the years, we have added deep functionality to our Avatar suite based on customer requirements. Our goal is to provide an intuitive user experience that enables all different types of users to access and manage critical information. We're confident My Avatar will set a new standard for software usability in behavioral and public healthcare."
My Avatar includes predefined templates for what Netsmart has found to be widely used roles within its customer base, including clinicians, executives, front desk, billing and information technology (IT). Other functions can be added easily and modifications can be made by end users without custom programming or in-depth technical knowledge. Widgets can be created and added to a home view, which can then be further customized to suit the preferences of the end user. My Avatar also makes key clinical elements like client charts available from a single screen view.
"A lot of behavioral health software has just one interface geared to either a billing or clinical function. We think it's important for users working in a multitasking environment to use software that adapts to their individual roles in the organization," said Suzanne Windham, software support and database analyst at Life Management Center of Northwest Florida. "We participated in the focus group research during the development of My Avatar, and feel it will give all different types of users quick access to the functions they need to be productive."
By allowing different types of users to tailor their own view of the system for the way they work, My Avatar's role-based features and functionality will benefit staff throughout organizations:
- Clinicians: Provides a single-click view and ability to modify a client's Electronic Health Record. Clinicians can quickly open, view, and edit medications, treatment plans, progress notes and other key components of the health record. Clinicians can customize their home view to quickly see the information they need to manage all of their clients, including upcoming appointments in an easy-to-read calendar and alerts and reminders in a To Do list.
- Executives: Decision-making is enhanced with dashboard display of key performance indicators (KPIs) to measure compliance and revenue, as well as other organizational goals. Each executive can customize the screen to the way he or she works.
- Front Desk staff: Facilitates faster check-in and easier scheduling by providing front desk staff access to all the information needed from a single screen with multiple views of staff schedules. Also shows client authorization and eligibility information.
- Billing staff: A convenient billing dashboard allows billing staff to easily track claims and payments received. The system provides snapshots and drill-downs of items like billing status, accounts receivables, and claim value by payer.
- Information Technology staff: Monitors the status of systems to ensure they are optimized. IT staff can customize any screen using ScriptLink, which gives users the ability to use a scripting language such as Java, .NET, ColdFusion or uScript to add custom programming to Avatar. With the My Avatar modeling tools users can quickly adapt to changing organizational requirements.
My Avatar is currently planned for a fall 2010 release as an upgrade for existing Avatar customers to allow them to take advantage of the new user interface.
"Very simply, our goal in offering My Avatar is to make our customers' workdays more efficient and increase the time spent providing quality care to consumers," said Conway.
For more information about My Avatar or other Netsmart Technologies solutions, visit www.ntst.com/myavatar or call 1-800-421-7503, Option 6.
About Netsmart Technologies, Inc.
Netsmart Technologies is an established, leading supplier of enterprise software and software as a service (SaaS) solutions for health and human services providers. More than 18,000 customer organizations, including 350,000 care providers and nearly 40 state systems, use Netsmart products.
Netsmart's customers include mental health and substance abuse treatment agencies, psychiatric hospitals, private and group mental health practices, public health departments, vital records offices and managed care organizations. Netsmart's products are full-featured information systems that operate on a variety of operating systems, hardware platforms, and mobile devices, and offer unlimited scalability.
Netsmart's Avatar PM 2006 Release 02 is a CCHIT Certified® 2006 Ambulatory EHR.
Netsmart's Connected Care initiative allows behavioral and public healthcare providers to share clinical data electronically within their internal processes, externally with other providers, and with consumers via a Web-based portal, enabling high quality, consumer-directed care.
Netsmart provides solutions that help its customers meet the evolving definition of "meaningful use" under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) of 2009. These include a certified electronic health record, the InfoScriber e-prescribing service, the CareConnect(TM) service that enables the sharing of clinical information through health information exchanges, and a flexible platform to capture and share outcomes data.
"My Avatar" is a trademark of Netsmart Technologies, Inc.
SOURCE Netsmart Technologies, Inc.


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Phil Everly, half of the record-setting sibling duo The Everly Brothers, died on Friday. Legendary musicians Graham Nash and Linda Ronstadt offer remembrances of Phil Everly, and explain why the Everly Brothers had such a profound influence on their music.
Source: NPR
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Nintendo 3DS Hard Pouch - Black - Standard Edition
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Officially licensed by Nintendo. Protect your newly invested Nintendo 3DS system. Durable and hardened material on the outside and soft material on the inside. This case will hold your new Nintendo 3DS system and has pockets for 3DS and DS game cards and stylus. Also works with the Nintendo DSi and... Read More
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Souls of Liberty - Crazy
Artist: Souls of Liberty
Producer: Klevah
Album: Brave New World
Avg Rating: 4.6 ( 31 votes )
No matter how together you've got it, love can come around and make you Crazy; just ask Ryan Escobar and Tenelle Donta, together known as the Souls of Liberty. This newly-leaked buzz record finds the St. Louis reppers detailing how developments in their romantic lives have driven them to doubt their sanity, flowing over a lightly jazzy beat by Klevah (who samples Gnarls Barkley's smash of the same title on the back). For more, check out the twosome's Brave New World LP, set to hit the 'net September 27.
Written by richard on Sep 14, 2011
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NX300 deliverable
Started Mar 14, 2013 | Discussions thread
Veteran Member • Posts: 5,478 • Gear list
NX300 deliverable
Mar 14, 2013
from amazon.fr and amazon.de - 749€
Samsung NX300
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From Guild Wars 2 Wiki
An interrupt is any action that prevents a foe from completing its current action. Skills which are interrupted have a 5 second cooldown before they can be cast again. Chains are reset to the first skill in the chain any time the player is interrupted. Skill activation can be cancelled by a player casting the skill, but is not considered interruption. When an interrupt occurs, the word Interrupt! appears on the screen.
Effects causing interruption[edit]
Most interrupts are caused by control effects. As such, the stability boon provides immunity against interrupts.
- Daze – Disables all skills for a short duration.
- Fear – Disables all skills and causes the target to flee directly away from the caster for a short duration.
- Knockdown – Knocks the target on ground, preventing movement and actions for a short duration.
- Launch – Throws the target in the air over a short distance, preventing movement and actions for a short duration.
- Pull – Pulls the caster to the target or the target to a specific location and disables them for a second.
- Push – Pushes the target away and on the ground, preventing movement and actions.
- Stun – Prevents movement and actions for a short duration.
- Float - Causes the underwater target to move upwards.
- Sink - Causes the underwater target to move downwards.
Related traits[edit]
Traits that trigger on interrupt[edit]
- Distracting Strikes - Apply confusion when you interrupt a foe.
- Moment of Clarity - Gain an attack of opportunity for you and your pet on interrupting a foe. Daze and stun durations you inflict last longer.
- Lightning Rod - Disabling an enemy causes them to be struck by a lightning bolt.
- Bountiful Interruption - Gain might when you interrupt a foe, then gain another boon randomly.
- Chaotic Interruption - Immobilize your target when you interrupt them and randomly apply blind, cripple, or chill.
- Furious Interruption - Gain quickness when you interrupt a foe.
- Illusion of Vulnerability - Inflict vulnerability when you interrupt a foe.
- Halting Strike - Deal damage when interrupting a foe.
- Power Block - Enemy skills that you interrupt have an increased cooldown.
- Disruptor's Sustainment - Gain bonus healing power when interrupting a foe.
Related equipment[edit]
Upgrade components that trigger on interrupt[edit]
- Rune of Perplexity (rank 6)
- Interrupts as they existed in Guild Wars (see here) are not as prevalent in Guild Wars 2 because of their dependence on low network latency to be used effectively.[1]
- ^ http://gw2.mondespersistants.com/?article=171&page_art=2 Mondes Persistants interviews Izzy on GW2 PvP
|The Guild Wars Wiki has an article on Interrupt.


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Simple steps to making your own festive wreath with a base and assorted foliage
You can buy ready-made circular metal frames, ready-woven willow rings or oasis rings from most floristry shops to form a frame for your wreath.
If you're using a metal frame, pack with florists' moss, using green string or wire to hold it in place.
Build up the foliage layer first, working in one direction and layering as you go, securing stems with string or wire to your metal or woven frame. Stems can be simply pushed into an oasis ring.
Binding bunches of berries by wrapping wire around their bases first will make them easy to attach to your frame. Add flowers to inject more colour and texture to the wreath.
Attach string or wire to the back and hang. The cold temperatures outside should keep it fresh for longer than if the wreath were inside, but an occasional spray with water will keep it at its best.
Suggested foliage plants: holly, ivy, camellia, eucalyptus, spruce, leyland cypress and rosemary.
Suggested berry plants: holly, Viburnum opulus, symphoricarpos (snowberry), rosehips, mistletoe and hypericum.
More wonderful Christmas wreaths to make - just some of our hundreds of craft ideas for a handmade Christmas
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Coastal Karnataka Fishermen Action Committee has sought restriction on the number of boats allowed to operate from Fisheries Harbours at Bunder here and at the Malpe harbour near Udupi.
In a statement here, its general secretary Vasudev Boloor said that more and more boats were being added every year to the fleet without considering the carrying capacity of the harbour. The permission to build more boats should be disallowed till the fishing wharfs in the two harbours were expanded.
While the expansion at Malpe had begun, the tender for the Mangalore project had been withheld without giving any reasons, he said.
He has demanded that dredging of the bar-mouth had to be started at the earliest at Mangalore Fisheries Harbour as silt formation had been causing accidents leading to loss of lives. A Rs. 3 crore project in this regard had been pending for a long time, he said.
Suresh Kumar Ullal, Deputy Director, Department of Fisheries, said there was a government order that allowed addition of 100 boats every year.
The department had been following this order. About 1,200 boats were operating from the Bunder Harbour, including about 75 purse-seine boats.
However, sources in the department admitted that the Bunder harbour was overcrowded and addition of more boats was not advisable.
The Rs. 57-crore third phase project of the Harbour had been pending with the Chief Engineer, the Public Works Department, he said. The tender had been opened already and authorities concerned had recommended the choice of the lowest bidder already, he said.


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Medicare To No Longer Cover Penis Pumps, Saving $444 Million
Medicare may soon be prohibited from spending money on vacuum pumps that treat erectile dysfunction in the coming years — an effort that could save up to $444 million but might upset those who can't afford drugs like Viagra to treat their condition. The plan of cutting coverage of the pumps was proposed to help offset… Read the rest of this entry »
Obamacare approval hits new low – 37 percent – in survey
Online Help for New Jersey's Uninsured, Just in Time for Open Enrollment
Obamacare website won't reveal insurance costs for 2015 until after election
Chris Christie is lone GOP presidential prospect to expand Medicaid
New Jerseyans Find It Hard to Find Doctors Who Accept Their Insurance
New Jersey residents are more than four times as likely as the national average to have difficulty finding a doctor who accepts their health insurance, according to a new Rutgers University report. Of state residents between the ages of 18 and 64, 14…
admin | Filed under: Health Care, New Jersey, ObamaCare | Tags: Doctors, Healthcare, Insurance, ObamaCare, Rutgers | Comments Off
Christie: President is putting off 'bad' parts of Obamacare 'until he's almost out the door'
FRANKLIN — Gov. Chris Christie today said he did not yet know how President Obama's health care overhaul would ultimately affect New Jersey because the president kept delaying the law's most detrimental aspects. "What effect it will have is very hard…
admin | Filed under: 2016 Presidential Politics, Barack Obama, Chris Christie, Obama, Obama Administration, ObamaCare | Tags: 2016 Presidential politics, Chris Christie, Christie Town Hall, ObamaCare | Comments Off
Sebelius: Enroll in ObamaCare by March 31, or you're out of luck till next year
If you don't have heath insurance, you won't have it this year unless you sign up at heathcare.gov by midnight on March 31, according to U.S. Health and Human Services Secretary Kathleen Sebelius.
Speaking at a press conference at Montclair State University this morning to promote the Affordable Healthcare Act to young people, Sebelius said that the government does not plan to extend the March 31 enrollment deadline for the individual market. Those who fail to enroll by the 31st will have to wait to enroll for health insurance until November and coverage will not take effect until 2015. The penalty in 2014 for failure to have health insurance is $95 or 1% of your income.
Sebelius said the heathcare.gov website is working well and that security concerns have been addressed.
Montclair State University has released a video of Sebelius's press conference. The Secretary answers MMM's Art Gallagher's questions starting at the 27:41 mark.Posted: March 24th, 2014 | Author: Art Gallagher | Filed under: ObamaCare | Tags: Enrollment deadline, HHS Secretary Kathleen Sebelius, ObamaCare, Senator Nia Gill | 1 Comment »
What would you ask Kathleen Sebelius if you had the chance?
U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services Kathleen Sebelius is scheduled to hold a press conference to kick off Enrollment Week ahead of the March 31 Affordable Healthcare Act sign up deadline Monday morning at Montclair State University.
MMM has been invited and Art Gallagher will attend.
What would you like Art to ask the Secretary if he's lucking enough to be called on? Leave your questions in the comments, please.
MMM will be live-streaming the press conference at 10:30am Monday morning.Posted: March 23rd, 2014 | Author: Art Gallagher | Filed under: Health Care, ObamaCare | Tags: Affordable Care Act, Art Gallagher, Kathleen Sebelius, Montclair State University, ObamaCare | 9 Comments »


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3 bed, 2 full bath. Location, location, location! Wonderful, one level with large finished basement/activity room. IdeaMore info
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3 bed, 1 full bath, 1 half bath. This is a HomePath property. See more info at the HomePath. com website. Three bedroom one-level hoMore info


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5 Heartburn Remedies
If acid reflux is turning your chest and throat into a hot zone, extinguish the fire with these doctor-recommended solutions.
Antacids and H2 Blockers
Best for: Occasional post-meal heartburn.
How they work: Heartburn occurs when digestive stomach acid migrates to the esophagus, the tube that connects the throat to the stomach. (The acid in the esophagus eventually flows back into the stomach.) Antacids, like Tums and Maalox, offer 30 to 45 minutes of relief by neutralizing the acid, while H2 blockers, like Pepcid and Zantac, soothe heartburn for six to eight hours by reducing acid production. When taken at the onset of symptoms, both types of medications need about 15 minutes to work, says Lauren Gerson, an associate professor of gastroenterology at Stanford University. Antacids come as chewable tablets or liquids, are cheaper and are good for treating mild symptoms; H2 blockers are pills that may work best for slightly more severe cases. Gerson suggests starting with antacids and, if symptoms persist, moving on to H2 blockers.
Good to know: Popping an antacid or an H2 before eating suspect foods may help prevent heartburn. Fats are common culprits: They cause the valvelike muscle between the esophagus and the stomach, called the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), to relax, allowing acid to leak. Big meals can also mean trouble. They stretch the stomach, which puts reflux-inducing pressure on the LES. No medicine handy? Try gum. According to a study published in the Journal of Dental Research, chewing gum for half an hour immediately after meals reduced acid levels and heartburn. "The gum increases saliva, which, as you swallow, clears and neutralizes acids," says study coauthor Rebecca Moazzez, Ph.D., a lecturer and consultant at King's College London Dental Institute. Opt for sugar-free to help prevent cavities, and avoid mint flavors, which can, in some people, relax the LES and exacerbate the problem.


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Join ASCAP to ensure you get paid when your music is played. Become a Writer and/or Publisher member today!
ASCAP, an organization owned and run by its members, is the leading U.S. Performing Rights Organization representing over 525,000 songwriters, composers and music publishers.
Advocacy, Community and Creativity Reign Supreme at 10th ASCAP EXPO
Achievements and advocacy are main themes at annual membership meeting
You'll learn from the biggest names in music and get the keys to success in your career
KISS, Doobie Brothers, St. Vincent, Max Martin & Toby Gad top winners list
Featuring Years & Years, The Ting Tings, Lenka, Greg Holden, Max Frost and More
The closing scene of Mad Men's much-anticipated series finale featured the groundbreaking Coca-Cola ad, which made brilliant use of the song "I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing." We asked one of the song's writers (and former ASCAP EVP of International) Roger Greenaway about its origin.
Whitey Morgan is the real deal: a whiskey poet, tele-twanger-banger, road warrior and artist who laughs at it all. On his latest album, Sonic Ranch, this country outlaw bandleader delivers one fantastic song after another about living in the rough-and-tumble world of honky tonks, frustrated dreams and broken relationships.
As sweeping changes affect the music industry, ASCAP is blazing a new path forward on the heels of announcing historic high revenues, distributions and member success. Read remarks from ASCAP's annual meeting on April 30th by ASCAP's President Paul Williams, CEO Beth Matthews and EVP of Membership John Titta.
Los Angeles-based singer-songwriter Eric Kaz is modest and unassuming but he has a formidable catalogue of songs written over the past four decades.
Clarinetist and saxophonist Anat Cohen brings her musical worlds together on her seventh album, Luminosa. The Israeli virtuoso instrumentalist and bandleader draws on her love of jazz, Brazilian classics and Choro, and electronica to create an album that is filled with warm, rich original compositions and inventive covers.
One of the most critical areas of any mix is in the low end - the frequency area around 200Hz and below. Managing those frequencies isn't just important for your basses, low brass, kick drums, synths and other keyboards. "Hidden" low-frequency energy can play a role in your overall mix, too.
Find out how the ASCAP Composer Spotlight is creating real opportunities for our members by connecting film, television and video game producers with some of the best and brightest emerging composers.
Save 40% off the cover price! Award-winning music writer Bruce Pollock explores the growth and changes within ASCAP and its relationship to emerging technologies, in the context of 100 years of an ever-evolving music business.
You've captured the perfect take. But when it comes time to mix, you notice that something isn't quite right. Maybe it's some hiss, pickup hum, or a 'plosion on the vocal track. When timeline editing or EQ don't work, call the plug-in equivalent of sonic mechanics: audio repair software. Here's how.
The 30th Annual Stellar Awards were held March 28th, 2015 at The Orleans Arena in Las Vegas and ASCAP members came home with great triumphs. Congratulations to all our talented ASCAP members who won Stellar Awards this year!
All of the top thinkers in the digital marketing space believe in the value of killer, owned content to market your music. But what are you supposed to say, and when is the best time to say it? Here are nine steps from CyberPR's Ariel Hyatt to help you create consistent content to market your music in 2015 and beyond.
Gather your receipts and fire up Quickbooks - it's tax season! Whether you're getting a refund from Uncle Sam or you're helping him buy a new top hat this year, songwriters and composers have some unique filing opportunities that you might not know about. We asked a couple of tax experts for tips for music creators.


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The California Supreme Court has released its annual report describing the operations of the Court from 2009 to 2010. The Court issued 105 opinions in this period, 42 of which were in civil cases. However, this does not account for the 30 habeas corpus petitions denied by order, so the court's workload continues to be dominated by criminal matters. While the total filings with the court increased to 9,917 (from 9,556), the court's output was reduced from 110 opinions in the prior year, and total dispositions decreased by almost 2%. One factor might have been the mandatory furlough, which decreased total work hours by over 4%. In addition, the last conference of the court was delayed into the next fiscal year to accommodate judicial confirmation hearings. Interestingly, the number of civil petitions for review decreased to 1,219 (from 1,307). This was offset by an increase in criminal filings, particularly habeas corpus petitions in non-capital criminal matters. Depublication orders reached a record low of four, beating the previous record of ten in 2007-2008. This compares to the 1980's and early 1990's, in which the court regularly depublished over 100 opinions each year. The Court issued a single publication order.
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Flash Memory Summit Visit
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Flash Memory Summit is the world's premier conference for non-volatile memory technologies. It covers the $25 billion-dollar flash market, the $7 billion-dollar rapidly growing SSD market, and the emerging market for new technologies. The 2013 conference and exposition will focus on all-flash arrays, enterprise SSDs, mobile applications, PCIe-based systems (including NVMe), and application acceleration.
Press Release : Aug.6, 2013 - Samsung Starts Mass Producing Industry's First 3D Vertical NAND Flash
Samsung Keynote SessionUshering in the 3D Memory Era with Vertical NAND
Description: In this presentation, Samsung will discuss a major breakthrough in overcoming the NAND flash scaling limit. We will explain how we have achieved this breakthrough as well as examine why such a major shift in Flash manufacturing is critical to consumer electronics and enterprise applications. The world's first three-dimensional (3D) Vertical NAND flash memory represents a cost-effective way to provide over twice the scaling of 20nm-class* planar NAND flash with 2X-10X the reliability. The vertical 3D NAND will allow for new levels of innovation in circuits, structure, material and the manufacturing process, and scale up to 1Tb and beyond per individual NAND chip.
ES Jung, EVP & General Manager, Semiconductor R&D Center, Samsung Electronics
Jim Elliott, Sr. Director, Strategic Marketing, Samsung Semiconductor
- Date/Time: Tuesday, August 13, 2013 - 2:30-3:00PM
- Location: Mission City Ballroom
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Eva Solo
Small Mirror Box
Please select an available size.
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Description: Small Mirror Box:
- Stainless steel and plastic storage box with mirror on inside of lid
- Lid rests easily on edge of box
- Measures 7 inches in diameter by 2¼ inches in height
- Wipe with a damp cloth
Material: Stainless steel and plastic
Brand: Eva Solo
Origin: Imported


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A pattern having exceptionally small features is formed on a partially fabricated integrated circuit during integrated circuit fabrication. The pattern comprises features formed by self-organizing material, such as diblock copolymers. The organization of the copolymers is directed by spacers which have been formed by a pitch multiplication process in which spacers are formed at the sides of sacrificial mandrels, which are later removed to leave spaced-apart, free-standing spacers. Diblock copolymers, composed of two immiscible block species, are deposited over and in the space between the spacers. The copolymers are made to self-organize, with each block species aggregating with other block species of the same type.
1. A method of semiconductor processing, comprising:
forming a first set of block domains over a semiconductor substrate, the first set comprising a plurality of regularly spaced-apart groups of block domains, each group comprising a plurality of block domains formed by different blocks of a block copolymer, each of the block domains formed substantially by like blocks of the block copolymer; and
subsequently forming a second set of block domains in spaces between the regularly spaced-apart groups of block domains.
2. The method of
providing a plurality of separated guides for copolymer alignment over the semiconductor substrate;
depositing a first layer of block copolymers into open volumes between the guides; and
forming the first set of block domains from the block copolymers in the open volumes.
3. The method of
4. The method of
5. The method of
selectively removing some of the block domains of the first set of block domains to form openings defined by the remaining block domains of the first set of block domains; and
etching the underlying hardmask layer through the openings.
6. The method of
7. The method of
8. The method of
9. The method of
10. The method of
11. The method of
12. The method of
13. The method of
14. The method of
15. The method of
16. The method of
17. The method of
18. The method of
19. The method of
20. The method of
21. The method of
22. A partially fabricated integrated circuit, comprising: a plurality of guides for copolymer alignment overlying a semiconductor substrate, the guides having a pitch of about 200 nm or less; and block copolymers disposed between the plurality of guides for copolymer alignment, wherein the block copolymers and the guides for copolymer alignment are disposed on a plurality of spaced-apart elevated plateaus, further comprising a plurality of spaced-apart mask features between the elevated plateaus, the mask features disposed on a level below the block copolymers.
23. The partially fabricated integrated circuit of
24. The partially fabricated integrated circuit of
25. The partially fabricated integrated circuit of
26. The partially fabricated integrated circuit of
27. The partially fabricated integrated circuit of
28. The partially fabricated integrated circuit of
29. The partially fabricated integrated circuit of
30. The partially fabricated integrated circuit of
31. The partially fabricated integrated circuit of
32. The partially fabricated integrated circuit of
This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/389,581, filed Mar. 23, 2006.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to integrated circuit fabrication and, more particularly, to printing techniques.
2. Description of the Related Art
As a consequence of many factors, including demand for increased portability, computing power, memory capacity and energy efficiency, integrated circuits are continuously being made more dense. The sizes of the constituent features, e.g., electrical devices and interconnect lines, that form the integrated circuits are constantly being decreased to facilitate this scaling.
The trend of decreasing feature size is evident, for example, in memory circuits or devices such as dynamic random access memories (DRAMs), flash memory, static random access memories (SRAMs), ferroelectric (FE) memories, etc. To take one example, DRAM typically comprises millions of identical circuit elements, known as memory cells. In general, a capacitor-based memory cell, such as in conventional DRAM, typically includes two electrical devices: a storage capacitor and an access field effect transistor. Each memory cell is an addressable location that can store one bit (binary digit) of data. A bit can be written to a cell through the transistor and can be read by sensing charge in the capacitor. Some memory technologies employ elements that can act as both a storage device and a switch (e.g., dendritic memory employing silver-doped chalcogenide glass) and some nonvolatile memories do not require switches for each cell (e.g., magnetoresistive RAM) or incorporate switches into the memory element (e.g., EEPROM). By decreasing the sizes of the electrical devices that constitute a memory cell and the sizes of the conducting lines that access the memory cells, the memory devices can be made smaller. Additionally, storage capacities can be increased by fitting more memory cells on a given area in the memory devices. The need for reductions in feature sizes, however, is more generally applicable to integrated circuits, including general purpose and specialty processors.
The continual reduction in feature sizes places ever greater demands on the techniques used to form the features. For example, photolithography is commonly used to pattern these features. Typically, photolithography involves passing light through a reticle and focusing the light onto a photochemically-active photoresist material. Just as a slide has an image to be projected onto a screen, the reticle typically has a pattern to be transferred to a substrate. By directing light or radiation through the reticle, the pattern in the reticle can be focused on the photoresist. The light or radiation causes a chemical change in the illuminated parts of the photoresist, which allows those parts to be selectively retained, or removed, as desired, relative to parts which were in the shadows. Thus, the exposed and unexposed parts form a pattern in the photoresist. It will be appreciated that this pattern can be used as a mask to form various features of an integrated circuit, including conductive lines or parts of electrical devices.
Because lithography is typically accomplished by projecting light or radiation onto a surface, the ultimate resolution of a particular lithography technique depends upon factors such as optics and light or radiation wavelength. For example, the ability to focus well-defined patterns onto resist depends upon the size of the features and on the wavelength of the radiation projected through the reticle. It will be appreciated that resolution decreases with increasing wavelength, due, among other things, to diffraction. Thus, shorter wavelength radiation is typically required to form well-resolved features, as the sizes of the features decrease. Consequently, to facilitate reductions in feature sizes, lower and lower wavelength systems have been proposed.
For example, 365 nm, 248 nm, 193 nm and 157 nm wavelength systems have been developed as features sizes have decreased. Additional reductions in feature sizes, e.g., down to 20 nm features, may require even shorter wavelength systems. For example, X-ray based lithography, using X-ray radiation instead of light, has been proposed to form very small features, such as 20 nm features. Another proposed technology is extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography, using, e.g., 13.7 nm radiation. X-ray and EUV lithography, however, are expected to be prohibitively expensive to implement. In addition to cost, the techniques face various technical obstacles. For example, for X-ray lithography, these obstacles include difficulties in forming high quality reticles which are sufficiently opaque to X-rays and difficulties in devising resists which are sufficiently sensitive to the X-rays. Moreover, rather than using optics to focus radiation on the resist, some X-ray systems place the reticle close to the resist, to directly expose the resist to X-rays passing through the reticle. This can cause complications in aligning the reticle with the resist and, in addition, places significant demands on the flatness of both the reticle and the resist. In addition, X-ray lithography can use reflective as opposed to refractive optics, which can require a complete redesign of optical elements and related systems. Similarly, other high resolution lithography techniques, including ion beam and electron beam lithography, have their own technical and practical obstacles, including high complexity and costs.
Accordingly, there is a continuing need for high resolution methods to pattern small features on semiconductor substrates.
According to one aspect of the invention, a method is provided for forming a pattern over a semiconductor substrate. The method comprises providing a plurality of pitch multiplied features overlying the semiconductor substrate. A self-organizing material is provided between the pitch multiplied features. Segregation of chemical moieties forming the self-organizing material is initiated.
According to another aspect of the invention, a method is provided for forming a mask pattern. The method comprises forming a plurality of spacers by pitch multiplication. A film is deposited between the spacers. The film is annealed to form a repeating pattern of features within the film.
According to yet another aspect of the invention, a method is provided for semiconductor fabrication. The method comprises providing a plurality of lines having a pitch of about 200 nm or less. A pattern comprising block copolymers is formed between the plurality of lines.
According to another aspect of the invention, a method is provided for mask formation. The method comprises providing a pattern of spacers over a semiconductor substrate. The method also comprises providing a homogeneous mask material extending between the spacers. The mask material is exposed to an etchant to form a pattern of voids in the exposed mask material.
According to yet another aspect of the invention, a method of semiconductor processing is provided. The method comprises forming a first set of block domains over a semiconductor substrate. The first set of block copolymers includes a plurality of separated groups of block domains. The block domains are formed substantially by like blocks of a block copolymer. A second set of block domains is subsequently formed in spaces between the separated groups of block domains.
According to another aspect of the invention, a partially fabricated integrated circuit is provided. The partially fabricated integrated circuit comprises a plurality of copolymer guides overlying a semiconductor substrate, the guides having a pitch of about 200 nm or less. The partially fabricated integrated circuit also comprises block copolymers disposed between the plurality of copolymer guides.
The invention will be better understood from the Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiments and from the appended drawings, which are meant to illustrate and not to limit the invention, and wherein:
The ability of block copolymers to self-organize can be used to form mask patterns. Block copolymers are formed of two or more chemically distinct blocks. For example, each block can be formed of a different monomer. The blocks are preferably immiscible or thermodynamically incompatible, e.g., one block can be polar and the other can be non-polar. Due to thermodynamic effects, the copolymers will self-organize in solution to minimize the energy of the system as a whole; typically, this causes copolymers to move relative to one another, e.g., so that like blocks aggregate together, thereby forming alternating regions containing each block type or species. For example, if the copolymers are formed of polar and non-polar blocks, the blocks will segregate so that non-polar blocks aggregate with other non-polar blocks and polar blocks aggregate with other polar blocks. It will be appreciated that the block copolymers may be described as a self-organizing material since the blocks can move to form a pattern without application of an external force to direct the movement of individual molecules, although heat may be applied to increase the rate of movement as noted below.
In addition to interactions between the block species, the self-organization of block copolymers can be influenced by topographical features, such as steps on the surface on which the block copolymers are deposited. For example, a diblock copolymer, a copolymer formed of two different block species, can form alternating regions which are each formed of a substantially different block species. When the self-organization occurs in the area between the walls of a step, the steps can interact with the blocks such that each of the alternating regions formed by the blocks can be made to extend parallel to the walls.
Such self-organization can be useful in forming masks for patterning features during semiconductor fabrication processes. For example, one of the alternating regions can be removed, thereby leaving the other regions to function as a mask. The mask can be used to pattern features such as electrical devices in an underlying semiconductor substrate.
It will be appreciated that the size of the alternating regions is related to the size of the block copolymers and can be on the order of nanometers or tens of nanometers. Various lithography methods, such as X-ray, EUV, ion beam and electron beam lithography are possible candidates for forming the closely-spaced step features. However, application of these methods, as noted above, has various technical and practical obstacles which can make their use impractical and prohibitively expensive.
In preferred embodiments of the invention, rather than defining the steps in a single lithography step, relatively large features are first defined and smaller step features are then derived from the relatively large features. Block copolymers are then applied around the steps and allowed to self-organize in the space between the step, or guide, features. Some of the blocks are subsequently selectively removed. The remaining block species can be used as a mask for subsequent patterning of underlining materials during, e.g., the fabrication of integrated circuits.
Preferably, pitch multiplication is used to form the small step features. For example, a relatively large feature can be patterned by conventional photolithography to form a pattern of temporary placeholders, or mandrels. Spacers are formed on the sides of the mandrels and the mandrels are then removed, leaving a pattern of free-standing spacers which can function as guides for directing the self-organization of block copolymers.
Pitch multiplication advantageously allows the formation of small, closely-spaced step features which might otherwise be formed using newer, relatively complex and expensive lithography techniques. Advantageously, conventional, proven and relatively inexpensive lithography techniques can be utilized, thereby reducing costs and increasing process reliability. Moreover, the self-organizing behavior of block copolymers allows the reliable formation of very small features, thereby facilitating the formation of a mask with a very small feature size. For example, features having a critical dimension of about 50 nm or less, more preferably, about 30 nm or less and, more preferably about 20 nm or less can be formed.
Reference will now be made to the Figures, wherein like numerals refer to like parts throughout. It will be appreciated that the Figures are not necessarily drawn to scale.
In a first phase of methods according to the preferred embodiments, a plurality of spacers is formed over a substrate by pitch multiplication. Suitable pitch multiplication techniques are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,328,810, issued to Lowrey et al., and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/214,544, by Tran et al., filed Aug. 29, 2005. The entire disclosures of these references are incorporated by reference herein. It will be appreciated that the preferred embodiments can be applied to form masks used in the fabrication of various integrated circuits. These integrated circuits can include, e.g., memory chips or computer processors.
With reference to
It will be appreciated that the "substrate" to which patterns are transferred can include a layer of a single material, a plurality of layers of different materials, a layer or layers having regions of different materials or structures in them, etc. These materials can include semiconductors, insulators, conductors, or combinations thereof. For example, the substrate can comprise doped polysilicon, an electrical device active area, a silicide, or a metal layer, such as a tungsten, aluminum or copper layer, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the mask features discussed below can directly correspond to the desired placement of conductive features, such as interconnects, in the substrate. In other embodiments, the substrate can be an insulator and the location of mask features can correspond to the desired location of insulation between conductive features, such as in damascene metallization.
With continued reference to
The material for the hard mask layer 130 preferably comprises an inorganic material. Exemplary materials include silicon oxide (SiO2), silicon or a dielectric anti-reflective coating (DARC), such as a silicon-rich silicon oxynitride. Preferably, the hard mask layer 130 is a dielectric anti-reflective coating (DARC). Using DARCs for the hard mask layer 130 can be particularly advantageous for forming patterns having pitches near the resolution limits of a photolithographic technique. The DARCs can enhance resolution by minimizing light reflections, thus increasing the precision with which photolithography can define the edges of a pattern.
The temporary layer 140 is preferably formed of amorphous carbon, which offers very high etch selectivity relative to the preferred hard mask materials. More preferably, the amorphous carbon is a form of amorphous carbon that is highly transparent to light and that offers further improvements for photo alignment by being transparent to the wavelengths of light used for such alignment. Techniques for forming such transparent carbon can be found in A. Helmbold, D. Meissner, Thin Solid Films, 283 (1996) 196-203. The entire disclosure of this reference is incorporated herein by reference.
With reference to
With reference to
With reference to
The pattern of features 122 in the modified photodefinable layer 120 is preferably transferred to the temporary layer 140 using an O2-containing plasma, e.g., a plasma containing SO2, O2 and Ar. Other suitable etch chemistries include a Cl2/O2/SiCl4 or SiCl4/O2/N2 or HBr/O2/N2/SiCl4 containing plasma. Advantageously, the SO2-containing plasma is used as it can etch carbon of the preferred temporary layer 140 at a rate greater than 20 times and, more preferably, greater than 40 times the rate that the hard mask layer 130 is etched. A suitable SO2-containing plasma is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/931,772 to Abatchev et al., filed Aug. 31, 2004, the entire disclosure of which is incorporate herein by reference. It will be appreciated that the SO2-containing plasma can simultaneously etch the temporary layer 140 and also remove the features 122 formed from the photodefinable layer 120. The resulting lines 142 in the temporary layer 140 constitute the placeholders or mandrels along which a pattern of spacers 152 (
With reference to
Next, as shown in
Preferred methods for spacer material deposition include chemical vapor deposition, e.g., using O3 and TEOS to form silicon oxide, and atomic layer deposition, e.g., using a silicon precursor with an oxygen or nitrogen precursor to form silicon oxides or nitrides, respectively. The thickness of the layer 150 is preferably determined based upon the desired width of the spacers 152 (
With reference to
With reference to
As noted above, the height of the spacers 152 can influence the organization of block copolymers, as noted below. As a result, the spacers 152 can optionally be trimmed, e.g., using an anisotropic etch. In other embodiments, the height of the mandrels 142 (
With continued reference to
Block copolymers are next applied and block copolymer self-organization is facilitated to form a mask pattern over the substrate 110. A suitable method for forming self-organized block copolymer patterns is disclosed in Block, IEE Transactions in Nanotechnology, Vol. 3, No. 3, September 2004. The entire disclosure of that reference is incorporated by reference herein.
With reference to
The thickness of the copolymer film 160 can be chosen based upon the desired pattern to be formed by the copolymers. It will be appreciated that, up to a particular thickness related to the polymer length scale and the environment in which the polymers are disposed, e.g., the distance between and the height of the spacers 152, the copolymers will typically orient to form alternating, substantially lamellar domains that form parallel lines, as viewed in a top-down view (
For forming lamellae, the copolymer film thickness is preferably less than about the length scale of the copolymer. For example, in the illustrated embodiment, the copolymer length scale is about 35 nm and the thickness of the films is preferably about 35 nm or less, more preferably, about 30 nm or less and, most preferably, about 25 nm or less. In one embodiment, the thickness is about 20 nm.
With reference to
The pattern of lamellae resulting after the anneal is shown in
With reference to
With reference to
With reference to
With reference to
While the invention is not bound by theory, it will be appreciated that the different block species can self-aggregate due to thermodynamic considerations in a process similar to the phase separation of materials. The self-organization is guided by the spacers 152 (
In other embodiments, the reservoir region above the spacers 152 can be enlarged beyond the spacers 152. Such an enlargement can have advantages for forming well-defined block domains between relatively widely separated spacers 152.
With reference to
With reference to
With reference to
With reference to
With reference to
With reference to
With reference to
With reference to
Advantageously, in other embodiments, because the features 114 and 188 have been formed separately, those features can be made to organize into different patterns by establishing the appropriate conditions of the desired type of pattern. For example, the features 114 can form a pattern of cylinders, while the features 188 can form a pattern of lines. This can be accomplished, e.g., by using different copolymer compositions to form each of the features 114 or 188, or by increasing the tendency of the blocks to form lines by decreasing the height of the spacers 152, e.g., during a CMP or etch back process to expose the mandrels 142 (
With reference to
It will be appreciated that various modifications of the preferred embodiments are possible. For example, while discussed in the context of diblock copolymers, the copolymers can be formed of two or more block species. Moreover, while the block species of the illustrated embodiment are each formed of a different monomer, the block species can share monomer(s). For example, the block species can be formed of different sets of monomers, some of which are the same, or can be formed of the same monomer, but in a different distribution in each block. Preferably, the different sets of monomers form blocks having different properties which can drive the self-organization of the copolymers.
In some embodiments, the hardmask and/or temporary layer overlying the substrate can be omitted. For example, the photodefinable material can be formed of or replaced by a material which has compatible with the temperatures and other conditions for spacer formation. In the illustrated embodiment, however, the hardmask and spacer layers are preferred for allowing high quality pattern transfers and for forming high quality spacers.
Also, while "processing" through a mask layer preferably involves etching an underlying layer, processing through the mask layers can involve subjecting layers underlying the mask layers to any semiconductor fabrication process. For example, processing can involve ion implantation, diffusion doping, depositing, or wet etching, etc. through the mask layers and onto underlying layers. In addition, the mask layers can be used as a stop or barrier for chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) or CMP can be performed on any of the layers to allow for both planarization and etching of the underlying layers, as discussed in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/666,031, filed Mar. 28, 2005, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein.
In addition, while illustrated applied to an exemplary sequence for fabricating integrated circuits, it will be appreciated that the preferred embodiments can be applied in various other applications when the formation of patterns with very small features is desired. For example, the preferred embodiments can be applied to form gratings, disk drives, storage media or templates or masks for other lithography techniques, including X-ray or imprint lithography.
Accordingly, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that these and various other omissions, additions and modifications may be made to the methods and structures described above without departing from the scope of the invention. All such modifications and changes are intended to fall within the scope of the invention, as defined by the appended claims.
Patent Citations
Non-Patent Citations
Referenced by
Original Image


text:
Research Output for Shona L. Halson
Note: The 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015 publications have not been audited.
Jump to: Publications | Grants and Consultancies | HDR completions
Shona L. Halson may be from another institution or only recently joined Deakin University.
2010 External
Cox, Gregory R., Clark, Sally A.*, Cox, Amanda J.*, Halson, Shona L.*, Hargreaves, Mark*, Hawley, John A.*, Jeacocke, Nikki*, Snow, Rodney J., Yeo, Wee Kian* and Burke, Louise M.* (2010) Daily training with high carbohydrate availability increases exogenous carbohydrate oxidation during endurance cycling, Journal of applied physiology, vol. 109, pp. 126-134, American Physiological Society, Bethesda, Md. [C1]
ERA journal ID: 3161 – Scopus EID: 2-s2.0-77954332090
Citation counts: Scopus - 5, Thomson - 8
DRO entry for this publication
Grants and Consultancies
No grants and/or consultancies found or audited – the 2014 HERDC financial return has not been completed or loaded as yet.
Higher Degree by Research Completions supervised by Shona L. Halson
No completions found or audited.
- Legend:
- * Not a member of Deakin University at time of output.
DRO to publications collection last synchronised: Friday 29th May 2015 10:04pm


text:
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Juventus captain Alessandro Del Piero admits the club's announcement that he wouldn't be getting a new deal took him by surprise.
Del Piero was asked of his reaction to Andrea Agnelli's announcement at a club shareholders meeting in October that this would be the No 10's last term with the club.
He told Vanity Fair: "It surprised me. But a captain should never forget his duties and what he represents. Juventus has taken the utmost to try to win the League and Coppa Italia.
"We do not need controversy, which, moreover, has never been a part of my career.
"From June 30 I will be without a contract. I cannot imagine my future, it is a huge change and it scares me a little, because it will be like leaving home again.
"But I live life as I did when I was a kid, like a video game - there will be another level to overcome."
For all the latest football news go to tribalfootball.com.


text:
Wild West
Wild West - June 2015 - Table of ContentsPublished: March 27, 2015 at 2:27 pm
The June 2015 issue of Wild West features stories about the company of Arikara soldiers that fought under Reno at the Little Bighorn, artist George Catlin's "Cartoon Collection," Texas-born paid assassin Felix Jones, the 1871 Wickenburg Massacre in Arizona Territory and California cop killer Ed Moore
Wild West Discussion - June 2015Published: March 27, 2015 at 2:23 pm
In the Southwest the U.S. Army used Apache scouts to hunt Navajos and other Apaches. To the north the Army used a handful of Lakota scouts, as well as scouts from various friendly tribes—Crow, Pawnee, Shoshone, Arikara—to track down renegade …
Interview With Author Brian DippiePublished: March 27, 2015 at 1:25 pm
Canadian author Brian Dippie sure knows his Western artists, with books on Frederic Remington, Charlie Russell and George Catlin
Robb Kendrick - Art of the WestPublished: March 27, 2015 at 12:59 pm
Texas photographer Robb Kendrick turns back the clock to capture today's cowboys in tintypes
Lone Star Hit Man Felix JonesPublished: March 26, 2015 at 6:11 pm
Convicted killer Felix Robert Jones hailed from the same Texas county and worked with the same partners in crime as paid assassin par excellence 'Killin' Jim' Miller
Book Review: The Life and Legends of Calamity Jane, by Richard W. EtulainPublished: March 26, 2015 at 3:13 pm
Richard Etulain sifts through the many myths surrounding Martha "Calamity Jane" Canary to profile a woman far more complex than popular fiction might suggest
Book Review: Last Train to El Paso, by Jerry J. LobdillPublished: March 26, 2015 at 2:05 pm
Jerry Lobdill looks into the murder of Thomas Lyons, committed by that "other" paid Texas assassin Felix Robert Jones, who made a career of killing — and who largely evaded justice
Book Review: Logan, by Jackie BoorPublished: March 26, 2015 at 1:39 pm
Jackie Boor relates the interesting and ultimately tragic life of her great-grandfather, Nevada lawman Tom Logan, who tangled with Wyatt Earp and showed restraint up to his last breath
Book Review: Death for Dinner, by Phyllis de la GarzaPublished: March 26, 2015 at 1:31 pm
Phyllis de la Garza set out to write a book about mass murders committed on the 1870s Kansas frontier by the mysterious Bender family, but the author has since solved some of the mystery
Book Review: The Legendary Life of Bee Ho Gray, by Clark GrayPublished: March 26, 2015 at 1:21 pm
Western entertainer Bee Ho Gray rubbed shoulders with the likes of Will Rogers and Quanah Parker, but for various reasons little of their lasting celebrity rubbed off on Bee Ho
Book Review: Z.S. Liang, by Tom SaubertPublished: March 26, 2015 at 1:13 pm
Painter Z.S. Liang was born in the Far East but earned his reputation for capturing the Old West in his spectacular works.
Letter From Wild West - June 2015Published: March 26, 2015 at 12:51 pm
Most Western history buffs are familiar with the role of the Sioux, Cheyennes and even Crows at the 1876 Battle of the Little Bighorn. But who knew about the Arikaras?
Wild West - April 2015 - Table of ContentsPublished: January 29, 2015 at 4:23 pm
The April 2015 issue of Wild West features stories about Sam Houston, Indian attacks on stagecoaches, five Kansas cow towns in photographs, the wild and woolly Whoop-Up Trail from Montana to Canada, and Charley Utter, a friend to the end of James Butler "Wild Bill" Hickok.
Wild West Discussion - April 2015Published: January 29, 2015 at 4:09 pm
Big names participated in the birth, growth, independence and identity of 19th-century Texas, but who made the biggest impression: Stephen F. Austin, Sam Houston, David Crockett, William B. Travis, Jim Bowie, Antonio López de Santa Anna, Mirabeau Lamar, Sul Ross, …
Stagecoach Attacks—Roll 'emPublished: January 29, 2015 at 3:16 pm
Think all those action-packed film scenes of Indian warriors chasing the lone stage were pure Hollywood hokum? Well, think again, as such attacks did happen in the real West
Interview With Author Lynda A. SánchezPublished: January 29, 2015 at 12:46 pm
In her latest book New Mexico author Lynda A. Sánchez delves further into the history of the Apache people
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"Benjamin Moore Paints" Mural
The next mural, the Benjamin Moore Paints advertisement, was appropriately located on the front of what was Tripp's Paint and Decorating Shoppe. It is a reproduction of the very first in-store advertisement for Benjamin Moore Paints. This mural blends the actual windows on the building so that they appear as part of the mural. The only 'fake' window is the middle one. This advertisement first appeared in 1919 and featured the tag line 'Quality forever-Moore.'
313 King St.
Fred Lenz
Mural about Midland's bustling harbour
The third mural depicts Midland's bustling harbour with an example of one of the many passenger and packet steamers the plied the waters of Georgian Bay at the turn of the century. Appropriately, the foreground 'Fishing in Midland Harbour', shows a young man fishing off the dock while a dog watches. This is appropriate since this mural was located on the front of the Midland Fish & Chips Restaurant. Hahaha, I like this combination of Mural and the sign of the shop right below it :-))
311 King St.
Fred Lenz
'The Water Fountain' Mural
On the corner of King Street is where you will find 'The Water Fountain'. This mural is called 'The Water Fountain' and shows a window into the past; a window that is in the shape of a maple leaf. Through this window it is the mid 1920s and we are looking at this exact corner. Located in front of where the mural is painted used to be a fountain where you or your horse could get a drink. Seen across the street was a well known landmark, The Georgian Hotel.
274 King St.
Fred Lenz
"The H.M. Schooner Bee" Mural
This one of the H.M. Schooner Bee was the second painted by Dan Sawatzky. This twenty foot high mural depicts the era of sailing ships. The Schooner Bee is a working replica which currently sails the waters of Georgian Bay from its berth at King's Wharf at Penetanguishene's Discovery Harbour historic site. The original Schooner Bee was built in 1817 and sailed until 1831.
277 King St.
Dan Sawatzky
"The Playfair Mill" Mural
Only a few steps away, on the same wall is the next mural. This next one is a zoomed in picture of a mural that was done by Dan Sawatzky in 1990 and depicts the Playfair Mill in 1890. It was the first lumber mill in the area and was built in the Fall of 1871. It operated successfully with lumber that was brought to Midland by ship. It was milled and then sent out again by water until 1882. That was when the mill was sold and subsequently went into receivership in 1886. It was then bought by James Playfair and D. L. Hoyt who turned it into a profit making venture until it was destroyed by a devastating fire in the Fall of 1916.
277 King St.
Dan Sawatzky
"The Midland Railway" Mural
On the corner of Dominion Avenue you can see this next bug mural. This mural depicts the Midland Railway as it was. In November of 1871, Adolphe Hugel and George Cox of the Midland Railway Corporation of Peterborough and Port Hope selected this site for the western terminus of their railway. It was July 1st 1879 when the construction was completed and the station was officially opened for commercial and passenger service.
239 King St.
Fred Lenz
The lighthouse Mural!
Hahaha, this one is by far my favourite! The lighthouse mural! It's on the corner of the lighthouse store, a store with only and all about lighthouses and everything that has to do with it (see m shopping tips)
This mural is a rendering of Brebeuf Lighthouse, originally built in 1900. It was built to guide ships on the range from Giants Tomb Light to the channel serving Midland Bay. The mural measures 50 ft. by 28 ft. high and incorporates a window in the apartment above as the light room in the tower. Amazing how big it is. You can see the telephone booth on the foreground to give you an idea about the height. On the intro of this page you can see a larger version of this picture, but than with me posing in front of it....
Aaah, and as you all probably now, I have something special with lighthouses. So this was one picture that I 'had' to take :-)) Interested in lighthouses yourself? Than take a look at my lighthouse page :
239 King St.
Fred Lenz
"The General Store" Mural
Okay, I got excited about the lighthouse mural because it is a lighthouse... but if I leave that factor out, this is the best mural I saw in Midland.
There are so many things to see on this mural, it is almost like looking at a real store, but it is all painted on the walls.
These murals actually take you back in time to show you what the building we are looking at was at that time. On this very site the Western Bank of Canada built Midland's first bank in 1882. In 1895, the building was sold to William Preston and James Playfair who operated a general store and wholesale business as depicted in the murals you see here.
205/207 King St.
Fred Lenz
"The General Store" Mural
And the last but not least photo of the murals. I really like the way the entrance is painted. There is actually a door there, but you have to look quite good what the painted door is and what the real.
The Murals of Midland
In Midland you can find murals everywhere in the downtown area. The murals are really fun to watch. In these Cultural tips I want to show you some of these murals. There area over 30 murals portraying the history of Midland. Hahaha, I won't bore you with all of them, so here is a small selection.
This first mural is located at the corner of King Street and Elizabeth Street and was painted by Fred Lenz in 1991. The mural shows Sainte-Marie Among the Hurons at the time when Jesuit missionaries lived at the site among the Huron Indian people. The time period is in the mid 1600s. For ten years Sainte-Marie flourished. It would be the home of all the French in the area. In 1649, the Huron Nation was scattering fearfully before the encroaching Iroquois. Tribal warfare intensified as the rivalry for the fur trade grew. Five priests met their death before the settlement was abandoned and burned.
333 King St.
Fred Lenz
"The Wye Marsh" mural
This second mural is actually part of three murals next to each other. All three are painted above some shops.
This mural is called 'The Wye Marsh'. It shows a view of the Wye Marsh at sunset, while looking towards the Martyrs' Shrine, which can be seen in the background. The foreground shows two groups of Mallard Ducks. One group is preparing to land in the marsh while the other is passing over the marsh. The Wye Marsh is a local wildlife center dedicated to preserving the marshlands and the wildlife that inhabits it. I've been to Wye Marsh myself, and it is really a nice place to visit! You can read all about it under my 'off the beaten path' tips.
317 King St.
Fred Lenz
A First Canadian Christmas
Every year, in the beginning of December, I attend First Light at Sainte Marie Among the Hurons just outside Midland, Ontario. Although our modern Canadian Christmas holiday celebrations are not even always celebrated from a religious perspective, it is interesting to learn about the melding of culture, religion and positive intent that formed some of the very first New World Christmases, and produced Canada's first unique Christmas carol.
From other VT tips you will see that a 17th century French Jesuit mission was established at Sainte Marie, to convert the local Wendat people to Christianity. The area is now enshrined as a sacred site (visited and declared so by Pope John II in 1984) of the massacre of the Fathers and their converts.
On one side of the road is the Martyr's Shrine which is visited annually by thousands of Catholic pilgrims and where miracles are reported to take place. On the other side of the road is the rebuilt fortress with the buildings that would have constituted a mission as designed in Old France but built with local, hand-hewn materials.
The fort with re-enactors in period costume, is open during the summer only, but opens for three evenings in early December to coincide with First Light - the beginning of the Christian Advent season. Again the re-enactors are present, working iron in the forge, firing musket rounds, or baking gingerbread from a 17th century recipe for visitors to sample... the most special thing about this evening event is that the buildings and footpaths are lit exclusively by candlelight - over 2000 pillar candles in glass jars. Fires are dotted around the grounds for warming up, free hot apple cider and hot chocolate are served while children are invited to make Christmas crafts in the outer buildings.
- Music
- Religious Travel
- Historical Travel
Native Culture, Music, at Sainte Marie
I can't describe how beautiful and magical these nights truly are! My favourite time is spent in the longhouse - the smoky traditional Huron (Wendat) community building where, surrounded by tobacco, herbs, and animal pelts, visitors are mesmerized by drum songs and legends. Sitting low on a warm eathen floor to escape the thick smoke above, elbow to elbow with complete strangers, you will be welcomed by the hosts and find yourself laughing and singing along.
Then, and not to be missed, visit the chapel to hear the first Canadian Christmas carol - written right here in 1640. "'Twas in the Moon of Wintertime," generally considered the first Canadian carol, was originally written in the Huron Indian language and set to an old French tune by a Jesuit priest, Jean de Brebeuf. In retelling the story of the Nativity, Father Brebeuf used symbols and figures that could be understood by the Hurons, and the hymn entered the tribe's oral tradition. The carol re-emerged in Quebec, where many of the Huron converts ended up after the mission was destroyed, and was translated into English and French.
Twas in the moon of winter time, when all the birds had fled,
that mighty Gitchi-Manitou sent angel choirs instead;
before their light the stars grew dim, and wandering hunters heard the hymn:
Jesus your King is born, Jesus is born, in excelsis gloria.
Within a lodge of broken bark the tender babe was found,
a ragged robe of rabbit skin enwrapped his beauty round;
but as the hunter braves drew nigh, the angel song rang loud and high:
Jesus your King is born, Jesus is born, in excelsis gloria.
O children of the forest free, O sons of Manitou,
the holy child of earth and heaven is born today for you.
Come, kneel before the radiant boy, who brings you beauty, peace and joy:
Jesus your King is born, Jesus is born, in excelsis gloria.
- Historical Travel
- Religious Travel
- Music
Zooming in on "The General Store" Mural
Zooming in on the entrance of the shop. Hahaha, you can actually do some windowshopping here, it is all a bit outdated though ;-)
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Happy Meals and Old Spice Guy
IN THE laudable quest to fight childhood obesity, it's hard to get kids to exercise, control their portions, and hold the salt. It's easy to blame the Happy Meal toy. This spring, officials in Santa Clara, California banned toy giveaways with kids' fast food meals. Last month, the Center for Science in the Public Interest threatened to sue McDonald's, saying the toys are a deceptive marketing practice.
Of course, there has been backlash, and not just from kids who fear they might miss out on "Last Airbender'' figurines. A group of competing Save-The-Happy-Meal-Toys Facebook pages has sprung up, each with a fan base of nostalgic hipsters. The Happy Meal, it turns out, isn't just a bundle of adorably-packaged calories. It's a bundle of adorably-packaged calories that represents childhood.
There's something to be said for the power of marketing, the ways it can influence us even when we think we're too smart and too cool. Notre Dame University marketing professor Carol Phillips says that when her students brag that they aren't susceptible to advertising, she points to their shoes, their hats, and their computers.
And she tells them that marketing isn't limited to ads; it's packaging, store placement, associations. And entertainment, too, as in last weekend's brilliant Old Spice social media campaign, in which the suave and shirtless "Old Spice Guy'' posted YouTube responses to questions asked through Twitter. He offered image advice to President Obama. He helped a guy propose to his girlfriend. He might be the most beloved man in America, even though we know he's trying to sell us body wash.
It's too early to know if we're buying or not, though some old-school marketing gurus have noted that sales of Old Spice are down. For all of its power, advertising has its limits — and ads are a reflection of the marketplace as much as they're an influence. Ad agencies do assiduous research into what people already want; "Old Spice Guy'' came about because Procter & Gamble understood that women buy most of their husbands' body wash, and presumably want it to smell manly.
McDonald's is buffeted by market forces, too, which is why the fast food giant has taken some baby steps into the wholesome-food game. One way the chain turned sluggish sales around in the early 2000s, Phillips notes, is by putting a few salads on the menu.
Campaigns against obesity have affected the Happy Meal, too: In 2006, the Los Angeles Times reported that
Is it bait-and-switch advertising? Sure. And McDonald's could be far more aggressive in pushing apples over fries in actual stores. But at this point, are parents really unaware that french fries aren't a health food?
The anti-Happy Meal types prefer to paint parents as wimps, powerless against a corporate marketing campaign. One anti-Ronald McDonald polemic, issued by a group called Corporate Accountability International, says McDonald's "undermines parental values'' and creates "a fundamental restructuring of the family dynamic.'' The evidence: "Every time a parent has to say no to a child, it's another let down, another way that a parent has to feel bad about not making that child happy.''
Well, my kids don't like it when I tell them they can't play with knives, but I don't let it get to me. I also understand that the secret to survival in an ad-heavy world isn't avoiding marketing, but understanding it. Kids can be taught that what's on an ad isn't necessarily what they need. And the power of ads can be harnessed for good. If a YouTube video can make us talk about Old Spice, the right viral campaign could boost the market power of the nectarine.
A healthy lifestyle, after all, has clear appeal, which a clever marketer could surely harness. Today, kids are lured by the Happy Meal in all of its weight-adding splendor. But after a few years, isn't it likely they'll want to look like Old Spice Guy, instead?
Joanna Weiss can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.com.