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La Plata Things to Do
Teatro Argentino
The construction of the Theater was initiated in 1980, obeying al project of the architects of La Plata Enrique Bars, Tom?s Garcia, Roberto Germani, In?s Eubio, Alberto Sbarra and Carlos Ucar, who a year before they had earned the respective contest. Their surface cover reaches the 60.000 square meters and the geometry of its plant, with smaller...more
The city of La Plata is just 1.5 hours away from Buenos Aires (once you made it through the heavy traffic, it is a breeze to get here). It is one of the 'most planned' city I have ever been to. There is a square with a central park and two diagonal avenues, north-south and east-west. The rest of the city are on a rectangular grid and the streets...more
This museum should be a delight to those kids (or adults who like large, musty-smelled museums) who love skeletonal constructions of extinct dinosaurs or existing mammals, stuffed birds and countless insects and butterflies samples, mummies and some ancient artefacts, etc....Truly, a lovely Natural Science Museum to pass the afternoon in.I saw some...more
La Plata's Cathedral...
The imposing Neo Gothic Temple placed in the center of the city is the most impressive building and monument around. Worth having a guided visit.more
Caminando La Plata
Caminar por las Avenidas de La Plata y admirar sus diferentes Palacios y Plazas es un encuentro con el buen gusto arquitectónico de principios de siglo en Argentinamore
Museo de Ciencias Naturales.
No deje de visitar la impresionante colección de fósiles que hacen parte del inventario del Museo de Ciencias Naturales de La Plata.more
Keep your eyes open for unusual...
In the center of town are a number of interesting and unusual sculptures like the one in the photo. For a relatively small city like La Plata, its grand buildings accompanied by art works like this makes it into quite a pleasant city to visit.more
The Government House
The government house (Casa Gobierno in Spanish) is yet another very beautiful building, done however in the Flemish Renaissance stlye. It houses the offices for the government of Buenos Aires Province and its governor. It's located opposite the legislature building on plaza San Martin.more
Palace of the Legislature
Another of the city's beautiful monuments is the legislature building. Like the city hall, it's done in the German Renaissance style and is located between Avenue 7 and Calle 8, between Avenues 51 and 52.more
The City Hall
The city hall is a beautiful building located at the opposite end of Plaza Moreno from the cathedral. The building was actually done by an architect named Hubert Stiers from Hanover in the German Renaissance style. it dayes back to 1886, 4 years after the city's founding.more
The cathedral--it's like being in Europe
The cathedral is the landmark of the city, and is located in the very center at Plaza Moreno. It is done in the neo-gothic style and was actually inspired by the cathedrals in Cologne, Germany, and Amiens, France. The cathedral was inaugurated just 70 years ago. There is a small museum at the cathedral, open from 9 AM - 12 noon and 2 PM - 7 PM...more
Plaza Moreno-the center of the city
The heart of La Plata is the very large square called "Plaza Moreno". Here you will find the very large and beautiful cathedral at one end and the city hall at the other end. In between, there are some beautiful trees, sculptures, and monuments like the one in the photo dedicated to Moreno.more
Actual vertebrates
Not only fossil mammals can be seen at the Museum; there is an awesome room of present animals too.No sólo mamíferos fósiles pueden verse en el Museo; hay una sala imponente de animales actuales también.more
Glyptodon means "carved tooth" (who needs translation?); the gliptodon was an animal like an armadillo, with a rigid cuirass, herbivorous and really huge (see picture); its vertebras were fused. Glyptodon lived in these lands at Pleistocene.Glyptodon significa "diente esculpido" (¿quién necesita traducción?); el gliptodonte fue un animal similar al...more
Toxodon platensis
The world toxodon means "curved tooth" (as everybody knows!). It is a South American notoungulata, herbivorous, 1 ton weight (the size of a rhinoceros), with a important nasal retraction (it probably had a trunk); it lived in the Tertiary Age, and died out at Pleistocene (10.000 years ago).The first specimen was found by Charles Darwin in my...more
Megatherium americanum
Megatherium means "large beast" (of course!); it is an edentata tardigrada (actually, a sloth), which reached 5 tons; it was the largest South American mammal. It used to walk with four feet, but it also could stand on two feet, with the help of its tail, to reach the higer leaves. Megatherium died out 11.000 years ago. Megatherium significa...more
The Building
As I told you before, the building is just magnificent; the main hall has a circular shape, and has a beautiful skylight. To visit the Museum you must pay an entrance fee of 3 Argentinian pesos (1 US $); if you want to take pictures inside, you must pay a bonus of 2 pesos. The ticket includes a brochure with a plan (which is very useful, because...more
The Main Entrance
The Museum was built between 1884 and 1889, and it is a magnificent building of neoclassical style. The main stairway is custodied by two awesome Smilodon ("Sabertooth cats"), but I can assure you they are very tame... If you do not believe, look at the picture.El Museo fue construido entre 1884 y 1889, y es un magnífico edificio de estilo...more
La Plata Hotels
Benevento Hotel
My second visit was for business and the local company made all my arrangements. The Hotel Benevento...more
San Marco Hotel
Calle 54, No. 523, La Plata, 1900, Argentina
Satisfaction: Excellent
Good for: Solo
Hotel del Sol
Calle 10 entre 54 y 55, La Plata, Argentina
Satisfaction: Poor
Good for: Families
La Plata Restaurants
Best parrilla (steak/BBQ) in town
If you ask any local for a good parrilla (steakhouse or BBQ), Club Atenas will always come on the list, most likely as number one. The restaurant fills up quickly, so either get there early (~7:30pm) or make a reservation.I admit that the outside is not very attractive or even resembling a restaurant, but the inside and the food will quickly put...more
List of restaurants
Here you can find a list with restaurants.I´ve been & would recommend:Cerveceria Modelo: big dishes!Don Quijote: posh & nice mealsLa trattoria: normal & sometimes bad servicela vecchia segnora: good for pasta!!Thionis: best ice creams!!Wilkenny: good english / irish beers! (good price as well)more
The oldest establishment in town
We followed the advice of Lonely Planet and sought out this place to have lunch. Though it's really nothing too special, it is indeed the oldest eating establishment in the city, founded in 1894---built just 12 years after the city's founding. They have quite an extensive menu with meat, pastas, salads, pizzas, etc, all at a very reasonable price....more
La Plata Nightlife
Best Artesianal Beer in Town
Falkner's is a local landmark that almost all people know. The food is not all that fantastic, mostly bar type snacks and finger foods. But the beer is very good.They have about 15 unique beers. Over my visits, I have sampled nearly all of them. With the exception of the fruit beer, I like all the other 14. They have a few that are up to 14%...more
Lively Artesanal (Microbrew) Bar
Antares is a casual pub with a lively crowd. Its a local's spot so there is always something happening when the crowd starts to arrive (it is really quiet before happy hour).They serve a number of beers and drinks, but most people will be having the house beers that Antares brews. There are Kolsch; Scotch Ale, Porter, Cream Stout, Honey, Barley...more
La Plata Hotels7 Hotels in La Plata
1 Reviews
La Plata Transportation
From/To Buenos Aires
You have a bus service every 10 minutes in peak hours and every 15-20 minutes during the day. It´s comfortable with air conditioning and fast!It´s takes 50 minutes from La Plata to Puerto Madero, for example and costs you $6.5 (ar pesos)more
From Buenos Aires to La Plata
La Plata is situated only 59 km away from Buenos Aires; we went by bus, and the trip took one hour or so, from Retiro Bus Station in Buenos Aires to La Plata Bus Station. The bus ticket costs 8 Argentinian pesos (2.70 US $) go and back.La Plata está situada a sólo 59 km de Buenos Aires; fuimos en bus, y el viaje llevó algo así como una hora, desde...more
Don't Forget Insurance
If your current health insurance doesn't cover you while your abroad, you should consider getting international travel insurance just in case something should go wrong.
La Plata Tourist Traps
In the very heart of " Paseo del Bosque" ( Wood Area ), La Plata Natural Sciences Museum is located. It is a Neoclassic - Barroque building with ornaments typical of Pre- Columbian Cultures that place it as one of the most outstanding cultural monuments of the city.
Inside the building, you can enjoy an imaginary tour through time since there is a wide range of elements and samples of the evolutionary process of planet Earth.
As you stand opposite the building , you will observe a big flight of steps upheld by two big figures - smilodonths ( tigers from the Pampa which dissappeared 10,000 years ago) considered as letter of introduction of the building.
On the ground, there are some Roman numbers indicating the date in which it was built - 1887- and, just some steps forward there are six Corinthian columns supporting the monumental portal.
Unique Suggestions: Above you, there will be a sculpture related to science - a woman showing planet Earth and the sky, galaxies and stars. On both sides, there are busts of different outstanding persons in Natural Sciences field such as Darwin, Lamark, Humboldt and Cuvier.
You will leave the magic front of the building to enter the Museum with the previous picture kept in your mind. A circular hall welcomes you, with a double height roof . On the first floor, there is a decoration with ornaments that show you the level whereas on the second floor, there is a high vitreaux illustrating the main roof of the building.
The environment is fresh and humid being altered by people's whisperings as they respectfully walk around the place. Typical families as well as young people eager to learn choose this tour which is markedly visual and which takes you at least two hours to visit as you learn about millions of years existence.
Fun Alternatives: Once again in the central hall, you will go up the stairs which are opposite the entrance of the building. The stairs split to both sides and start showing you guards and images with native figures which are symbols of American people and cultures leading you to the first floor.
Straight, to your left and right, there are two corridors that link the two remaining rooms of this tour.
Always to your right, you will reach the " Ethnography Room " which is full of objects that belonged to different native cultures. A group of canoes and the cuirass of a Tehuelche Cacique located at the center of the room are really valuable from the historical point of view.
Only the " Biologic Anthropology Room " is left, very near you. There, you will find skeletons and skulls, as well as life styles and exotic rituals of native cultures. Together with them, there are Egyptian mummies and desiccated corpses which are worldwide valuable completing the picture.
You will return to the hall and go to your left to observe the interior of " Latin American Archaeology Room"- area that shows you the development of American Cultures from the year 12,000 B.C. to the arrival of Spanish people to America. The most valuable objects are made of Perú ceramics, weaves and other designs and outstand in the showcases.Related to:
- Historical Travel
- Museum Visits
- Arts and Culture
La Plata Off The Beaten Path
In our way to the Museum, we found this curious mural... I think it is the Dentistry School, but I am not 100 % sure. Anyway, it shows a funny way to promote dental health.
En nuestro camino hacia el Museo, encontramos este curioso mural... Creo que es la Facultad de Odontología, pero no estoy 100% segura. De todos modos, es una manera divertida de promover la salud dental.
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- Studio: Samuel Goldwyn Films
- Release Date: Sep 2, 2011
User Score
Generally favorable reviews- based on 31 Ratings
User score distribution:
Positive: 28 out of 31
Mixed: 1 out of 31
Negative: 2 out of 31
Review this movie
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Sep 30, 2011Totally loved this movie. Reminded me of Risky Business or one of those classic 80's sex comedies, but with a surprising amount of heart. Would have liked a little more Will Forte and his wife, they steal every single scene. Also, expected a bit more nudity, but it didn't really need it.
Oct 8, 2011LOVED this movie, absolutely loved it. Most comedies seem to be chick flicks (which suck, save for Bridesmaids) or dude flicks like The Hangover, which I'm tired of. This was a true co-ed comedy, with great characters and comedy for the guys and girls. One my favorites this year, been recommending it to everyone.
Sep 21, 2011This movie was hilarious and totally caught me by surprise. While it's clearly in the modern mold of Apatow comedies, it seemed more like a dirty Whit Stillman movie or even a modern version of the Big Chill, swapping an orgy for the funeral. Overall, my favorite comedy of the year and that's saying something.
Sep 24, 2011Loved the film, mostly because I loved the cast. Huge fan of Nick Kroll from The League, and this is his best work yet. Also, Lucy Punch and Will Fort steal every scene they're in.
Sep 16, 2011Feels like a cult classic already. It's a weirdly sweet film, way more going on in it than the title (and some reviews) might suggest. More about friendship & growth than boning.
Sep 29, 2011I saw this with a bunch of friends and thought it was going to be a bunch of one liners and SNL kind of jokes, but it was actually very real and very funny. The craziest part was in the end it made it seem like you could actually pull off an orgy and it would be cool with everyone involved. Does that make it some kind of awesome instructional video?
Sep 2, 2011Thanks largely to its cast, however, it's transmuted into an utterly puerile 90 minutes that fit the brain-dead zeitgeist of Labor Day weekend in a snug and mostly pain-free manner.
Sitting through A Good Old Fashioned Orgy is like being monopolized by the most irritating person at a really boring party.
The jokes are hit-and-miss, but the cast is uniformly game, with Labine stealing the show.

subset: commoncrawl


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Orale, it's Chicano Park Day!
Barrio Logan celebrates the anniversary of its iconic park
Ideas for new murals must go through the steering committee, a group made up entirely of volunteers. Once an idea is approved, a team of artists can get to work. There are plans, for example, to create a mural in honor of the women who have been brutally murdered in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico.
And just a few years ago, 20 murals were restored by the original artists.
"No one can touch the murals but the original artists," Camarillo said. "If something were to happen — like graffiti or anything else — the volunteers wouldn't be able to handle it, only the artist."
(If the artist is deceased, a member of the family can commission a fellow muralist to make any restorations or fixes.)
Do people still go there?
Sure, Chicano Park is an official national treasure, but it's also where people gather for baptisms, weddings, dance classes and play dates.
It's maintained completely by volunteers. There's someone who tends to the roses each day and another person who handles the cactus garden. Because of the limited city resources, everyone pitches in and picks up trash.
"Nobody gets paid; we don't have any money, but we want to make sure the park is nice for the community," Camarillo said.
What happens at the celebration?
On Saturday, visitors will find traditional music and dance, including performances of Aztec indigenous dance by Danza Azteca Calpulli Mexihca. Other dance groups scheduled to perform include Ballet Folklórico Tierra, Flor y Canto, Ballet Folklórico Aquetzalli, and danza Zapateado rebelde by Mujeres en Resistencia.
For something a little less traditional, there will be music by bands Chocolate Revolution, Los Nativos, Sumatra and more. Another big draw is the classic lowrider car show, which will have hundreds of vehicles on display. The day also features children's art workshops, lots of food, arts and crafts vendors and more.
The spirit of the event will be addressed and honored via guest speakers. One of them is Rudy Gonzalez, son of Corky Gonzales, whose ashes are scattered among the murals.


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Coach: Stefan Wismar Assistant coach: Brian Barnes Captains: Krianna Boelke, Grace Gassen, and Brittany Wilaby Conference: None. Section: 6A – Benilde-St. Margaret's, Bethany Academy, Breck, Delano, Holy Family, Mound-Westonka, Orono, Providence Academy, Rockford, Southwest Christian, Waconi...Read More
Crusader girls' soccer
The Mayer Lutheran girls' soccer team continues to inch closer to a winning season, after finishing 2012 with a 4-8-1 record. Kicking off the season with a win over West Lutheran on Aug. 24, the Crusaders also picked up wins over the International School of Minnesota (3-2 on Aug. 28), Spectrum (4-...Read More
Updated 10/10/12 at 1:05 p.m. The Mayer Lutheran girls soccer team lost in the first round of Section 6A play on Oct. 9, falling 11-0 to Holy Family. After their big 6-0 win over Prairie Seeds Academy on Sept. 25, the Mayer Lutheran girls' soccer team ended the season with three straight losses. F...Read More
In a 7-0 shutout on Sept. 25, the Mayer Lutheran girls' soccer team defeated Prairie Seeds Academy on the road. Head coach Stefan Wismar said the game was full of opportunities. "It was a great game for our girls to work on their tactical play preparing them for a tough final week of the regular...Read More
After a three-game midseason losing slump, the Mayer Lutheran girls' soccer team pulled off its third win of the season over Spectrum on Sept. 20. The Crusaders are currently 3-4-1 this season. At Watertown-Mayer on Sept. 18, the Crusaders fell 6-1. The lone goal for Mayer Lutheran came off the fa...Read More
Team: Mayer Lutheran girls' soccer Coach: Stefan Wismar Assistant coach: Brian Barnes Section: 6A – Benilde-St. Margaret's, Breck, Chaska, Delano, Holy Family, Mound-Westonka, Orono, Providence, Rockford, Southwest Christian, Watertown-Mayer, Waconia, West Lutheran, & ISM. Captains: Terrin...Read More


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What is up with the clothes this season????
Seriously? Everything seems to be a tunic or empire waist design. Ok, ummmmm...that makes almost everyone (myself included) look like they are pregnant! That is NOT a look I am trying to achieve.
What happened to solid colored tops? The patterns are everywhere and ugly.
Then of all the horrors, I was told that shoulder pads and stirrup pants are coming back


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Employers frequently hire foreign workers in specialty occupations (such as architects, engineers, doctors and computer programmers) pursuant to the H-1B visa program, but sometimes they are not able to follow through on a commitment made to such a worker when economic circumstances change.
Now, a June 30 ruling by an administrative law appellate judge for the Department of Labor demonstrates that it is both risky and costly to change those commitments without following the procedures set forth by law and regulation.
Please see full article below for more information.
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Plugging a ''hole'' in a swimming pool costs money but the
Middlemarch Swimming Pool committee hopes keen mountain
bikers might help provide a solution.
The pool committee is organising the Mountain to Middlemarch
Bike Ride on April 26 to help raise funds for repairs needed
to fix the town's much-used, leaky pool.
Committee spokeswoman Stephanie Macaulay said it was hoped
about 100 riders would take part in the 35km event, which
includes 10km of valley floor as well as mountain riding.
''People need to be mountain bike fit.''
The ride starts at the Rocklands Station covered yard. Bikers
will climbthe Old Dunstan Rd to the Logan Burn before joining
a farm access track winding down the end of the Rock and
Pillar Range to the Strath Taieri Valley floor, down another
farm track to Browns Rd and finishing with a downhill sprint
to the Middlemarch Community Centre.
The ride would also help with the community board's aim of
increasing recreational access to the area's mountains, she
It was hoped it would be well supported but, whatever the
interest, it would go ahead.
The pool, built about 65 years ago and covered 15 years to 20
years ago, had given the community ''good, loyal service''
but was showing its age, Mrs Macaulay said.
''It is well used by the school and community but you have to
keep up with the maintenance.''
The committee were well aware that if it lost the facility it
would not get a new one.
They had worked hard this summer to make repairs and raise
• More information is available on www.middlemarch.co.nz
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We're lucky to be blessed with so many good options when it comes to streaming online media. The space recently got a little more crowded with Amazon introducing its first effort, the Fire TV. And, while we're naturally fans of the Apple TV in these parts, the fact we're spoiled for choice is nothing but good. More choice also means that we're more likely to find one that meets our own specific needs. So which would you choose? And why?
More →
The set top box market is heating up. In the U.S. it's been a two-horse race between the Apple TV and Roku's boxes. Things began to change after Google introduced its Chromecast device last year. Apple TV remains the champion, but now there's a new contender: Amazon's new Fire TV. Does this spell the end of Apple's dominance in the set top box arena?
Apple TV's biggest competitor is Roku, a small set top box that similarly streams content from various providers. The company is taking its concept to the next level with Roku TV, television sets that actually integrate Roku technology inside. TV makers TCL and Hisense are the first two manufacturers with models to show at this week's Consumer Electronics Show (CES) in Las Vegas.
Roku, Apple's biggest (but still distant) competitor in the digital set top box market, announced a new lineup of set top boxes, ranging from a redesigned LT to the new 1 and 2, with the previously released 3 rounding out the line. Prices range from $49.99 to $99.99.
If you don't want to use cable TV or satellite, you still have myriad choices for getting your fix of video content thanks to a plethora of download and streaming services. But the landscape of streaming entertainment is badly fractured because of copyright issues, turf wars and fear, uncertainty and doubt from the companies that control the content. Will it ever change?
Roku users rejoice! An app to control your Roku streaming player has been released. With it, you can launch or rate any channel, browse the Roku Channel Store, and control multiple Roku players.
Looks like Hulu Plus will be coming to Apple TV competitor Roku. There's already a Hulu Plus app for Apple's iPad, and while my deepest, darkest wish is that it will support AirPlay to beam content straight to Apple TV, past history (and its use of non-standard video controls) make me think it won't. And hey, even if by some miracle it does, just like Apple TV has built-in Netflix support, built-in support for Hulu Plus would be huge (no need to waste iPad resources and Wi-Fi bandwidth).
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tap in Nepali
translation and definition "tap", English-Nepali Dictionary online
Translations into Nepali:
- ट्याप गर्नुहोस्To briefly press a UI element with your finger tip or stylus to perform an activity (such as choosing an action from a menu or opening an item).
Other meanings:
To make a sharp noise.
To designate for some duty or for membership, as in 'a tap on the shoulder'. [from mid-20th c.]
A connection made to an electrical or fluid conductor without breaking it.
To furnish with taps.
(mechanical) To cut an internal screw thread.
A repeated touching of one's hands, foot or other body part.
To place a listening or recording device on a telephone or wired connection. [from 19th c.]
A tapering cylindrical pin or peg used to stop the vent in a cask; a spigot.
To strike lightly. [from early 13th c.]
A device used to dispense liquids.
to furnish with taps
(slang, transitive) To have sexual intercourse with.
device to cut internal threads
(combat sports, transitive) To force (an opponent) to submit.
A device applied to the end of a pipe in order to interrupt and regulate the flow of a liquid or gas.
to place a listening device
device to dispense liquid
connection of a system to the main distribution
to make a sharp noise
(combat sports) To submit to an opponent by tapping one's hand repeatedly.
To touch one's finger, foot, or other body parts on a surface (usually) repeatedly.
An interception of communication with authority.
to intercept communication
Device used to listen in secretly on telephone calls. [from 20th c.]
(to) strike
To draw off liquid from a vessel.
To intercept a communication without authority.
to touch something, often repeatedly
to make an internal thread
to access a resource or object
to draw off liquid from a vessel
A device used to cut an internal screw thread. (External screw threads are cut with a die.)


text:
Fries, Brant E. and Morris, John N. and James, Mark and Carpenter, G. Iain (1999) Building eligibility criteria from systematic assessment data. Age and Ageing, 28 (5, Supplement 2). p. 30. (The full text of this publication is not currently available from this repository. You may be able to access a copy if URLs are provided)
|The full text of this publication is not available from this repository. (Contact us about this Publication)
|Item Type:
|R Medicine > RA Public aspects of medicine > RA0421 Public health. Hygiene. Preventive Medicine
|Faculties > Social Sciences > School of Social Policy Sociology and Social Research > Centre for Health Services Studies
|Depositing User:
|Tony Rees
|Date Deposited:
|29 Jun 2011 14:28
|Last Modified:
|14 May 2014 09:12
|Resource URI:
|https://kar.kent.ac.uk/id/eprint/24761 (The current URI for this page, for reference purposes)
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Micah Luftig, PhD
Assistant Professor
Deputy Director, Center for Virology
Director of Graduate Studies
research biography lab members alumni • publications lab website
Representative Publications:
Luftig, M.A. (2014). "Viruses and the DNA Damage Response: Activation and Antagonism." Annual Review of Virology, Vol. 1:605 -625 (Volume publication date November 2014). [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Feds: Coast Guard boat speed caused fatal crash
The Coast Guard vessel landed atop a 26-foot SeaRay boat that had 13 people from three families aboard. NTSB investigators said Alan DeWeese, Anthony's father, was driving at a top speed of 4 knots with his lights on at the annual nighttime parade that features boats festooned with lights.
The driver and two other crew members refused to speak with investigators, leaving questions about why the boat went so fast. The sailboat operator had told the Coast Guard that he was not in distress and would wait for high tide to get afloat.
"Why did the rescuers get so focused on getting to their destination that they took unnecessary risks to get there?" the NTSB's Hersman asked. "Unfortunately, our investigators have seen unnecessary and unsafe actions too many times when the zeal to do good offsets sound decision-making."
NTSB investigators found no evidence of drug or alcohol use by the crew.
Crew members used personal cell phones for voice calls and text messages before the crash, distracting them from lookout duties, the NTSB said. Still, phone use was not ruled a cause of the collision.
At his sentencing in March, Ramos asked for forgiveness from jurors and the DeWeese family.
"I live with so much remorse for what happened to all the children and adults that night and the loss of life," he said.
The Associated Press


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Cam Braathen and Matt Staiger took third in the weight throw, heaving it 73 feet 11 3/4 inches between them. Kyle Markowski and Alex Devine were fourth in the 55 hurdles, with Matt Donovan and David Ayer fifth in the 55 sprint.
Billy Bigsby, Harry Penate, Teddy Tormey and Sean Satchwell ran to fifth in the 4x800 in 9:40.99. Braathen and Pat Karmis took sixth in the shot put.
Chittenango managed 20 points for seventh place in the boys MVITA standings. Kenny Galbraith, Jon Roberts, Isaac Czarnecki and Ben Seale combined to take second in the mile relay in 21:18.14.
Galbraith and Roberts also helped Jason Given and Lucas Rogers run to third in the 4x800 in 9:09 flat, while Given and Rogers teamed with Max Smith and John Dullen for fourth (4:07.56) in the 4x400. The Bears also were fifth in the 4x200 in 1:59.93.
The next MVITA relays take place Tuesday night, followed by a brief holiday rest and the John DiiMao Memorial Invitational on Dec. 30.
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ROS-San Mig semis: James Yap braces for physical game 3
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MANILA, Philippines— An even more physical game three of the semifinals between Rain or Shine and San Mig Coffee on Christmas day.
That's what James Yap is expecting as the Mixers tied their best-of-seven semifinals series to one apiece Friday night with a 106-82 blowout of the Elastopainters.
"Alam naman natin ang Rain or Shine, hindi basta-bastang team, babalik at babalik 'yon," said Yap, who torched Rain or Shine with 34 points, including seven treys.
"It's going to be a more physical game in game three. Kailangan mapantayan 'yong physical play," added Yap.
It was Yap's highest output in almost two years since dropping 36 back in the semifinals game one against Talk N' Text of the 2010 PBA Philippine Cup.
The ruggedness and physicality were huge factors in Friday's game.
Elastopainters' head coach Yeng Guiao even got ejected in the third quarter for continuous complaining, believing that the referees were not calling it fair when it comes to contacts.
"I guess we just got frustrated with the calls and we felt that they were allowing too much contact against us while we couldn't defend them with the same amount of contact they were giving us, said Guiao. "'Yon ang pinag-umpisahan ng lahat."
While Guiao figures out how to effectively keep the Mixers in check, Yap knows they just have to keep up with their defense that worked so well in game two.
Paul Lee, the most consistent scoring for Rain or Shine, was held to just seven points while no other player from their side contributed more than 12.
"We also need to be consistent on our defense kasi marami silang shooters," Yap said.
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Concert at CSC canceled due to storm forecastStaff Report | February 07,2013The 40th annual Army Band concert scheduled for Saturday at Castleton State College, with the Castleton State College Wind Ensemble, has been canceled due to the severe winter weather forecast.
This concert will not be rescheduled.MORE IN This Just InWOODFORD - Vermont State Police say a husband and wife from Troy, N.Y. Full StoryAlmost every kind of savory treat and sweet goodie imaginable in this state was for sale. Full StoryLOS ANGELES Actress and comedian Anne Meara, whose comic work with husband Jerry Stiller helped... Full Story
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- RICHARD'S POOR ALMANACK: On this day in 1472, Orkney, Shetland islands put up as collateral by Norway to Scotland in lieu of dowry for MARGARET OF DENMARK on her marriage with JAMES III, king of Scotland; 1962, JOHN GLENN first American to orbit Earth.
- TOMORROW'S HEADLINES TODAY: City mayoral candidates debate campaign issues; Hartford, Conn., woman still missing; Neal Goswami reports attempts to legislate suicide; local woman loses 100 pounds through TOPS program.
- RICHARD'S POOR ALMANACK: On this day in 1878, JOHN TUNSTALL murdered near Lincoln, New Mexico, by the outlaw JESSE EVANS; in 1930, ELM FARM OLLIE first cow to fly in aircraft, first to be milked airborne; 1955, nuke test WASP; '79, snow in Sahara.
- TOMORROW'S HEADLINES TODAY: Rutland Herald News Editor Alan J. Keays and staff writer Gordon Dritschilo discuss stories planned for the February 18, 2015, edition of the newspaper: Winter budgets maxed, legal marijuana, Springfield bank job, USPS slowdown
- RICHARD'S POOR ALMANACK: On this day in 1249 AD, ANDRE of LONGJUMEAU is dispatched by LOUIS IX of France to meet the KHAGAN, ruler of the Mongol Empire; in 1804, during 1st Barbary War, STEPHEN DECATUR scuttles the pirate-held USS Philadelphia in Tripoli.


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Cyprus Airways and Aegean Airlines have selected Messier-Bugatti-Dowty for the exchange and overhaul of landing gear on its fleet of Airbus aircraft.
The contract with Cyprus Airways covers overhauls on nose and main landing gears on seven of its Airbus A319 and A320s and two of its A321s.
Messier-Bugatti-Dowty's agreement with Aegean Airlines covers the exchange and overhaul of 29 A320 landing gear shipsets. The carrier operates a fleet of 30 AA320-family aircraft, according to Flightglobal's Ascend Online database.
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|Due Date
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Watch Steve's TV Show!
"Laughs" airs on Fox and MyNetwork. Watch it!
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Notes about the show: Private show for attendees of SigEp Conclave. Free for undergraduates with code SIGEPLAUGHS. $10 for alumni (donated to the educational foundation) Cost: $10
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Gangnam Style Dance Feat.
1,000 - 5,000 downloadsAdd this app to your listsTweets por @Appszoom
Do you have Gangnam Style?! If you are one of the fans around the world who love watching Korean rapper PSY do his horsey dance, you are sure to love this Gangnam Style Dancing game! PSY and his friends are practising their famous dance in the stables, but one of the horses has a terrible headache and does not want to be disturbed. Can you help them sneak to practice without infuriating the horse?
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Global Security Newswire
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India Could be the "Fourth Customer" of A.Q. Khan Ring, Expert Says
WASHINGTON – Circumstantial evidence indicates that India could be the mysterious "fourth customer" of the nuclear proliferation network managed for decades by Pakistani scientist Abdul Qadeer Khan, a U.S. issue expert said on Monday (see GSN, May 17, 2011).
Note to our Readers
GSN ceased publication on July 31, 2014. Its articles and daily issues will remain archived and available on NTI's website.
NTI Analysis
2015 NPT Review Conference Backgrounder
May 4, 2015
This primer provides background on some of the key issues being discussed during the 2015 NPT Review Conference and recommendations made by more than 100 global leaders.
CNS Global Incidents and Trafficking Database
April 28, 2015
Providing free and open access to centralized information on nuclear and other radioactive material that has been lost, stolen, or is otherwise out of regulatory control, the Global Incidents and Trafficking Database and Report prepared by the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies (CNS) offers researchers and policymakers a unique resource to assess the nature and scope of nuclear security risks.
Country Profile
This article provides an overview of Pakistan's historical and current policies relating to nuclear, chemical, biological and missile proliferation.


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Bibiana Osteria-Enoteca
1100 New York Ave. NW (H St. NW) Send to Phone
202-216-9550 | Make Restaurant Reservations | Menu
OpenLunch Mon.-Fri., Dinner Mon.-Sat.
- Dress code: Casual dressy
- Full bar
- Private room(s)
- Reservations suggested
- Romantic setting
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Bibiana Osteria-Enoteca Restaurant Review: Another jewel in restaurateur Ashok Bajaj's crown, Bibiana and its menu capitalize on Washingtonians' demand for quality food served in sleek surroundings and at affordable prices --- affordable, that is, unless one gets carried away and orders two or three entrées and numerous desserts. Not that you could eat all that, since you will have already enjoyed your fill of the fresh breads dunked in the golden-green olive oil. A treat for the senses, to say nothing of the discerning palate, Bibiana serves authentic regional Italian food, seasonal as well, that might include saffron rice fritters; tagliatelle with traditional bolognese ragù; l'uovo --- egg pizza, fonduta and lardo; roasted pork chop Milanese; and worth its weight in gold and calories, a burrata d'Andria, the heavy cream-enriched cousin of mozzarella. (Note that former chef Nicholas Stefanelli has departed the restaurant; Jake Addeo has taken over the kitchen.) Desserts are equally diet-defying, perhaps a dense panna cotta served on crumbled ("sand") biscotti and infused with liquid fruit. The wine list has been chosen with care and panache, and it's a cinch that you will find the right pairing for your entrée. It's all too much for just one seating, and chances are you'll find plenty of reasons to dine here often. Look for the entrance to the restaurant on 12th and H Sts.
Check out the 2015 edition of GAYOT's Annual Restaurant Issue, which features the Top 40 Restaurants in the US and more.


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Sulfonic acid-substituted polyaniline compositions and their derivatives are produced by reacting a polyaniline polymer with SO3 gas. The sulfonated polyaniline compositions have faster electronic and optical responses to electrochemical potentials and improved environmental stability solubility than the parent polyaniline polymer.
1. A process for producing a sulfonated polyaniline composition having a chemical composition of formula I ##STR8## wherein O≦y≦1, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, SO3 -, --SO3 H, --R7 SO3 -, --R7 SO3 H, --OCH3, --CH3, --C2 H5, --F, --Cl, --Br, --I, --NR7 2, --NHCOR7, --OH, --O-, --SR7, --OR7, --OCOR7, --NO2, --COOH, --COOR7, --COR7, --CHO and --CN, wherein R7 is a C1 -C8 alkyl, aryl or aralkyl group, and wherein the fraction of rings containing at least one R1, R2, R3 or R4 group being an --SO3 -, --SO3 H, --R7 SO3 -, or --R7 SO3 H varies from approximately 20 percent to one hundred percent, comprising reacting the polyaniline polymer or substituted polyaniline polymer and SO3 gas.
2. The process according to claim 1 in which the reaction is conducted at a temperature range of between about room temperature and 100� C.
3. The process according to claim 1 in which the reaction is carried out in air or inert atmosphere.
4. The process according to claim 1 in which the polyaniline polymer or substituted polyaniline polymer has a predetermined chain length which is not reduced in length during the reaction.
5. The process according to claim 1 in which a copolymer of polyaniline and sulfonated polyaniline is obtained by partially sulfonating the polyaniline polymer.
6. The process according to claim 5 in which the partial sulfonation of the polyaniline polymer comprises shortening sulfonation times and/or lowering sulfonation temperatures.
7. A sulfonated polyaniline composition of formula I, produced according to the process of claim 1.
8. The composition of claim 7, wherein the composition is a sulfonated polyaniline film.
9. The composition of claim 7, wherein the composition is an oriented sulfonated polyaniline film.
10. The composition of claim 7, wherein the composition is a sulfonated polyaniline film adhered to a substrate.
11. The composition of claim 7, wherein the composition is a sulfonated polyaniline fiber.
12. The composition of claim 7, wherein the composition is a polyaniline powder.
The present invention is a continuation-in-part of co-pending application Ser. No. 07/423,902 filed Oct. 19, 1989 which is a continuation-in-part of co-pending application Ser. No. 193,964 filed May 13, 1988.
The present invention relates to processes for the preparation of self-protonated sulfonic acid-substituted polyaniline compositions and their derivatives and uses thereof.
Polyaniline is a family of polymers that has been under intensive study recently because the electronic and optical properties of the polymers can be modified through variations of either the number of protons, the number of electrons, or both. The polyaniline polymer can occur in several general forms including the so-called reduced form (leucoemeraldine base), possesing the general formula ##STR1## the partially oxidized so-called emeraldine base form, of the general formula ##STR2## and the fully oxidized so-called pernigraniline form, of the general formula ##STR3##
In practice, polyaniline generally exists as a mixture of the several forms with a general formula (I) of ##STR4##
When O≦y≦1, the polyaniline polymers are referred to as poly(paraphenyleneamineimines) in which the oxidation state of the polymer continuously increases with decreasing value of y. The fully reduced poly(paraphenyleneamine) is referred to as leucoemeraldine, having the repeating units indicated above corresponding to a value of y=1. The fully oxidized poly(paraphenyleneimine) is referred to as pernigraniline, of repeat unit shown above corresponds to a value of y=0. The partly oxidized poly(paraphenyleneimine) with y in the range of greater than or equal to 0.35 and less than or equal to 0.65 is termed emeraldine, though the name emeraldine is often focused on y equal to or approximately 0.5 composition. Thus, the terms "leucoemeraldine", "emeraldine" and "pernigraniline" refer to different oxidation states of polyaniline. Each oxidation state can exist in the form of its base or in its protonated form (salt) by treatment of the base with an acid.
The use of the terms "protonated" and "partially protonated" herein includes, but is not limited to, the addition of hydrogen ions to the polymer by, for example, a protonic acid, such as mineral and/or organic acids. The use of the terms "protonated" and "partially protonated" herein also includes pseudoprotonation, wherein there is introduced into the polymer a cation such as, but not limited to, a metal ion, M+. For example, "50%" protonation of emeraldine leads formally to a composition of the formula ##STR5## which may be rewritten as ##STR6##
Formally, the degree of protonation may vary from a ratio of [H+ ]/[--N═]=0 to a ratio of [H+ ]/[--N═]=1. Protonation or partial protonation at the amine (--NH--) sites may also occur.
The electrical and optical properties of the polyaniline polymers vary with the different oxidation states and the different forms. For example, the leucoemeraldine base, emeraldine base and pernigraniline base forms of the polymer are electrically insulating while the emeraldine salt (protonated) form of the polymer is conductive. Protonation of emeraldine base by aqueous HCl (1M HCl) to produce the corresponding salt brings about an increase in electrical conductivity of approximately 1012 ; deprotonation occurs reversibly in aqueous base or upon exposure to vapor of, for example, ammonia. The emeraldine salt form can also be achieved by electrochemical oxidation of the leucoemeraldine base polymer or electrochemical reduction of the pernigraniline base polymer in the presence of an electrolyte of the appropriate pH. The rate of the electrochemical reversibility is very rapid; solid polyaniline can be switched between conducting, protonated and nonconducting states at a rate of approximately 105 Hz for electrolytes in solution and even faster with solid electrolytes. (E. Paul, et al., J. Phys. Chem. 1985, 89, 1441-1447). The rate of electrochemical reversibility is also controlled by the thickness of the film, thin films exhibiting a faster rate than thick films. Polyaniline can then be switched from insulating to conducting form as a function of protonation level (controlled by ion insertion) and oxidation state (controlled by electrochemical potential). Thus, in contrast to, for example polypyrrole, polyaniline can be turned "on" by either a negative or a positive shift of the electrochemical potential, because polyaniline films are essentially insulating at sufficiently negative (approximately 0.00 V vs. SCE) or positive (+0.7 V vs. SCE) electrochemical potentials. Polyaniline can also then be turned "off" by an opposite shift of the electrochemical potential.
The conductivity of polyaniline is known to span 12 orders of magnitude and to be sensitive to pH and other chemical parameters. It is well-known that the resistance of films of both the emeraldine base and 50% protonated emeraldine hydrochloride polymer decrease by a factor of approximately 3 to 4 when exposed to water vapor. The resistance increases only very slowly on removing the water vapor under dynamic vacuum. The polyaniline polymer exhibits conductivities of approximately 1 to 20 Siemens per centimeter (S/cm) when approximately half of its nitrogen atoms are protonated. Electrically conductive polyaniline salts, such as fully protonated emeraldine salt [(--C6 H4 --NH--C6 H4 --NH+)--Cl- ]x, have high conductivity (10-4 to 10+2 S/cm) and high dielectric constants (20 to 200) and have a dielectric loss tangent of from below 10-3 to approximately 101. Dielectric loss values are obtained in the prior art by, for example, carbon filled polymers, but these losses are not as large nor as readily controlled as those observed for polyaniline.
While the preparation of polyaniline polymers and the protonated derivatives thereof is known in the art, it is novel to prepare sulfonated polyaniline compositions which are capable of being "self-protonated" or "self-doped". The use of the terms "self-protonated" and "self-doped" herein includes, but is not limited to, the reorganization of hydrogen ions on the polymer i.e., the absence of any counterion not covalently bonded to the polymer chain. For example, self-doping or self-protonation of a polyaniline base polymer leads to a polyaniline salt polymer and a reorganization of the electronic structure which then forms a polaronic metal. The conductivity of such polaronic metal is independent of external protonation.
The present invention is related to the invention disclosed in the parent copending application Ser. No. 07/423,902 filed Oct. 19, 1989 which is expressly incorporated herein by reference. That application discloses, in part, the sulfonation of the emeraldine base form of polyaniline in a solution phase.
The present invention provides a process for producing a polymeric acid polymer which is capable of protonating or doping itself to form an electrically conducting polymer. The sulfonated polyaniline polymer has faster electronic, electrochemical, chemical, and optical responses and improved solubility than the parent polymer, polyaniline. The solubility of the sulfonated polyaniline polymer is increased greatly due to the presence of the sulfonic group SO3 H. The sulfonated polyaniline polymer is easy to dissolve in basic aqueous solutions in which the polyaniline polymer is insoluble. In addition, due to the electron withdrawing effects of the SO3 H group, the sulfonated polyaniline polymer has improved environmental stability over the polyaniline polymer.
The present invention relates to a gas phase process for producing the sulfonated polyaniline which comprises reacting the emeraldine base polyaniline polymer with gaseous SO3.
The gas phase sulfonation process of the present invention eliminates the need for a separation process in order to isolate the sulfonated polyaniline composition from a sulfuric acid solution.
The gas phase sulfonation process also eliminates the need for large quantities of reagent, such as methanol or acetone, to precipitate the sulfonated polyaniline composition from a sulfuric acid solution.
The gas phase sulfonation process is versatile and can be utilized to sulfonate the emeraldine base polyaniline polymer in a variety of forms such as, for example, a powder, stretched free standing films, films adhered to a substrate, and fibers.
Through the use of the gas phase sulfonation process, there is less chance of causing degradation of the emeraldine base polyaniline composition than through the use of a sulfuric acid solution.
Further, the gas phase sulfonation process is simple, fast and uncomplicated, thus providing the industry with an attractive alternative for producing self-protonated conducting sulfonated polyaniline compositions.
FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of the different structures of sulfonated polyaniline, (a and b), the ammonia salt (c), and the emeraldine base (d).
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a method of gas phase sulfonation of a polyaniline composition.
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of another method of gas phase sulfonation of a polyaniline composition.
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of another method of gas phase sulfonation of a polyaniline composition.
The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of sulfonic acid substituted polyaniline compositions, their derivatives and uses thereof.
The self-protonated sulfonated polyaniline compositions have the formula I ##STR7## wherein O≦y≦1; R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, --SO3 -, --SO3 H, --R7 SO3 -, --R7 SO3 H, --OCH3, --CH3, --C2 H5, --F, --Cl, --Br, --I, --NR7 2, --NHCOR7, --OH, --O-, --SR7, --OR7, --OCOR7, --NO2, --COOH, --COOR7, --COR7, --CHO and --CN, wherein R7 is a C1 -C8 alkyl, aryl or aralkyl group. For the sake of clarity, the structure shown in formula I is in the non self-protonated form.
The fraction of rings containing at least one R1, R2, R3 or R4 groups being an --SO3 -, --SO3 H, --R7 SO3 - or --R7 SO3 H can be varied from a few percent to one hundred percent. In certain embodiments the percentage ranges from at least approximately 20% up to and including 100%. It is within the contemplated scope of the present invention that the --R7 SO3 - and --R7 SO3 H substituents can be varied so that the sulfonated polyaniline is soluble in a range of solvents in order to make the sulfonated polyaniline polymer more easily blendable with other polymers and/or more easily cast onto a variety of surfaces.
The solubility of sulfonated polyaniline can be varied by changing the degree of sulfonation (i.e., the sulfonation time and/or temperature in H2 SO4 (SO3)). It is noted that the oxidation state of the polymer (from leucoemeraldine through emeraldine to pernigraniline) and the degree of sulfonation (x) can be independently varied. Here x is the fraction of C6 rings which have an SO3 - or SO3 H group attached.
When x=0, the polymer does not dissolve in either basic or acidic aqueous solutions. Upon increasing the value of x, the polymer becomes soluble in strongly basic, basic, weakly basic and eventually in acidic aqueous solutions. This progressive improvement in solubility implies that the polymer becomes soluble in neutral media, particularly H2 O, at the appropriate value of x, yielding a water-soluble conducting polymer. The color of soluble sulfonated polyaniline in acidic solution is green, indicating it is the conducting salt form.
The solubility of polyaniline is increased greatly in basic aqueous solution by the presence of --SO3 H group on the phenyl rings. This is in contrast with polyaniline which when washed with basic solutions, converts to the insoluble base form.
Protonation of the emeraldine base polymer leads to the emeraldine salt polymer and a reorganization of the electronic structure to form a polaronic metal. Since benzenesulfonic acid is a strong acid, about as strong as hydrochloric acid, the sulfonated polyaniline is capable of self-doping. Hence, the conductivity of the sulfonated polyaniline is independent of external protonation.
Being able to dope itself, the sulfonated polyaniline polymer has enhanced optical and electrical response to electrochemical potential as compared with the parent polyaniline polymer. Since the solid-state diffusion of counterions in and out of a polymer during electrochemical processes is often the rate controlling step in the kinetics, it also limits the speed of both optical and electrical response of polymers. In the self-doped conjugated polymer of the present invention, the counterions are not necessary from the medium. The positive charge introduced into the conjugated pi electron system of the backbone of the polymer is compensated by the protons migrating out of the polymer, or vice versa, leaving behind the opposite charged counterion. Being the smallest and most mobile ion, proton hopping mechanisms lead to relatively fast doping kinetics as compared to those counterions migrating in or out of the polymer. As a consequence, it is possible to achieve sufficient speed to be useful for a variety of technological applications.
Without external doping, the sulfonated polyaniline has a conductivity of 0.1 S/cm, which makes the sulfonated polyaniline a self-doped conducting polymer. The results indicate that the amount of charge injected into or ejected out of the sulfonated polyaniline polymer is quite similar to that of polyaniline. Charge transfer doping within a specific potential range in solutions such as 1.0 M HCl and 0.5M H2 SO4 is highly reversible in the air reflecting the environmental stability introduced by the sulfonic acid groups. The inventors present the dependence of positions of redox peaks on different pH values and compare the results with those of sulfonated polyaniline. In contrast with polyaniline, the first redox process depends on pH in the value range of -0.2 to about 7 due to the sulfonic acid protons on the sulfonated polyaniline backbones. The second redox process depends on the pH in a manner similar to that of polyaniline.
The chemical synthesis of the sulfonated polyaniline polymers of the present invention is accomplished by reacting polyaniline with concentrated or fuming sulfuric acid, SO3 gas or other sulfonation agents in either air or inert gases. Examples of several of the methods for such syntheses are disclosed below.
Materials-Aniline and other chemicals were obtained from Aldrich and were all reagent grade or better. Hydrochloric acid and ammonium hydroxide were used as received. Different pH buffer solutions were commercially purchased.
Chemical Synthesis I: Emeraldine hydrochloride powder was synthesized from aniline and (NH4)S2 O8 then converted to analytically pure emeraldine base polyaniline using the method described previously in A. G. MacDiarmid, J. C. Chiang, A. F. Richter, N. L. D. Somasiri and A. J. Epstein in L. Alcacer (ed.) Conducting Polymers, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Dordrecht, The Netherlands (1987).
For the sulfonation of polyaniline, 1.5 g polyaniline (dry emeraldine base form) was dissolved into 40 ml fuming sulfuric acid H2 SO4 (SO3) with constant stirring at room temperature. During the sulfonation period the color of the solution changed from dark purple to dark blue. After approximately 2 hours, the solution was slowly added during about 20 minutes to 200 ml methanol while maintaining the temperature between about 10�-20� C. by an ice bath. A green powder precipitate was formed during the mixing. After the mixing, 100 ml of less polar acetone was added to the solution in order to increase the precipitate. The green powder was then collected on a Buchner funnel using a water aspirator. The precipitate cake was washed portionwise (50 ml/portion) with methanol until the portion of the filtrate showed pH=7 when tested by wet pH paper. The liquid level in the Buchner funnel was constantly adjusted so that it remained above the top of the precipitate. This prevented cracking of the precipitate cake, which would result in inefficient washing of the precipitate cake.
After the above washing, the precipitate remained under suction for approximately 10 minutes. It was then transferred on the filter paper to a vacuum desicator and dried under dynamic vacuum for 24 hours. Elemental analyses, as shown in Table I are consistent with the composition shown in FIG. 1 as structure a, compound I, which is sulfonated, protonated polyaniline in the emeraldine oxidative state. The self-doped polyaniline is readily dissolved in a dilute aqueous base solution to form a homogeneous blue-violet solution. The solubility of compound I in 0.1M NH4 OH and NaOH is about 23 mg/ml.
Chemical Synthesis II: 1.5 g polyaniline (dry emeraldine base form) was dissolved into 40 ml concentrated sulfuric acid H2 SO4, and the temperature slowly raised from the room temperature to 70� C. in water bath in 3 hour period with the constant stirring. The temperature was kept at 70� C. for 15 hours. Then the temperature was raised to 95� C. within 0.5 hour and kept there for 4 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled down to room temperature. The product was very slowly added to -38� C. ice made from 160 ml distilled H2 O in order to precipitate the polymer. The temperature of the solution was not allowed to reach higher than 0� C. during the process. After the temperature of the solution reached room temperature the solution was filtered to obtain a fine powder of sulfonated polyaniline. Large particles were obtained by subsequently heating the room temperature solution up to 70� C. in a two hour period, then cooling to room temperature, and conducting filtration to separate the sulfonated polyaniline from the solution. The sulfonated polyaniline was washed with an excess of H2 O until the filtrate was neutral (as tested by pH paper). Dry sulfonated polyaniline was obtained by pumping under dynamic vacuum at room temperature for 48 hours.
Chemical Synthesis III: From the Chemical Synthesis II described above a copolymer (i.e., the polymer mixture of polyanilines and sulfonated polyaniline) was obtained by partially sulfonating polyaniline. This was done in exactly the same way described in the Chemical Synthesis II except utilizing shorter sulfonation times and/or lower sulfonation temperature.
Chemical Synthesis IV: Another way to prepare the copolymer polyaniline-sulfonated polyaniline was to react 2-aminobenzene-sulfonic acid (2ASA) with oxidizing agent in the presence of aniline. 10 g (0.58 mol) 2ASA and 2 ml (0.02 mol) aniline were dissolved in 500 ml 1M HCl. A prepared solution of 6.609 g (0.029 mol) (NH4)2 S2 O8 in 200 ml 1M HCl was added dropwise to the monomer solution with vigorous stirring during a period of 10 minutes. After 1.5 hours, the precipitate was collected on a Buchner funnel. The precipitate was washed with 1M HCl until the filtrate was colorless. Then the precipitate was washed by 500 ml H2 O. To ensure that the copolymer was in its neutral form, the precipitate was then transferred into a beaker containing 500 ml of H2 O and stirred at room temperature for 4 hours. The mixture was filtered until the pH of the filtrate was 7 . The dry copolymer was obtained by pumping under dynamic vacuum at room temperature for 48 hours.
Chemical Synthesis V: The dry emeraldine base form of polyaniline is exposed to SO3 gas for a predetermined length of time and at a predetermined temperature. Gas phase sulfonation of the polyaniline at elevated temperatures decreases the reaction time, while use of reduced temperatures increases the reaction time. At conditions of excess SO3 gas, the gas phase sulfonation can be completed in about 12 hours at room temperature.
Referring now to FIG. 2, one example of the process of gas phase sulfonation is shown: finely ground dry emeraldine base form of polyaniline powder 10 was placed in a container 12 having an open top 14 and a fine porosity glass frit bottom 16. The container 12 was placed inside, in a spaced apart relationship, a closed container 20, containing fuming sulfuric acid 22 H2 SO4 (SO3). The SO3 gaseous fumes penetrate through the frit bottom 16 and surround the emeraldine base polymer 10 through the open top 14 of the container 12 so as to come into contact and react with the emeraldine base powders. The reaction time depends upon such factors, as for example, the surface area, amount of powder, and design of reactor. For example, 0.2 g of emeraldine base powder (finely ground) spread over 3 cm diameter frit and exposed to 40 ml of 23% fuming sulfuric acid sulfonated to one SO3 H per two rings in about 8 hours. The resulting powder was fully soluble in 0.1M NH4 OH.
Referring now to FIG. 3, another example of gas phase sulfonation is shown: finely ground dry emeraldine base form of polyaniline powder 30 is placed in a first container or flask 32 having at least one opening 34. The first flask 32 is placed in a spaced apart relationship, within a second container or flask 40 containing fuming sulfuric acid 42 H2 SO4 (SO3). The first flask 32 is rotated about its longitudinal axis such that the emeraldine base powder is homogeneously exposed to the SO3 gas fumes which enter the first flask 32 through the opening 34. The reaction time for the configuration of FIG. 3 is considerably less than the reaction time achieved by the approaches shown in FIG. 2.
Referring now to FIG. 4, yet another example of gas phase sulfonation is shown: a film of dry emeraldine base formed of polyaniline 50 is suspended in a closed container 52 containing fuming sulfuric acid 54. Since the gas phase sulfonation process tends to soften the emeraldine base film, a weight 56 can be attached to the lower end of the emeraldine base film 50. The weight 56 stretches the film 50, thus providing an oriented sulfonated polyaniline film. The SO3 gas rising from the fuming sulfuric acid penetrates the emeraldine base film. For example, a film of emeraldine base polymer having a thickness of 20 microns, exposed at room temperature to fumes from 40 ml of 23% fuming sulfuric acid, sulfonated to one SO3 H per 2 rings in about 2 hours. The resulting film was fully soluble in 0.1M NH4 OH.
Films comprising the polyaniline emeraldine base polymer, already oriented and either free standing or adhered to a substrate, and fibers comprising the emeraldine base polyaniline can be sulfonated according to the SO3 gas phase sulfonation method of the present invention.
It is also within the contemplated scope of the present invention that any of the desired forms of the emeraldine base formed of polyaniline can be sulfonated by exposure to SO3 gas without the presence of sulfuric acid, H2 SO4.
Conductivities of the compound I was measured on compressed pellets of the powder by using four point probe techniques with a Keithley 220 constant current source and Keithley 181 voltmeter.
The conductivity of unoriented sulfonated polyaniline composition made using the gas phase sulfonation process is in the range of about 0.03 S/cm. to about 0.1 S/cm.
Elemental analyses and conductivity studies are consistent with the sulfonation of emeraldine base with fuming sulfuric acid proceeding to give a self-doped, sulfonated, protonated forms of the emeraldine oxidative state of polyaniline, the compound I which has a conductivity of ˜0.1 S/cm. This polymer can be regarded as being formed by the hypothetically initial formation of the strong acid, shown as structure b in FIG. 1, which then immediately protonates the imine nitrogen atoms to give the conducting polymer in an entirely analogous manner to strong acids such as HCl. Treatment of the structure b compound with an aqueous (ammonium) base yields the sulfonated, non-protonated insulating ammonium salt forms analogous to emeraldine base, viz, the structure c compound shown in FIG. 1.
The conductivity of the compound I (σ˜0.1 S/cm) is similar to that of emeraldine hydrochloride measured under the same experimental conditions (σ˜1- 5 S/cm; laboratory air), but lower than that σ˜18 S/cm of high molecular weight emeraldine hydrochloride. The self-doped sulfonated polyaniline with emeraldine oxidative state differs dramatically from nonexternally doped polyaniline in conductivity. Since sulfonic acid is a strong acid, approximately as strong as hydrochloric acid, the compound I is capable of doping itself. The dark green self-doped compound I had a room temperature conductivity of about 0.1 S/cm in contrast to the purple color and insulating behavior of polyaniline emeraldine base form. However, the conductivity of compound I is lower than that of emeraldine hydrochloride pressed pellets.
The present invention thus discloses that sulfonated polyaniline can be synthesized chemically. Elemental analyses and conductivity data suggest that, depending on the sulfonation times and temperatures, the number of --SO3 H groups per phenyl ring varied from 0.2 to 1.0. The conductivity is independent of pH in the range of pH values smaller than or equal to 7.
The present invention provides an uncomplicated and less time consuming method for producing sulfonated polyaniline composition such that the sulfonated polyaniline compositions and their derivatives are extremely useful in various electronic, electrochemical, chemical, and optical applications. The sulfonated polyaniline compositions have a more rapid electrochemical response than polyaniline. The ability of the sulfonated polyaniline compositions to have a fast switching speed between a conducting and a nonconducting state with good reversibility makes such compositions attractive polymers to use for a variety of electrochemical applications.
Further, the solubility and the electrical conductivity of the sulfonated polyaniline compositions makes such compositions especially useful in still other applications. In addition, the process of the present invention can be used to sulfonate previously oriented films, fibers, and coatings produce self-protonated sulfonated polyaniline materials having high conductivity, high mechanical strength and anisotropy.
The sulfonated polyaniline compositions can be coated by a variety of techniques onto substrates of choice. The sulfonated polyaniline polymers can be applied to substrates according to the present invention by spray coating, dip coating, spin casting, transfer roll coating, brush-on coating, and the like. The sulfonated polyaniline polymers can also be electrochemically deposited onto conductive substrates by known electrochemical deposition techniques.
Sulfonated polyaniline can also be entrained within a matrix of, or copolymerized with, other polymer materials to thereby produce a blend or a composite. Thus, sulfonated polyaniline could be dispersed in, for example, polyethylene, polyimide, cellulose nitrate, and the like, and also can be coated onto fibrous materials. The sulfonated polyaniline compositions can be used with other insulating polymers to form conductive thermosetting resins, epoxies, and thermoplastics, and reacted with bismaleimides for use in forming, for example, such devices as conductive seals, joints and moldings. In addition, derivatization of the sulfonated polyaniline compositions can enhance compatibility and processability of the polymer with other polymers.
In addition, the sulfonated polyaniline compositions can be cast as thin films from a solvent solution, and the solvent evaporated to produce free standing films. The sulfonated polyaniline films can be stacked as a composite with other sulfonated polyaniline films, with films of sulfonated polyaniline copolymerized with another polymer, or with non-polyaniline polymers and/or copolymers. Depending on the desired type and degree of substitution of the sulfonated polyaniline with various crosslinkable functional moieties, the films produced can be cured in deeper sections, that is, thicker films or articles can also be produced by known polymer preparation techniques.
The sulfonated polyaniline compositions and derivatives thereof have, or can be designed to have, desired processability in terms of, for example, viscosity, flexural strengths, solubility, adhesion to substrates, crosslinking, melting point, weight, adaptability to filler loading and the like. This is achieved by varying as desired the degree of self-protonation, the state of oxidation, and the type and degree of substituents on the polymer. Certain substituents may be preferred for the facilitation of desired processing parameters, such as increasing or decreasing solubility, altering extrusion parameters (rheology), achieving a specific viscosity, and the like. Derivatization is also useful for achieving compatibility with a copolymer, facilitating the tunability of the sulfonated polyaniline composition for non-linear optics applications, and for specific wavelength absorption, such as microwave attenuation or a particular photoresponse.
While the invention has been disclosed in this patent application by reference to the details of preferred embodiments and examples of the invention, it is to be understood that this disclosure is intended in an illustrative rather than in a limiting sense, as it is contemplated that modifications will readily occur to those skilled in the art, within the spirit of the invention and the scope of the claims which follow.
TABLE 1:__________________________________________________________________________Elemental Analysesa of Chemically Synthesized Sulfonic Ring-Substituted Polyanilinesample C H N S Ob Total Formula__________________________________________________________________________PANc (cal.) 79.54 5.00 15.46 -- -- 100 C12 H9 NPAN (found) 79.14 4.96 15.16 -- -- 99.26SPANc (cal.) 51.67 3.96 10.04 11.49 22.84 100.00 C12 H9 N2 SO3 (H2 O)0.98SPAN (found) 52.12 3.98 10.13 11.18 22.59 100.00__________________________________________________________________________ a C, H, and N analyses were performed by Dr. R. Kohli at U. of Pennsylvania, S analysis was carried out by MH-W Laboratories, Phoenix, AZ. b Oxygen content is by difference. c PAN refers to polyaniline and SPAN to ringsulfonated polyaniline.
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text:
Icebox Rolls
Community Recipe from
- 1 package(s) yeast
- 1 1/2 teaspoon(s) salt q
- 2 cup(s) lukewarm water
- 1 egg
- 1/2 cup(s) sugar
- 6 cup(s) flour
- 4 tablespoon(s) vegetable oil
- Put flour in bowl. Make a hole in center and add all other ingredients after they have been mixed together. Knead well and put in grease bowl to let rise. Put in refrigerator. Not necessary to refrigerate before shaping, rising and baking.
- Remove from refrigerator. Shape dough into rolls, buns, etc. Let rise until double. Bake at 375 degrees 12 minutes or until golden brown.
May 2011
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The government will decide on whether it should file a review/clarification petition over the Supreme Court's February 28 judgment validating the Babli project built by Maharashtra on the Godavari, only after consulting legal experts and conduct of a second all-party meeting soon.
This was conveyed by Chief Minister N. Kiran Kumar Reddy to leaders of political parties at an all-party meeting convened by him here on Thursday. During the interaction, Mr. Reddy reportedly promised to lead an all-party delegation to the Prime Minister to highlight the adverse impact of Babli on 18 lakh acres of ayacut of Sriramsagar and many other projects in the Godavari basin. He is also stated to have assured Opposition leaders that he would depute experts up to Nasik covering river gauge stations to ascertain whether the utilisation of water by Maharashtra, including 2.7 tmcft permitted under Babli, was within its allocation of 60 tmcft. Major Irrigation Minister P. Sudarshan Reddy, who attended the meeting along with two other Ministers from Telangana, Ponnala Lakshmaiah (Information Technology) and D. Sridhar Babu (Civil Supplies), told reporters that all-out efforts would be made to protect the State's interests at any cost. During the discussions, the leaders of TDP, Telangana Rashtra Samithi, YSR Congress, CPI, CPI(M), BJP, MIM and Lok Satta, were unanimous that the petition must be filed to achieve this.
They also proposed steps to make the three-member committee being constitutedto regulate flows into the Godavari from Babli, effective by locating its office at Basar or Hyderabad.


text:
BILOXI, MISS., (April 19, 2012) All four fighters participating in Fridays ShoBox: The New Generation doubleheader made weight at the Coast Nightclub at Beau Rivage Resort & Casino in Biloxi, Miss., on Thursday, just one day before the exciting night of fights on SHOWTIME® (11 p.m. ET/PT, delayed on the West Coast).
Jermain Taylor - 160.5
Caleb Truax - 160.75
Erislandy Lara - 156.5
Ronald Hearns - 156.25
In the main event former undisputed 160-pound World Champion Jermain Taylor (29-4-1, 18 KOs) weighed in at 160.5 pounds, while his undefeated opponent Caleb "Golden" Truax (18-0-1, 10 KOs) tipped the scales at 160.75 pounds for their 10-round middleweight bout. In the 10-round junior middleweight co-feature, former Cuban amateur standout Erislandy Lara (15-1-1, 10 KOs) weighed 156.5 pounds and former world title challenger Ronald Hearns (26-2, 20 KOs) 156.25 pounds for the fight contracted at 157 pounds.
The special edition of ShoBox: The New Generation is promoted by DiBella Entertainment in association with Golden Boy Promotions.
Tickets, priced at $150, $100, and $50 plus tax and service charges, are available online at www.beaurivage.com, by phone at (888) 566-7469, or in person at the Beau Rivage Theatre box office. Beau Rivage room reservations can be made by calling (888) 567-6667 or visiting www.beaurivage.com.
What the fighters had to say on Thursday:
I just want to say thank you to my team. I'm back in love with boxing. I can't say it any other way. After losing in Berlin, I took two years off. They were the best two years of my life, because Im hungry again.
I've been boxing since I was 11 and I never took a break. Never. When I lost those fights, it was time for me to take a break. I spent time with my family and for the first time in a long time, I missed boxing. Now, I'm back. I feel strong. I took care of business in December and I'm going take care of business tomorrow.
I love this sport because I'm a fighter. And this is the only sport where you can lose, get knocked out, look bad and then fight your way back to the top. You can get down real low and you can still come back and be on top. I'm on my way back.
I've prepared for the man that beat Bernard Hopkins but we'll see where Jermain's at tomorrow. I think he might be on the decline but that's not who I prepared for so I'm ready.
This is where I wanted to be with my career, in a big fight. Being from Minnesota, I don't get all the opportunities to fight in California and New York or other big places. This is the biggest opportunity of my life and I plan to take advantage of it. Everything went well in my preparations. All I have to do is go in there tomorrow and get the job done.
I'm part of the A class of my division. A lot of guys don't want to fight me so I have to thank Ronald Hearns for taking this fight.
I'm going by the name of "The Punisher" for this fight because people saw that I punished Paul Williams. I'm ready to fight another great fight.
I'm grateful for my fight tomorrow. Thanks to my team, Lou DiBella and SHOWTIME. This is the opportunity of a lifetime and I can't wait for the world to see me perform. It's time to get to work.
LOU DiBELLA, Promoter:
The Beau Rivage is our southern home away from home. It's truly the jewel casino of the South. Thanks to SHOWTIME and Stephen Espinoza for putting on this great card. It should be a tremendous night of boxing.
Jermain is not an ordinary fighter. This is a man who was a pound-for-pounder, one of the few men to hold all four middleweight belts at one time and the only man to beat Bernard Hopkins twice. And this is a new beginning. It's not usual for you to see a guy like him fight in a 1,400-seat venue. But this is a comeback done the right way. It's not a cash out. He is looking to the future by looking into the past and remembering what got him to the top.
PAT BURNS, Taylor's trainer:
Jermain has made a new commitment to boxing and life. We're fighting a heck of a tough kid because that's how you pave a comeback. You can't fight guys from the graveyard. Caleb knows his life will change if he wins. It will change his financial situation so he's hungry.
For information on SHOWTIME Sports, including exclusive behind-the-scenes video and photo galleries, complete telecast information and more, please visit the website at http://sports.SHO.com.
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text:
Filo Pastry Apple Strudel
|Granny smith apples
|1 Pound, thinly sliced
|1⁄3 Cup (5.33 tbs)
|Ground cinnamon
|1⁄2 Teaspoon
|Filo dough sheets
|5 Large
|1⁄2 Cup (8 tbs), melted
1. Preheat oven to 400 degrees F.
2. In a small bowl combine the sugar with cinnamon and set it aside.
3. In a mixing bowl, add the apples and 1/3 cup of the sugar-cinnamon mixture. Mix until well combined. Set it aside.
4. On a tea towel, place one sheet of filo and brush with butter, add the second of filo over the first one and brush it butter. Repeat this until 5 sheets are prepared.
5. Once done, layer the apple filling on one side of the of the prepared filo sheets and sprinkle it with the remaining sugar-cinnamon mixture.
6. With the help of the tea towel, roll the filo dough over the apple mixture, rolling it until the edge. Roll it as tightly as possible around apples.
7. Take a baking sheet lined with parchment paper and place the rolled dough on it with seam side down. Brush the top with remaining butter. Add a little more of the sugar-cinnamon mixture on top of the roll.
8. Bake this in the oven at 400 degrees F for 30 minutes or until golden brown.
9. Serve the apple strudel in desired slices.


text:
Minnesota lawmakers remove reverse referendums from state law
July 8, 2009
Minnesota: This month the Minnesota State Senate decided to remove a provision in state law that permitted reverse referendums less than a year after a Becker County District Court judge ruled that petitioners could not place a question that called for the reversal of a Frazee-Vergas School District levy referendum on the November 4, 2008 ballot. Controversy about the ballot law came about specifically in 2008 during the Frazee-Vergas School District reverse referendum debate. A levy referendum passed in 2007 but in 2008 residents submitted a petition to place the measure back on the ballot.[1] Lawmakers said that it was not fair that cities and counties could raise levies without voter permission, but school districts could not. School district supporters of the reverse referendum law change had hoped to convince the legislature to change the number of required signatures to 30%, from its current 15%. The possibility of a reverse referendum taking away new tax dollars made it difficult for school districts to plan for the future, Greg Abbott, director of communications for the Minnesota Association of School Districts, said. The Senate, however, decided to eliminate the provision in its entirety. Minnesota Rep. Bud Nornes carried the bill, which included an increase in signatures to 30%, in the House of Representatives and Sen. Dan Skogen did the same. But before the bill passed in the Senate Education Committee, Sen. Claire Robling made the motion to eliminate the provision. Robling said her reasoning was that if it's not being used, then maybe it's not needed then. "It's not like we took something away that was used often and now it's gone," said Nornes. But, Frazee petitioner Oscar Birkeland said otherwise about the lawmakers decision, "I guess maybe I'm real old-fashioned — I think citizens should have some rights. Citizens pay the bills and should have some say in it."[2]
See also


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... in awe of this city rave about its Centros Comerciales (big shopping malls). It�s true - they have several huge shopping malls - packed with well dressed Venezuelans - but for me, this cannot be further away from the Venezuela I want to get to ...
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... maybe it was the other side of that dam I saw on the way in?). Unfortunately there was another massive gap in information regarding Maturin in the book – understandable if it was the 1st edition but by the 5th you'd hoped they'd have had ...