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Building a bike is an expensive and time-consuming process, traditionally reserved for devoted hobbyists and the very wealthy. But as cycling gains a stronger foothold in American cities, it's likely that such skills will become more commonplace in design education programs. Leading the way is Nicholas Riddle, a designer at Easton and the founder of the Urban Mobility Lab at the California College of the Arts.Read the rest
Posted on Thursday, August 9, 2012 by Allison Byers
Posted on Wednesday, August 8, 2012 by Allison Byers
Industrial design has always been a sexy job, if only in the minds of industrial designers. Then Apple and its sleek, user-friendly consumer electronics became household items and suddenly, industrial design became sexy to a much wider swath of society.Read the rest
Posted on Tuesday, July 24, 2012 by Lindsey Westbrook
From Amber Cox's documentation of San Francisco's Financial District
San Francisco and Istanbul: Both built across seven hills, on peninsulas jutting into major bodies of water, where East meets West dramatically and literally-continentally. Their respective situations along major global shipping routes means that they have always been rich in trade, rich in a cosmopolitan diversity of cultures, and rich in ideas: Just as the Bay Area has been a center of forward thinking, from the 1960s Haight-Ashbury counterculture to contemporary entrepreneurial Silicon Valley culture, Turkey -- and especially Istanbul -- is facing the future culturally and politically in its unique position at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and the Arab world.
CCA and Istanbul: East Meets West
CCA has been engaging with Istanbul in many cultural exchanges in recent years. In 2011 Jens Hoffmann, director of the CCA Wattis Institute, co-curated the 12th Istanbul Biennial, which featured numerous CCA alumni and faculty. The Vehbi Koç Foundation of Turkey recently announced its pledge to support one full-time Turkish student each year in CCA's Graduate Program in Curatorial Practice. And in spring 2012, Mariella Poli's CCA course Locality and Global Discourses facilitated an exchange between 16 students at CCA and five students at Istanbul Bilgi University.Read the rest
Posted on Thursday, June 28, 2012 by Amanda E. Gross
from Team JuaBar IMPACT 2012 project proposal
Within the next few weeks, the three teams of CCA students who won IMPACT Social Entrepreneurship Awards will be heading to Alaska, Tanzania, and Mexico to attempt innovative social transformations. Bolstered by the support of their $10,000 IMPACT grants and their community partner organizations, the teams -- KVAK TV, JuaBar, and 20/20 FOTO -- will work to empower three different communities to address pressing local concerns. Each team brings together a mix of graduate and undergraduate students from different academic programs.
IMPACT is one of the anchor programs at CCA's Center for Art and Public Life, providing students with opportunities to build relationships for social change. It is about innovation, community, collaboration, and making. It celebrates the entrepreneurial drive of CCA students combined with their desire to create a tangible, positive influence within a specific community.Read the rest
Posted on Thursday, June 28, 2012 by Allison Byers
Alongside collections of everyday objects like light-switch covers and felt bags, Rachel Gant's SF Design Week offerings earlier this month were decidedly in-season. She was showing a series of bags that convert into picnic blankets, and in the store's window, she put a giant spinning top on display. It was still light out when the evening event started, and I surely wasn't the only one eying the combo for a final bit of fun before dusk.Read the rest
Posted on Thursday, June 21, 2012 by Allison Byers
The designer behind the One Laptop Per Child Project, Yves Behar is truly a world-class designer, balancing aesthetics, function, and socially-based initiatives. Founder and principal designer of FuseProject, he also happens to be the Chair of the Industrial Design Department at San Francisco's California College of the Arts. Recently, he facilitated a design studio in which Industrial Design students partnered with South Korean cell phone manufacturer Pantech to design new cell-phone models, taking on the future of mobile communications and addressing the idea of emotional networking.Read the rest
Posted on Wednesday, May 30, 2012 by Jim Norrena
(l to r) Fashion Design chair Amy Williams, Maybelline representative Gabriel Almodovar, and program manager Pam Zahedani
CCA's sold-out 2012 Annual Fashion Show, a favorite among the numerous commencement-week events held at the college, took place Friday, May 11. The runway presentation, held inside a trademark tent in front of the main building on the San Francisco campus, is the program's capstone event of the year and serves to showcase the innovative thesis collections built by senior Fashion Design students.Read the rest
Posted on Thursday, April 19, 2012 by Mitchell Schwarzer
Mitchell Schwarzer gives his introduction at the CCA faculty retreat
On February 4, 2012, the faculty at California College of the Arts gathered at the college's San Francisco campus for a retreat focused on the state of the arts across our many disciplines. In the morning, 25 short presentations offered insights into challenges and opportunities faced by practitioners and thinkers in recent times. The word aired most frequently was crisis: the crisis of the Great Recession; the crisis of Global Climate Change; the crisis of understanding and working within a discipline in our digital age.
Watch the video of all the presentations (91 minutes), shot and edited by Yoni Klein (Photography 2012)
The economic downturn has produced an economic squeeze within most of our disciplines. Art directors, as Alexis Mahrus remarks, have diminished roles in shaping an illustration. Smaller profit margins reduce the flexibility and time given over to experimentation. Branding and celebrity worship take up a larger slice of the creative pie. Some presenters, like Sue Redding of Industrial Design, see no problem in this conflation of art and business and, furthermore, dispute the notion of a crisis. Yet many presenters feel that the economic crisis is not only real but wielding dangerously asymmetrical impacts. Demand remains strong for high-end craft goods and blue-chip fine art. Some small nonprofits are struggling to survive. To Ignacio Valero of Critical Studies, the priority given over to luxury items can be attributed to the ongoing influence of classical economic policies that privilege individual decision making over collective social and natural needs. Likewise, Sandra Vivanco of Diversity Studies notes that economic inequalities have greatly worsened over the past few years, especially in the developing world. Contemporary society is forging a timeless, spaceless way of conducting business, a race for lucrative and short-term gains that concentrates investment more than ever in the hands of a few.Read the rest
Posted on Monday, March 12, 2012 by Allison Byers
It may seem incomprehensible to the latest generation, but we used to choose what art schools we'd apply to by looking at printed paper brochures that came in the mail. In an era before social media and the internet, a school's reputation wasn't easy to ascertain, particularly if you lived far away from it; your high school art teacher—who might've been anything from an out-of-work landscaper to a bored housewife—would tell you they heard RISD was good, for instance, and that was about the extent of it.Read the rest
Posted on Thursday, December 15, 2011 by Samantha Braman
Delphi Digital Optics, designed by Lucas Ainsworth
What do Delphi Optics (special wilderness goggles that use satellite info to provide specific information about your surroundings), Jungle Walkers (100 percent sustainable cardboard puzzle animals), and the Snowkite (a kite that pulls you across snowy slopes) all have in common? They're all the brainchildren of alumnus Lucas Ainsworth (Industrial Design 2010), and they're all in one way or another expressions of Ainsworth's passion for the outdoors.
Before he came to CCA's Industrial Design Program, Ainsworth studied environmental science at UC Davis. "I always intrinsically loved design, but I was never exposed to it growing up. I thought products were designed by mechanical engineers. Then, during my time at UC Davis I was a whitewater guide in their outdoor program on weekends. The guy who runs the program was a designer at Black Diamond, and he used to tell stories about designing and testing outdoor gear. After graduating and working for a few years, I called him up and asked what it takes to be a designer at Black Diamond. He introduced me to the field of industrial design and said, basically, 'Your only chance is to get into a top-notch design school and rock it.'"
While at CCA, Ainsworth developed and marketed all kinds of products, from toys to high-end electronic devices. It was in Jay Baldwin's Industrial Design 1 class that he conceived the Jungle Walker, an environmentally conscious toy elephant made of cardboard that, when assembled, walks and moves its head with surprising realism.Read the rest


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Assist Pharmacy personnel when needed. To ensure customer satisfaction by handling each customer with the eye's, hi's and help.... - Indeed
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Perform all Front Store and Pharmacy activities assigned by the Photo Lab Supervisor and Store Management Team.... - Indeed
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Home / 68th Golden Globe Awards – Red Carpet Arrival Pictures Best Dresses / Natalie Portman 68th Annual Golden Globe Awards – Baby Bumb! (8)
Attention electronic music lovers! We got a chance to talk to charismatic french electro master Yuksek. With two studio albums under his belt, Yuksek's name is synonymous with incredible, improvised live performances.


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Google Adwords is not dead by a long shot, but it can be somewhat pricey which is why so many people are turning to the social networking giant. Facebook is a little unusual when it comes to how they have their advertisement machine run - they don't base it on keywords - but "Likes and Interests" of people.
Facebook ads does have it's disadvantages however - the CTR usually less is than 1% of the impressions. Facebook is not viewed as a search engine like Google, so when people sign onto Facebook, they are not looking for a specific product, but want to upload pictures or leave comments on their wall as to what they are doing. However, the ad process does catch their eye, and depending on how the ad is written and since that user has a particular interest, he/she may click on it.
It's something that Blue Fox SEO wants to check out and have been using Facebook ads for the last couple of months. The clients love the "lower than Adwords" cost and are willing to take a chance. There have been many cases where businesses are doing a great job getting a word out about their product or service by using Facebook's advertisement.
So if you are looking for a cheaper way to advertise - take it to the experts at Blue Fox SEO - who will be glad to talk to you about how they do things, not just by paid traffic, but by organic as well.
# # #
About Blue Fox SEO: We are a company that helps our clients rank high in organic search for various niches. We also assist with Adwords and Facebook Advertisements as well.
We differ from other SEO Services by relying on referral traffic from relative forums, social bookmarking sites, blogs, article directories, and press releases.


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Count Albert Mensdorff-Pouilly-Dietrichstein
1 portrait
Count Albert Mensdorff-Pouilly-Dietrichstein
by Philip Alexius de László
oil on cardboard, before 1907
31 1/4 in. x 24 7/8 in. (794 mm x 632 mm)
Purchased, 1981
Primary Collection
NPG 5396a
Click on the links below to find out more:
Sitterback to top
- Count Albert Mensdorff-Pouilly-Dietrichstein (1861-1945), Austro-Hungarian diplomat. Sitter in 4 portraits.
Artistback to top
- Philip Alexius de László (1869-1937), Portrait painter. Artist associated with 19 portraits, Sitter in 7 portraits.
Related worksback to top
- NPG 5396: Princess Victoria of Wales (obverse)
Linked publicationsback to top
- Saywell, David; Simon, Jacob, Complete Illustrated Catalogue, 2004, p. 426
Subjects & Themesback to top
Related pages
- Collected Archives - C-D
- Correspondence and Papers of Philip de László
- Learn more about Philip de László
- Guide to the correspondence and papers of Philip de László
- Online index and preliminary list
- Other archive material relating to Philip de László in the National Portrait Gallery
- Other sources of information about Philip de László
- Selected letters of Philip de László
- Artist - Laszlo


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Sony add 3D health warning to PS3 terms and conditions
Sony has updated their terms of service for the PS3 to include a health warning relating to their 3D titles.
In a move similar to Nintendo they have warned that some people may experience headaches, nausea and even vomiting from playing 3D games.
The also suggested that children under the age of six should not be allowed to play games in 3D as their eyes have not developed enough to cope with the 3D effects.
The new additions read: "Some people may experience discomfort (such as eye strain, eye fatigue or nausea) while watching 3D video images or playing stereoscopic 3D games on 3D televisions. If you experience such discomfort, you should immediately discontinue use of your television until the discomfort subsides.
"SCEA recommends that all viewers take regular breaks while watching 3D video or playing stereoscopic 3D games. The length and frequency of necessary breaks may vary from person to person. Please take breaks that are long enough to allow any feelings of discomfort to subside. If symptoms persist, consult a doctor.
"The vision of young children (especially those under six years old) is still under development. SCEA recommends that you consult your doctor (such as a pediatrician or eye doctor) before allowing young children to watch 3D video images or play stereoscopic 3D games. Adults should supervise young children to ensure they follow the recommendations listed above."
Thanks Kokugamer.
Latest News
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- Capcom details the Ultra Street Fighter IV PS4 upgrades
- Codemasters releases a teaser for F1 2015
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- Warner Bros bringing Batman's cowl and cape from Batman: Arkham Knight to MCM Comic-Con this weekend
- Red Thread gives an update on Dreamfall Chapters Book Three
- Sony releases a pretty 1080p gameplay video of God Of War III on PS4
- Techland shelves Hellraid to focus on Dying Light


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Exit this survey
DRAFT Massachusetts Definition of College and Career Readiness- DEADLINE FOR RESPONSES EXTENDED to NOVEMBER 2, 2012 at 5:00 p.m. ET.
Dear Colleague,
The Massachusetts Department of Higher Education and Department of Elementary and Secondary Education are seeking feedback from educators, parents, students, communities, employers, workers, the general public and all related stakeholders on a DRAFT definition for Massachusetts on what it means to be College and Career Ready. Our goal is to capture the broadest possible feedback across Massachusetts' P-16 environment while arriving at a definition that is clear, reflects our educational goals and values, and is workable for stakeholders.
We thank each campus and partnering school for the work of the P-16 Campus Engagement Teams who contributed to the definition of college readiness in Massachusetts. All of the Campus Engagement Reports, which were submitted in June 2012, are posted on the PARCC Massachusetts Campus Engagement Center website. We also thank the Commonwealth's Regional Readiness Centers for their support of this work.
During the same time that the P-16 Campus Engagement Teams were discussing college readiness, the Board of Elementary and Secondary Education convened the Integrating College and Career Readiness Task Force. The Task Force was charged to develop a clear, measurable definition of career readiness. The Board approved the Task Force Report on June 26, 2012, and the report is posted on the Department of Elementary and Secondary Education website.
The definitions submitted by the Campus Engagement Teams and the Task Force Report stated clear support for the integration of college and career readiness in Massachusetts' work to develop a statewide definition. Further, the results of both initiatives shared a common emphasis in two areas: essential learning competencies and learning qualities and strategies. The draft definition flows from the engagement work and task force recommendations.
At this time we are sharing the Draft Definition of College and Career Readiness with you to begin the process of review, feedback and synthesis. This review will continue into the Fall so that we will reach the broadest P-16 community possible. After you have reviewed the draft definition which follows, please respond to the survey's twelve questions. The deadline for responses is 5:00 pm ET on October 31, 2012.
Mitchell Chester, Commissioner
Department of Elementary and Secondary Education
Richard Freeland, Commissioner
Department of Higher Education
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As inside information surfaces, big changes are occuring in Nolan Nawrocki's Mock Draft. See leaps taken by Cam Newton, Da'Quan Bowers, and Marcell Dareus. Did they rise, or slide?
Is 2012 the year the Ravens get over the playoff hump? They'll have to do it without Terrell Suggs for much of the year, and the burden of his absence will be given to second-rounder Courtney Upshaw.
The Detroit Lions spent 2011 with the football in the air, with one of the NFL's best passing attacks and worst run games. With Jahvid Best and Mikel Leshoure back healthy, that could change in '12.


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|Posted by:
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|Sushitaroxx, ItsSonii, SushantTheBest, Sahana-, SudhaSangeet, mayusushita, TazinSushantFan, Fatima_Q, samicute, fansush
Sooo happy and excited for sushant
OMG Sushant you are looking amazing as Detective Byomkesh Bakshi...Im so happy for you.
always keep up the good work.
All the Best for your all future projects.
Sushant is luking sooo perfect as byomkesh eagerlyyy waiting to see him on big screen again and im sure he will nail d perf
I'm so glad Sushant is getting one great project after another.
Awesome News...Im super excited for this film. Sushant Singh Rajput as DBB...Im sure he will rockkk.
All the Best to Sushant & entire team of DBB.
The TV series with actor Rajat Kapoor had been one of the finest portrayal of Byomkesh Bakshi...Have loved it !!!
Hope film maintains the flavour of the storyline...
Haven't seen Sushant's work as an actor :? so no idea abt him...Hope He does justice to the character
how will I accept SSR as Byomkesh Bokshi?I always saw Abir as Byomkesh..n y suddenly everyone is after Byomkesh Bokshi?Rituparno Roy's Byomkesh Bokshi is on the way..where Sujoy Ghosh played the role..there is lot's of bengali detective story which they can make..y the one which already made?
all the best sushant singh rajput...
Superb Excited for DBB.. Sushant Singh Rajput as Byomkesh :)
All the best Sushant Singh Rajput.. It gonna be one of the best detective film.
Actress Sandeepa Dhar, best known for her roles in films like "Isi ...
Sushant Singh Rajput has been watching Dhoni's live matches as ... 1


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China research center shows off 14 new panda cubs.
Videos you may be interested in:
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RockiesRockies split with Dodgers after gut-wrenching loss in nightcap
Dodgers won the game 9-8 and sucked the life out of Coors Field
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BusinessMystery of disappearing holes in Swiss cheese solved
The mystery of Swiss cheese and its disappearing holes has been solved.
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LONDON (AP) — Keith Richards doesn't keep a list of the Top 10 Rolling Stones albums. But he's happy to place "Sticky Fingers," being re-released in a deluxe edition next week, near the very top. Full Story


text:
NCAA Matchups >> Georgia Tech vs. Georgia Preview 11/24/2012
The fans at Sanford Stadium will be treated to a game between the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets and the Georgia Bulldogs when they take their seats on Saturday.
Oddsmakers currently have the Bulldogs listed as 14-point favorites versus the Yellow Jackets, while the game's total is sitting at 64½.
Georgia Tech was a 42-24 winner in their most recent outing at home against Duke. They covered the 12.5-point spread as favorites, while the total score (66) made winners of UNDER bettors.
Georgia was a 45-14 winner in its last match at home against Ga Southern. The game involved a non-board team, hence there was no line or total on it.
CURRENT STREAK:Georgia Tech has won 3 straight games.
Georgia has won 5 straight games.
TEAM RECORDS:Georgia Tech: 6-5 SU, 7-4 ATS
Georgia: 10-1 SU, 5-6 ATS
GEORGIA TECH MOST RECENTLY:When playing in November are 5-5
When playing on grass are 6-4
After outgaining opponent are 5-5
When playing outside the conference are 4-6
GEORGIA MOST RECENTLY:When playing in November are 9-1
When playing on grass are 9-1
After outgaining opponent are 7-3
When playing outside the conference are 7-3
A FEW TRENDS TO CONSIDER:Georgia Tech is 4-1 SU in its last 5 games
The total has gone OVER in 4 of Georgia Tech's last 5 games on the road
The total has gone OVER in 7 of Georgia Tech's last 9 games
The total has gone UNDER in 6 of Georgia Tech's last 8 games when playing Georgia
Georgia is 5-0 SU in its last 5 games
Georgia is 5-0 SU in its last 5 games at home
Georgia is 10-1 SU in its last 11 games when playing Georgia Tech
Georgia is 4-1 SU in its last 5 games when playing at home against Georgia Tech


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May 14,2015
The Cincinnati Art Museum presents A Taste of Duveneck (Cincinnati Art Museum Press Release, May 14, 2015)
May 11,2015
Northern Baroque Splendor showcases rare collection of 17th century Dutch and Flemish art (Cincinnati Art Museum Press Release, May 11, 2015)
April 22,2015
Cincinnati Art Museum Curator's Cincinnati Silver: 1788–1940 receives book award (Cincinnati Art Museum Press Release, April 22, 2015)
April 20,2015
Cincinnati Art Museum acquires contemporary glasswork by Beth Lipman (Cincinnati Art Museum Press Release, April 20, 2015)
April 02,2015
Human-Altered Landscapes explores environmental changes through photography (Cincinnati Art Museum Press Release, April 2, 2015)
Welcome to the Cincinnati Art Museum's online collections database, a searchable catalogue of selected works from the permanent collection. Browse the highlights of the collection or search the catalogue using keywords to perform a simple or detailed search. The catalogue will be regularly updated with additional works of art so please check back frequently.
Discover your community's vast and growing art collection. Since 1881, the Cincinnati Art Museum's commitment to the community and its members as a world-class art museum has inspired acquisitions and additions to its ever-changing collection of art.
One of the oldest arts institutions in the United States, the Cincinnati Art Museum has a rich collection of more than 65,000 works of art, spanning 6,000 years. This unique collection includes the ancient art of Egypt, Greece, and Rome as well as Near and Far Eastern art, art of Africa and the Americas, costume and textiles, prints, drawings, photographs, paintings, sculpture, decorative art, and contemporary art.
The painting collection includes works by European old masters such as Titian, van Dyck, Hals, Rubens, and Gainsborough, as well as nineteenth- and twentieth-century works by Picasso, Renoir, Derain, Braque, Modigliani, Miró, and Chagall. The American collection holds works by Copley, Cole, Harnett, Wyeth, Wood, Hopper, Diebenkorn, and Rothko, as well as major artists from the 1970s and 1980s.
Some of the Art Museum's most notable gems include the only collection of ancient Nabataean art outside of Jordan, the renowned Herbert Greer French collection of old master prints, and a fine collection of European and American portrait miniatures.
The Cincinnati Art Museum's Mary R. Schiff Library & Archives houses an extensive collection of research materials and artist files. Visit the Library page for hours, online catalog, and additional information.
The Cincinnati Art Museum Collection Database is funded by generous grants from:
The Harold C. Schott Foundation
H. B., E. W. and F. R. Luther Charitable Foundation, Narley L. Haley and Fifth Third Bank, Co-Trustees


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text:
When Is It Time To Cut Your Losses?
I'm certainly guilty of attaching to relationships because of the history we share, the memories of better times, or the certainty that the relationship is right on the verge of getting way better.
But what if your relationship will never be what it once was or what you imagine it could be? What if your dream of a perfect relationship is just that – a dream?
Surely, forgiveness is always a good thing. We all make mistakes and those we love deserve second, third, even fifteenth chance.
But at what point do you cut your losses and accept that the relationship brings you more pain than joy? When do you draw the line in the sand, even if you're still in love, because you're worth being treated better? When do you release someone you don't love anymore, because to cling to a loveless relationship isn't fair to either of you? When do you decide to cut your loved one loose? And how do you keep your heart open in the process?
Oh to know the answers to these questions…
How Do You FEEL?
As someone with two divorces under my belt, take what I say with a grain of salt. Although I've now been with my current husband for almost 10 years, I'm certainly no relationship expert. All I know is that knowing what to do begins with being honest with yourself about how you really feel. Loving someone and having that love reciprocated is supposed to feel good – at least more often than it feels icky. How do you feel when you're with the person in question, and what percentage of the time are those feelings joyful?
Your Inner Pilot Light
Once you're honest with yourself about how you feel, check in with your Inner Pilot Light. Tap into why you're still in the relationship. Is it guilt? Pressure from other people? Fear of failure? Financial concerns? Hope that things will change for the better someday soon? Religious beliefs? Worry about what will become of the person if you leave? Unwillingness to endure the pain of a break up? Lack of courage to initiate what you know you must? Dread of the aftermath?
Been there. Done that. I feel you, my love.
I'm not endorsing breakups. I can certainly tell you divorce sucks and I hope I never have to experience it again. Breaking up with family members or friends is no easier. But I'm also not a fan of staying put when it's time to cut your losses. It's not worth staying in relationships that suck the life force out of you, take advantage of you, injure you, keep you from thriving, drain you of your joie de vivre, leave you feeling disempowered or disrespected, or keep you from being who you really are. Life's too short to stay in a relationship just because some people might think you "should."
The Day I Left
The day I left my husband, he threw himself at my feet and grabbed my ankles. I remember walking down the hallway with my luggage in one hand, trying to shake him loose. It was our anniversary. He begged me to stay just one more day.
But the day before, something had happened that was the last straw. I couldn't stay one more day.
How do you know when it's time to cut your losses? When the pain of staying put exceeds the fear of the unknown.
I walked out that door, into an uncertain future.
If your Inner Pilot Light knows what you must do, you can do the same. I won't lie to you. It ain't gonna be pretty. It'll get darker before you see the light. But it's not worth trading in happiness and freedom for security and pain avoidance. When you fail to make a choice, you're still making a choice.
Choose to get the most out of this one wild and precious life. It's yours. Grab it. And don't forget to dance while your heart heals.
Holding your hand,
Lissa Rankin, MD: Founder of OwningPink.com, author of Mind Over Medicine: Scientific Proof You Can Heal Yourself (Hay House, 2013), TEDx speaker, and health care revolutionary. Join her newsletter list for free guidance on healing yourself, and check her out on Twitter and Facebook.
Do You Idealize Your Relationships?
The Hardest Thing You'll Ever Do
4 Reasons We Stay in Unhappy Relationships


text:
Welcome To SCEMD
The South Carolina Emergency Management Division, a division of the Adjutant General's Office, is the coordinating agency responsible for the statewide emergency management program. SCEMD's mission is to develop, coordinate, and lead the state emergency management program, enabling effective preparation for, response to and recovery from emergencies and disasters in order to save lives, reduce human suffering and minimize property loss.
Latest News
Email |
2015 Hurricane Awareness Week
Governor Nikki Haley has proclaimed that South Carolina Hurricane Awareness Week for 2015 will be observed May 31 – June 7. READ MORE
SCEMD Monitors Subtropical Storm Ana
COLUMBIA, S.C. (Friday, May 8, 2015, 11:15 a.m.) – The first named storm of 2015 has formed and will affect South Carolina this weekend. The National Hurricane Center has issued a Tropical Storm Warning for portions of the South Carolina coast. READ MORE
2015 Severe Weather Awareness Week
COLUMBIA, S.C. (Thursday, March 5, 2015, 1:30 p.m.) - Governor Nikki Haley has proclaimed that South Carolina Severe Weather Awareness Week for 2015 will be observed March 8 – 14. READ MORE
Governor Declares State of Emergency
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text:
A digital cellular communication system in which fixed subscribers and mobile subscribers share base transceiver stations, base station controllers and mobile switching centers to communicate with the switched telephone network. Mobile subscribers communicate using any cellular radio protocol, while the fixed subscribers communicate via a multi-subscriber unit (MSU) using the inventive air interface. The MSU system uses digital speech interpolation to transmit speech spurts between subscribers and the switched telephone network. Preferably, time division multiple access channels in a digital speech interpolation pool are allocated and deallocated on a speech spurt basis.
1. A combined system for communication of individual fixed and mobile telephone subscribers with a remotely located base station of a radio communication system, comprising:
a base station having a transceiver for receiving and transmitting signals including digital signals corresponding to speech spurts from and to subscriber locations;
a base station controller connected between the transceiver and a mobile switching center for performing speech coding and digital speech interpolation;
at least one mobile subscriber telephone having an antenna for radiating and collecting signals corresponding to speech spurts to and from the base station transceiver;
a multi-subscriber unit in a fixed location remote from the base station having an antenna for radiating and collecting digital signals corresponding to speech spurts for a plurality of different individual subscribers to and from the base station transceiver; and
a telephone for each of said plurality of different individual subscribers, said telephones being at fixed locations and wired electrically to the multi-subscriber unit.
2. The system of claim 1 wherein the multi-subscriber unit comprises means responsive to a speech spurt for transmitting a request for assignment of a traffic channel; means for detecting voice activity; means for speech encoding to reduce transmission bit rate requirement; means for speech synthesizing to reconstruct a compressed signal; and a controller for managing call processing, speech compression and transmission of the plurality of different fixed telephone.
3. The system of claim 1 wherein the base station includes means for establishing a pool of available traffic transmission channels, each traffic transmission channel having a time slot in a repeating time division multiple access frame at a predetermined carrier frequency.
4. The system of claim 2 wherein the base station includes means for establishing a pool of available traffic transmission channels, each traffic transmission channel having a time slot in a repeating time division multiple access frame at a predetermined carrier frequency.
5. The system of claim 3 wherein the multi-subscriber unit includes means responsive to detection of a speech spurt for transmitting a request for assignment of a traffic transmission channel.
6. A system for telephony communication of subscriber telephones through a radio link with a remotely located base station comprising:
a plurality of subscriber telephones at fixed locations;
a base station having a link to a telephone network and a transceiver for receiving signals from and transmitting signals to the plurality of subscriber telephones;
at least one mobile subscriber telephone having an antenna for receiving signals from and transmitting signals to the base station transceiver;
a multi-subscriber unit in a fixed location wired electrically to the plurality of fixed subscriber telephones, having a subscriber interface for detecting an off-hook condition at each of the fixed subscriber telephones, a subscriber activity detector for detecting the presence of data to be transmitted at each fixed subscriber telephone at which an off-hook condition is detected, and a transceiver for transmitting the data from each fixed subscriber telephone at which data is detected to the base station and for receiving data from the base station for transmission to the fixed subscriber telephones;
means coupled to the subscriber activity detector for requesting the allocation of a traffic transmission channel from the base station upon the detection of the presence of data at any one of the fixed subscriber telephones.
7. The invention of claim 6 wherein the multisubscriber unit further comprises:
a plurality of connectors for providing electrical communication with the plurality of subscriber telephones;
a processor for modulating data from the telephones for transmission over the radio link;
a processor for demodulating data from the transceiver for transmission through the connectors to the telephones.
8. The invention of claim 6 wherein the data to be transmitted comprises speech, the subscriber activity detector comprises a speech spurt detector, the processor for modulating data comprises a speech spurt encoder for converting spurts of speech into a compressed digital form, and the processor for demodulating comprises a decoder for converting compressed digital bit sequences into speech spurts.
9. The invention of claim 6 further comprising means coupled to the subscriber activity detector for requesting the deallocation of a traffic transmission channel from the base station upon the detection of the end of data presence at any one of the fixed subscriber telephones.
10. The invention of claim 6 wherein the transceiver comprises means for transmitting and receiving frames of digital information in a time division multiple access format, each frame including a plurality of time slots for channel allocation and deallocation information.
11. The invention of claim 6 wherein the subscriber interface comprises means for generating a dial tone in response to the detection of an off-hook condition for communication to each fixed subscriber telephone for which the off-hook condition was detected.
12. The invention of claim 6 wherein the subscriber interface comprises means for generating a ringing signal in response to an indication of an incoming call from the base station for communication to any one of the fixed subscriber telephones for which the incoming call is intended.
13. The invention of claim 6 further comprising:
a bus interconnecting the subscriber interfaces and the processors; and
a multilink pad connected to the bus having an input port for a high speed data subscriber for allowing data to be transmitted between the base station and the high speed data subscriber through the transceiver.
This is a continuation application Ser. No. 08/027,968, filed Mar. 8, 1993, now abandoned which is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/929,337 filed Aug. 13, 1992, now abandoned and a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/622,232 filed on Dec. 6, 1990, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,299,198, which applications are relied upon and incorporated by reference herein. The U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/929,337 also being a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/622,232 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,299,198.
1. Field of Invention
The present invention relates to a communication system and method; and more particularly to a combined fixed and mobile communication system and method. While the invention is subject to a wide range of applications, it is particularly suited for use with a cellular communication system.
2. Discussion of Related Art
Fixed telephone service may be provided by several different types of systems. The most common is wiring telephone lines directly to the home. However, in more primitive, or sparsely settled countries, such systems, are either not economically feasible, or the time required for installation is substantially protracted. Wireless telephone systems for fixed installations have been proposed that overcome some of the disadvantages of wired systems. One such system involves using a 450 MHz frequency to provide a connection between a local office and a subscriber's home. Such a system is designed for low density rural application, and does not achieve the spectral efficiency and frequency reuse needed to service high density city environments.
Other systems have been proposed that utilize a large number of transmission sites (microcells) which must be deployed to geographically cover a specifically inhabitated area. This multiplicity of sites must receive electrical power, and also be tied back to one or more switching centers. However, the cost of power, backhaul facilities and the microcells themselves are not always cost effective for certain applications.
Cellular communication systems are now used for mobile telephone service where radio coverage is divided into cells; and each cell is assigned a number of available radio frequencies. A mobile telephone station transmits and receives control and voice communication information from a base station within the same cell. The base stations of each cell are controlled by a cellular system switching and control network that provides connection with the world wide telecommunication system.
There are many different formats for cellular communication systems. In one type of digital cellular communication system, for example, the allocated transmit and receive frequency bands are divided into individual radio channels of communication, with the transmit and receive frequencies being separated from each other. Each radio channel has a frame format, that is, each channel transmits a succession of frames, which has a duration typically of forty milliseconds, and constitutes one cycle of a regularly recurring series. Each subscriber's information is transmitted in one of six time slots. Each time slot includes one hundred sixty-two symbols, and has a duration of approximately 6.67 milliseconds. Each slot corresponds to a burst of RF energy that includes compressed digital speech signals, which are decompressed at the receiving station and converted to analog or sixty-four Kilobits per second (KBPS) pulse code modulation (PCM) speech.
Typically, an encoder is provided for each transmitter, both at a base station and a mobile station, which compresses the speech signals before modulation and transmission thereof. One type of digital cellular communication system, for example, includes a technique for low rate speech coding, referred to as Codebook Excited Linear Prediction (CELP), which involves searching a table or codebook of randomly distributed excitation codewords for that codeword which, when filtered through pitch and linear predictive coding short term synthesis filters, produces an output sequence which is closest to the input sequence. This output sequence of synthesized speech codes occurs upon excitation of the input sequence which, in turn, occurs upon the introduction of the digital equivalent of analog speech.
Provided the antennas of each of the wireless telephones are not shielded, it is technically possible for fixed subscribers to use the mobile telephones. Due to the much greater subscriber densities in fixed systems, such use could soon result in too many subscribers for a single cell, thus, over taxing the capacity of a single cell site. Also, the expense of a complete mobile telephone for each subscriber could be a financial burden.
In light of the foregoing, there is a need for a communication system for fixed subscribers which provides quality as high as a mobile cellular communication system, but which is suitable for high density applications in a cost effective manner.
Accordingly, the present invention is directed to a combined fixed and mobile cellular communication system and method that substantially obviates one or more of the limitations and disadvantages of the related art.
Additional advantages of the invention will be set forth in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. The objects and advantages of the invention will be realized and attained by means of the elements and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims.
To achieve the objects and in accordance with the purpose of the invention, as embodied and broadly described herein, a combined system for communication of individual fixed and mobile telephone subscribers with a remotely located base station of a radio communication system comprises a base station having a transceiver for receiving and transmitting signals from and to subscriber locations, a base station controller for performing speech coding and digital speech interpolation connected between the transceiver and a mobile switching center; at least one mobile subscriber telephone having an antenna for radiating and collecting signals corresponding to speech spurts to and from the base station transceiver; a multi-subscriber unit remotely located from the base station having an antenna for radiating and collecting signals corresponding to speech spurts of a plurality of different individual subscribers to and from the base station transceiver; and a telephone for each of said plurality of different individual subscribers at fixed locations electrically coupled to the multi-subscriber unit.
In another aspect, as embodied and broadly described herein, the invention comprises a method of communication by a plurality of mobile telephones and a plurality of fixed telephones coupled to a single multi-subscriber unit with a base station transceiver of a cellular communication system, comprising establishing, at the base station transceiver a pool of available traffic transmission channels, each traffic transmission channel having a time slot in a repeating time division multiple access frame at a predetermined carrier frequency, responding, at a multi-subscriber unit to detection of a speech spurt, by transmitting a request for assignment of a traffic transmission channel, searching at the base station for an available traffic transmission channel from the pool of available traffic transmission channels in response to receipt of the assignment request, transmitting an identification of the located channel to the multi-subscriber unit and removing the located channel from the pool of available traffic channels in response to location of an available traffic transmission channel at the base station and initiating transmission of the speech spurt in the located and identified traffic transmission channel of the time division multiple access frame in response to receipt of the identification of the located channel at them multi-subscriber unit.
It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the invention, as claimed.
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention.
FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of a combined fixed and mobile radio communication system in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram of the multi-subscriber unit of FIG. 1 in accordance with one embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic block diagram of a multi-subscriber unit of FIG. 1 in accordance with a second embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram illustrating the multi-subscriber line cards of the multi-subscriber unit of FIG. 1;
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of the data subscriber interface of FIGS. 2 and 3;
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of the speech processor of FIGS. 2 and 3 with voice activity detectors connected according to a first arrangement;
FIG. 6A is a schematic diagram of the speech processor of FIGS. 2 and 3 with the voice activity detectors connected according to a second arrangement;
FIG. 6B is a schematic diagram of the speech processors of FIGS. 2 and 3 with the voice activity detectors connected according to a third arrangement;
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of the transmission and RF distribution interface of FIG. 2;
FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of the processing and transmission interface of FIG. 3;
FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of the RF distribution function of FIG. 3;
FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of an alternate type of connection between a subscriber and the multi-subscriber unit of FIG. 1;
FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram of a high speed data arrangement for the multi-subscriber units of FIGS. 2 and 3;
FIGS. 12 and 13 are timing and sequence diagrams illustrating the operation of the multi-subscriber units of FIGS. 2 and 3.
Reference will now be made in detail to the present preferred embodiment of the invention, an example of which is illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Wherever possible, the same reference numerals will be used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like components. When using the term connected or electrically connected herein, it is not intended to mean directly connected but may mean ultimately connected, where components may be connected therebetween but are omitted in that they do not aid in the understanding of the invention. Also, when using the term switch herein, it is understood that it can be any device or method for connecting and unconnecting inputs and outputs of software or hardware components.
Prior to discussing the details of the illustrated system, the system can be best understood by first presenting a general overview and discussion of the system, its architecture and requirements.
A fixed wireless network is capable of bringing telephone service to developing countries in a timely and cost effective manner. Due to the lack of established infrastructure, such as land or wire lines, which are needed to provide regular telephony service, the cellular system of the present invention will be used as the system base. The described system uses RF or over-the-air channels to connect individual subscribers or groups of fixed subscribers to the public telephone network. The use of a cellular system as the basis for the fixed wireless network removes the need to provide wire or other land lines between subscriber sites and the telephone network.
The cellular system includes a mobile communication system, wherein the geographic area to be served by the system is divided into a number of sections called cells. Each cell is served by a base station which consists of radio transceiver equipment that is capable of covering its cell region. The base station communicates with mobile terminals and fixed terminals over a specified set of air carrier channels. Mobile terminals may consist of vehicle mounted, hand-held and other portable telephone sets, and the fixed terminals may be located in an apartment house or relatively small neighborhood. The set of base stations in one installation is served by mobile switching centers which provide a seamless interface to and from the conventional Public Switched Telephone network (PSTN).
For stationary subscribers the system pools a group of co-located subscribers and serves them by a shared, multi-user terminal referred to as a multi-subscriber unit, or MSU. The resources of the MSU are allocated to a subscriber on a call-by-call basis. This shared resource approach greatly reduces the amount of required hardware, thus keeping the cost-per-subscriber low. By appropriate dimensioning of MSU resources, the reliability and availability of telecommunications services can be ensured. The components are similar to the system described in the aforementioned referenced U.S. patent application with the addition of the MSU to provide telecom services to a cluster of subscribers.
The wireless system has a base station subsystem which can be either a self-contained unit or further subdivided into a base station controller (BSC) with one or more subordinate Base Transceiver Stations (BTS). The BSC is responsible for performing call and channel management. The fixed subscribers preferably use a modified speech compression algorithm similar to the mobile, which is less processing-intensive than the mobile subscribers' speech compression algorithm. The mobile subscribers may use the full rate digital time division multiple access as described in EIA/TIA IS-54. The base station controller shall process calls for both fixed and mobile subscribers. Individual subscriber telephones preferably may handle either fixed or mobile speech algorithms. In other words one group of speech algorithms shall serve fixed users and another group shall serve mobile users. Mobile subscribers may use an analog, time division multiple access system, and preferably an time division multiple access system of the type described in copending application Ser. No. 622,232, filed on Dec. 6, 1990.
Base transceiver stations shall provide a number of radio channels. Each radio channel preferably is configured to support either fixed subscribers or mobile subscribers. The radio channels used for fixed subscribers are processed on a single channel unit. Several fixed subscribers shall be supported by a single multi-subscriber unit hereinafter described.
Reference will now be made in detail to the present preferred embodiments of the invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanied drawings.
The exemplary embodiment of the system of the present invention is shown in FIG. 1 and is represented generally by the reference numeral 18. Referring to FIG. 1, a wireless telephone system 18 comprises a plurality of mobile subscribers 20, and one or more multi-subscriber (MSU) units 22 for each cell. Each MSU 22 has two sides. One side has an antenna 24 facing antenna 25 of a remotely located base transceiver station 28, and another side to which is connected a plurality of individual fixed telephones 26. The individual fixed telephones, typically less than one hundred are aggregated at MSU 22. MSU 22 preferably has fewer outgoing voice circuits than incoming voice interfaces so that some degree of aggregation is performed locally. Telephones 26 may be wire or radio coupled to the respective unit 22, and may be any type of voice or visual interface between the person and system such as a handset, speaker phone, or videophone, for example.
The fixed wireless system 18 includes a base transceiver station 28, a base station controller (BSC) 29, which is connected to a mobile switching center (MSC), 30 which is connected to a public switched telephone network 32, which network is not part of the present system. The BSC and MSC may be combined in an alternative embodiment.
There are two alternative embodiments of the MSU. The locally non-blocking configuration shown in FIG. 2, can simultaneously establish calls to all of the attached subscriber handsets 26 without providing dedicated radio and voice coding components to each active call. The alternative configuration shown in FIG. 3 dedicates voice coding and radio components to each active call.
Referring to the embodiment of FIG. 2, each locally non-blocking multi-subscriber unit or MSU 22 has an antenna 24, a functional voice/data subscriber interface 36, a speech processor 38, an MSU controller 40, and a transmission and distribution interface 42; and preferably a multi-link pad 98. Voice/data interface 36, speech processor 38, transmission and RF distributor 42 and multi-link pad 98 are controlled by a controller 40 via a control bus 39. A PCM bus 50 connects the voice/data interface 36 and speech processor 38. A compressed bus 54 connects the speech processor 38 to transmission and RF distributor interface 42.
FIG. 3 refers generally to an alternate embodiment of an MSU referred to generally as 22', which includes an antenna 24, a voice/data subscriber interface 36, a processing and transmission module 38', an MSU controller 40, an RF distribution module 42' and preferably a multi-link pad 98. MSU 22' differs from the local non-blocking (LNB) MSU 22 primarily in that its processing and transmission section 38' comprises a collection of fixed time division multiple access radios where the MSU 22 of FIG. 2 includes shared resources. Also, the RF distribution 42' collects the transmitted signals from the radios and distributes the received signals to the radios. In FIG. 3, the multi-link pad 98, and the voice/data subscriber interface 36 are connected to the processing and transmission module 38' by PCM bus 50; and controlled by controller 40 via control bus 39. Processing and transmission module 38' and RF distribution interface are also controlled via control bus 39. Processing and transmission module 38' are connected to RF distribution interface over compressed bus 54.
In the embodiments of FIGS. 2 and 3, each radio channel may use the time division multiple access protocol described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 622,232, filed on Dec. 6,1990, which is incorporated herein by reference. In this system, each channel has six time slots, each capable of carrying the output of a speech coder, or providing input to a speech synthesizer.
Referring to FIG. 4 each voice or data subscriber interface 36 includes up to six multi-subscriber interface cards 23 capable of handling up to 16 subscribers. Telephones 26 connect to MSU 22 via a data subscriber interface and/or voice subscriber interface 36 which provide speech and line signalling to a group of subscribers. Interface 36 is implemented by one or more multi-subscriber line cards 23, as indicated by N1, N2. Each card 23 may, optionally, provide test functions and echo cancellation functions to its attached subscribers. Alternative embodiments may connect a PBX interface directly to PCM bus 50.
Each voice data subscriber interface 36 provides appropriate protocol and signal formats to telephones 26. It also provides on and off-hook information to the MSU controller 40. Each subscriber interface 36 also converts the analog telephone signal to 64 kbps PCM. The voice subscriber interface 36 is modular in two ways. First, multi-subscriber line cards 23 may be added one at a time to serve the required number of local subscribers. Second, PCM busses 50 may be added to serve very large groups of subscribers. By providing one attachment per subscriber to PCM bus, the voice subscriber interface is non blocking. FIG. 4 shows that groups of line cards 23 can comprise different numbers (N1,N2) of cards and that the number of PCM busses (N3) may be different from them. Interface 36 accepts a variety of data formats and protocols including well known Group 3 fax and packet data and converts them into the PCM bus format for transmission.
In one preferred embodiment, the speech and data subscriber functions are combined. In an alternate embodiment, they may be separate. As shown in FIG. 5, the voice/data subscriber interface 36 comprises N4 four interworking functions 52 which interface compressed bus 54. The data subscriber interface portion accommodates data and facsimile subscribers. In the illustrated embodiments, one subscriber is supported on each data interface. The data interface provides N4 interworking functions which provides physical interfacing to an analog output of the data terminal or facsimile machine, recognition of special tones to control the call progress and signalling rate, conversion of these signals to digital messages, and formatting these messages into the compressed bus format.
The speech processor 38 performs three major functions: voice activity detection to support the digital signal interpolation (DSI) process, speech coding to reduce the transmission bit rate requirements from 64 kbps to a much lower rate for radio transmission, and speech synthesis to reconstruct the compressed signal back to 64 kbps PCM. The transmission and RF distribution equipment 42 transmits and receives the compressed speech on radio channels to and from remotely located sites which collect such transmissions from a plurality of MSU's 22. The MSU controller 40 manages the call processing, speech compression and transmission functions.
Referring to FIG. 6, the speech processor 38, which translates speech between PCM voice format and compressed speech format includes a voice activity detector 56, a speech compression module 58, and a speech synthesis module 60. The functions shown in the FIG. 6 may be arranged several different ways depending on economic considerations. The arrangement shown in FIG. 6 shows each speech function connected to all of the PCM busses 50. Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 6A, separate groups of voice activity detectors 56, speech compressors 58 and speech synthesizers 60 can be connected to individual PCM busses 50. Another arrangement is to distribute the voice activity detection function among the compressors and synthesizers as shown in FIG. 6B. Note that the same number (M) of compressors 58 and synthesizers 60 are used in FIG. 6, and that this number differs from the number of voice activity detectors 56 (N). The number of speech synthesizers and compressors required in the described embodiments is the maximum number of telephones that can be off-hook simultaneously. In an alternative embodiment, fewer voice speech synthesizer/compressors could be provided and speech would be clipped if there was excessive concurrent speech activity.
The voice activity detection function 56 examines the PCM data samples from the multi-subscriber unit for voice activity. The onset of voice activity is reported to the MSU controller 40 via the control bus 39. The speech compression function 58 is directed by the MSU controller 40 to collect PCM samples from a particular PCM channel on one of the PCM busses 50. This selected PCM channel will generally be one for which voice activity has been detected, although occasional background noise level measurements will be transmitted. The speech synthesis function 60 accepts compressed samples from the compressed bus 54 and presents 64 kbps PCM data to the PCM bus 50. Each of these three functional elements interfaces the MSU controller 40 via a control bus 39. The voice activity detector 56 sends voice activity detection, i.e., start of speech and end of speech indications. The speech compressor receives commands indicating which PCM channels it should process. The speech synthesizer receives commands telling it which PCM channel should receive its output. The interface with the compressed bus may take a variety of forms. In the described embodiment, each synthesizer and compressor 38 has a dedicated slot on the compressed bus 54. Alternatively, the slots may be dynamically assigned.
Referring to FIG. 7, the transmission and distribution function 42 includes down converter 62, voice/data demodulator/decoder units 64, up converter 63, control demodulator/decoder units 65, voice/data coder/modulator 66, and control coder demodulator 68. Preferably, the RF channels operate in the US cellular radio band. However, the MSU can be modified for any frequency band. Down converters 62 translate the RF channel to a lower frequency at which demodulator 62 synchronizes with the received signal and extracts the compressed information. The decoders 64, and 65 use the forward error correcting code redundancy to correct the errors in the received data. This data is then presented to the compressed bus. The demodulation and decoding may be tailored to the mobile product, or they may be tailored to the fixed cellular environment to reduce complexity. The transmission function 42 also includes units for control signalling.
The coder 66, 68 takes data from the compressed bus and adds the forward error correcting redundancy bits. The modulator 66, 68 formats the data, performs the required filtering and passes the information to upconverters 63 which translate it to the appropriate RF frequency.
Antenna such as 24, may be omni directional or may exhibit discrimination. In the preferred embodiment, the antenna 24, is directional to minimize interference and multipath effects. It is to be noted that the system of the present invention may have more than one antenna such as 24 to provide for diversity of reception.
The RF and distributor 42 may be implemented with a fixed frequency, full frequency hopping, or partial frequency hopping, modulator/demodulator and upconverter/down converters shown in FIG. 7. The system may be implemented with a number of fixed frequency channel units to support voice/data traffic. Each MSU may use all six slots on a single frequency. For these units, simulations shows that almost all of the clipping events are due to local blockage. In other words, there are generally slots available to make assignments somewhere in the pool, but not on the few channels available to the fixed frequency units. This alternative, however, is still viable. The simulations show that four channel MSU units will handle sixty subscribers at less than 1% blockage. The assignment algorithm is random in that the first available slot at a building having a number of fixed subscribers 26 is used for traffic. It may be possible to improve the performance by choosing slots to favor the busier buildings. This makes the fixed frequency channel units a limited technique.
Alternatively, it can be implemented as fully hopping channel units which can access any RF channel of the cellular system on a given time slot which implies that each channel unit has ping-pong synthesizers which provide instantaneous switching between channels. Even so, the digital finite impulse response filters and analog filters have some memory which cannot switch instantaneously. It is possible to sacrifice three or four symbols of the sync word and still have adequate performance in the fixed environment. Preferably, a few symbols of each slot are reserved for synthesizer tuning to avoid the case of the well known ping-pong synthesizer. This will have the same blocking performance as the normal digital speech interpolation (DSI) pool as long as the number of active channels at a site doesn't exceed the number of channels available at the site. For most practical cases, this should be a relatively rare event. For example, in a speech spurt simulation with sixty subscribers per building and three channel MSU units, there were never more than ten subscribers with speech spurts active at the same time. It is possible, however, that the subscriber will occasionally incur a frame of additional latency while waiting for a slot.
Finally, the partially hopping channel unit is a cheaper unit because it only needs one synthesizer and there is no overlap between slots. It can only serve three slots per channel unit but they can hop over the entire pool. If a minimum of two channel units is provided per MSU, then all six slots in a frame will be covered. The performance issue will then be the latency of accessing the channel.
Referring to FIG. 8, the processing and transmission section of FIG. 3, preferably includes subscriber unit 70 as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 622,232 filed on Dec. 6, 1990. Each time division multiple access subscriber unit 70 interfaces one or more PCM busses 50. Preferably unit 70 has an internal switch which selects the PCM bus. Alternatively, the unit 70 can decode all PCM busses simultaneously. The control bus 39 interface tells the unit which channels to select. It also indicates whether the channel is voice or data. The unit 70 accepts the PCM channel, performs call establishment, voice activity detection and speech compression/synthesis functions. It also performs all of the transmission related functions, such as upconversion/downconversion, modulation/demodulation and FEC coding/decoding. For the system of FIG. 3, the call control function modulator/demodulator and the voice modulator/demodulator would correspond to the subscriber unit 70 of FIG. 8.
Referring to FIG. 9, the RF distribution function 42' has a power combiner 72, a power amplifier 74, a circulator 76, an amplifier 78, a transmit reject filter 80, and a low noise amplifier 82. Power combiner 72 combines the RF outputs from all units 70. The combined signal drives a linear power amplifier 74. This, in turn, is fed to a circulator 76 and then to directional antenna 24. The directional antenna and close spacing of cell sites anticipated for the fixed applications allows relatively low power amplifiers 74 to be used. In other embodiments, individual power amplifiers could be used in each element 70 with a filter type combiner. The antenna 24 provides a receive signal to circulator 76. The circulator output enters a transmit reject filter 80 which filters the transmit band to prevent overload of low noise amplifier 82 front end. The output of the low noise amplifier is then boosted by amplifier 78 and distributed to the units 70.
Alternative arrangements could be implemented. For instance, separate receive and transmit antennas could be provided to avoid the circulator and requirements of filter 80. Also, more than one receive antenna could provide resistance to multipath fading.
Referring to FIG. 10 an alternate interface configuration of FIGS. 2 and 3 is the PBX connection, which affects the subscriber interface portion 36 of the embodiments of FIGS. 2 and 3 in a similar manner. Referring to configurations 90 and 92 PBX 94 performs local call routing and handles any special services required by the local subscribers. In the configuration 90, the PBX provides four wire interface circuits to the MSU. In the configuration 94, a T1 or E1 interface is provided depending on the type of PBX used. The MSU serving the four wire interface is identical to FIGS. 2 and 3 except for the four wire rather than two wire interface. This is true for both voice and data applications. As previously mentioned, the MSU can provide either dedicated data channels in which case the PBX must route data applications to those channels, or combined voice/data interfaces in which case the routing is not needed. For the T1/E1 PBX interface 92, the PBX will interface to the MSU's internal PCM bus via an electrical level and format conversion circuit.
Referring to FIG. 11, an additional functionality offered by the MSU of FIG. 2 is the transport of high speed data through a multi-link protocol which includes PAD 98, compressed bus 54, and a transmission and RF distributor 42. In a channelized radio system, there are two ways to transport information at rates higher than the basic channel rate. One can group the bandwidth of 2 or more channels into one wider bank higher rate channel, or one can split the information across multiple narrow band channels. The former approach has the disadvantage that it makes dynamic channel allocation very difficult in a cellular system when different bandwidth channels are permitted. The usual difficulty with the latter approach is that a multiplicity of radio channels are needed rather than just one; and that some means of distributing the information among the radio channels is required. In the MSU of FIG. 2, the latter problems are minimized.
The multi-link PAD 98 interfaces the high speed subscriber. It breaks the data stream into packets which are placed in the compressed bus 54. Multiple packets can be placed on the compressed bus for the same timeslot of the air interface. The MSU of FIG. 2 already has the compressed bus interface and multiple modem attachments to the transmission and RF distribution interface 42 to provide the "higher than one channel" throughput.
Of course, for this part of the system to work, there must be a corresponding function at the cell sites and the mobile switch center (MSC). This function must distribute the high speed data among many channel units and collect and combine the high speed received data. The advantages of this approach are that high speed data can be carried on the existing MSU hardware of FIG. 2. It will be possible to dynamically assign a modem to handle voice or data during each slot since that is a base MSU function. In the multi-subscriber 22' multi-link PAD 98 is connected to compressed bus 54 and to controller 40 via control bus 39.
The operation of the fixed radio communication system will first be discussed in connection with its interaction with components and procedures of the mobile time division's multiple access radio communication system described in detail in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/622,232, incorporated by reference herein. Following this description is a more detailed description of the signalling sequence of the MSU of FIGS. 2 and 3 as shown in FIGS. 12 and 13.
The time division multiple access procedures provide for the allocation of slots for both call traffic and overhead information. The overhead information is analogous to the analog control channel information of the mobile system. The signalling mechanism for mobile subscribers will be the same as the mobile system. Note that the control and traffic of mobile subscribers will be partitioned from the fixed subscribers. Signalling mechanism for the base station subsystem (BSS) <----> mobile switch center (MSC) interface is the A-interface which is the link between the MSC and the base station controller (BSC). This is based on signalling system (SS7) access procedures which refer to the procedures between the mobile switching center/visitor location register and the home location register, and European call establishment procedures. Modifications to any conventional A-interface procedures will be mentioned herein. The physical interface between the BSS and MSC is a component with 64 kbps PCM traffic channels.
Subscriber level addressing of a particular mobile or fixed subscriber is accomplished by a directory number. The specific format of the directory number is network dependent. The IS-54 air interface uniquely addresses a subscriber by its Mobile Identification Number (MIN). The time division multiple access interface addresses the MSU uniquely within a cell via its MSU identification number (MSU-id). All time division multiple access slot allocations for overhead are addressed via the MSU-id while all slot allocations for traffic are addressed via the call identifier. The translation of directory number to MIN takes place at the NSS (network subsystem). For fixed subscribers the MSU has the ability to reassign directory numbers to MSU ports without reconfiguration.
The fixed subscribers will include the MSU identification number. Alternatively, a non-hierarchial addressing method may be used. To place a call the subscriber picks up the phone and dials the directory number of the called party. The MSU indicates to the BSS that a subscriber wants to place a call. The NSS and BSS authenticate the subscriber. The BSS indicates to the MSC to complete the call to the called party. The traffic path is established for the call and the called party is signalled via ringing. The called party answers the phone and the MSC signals the BSS that the call is established. The traffic channel between the BSS and MSU is allocated on a speech spurt basis. The MSU requests a reverse direction overhead traffic slot from the BSS. When the BSS assigns the slot, the MSU sends an origination message to the BSS. The origination message provides the addressing and security information of the MSU and subscriber.
After the origination message is sent, the overhead traffic slot is deallocated. The BSS establishes a signalling connection with the MSC over the A-interface via SS7 Signalling Connection Control Part (SCCP); and no actual authentication is performed. The BSC always responds positively. Ciphering is not done at the BSS. When the MSC asks the BSS to do ciphering, the BSS always responds as if ciphering was initiated. The BSS allocates a forward direction overhead traffic slot and sends a call-id assignment message. The call-id is analogous to the mobile-Id for mobile time division multiple access. The call-id assignment message also contains the reverse response (RR) channel assignment for the MSU response message. The MSU responds to the call-Id assignment with a call-Id ack message sent to the reverse response (RR) channel. The BSS initiates call signalling for the A-interface via the setup message. The MSC indicates the A-interface PCM traffic channel to the BSS via the assign request message. The BSS indicates to the MSC when the traffic path from MSU to MSC is complete. This is signalled via the assign complete message. The MSC indicates to the BSS when the called party is being alerted. This is signalled via the alert message. The MSC will also place a ringing tone on the traffic channel toward the origination. The MSC indicates to the BSS when the call is answered via the connect message. The BSS responds via the connect ack. Thus, the call is established.
For an MSU terminated call, MSC queries the Visitor Location Register/Home Location Register (VLR/HLR) for the location area of the called directory number. The MSC pages the BSS where the MSU is located. The BSS determines the MSU of the subscriber and sends the page explicitly to that MSU. The MSU responds to the page. The BSS and MSC authenticate the subscriber. The traffic channel is established from the BSS to the MSC. The MSU signals the local subscriber's phone via a ring. The subscriber answers the phone and the MSU indicates to the BSS that the call is established. The traffic channel between the BSS and the MSU is allocated on a speech spurt basis. The MSC sends a page request to the BSS indicating an incoming call. The BSS extracts the cell information from the page request and extracts the MSU-id from the MIN in the page request. The BSS then allocates a forward overhead traffic slot for the MSU. The BSS sends a page message over the air on the assigned overhead traffic slot. The addressed MSU requests a reverse direction overhead traffic slot. When the BSS assigns the slot, the MSU sends a page response indicating readiness to accept the call. The BSS establishes an SCCP connection with the MSC over the A-interface. No actual authentication is performed. The BSC always responds positively. The BSS allocates a forward direction overhead traffic slot. The BSS then sends a call-id assignment message. The call-id assignment message also contains the reverse response (RR) channel assignment for the MSU response message. The MSU responds to the call-id assignment with a call-id ack message sent on the RR channel. The MSC initiates call signalling for the A-interface via the setup message. The MSC indicates the A-interface PCM traffic channel to the BSS via the assign request message. The BSS indicates to the MSC when the traffic path from MSU to MSC is complete. This indication is signalled via a message indicating that the assignment is completed. The BSS allocates a forward direction traffic slot for the call and sends an alert message. This instructs the MSU to signal the called subscriber. The alert message also contains the reverse response (RR) channel assignment for the MSU response message. The MSU rings the subscriber's phone and sends an alert ack message to the BSS on the RR channel. The BSS informs the MSC of the alerting via the A-interface alert message.
The incoming and outgoing signals from and internal operation of the MSU will now be described in detail in connection with FIGS. 12 and 13.
Referring to FIG. 12 for a call originating at phone 26, when the subscribers phone 26 (FIG. 1) goes off hook, the multiline card 23 in the MSU 22 signals this event to the MSU controller 40 as shown at 104.
The MSU controller 40 sends an assignment message at 106 to the multiple subscriber card telling it the particular speech code module to which it should route the dialing and speech information. MSU controller 40 also informs the speech processor at 106 that dialing digits will soon arrive. The multi-subscriber line card 23 sends a dial tone to the subscriber as shown at 108.
The subscriber then dials the phone number of the called party, and dial tones are sent by the line card to speech processor 38 at 110. The speech processor converts the dial tones to dial digits and sends them to the MSU controller 40 at 112.
MSU controller 40 sends a Reverse Allocate Request at 114. This random access message is formatted, forward error correction coded, and transmitted by the call control modulator 68 to the BSS. The BSS sends a reverse assignment 118 to the MSU. Thus, the MSU assigns a frequency and reserves a time slot in the DSI pool. The call control 65 receives this message and passes it to the MSU controller at 120. The MSU controller 40 formats a call origination message at 122 to the voice demodulator which transmits it in a sequence of one or more voice slots at 124. The formatting of voice slot is designed to handle signalling information as well as voice. After the entire origination message has been sent, the MSU controller 40 sends a reverse deallocation request at 126. This message lets the BSS release this slot and subsequently assign it to some other purpose at 128.
The BSS acknowledges the reverse deallocation request at 130. Each time the called party's phone rings as indicated at 132, the ring is passed back to the local subscriber at 134 using the time division multiple access protocol for forward speech assignment. After the far end subscriber goes off hook, the protocol for sending speech spurts over the air interface between the MSU and the BSS is as described in the referenced patent application.
Referring to FIG. 13, which shows the call establishment for a call terminating at 26, BSS sends N-slot forward assignment message at 140. Thus, identifying a frequency and slot which will contain a message for this MSU. A page message informs the MSU of the incoming call at 142. MSU controller 40 requests the BSS to assign a frequency and slot so that the MSU can send the page response message at 144. BSS then sends the reverse assignment message at 146 as described in the referenced patent application. The MSU controller 40 sends the page response message at 148 to the voice modulator/demodulator 66 which formats it and sends it over the air interface to the BSS at 150. After the entire page response message has been sent, the MSU controller 40 sends a reverse deallocation request at 156. This message lets the BSS release this slot and subsequently assign it to some other purpose. The BSS acknowledges the Reverse Deallocation Request. The BSS then sends an N-slot forward assignment message at 154. This identifies the frequency and slot which will contain a message for this MSU. The BSS then sends the call assignment message at 156 which establishes this as an MSU terminated call. An acknowledgment is then sent from the MSU via the reverse control channel at 158 as described in more detail in the referenced patent application. BSS then sends N-slot forward assignment message at 160, thus, identifying the frequency and slot which will contain the alert message for this MSU.
The BSS sends an alert message at 162 to the MSU for the designated voice slot. The MSU controller 40 responds by ringing the local subscribers phone at 164. An alert acknowledge is sent by the MSU controller via the reverse control channel at 166. If the paged subscriber goes off hook, the MSU controller sends a connect message on the reverse aloha channel at 168; the BSS acknowledges the connect at 170. The protocol following this sequence is the voice protocol as described in the U.S. patent application No. 622,232, and referenced herein.
In summary, the MSU monitors the status of each subscriber port. Off-hook indications invoke per call resource allocation and call establishment procedures. On-hook indications invoke per call resource deallocation and call release procedures. With respect to digit collection, inter-digit timeout is implemented to detect subscriber end of dialing. The timeout is system configurable. Alternatively, end-of-dialing key is defined to allow the subscriber to indicate end-of-digits to the system. In-progress dial time signalling will be supported. The MSU will support ring generation for subscriber terminated calls. The cadence and period of the ringing is programmable on a system basis. The MSU will provide dial tone to the subscriber when an off-hook is detected, if not blocked. The MSU will provide alert tone to the subscriber for excessive off-hook with no call activity (permanent signal).
The Network Subsystem (NSS) will provide a busy tone if a call origination cannot be completed due to called party unavailable. The MSU will provide a local congestion tone to the subscriber if a call origination cannot be serviced by the MSU or the Base Station Subsystem (BSS). Ring back tone to the origination subscriber is always generated by the NSS. Fixed time division multiple access signalling will be used for all communications between the MSU and the BSS. Time division multiple access signalling includes FAACh, which uses the traffic path, and control, which uses independent control channels within the DSI pool. The control channels of time division multiple access include the Forward Control Channel, the Reverse Response Channel, and the Reverse Aloha Channel (RA). Messages on the FC and RA channels are sent with time and frequency diversity.
Having described the presently preferred system embodiments and method of the invention, additional advantages and modifications will readily occur to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, the invention in its broader aspects is not limited to specific details, representative apparatus, and illustrative examples shown and described. Departure may be made from such details without departing the spirit or scope of the general inventive concept as defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.
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Downgrade Ios 6.1.3 To 6.1.2 ( IPod 4g / IPhone 3g, 4g )
What do you think about this video?
Alongi Paradiso: Ebay unlocking aren't reliable!! There are numerous scammers, plenty of us
might appear to have lots good feedback, but people have reported that
their phone is bricked after 5 weeks. You should utilize professional
service like attphoneunlocking(.com) , I have used it for so a lot of my
phones, we are able to even unlcok the newest 5S and 5C.
Rutherford Kiernan: The best unlocking site I know is attphoneunlocking(.com).
Kiss Àdám: For people looking to unlock their AT&T stuff, you are able to go check out attphoneunlocking.(com), we are able to unlock any type of AT&T devices as much as date, even the modern 5S and 5C.
S S Matharu: bro this has lots of problems like u can't let ur iphone shut down and u can't restore ur iphone
Robert Collazo: DON'T UPGRADE!!!!!!!!!!!!! if your device is jailbroken; Evad3ers will not be making a jailbreak for IOS 6.1.3 they are going to wait until IOS7 is out before they begin exploiting it; so if you have already upgraded and lost your jailbreak and your some what smart watch this tutorial that will explain how to revert back to 6.1.2.then you can proceed to re-jailbreak your iPhone or iPad for that matter; pay attention to what he says about your SHSH Blob (and yes that is a term) because you are going to need it to restore your phone or tablet back to IOS 6.1.2.
Versatiled: hoebuton and powbuton but keep holdin powhrbuton
movhan: Why do it always show the error???? HEELPP!!!
Vico S.: lisbl
Jonathan TechDevice: Yes you can. It all about what shsh blobs you have. if u have shsh 5.1.1 you can downgrade to ios 5.1.1. =)
Oliver Scott: Whenever i search snowbreeze on my mac the internet always closes
Jonathan TechDevice: DeltaOreoz, what do you mean password?
FlipDav44: nope sorry
TheBiggestLoner: Is there a was to do this with a iPod Touch 5th generation? I really need help cause I want to jailbreak it.
charismagrace chavez: is it okay to download a snowbreeze v2.9.14? please reply.. thank you
Roasted Cheater: help me snowbreeze doesnt work with my shhs file
adel377: itunes error-1
Maddie Hume: :L this just totally isn't working for me.
FerrariFra: Does this work on 3GS
Jonathan TechDevice: Xavier, sorry im talking to you late. but all you need to do is "just boot" ur device. that all. is you screen turn black after a reboot or power off. just go to the end of my video and see how to "just boot" ur device. hope this help.
Angel Dynes: how do i put my songs and contacts back on my phone once im done
SargeantGhost1812: Why it is a SEmi Untethered jailbreak not untethered i also install the evasi0n jailbreak package in cydia
krish rai: My home button is broken is there any way to put in dfu mode ?
Jonathan TechDevice: Khaany if you like I can make a other video of downgrading 6.1.3 to 6.1.2. or 6.0.1. just write back if u want me to make a video.
BoomBangWubbaDubbaGames: Does this work on iPad 4G
Ayanna Vazquez: Can you find out a downgrade for iPhone 4S? Or will this work?
OG-The great Builds: Do u have to reboot ur ipod every time u turn it off and can i just jailbreak it with evasion
WadaFighters: Your accent.
TheAlimessi: WTF so every time i have to reboot my ipod i have to use redsn0w you got to be kidding me
sam cooper: can i do it on an ipod fifth generation?
131Shena: Downgraded from 6.1.3 to 6.1.1 thanks you are great.
Taylor Wanamaker: can you please.
Hugh Jazz: Snowbreave...... Bahahaha
Jase Porter: I dun no hao to get tien e umbrewwwa???
khaany: when i browse the blob file it says snow brereze willr efuse to build on ipsw etc
Dante Sparda: how about if i dont have any saved shsh blobs?, that's my problem
Steven Hall: i dont want to pay tho
Trevor Webb: U can't even talk freak right so how is that any help
Jonathan TechDevice: steven, yes you alwaly have to "just boot: each time you reboot or shut down your device.
Anthony Martinez: I need help reply back plz
marriedbean: Tiny umbrella will not open for me validating libraries
C0MeAtMeBr0: I calm wound to ur stor and ask u for cat an u dive me tat
BradSpazzGrant: ifaith mode wont change the SHSH file that tiny umbrella gave me...it says" the provieded apticket does not look valid! sn0wbreeze will refuse to build an IPSW with this apticket as it may put your device in an inusable state!". Im using sn0wbreeze 2.9.13 and i tried 2.9.14 as well(2.9.14 wont even accept the 6.1.2 ipsw download...HELP???
TheBroJose11: I like his voice :D
Snow Day: Hahahaha tiny umbrerra
Tha BionicKidz: Man freak this crap some on please send me the download link for the ihatesnow
Jonathan TechDevice: I think you have the newer update of sn0wbreeze. look at my new video i just upload of how to get version 2.9.13 of sn0wbreeze.
sparklezman4: Can u downgrade to any version?
Nazreen El Maestro: send me the shsh 6.1.2 file at email@example.com thanks..
HelloTruDee: i can't find a snowbreeze download for mac
Yasir Jaatt: download snowbreeze 2.9.13
Downgrade Ios 6.1.3 to 6.1.2 ( iPod 4g / iPhone 3g, 4g ) 4.6 out of 5