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Age- and concentration-dependent elimination half-life of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in Seveso children.
DESIGN: We used blood concentrations to calculate TCDD elimination half-life. Variables examined by statistical analysis include age, latency from exposure, sex, TCDD concentration and quantity in the body, severity of chloracne response, body mass index, and body fat mass.
PARTICIPANTS: Blood was collected from 1976 to 1993 from residents of Seveso, Italy, who were < 18 years of age at the time of a nearby trichlorophenol reactor explosion in July 1976.
RESULTS: TCDD half-life in persons < 18 years of age averaged 1.6 years while those [greater than or equal to] 18 years of age averaged 3.2 years. Half-life is strongly associated with age, showing a cohort average increase of 0.12 year half-life per year of age or time since exposure. A significant concentration-dependency is also identified, showing shorter half-lives for TCDD concentrations > 400 ppt for children < 12 years of age and 700 ppt when including adults. Moderate correlations are also observed between half-life and body mass index, body fat mass, TCDD mass, and chloracne response.
CONCLUSIONS: Children and adolescents have shorter TCDD half-lives and a slower rate of increase in half-life than adults, and this effect is augmented at higher body burdens.
RELEVANCE: Modeling of TCDD blood concentrations or body burden in humans should take into account the markedly shorter elimination half-life observed in children and adolescents and concentration-dependent effects observed in persons > 400-700 ppt.
KEY WORDS: children, dioxin, elimination, half-life, model, pharmacokinetics.
Shorter elimination half-lives for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and other polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) have been reported in human infants (Kreuzer et al. 1997; Leung et al. 2006) and in highly exposed adults (Aylward et al. 2005; Leung et al. 2005) compared with those in the general population. However, few published elimination half-life data are available for young children and adolescents 1-18 years of age. Needham et al. (1997/1998) presented TCDD decay curves for a 50-year-old Seveso male (initial TCDD concentration of 1,770 ppt) and a 6-year-old Seveso male (initial TCDD concentration of 15,900 ppt) and noted a much faster TCDD serum lipid decay for the child, especially over the 6-year period following exposure. Additional data on children are needed to further validate the two age-dependent PCDD/F half-life models that have been proposed for estimating childhood body burdens (Kerger et al. 2005; Kreuzer et al. 1997).
In this study we examined a database of longitudinal TCDD measurements in the blood lipids of children (ages 0.5-18 years) exposed during the 1976 trichlorophenol reactor explosion incident near Seveso, Italy. As many as 10 sequential measurements were made on some children. We evaluated changes in elimination rate of TCDD in blood lipids as influenced by age, latency from exposure, TCDD concentration or mass in the body, severity of chloracne, and body mass parameters potentially influencing the half-life in children, adolescents, and young adults. Our goal was to identify central tendency trends for the half-life versus age relationship that may be used to estimate childhood body burdens, particularly for children 1-7 years of age, an age range critical to understanding potential risks of PCDD/F intake during childhood (Kerger et al. 2005).
Materials and Methods
Data from the Seveso incident include fairly complete information on longitudinal blood TCDD measurements, sampling date, exposure zone, severity of chloracne, and age, height, and weight at the time of sampling (up to 16 years after the incident). Persons < 18 years of age in July 1976 with at least two blood TCDD measurements were included in the initial data evaluation, which comprised 27 females and 20 males within Zone A. The analytical method for lipid TCDD has been reported by Patterson et al. (1987), and some clinical correlations have been reported by Mocarelli et al. (1991).
The calculated half-life of TCDD was based on one or more data pairs of serum lipid TCDD concentrations for each individual. The initial peak TCDD concentration in several individuals occurred 3-12 months after July 1976, indicating continuing absorption or redistribution among tissues. The elimination half-life was calculated using the standard equation as described by Galbaldi and Perrier (1982):
[t.sub.1/2] = -0.693 ([DELTA] time) / [ln (TCDD concentration at subsequent sampling / concentration at initial peak)]. [1]
The peak TCDD measurement between July 1976 and July 1977 served as the initial value (A) in chronological sequence (A[right arrow]B[right arrow]C[right arrow]D), and data pairs (A-B, A-C, A-D) were used to calculate half-life by the foregoing equation. The initial value (A) is referred to as the initial sample and the samples collected after A (B, C, and D) are referred to as the subsequent samples. Undetected values were included in the analysis at the stated detection limit.
Some of the analyses used estimated values for body mass index (BMI) and body fat mass (BFM) relevant to the sampling time and individual. BMI was calculated using measurements of the metric height (H) in centimeters and weight (W) in kilograms and the standard equation:
BMI = 10,000 x W/H/H. [2]
We calculated BFM by estimating the body fat fraction correlated to BMI with age- and sex-specific equations reported by Deurenberg et al. (1991) and multiplying by body weight to obtain total kilograms of body fat. TCDD mass in the body fat (in nanograms) was calculated by multiplying BFM (in kilograms) and TCDD concentration (in parts per trillion, or nanograms TCDD per kilogram lipid) at the time of blood sampling.
Preliminary analysis of data correlations indicated the expected data scatter from typical laboratory analytical error (e.g., [+ or -] 10-30%) plus more substantial outliers that skewed the central tendency trends. Many of the extreme high and low half-life values were seen in the first year of measurements. These likely represent additional environmental exposures and/or slow equilibration of the body TCDD dose, both of which would make half-life calculations less reliable for that period. Thus, all data pairs occurring before July 1977 were excluded (nine positive half-lives excluded: 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.8, 7.4, and 23.8 years). In other cases, outlier values occurred as unusually high or low measurements within the first 5 years of data (through 1981). We excluded data pairs in this time period only if the half-life was > 2-fold higher or lower than the median of the values for that individual and/or for others within a [+ or -] 3-year age span (eight positive half-lives excluded: 0.7, 7, 8.1, 14.8, 18.5, 19.4, 27.9, and 30.7 years).
We analyzed selected data groupings by linear regression and Student's t-test using the algorithms in Microsoft Excel 2000 or using the Z-statistic test (Freund 1970) for comparing means among groups of greatly different sample sizes. Selected subsets were defined according to age, body fat parameters, chloracne grade/status, and sex. Each data grouping was evaluated for age-dependent and concentration-dependent effects on TCDD elimination half-life.
We evaluated relationships between TCDD half-life and several independent variables that describe age, body composition, and TCDD body burden using a series of mixed regression models [see Supplemental Material (http://www.ehponline.org/members/2006/8884/supplemental.pdf)]. Due to an observed TCDD concentration-dependent effect on half-life with a transition point around 700 ppt, TCDD concentration was included as a categorical variable in a mixed regression analysis reflecting the slopes above and below the transition point. TCDD concentrations [less than or equal to] 700 ppt were given a value of zero and concentrations > 700 ppt were given a value of 1. Also, an interaction term, age x concentration, was included to evaluate the effect of concentration on the slope of the age versus half-life relationship.
Blood TCDD measurements analyzed here include only those Seveso residents in Zone A who were < 18 years of age in July 1976 and had at least two measurements; this included 27 females and 20 males. The age and peak TCDD concentration for each subject are plotted in Figure 1. At the first sampling in 1976, the males ranged from 2.8 to 12.1 years of age and had peak TCDD levels from 173 to 26,400 ppt. The females ranged in age from 0.5 to 16.6 and had peak TCDD levels from 54 to 56,000 ppt. Two females with limited data were excluded. One female had only two samples taken (at 0.5 and 0.8 years of age, both in 1976) and peak TCDD of 3,770 ppt, and was excluded because of the less-than-1-year-since-exposure criterion. The second female was sampled at 8-11.8 years of age; she had a peak TCDD level of 339 ppt and was excluded on the basis of an outlier half-life value (30.7 years). Thus, the final cohort is comprised of 25 females and 20 males who each contributed at least one data pair for the half-life trend analyses.
The correlation between TCDD half-life and age for the final cohort is given in Figure 2, showing a direct linear relationship with a mean slope of 0.12 (95% confidence interval, 0.10-0.14) and a moderate correlation coefficient of 0.48. As illustrated in Table 1, this linear correlation between TCDD half-life and age is dominated by measurements collected after the individuals reached 18 years of age, with flatter slopes and poor correlation coefficients obtained for measurements before age 18. Similar trends were identified for subgroups selected on the basis of latency since the exposure incident, although correlation coefficients were stronger for age-dependency (Table 1). Unfortunately, insufficient data are available for individuals < 12 years of age to derive a meaningful regression analysis ([r.sup.2] < 0.01). However, the available data indicate a more gradual or flatter slope for the youngest members in this cohort.
Table 1 presents a series of selected mean comparisons and linear regression of the TCDD half-life versus age relationship. Statistically significant influences (p < 0.05) on average half-life were observed for BMI, TCDD concentration (in subsequent blood samples), TCDD mass in the body fat, chloracne presence/severity, age, and latency. Sex appeared to have a minor influence on half-life, but the average half-life for males is not significantly different than for females (p > 0.05), although Needham et al. (1994) reported a longer serum TCDD half-life in adult women compared with adult men.
With respect to BMI, heavier individuals (who inherently have more adult measurements) had significantly higher mean half-lives than leaner individuals in paired comparisons above and below BMIs of 20 and 25 (Table 1). However, the linear regression slope of half-life versus age did not show consistent trends when comparing the leaner and heavier BMI groups in Table 1. Notably, there were considerable differences in average age between the leaner and heavier BMI groups that may have influenced the correlation. Also, data pairs for two extremely obese females (17 years of age, BMI 36, half-life 2.9 years; and 22 years of age, BMI 39.2, half-life 1.7 years) were excluded from the linear regression analyses for BMI > 20 because they substantially skewed the slope (from 0.11 to 0.08) and correlation ([r.sup.2] from 0.42 to 0.05); however, their inclusion did not alter the mean half-life comparison.
A concentration-dependent effect appears to coincide with the age-dependent effect on half-life in children and adolescents (< 18 years of age). This is indicated by significantly shorter mean half-life at higher blood lipid TCDD concentrations (> 700 ppt) and higher TCDD mass in the body fat (> 7,000 ng) compared to means for the paired, lower body burden groups (Table 1). Subgroups selected on the basis of these higher body burdens demonstrated flatter and more poorly correlated slopes for half-life versus age, although these groups are less robust in terms of the number of individuals and samples represented. In contrast, the lower body burden groups demonstrated slopes and correlation coefficients consistent with the whole cohort analysis.
Subgroups selected according to chloracne response showed significantly shorter mean half-lives with increasing severity of chloracne compared with the subgroup with no chloracne (Table 1). No statistically significant sexrelated differences were identified, although males consistently showed a slightly longer average half-life than females in paired comparisons (Table 1).
Overlapping age- and concentration-dependent trends are inherent to the selected cohort in that most of the individuals with relatively high peak TCDD levels (i.e., 26 of 29 persons > 1,000 ppt) were [less than or equal to] 12 years of age at the time of the reactor explosion (Figure 1). Table 1 shows similar average half-lives for persons < 12 and < 18 years of age, and a significantly longer half-life for persons > 18 years of age. Similarly, persons with > 15 years of latency since exposure showed significantly longer average half-life compared to persons with < 15 years latency (Table 1). Figure 3 presents the TCDD half-life vs. blood lipid concentration relationship for children < 12 years of age [i.e., data pairs for higher ages were excluded; and TCDD values are the subsequent (not peak) concentrations]. An apparent transition range is seen for shorter half-lives around 300-400 ppt, with the longest half-life in males at 1.2 years and in females at 1.7 years for TCDD concentration > 400 ppt. Similar analysis of the entire cohort showed no half-lives > 2 years in those with > 2,000 ppt, and only 2 half-life values > 2.2 years at > 700 ppt (data not shown).
Overall, linear regressions of half-life versus age in Table 1 show consistent slopes of 0.1-0.15 for the entire cohort and in the more robust subgroups except those selected according to age, latency, or TCDD concentration > 700 ppt. The 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for all linear regression slopes in Table 1 overlapped and were not significantly different (p > 0.05; data not shown). Many of the significant differences between mean half-lives may be associated with inadvertent age differences among the selected subgroups.
Simple linear regression analysis revealed relationships between body composition, age, and TCDD half-life. Moderate correlations were found for BFM vs. age [Equation 3], BMI vs. age [Equation 4], half-life vs. BFM [Equation 5], and half-life vs. BMI [Equation 6]:
BFM = 4.3 x age + 3.5; [r.sup.2] = 0.42 [3]
BMI = 0.23 x age + 16.2; [r.sup.2] = 0.24 [4]
half-life = 0.15 x BFM + 0.82; [r.sup.2] = 0.33 [5]
half-life = 0.19 x BMI -1.4; [r.sup.2] = 0.25. [6]
The mixed regression model that included age, TCDD concentration category, and TCDD concentration category x age indicated that the subject effect was not statistically significant (p = 0.6). Accordingly, we used a backward stepwise regression procedure to identify the most appropriate multiple regression model based on a starting model that included age, TCDD concentration category, and TCDD concentration x age.
After accounting for the TCDD concentration x age term's effect on the slope of age, the final model for TCDD concentration [less than or equal to] 700 ppt is
[t.sub.1/2] = 0.35 + 0.12 x Age. [7]
For TCDD concentration > 700 ppt the final model is
[t.sub.1/2] = 0.35 + 0.088 x Age, [8]
where [t.sub.1/2] is the half-life and Age is the age at time of subsequent sampling. The final model included age and TCDD concentration category x age with an [r.sup.2] of 0.71. The coefficients of both age (p < 0.0001) and TCDD concentration x age (p = 0.028) were significantly different than zero. This model indicates that increased TCDD concentrations
affect the rate at which half-life increases with age rather than the baseline half-life associated with an age of 0 years. For two children with the same age but TCDD concentrations below or above 700 ppt, the child with a TCDD concentration < 700 ppt will have, on average, a longer half-life than the child with a TCDD concentration > 700 ppt.
The trends of individual persons for TCDD half-life versus age (at subsequent sampling) among those with [greater than or equal to] 3 valid data pairs and higher TCDD concentrations (> 2,000 ppt at peak) show parallel slopes (Figure 4). Linear regression by individual results in an average slope of 0.12 [+ or -] 0.036 year/year (mean [+ or -] SD; n = 10), consistent with overall data trends in Figure 2. Similar analysis of individuals with lower TCDD blood concentrations (< 2,000 ppt) shows an average slope of 0.14 [+ or -] 0.06 year/year (n = 7; data not shown). Thus, lower blood concentrations seem to correspond to slightly higher slope, although the difference is small and not statistically different (p > 0.05).
Individual person trends for TCDD half-life versus age among those with three or more valid data pairs and first exposure before 7 years of age also show parallel slopes (Figure 5). Linear regression by individual shows a mean ([+ or -] SD) slope of 0.09 [+ or -] 0.027 year/year (n = 7). Thus, younger age at first exposure seems to correspond to lower slope. This is consistent with the flatter slope observed in persons < 18 years of age for the total cohort in Table 1.
Individual person trends for TCDD mass in body fat versus age among those with [greater than or equal to] 3 valid data pairs and > 2,000 ppt peak TCDD concentration in blood lipid are shown in Figure 6. The TCDD mass parameter is already adjusted for individual differences in BMI and adipose volume. An initial phase of rapid and substantial loss of TCDD mass from the body is illustrated in Seveso children and adolescents < 18 years of age and/or with body burdens above approximately 7,000 ng (about 500 ppt in a 70-kg person with 20% body fat), with transition to a more gradual slope of half-life versus age for those > 18 years of age and < 7,000 ng (Figure 6, Table 1).
Few published data are available on TCDD elimination half-life in humans between the ages of 1 and 18 years. This study shows a dominant and consistent influence of age on TCDD half-life for this cohort of 45 Seveso residents exposed as children and adolescents in 1976. Mean TCDD half-life for persons < 18 years of age (or with < 15-year latency) was about half that for persons > 18 years of age (or with > 15-year latency). The slope of the half-life versus age plot averages 0.12 (95% confidence interval, 0.10-0.14) years increased TCDD half-life for each year of age. Age probably explains most of the variance in the individual half-life trends, but is co-correlated with TCDD concentration, BMI, and body fat mass. Children < 12 years of age and/or first exposed < 7 years of age showed flatter slopes for the rate of increase in TCDD half-life with age compared to the > 18-year age group.
Higher peak blood lipid TCDD concentrations (> 400 ppt in children and > 700 ppt in adults, or > 7,000 ng TCDD mass in the body fat) were associated with shorter mean TCDD half-life and a reduced slope of the half-life versus age correlation; that is, a greater excretion rate was observed for the most highly exposed Seveso children. These findings are consistent with those of Aylward et al. (2005) who examined age- and concentration-dependent half-life trends among Seveso adults and in a small group of Austrian patients (Emond et al. 2004; Geusau et al. 2002). Aylward et al. (2005) reported that TCDD body burdens > 10,000 ppt in blood lipid corresponded to half-lives < 3 years in adults (e.g., 20-50 years of age). This study identifies even shorter TCDD half-lives for children and adolescents, averaging 1.3 years for females and 2.0 years for males < 18 years of age, and showing a steady rate of increase in half-life with age. Using the final regression model for the Seveso child cohort (defining half-lives above and below the 700 ppt transition point) that includes age at time of sampling and TCDD concentration times age, a 21-year-old person with a background TCDD level of 10 ppt in serum lipids would exhibit a half-life of 2.9 years, and the same person with a high TCDD body burden of 100,000 ppt would exhibit a half-life of 2 years. By comparison, a child with comparable TCDD body burdens at 7 years of age would exhibit a TCDD half-life of 1.2 years at background exposure levels and 0.9 years at 100,000 ppt. The simple models for calculating TCDD half-life are based primarily on measurements spanning the range from childhood and early adolescence to early adulthood. Models based primarily on adult data (Aylward et al. 2005) may be more appropriate for predicting age- and concentration-dependent half-life for older adults.
Because adipose tissue volume increases with age, the age-dependency of TCDD half-life co-correlated (as expected) with parameters generally reflecting adipose tissue volume. Leaner body mass (BMI < 20) was associated with shorter average half-life, whereas higher BFM or BMI were generally associated with a longer average half-life; however, the opposite trend was seen in two extremely obese females (BMI > 35, 17 and 22 years of age). One might expect that the shorter half-life in leaner subjects may reflect a higher TCDD concentration gradient favoring excretion via fecal lipids (Schlummer et al. 1998). The two clinically obese females each demonstrated depuration of most of their TCDD body burden before becoming obese. The 17-year-old subject with a BMI of 36 had a peak TCDD mass in body fat of 7,600 ng at 1.7 years of age, which was reduced to 2,200 ng by 7.9 years of age, when her BMI was 22.7. The next blood measurement at age 17 when clinical obesity was noted corresponded to a TCDD mass of 2,600 ng, showing little change in the 9 years since the previous measurement. The 22-year-old subject with a BMI of 39 had a peak TCDD mass of about 56,000 ng at 5.9 years of age, which was reduced to 3,900 ng at 11.4 years of age, when her BMI was 23.7. The next blood measurement, at 22 years of age, when clinical obesity was present, corresponded to a TCDD mass of only 410 ng, far lower than the body burden about 10 years earlier. Thus, both clinically obese subjects had apparently excreted most of their TCDD body burden before becoming obese. Severe obesity was apparently associated with total sequestration (full retention) of the TCDD body burden in a subject 17 years of age, with moderate initial body burden (about 2,800 ppt in serum lipid and 7,600 ng TCDD in the body) and with continued elimination in a second subject, 22 years of age, with a higher initial body burden (about 4,800 ppt in serum lipid and 56,000 ng TCDD in the body). Although this deserves further study, the number of overweight and obese subjects in this child exposure cohort seems too small to provide meaningful insights.
In more detailed mixed regression modeling, the half-life in this population was significantly influenced by variables reflecting time (age at subsequent sampling or initial age combined with latency at subsequent sampling) and TCDD body burden (initial concentration, subsequent concentration, and mass in the body); however, age-related parameters explained most of the variance. BFM was a significant contributor only in models that excluded contributions from the age-related variables, but BMI was not a significant contributor in the mixed regression models [see Supplemental Material (http://www.ehponline.org/members/2006/8884/supplemental.pdf)]. Complex cross-correlation between age- and concentration-related effects on half-life may have masked the less predominant influence of body composition on TCDD half-life in this study population.
Consistent with various pharmacokinetic models based primarily on distribution of TCDD into adipose volume (Carrier et al. 1995a, 1995b; Kerger et al. 2005; Kreuzer et al. 1997), an existing TCDD body burden becomes sequestered in the larger/growing lipid volume, leading to apparently longer half-life with increasing age. However, growth of the adipose tissue compartment during childhood appears to explain only a small portion of the age-related changes in TCDD excretion based on the pattern of loss of TCDD mass in adipose tissue (Figure 6). Also, the inverse correlation between severity of chloracne and average half-life (Table 1) may reflect greater excretion via sebaceous glands and/or sequestration in the skin among those most highly exposed (Iida et al. 1997; Matsueda et al. 1995). Kerger and James (2006) estimated that sebaceous oil secretions and sloughing of skin epidermis might account for twice as much PCDD/F elimination as that related to fecal excretion alone. Enhanced biliary/fecal excretion and/or induction of liver binding proteins may also play a role at these higher doses (Carrier et al. 1995a, 1995b; Leung et al. 1990a, 1990b).
The observed simple linear regression of half-life versus age for the Seveso child cohort (Figure 2) shows a predicted TCDD half-life of 0.24 to 0.38 years at birth and 1 year of age, respectively. A predicted TCDD half-life of approximately 0.4 years in infants is consistent with the pharmacokinetic model predictions and observations of Kreuzer et al. (1997) and Leung et al. (2006) for infants with background body burdens of PCDD/Fs. These findings for TCDD half-life in Seveso children are also consistent with results reported by Leung et al. (2005) showing pentachlorinated dibenzofuran (PeCDF) and hexachlorinated dibenzofuran (HxCDF) half-lives in people (17-80 years of age) highly exposed during the Yusho and Yucheng poisoning incidents in Japan and Taiwan, respectively. The age-related increases in half-life reported for PeCDF and HxCDF (combined cohort trends of 0.18 and 0.12 year/year, respectively) are similar to those reported here for TCDD in the whole Seveso child cohort and in the more robust data subsets (0.11-0.15 year/year). Leung et al (2005) also identified distinctly shorter half-lives for those individuals with the highest tissue concentrations (e.g. > 3,000 ppt), similar to that seen for the entire Seveso child cohort.
In this study we aimed to identify central tendency and more robust trends influencing TCDD half-life in Seveso children. Several caveats are evident from our analysis. First, several individuals were observed to have increasing blood lipid TCDD concentrations up to a year after the explosion event in July 1976, indicating further exposure and/or gradual equilibration of the TCDD dose with blood lipids. This finding indicates that the true peak TCDD level may have been missed for the many individuals with only one or two measurements in the first year. Missing the peak blood concentration would lead to higher-than-actual estimated half-life values. Second, as noted in "Materials and Methods," we assumed that nondetect values were present at the stated detection limit. This would also have a tendency to overstate the half-life if the true TCDD concentration was lower. Third, a number of data pairs were identified that skewed trends considerably from the central tendency, which led us to exclude a comparable number of extremely low (e.g., < 0.6 year) and extremely high (e.g., > 10 year) half-life values. On balance, deleting these values reduced the variance but did not change the robust central tendency trends. Fourth, some individuals had many sequential measurements (e.g., 4-10 data pairs), whereas most had only a few (e.g., 1-2 data pairs). Also, the time span between sequential blood TCDD measurements was not uniform across subjects; the influence of this factor on individual or population half-life trends, if any, is unknown. Among individuals with [greater than or equal to] 3 valid data pairs, 10 (3 males/7 females) had higher grade chloracne (grade 3-4), 3 (3 females) had lower grade chloracne (grade 1-2) and 9 (7 males/2 females) had no chloracne. Accordingly, the overall trends may over-represent female subjects with chloracne and males without chloracne. And fifth, the data set did not contain a sufficiently large number of valid data pairs to examine each a priori variable thoroughly. Few observations were obtained for very young children (< 7 years of age) or for clinically obese individuals (BMI > 35). Thus, the findings based on less robust data should be interpreted with caution.
These findings may help validate the assumptions used in pharmacokinetic models that attempt to predict body burden trends for TCDD (Kreuzer et al. 1997) and all PCDD/Fs (Kerger et al. 2005) throughout the human lifespan. An important element of TCDD body burden modeling is to better understand the underlying reasons responsible for the decrease in lipid concentrations, which may be caused by dilution in a larger adipose compartment, to tissue-specific sequestration (e.g., to CYP1A2-binding proteins in the liver), and/or to true elimination of TCDD from the body. For example, Kreuzer et al. (1997) presented a pharmacokinetic model for TCDD that accounts for age-related dilution with growth of the adipose compartment, as well as contributions from losses related to metabolism and excretion by partitioning to fecal fats, although metabolism seems very limited in humans (Hu and Bunce 1999; Rohde et al. 1999).
The exact contribution of these factors is not known and can vary depending on circumstances, but the available evidence suggests that a) a lipid TCDD dilution effect from adipose growth and b) fecal lipid excretion each are likely to play a substantial role, with metabolism being a moderate or minor contributor. Excretion via fecal lipids may have a particularly important role for infants and young children, as their rate of fecal lipid excretion per body weight basis is about 7 times higher than that of adults (International Commission for Radiological Protection 1975). In highly exposed persons with maximal CYP1A2 induction, hepatic sequestration with subsequent redistribution of the PCDD/Fs from fat to the liver may be a dominant factor (Abraham et al. 2002; Grassman et al. 2000). And in persons with severe chloracne, loss via sebaceous lipids and skin desquamation may be appreciable. Our observation that the decline in the total mass of TCDD in Seveso child body fat (a metric that is normalized for the effects of adipose compartment growth) exceeds that plausibly caused by growth (Figure 6) suggests that excretion played an important role, particularly that during the first 5-10 years after the peak body burden.
With respect to children < 12 years of age, the available data indicate short PCDD/F half-lives for infants [0.4 years for TCDD at 0-1 years of age; based on data from Leung et al. (2006)] and a consistent rate of half-life increase with age based on the current study and other data (Leung et al. 2005). Although the half-life data on the 1- to 12-year age group are limited, a slower or flatter rate of increase compared to older adolescents and young adults is suggested in the current study. Therefore, use of the higher half-life versus age slope relevant to early adolescence through adulthood (e.g., 0.12 year/year) is suggested as a conservative yet appropriate assumption for modeling TCDD body burdens near background levels for younger children.
The shorter half-life of TCDD in children and adolescents may also be important with respect to assessing health risks from environmental exposures of potential concern. For example, dioxins present in breast milk and cow's milk are of concern because of the higher intake rates relative to body size for young children (Agency for Toxic Susbstances and Disease Registry 1998). The shorter half-lives for TCDD in early childhood correspond to much lower tissue concentrations and presumably lower health risks during high intake periods of breast-feeding or higher cow's milk intake, compared to predictions based on adult half-life assumptions (Kerger et al., in press; Kreuzer et al. 1997; Paustenbach et al. 2006; Richter et al. 2006). Similar implications apply for potential health risks from dioxin intake via contaminated soils, which are expected to be greater in younger children due in part to frequent mouthing behaviors under age 5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 2000). Further, the shorter half-life for TCDD during early childhood and adolescence will inherently influence the body burdens in reproductive-age women, reflecting an attenuated influence of childhood exposures on body burdens transferred to offspring, both in utero and via lactation (Richter et al. 2006). Further research is warranted to assess these possible implications.
In summary, this study identifies significantly shorter TCDD half-life in children and adolescents compared to adults. Half-life is influenced predominantly by age and blood lipid TCDD concentration at the time of subsequent sampling, with linear equations providing good fit to the data above and below a transition range of 400-700 ppt. Increasing body mass index or body fat mass generally correspond to longer half-life, consistent with a sequestration effect on TCDD elimination as adipose volume grows. However, assessment of "TCDD mass in the body fat" indicates age- and concentration-dependent elimination trends that are largely independent of adipose volume. These pharmacokinetic considerations should be taken into account when evaluating TCDD dose-response relationships in epidemiologic studies and for risk assessment purposes.
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Carrier G, Brune, RC, Brodeur J. 1995b. Modeling of the toxicokinetics of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in mammalians, including humans. II. Kinetics of absorption and disposition of PCDDs/PCDFs. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 131:267-276.
Deurenberg P, Weststrate JA, Seidell JC. 1991. Body mass index as a measure of body fatness: age- and sex-specific prediction formulas. Br J Nutrition 65:105-114.
Emond C, Michaelek JE, Birnbaum LS, DeVito MJ. 2004. Use of a PBPK model with dose-dependent elimination rates predicts higher peak dioxin exposure than previously estimated. Organohalogen Compounds 66:2655-2659.
Freund JE. 1970. Statistics, a First Course. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice-Hall, Inc., 221-225.
Geusau A, Schmaldienst S, Derfler K, Papke O, Abraham K. 2002. Severe 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) intoxication: kinetics and trials to enhance elimination in two patients. Arch Toxicol 76:316-325.
Galbaldi M, Perrier D. 1982. Pharmacokinetics. 2nd ed. New York:Marcel Dekker, 1-5.
Grassman JA, Needham LL, Masten SA, Patterson D, Portier CJ, Lucier GW, et al. 2000. Evidence of hepatic sequestration of dioxins in humans? An examination of tissue levels and CYP1A2 expression. Organohalogen Compounds 48:87-90.
Hu K, Bunce NJ. 1999. Metabolism of polychlorinated dibenzop-dioxins and related dioxin-like compounds. J Toxicol Environ Health, Part B 2:183-210.
International Commission for Radiological Protection. 1975. Report of the Task Group on Reference Man. New York:Pergamon Press, 352-353.
Iida T, Hirakawa H, Matsueda T, Hori T. 1997. Levels of PCDDs, PCDFs and coplanar PCBs in sebum and blood of Yusho patients. Fukuoka Acta Med 88:177-185.
Kerger BD, Leung H-W, Scott P, Paustenbach DJ. 2005. An age-dependent half-life model for estimating childhood body burdens of dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans [Abstract]. Toxicol Sci 84(S-1):53.
Kerger BD, Leung H-W, Scott P, Paustenbach DJ. 2006. In press. Refinements on the age-dependent half-life model for estimating child body burdens of chlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans. Chemosphere.
Kerger BD, James RC. 2006. Do epidermal tissues of humans provide a substantial sink and excretion pathway for more persistent polychlorinated biphenyls and dioxins? [Abstract]. Toxicol Sci 90(1):20.
Kreuzer PF, Csanady Gy, Baur C, Kessler W, Papke O, Greim H, et al. 1997. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and congeners in infants. A toxicokinetic model of human lifetime body burden by TCDD with special emphasis on its uptake by nutrition. Arch Toxicol 71:383-400.
Leung HW, Kerger BD, Paustenbach DJ. 2006. Elimination half-lives of selected polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans in breast-fed human infants. J Toxicol Environ Health Part A 69:1-7.
Leung, HW, Kerger BD, Paustenbach DJ, Ryan JJ, Masuda Y. 2005. Age- and concentration-dependent elimination half-lives of chlorinated dibenzofurans in Yusho and Yucheng patients. Organohalogen Compounds 67:1589-1592.
Leung HW, Poland A, Paustenbach DJ, Murray FJ, Andersen ME. 1990a. A physiological pharmacokinetic description of the tissue distribution and enzyme-inducing properties of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in the rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 103:399-410.
Leung HW, Wendling JM, Orth R, Hileman F, Paustenbach DJ. 1990b. Relative distribution of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-pdioxin in human hepatic and adipose tissues. Toxicol Lett 50:275-282.
Matsueda T, Hirakawa H, Iida T, Nakamura M, Nagayama J. 1995. Concentration of PCDDs/PCDFs and coplanar PCBs in human skin lipids. Organohalogen Compd 26:219-222.
Mocarelli P, Needham L, Marocchi A, Patterson DG, Brambilla P, Gerthoux PM, et al. 1991. Serum correlation of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo(p)dioxin and test results from selected residents of Seveso, Italy. J Toxicol Environ Health 32:357-364.
Needham LL, Gerthoux PM, Patterson DG Jr, Brambilla P, Pirkle JL, Tramacere PL, et al. 1994. Half-life of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in serum of Seveso adults: interim report. Organohalogen Compounds 21:81-85.
Needham LL, Gerthoux PM, Patterson DG Jr, Brambilla P, Turner WE, Beretta C, et al. 1997/1998. Serum dioxin levels in Seveso, Italy, population in 1976. Teratog Carcinog Mutagen 17:225-240.
Patterson DG Jr., Hampton L, Lapeza CR Jr., Belser WT, Green V, Alexander L, et al. 1987. High resolution gas chromatographic/high resolution mass spectrometric analysis of human serum on a whole-weight and lipid basis for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Anal Chem 59:2000-2005.
Paustenbach DJ, Fehling K, Scott P, Harris M, Kerger BD. 2006. Identifying soil cleanup criteria for dioxins in urban residential soils: how have 20 years of research and risk assessment experience affected the analysis? J Toxicol Environ Health Part B 9:1-59.
Richter RO, Kerger BD, Leung H-W, Paustenbach DJ. 2006. Implications of age-dependent half-lives of dioxins on assessment of breast milk dose and body burden [Abstract]. Toxicol Sci 90(1):117.
Rohde S, Moser GA, Papke O, McLachlan MS. 1999. Clearance of PCDD/Fs via the gastrointestinal tract in occupationally exposed persons. Chemosphere 38:3397-3410.
Schlummer M., Moser GA, McLachlan MS. 1998. Digestive tract absorption of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, and HCB in humans: mass balances and mechanistic considerations. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 152:128-137.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2000. Child-Specific Exposure Factors Handbook. Washington, DC:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Brent D. Kerger, (1) Hon-Wing Leung, (2) Paul Scott, (3) Dennis J. Paustenbach, (3) Larry L. Needham, (4) Donald G. Patterson Jr., (4) Pier M. Gerthoux, (5) and Paolo Mocarelli (5)
(1) Health Science Resource Integration, Tallahassee, Florida, USA; (2) Private Consultant, Danbury, Connecticut, USA; (3) ChemRisk, San Francisco, California, USA; (4) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; (5) Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Milano-Bicocca, Hospital of Desio, Desio-Milano, Italy
Address correspondence to: B.D. Kerger, DABT, 2976 Wellington Circle West, Tallahassee, FL 32309, USA. Telephone: (850) 894-4800. Fax: (850) 906-9777. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Supplemental Material is available online at http://www.ehponline.org/members/2006/8884/supplemental.pdf
The authors greatly appreciate the contributions of L. Aylward and J. Knutsen.
B.D.K., H-W.L., D.J.P., and P.S. have provided consultations to various industrial, commercial, and government clients regarding the underlying science in academic, regulatory, or litigation settings. Partial funding for the work of these authors was provided by the Dow Chemical Company. The remaining authors declare they have no competing financial interests.
Received 28 November 2005; accepted 5 July 2006.
Table 1. Statistical analysis of means and linear regression trends for TCDD half life vs. age for selected subgroups of Seveso children. [n.sub.female] [n.sub.male] Subgroup ([n.sub.values]) ([n.sub.values]) BMI comparisons (mean [+ or -] SD) All (BMI = 20.2 [+ or -] 3.4) 25 (66) 20 (50) With BMI < 20 (BMI = 16.9 [+ or -] 16 (27) 9 (17) 1.7) With BMI > 20 (BMI = 22.9 [+ or -] 17 (28) 18 (29) 2.2) With BMI < 25 (BMI = 19.5 [+ or -] 24 (55) 15 (37) 2.9) With BMI > 25 (BMI = 28.3 [+ or -] 3 (4) 9 (9) 4.3) TCDD concentration comparisons With TCDD conc < 700 ppt 25 (58) 20 (51) (avg conc = 219 [+ or -] 179 ppt) With TCDD conc > 700 ppt (avg conc 10 (17) 3 (3) = 1,400 [+ or -] 796 ppt) TCDD mass in the body comparisons With TCDD mass < 7,000 ng (avg 25 (52) 20 (44) mass = 2,042 [+ or -] 1,763 ng) With TCDD mass > 7,000 ng (avg 7 (15) 3 (3) mass = 11,898 [+ or -] 4,048 ng) Chloracne severity comparisons No chloracne 8 (18) 12 (30) Low grade (grade 1 or 2) 7 (23) 2 (6) High grade (grade 3 or 4) 10 (35) 6 (15) All chloracne (grades 1-4) 17 (58) 8 (21) Sex comparisons Male 0 20 (51) Female 25 (75) 0 Selected age group comparisons < Age 12 13 (27) 9 (16) < Age 18 19 (40) 15 (33) [less than or equal to] Age 18 22 (34) 18 (18) Selected latency from exposure comparisons < 15 years latency 21 (52) 14 (33) > 15 years latency 23 (23) 18 (18) Age (years) Half-life (years) (mean [+ or -] Subgroup (mean [+ or -] SD) SD) BMI comparisons (mean [+ or -] SD) All (BMI = 20.2 [+ or -] 3.4) 2.4 [+ or -] 16.8 [+ or -] 1.3 7.1 With BMI < 20 (BMI = 16.9 [+ or -] 1.8 [+ or -] 13.1 [+ or -] 1.7) 1.1 5.5 With BMI > 20 (BMI = 22.9 [+ or -] 2.8 [+ or -] 19.1 [+ or -] 2.2) 1.2 (a) 7.4 With BMI < 25 (BMI = 19.5 [+ or -] 2.2 [+ or -] 15.6 [+ or -] 2.9) 1.1 (a) 6.9 With BMI > 25 (BMI = 28.3 [+ or -] 3.9 [+ or -] 24.6 [+ or -] 4.3) 1.4 (a,b) 5.3 TCDD concentration comparisons With TCDD conc < 700 ppt 2.4 [+ or -] 17.1 [+ or -] (avg conc = 219 [+ or -] 179 1.3 7.4 ppt) With TCDD conc > 700 ppt (avg conc 1.6 [+ or -] 13.9 [+ or -] = 1,400 [+ or -] 796 ppt) 0.8 (c) 4.5 TCDD mass in the body comparisons With TCDD mass < 7,000 ng (avg 2.5 [+ or -] 17.2 [+ or -] mass = 2,042 [+ or -] 1,763 ng) 1.3 7.5 With TCDD mass > 7,000 ng (avg 1.9 [+ or -] 16.1 [+ or -] mass = 11,898 [+ or -] 4,048 ng) 1.0 (c) 5.0 Chloracne severity comparisons No chloracne 2.7 [+ or -] 14.7 [+ or -] 1.4 7.1 Low grade (grade 1 or 2) 2.2 [+ or -] 20.1 [+ or -] 1.2 (d) 7.8 High grade (grade 3 or 4) 1.9 [+ or -] 16.3 [+ or -] 1.1 (d,e) 6.2 All chloracne (grades 1-4) 2.0 [+ or -] 17.7 [+ or -] 1.1 (d,e) 7.0 Sex comparisons Male 2.5 [+ or -] 16.1 [+ or -] 1.2 6.8 Female 2.1 [+ or -] 17.0 [+ or -] 1.3 7.3 Selected age group comparisons < Age 12 1.5 [+ or -] 9.4 [+ or -] 0.8 1.6 < Age 18 1.6 [+ or -] 11.4 [+ or -] 0.9 2.9 [less than or equal to] Age 18 3.2 [+ or -] 24.0 [+ or -] 1.2 (f) 4.1 Selected latency from exposure comparisons < 15 years latency 1.7 [+ or -] 12.9 [+ or -] 0.9 4.6 > 15 years latency 3.5 [+ or -] 24.6 [+ or -] 1.1 (g) 4.3 Correlation Subgroup Slope Intercept ([R.sup.2]) BMI comparisons (mean [+ or -] SD) All (BMI = 20.2 [+ or -] 3.4) 0.12 0.18 0.48 With BMI < 20 (BMI = 16.9 [+ or -] 0.15 0.10 0.51 1.7) With BMI > 20 (BMI = 22.9 [+ or -] 0.11 0.75 0.42 2.2) With BMI < 25 (BMI = 19.5 [+ or -] 0.11 0.44 0.45 2.9) With BMI > 25 (BMI = 28.3 [+ or -] 0.19 0.74 0.51 4.3) TCDD concentration comparisons With TCDD conc < 700 ppt 0.12 0.32 0.50 (avg conc = 219 [+ or -] 179 ppt) With TCDD conc > 700 ppt (avg conc 0.08 0.65 0.14 = 1,400 [+ or -] 796 ppt) TCDD mass in the body comparisons With TCDD mass < 7,000 ng (avg 0.13 0.31 0.52 mass = 2,042 [+ or -] 1,763 ng) With TCDD mass > 7,000 ng (avg 0.10 0.26 0.27 mass = 11,898 [+ or -] 4,048 ng) Chloracne severity comparisons No chloracne 0.14 0.54 0.53 Low grade (grade 1 or 2) 0.12 -0.24 0.68 High grade (grade 3 or 4) 0.14 -0.41 0.65 All chloracne (grades 1-4) 0.13 -0.26 0.68 Sex comparisons Male 0.12 0.59 0.46 Female 0.13 -0.04 0.53 Selected age group comparisons < Age 12 -0.02 1.70 0.002 < Age 18 0.03 1.30 0.01 [less than or equal to] Age 18 0.18 -1.16 0.41 Selected latency from exposure comparisons < 15 years latency 0.05 -1.10 0.06 > 15 years latency 0.14 -0.02 0.31 Abbreviations: avg, average; conc, concentration. [n.sub.female] and [n.sub.male] denote the number of female and male subjects included in the subset, and [n.sub.values] denotes the number of valid half-life values included. (a) Significantly different mean value compared to the BMI < 20 group mean at p < 0.05 using the Z-statistic or Student's t-test. (b) Significantly different mean value compared to the BMI < 25 group mean at p < 0.05 using the Z-statistic or Student's t-test. (c) Significantly different mean value compared to the paired group mean at p < 0.05 using the Z-statistic test. (d) Significantly different mean value compared to the Nonchloracne group mean at p < 0.05 using the Z-statistic test. (e) Significantly different mean value compared to the Nonchloracne group mean at p < 0.05 using Student's t-test. (f) Significantly different mean value compared to the < Age 12 and < Age 18 group mean at p < 0.05 using the Z-statistic or Student's t-test. (g) Significantly different mean value compared to the < 15 years latency group mean at p < 0.05 using the Z-statistic or Student's t-test.
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Hotel Albatros - Piano di Sorrento, Sorrento
via Madonna Di Roselle 54 - Sorrento1-877-662-6988
some of the staff member were very nice and proffecianal. one woman at the front d...Venere Guest, Israel
These reviews have been left by customers who actually stayed at this hotel
Check Availability at Hotel Albatros
Breakfast at Hotel Albatros
A free buffet breakfast is served each morning.
Facilities at Hotel Albatros
- Business Center
- Bar
- Restaurant/Dining
- Laundry service
- Lift/elevator
- Room service - 24 hour
- Laundry room
- Multilingual staff
- Newspapers
- Front desk - safety deposit box
- Front desk - 24 hour
- Concierge
- Luggage room
- Outdoor swimming pool
- Shuttle service from and/or to the airport
- Shuttle service
- Free parking
- Internet/Email services
- TV Lounge
Know before you go
- Cash transactions at this property cannot exceed EUR 999.99, due to national regulations. For further details, please contact the property using information in the booking confirmation.
- This property offers transfers from the airport (surcharges may apply). Guests must contact the property with arrival details before travel, using the contact information on the booking confirmation.
- No pets and no service animals are allowed at this property.
Check-in: after 2 PM.
Check-out: before 10:30 AM.
PolicyExtra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
City tax and/or any other fees charged by the hotel
The following fees and deposits are charged by the property at time of service, check-in, or check-out.
- Fee for in-room wireless Internet: EUR 10 per day (rates may vary)
- Fee for wireless Internet in public areas: EUR 10 per day (rates may vary)
The above list may not be comprehensive. Fees and deposits may not include tax and are subject to change.
You'll be asked to pay the following charges at the hotel:
- A tax is imposed by the city: EUR 1.50 per person, per night, up to 7 nights. This tax does not apply to children under 18 years of age.
We have included all charges provided to us by the property. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.A tax is imposed by the city and collected at the property in cash. The tax applies to stays from 1 April to 31 October. This tax does not apply to residents of the city, or children under 18 years of age. Please note that further exemptions may apply. For further details, please contact the property using the information contained in the confirmation received after booking.
Hotel Albatros is also known as
Hotel Albatros
Albatros Hotel Piano Di Sorrento
Hotel Albatros reviews
- June 2014
- Venere Guest
- Couple
- Israel
some of the staff member were very nice and proffecianal. one woman at the front desk hardly spoke english
- July 2012
- Venere Guest
- Family with older children
- Australia
Hotel Albatros was an excellent hotel. It was about 15 minute walk from Piano di Sorento train station. Train from Naples to Piano di Sorento was VERY crowded - we caught it at 9.30am on a Saturday morning and lots of people travelling to the beach. It was very uncomfortable standing with luggage. Our room was very clean and relatively spacious for 2 adults and 2 teenagers (a bit more room for luggage would have been good). Bathroom was spacious. Breakfast was a range of pastries, bread, meat, cheese, cereal, yoghurt and fruit - good variety The hotel had a pool which was really nice. We visited the nearby beach which was spectacular. We also went on a boat tour advertised in the hotel lobby. The tour sailed from Piano di Sorento and around Capri. There were only 12 on the tour and we stopped at a number of beautiful places for swimming and snorkeling, then spent time looking around Capri. I would definitely recommend this tour; great value for money and a wonderful experience
- September 2011
- Venere Guest
- Group
this hotel exceeded by far our expectations, breathtaking views from the room, lovely and clean rooms. Great value for your money. Definitely recommended.
- July 2010
- Venere Guest
- Couple
- Bosnia and Herzegovina
It is coniniently located not fat from the beach and only 2 km from sorrento center. For the price it is remarkable
- June 2008
- Venere Guest
- Couple
- Ireland
we stayed for 7 nights. the staff were very friendly and helpful. the hotel was very clean. it was further outside sorrento than we thought. we had to get the train into sorrento. we very much enjoyed our stay and would have no hesitation in recommending it to family or friends or indeed returning there.
- August 2007
- Venere Guest
- Family with older children
- Australia
we spent 3 nights in hotel albatros in july 2007. I found the staff to be very helpful and friendly the quad room i had was spacious and clean,with air conditioning which can only be controlled by the reception desk.Its not a problem because the staff are only too happy to put it higher or lower when ever you requested it. The pool was great as the weather was extremely hot,it was clean and refreshing.A bar fridge would have been handy in the room,but again the staff were happy for me to use the down stairs fridge if i needed to.There is a bus stop right outside the hotel, but i found the train to be a better way of getting around it is only a 10min walk from the hotel,and only one stop away from to the central of sorrento. The breakfast was ok,cereals,fruit salad,bread rolls jams cakes,etc so plenty to eat.As far as meals taking the same road to the station a bit further on there is a place called piazza cota there you will find a restaurant that have nice food they call it tavola calda.Overall a pleasant stay at hotel albatros and would stay again if i was to return.Thankyou to the staff for being so helpful. Elizabeth(australia)
- August 2006
- Venere Guest
- Couple
- Israel
We stayed for a single night. The receptionist was not very competent. The rooms are quite small, and the air-con is weak. The breakfast was very good, and overall the price is quite cheap.
- August 2006
- Venere Guest
- Couple
- France
je pense que le nombre d'etoile ne correspond pas forcement avec la qualité de l'hotel. Une vue de la chambre pas exceptionnelle, (jardin avec toit en tole et.. cela juste en premier plan) une piscine assez petite correspont plus a une piscine prive qu'a celle d'un hotel 4* . un parking pour voiture partager avec celui d'un autre hotel qui ressemble plus a un terrain vague. sinon chambre spacieuse et agreable.
- July 2006
- Venere Guest
- Not Specified
- Mexico
The room was very dirtty
- April 2006
- Venere Guest
- Couple
- Italy
our only criticism of the place was the noise coming from the room above very early in the morning and the fact that from the photo the hotel seems to be set in its own grounds but in actual fact it's right in front of the road.The staff were helpful and on request brought us breakfast in our room every morning which we ate on the balcony with lovely views of the lemon trees and the bay of Naples in the distance!
- August 2013
- Venere Guest
- Family with older children
- August 2007
- Venere Guest
- Couple
- Italy
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- August 2006
- Venere Guest
- Couple
- Spain
- July 2014
- Venere Guest
- Couple
- Italy
- August 2013
- Venere Guest
- Group
- Italy
- August 2012
- Venere Guest
- Couple
- Italy
- March 2012
- Venere Guest
- Couple
- Italy
- September 2006
- Venere Guest
- Group
- Italy
- July 2008
- Venere Guest
- Family with older children
- France
- September 2006
- Venere Guest
- Group
- France
- January 2013
- Venere Guest
- Couple
- Italy
- July 2012
- Venere Guest
- Couple
- Italy
- August 2007
- Venere Guest
- Family with young children
- France
- August 2012
- Venere Guest
- Not Specified
- Switzerland
Hotel Albatros reviews by TripAdvisor
Room Details
Hotel Albatros offers 50 guest rooms with climate control. Satellite TV channels offer entertainment at the end of a busy day. Corporate travelers will benefit from wireless high-speed Internet access (charges apply) as well as desks, safes and phones during their Piano di Sorrento visit. Private bathrooms are outfitted with shower/tub combinations, bidets, hair dryers and complimentary toiletries. Additional comforts include air conditioning.
Accommodation Services
- Air conditioning
- Telephone
- Hairdryer in each room
- Safe
- Desk
- Individually controlled air conditioning
- Satellite TV
- Wireless Internet access
How to reach Hotel AlbatrosBy car
The hotel is easily reachable by the motorway A3, exit Castellammare di Stabia. Then take the SS 145 state road and exit at Meta Sorrento.
By train
From the Naples railway station, take the Circumvesuviana local train. Get off at the Piano Sorrento stop.
By airplane
From the Naples airport take the Curreri shuttle service, direction Sorrento-Penisola Sorrentina. Get off at the Piano di Sorrento stop.
Distances from Hotel AlbatrosMuseo Correale di Terranova - 2.6 km / 1.6 mi
Port of Sorrento - 3 km / 1.9 mi
Piazza Tasso - 3.1 km / 1.9 mi
Deep Valley of the Mills - 3.1 km / 1.9 mi
Sedile Dominova - 3.1 km / 2 mi
Basilica di Sant'Antonio - 3.2 km / 2 mi
Chiesa di San Francesco - 3.2 km / 2 mi
Sorrento Cathedral - 3.4 km / 2.1 mi
Museo Bottega della Tarsia Lignea - 3.4 km / 2.1 mi
Dali Universe - 3.5 km / 2.2 mi
Marina Grande - 3.8 km / 2.4 mi
Marina Longa of Tordigliano - 4.4 km / 2.7 mi
Baths of Queen Giovanna - 4.8 km / 3 mi
Fornillo - 6.5 km / 4 mi
Faito Mountain - 6.7 km / 4.2 mi
The preferred airport for Hotel Albatros is Naples (NAP-Naples Intl.) - 28.4 km / 17.6 mi.
Distances are calculated in a straight line from the property's location to the point of interest or airport and may not reflect actual travel distance.
Distances are displayed to the nearest 0.1 km and mile.
Transportation services Hotel Albatros
- Shuttle service from and/or to the airport
- Shuttle service
- Free parking
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subset: commoncrawl


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Child Stories is an ancient Indian inter-related collection of animal fables in verse and prose, in a frame story. It is a collection of several inter-child series of colourful fables.Morals, values, knowledge and some fun! Revive your childhood memories and relive the magic of India's famous Child Stories.Download this app and watch your favorite Child Stories.
video apps photo apps child stories kids stories animal stories interesting stories education animal sounds apps kids apps children story books
Rate & Review
2 yrs ago
good stories for kids with nice morals & values


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Date:October 22,
Time:1:15 pm - 2:15 pm
Location:HCC315 - Hawaii Convention Center
Suheil J. Muasher, M.D. (Chair), Duke University
Rony T. Elias, M.D., Weill Cornell Medical College
(Case Presentations with Audience Response)
Needs Assessment and Description
Poor responders remain a challenge for practitioners
offering assisted reproductive technologies. There is no
universally agreed-upon definition for these patients.
Multiple tests to assess ovarian reserve have been proposed
to identify these patients prior to their first in vitro
fertilization (IVF) cycle. Different strategies and ovarian
stimulation protocols exist in the literature to handle these
patients in order to achieve the best results. There is a need
to continually update and educate IVF practitioners on the
best strategies to identify and treat these patients.
Learning Objectives At the conclusion of this session, participants should be
able to:
After participating in this session, in my practice I will:
a. Stimulate all my in vitro fertilization (IVF) patients
with the same protocol and use one starting dose of
gonadotropins for all patients.
b. Perform one or multiple tests for ovarian reserve before
choosing the stimulation protocol.
c. Offer intrauterine insemination for patients with
unexplained infertility and poor ovarian reserve due to
the low success rates for these patients with IVF.
d. Not accept patients with a history of poor ovarian
reserve from a prior IVF treatment cycle.
e. Use one protocol for all patients with poor ovarian
f. Not applicable to my area of practi
Members are allowed to have direct input in shaping policies and protocols in their area of expertise through ASRM affiliated societies, professional groups, and special interest groups.
Affiliates: SART | SMRU | SREI | SRBT | SRS
Professional Groups: ARM | LPG | MHPG | NPG
Special Interest Groups: AESIG | CAMSIG | ChSIG | CSIG | EndoSIG | EPSIG | ERSIG | FPSIG | FSIG | HDSIG | GCSIG | IRMSIG | MSIG | NutriSIG | PAGSIG | PGDSIG | RISIG | RMSCBSIG | TSIG | WC
©1996 - 2015 ASRM, American Society for Reproductive Medicine. All Rights Reserved.


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PSBank eyes P2.6-B net income this year
popular .
MANILA, Philippines—Philippine Savings Bank, the thrift bank of the Metrobank group, aims to end this year with another record-high net profit of P2.6 billion on the back of double-digit growth in consumer lending.
The profit goal for this year is 13 percent higher than the profit of P2.3 billion posted by the bank last year, when gains in its investment portfolio added to a steady stream of earnings from core lending activities.
This year, a robust lending business is seen supporting another banner year for PSBank with its P2.6-billion profit goal.
"We are looking to grow loan book by 24 percent driven by stronger demand for auto and mortgage loans," PSBank president Pascual Garcia III said on the sidelines of the annual convention of the Chamber of Thrift Banks on Wednesday.
PSBank grew its loan book by 21.4 percent last year to P73.5 billion, citing record gains for its top loan products on account of increased consumer confidence and sustained economic growth. Auto loans rose by 24.3 percent compared to the previous year while mortgage loans expanded by 19 percent.
The thrift bank opened 20 additional branches last year, bringing its branch network to 220. PSBank also expanded its ATM network and now has 532 onsite and offsite ATMs all over the country, making its ATM network the sixth largest among all Philippine banks and its branch network the ninth largest.
Get Inquirer updates while on the go, add us on these apps:
Disclaimer: The comments uploaded on this site do not necessarily represent or reflect the views of management and owner of INQUIRER.net. We reserve the right to exclude comments that we deem to be inconsistent with our editorial standards.
To subscribe to the Philippine Daily Inquirer newspaper in the Philippines, call +63 2 896-6000 for Metro Manila and Metro Cebu or email your subscription request here.
Factual errors? Contact the Philippine Daily Inquirer's day desk. Believe this article violates journalistic ethics? Contact the Inquirer's Reader's Advocate. Or write The Readers' Advocate:
c/o Philippine Daily Inquirer Chino Roces Avenue corner Yague and Mascardo Streets, Makati City,Metro Manila, Philippines Or fax nos. +63 2 8974793 to 94


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Good afternoon beloved Overcomers
I missed you today. I had a great time. Tell me about your service today. I know that you were mightily blessed and you learned a lot. I must say, this month of preparation God is truly preparing us for greater blessings.
I love you all one by one.
It was a great & awesome service pastor. We did learn quite a lot from the great woman of God pastor V. She was so inspiring and am sure all the brethren including myself have learnt quite a lot especially on partnership. We always thank the Lord for we are truly being prepared for for greater blessings. We did miss you too pastor.
Amen brother Richard, god bless you.
We had agreat service n yes Pastor V was marvelous. We missed u too Pastor. Thank you
Goodevening Ma,
We really missed you today and the service was wonderful,, for me it was my real first encounter with Pastor V teaching and she was just awesome.
Love you Ma
Thank you Pastor Sue Ma ,We are in preparation indeed, pray that preparation complete it's course, We want to be perfected lacking nothing. We really need the message to perfect us for higher blessings ,Ma - we also need the sermon you preached in Germiston please .....please Ma. The sermon was a wow!!!! Praise the Lord have repented from Amalek spirit.
I am a partner for life ,am calling fourth money, partnership!!!!partnership!!!partnership!!!!!!
Love you Ma!!!!!!
Pastor Sue Ma, Our Service in Germiston was powerful. Words are not enough to express how the service was. God was changing things and positioning us for greatness. Thank you Ma for gracing us with your presence.
Bro Philani
CE Germiston
Pastor it was great
Thank you Pastor Ma. The service was awesome. I don,t have good vocabulary to describe it , all I can say was it was life changing and I am at another level now.
St Jullet
Thank you Pst, the service with Pst V was trully exceptional....the one thing i really took out from the meeting was when she started to describe Jesus from her own point of view, Pastor, She said Jesus is the Lover of Her Soul, such an expression could only be by the Spirit, we know this scripture, we have heard them, but such an expression about the master was trully different...what a meeting, thank you Ma,


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I've been told that the power of the dragon that is summoned by dragon balls depends on the power of his creator. So what would happen if a god like Thor, Zeus, or the Living Tribunal created dragon balls? How powerful would that dragon be?
What if a powerful being like Thor created Dragon Balls?
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D-backs Press Releases
MLB and the D-backs to co-host the MLB Diversity Business Summit in March 2016
Major League Baseball today announced that it will partner with the Arizona Diamondbacks to co-host the 2016 MLB Diversity Business Summit in Greater Phoenix in March 2016.
#DbacksSocial Media Night to take place June 30
The Arizona Diamondbacks (@Dbacks @LosDbacks) announced details for their annual #DbacksSocial Media Night, which will take place on June 30 at Chase Field.
D-backs' Paul Goldschmidt Ranks Third Among NL 1B in First Voting Update
D-backs' Paul Goldschmidt Ranks Third Among National League First Basemen in First Voting Update for 86th All-Star Game
D-backs place Enrique Burgos on the 15-day DL
The Arizona Diamondbacks (@Dbacks) have placed right-handed pitcher Enrique Burgos on the 15-day disabled list with right shoulder tendinitis and recalled left-handed pitcher Vidal Nuno from Triple-A Reno, as announced by D-backs Sr. Vice President & General Manager Dave Stewart.
Goldschmidt and University of Phoenix expand "Teaming up for Education"
PHOENIX -Arizona Diamondbacks (@Dbacks) first baseman Paul Goldschmidt will partner once again with University of Phoenix to offer five full-tuition scholarships to deserving individuals in 2015.
@Dbacks reaches 200,000 followers on Twitter
The Arizona Diamondbacks (@Dbacks) reached 200,000 followers on Twitter today and to thank their fans for their support, the team is offering a limited number of $20 field-level tickets for the next 20 hours and 20% off at its dbacks.com shop.
D-backs option Vidal Nuno to Triple-A Reno
The Arizona Diamondbacks (@Dbacks) optioned left-handed pitcher Vidal Nuño to Triple-A Reno, as announced by D-backs Sr. Vice President & General Manager Dave Stewart. A corresponding move will be made before Saturday's game.
D-backs recall Vidal Nuño from Reno; option Evan Marshall to Reno
The Arizona Diamondbacks (@Dbacks) recalled left-handed pitcher Vidal Nuño from Triple-A Reno and optioned right-handed pitcher Evan Marshall to Reno, as announced by D-backs Sr. Vice President & General Manager Dave Stewart.
D-backs name Hudson as today's starter, select Ramirez from Reno
The Arizona Diamondbacks (@Dbacks) named right-handed pitcher Daniel Hudson as today's starter and also selected the contract of right-handed pitcher J.C. Ramirez from Triple-A Reno and transferred left-handed pitcher Patrick Corbin to the 60-day disabled list.


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Ann Arbor, MI Roofers and Roofing Contractors
Home » All Branch Locations » Michigan » Ann Arbor, MI
Roofing the metro Ann Arbor, Michigan for over 100 years!
Jake Bowman, our Branch Manager in Ann Arbor, and his great staff of roofers and Ann Arbor roofing contractors proudly provide these roofing services to the greater Ann Arbor community:
- Roofing inspections
- Roof repairs
- Re-roofing services
- Roof tear-offs
- New roof applications
- Residential roofing services
- Commercial roofing
- Church roofing services
- Barn roofing services
With over 100 years of roofing experience, Sherriff-Goslin isn't just another one of your Ann Arbor roofing contractors. On top of providing a 10 year service guarantee, we also innovate in the development of our own roofing materials, offering an exclusive line of diamond shaped roof shingles known as Art-Loc®. Our Ann Arbor roofers are available for everything from new shingle installation to roof repair. Please, feel free to contact our great roofing staff in our Ann Arbor branch at (734) 480-0080 or (517) 265-2061 for our friends in Lenawee County for an appointment today.
Ann Arbor, MI Branch Manager Info
Jake Bowman - Branch Manager, Ann Arbor, MI
Your Sherriff-Goslin branch manager is more than a full-service roofing professional. He's your connection to more than 100 years of Sherriff-Goslin tradition and a single source of service and knowledge about your roof. Sherriff-Goslin proudly offers financing options and free estimates on your commercial or residential new roofing needs or roof repair. To learn more about what this long tradition and our roofers are all about, while receiving the roofing help and information you need right away, request a call, visit or request a roofing quote today.
Our Ann Arbor, Michigan location proudly
Ann Arbor, MI
Ypsilanti, MI
Pinckney, MI
Saline, MI
Dexter, MI
Plymouth, MI
Northville, MI
Whitmore Lake, MI
Milan, MI
Belleville, MI
Canton, MI
Chelsea, MI
Tecumseh, MI
Manchester, MI
And More!


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Looking For An Actionable, Step-By-Step, Tailored Internet Marketing Service Consultation For Your Business? Click Play.
Featured in:
No one knows the answers to these questions better than David Jenyns – director of renowned Australian internet marketing service company Melbourne SEO Services (click here to read his bio). Over the past decade, David has amassed many lifetimes' worth of knowledge in the area of online business – personally creating numerous successful businesses for himself and clients.
David's primary strength is his ability to cut through to the core of any business issue and offer you the solutions you that provide the best return on investment (ROI). He'll quickly assess what your business needs to succeed online and give you a clear plan to make it happen.
Here's what you get when you consult with Dave…
- Pre consultation emails to clarify what specific questions you'd like answered.
- 1 hour business strategy call with Dave, tailored to your unique situation.
- A comprehensive website audit and actionable plan to grow your online business.
- An mp3 recording of the call.
*Has your website been hit with a Google update? Have you lost rankings and traffic?
Click here to find out more about our Penguin and Panda Recovery Audit.
What's your investment?
You'll get all this for a one time investment of only $995 (+ GST where applicable) – please note this offer is also subject to availability, so please place your order below and we'll arrange for you the next available time slot.
Our guarantee.
We guarantee, if you follow David Jenyns' strategies, over the next 12 months you'll make back at least ten times the amount of money you've invested in this internet marketing service consultation, or your money back. The fact is David Jenyns knows his stuff and if you don't think it's worth it, for any reason, just let us know and we'll refund your purchase 100%. We can't be any fairer than that.
What to do now.
Go ahead and place your order below and we'll be in touch shortly to let you know availability and what happens next.
Client Feedback.
Still not sure? Listen to what some of David's previous coaching clients had to say:
Here are some MP3 interviews with David's clients:
Becky Freeman – www.inframe.tv
Click here to download the MP3.
Fabian Linge – www.fabianlinge.com
Click here to download the MP3.
Marc Wright – www.firstcallcatering.com
Click here to download the MP3.
Natasha Dedis – www.beingbest.com
Click here to download the MP3.
Jason Hart – www.melbourneceremonies.com
Click here to download the MP3.
John-Paul Lepeley – Internet Marketer
Click here to download the MP3.
Tim Warren – URL hidden on request
Click here to download the MP3.
Dan Lundholm – www.spytunes.com
Click here to download the MP3.
Ade Lewis – Web Designer and SEO Consultant
Click here to download the MP3.
Yes, I also sometimes do consults in person.
Still looking for more proof? Check out these amazing client case studies.
Questions? Click here to contact us – we're here to help.
{ 2 comments… read them below or add one }
- July 21, 2011 at
Thanks David for all that, you are always so helpful. It is refreshing to see people like you in this business. You know there are not many around these days with your attitude and eagerness to help others. Thanks a lot once again!
- November 10, 2011 at
That was fantastic – thank you David!
I feel we have much to do but with knowledgeable guidance and experience – it's the 'right' direction to work on.
I love your systems David, you have a great feel for what your customers need and the order in which they need them – you seem very well set up.
The encouragement was welcome too – thanks.
Looking forward to understanding more of what you've suggested and executing it – looking forward to the results in time too
Very happy with today's discussion.
Thanks again David.
Leave a Comment


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List Of Cars Affected By Airbag Recall
A defect in the devices can possibly kill or injure the driver or passengers. Is your car on the list?
NHTSA Warns Nearly 8 Million Car Owners To Get Air Bags Fixed
The inflator mechanisms in the air bags can rupture, causing metal fragments to fly out when the bags are deployed in crashes.
Subaru Recalls 660K Vehicles For Brake Line Rust
Subaru is recalling more than 660,000 cars and SUVs because the brake lines can rust and leak fluid.
7 Cars Get Top Rating In High-Tech Safety Test
Seven midsize vehicles earned the top rating in the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety's latest test of high-tech safety features designed to prevent front-end collisions.
Subaru Recalls Cars That Start On Their Own
Subaru of America is recalling more than 47,000 cars and SUVs with remote starters because the engines can start on their own.
Subaru Recalls Nearly 634,000 Cars And SUVs
Subaru is recalling nearly 634,000 cars and SUVs in the U.S. because lights beneath the doors can overheat and cause fires.
DEFEND YOUR RIDE: Pace At The Angelika Dallas
"I can do anything, go wherever I want." – Pace and his 2011 Subaru Legacy
Subaru Recalls Forester SUVs To Fix Seat Belts
Subaru is recalling more than 275,000 Forester SUVs because a rear seat belt may not hold a child seat in place securely.


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Which sex is the worst about washing up? Why is it so important? We've got the dirty truth on how and when to wash your hands.
Dientamoeba Fragilis Infection
In this article
What Is Dientamoeba Fragilis?
Dientamoeba fragilis is a parasite that lives in the large intestine of humans. Infection is common worldwide, including in the U.S.
What Are the Symptoms of Infection With Dientamoeba Fragilis?
Many people infected with dientamoeba fragilis do not have any symptoms. The most common symptoms are diarrhea, stomach pain, and stomach cramping. Loss of appetite and weight, nausea, and fatigue also are common. The infection does not spread from the intestines to other parts of the body.
How is Infection Diagnosed?
To diagnose dientamoeba fragilis, your doctor will ask you to provide stool samples for testing. Because the parasite is not always found in every stool sample, you might be asked to submit stool samples from more than one day. You might also be tested for pinworm eggs, which are commonly (but not always) found in persons infected with D. fragilis.
How Is Dientamoeba Fragilis Infection Treated?
Safe and effective medications are available for D. fragilis and pinworm infections.
How Do You Get Infected With Dietamoeba Fragilis?
No one knows how D. fragilis is spread. The parasite is fragile and probably cannot live very long in the environment. Infection might be spread by:
- Accidentally swallowing pinworm eggs (which might protect this fragile parasite) or the eggs of other parasites.
- Swallowing something, such as water or food, or touching (and bringing your fingers to your mouth) something contaminated with stool from someone infected with D. fragilis.
Who Is at Greatest Risk for Infection?
Anyone can become infected with this parasite. However, the risk for infection might be higher for people who live in or travel to settings with poor sanitary conditions or who have weak immune systems.
How Can I Prevent Dientamoeba Fragilis Infection?
To prevent infection:
- Wash your hands with soap and warm water, especially after using the toilet, changing baby diapers, and before preparing foods.
- Teach children the importance of washing hands to prevent infection.
WebMD Medical Reference
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(Save 15%)
$699.99 + Free Shipping
What are Rakuten Super Points™?
Get rewarded when you shop! Earn 1 point per dollar spent. That's like getting cash back on every purchase. Easy to see matured points in checkout. Use points just like cash.Learn More
CONDITION: Brand New
IN STOCK: Usually Ships in 1 to 2 business days
Seller Information
Learn more about 16 Ch Channel Audio/Video Real Time Recording DVR 10 Security Camera Sony CCD:
Manufacturer: Evertech
Mfg Part#: EV-16CH
Sku: 247903808
See more in Security Systems
|6 CHANNEL CCTV SURVEILLANCE SECURITY DVR CAMERA SYSTEM WITH 1 TB HDD AND ACCESSORIES ALL IN ONE SET JUST PLUG & PLAY, H.264 compression algorithm ideal for standalone DVRReal-time live recording with 16CH CIFRecording Pentaplex function: live display, recording, playback, backup & remote accessMultiple control methods: Front panel, remote controller, USB mouse, network controller.Multiple recording modes: manual recording, schedule recording, alarm recording, motion detection recording, time recording, and pre-recording.Ethernet interface is provided for realizing remote monitoring, remote playback, acoustic monitoring, remote setting and remote software upgrading through network browser.Alarm triggering screen message, buzzer, PTZ preset, E-mail, sensor output, multiple channel recording.Easy backup methods: USB devices, network downloads.Support all channel playback at the same time, and searching according to time or event(alarm, movement and sensory alarm)Multi-Language selectable:English, Spanish, Italian, French, Portuguese, Russian, Thai, Chinese, Japanese, German, Polish, GreekSupport remote view with Mobile Phone(Windows CE\Symbian\Iphone\ Blackberry\ Android)Supportive 3G Mobile, FTP Upload,420TVL Sony SENSOR COLOR CCD DOME SECURITY CAMERA,100 Ft. Pre-Made Video + Power Cable, 50 Ft. Pre-Made Video + Power Cable, 25 Ft. Pre-Made Video + Power Cable
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Shipping: Usually ships in 1 to 2 business days
Condition: Brand New
About the Seller
Lifetime 6 ratings
Seller Description
EverTech USA Corp. is an independent, specialist provider of electronic security systems. We focus on the design, supply of security systems. These systems incorporate CCTV, and the implementation of management systems relating to security. Our emphasis on tailored security management packages will enhance your security and your client's security whilst reducing on-going costs, payroll fraud and plant or equipment theft.
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CCTV Stand Alone Systems
CCTV integrated with Remote Surveillance
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Total Security Solutions
Key areas in which we excel are as follows:
CCTV Stand Alone Systems
CCTV integrated with Remote Surveillance
CCTV integrated with I.T./Network Systems
Total Security Solutions
Marketplace Guarantee ClaimBuyers should receive Marketplace items in the condition that they were listed. We ask buyers to first contact the seller to give them a chance to address any issues. If the seller does not respond or if the issue is not addressed to the customer's satisfaction buyers can rely on our Rakuten.com Marketplace Guarantee Claim which, covers the first $750 of every purchase... read more
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1. Merchandise will not be accepted for return (for credit or repair) unless our permission has been previously given and an RMA number has been issued. Please call 1(877)234-466 for a Return Authorization (RMA) number. Equipment must be returned within 10 Business days of an RMA issue...read more
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Expedited Shipping: 2 to 6 business days
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ListingID: 256480277


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[February 19, 2013]
Top 10 H-1B Visa Companies All Specialize in Shipping American Jobs Overseas
WASHINGTON, Feb. 19, 2013 /PRNewswire via COMTEX/ -- The following is being released by IEEE-USA: The Top 10 users of H-1B visas in FY 2012 were companies who specialize in shipping American jobs offshore, according to an analysis of government data by Computerworld magazine.
The analysis comes at a time when a bill before Congress, the "Immigration Innovation Act," would expand the H-1B visa program from 85,000 visas to more than 400,000 annually.
In "The data shows: Top H-1B users are offshore outsourcers," Computerworld found that, "Based on the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) data analyzed, the major beneficiaries of the proposed increase in the cap would be pure offshore outsourcing firms."
"This confirms that H-1B visas facilitate the transfer of high-skill, high-paying American jobs to other countries," IEEE-USA President Marc Apter said. "Congress should pass laws that create U.S. jobs, not destroy them." Dr. Ron Hira, a professor of public policy at the Rochester Institute of Technology, commented on the analysis in a blog entry (
) for the Economic Policy Institute: "There are two reasons these firms hire H-1Bs instead of Americans: 1) an H-1B worker can legally be paid less than a U.S. worker in the same occupation and locality; and 2) the H-1B worker learns the job and then rotates back to the home country and takes the work with him. That's why the H-1B was dubbed the "Outsourcing Visa" by the former Commerce Minister of India, Kamal Nath.
"Rather than keeping jobs from leaving our shores, the H-1B does the opposite, by facilitating offshoring and providing employers with cheap, temporary labor -- while reducing job opportunities for American high-tech workers in the process." The Top 10 H-1B users received 40,170 H-1B visas in FY 2012 and applied for just 1,167 employment-based (EB) green cards. This is an immigration yield of 2.9 percent.
IEEE-USA supports additional EB green cards for skilled immigrants. These visas allow immigrants to start their own companies and create U.S. wealth and jobs.
"Any plan to increase skilled immigration should be based on green cards," Apter said.
IEEE-USA advances the public good and promotes the careers and public policy interests of more than 205,000 engineering, computing and technology professionals who are U.S. members of IEEE.
Web: www.ieeeusa.org Facebook: www.facebook.com/ieeeusa Twitter: www.twitter.com/ieeeusa Benefits of IEEE membership: www.ieee.org/join SOURCE IEEE-USA
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BMC Releases Remedy 9 Service Management Solution with Modernized Design
IBM Recognized as a Leader in the Digital Transformation Implementation Market
Managing Risk May Get Easier with New IBM and Deloitte Project
5 Building Blocks for a Successful Product Development Partnership
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Meet Your Big Data Storage Needs: Coraid
As businesses collect more and more data, they will require storage capabilities that are easily and secure, accessible, and quickly scalable for pure storage as well as data analytics.
What are the Security and Compliance Requirements of Cloud Computing: Coalfire
As the adopotion of cloud computing continues to increase, businesses are finding, while they understand the potential benefits, they need help understanding the security and compliance ramifications of moving data into cloud data centers.
Managing Your Data and Apps in Multi-Cloud Environments: Right Scale
Businesses have reached beyond education and are starting to make signifcant cloud computing deployments, which means they need an awareness of public and private resources, which to deploy in what instances, and how to manage and maintain applications across both domains.
How Cloud Providers Can Drive Revenues for Tenants and Themselves: Interxion
In order to enable customers to create new revenue streams from their content and applications, cloud providers can provide test environments to allow businesses to more efficiently develop and test new applications.
Enabling Cross-border Data Center Connectivity: Interxion
One of the challenges for multinational enterprises is establishing connectivity between infrastructure located on different continents. The Transatlantic Data Center Alliance helps overcome many of these challenges, including regulatory and compliance needs.
infoTECH Whitepapers
SAP Enterprise Mobility: Bringing a Cohesive Approach to a Complex Market
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IBM SmartCloud Social Collaboration for Government
IBM SmartCloud Solutions: Software as a Service
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IBM SmartCloud Engage Security
The Forrester Wave: Cloud Strategies Of Online Collaboration Software Vendors, Q3 2012
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The History of Information Technology
Today's Most Desired Information Technology Skills
Information Technology Careers
Ten Information Technology Companies of 2011
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text: 8 Facts about the church in GlasgowPosted March 11, 2015Recent research on the evangelical church in Glasgow yields some interesting resultsRead More »Getting StartedPosted February 26, 2015Carl Robinson, our Youth and Children's Pastor shares his thoughts on his first 6 weeks at Harper.Read More »There's Something about Pete!Posted January 13, 2015Read More »Heading the Warning of Wrong WitnessPosted November 25, 2014Craig Dyer share some thoughts on evangelism. This article was first published at http://www.evangelvision.comRead More »Reaching Lost People - Conference 2014Posted November 21, 2014Read More »New Youth and Children's Pastor at HarperPosted October 10, 2014News of a new Youth and Children's Pastor at HarperRead More »Women of Worth - Part 2Posted October 5, 2014Part 2 of Ruth Aird's talk from Women of Worth ConferenceRead More »Women of Worth - Part 1Posted October 5, 2014The first part of Ruth Aird's message from the Women of Worth Conference 2014Read More »Introducing Will BellPosted September 19, 2014Find out more about our new Ministry Trainee, Will BellRead More »Women of WorthPosted September 16, 2014Elaine Webster, tells of an exciting new event for WomenRead More »Kingdom VisionPosted September 13, 2014Listen to the independence debate between Murdo Fraser MSP and John Mason MSP. Read More »Grill a ScientistPosted September 7, 2014Listen to Dr. Will Bell answering questions on Science and the BibleRead More »BBC New Every MorningPosted September 2, 2014Alan McKnight on Harper's involvement with BBC Scotland, New Every MorningRead More »The Week the World came to GlasgowPosted August 27, 2014Alan McKnight, our pastor shares some thoughts from the recent Commonwealth GamesRead More »Christianity Explored in NigeriaPosted July 15, 2014Craig Dyer, our Associate Pastor tells of his recent trip to Nigeria Read More »An introduction to KairosPosted June 5, 2014Maureen Dolan, our Church Administrator shares her experiances of running a Kairos courseRead More »Learn English with HCIPosted May 31, 2014An article by Maureen Dolan on opportunities to learn EnglishRead More »Alan Swanson report from SerbiaPosted May 30, 2014Alan Swanson, on of our Deacons reports on conditions in Serbia following major floodingRead More »


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POCATELLO — Shane Parkinson scattered three hits over seven innings while Cash Cardona and Travis Robertson reached base eight times between them as the Snake River Panthers picked up a big road win against the Pocatello Rebels on Wednesday evening.
"We had men on base in every inning it seemed like," Snake River head coach Tom Strickland said. "The kids were just really hitting the ball well and really, this game could have been a ten run ball game if not for a couple of balls that we hit right at them."
AMMON — The Blackfoot Bronco American Legion baseball squad entered Tuesday's double header against the Eastern Division leading Idaho Falls Royals a little short handed as a pair of their big bats were missing.
You never would have noticed the absence however as the Broncos pounded away at the Royal pitching staff for 10 runs on 29 hits over the double header as the Broncos swept the Royals 10-4 and 10-9.
"It was good to pick up a pair of wins today," Blackfoot head coach Jeff Katseanes said.
BLACKFOOT — As Shelley native, Tanner Higham stood on the eighteenth tee box he held a slim one shot lead over soon to be pro Jimmy Burnett. After an errant tee shot into the pond on the right side of the fairway, Higham's shot at a Von Elm Golf Championship came crashing down as Burnett's second day 66 carried him to the 2012 championship.
"I knew that Tanner was one shot ahead when I was on eighteen and I had a ten footer for birdie which I thought that I would have to have but Tanner kind of helped me out a bit," Jimmy Burnett said.
SUGAR CITY — Cash Cardona hit a grand slam home run and the Panthers got complete game pitching efforts from Cardona and Shane Parkinson as they swept a road double header at Sugar City on Wednesday afternoon.
Parkinson got the day off on the right foot as he worked a complete seven innings, scattering 5 hits while striking out 12 in a 6-1 opening game victory.
"Shane was dominant in the first game and when he is on, like he was today he is more than capable of dominating," Snake River head coach Tom Strickland said.
BLACKFOOT — The Blackfoot Broncos and the Bonneville Bees combined for 46 runs, 49 hits and well over five hours of baseball on Tuesday evening and at the end of the marathon day on the diamond, the two teams split the double header, with Bonneville winning 9-7 in game one and Blackfoot rebounding for a 19-11 win in the nightcap.
"Whenever you see Bonneville on the schedule it just sort of amps everything up," Blackfoot head coach Jeff Katseanes said. "To pick up a split is huge. Both teams are very good and I have to say, I like the way that our team are playing."
POCATELLO — It was a banner day for a fine group of fourth district rodeo stars as ten different National Finals Rodeo spots were awarded to fourth district cowboys including a pair of state champions as Skylerr Valentine and Cooper Clemens each claimed state titles by days end.
POCATELLO — The second go of the 2012 State High School Rodeo went into the books after the morning performance at Bannock County Fairgrounds on Thursday.
Local fourth district athletes are fairing quite well halfway into the prestigious event with several in line for shots at state titles.
In the bareback event, Skylerr Valentine won the second go with a 74 point ride, giving him 138 on two head. Cooper Clemens was third in the second go with a 69 point ride which puts him at 139 on two head. That along with his carried points give him the overall lead as they headed into the third go on Thursday evening.
BLACKFOOT-The Blackfoot Broncos baseball team showed how Bronco baseball can be played. The Broncos won both of their games when they faced off against the Skyline Grizzlies, Thursday afternoon.
In the first game, Cole Mansanerez started off Blackfoot's scoring when he hit a nice triple and sent Zach Later sliding into home plate. The Broncos went on a scoring spree and gained five runs in the bottom of the fifth inning.
POCATELLO — The 2012 Idaho State Finals Rodeo hit the midway point on Wednesday evening as the finest high school rodeo talent in the state completed the first two thirds of the second go.
After the first go which concluded on Tuesday evening, several district four cowboys and cowgirls are sitting in pretty good shape to advance to Saturday's finals.
TWIN FALLS — The Blackfoot Bronco American Legion team made their way back into the Twin Falls Wood Bat Tournament championship game for the fourth consecutive season and on Saturday Blackfoot laid the wood to Upper Valley as they won their third tournament in those four tries with an 8-6 victory.
"It was an even game," Blackfoot head coach Jeff Katseanes said. "Upper Valley are legit. They were in the state tournament during the high school season so they're a very good team."