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I've been obsessed with evangelicalism for most of my life.
The grandson of a Moral Majority donor, I witnessed the rise of the New Christian Right from the living room of a Norwegian-American septuagenarian. In grandma's photo album, pictures of Jerry and Macel Falwell, Pat and Dede Robertson, and Billy and Ruth Graham appeared alongside snapshots of my sister and me. Saved during a Billy Graham telecast, I grew up memorizing Bible verses and witnessing to my grade school peers. Surrounded by Minnesota Lutherans and Catholics, I always felt different.
During high school I didn't know whether I was a fundamentalist or an evangelical. A few months at an evangelical college changed all that.
Rejecting the F word, its president denied it had ever been a fundamentalist school. While this was hard to square with his predecessor's role in the World's Christian Fundamentals Association [7], it reflected the college's embrace of the evangelical brand. Since then schools such as Bob Jones University also have distanced themselves from fundamentalism. [8] In some ways, we're all evangelicals now.
Such historical amnesia is not uncommon. In a movement that's been called a "12 ring circus [9]," it's hard to tell who's in and who's out.
Some of the largest acts are relative newcomers to the big top. A recent search of the Southern Baptist Convention webpage kicked up 4.8 million hits [10] for the word "evangelical." Yet as recently as 1983, a trio of insiders could ask, "Are Southern Baptists 'Evangelicals'? [11]" As SBC executive E. Foy Valentine informed Newsweek's Kenneth Woodward, "We are not evangelicals. That's a Yankee word. [12]"
Three decades later, Southern Baptists make up the largest single denomination in most surveys of evangelicals.
At the same time, many Southern Baptists have yet to embrace the evangelical label. During my time in the Missouri Ozarks, I've met Baptists and Pentecostals who have never thought of themselves as evangelicals. They are not alone. According to a 2006 survey [13], only a third of people in evangelical churches have adopted the term.
As historian D.G. Hart [14] reminds us, the E word has meant different things in different eras. In the 19th century, scholars like Robert Baird [15] classified most of American Protestantism under the evangelical umbrella — including Episcopalians, Quakers, Lutherans, and Congregationalists. No distinction was made between liberal and conservative churches. Though it's hard to imagine liberals such as Horace Bushnell [16] and Julia Ward Howe [17] hanging out at the National Association of Evangelicals, they have found a place in evangelical history. Few think to mention Howe's Unitarianism. [18] As late as the 1920s, modernists such as Shailer Mathews identified with evangelical Christianity. Hart is one of the few scholars to point this out.
Like many words in American religion, evangelical is a biblical term, a folk concept and a "creation of the scholar's study. [19]" Despite its roots in the Greek word evangelion, it did not spring uncorrupted from the pages of scripture. As Hart notes in Deconstructing Evangelicalism [14], figures such as Carl F.H. Henry and Harold J. Ockenga were searching for a more moderate alternative to fundamentalism. Appropriating the older label of evangelical, they "wanted to reform conservative Protestantism and smooth its rougher edges."
In the process, they redefined a word that had once included both liberal and conservative Protestants. This is important to remember when considering the boundaries of contemporary evangelicalism.
Every so often, evangelicals get the urge to ex-communicate. Feminists, open theists, and universalists have all drawn the ire of their co-religionists. In the absence of a central religious authority, such efforts are doomed to fail.
According to most scholars, evangelicalism is more of a network than a unified church. Magazines, publishing houses, colleges, and parachurch groups play a bigger role than ecclesial bodies. While condemned from many pulpits, the emerging church continues to publish with Zondervan and Baker. Owned by the same company as Zondervan and Fox News (Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation), HarperOne has provided a home for Rob Bell and his Love Wins.
Though it hasn't been easy, Bell has remained a part of American evangelicalism.
Fried by their battles with fellow believers, some have decided to ex-communicate themselves. Even then it is hard to cut the tie. As in the case of cultural Catholicism [20], religious terminology may haunt a post-evangelical's speech. Commenting on this phenomenon, Tony Jones [21] wonders whether evangelicalism is the "new Jewish" — more cultural than confessional.
Despite the flux and fluidity in American evangelicalism, there are limits to what we can say about an empirical phenomenon. Asked to define "evangelical," many Sojourners' contributors conflate what should be with what is. Though public opinion surveys reveal considerable diversity, they remind us that most evangelicals are not Sojourners progressives.
In defining evangelicalism, we should not ignore the contributions of the number crunchers. Known for his plaid pants and irreverent humor, retired political scientist Lyman Kellstedt has spent hours poring over computer printouts. Challenging colleagues to move beyond simplistic questions about religion, he recognizes the multifaceted [22] character of evangelicalism. Beliefs, practices, and identities are all part of the picture. In his judgment, "there is no single way to define the term. [22]"
This does not mean we can redefine evangelicalism in our own image. While dreaming of what evangelicals might become, we must take a hard look at who they are. To do otherwise, would be to ignore the voices of millions of co-religionists.
Sociologist John Schmalzbauer teaches in the Religious Studies Department at Missouri State University, where he holds the Blanche Gorman Strong Chair in Protestant Studies. He is the author of People of Faith: Religious Conviction in American Journalism and Higher Education. [23]
READ THE ENTIRE, ONGOING GOD'S POLITICS SERIES, "What is an Evangelical?" HERE [24].
[1] http://sojo.net/blogs/gods-politics
[2] http://sojo.net/biography/john-schmalzbauer
[3] http://sojo.net/blogs/2012/02/03/john-schmalzbauer-answers-what-evangelical#comment-covenant
[4] http://sojo.net/letter-to-web-editor?post=John%20Schmalzbauer%20answers%2C%20%22What%20is%20an%20Evangelical%3F%22
[5] http://sojo.net/donate
[6] http://sojo.net/sites/default/files/mainimages/blog/schmalzhead.jpg
[7] http://a2z.my.wheaton.edu/statement-of-faith
[8] http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/11/21/bob-jones-university-fundamentalist_n_1106276.html
[9] http://books.google.com/books?id=TdgFdKZ7HKcC&pg=PA252&dq=%E2%80%9Ctwelve+ring+circus,%E2%80%9D+Cullen+Murphy+evangelicals&hl=en&sa=X&ei=kNUqT_StAYi22gXWodDhDg&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAQ
[10] http://www.sbc.net/search/sbcsearch.asp?q=evangelical
[11] http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/brill/ecso/2006/00000002/00000002/art00006
[12] http://www.baptiststandard.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=11735&Itemid=53
[13] http://www.baylor.edu/alumni/magazine/0502/news.php?action=story&story=43283
[14] http://books.google.com/books?id=F7vYAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Deconstructing+Evangelicalism%22&dq=%22Deconstructing+Evangelicalism%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=VdcqT_qkB8qU2AXL2umADw&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA
[15] http://books.google.com/books?id=6vMEAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22Robert+Baird%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=NdgqT-TgMKPo2AWxgsCYDw&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA
[16] http://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&hl=en&q=%26quot%3BJulia+ward+Howe%26quot%3B+%26quot%3BHorace+Bushnell%26quot%3B&btnG=
[17] http://books.google.com/books?id=syUupeVJOz4C&pg=PA287&dq=%22Julia+ward+Howe%22+%22evangelical%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=UdkqT4vSDfG02AWJhO2DDw&ved=0CC8Q6AEwADgU
[18] http://books.google.com/books?id=YrJDAhd6t0YC&pg=PA99&dq=%22Julia+Ward+Howe%22+%22Unitarian%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=SNoqT9nqJcLi2AX5o83mDg&ved=0CFIQ6AEwBQ
[19] http://books.google.com/books?id=wlNJQoZlGC4C&pg=PA10&dq=%22creation+of+the+scholar%27s+study%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=DBErT4CpKeT82gXrx8XiDg&ved=0CEkQ6AEwBA
[20] http://books.google.com/books?id=SA8uAAAAYAAJ&q=%22haunts+a+Catholic%27s+speech+in+ways+he+is+often+unaware+of%22&dq=%22haunts+a+Catholic%27s+speech+in+ways+he+is+often+unaware+of%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=GwQrT__1H42A2QXYhYz5Dg&ved=0CEQQ6AEwBA
[21] http://www.patheos.com/blogs/tonyjones/2012/01/19/is-evangelical-the-new-jewish/
[22] http://www.booksandculture.com/articles/1996/janfeb/6b1014.html
[23] http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0801438861?ie=UTF8&tag=sojourners-20&linkCode=xm2&camp=1789&creativeASIN=0801438861
[24] http://sojo.net/what-is-an-evangelical-overview


text:
We have rich conversations with our clients every day, and increasingly these conversations are happening online. We encourage you to ask questions, share your views, and connect with like-minded professionals.
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Zambia principally operates a source-based system of taxation and therefore, any income which is deemed to be from a source within Zambia will be liable to tax in Zambia.
The legislation provides that tax liability will be calculated according to the rates provided in the charging schedule for each charge year on the income received in that charge year:
Expatriates are subject to the normal Pay-As-You-Earn (PAYE) regulations. Further, if the expatriates are deemed to be residents in Zambia, then any foreign investment income arising is subject to tax in Zambia.
Liability for income tax
Based on the legislation and irrespective of whether or not an individual is tax resident in Zambia, any income earned (including cash and non-cash benefits) from duties performed in Zambia, by virtue of the expatriates' employment, will be liable to tax in Zambia.
All income that is deemed to be sourced in Zambia by expatriates will be taxed in Zambia under PAYE. Further foreign interest and dividend income earned by expatriates will be taxed in Zambia if the expatriates are considered to be tax resident in Zambia.
The residence concept according to the law states that:
"An individual is, for the purposes of this Act, not treated as a resident in the Republic who is in the Republic for some temporary purpose only and not with any view or intent of establishing his residence therein, and who has not actually resided in the Republic at one or several times for a period equal in the whole to 183 days in any charge year, but if any such individual resides in the Republic for the aforesaid period they shall be treated as resident for that year."
In view of the above provision, if expatriates will be in Zambia for more than 183 days in a charge year, then they will be considered to be tax resident in Zambia. Therefore, their foreign interest and dividend income will also be subject to tax in Zambia.
Tax trigger points
There is no tax trigger point for Zambia. All business travelers that stay for a period of more than 183 days and earn employment income for rendering services in Zambia will become tax residents in Zambia. The general procedure for expatriate employees is to then submit a tax return. This is particularly the case if they require a tax clearance certificate on return to their home country.
Types of taxable income
The following income is taxable according to the law:
Schedule. Emoluments are defined in the law as:
"...any salary, wage, overtime, leave pay, commission, fee, bonus, gratuity, benefit, advantage (whether or not that advantage is capable of being turned into money or money's worth), allowance, including inducement allowance, pension or annuity, paid, given, or granted in respect of any employment in office, wherever engaged in or held."
Tax rates
PAYE is calculated on the employee's gross emoluments less any statutory deductions such as the National Pension Scheme Authority (NAPSA).
The tax rates for the charge year 2014 are as follows, with amounts listed in Zambia kwacha (ZMW):
Liability for social security
Statutory deductions include payments to NAPSA.
Under the provisions of the NAPSA Act, every person who is employed by a company which is registered with NAPSA is required to be registered as a member of the scheme.
This registration is mandatory for all expatriates. Previously, NAPSA did not enforce collection of NAPSA contributions from expatriates. However, now only an employee of an international organization who is not a citizen of Zambia is exempt.
NAPSA defines an 'international organization' as an organization that is neither registered with the Patents and Companies Registration Agency (PACRA) nor the Registrar of Societies in Zambia.
Employer reporting and withholding requirements
The duty to report and withhold PAYE and NAPSA rests with the employer. Where the overseas employer does not have a presence in Zambia, then, based on current legislation, it is the person or partnership making the payment that is responsible for deducting the tax from the employee's pay and accounting for it to the Zambia Revenue Authority (ZRA).
Double taxation treaties
In addition to Zambia's domestic legislation that provides relief from international double taxation, Zambia has entered into double taxation treaties with various countries to prevent double taxation, and allow cooperation between Zambia and overseas tax authorities in enforcing their respective tax laws.
Permanent establishment implications
There is a risk that an expatriate may create a permanent establishment (PE) if they are acting on behalf of an enterprise and have the right to conclude contracts in Zambia in the name of the enterprise. No PE will be created if the person carries out these activities through a fixed place that is specifically listed in the legislation as not giving rise to a PE.
Indirect taxes
Taxable supplies under value-added tax (VAT) are subject to VAT at one of two rates:
Registration is required as soon as a supplier's value of taxable supplies exceeds the minimum threshold (currently ZMW800 000 per annum).
Every supplier that is registered for VAT, and that makes taxable supplies or that procures foreign services, is to account for VAT through the submission of a monthly VAT return to ZRA for each tax period. The VAT return must be submitted no later than the 21st day after the end of each tax period.
Transfer pricing
There is no specific provision in the legislation that mentions transfer pricing with regards to employees working in different jurisdictions and cross-border benefits.
Work permit/visa requirements
Expatriate staff who intend to work in the country for a period of less than 6 months may apply for a business permit. The business permit will entitle the expatriate staff to stay in the country for 30 days. Visitors from 'qualifying' countries will be issued with business permits at the port of entry. In all other cases the visitor will need to obtain the business permit from the Zambian Embassy/Mission abroad before traveling to Zambia.
If the expatriate staff needs to stay in the country after the business permit expires, then an application for a temporal employment permit should be made. The temporal employment permit is valid for a period of 90 days with the option to renew after expiry.
Expatriate staff who intend to live and work in the country for a period of more than 6 months are required to apply for an employment permit. An employment permit confers temporary status and enables the holder of the employment permit to work in Zambia for a specified period.
The period of validity of an employment permit, in any case, shall be for a period from the date of its issue to a date, as the Director-General of Immigration (having regard to all the circumstances of the case) thinks fit, and shall be capable of extension for a further period or periods to a maximum of 5 years from the date of its issue.
Local data privacy requirements
Currently there are no specific provisions in the legislation that mentions data protection, but it is general practice for confidential data to be protected.
Exchange control
Recently a statutory instrument was released prohibiting quoting, making payments of domestic goods and services in foreign currency.
A statutory instrument was also released stating Balance of payments regulations are monitored by Bank of Zambia and they apply to the following:
A financial service provider licensed under the Banking and Financial services Act;
Bank of Zambia monitors the outflows and inflows of funds in Zambia.
In relation to outflows, the Bank shall monitor:
In relation to inflows, the Bank shall monitor:
In relation to international transactions, the Bank shall monitor:
As an exporter or foreign investor:
As an importer:
Non-deductible costs for assignees
Based on Section 29 of the ITA following are the main non taxable costs:
Foreign exchange gains and losses
Section 29(A) of the ITA states that:
"Notwithstanding the provisions of section twenty-nine or any other provisions of this Act, any foreign currency exchange gains or losses, other than those of a capital nature, shall be assessable or deductible, as the case may be, in the charge year in which such gains or losses realised, that is to say, in the charge year in which the person or partnership concerned is pay the additional kwacha or is allowed a rebate or a reduction in settlement of a liability…"
Based on the above exchange losses and gains are only allowable / taxable when they are realised and are revenue in nature. Exchange losses or gains of a capital nature are not deductible or taxable regardless of whether they are realised or not.
Capital allowances
Sub-paragraph (1) of paragraph 10 of section 33 of the ITA states:
"Where a person has used any implements, machinery or plant belonging to him for the purposes of his business a deduction (called a wear and tear allowance) shall be allowed in ascertaining the profits of the business for each charge year".
Section39.of the ITA states that "A deduction is allowed in ascertaining the gains or profits of a business or the emoluments of any employment or office for any subscription paid by a person in respect of his membership of a trade, technical or professional association which is related to his business, employment or office".
Section30 of the ITA states that "Subject to the other provisions of this section, any loss incurred in a charge year on a source by a person, shall be deducted only from the income of the person from the same source as that in which the loss was incurred."
Preliminary business expenses
Sectoin35 of the ITA states that "A deduction is allowed in ascertaining the gains or profits of a business for the charge year in which that business commences, in respect of any expenditure that -
Approved fund deductions
Section37 (1) of the ITA states that "…A deduction shall, be allowed in ascertaining the income from emoluments of an employee for a charge year of any amount paid by the employee during that charge year by way of contribution to any approved fund including the National Pension Scheme Authority, if the fund to which the contribution is made continues to be an approved fund for that charge year…"
NAPSA deduction from PAYE calculations for the charge year 2014 is ZMW 255.
Deduction for share option scheme
Section 37A of the ITA states that "A deduction shall be allowed in ascertaining the gains or profits of an employer for a charge year of any amount incurred by the employer in the establishment or in the administration of an approved share option scheme for that charge year"
Technical education
Section 38 of the ITA states that "A deduction shall be allowed in ascertaining the gains or profits of a business for any payment made for the purposes of technical education relating to that business or for the purposes of obtaining further experience, training or qualifications relating to that business…"
Public Benefit Organisations
Section 41(1) of the ITA
"Subject to the other provisions of this section, an amount paid by a person during the charge year to a public benefit organisation shall be deducted from the income of that person if-
Section 43.(1) of the ITA states that "A deduction is allowed in ascertaining the gains or profits of a business of any expenditure, not being expenditure of a capital nature, incurred by the business during a charge year on experiments or research relating to the business…"
Deduction for bad and doubtful debts
According to section 43 of the ITA provisions are generally allowed for tax purposes if they are specific and revenue in nature.
Michael Phiri
Tax Partner
KPMG in Zambia
+260 211 372915
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
There has been a lot of negative talk about the defense in the Atlanta game. But here's a play that needs to be remembered. It reminded me of Nick Collins' INT return in SB XLV. It wasn't returned for a … Continue reading
Tag Archives: Morgan Burnett
There is always opportunity for growth in a Packers organization full of youth and elite coaching. While it will be difficult for some players to top 2011 performances, there are others who have more than enough room to improve. Which … Continue reading


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Jenkins won SDTimes 100, 2014Submitted by kohsuke on Tue, 2014-06-03 10:10 Tweet
For the 5th year in a row, Jenkins project won SDTimes 100, 2014 this year under DevOps and SCM categories, along with other open-source projects like Chef, Docker, Git, LLVM, and Puppet.
I'd like to take this opportunity to once again thank the community for keeing us going strong. There's a lot of interesting efforts going on in the project, as always, so expect more stuff to come out from us in the coming days!


text:
Fred Mogul, Reporter, WNYC News
Fred Mogul has been covering healthcare and medicine for WNYC since 2002.
New York, NY —
The federal government's chief coordinator of 9/11 health programs, faces what promises to be a feisty "town hall meeting" tonight. His visit comes on the heels of a Mount Sinai study that says 7 out of 10 rescuers have health problems that stem from the World Trade Center's collapse.
REPORTER: Some residents and people who work or go to school in Lower Manhattan believe their health has been deteriorating since September 11th. They complain the only clinic set up for them – as opposed to firefighters or Ground Zero workers – is small and overwhelmed.
Speaking during a protest yesterday, Yolanda Hernandez from the Lower East Side has been using the Bellevue Hospital Center to treat her asthma, acid reflux and panic attacks, but she says many of her neighbors have not been so lucky.
HERNANDEZ: 57 People come sometimes and they can't handle it, because it's a lot of people, and that's when they send people to emergency.
REPORTER: Bellevue and other public health facilities don't turn people away, but Hernandez says patients confronting long waits frequently give up or don't come in the first place.
Mayor Bloomberg has committed $16 million dollars to expand Bellevue's services over five years, but advocates – including Congressman Jerrold Nadler – say that's nowhere near enough.
Tonight's meeting takes will take place at St. Paul's Chapel.
Email addresses are required but never displayed.


text:
A filter device for temporary placement of a filter in an artery or vein is disclosed. The device includes an expandable filter mounted on a distal end of a catheter. The filter comprises a plurality of circumferentially adjacent porous segments that are arranged generally about the surface of a cone having an open base, and the segments are engaged to one another by means, such as a hook. The filter conforms to the interior of a vessel wall when expanded and contracts to a consistent diameter without bunching when stowed. Methods of using the filter device to entrap and remove embolic material from a vessel during endovascular procedures are also disclosed.
1. A method of percutaneous filtration, comprising the steps of:
providing a catheter having an expandable filter mounted at a distal end, the filter comprising a plurality of circumferentially adjacent porous segments, wherein each porous segment is detachably affixed to an adjacent porous segment;
inserting the catheter into a vessel and advancing the catheter to a region of interest; and
expanding the filter.
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This is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/437,097, filed Nov. 9, 1999 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,171,328, the contents of which are expressly incorporated herein by reference.
The present invention relates generally to devices and methods for providing temporary placement of a filter in a blood vessel. More particularly, the invention provides a filter structure that conforms to the interior vessel wall with minimum gap and can be stowed to facilitate its passage across large vascular lesions.
Treatment of thrombotic or atherosclerotic lesions in blood vessels using an endovascular approach has recently proven to be an effective and reliable alternative to surgical intervention in selected patients. For example, directional atherectomy and percutaneous translumenal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) with or without stent deployment are useful in treating patients with coronary occlusion. Atherectomy physically removes plaque by cutting, pulverizing, or shaving in atherosclerotic arteries using a catheter-deliverable endarterectomy device. Angioplasty enlarges the lumenal diameter of a stenotic vessel by exerting mechanical force on the vascular walls. In addition to using angioplasty, stenting, and/or atherectomy on the coronary vasculature, these endovascular techniques have also proven useful in treating other vascular lesions in, for example, carotid artery stenosis, peripheral arterial occlusive disease (especially the aorta, the iliac artery, and the femoral artery), renal artery stenosis caused by atherosclerosis or fibromuscular disease, superior vena cava syndrome, and occlusive iliac vein thrombosis resistant to thrombolysis.
It is well recognized that one of the complications associated with endovascular techniques is the dislodgment of embolic materials generated during manipulation of the vessel, thereby causing occlusion of the narrower vessels downstream and ischemia or infarct of the organ which the vessel supplies. In 1995, Waksman et al. disclosed that distal embolization is common after directional atherectomy in coronary arteries and saphenous vein grafts. See Waksman et al., American Heart Journal 129(3):430-435 (1995), incorporated herein by reference. This study found that distal embolization occurs in 28% (31 out of 111) of the patients undergoing atherectomy. In January 1999, Jordan, Jr. et al. disclosed that treatment of carotid stenosis using percutaneous angioplasty with stenting is associated with more than eight times the rate of microemboli seen using carotid endarterectomy. See Jordan, Jr. et al. Cardiovascular Surgery 7(1):33-38 (1999), incorporated herein by reference. Microemboli, as detected by transcranial Doppler monitoring in this study, have been shown to be a potential cause of stroke. The embolic materials include calcium, intimal debris, atheromatous plaque, thrombi, and/or air.
There are a number of devices designed to provide blood filtering for entrapment of vascular emboli. Ginsburg, U.S. Pat. No. 4,873,978, discloses an arterial filtering system, which includes a catheter with a strainer device at its distal end. This device is inserted into the vessel downstream from the treatment site and, after treatment, the strainer is collapsed around the entrapped emboli and removed from the body. The Ginsburg device could not withstand flow rates of 5 L/min. It is designed for only small arteries and therefore could not capture emboli destined for all parts of the body. Ing. Walter Hengst GmbH & Co, German Patent DE 34 17 738, also discloses another arterial filter having a folding linkage system which converts the filter from the collapsed to the expanded state.
Another method for removing embolic debris is using an endovascular aspiration catheter. The method requires placement of an occlusion device distal to the region of interest to provide protection against distal embolization while embolic debris are aspirated by the catheter. The major disadvantage associated with the aspiration catheter is that blood flow distal to the occlusion is compromised during total occlusion of the vessel, which may result in tissue ischemia or death.
Filters mounted to the distal end of guidewires have been proposed for intravascular blood filtration. A majority of these devices includes a filter that is attached to a guidewire and is mechanically actuated via struts or a pre-shaped basket that deploys in the vessel. These filters are typically mesh "parachutes" which are attached to the shaft of the wire at the distal end and to wire struts which extend outward in a radial direction at their proximal end. The radial struts open the proximal end of the filter to the wall of the vessel. Blood flowing through the vessel is forced through the mesh thereby capturing embolic material in the filter. These devices are self-directing and can be placed intravascularly. However, there are several disadvantages associated with guidewire-filtration. First, the steerability of the guidewire may be altered as compared to conventional guidewires due to the size of the filter, and the guidewire may bend, kink, and/or loop around in the vessel, making insertion of the filter through a complex vascular lesion difficult. Secondly, the current filter designs, e.g., a basket or net, often fail to conform to the internal perimeter of the vessel, and distal embolization can still occur despite the filter placement. Thirdly, as the filter is stowed, the filter material is gathered together with "bunching" of the material at the perimeter, causing uncontrolled gathering and creating relatively large and poorly defined crossing profiles. As a result, the current filter designs require large capture sheaths to deploy and stow the filter.
Moreover, there are several problems associated with the current construction of the filter material. For example, the present method for creating a mesh, weave, or membrane having a specified pore opening to trap debris relies on the thread size used in the weave. When deployed in a vessel, the weave creates flow dynamics that activate the clotting mechanism, leading to thrombi formation. The filter material is also injurious to the red blood cells as they traverse the filter, causing intravascular hemolysis.
What is needed are simple and safe blood filtering devices that conform to a patient's vessel wall to prevent distal embolization during endovascular procedures, and provide easy steerability and a uniform controlled closure profile when stowed. Existing devices are inadequate for this purpose.
The present invention provides devices and methods that protect a patient from distal embolization during cardiovascular procedures, e.g., atherectomy, angioplasty, or stent-deployment. More specifically, filter devices that require small sheaths for deployment and conform to the interior vessel wall with minimum gap are disclosed for capturing embolic material generated during a procedure in an artery or vein.
In one embodiment, the filter device comprises a catheter and an expandable filter mounted at a distal end of the catheter. The filter has a plurality of circumferentially adjacent porous segments, arranged like the petals of a flower. Each petal is constructed from a biocompatible material, such as plastic (e.g., polyester (mylar), polyethylene tetrachloride, polyethylene, or polyvinylidene fluoride (kynar)) or metal (e.g., stainless steel, nitinol, platinum alloy, or molybdenum alloy). The processing used to create pores in the petals could be either laser or chemical etching, stamping, or cutting by hand. The pores are precision machined into the filter material, thereby providing less traumatic pathways for blood flow and minimizing activation of the intravascular clotting process. Each petal is shaped generally as an equilateral triangle having two sides and a base. Each side has means, e.g., a hook, to engage the adjacent petals. The petals are arranged generally about the surface of a cone. In certain embodiments, each petal has an extension bonded to the center of the arc and extending away from the arc. Each extension is bonded to the catheter. The filter opens by expanding an open base of the cone until the means for engaging the adjacent petals interlocks, preventing further expansion. In other embodiments, expansion of the petals is limited by a capture sleeve. The capture sleeve can engage the vertex of the conical structure formed by the petals, and this engagement will limit further expansion of the petals. Thus, in this embodiment, interlocking edges are not necessary.
In another embodiment, each porous petal has the shape of a sector bounded by two radii and the included arc of a circle. The base of the cone opens proximal a vertex of the cone, and the catheter extends distally beyond the vertex of the cone. In other devices this orientation is reversed, i.e., the base of the cone opens distal the vertex of the cone. In certain embodiments, the catheter includes an atraumatic tip at the distal end.
In another embodiment, the catheter includes an additional closure mechanism, such as a plurality of struts attached to the vertices of the petals to provide proximal stowage. In certain embodiments, the distal end of the catheter includes a capture sheath which comprises a tubular member having a lumen shaped to receive the conical filter for additional filter protection when the filter is stowed. The small size of the capture sheath allows easy passage of the filter through a tight stenotic lesion.
In other embodiment, the capture sheath is constructed of a porous material capable of filtering blood. In use, the porous petals are expanded to the shape of a cone, and the petals collect embolic debris as blood flows through the pores. The petals are then contracted and stowed within the capture sheath. Blood continues to flow against the petals within the capture sheath, thereby washing the debris from the petals. The embolic debris then collects within the porous capture sheath.
In another embodiment, the petals are impermeable to blood. Rather than filtering blood, the petals act as a funnel channeling blood and emboli through an opening disposed at the vertex of the cone. The blood then passes through a capture sheath constructed of porous material capable of acting as a filter. The capture sheath may be formed of any of the materials discussed herein as suitable for the interlocking petals. Thus, blood flows into the funnel, through the central opening, and through the capture sheath, wherein emboli are filtered and retained by the capture sheath.
In another embodiment, the catheter includes an angioplasty balloon at a distal region. In certain embodiments, a stent is included in the distal region and is expanded by the angioplasty balloon. In other embodiment, a self-expanding stent, which is constructed from a shape-memory material, e.g., nitinol, is mounted at the distal region.
The filter devices of the present invention are most useful in capturing embolic debris generated during endovascular procedures within a coronary artery, aorta, common carotid artery, external and internal carotid arteries, brachiocephalic trunk, middle cerebral artery, basilar artery, subclavian artery, brachial artery, axillary artery, iliac artery, renal artery, femoral artery, popliteal artery, celiac artery, superior mesenteric artery, inferior mesenteric artery, anterior tibial artery, posterior tibial artery, and all other arteries carrying oxygenated blood. The filter devices are also useful in preventing distal embolization in the venous circulation, including the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, external and internal jugular veins, brachiocephalic vein, pulmonary artery, subclavian vein, brachial vein, axillary vein, iliac vein, renal vein, femoral vein, profunda femoris vein, great saphenous vein, portal vein, splenic vein, hepatic vein, and azygous vein.
In a first method of using the filter device, the filter is placed in a contracted state. The distal end of the catheter is inserted percutaneously through an artery or vein and advanced into or beyond a region of interest, typically a stenotic lesion caused by buildup of atherosclerotic plaque and/or thrombi. The filter is then expanded downstream of the vascular occlusion by expanding the open base until locking of the interlocking adjacent petals. In this way, the bases of the porous petals conform to the interior vessel wall with minimum gap. After the stenotic lesion is removed by endovascular procedure(s), e.g., angioplasty or atherectomy, the filter is collapsed and removed from the vessel, together with the captured, embolic debris. When the filter is stowed, the petals slide over one another, creating a consistent diameter when constricted by a sheath. In this way, bunching of the filter and dislodgment of the captured embolic debris are avoided.
It will be understood that there are several advantages to using the filter devices and methods disclosed herein for capturing and removing embolic debris during endovascular procedures. For example, the filter device (1) is particularly well suited for temporary filtration of blood in any vessel to entrap embolic debris, thereby minimizing neurologic, cognitive, and cardiac complications associated with distal embolization, (2) conforms to the interior vessel wall with minimum gap, (3) includes pores which minimize injury to the red cells and activation of the intravascular coagulation pathways, (4) can be stowed to a uniform and predictable size, (5) can be delivered over a guidewire as a rapid exchange device, (6) includes an atraumatic distal tip to minimize vessel wall injury, (7) may include a distal filter/capture tube for additional filter protection and containment of embolic debris during towage, (8) enables an operator to steer and deploy the filter without kinking, bending, and/or looping of the catheter because of the small size ratio of filter to catheter, and (9) can be used in adult and pediatric patients.
FIG. 1A depicts an embodiment of the catheter filter device in an expanded condition according to the present invention.
FIG. 1B depicts a view of the filter through section line 1B—1B and which shows the interlocking mechanism which engages circumferentially adjacent petals.
FIG. 1C depicts a distal view of the filter from section line 1C—1C of the catheter filter device having sector-shaped petals.
FIG. 2 depicts the embodiment of the catheter filter device of FIG. 1A in a collapsed condition.
FIG. 3 depicts the catheter filter device of FIG. 1A deployed in the left common carotid artery.
FIG. 4 depicts another embodiment of the filter device deployed in the ascending aorta.
FIG. 5A depicts another embodiment of the catheter filter device having an angioplasty balloon mounted on a distal region.
FIG. 5B depicts another embodiment of the catheter filter device having an expandable stent mounted on a distal region.
FIG. 6 depicts various percutaneous insertion sites for the filter device of the present invention.
A catheter filter device for temporary placement in a vessel, either an artery or vein, is provided as depicted in FIGS. 1A, 1B, and 1C. Catheter 10 has a proximal end, distal region 11, and distal end 12. Atraumatic floppy tip 15, mounted at distal end 12, facilitates insertion of the filter in a vessel and minimizes injury to the vascular wall. Expandable filter 20, which is mounted on distal region 11, may comprise 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or any other suitable number of circumferentially adjacent porous petals.
In FIGS. 1A and 1C, filter 20 comprises three triangular petals 22, which are bounded by sides 23 and base 24. Each petal has pores that are precision machined by laser, etching, and/or chemical milling to provide less traumatic pathways for blood flow. Anticoagulants, such as heparin and heparinoids, may be applied to the petals to reduce thrombi formation. Bases 24 of petals 22 are arranged about the base of an open cone, i.e., the perimeter of the expanded filter, which makes contact With a vessel wall with minimum gap.
Each petal 22 also includes extension 26 that is bonded to the vertex of the triangle and extends away from base 24. Each extension is also bonded to distal end 41 of actuating mechanism 40 by wires 27 wrapped about each extension. The filter is expanded or contracted by operating actuating mechanism 29 from the proximal end of catheter 10. Extensions 26 also include radiopaque markers 30, which provide information on the position of filter 20 under fluoroscopy. Capture sheath 36, which is included in distal region 11 of catheter 10 and bonded to actuating mechanism 29, facilitates stowage of filter 20. Sheath 36 comprises a tubular member having lumen 38 for receiving filter 20 when the filter is contracted by moving actuating mechanism 29 proximally.
Edges 23 of each triangular petal 22 include means that engages the circumferentially adjacent petals. In FIG. 1B, adjacent petals 22 are engaged by hook 44, shown here as interlocking folds along the edge of each side. Filter 20 opens by expanding the open base until hooks 44 engage adjacent petals, preventing further expansion.
In certain embodiments, the base of each petal 22 is curved, such that each petal has the shape of a sector bounded by two radii and the included arc of a circle. FIG. 1C depicts a distal view of filter 20 having three petals, each of which has the shape of a sector having radii 23 and an arc of approximately 10-120�, more preferably approximately 30-110�, more preferably approximately 50-100�, more preferably approximately 70-90�, and most preferably approximately 84.9�.
In certain embodiments, capture sheath 36 is constructed of a porous material capable of filtering blood. In use, porous petals 22 are expanded to the shape of a cone, and the petals collect embolic debris as blood flows through the pores. The petals are then contracted and stowed within capture sheath 36 as shown in FIG. 2. Blood continues to flow against petals 22 within capture sheath 36, thereby washing the debris from the petals. The embolic debris then collects within porous capture sheath 36.
In other embodiments, petals 22 are impermeable to blood. Rather than filtering blood, the petals act as a funnel channeling blood and emboli through an opening disposed at the vertex of the cone. Blood then passes through sheath 36 constructed of porous material capable of acting as a filter. Sheath 36 may be formed of a biocompatible material, such as plastic (e.g., polyester (mylar), polyethylene tetrachloride, polyethylene, or polyvinylidene fluoride (kynar)) or metal (e.g., stainless steel, nitinol, platinum alloy, or molybdenum alloy). Thus, blood flows into the funnel, through the central opening, and through sheath 36, wherein emboli are filtered and retained by the capture sheath.
To place the filter of FIG. 1A in a collapsed condition as depicted in FIG. 2, actuating mechanism 29 is operable from the proximal end of catheter 10 to withdraw lumen 38 of capture sheath 36 over petals 22. Petals 22 slide over one another when being stowed, thereby creating a consistent diameter when constricted by sheath 36.
In using the catheter of FIG. 1A for treating atheromatous lesion 101 in left common carotid artery 99 as depicted in FIG. 3, the filter is placed in a collapsed condition and inserted through an incision in left femoral artery 98. The filter is advanced into left common carotid artery 99 via descending aorta 100 and positioned downstream of lesion 101. Atraumatic tip 15 prevents injury to the vascular wall and lesion 101, and minimizes dislodgment of emboli as the filter is passed through lesion 101. The filter is then expanded by opening circumferentially adjacent petals 22 until the engaging mechanism, e.g., hooks, engages adjacent petals. In this way, bases 24 of petals 22 make contact with the vessel wall with minimum gap.
Endovascular devices, such as an atherectomy catheter, stent-deployment catheter, angioplasty catheter, electrophysiology catheter, aspirator, pressure monitors, and endovascular imaging devices, can be inserted over catheter 10 and advanced to position within lesion 101 for treatment of carotid stenosis. After luminal patency is re-established, the endovascular device is withdrawn. The filter is contracted, and with the captured embolic material, is stowed within the lumen of sheath 36. In this manner, the controlled uniform closure of the petals minimizes bunching of the filter and dislodgment of captured emboli. In certain embodiments, the capture sheath includes filter pores that allow distal blood flow while containing the captured debris in the petals during stowage.
FIG. 4 depicts another embodiment of the filter device inserted in ascending aorta 105 through left subclavian artery 106. The filter is expanded downstream of cannula 110, with the base of the conical filter opening distal to its vertex (relative to the proximal end of the catheter). Capture sheath 36, which comprises a tubular member having a lumen shaped to receive the conical filter when the filter is contracted, is mounted proximal the filter in this case. During cardiopulmonary bypass, for example, aortic cannula 110 is inserted upstream the filter to provide perfusion to peripheral organs. The pores of the filter allow passage of blood but not embolic material, such as thrombi, calcium, myocardial debris, and/or atheromatous plaque. In certain embodiments, each pore will be covered by a mesh filter. In the embodiments of the filter devices that are to be used in the aorta, pore size is 500 μm or less, more preferably 400 μm or less, more preferably 300 μm or less, more preferably 200 μm or less, more preferably 100 μm or less, more preferably 50 μm or less and usually larger than at least a red blood cell. Typical dimensions include pore size of 20-500 μm, and a petal thickness of 0.0005-0.003 inches.
Percutaneous translumenal angioplasty has been successful in treating arterial stenoses as well as occlusive venous thrombosis resistant to thrombolysis. See American Heart Journal, 125 (2 Pt 1): 362-6 (1993), incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. FIG. 5A depicts another embodiment of the catheter filter device having angioplasty balloon 50 mounted on the distal region of catheter 10 proximal the filter. With the angioplasty balloon in a deflated state and the filter in a contracted state, catheter 10 is inserted percutaneously to position balloon 50 adjacent plaque 101. The filter is expanded, and then the atheromatous plaque is compressed by inflating balloon 50 while the filter is expanded, thereby dilating the stenosis in the vessel and preventing distal embolization. In certain embodiments, a stent is closely associated with the angioplasty balloon. The stent is typically crimped onto the balloon and is capable of controlled radial expansion in the region of interest upon application of a radial, outwardly extending force from the interior of the stent. The construction of the catheter system carrying a stent is described in detail in Jang et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,749,848, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
FIG. 5B depicts another embodiment of the catheter filter system having struts 55 to facilitate stowage of petals 22. The struts are mounted proximal to the filter and are attached to base 24 of each petal. Catheter 10 also includes self-expanding stent 60 mounted proximal to the filter. In use, catheter 10 carrying the collapsed stent and filter is inserted percutaneously and advanced to position the stent within atheromatous lesion 101. The filter is expanded downstream the lesion to capture embolic debris, and then stent 60, made of memory retaining material, e.g., nitinol, expands under body temperature to reestablish luminal patency.
Various percutaneous insertion sites for the catheter filter devices disclosed herein are depicted in FIG. 6. The catheter can be inserted through an incision on right subclavian artery 110, left subclavian artery 106, right brachial artery 118, left brachial artery 115, right femoral artery 125, or left femoral artery 120 to enter a patient's arterial circulation. The catheter can also be inserted through an incision on right subclavian vein 111, left subclavian vein 107, right cubital vein 119, left cubital vein 116, right femoral vein 126, or left femoral vein 121 to enter a patient's venous circulation.
The length of the catheter will generally be between 30 and 300 centimeters, preferably approximately between 50 and 180 centimeters. The inner diameter of the catheter will generally between 0.2 and 0.7 millimeters, preferably approximately between 0.25 and 0.5 millimeters. The filter will be capable of expanding to an outer diameter of at least 0.2 centimeters, more preferably at least 0.5 centimeters, more preferably at least 1.0 centimeters, more preferably at least 1.5 centimeters, more preferably at least 2.0 centimeters, more preferably at least 2.5 centimeters, more preferably at least 3.0 centimeters, more preferably at least 3.5 centimeters, more preferably at least 4.0 centimeters, more preferably at least 4.5 centimeters, more preferably at least 5.0 centimeters. The filter will be capable of contracting to an outer diameter of between 0.05 and 2.0 millimeters, preferably approximately between 0.8 and 1.2 millimeters. The outer diameter of the capture sheath will generally be between 1.2 and 2.2 millimeters, preferably approximately between 0.4 and 1.9 millimeters. These ranges cover suitable diameters for both pediatric and adult use. The foregoing ranges are set forth solely for the purpose of illustrating typical device dimensions. The actual dimensions of a device constructed according to the principles of the present invention may obviously vary outside of the listed ranges without departing from those basic principles.
Although the foregoing invention has, for the purposes of clarity and understanding, been described in some detail by way of illustration and example, it will be obvious that certain changes and modifications may be practiced which will still fall within the scope of the appended claims. Moreover, it will be understood that each and every feature described for any given embodiment or in any reference incorporated herein, can be combined with any of the other embodiments described herein.
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Page 1
N. Brinkman,
GM Global Research & Development, Warren, MI, USA;
Dr. U. Eberle, Dr. V. Formanski,
Prof. Dr. U. D. Grebe, R. Matthé,
General Motors Europe, Rüsselsheim, Germany
Vehicle Electrification – Quo Vadis?
Fahrzeugelektrifizierung – Quo Vadis?
Fortschritt-Berichte VDI, Reihe 12 (Verkehrstechnik/Fahrzeugtechnik),
Nr. 749, vol. 1, p. 186–215, ISBN 978-3-18-374912-6
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33. Internationales Wiener Motorensymposium 2012
N. Brinkman, GM Global Research & Development, Warren,Michigan, U.S.A.;
Dr. U. Eberle, Dr. V. Formanski, Prof. Dr. U.D. Grebe, R. Matthé, General Motors Europe,
Rüsselsheim, Germany
Fahrzeugelektrifizierung – Quo Vadis?
Vehicle Electrification – Quo Vadis?
Die Entwicklung der elektrischen Fahrzeugantriebe von der Erfindung des Kraftfahrzeugs
bis zur Gegenwart wird in dieser Veröffentlichung beschrieben und es wird ein Ausblick
auf den zu erwartenden Fortschritt
Randbedingungen verschiedener Energieketten und
Systemkomponenten eines elektrischen Antriebsstrangs werden sinnvolle Einsatzfelder
elektrifizierter Fahrzeugantriebe aufgezeigt.
In Zukunft werden die Antriebstränge zunehmend elektrifiziert. In einigen Anwendungen
werden batterieelektrische Fahrzeuge wettbewerbsfähig, was besonders für den Einsatz
im städtischen Kurzstreckenverkehr gilt. Für solche Anwendungsfälle eignen sich
Fahrzeugkonzepte vom Kleinwagen bis
Reichweitenverlängerung erlauben weitere Fahrtstrecken und können somit vollwertige
Erstfahrzeuge darstellen. Dadurch wird das Elektrofahrzeug für größere Kundengruppen
einsetzbar. Wasserstoffbetriebene Brennstoffzellenfahrzeuge fahren jederzeit ohne lokale
Emissionen und lassen sich schnell
Brennstoffzellentechnologie ist für die meisten Fahrzeugsegmente sinnvoll und im
wesentlichen technisch nur durch die notwendigen Baugrößen der Antriebskühlung und
der Wasserstoffspeicher für besonders hohe Anforderungen begrenzt.
General Motors ist davon überzeugt, dass der Marktanteil der elektrischen Antriebe
signifikant zunehmen wird, geht aber auch davon aus, dass die konventionellen Antriebe
mit Verbrennungsmotoren noch eine lange Zukunft haben – wenn auch viele eine
Unterstützung durch Hybridisierung erhalten werden.
This publication describes the development of electrified propulsion systems from the
invention of the automobile to the present and then provides an outlook on expected
technology progress. Vehicle application areas for the various systems are identified
based on a range of energy supply chains and the technological limits of electric
powertrain components.
GM anticipates that vehicle electrification will increase in the future. Battery-electric
vehicles will become competitive for some applications, especially intra-urban, short-
distance driving. Range-extended electric vehicles provide longer driving range and offer
full capability; with this technology, electric vehicles can serve as the prime vehicle for
many customers. Hydrogen-powered fuel cell-electric powertrains have potential for
application across most of the vehicle segments. They produce zero emissions during all
phases of operation, offer short refueling times, but have powertrain cooling and hydrogen
storage packaging constraints.
gegeben. Unter
zum Stadtbus. Elektrofahrzeuge mit
betanken. Die Anwendung der
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33. Internationales Wiener Motorensymposium 2012
While the market share of electrified vehicles is expected to increase significantly, GM
expects conventional powertrains with internal combustion engines to also have a long
future – however, a lot of them will be supported by various levels of electrification.
1. History of Vehicle Electrification
[1-6] In the early days of the automobile, various propulsion systems competed. The
internal combustion engine used by Carl Benz in his Tricycle vehicle (1885) continues to
dominate the market today, but the first vehicle to exceed 100 km/h was "La Jamais
Contente," an electric vehicle driven by Camille Jenatzy, a Belgian race driver and vehicle
Figure 1 – Early history of vehicle electrification, 1899-1973 [1-6].
Bild 1 – Frühgeschichte der Fahrzeugelektrifizierung, 1899-1973 [1-6].
Countless companies in the United States and Europe built electric vehicles, e.g., the
Detroit Electric Car Company, Oldsmobile, and Siemens. In the 1910s, electric cars were
popular in North America and owners included Thomas A. Edison and Clara Ford. They
were considered luxury vehicles because they were quiet and easy to operate. GMC also
produced electric trucks from 1911 to 1917.
In 1911, Charles F. Kettering [1] invented an all-electric starting system that was
introduced in the 1912 Cadillac. The electric self-starter made the internal-combustion-
engine car easier to operate since it no longer required a "chauffeur" to crank the engine
by hand. The electrification of the internal combustion engine helped to defeat the "electric
car" in the first decades of the 20th century. Its arrival signaled the rapid expansion of
combustion-engine-powered vehicles. In Kettering's words, it was a perfect example of
"the right thing to do at the time it has to be done."
The last electric vehicle companies went out of business in the 1930s and it was not until
the 1960s when General Motors began to develop electric vehicle studies based on the
rear-motor-driven Chevrolet Corvair. The Electrovair 1 (1964) and 2 (1966) were equipped
with silver-zinc batteries used in the aerospace programs of that era. Around the same
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33. Internationales Wiener Motorensymposium 2012
time, GM also developed the Electrovan (1966), the first fuel cell vehicle to use hydrogen
and oxygen as fuel. It was powered by an alternating-current (AC) induction motor.
GM's early electric vehicle research was motivated by (1) the search for clean automotive
propulsion to address air pollution and (2) technical progress on aerospace technology
gained from a number of GM divisions, including Delco Electronics, contracted to build the
"Lunar Rover," the vehicle used by the Apollo astronauts to drive on the moon.
In 1973, the Electrovette, which was based on the Chevrolet Chevette and used nickel-
zinc batteries, was considered as an option to address increasing gasoline prices, but gas
prices did not exceed $2.50 per gallon (<$0.6 per liter), so the effort stalled.
Continued progress in electronics, electric motors, and solar cell technology in the 1980s,
along with GM's investment in Hughes Electronics, led to the design in 1987 of the GM
Sunraycer, a vehicle with 6 m² of solar cells, lightweight structure, and aerodynamic
shape. This car won the first solar race across Australia running at an average speed of 67
Figure 2 – Lunar Rover (1972) and GM Sunraycer (1987).
Bild 2 – Lunar Rover (1972) und GM Sunraycer (1987).
Encouraged by EV performance, GM engineers considered how to put this technology on
normal roads for the everyday driver. The result was the GM Impact concept car, unveiled
in 1990 with two AC induction motors totaling 85 kW and an aerodynamic drag coefficient
of 0.19. The Impact's acceleration from 0-to-96 km/h in 8 seconds was impressive and
intended to remove any prejudice about slow-moving electric vehicles. The power inverter
contained 228 MosFET transistors, demonstrating progress in power electronics although
not quite ready for production.
The GM Impact was the forerunner of the GM EV1 electric vehicle, introduced in 1996 for
lease in California, Arizona, and New York. Through 2003, more than 1000 EV1 were
produced. The first generation was equipped with a lead-acid battery (312V and 18.7
kWh); beginning in 1999, the second-generation vehicle featured a nickel-metal hydride
battery (343V and 26.4 kWh). EV1's propulsion system was a single 102-kW AC induction
motor with an Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT)-based power inverter. The
vehicles, which qualified for Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) credits, were popular with many
drivers, who were impressed by the "EV" driving experience but unimpressed by the
limited driving range.
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33. Internationales Wiener Motorensymposium 2012
Figure 3 – Modern era of vehicle electrification: From the GM Sunraycer to the Chevrolet
Volt and Opel Ampera [1-6].
Bild 3 – Fahrzeugelektrifizierung in der jüngeren Geschichte: Vom GM Sunraycer zum
Chevrolet Volt und Opel Ampera [1-6].
In Europe, Opel developed electric vehicles based on production vehicles. It tested the
Opel Impuls, based on the Kadett, in 1990. The first Impuls still had a four-speed manual
transmission with a 10-kW direct-current (DC) shunt electric motor powered by a thyristor
controller and a 12-kWh,120V nickel-cadmium battery. The vehicle's top speed was 100
km/h and the maximum range was 80 km.
In 1991, the propulsion system of the GM Impact was integrated into the new Opel Astra
Wagon and the Impuls 2 was presented at the Frankfurt motor show (IAA). It features 32
lead-acid modules, which were integrated into four compartments not compromising the
usability of the car. The five-seat wagon with sporty performance received positive
feedback for its agility and required only 12 seconds for 0-to-100 km/h acceleration, which
was enabled by two AC induction-drive motors providing 85 kW total power. The top speed
was limited to 120 km/h and the range provided by the 13.2-kWh lead-acid battery
exceeded 80 km.
For an electric vehicle field test on Ruegen Island in the Baltic Sea, Opel developed the
Impuls 3, equipped with nickel-cadmium batteries from DAUG-Hoppecke or "Zebra"
sodium-nickel chloride (NaNiCl) batteries from AEG Anglo Batteries. The station wagon
was propelled by a Siemens-produced AC induction motor with a reduction gearset. Ten
Opel Astra Impuls 3 vehicles participated in the field test and demonstrated versatility and
performance in everyday operation. Nine out of 10 users stated that they would buy the
vehicle for its very good driving performance and it would serve their needs. The Opel
Impuls with the Zebra battery could drive up to 180 km per charge, but the recharge time
at a 230V, 16 A outlet required up to 9 hours.
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33. Internationales Wiener Motorensymposium 2012
For commercial applications, Opel developed an EV conversion of the Opel Corsa Combo
delivery van. One version used Zebra batteries and an on-board charger and a second
version used zinc-air batteries and required a battery exchange when depleted. The zinc-
air batteries provided energy for up to 300 km of range, but required mechanical and
chemical recharging. In addition, compressors and carbon-dioxide scrubbers were
required to provide CO2-free air.
To evaluate additional batteries, more battery technologies were integrated in Astra Impuls
vehicles, including nickel-metal hydride batteries from Varta and Ovonics (the same
module that was used in the EV1), sodium-sulfur batteries from Silent Power, and lead-
acid batteries from Delco Remy.
The positive feedback from test drivers of the Opel vehicles led to plans to manufacture
electric vehicles, but range, cycle life, and pricing continued to present challenges.
Batteries were developed that could provide the energy for a range greater than 100 km
and cycle capability greater than 1,000 – to enable more than 100,000 kilometers of
vehicle lifetime driving distance. However, the cost of the batteries hindered the vehicles
from market introduction.
The limitation of the battery technology sparked the development of electric vehicles with
on-board generation of electricity from alternative energy carriers. In the early 1990s,
General Motors began to develop hydrogen proton-exchange membrane, or polymer-
electrolyte membrane (PEM), fuel cells. Along with these technologies, reformers for
methanol and gasoline were developed. The first vehicle with a PEM fuel cell and
methanol reformer was demonstrated in the Opel Zafira in 1998. The first "HydroGen1"
was presented in May 2000 and was used as a lead vehicle for the Marathon race at the
Sydney Olympics in September 2000. The vehicle had a liquid-hydrogen storage system
and was equipped with a 7-kWh Zebra battery.
HydroGen3, a pure fuel cell vehicle also based on the Opel Zafira, was produced in small
volume and served as a development vehicle beginning in fall 2002. In two variants it used
either compressed or liquefied hydrogen storage systems and set several fuel cell vehicle
Figure 4 – GM AUTOnomy (2002), GM Hy-wire (2003), and Chevrolet Sequel (2005) fuel
cell concepts.
Bild 4 – GM AUTOnomy (2002), GM Hy-wire (2003) und Chevrolet Sequel (2005)
The GM Autonomy show car, Hy-wire experimental car, and Chevrolet Sequel test vehicle
revealed a new design concept – a platform containing a fuel cell, wheel hub motors, 700-
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33. Internationales Wiener Motorensymposium 2012
bar high-pressure hydrogen vessels, and by-wire technology. The Hy-wire and Sequel
were demonstrated around the world.
These were followed by the Chevrolet Equinox/Opel HydroGen4 fuel cell vehicles. These
vehicles use batteries to store energy during regenerative braking and to help manage
dynamic energy requirements during driving. Over 110 vehicles were built for GM's Project
Driveway, which began in 2007. These vehicles have operated successfully in six
countries through five winters, accumulated over 3.8 million km with over 6,000 drivers,
logged over 25,000 hydrogen refueling events, consumed 53,000 kg of hydrogen, and
gathered real-world experience with retail and fleet customers.
At the North American International Auto Show in Detroit in 2007, GM presented the
Chevrolet Volt concept. Two propulsion systems sharing common electric drive and
architecture were unveiled. The extended-range electric vehicle (EREV) featured a 16-
kWh battery system and 110-kW electric drive, plus a 55-kW generator driven by an
internal combustion engine. The fuel cell propulsion system consisted of a 55-kW battery
and a 65-kW fuel cell system, providing propulsion power of 120 kW.
Figure 5 – In 2011, the Opel Meriva-based "MeRegioMobil" vehicle [7], left, was the first
BEV to demonstrate vehicle-to-grid energy exchange. GM has also announced that
Chevrolet will produce an all-electric version of its Spark mini car, right, in 2013 for
selected U.S. and global markets, including California.
Bild 5 – 2011 demonstrierte das MeRegioMobil-Fahrzeug [7], basierend auf dem Opel
Meriva, links, als erstes BEV das Rückspeisen von Strom vom Fahrzeug ins Netz. GM hat
den Produktionsstart des batterieelektrischen Chevrolet Spark, rechts, für 2013 in
ausgewählten U.S. und globalen Märkten angekündigt. Das schließt insbesondere
Kalifornien mit ein.
The EREV concept initiated a product development program leading to the Chevrolet Volt,
introduced to the market in North America in November 2010, and the Opel Ampera,
introduced in Europe in December 2011. The Voltec propulsion system used in these
vehicles delivers 111 kW, primarily supplied by a 288-cell, 16-kWh lithium-ion battery
system. At low state-of-charge, a 55-kW generator powered by a 1.4-liter four-cylinder
internal combustion engine delivers energy to keep the state-of-charge constant. The
battery also provides power for acceleration and recovers energy during braking. Thus, the
vehicle can travel 40-80 km on stored battery energy and, in combination with the 35- liter
gasoline tank, up to 500 km in total. As will be discussed later, customers drive about two-
thirds of the time in electric vehicle mode and one-third in extended-range mode. Thus, the
EREV can be used as an owner's primary vehicle due to its long range and simple
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33. Internationales Wiener Motorensymposium 2012
refueling, but is also a very effective instrument for the substitution of oil-based energy for
other fuels, preferably renewable energy sources.
Today, battery-electric vehicles are starting to become an integral part of personal mobility
solutions (Figure 5).
2. Motivation for Vehicle Electrification – Past, Present, and Future
[1-6] The motivation for electrification has changed over time, as shown in Table 1. From
1890 to 1920, its benefits included ease of use and control, comfort, and lack of a gasoline
infrastructure. The efforts in the 1970s were driven by the oil embargo and price volatility.
In the 1980s, the key influence was reducing emissions to fight air pollution. Today, the
rapid increase in the number and usage of vehicles worldwide demands a greater diversity
in energy sources for the automobile. At the same time, the march toward zero tailpipe
emissions continues, further driving electrification. Hybrid-electric vehicles help to reduce
the consumption of petroleum. Fuel cell-electric, battery-electric, and extended-range
electric vehicles promise to be an effective measure to ultimately reduce dependence on
Era Motivation
Before 1900
Power of the electric motor
Comfort: easy to start and control
The drive, as President John F. Kennedy defined it, to "land a man on
the moon and return him safely to the earth"
Oil embargo and emissions regulation
Exploration of technology synergies; idea of "sustainable transportation"
Reduction in local emissions, e.g., California ZEV mandate.
The logical progression to more stringent emission regulations (BEV,
FCEV). Reduce energy and resource consumption (Hybrid HEV).
Energy diversity (electricity, hydrogen, renewable sources).
Efficiency improvements through hybridization. Advances in motors and
electronics enable design of new vehicle and propulsion architectures
(e.g., GM Autonomy, HyWire, and Chevrolet Sequel).
CO2 and CAFE regulations: Improve efficiency and use less carbon-
based energy sources. Long-term petroleum price uncertainty drives
energy diversity.
2020s and
New technologies enable innovative, connected vehicle concepts.
Individual mobility in a highly populated world with limited resources.
Table 1 – Motivation for vehicle electrification in the various eras, pre-1900 to today and
Tabelle 1 – Motivation für die Fahrzeugelektrifizierung zu verschiedenen Zeiten, vom
Ausgang des 19. Jahrhunderts bis heute und in der Zukunft.
Technology is an enabler to make the electrified vehicle attractive to the consumer. In the
early 1900s, electric propulsion outperformed internal combustion engines, but the electric
starter, ignition systems, and readily available gasoline with its high energy density
available from a growing distribution infrastructure, gave internal engines an advantage. In
the 1960s, electric vehicles got another boost with the advance of aerospace technology
and President John F. Kennedy's goal to "land a man on the moon and return him safely to
earth" within the decade.
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33. Internationales Wiener Motorensymposium 2012
In the 1990s, power electronics and high power density electric motors made the
performance of new electric vehicles competitive with ICE vehicles again. In the 2000s, a
range of new vehicle, electronics, computer, and communications technologies enabled
new propulsion and vehicle design and architecture concepts. In the future, the growth of
renewable energy sources will drive an enhanced smart energy network encompassing
electricity and hydrogen technology.
However, further development of range-extender and fuel cell technology is necessary in
parallel with improvement of batteries because the energy capacity of the battery and,
therefore, the vehicle range remain limiting factors to pure battery-electric vehicles. When
we take the different vehicle system efficiencies into account, driving a distance of 500 km
requires 33 kg of diesel fuel (43 kg on a system basis, including the tank) compared to a
lithium-ion battery at 540 kg for the cells (830 kg for the system). (See Figure 6.) Thus, for
equal range, the mass of a lithium-ion battery is about 20 times that of a diesel fuel
system. Refueling of a diesel tank also takes only two-to-three minutes, while today's fast
charging still requires 30 minutes to deliver 13 kWh using a 40-kW, high-power electric
charger, although this reduces battery life. In addition, charging at 40 kW could have a
significant impact on the grid. Hydrogen fuel cell storage systems have a mass of about
125 kg and can be refilled within three-to-five minutes, providing another EV option if quick
refueling and longer driving range are required.
Figure 6 – Weight and volume of energy storage systems for a 500-km vehicle range.
Bild 6 – Gewicht und Volumen des Energiespeichersystems für eine Reichweite von
500 km.
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33. Internationales Wiener Motorensymposium 2012
3. Technology Roadmap for Batteries, Electric Motors, Power
Electronics, Fuel Cell Systems, and Hydrogen Storage
3.1 Batteries
[4-6] The long-used lead-acid (PbPbO2) batteries have been optimized (e.g.
maintenance-free or advanced glass matt for Stop-Start applications). They keep their
strong market position as the SLI (Starter-Lighting-Ignition) 12V battery, due to low-cost,
high-volume production, and established recycling processes.
Nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) batteries are used in hybrid-electric vehicle applications.
When operated with only small state-of-charge swings, they offer good durability.
However, the 1.2V cell voltage requires a high cell count to drive higher-voltage systems.
The market is dominated by only a few suppliers and specific cost for the high-power
battery (600 W/kg, 30 Wh/kg) is rather high. The systems also require tight tolerances, as
charge equalization, or balancing, is normally not part of the system design.
High-temperature systems such as sodium-sulfur (NaS) and sodium-nickel chloride
(NaNiCl) offer good specific energy (90 Wh/kg), but due to high internal resistance do not
provide sufficient power for modern automotive requirements. The drawback is energy
consumption to keep the temperature high during longer parking periods; this requires
plugging in when the vehicle is parked longer than 24 hours.
Invented in the 1970s and 1980s, lithium-ion (Li-Ion) batteries first were applied to
consumer applications e.g., mobile phones, laptop computers, and power tools. Many
manufacturers optimized the production process. For automotive applications, longer
battery calendar life and more charge/discharge cycles are required.
Figure 7 – The power density of HEV and EREV batteries increased significantly
compared to EV batteries in the 1990s.
Bild 7 – Die Leistungsdichte von HEV- und EREV-Batterien hat seit 2000 signifikant
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33. Internationales Wiener Motorensymposium 2012
Figure 8 – Specific Energy and Specific Power of GM EV, HEV, and EREV battery
systems used from 1990 to 2012.
Bild 8 – Spezifische Energie und spezifische Leistung von GM EV-, HEV- und EREV-
Batteriesystemen zwischen 1990 und 2012.
Several cathode and anode chemistries have been developed and many developers and
manufacturers have created various solutions. Small cells are offered in cylindrical and
pouch (rectangular) format, large cells (>10 Ah) are mainly made in a prismatic pouch or
metal-can form. The cell voltage is dependent on the chosen cathode and anode material
and typical nominal voltages range from 3.6-3.8V, with an operation range from 4.2V (high
state-of-charge) down to 3V (low state-of-charge). This enables the design of battery
systems with higher voltage and a smaller number of cells.
Mass and Cost Contribution
of Lithium-Ion Cells
Cathode material
Anode material
Current collector
Cell housing
Both cell design and the electrolyte impact specific power (W/kg) and cost.
Cathode and Anode
Material Effect
Cell Voltage
Specific energy (Wh/kg)
Energy density (Wh/liter)
Cycle and calendar life
Abuse tolerance
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33. Internationales Wiener Motorensymposium 2012
Material full
Application Pro Con
Lithium Cobalt
Power Cost of cobalt
(high content),
abuse tolerance
Nickel and cobalt
LNMC Lithium Nickel
Manganes Oxide
EREV, EV Life
LMO EREV, EV Low material
cycle life,
calender life
Life at temp
NCA Lithium Nickel
Cost of nickel
and cobalt (high
content), limited
abuse tolerance
Lower energy
LFP Lithium Iron
Power tools,
Low material
Table 2 – Commercially used cathode materials.
Tabelle 2 – Kommerziell angewandte Kathodenmaterialien.
The future will see the continued evolution of lithium-ion battery cell cost due to better
manufacturing processes, which will lead to higher yields resulting from better process
control. Improvement of known "lower-cost" cathode materials and methods such as
particle coating will also facilitate lower cost and longer cell life.
The future for battery systems will also see cost reductions due to higher production
volumes, reduced part count, optimized cell controllers, and application of the learnings
from production of the first-generation units.
Figure 9 – Battery progress, past and future.
Bild 9 – Fortschritte in der Batterietechnologie.
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33. Internationales Wiener Motorensymposium 2012
Concepts that promise significantly higher energy density – such as silicon anodes,
lithium-sulfur cells or lithium-air batteries – have just entered the research stage; it will take
many years before they are qualified for use in a vehicle program.
Nevertheless, the further development of the battery technology will result in less
expensive batteries with higher energy density and greater durability. For the simultaneous
improvement in cost and energy density, a factor of one-point-five to two seems
reasonable in the future. Whether this is biased toward vehicle cost or vehicle range
depends on the chosen vehicle architecture.
3.2 Motors
Direct-current (DC) motors, which were used up to the early 1990s, were replaced by
alternating-current (AC) induction motors and soon by permanent-magnet (PM), excited
synchronous motors. Development of rare-earth magnets in the 1980s, led by GM's
Magnequench, enabled compact motors with high torque and efficiency. In recent years,
prices for raw materials such as neodymium have been very volatile due to increasing
demand and a limited production base, which is concentrated in China. Future optimization
thus must balance cost, mass, volume, and efficiency. This makes motor concepts such as
the separately excited synchronous motor or the AC induction machine very attractive.
In addition, the permanent-magnet synchronous motor has a future at reduced cost as
production volumes grow and competing manufacturers enter the business. Designs will
also be optimized for manufacturing, since PM synchronous motors allow torque-rich,
compact designs and integration of small motors into transmissions. Examples include
GM's e-Assist™ light electrification system or the motors in its extended-range electric
vehicles and hybrid-electric vehicles.
Large motors for electric vehicles could also be designed as AC induction motor and
synchronous motor.
Figure 10 – Electric motor and power electronics progress, past and future.
Bild 10 – Fortschritte bei Elektromotoren und Leistungselektronik.
Going forward, the focus for the electric motor is on cost reductions while keeping
efficiency high and further reducing mass.
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33. Internationales Wiener Motorensymposium 2012
3.3 Power Electronics
The thyristor had been the semiconductor used to control the rotor current in DC
machines, using a transistor for the small rotor current.
Three-phase AC motors require six "switches," which should operate with low conduction
losses and high frequencies.
The first MosFETs allowed efficient control of AC machines, but required a high number of
components, leading to reduced reliability. The development of the insulated-gate bipolar
transistor (IGBT) in the 1990s allowed high switching frequencies for low noise and high
propulsion efficiency. Integrated modules contain 6 IGBTs and diodes in one component.
Inverters today are also smaller, lighter, and cheaper. The cost will be further reduced by
higher production volumes, improved IGBT modules, and optimized inverter design.
Longer-term improvements will be based on new semiconductor materials. Power inverter
efficiency, size, and mass have progressed greatly in the last two decades and will further
improve slightly in the future.
3.4 Fuel Cell Systems
In the late 1990s, the polymer-electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell had been developed
with higher power density to power electric drives in light-duty vehicles. The cost for fuel
cell stacks was reduced significantly due to improved materials and designs. With specific
power [kW/kg] and power density [kW/l] increases, fuel cell propulsion systems became
more cost-competitive. The durability of the fuel cell systems has also been increased
The next-generations fuel cell systems will require reduced catalyst loading, lower-cost
membranes, and improved manufacturing processes. Scaling up production will enable
significant cost reduction.
Figure 11 – Evolution of the fuel cell system.
Bild 11 – Evolution der Brennstoffzellensysteme.
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33. Internationales Wiener Motorensymposium 2012
3.5 Hydrogen Storage Systems
Currently, high-pressure hydrogen storage systems show better performance than liquid
hydrogen storage and hydride storage. Today's systems are 70 MPa (700-bar) pressure
vessels designed using carbon fiber and a plastic or aluminum liner. Since an automotive
system must be able to store at least 4 kg of hydrogen to achieve customer-acceptable
range in a compact car, the cost of the hydrogen storage system is driven by material
(carbon fiber) and processing. Higher-volume production and improved manufacturing
processes will decrease cost significantly and refined designs will slightly reduce the mass
of the system.
The progress that has been made over the last 15 years in terms of the cost, mass,
reliability, and durability of electric-drive systems has been tremendous. It has enabled
market introduction of a range of electrified systems, from e-Assist™ mild hybrids to
extended-range electric vehicles and full battery-electric vehicles. EREVs, a category of
vehicle that GM created, set the standard for today's electric vehicle technology because
they are the first electric vehicles where customers do not have to worry about being
stranded by a depleted battery. Once the all-electric driving range is exhausted, a
gasoline-powered generator can power the electric motor for hundreds of additional
kilometers of highway driving. The trend to lower cost will continue and in future years we
will see increased market share of partly to highly electrified propulsion systems and even
fuel cell-electric vehicles across all vehicle classes.
4. Energy Sources and Supply Chain for Mobility
The global transport sector uses a staggering 2.1 billion tonnes of oil every year (45 million
barrels per day) [15], more than half of total oil use. Maintaining the oil supply chain and
creating new transport fuel supply chains are enormous tasks. We will: (1) review history
and projections of transport energy sources, (2) assess grid stability and its potential
impact on automotive fuels, and (3) evaluate the fuel lifecycle from resource to vehicle
4.1 Liquid Fuel History and Projections
The transport sector in general, and light-duty transportation specifically, have developed
almost exclusively around the use of gasoline and diesel produced from crude oil
(conventional and unconventional) and natural gas liquids. The IEA [15] historical data and
projections of total world liquids fuel supply is shown in Figure 12. From 1990 until today,
world liquids demand increased at a rate of about 1% annually. Although the growth in
total liquids supply slows to a rate of about 0.6% annually, transportation liquids demand is
expected to continue increasing at about 1% per year, driven largely by increased
transportation in the developing world.
Figure 12 shows that the growth in liquid fuels will be provided by biofuels, unconventional
oil, and natural gas liquids, as crude oil supplies remain flat. However, flat supply of crude
oil does not mean continuing only to produce from currently producing fields. Supply from
currently producing fields will decline roughly 70% by 2035, leaving a gap (shown within
the dotted red line) to be filled by fields yet to be developed and fields yet to be found.


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Oak Park Apartments165a Mitchell St, Montevallo, AL 35115 View On Map (205) 665-7520
For rates, availability, and other information fill out the availability request form and a representative from Oak Park Apartments will contact you shortly
Oak Park Apartments is located in the Birmingham Area in the 35115 zip code. View this apartment on a map.
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Actress Sonakshi Sinha has unveiled the latest edition of Women's Health magazine, displaying her slender figure on its cover. The actress admits achieving the slim and trim look wasn't easy for somebody like her who hates the gym.
The actress, whose weight has been the point of concern for many in showbiz, is happy with her makeover.
"It was not easy at all for somebody like me. I am the kind of person who hates the gym. I am allergic to the gym. I want to run away from it," Sonakshi said Thursday at the unveiling event here.
"But I think once I put my mind to something, I go out and achieve it and I guess I did that," she added.
The 26-year-old emphasised that her determination and hard work yielded desired results.
"I decided I want to do it (shed weight) and I took a step to achieve that...tried to achieve my goal rather than being pressurised from people and telling, 'O look at her, she is so fat, she is this...she is that.'"
"If it hadn't come from within, I didn't want to do it," Sonakshi said.
Before foraying into films in 2010, Sonakshi had to shed many extra kilos to get into a perfect shape. She lost almost 30 kgs before signing her debut film "Dabangg" (2010) opposite Salman Khan.
Sonakshi, who feels "she has succeeded in closing critics mouth, who criticised her for being overweight", further shared her experience of growing up as a rotund teenager.
"I was over-confident while growing up. I think when you look a certain way, you try and compensate by something else. I was always a strong child, was always confident, but looks never mattered to me," Sonakshi, daughter of actors Poonam and Shatrughan Sinha, said.
"That was (looks) not that important to me as there were a lot of other things going on, like I used to play a lot of sports...and a lot of other stuff," she added.
For Sonakshi, "Self esteem was not a problem at all" and she added: "I am one of the few lucky ones because I have had friends who have self-esteem problems. Even though they are not really fat, but will put themselves down".
Do you like this article?
|Posted by:
|India-Forums.com Staff
|User Rating
|(2 Votes)
|rishabkundra, Yuvika_15
sona u have an amazing body just maintain that u dont need to aim size 0
being fit is hard work...I did see a pic of her recently she does look better than before... but im kinda happy that she isn't trying to lose a lot of weight and become skinny.
Actress Sonakshi Sinha says she always dreamt of performing like a ...
It seems "Bajrangi Bhaijaan" will be like a double treat for Neil ...
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My days are so jam packed I have to really ROCK OUT my exercise timeframe. In 20 minutes I can do that with interval training. On my treadmill I perform 4 five minute intervals. I start on my highest incline speed at 3 to 4 mph for 2 minutes. I lower incline to 1 and jog for 2 minutes at speed of
Do calisthenics during the commercial breaks when you are watching TV. The idea is to exercise intensely for the length of the break, as one would do in interval training.
I tried scheduling appts and that dont work. but what is working better is having a chart to put exercise on and have a trainer sign I did the exercise. If I do something at home I can put on it too. No fibing allowed.
If you have cable, check the on demand menu for free exercise videos. There may be some that you want to try before you go and buy them. I know that I found bellydancing and Bollywood dance exercises. Both are free, and look like they burn a lot. They may only be available for a limited time...


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10 Oct Image Granted Partners with Vvego International for Online Store
Grant Harris, Owner & Chief Style Consultant at Image Granted, LLC has partnered with Vvego International to present a new collection of men's furnishings now available for purchase online at http://igshop.bigcartel.com/. The collection features exclusive cuff links in several colors offered in Acrylic $75.00, Titanium $179.00, and Tru Stone $199.00; not found anywhere else on the market.
Vvego International is respected for its durability, custom-made designs and quality, while manufacturing each product in the USA. "We're proud to partner with an established, high quality brand like Vvego to bring our clients and customers unique and exclusive accessories for the man of style. Together we look forward to dressing men for the life they want," said Harris.
For more information on Image Granted or to schedule new appointments with Grant, contact: firstname.lastname@example.com Visit their website at www.imagegranted.com and follow them on Twitter @ImageGranted.


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The Farm Credit Administration has adopted a new final rule governing the ownership and use of unincorporated business entities (UBEs) by Farm Credit System institutions. It applies to investments by System institutions in limited partnerships, limited liability partnerships, limited liability companies and other unincorporated business entities allowed under state law.
Unusual and Complex Collateral -
Prior to the adoption of the new UBE Rule, member institutions looked to FCA Book Letter BL-057 for guidance in using state-chartered business entities for lending related purposes, such as holding title to real estate owned property. That Book Letter was limited to instances in which a member institution was foreclosing on real estate collateral and did not want to take title directly due to complex and unusual situations which may expose the institution to risks beyond those commonly associated with loans, or to administering the liquidation of collateral for syndicated loans involving multiple lending institutions.
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People began lining up at midnight in order to grab a seat at the public celebration of the life and legacy of J.P. Patches (played for more than 50 years by Chris Wedes) Saturday at McCaw Hall at Seattle Center.
Wedes passed away on July 22 after a long illness.
Wedes' good friend Pat Cashman was the emcee for A Celebration of J.P.Patches.
He was exactly what he was on the screen, Cashman said before the event. He was kind, he was sweet, he was 100 percent good, and kids gravitated towards him because of that. He taught values, but he was also a bit of an insurrectionist as well, kind of a troublemaker, but in a healthy kind of way. Kids liked that too.
Cashman donned red sneakers, an homage to his friend.
I asked J.P. one time 'Why do you wear those shoes, cuz they look funny,' and he said 'they're comfortable!' Always thinking, Cashman joked.
It's called a celebration because Chris Wedes, who played J.P. Patches, brought so many laughs and even a few life lessons to the Northwest for more than 50 years, said event organizer Feliks Banel.
The volunteers and family members involved with putting it all together are sad that he passed away, but we're glad we got to have him around for as long as we did, said Banel.
Cashman was joined onstage by former KING 5 TV host Stan Boreson, who hosted KING's Klubhouse (later to become The Stan Boreson Show ) in the 1950s and '60s.
Boreson received a long standing ovation and cheers from the crowd as he sat down at the piano to perform his signature theme song.
We were friendly rivals, Boreson said of Wedes. I was at KING and he was at KIRO, and we just had good times together.
He was brilliant, and he was the kind of a guy you just wanted to be around, said Bob Newman, who played nearly a dozen characters alongside J.P. He had that magnetic personality. He was just a good guy.
He was never above the audience, and that's the whole name of the game - audience, said Newman.
Former Almost Live host John Keister said I've heard from people who came from very strict backgrounds, very chaotic backgrounds, that (The J.P. Patches Show) was the one place, the one safe place, that they had, to let their imaginations run wild.
Wedes' granddaughter, Christina Frost, spoke fondly of her Gampy.
Grampa taught me a lot during his time here on earth, with both his words and his actions, she said.
He taught me how to drink from a glass without smudging my lipstick, he taught me how to bargain like Jack Benny, and he taught me how to say 'please,' 'thank you' and 'go to hell' in Greek, she joked.
Frost said her grandfather was a veritable Northwest icon who was also a philanthropist, raising thousands of dollars for Seattle Children's Hospital.
He may not have found the cure for cancer or established world peace, but he left a mark on this community, she said. He touched the lives of thousands of people, simply by making them smile.
We're not just losing a member of our community, a friend or a well-known TV show character, we're losing a little piece of our childhood, we're losing a little piece of Seattle, she said.
Another Almost Live alumni, Community star, Joel McHale, delivered a message from the set of his E! show The Soup.
Thank you J.P. for making me laugh and for showing me it's OK for grown men to dress up, wear make-up and be silly, and make money doing it, he said. We will miss you dearly, buddy.
To have an inscription engraved on one of the pavers that surround the Late for the Interurban J.P. Patches and Gertrude statue in Fremont, visit www.historyhouse.org.